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White Dwarfs as Probes of Fundamental Physics: Tracers of Planetary, Stellar and Galactic Evolution
Martin A. BarstowScot J. KleinmanJudith L. ProvencalLilia Ferrario
Edited by
White Dwarfs as Probes of Fundamental Physics: Tracers of Planetary, Stellar and Galactic Evolution
White dwarfs are the most numerous members of the stellar graveyard. More than ninety percent of all stars will end their lives as white dwarfs. Research on these objects is fascinating in its own right, requiring developments in atomic data and the study of properties of matter under extreme conditions. However, these studies also have enormous impact on other areas of astrophysics, including: cosmology, the composition of extrasolar planets and fundamental physics. The proceedings of IAU Symposium 357 bring together experts from different branches of science working on white dwarfs, but also astronomers with expertise in a wide range of relevant disciplines. The resulting papers are organized around several key themes: SN Ia progenitors, debris from extrasolar planetary systems, fundamental physics, precision studies of white dwarf structure and stellar physics and Galactic evolution. They provide a framework for guiding the direction of white dwarf research for the next decade.
IAU SymposiumIAU Symposium Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
357357
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
21-25 October 2019Hilo, Hawaii, USA
21-25 October 2019Hilo, Hawaii, USA
International Astronomical Union
ISSN 1743-9213International Astronomical Union
Proceedings of the International
Astronomical Union
Cambridge Core For further information about this journal please go to the journal website at:cambridge.org/iau
IAU Symposium
357
Barstow
, Klein
man
, Proven
cal and
FerrarioW
hite Dwarfs as Probes of Fundamental Physics:
Tracers of Planetary, Stellar and Galactic Evolution
ISBN 978-1-108-49202-7
Proceedings of the International Astronomical UnionEditor in Chief: Maria Teresa LagoThis series contains the proceedings of major scientific meetings held by the International Astronomical Union. Each volume contains a series of articles on a topic of current interest in astronomy, giving a timely overview of research in the field. With contributions by leading scientists, these books are at a level suitable for research astronomers and graduate students.
9 781108 492027
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WHITE DWARFS AS PROBES OF FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS:
TRACERS OF PLANETARY, STELLAR AND GALACTIC EVOLUTION
IAU SYMPOSIUM 357
COVER ILLUSTRATION:
Rainbow over Hilo bay, Big Island, Hawai’i, viewed from the Grand Naniloa hotel(credit: Rachel Barstow).
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IAU SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SERIES
Chief EditorMARIA TERESA LAGO, IAU General Secretary
Universidade do PortoCentro de AstrofısicaRua das Estrelas4150-762 Porto
EditorJOSE M. RODRIGUEZ ESPINOSA, IAU Assistant General Secretary
Instituto de astrofısica de CanariasLa Laguna
38205 TenerifeSpain
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INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION
UNION ASTRONOMIQUE INTERNATIONALE
U U UnionInternational Astronomical
WHITE DWARFS AS PROBES OFFUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS:TRACERS OF PLANETARY,STELLAR AND GALACTIC
EVOLUTION
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 357th SYMPOSIUM OFTHE INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION
HELD IN HILO, HAWAII, USA21–25 OCTOBER, 2019
Edited by
MARTIN A. BARSTOW
University of Leicester, United Kingdom
SCOT J. KLEINMAN
Gemini Observatory, USA
JUDITH L. PROVENCAL
University of Delaware, USA
and
LILIA FERRARIO
The Australian National University, Australia
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c© International Astronomical Union 2020
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First published 2020
Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain, Glasgow, UK
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ISBN 9781108492027 hardbackISSN 1743-9213
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v
Table of Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Type Ia supernova sub-classes and progenitor origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ashley J. Ruiter
Convection in common envelopes and the formation of double white dwarfs . . . . . . 16
E. C. Wilson and J. Nordhaus
Double degenerate candidates in the open cluster NGC 6633 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Joseph W. Barnett and Kurtis A. Williams
ANTARES: A gateway to ZTF and LSST alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Chien-Hsiu Lee, Monika Soraisam, Gautham Narayan,Thomas Matheson, Abhijit Saha, Carl Stubens and Nicholas Wolf
Exoplanetary oxygen fugacities from polluted white dwarf stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Alexandra E. Doyle, Beth Klein, Ben Zuckerman, Hilke E. Schlichtingand Edward D. Young
Near-infrared observations of dusty white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Laura K. Rogers, Siyi Xu, Amy Bonsor, Simon Hodgkin, Kate Y. L. Su,Ted von Hippel and Michael Jura
The search for planet and planetesimal transits of white dwarfs with theZwicky Transient Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Keaton J. Bell
Searching for low-mass companions around white dwarfs and subdwarfs fromKepler field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Jurek Krzesinski and Adam Blokesz
Variation of fundamental constants and white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Susana J. Landau
Clues to the origin and properties of magnetic white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Adela Kawka
A new look at magnetic white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Francois Hardy, Patrick Dufour and Stefan Jordan
Continuous gravitational waves from magnetized white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Surajit Kalita and Banibrata Mukhopadhyay
Laboratory studies of Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) emission spectra of heavyelement ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
W.-U Lydia Tchang-Brillet, Ali Meftah, Djamel Deghiche,Jean-Francois Wyart, Christian Balanca, Norbert Champion andChristophe Blaess
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vi Contents
Neutral helium line profiles through the simulation of local interactions . . . . . . . . . 89
Patrick Tremblay, Alain Beauchamp and Pierre Bergeron
White-dwarf asteroseismology: An update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Alejandro H. Corsico
Variable white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
H. L. Shipman
Evolution and asteroseismology of ultra-massive DA white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
F. C. De Geronimo, A. H. Corsico, M. E. Camisassa and L. G. Althaus
Validation of asteroseismic fitting with the new white dwarf evolution code . . . . . . 114
Agnes Kim
The chemical structure of the hot pulsating DB white dwarf KIC 08626021from asteroseismology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
S. Charpinet, P. Brassard, N. Giammichele and Gilles Fontaine
Searching for ZZ Ceti white dwarfs in the Gaia survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Olivier Vincent, Pierre Bergeron and David Lafreniere
Pulsating white dwarfs and convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
J. L. Provencal, M. H. Montgomery, H. L. Shipman and The WET Team
Accreting pulsating white dwarfs: Probing heating and rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Paula Szkody, Boris Gansicke, Odette Toloza, Patrick Godon,Edward Sion, Stella Kafka, Keaton Bell, Zachary Vanderbosch andAAVSO observers
QPOs from post-shock accretion column of strongly magnetized accretingwhite dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Prasanta Bera
White dwarfs as advanced physics laboratories. The axion case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Jordi Isern
The real time evolution of post-AGB stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Marcin Hajduk
(Pre)-white dwarf stars as measuring tools for yields of AGB nucleosynthesis . . . . . 158
Lisa Lobling
The spectral evolution of hot white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Antoine Bedard, Pierre Bergeron and Gilles Fontaine
The spectral evolution of cool white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Simon Blouin and Patrick Dufour
The completeness of Gaia-selected samples of white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Terry D. Oswalt, Jay B. Holberg and Edward M. Sion
Two delays in white dwarf evolution revealed by Gaia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Sihao Cheng
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Contents vii
Ensemble evolutionary studies of white dwarfs in open star clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Kurtis A. Williams
New population synthesis approach: The golden path to constrain stellarand galactic physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Nadege Lagarde and Celine Reyle
A catalog of 159,238 white dwarf ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Ted von Hippel, Adam Moss, Isabelle Kloc, Natalie Moticska,Jimmy Sargent, Elliot Robinson, David Stenning, David van Dyk,Elizabeth Jeffery, Morgan Fouesneau and Coryn Bailer-Jones
A Bayesian analysis of white dwarfs in open clusters observed with Gaia . . . . . . . . 192
Elizabeth J. Jeffery, Ted von Hippel, Elliot Robinson, David van Dyk andDavid Stenning
Testing white dwarf cosmochronology using wide double white dwarfs . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Tyler Heintz and JJ Hermes
Statistics of white dwarf properties in intermediate polars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Valery F. Suleimanov, Victor A. Doroshenko and Klaus Werner
Realistic models of Globular Clusters with white dwarfs, neutron stars andblack holes using GPU supercomputer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Bhusan Kayastha, Long Wang, Peter Berczik, Xiaoying Pang,Manuel Arca Sedda, Albrecht Kamlah and Rainer Spurzem
Masses of white dwarfs in symbiotic binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Kenneth H. Hinkle, Francis C. Fekel, Richard Joyce, Thomas Lebzelterand Oscar Straniero
Four new self-lensing binaries from Kepler : Radial velocity characterizationand astrophysical implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Kento Masuda, Hajime Kawahara, David W. Latham, Allyson Bieryla,Morgan MacLeod, Masanobu Kunitomo, Othman Benomar and Wako Aoki
What can ISM and non-photospheric highly ionised lines in white dwarf spectrareveal about the β CMa tunnel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Nicolle L. Finch, S. P. Preval, M. A. Barstow, S. L. Casewell, T. Ayres,B. Welsh, M. Bainbridge and N. Reindl
Geometry of nova ejecta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
M. Pavana, G. C. Anupama, Ramya M. Anche, U. S. Kamath andG. Selva Kumar
Main conclusions from Symposium discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
M. A. Barstow
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
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viii
Foreword
IAU Symposium 357 - White Dwarfs as probes of fundamental physics and tracers ofplanetary, stellar and galactic evolution – was held in October 21st to 25th 2019, at theGrand Naniloa hotel in Hilo on the Big Island of Hawai’i, USA. At the time of writingthis foreword, approximately 5 months later, the World is in the middle of the COVID-19crisis. Many communities are confined to their homes, with many of us, working remotely.It is sobering to realise how our usual privilege and freedom to travel the World to meetfellow scientists can be brought to a halt in such a short space of time. It also brings intofocus discussions we had in Hawai’i about how to organise remote meetings to reducecosts and the travel-related carbon footprint of our community.Hawai’i is among the most remote and beautiful places on the planet. This makes it
a wonderful location for a scientific meeting. Participants feel apart from the rest of theworld and the effort of travel encourages long-duration visits. I am very grateful to theLocal Organising Committee for an exceedingly well-organised, fruitful and enjoyablemeeting. Thanks also go to my co-chairs and other members of the Scientific OrganisingCommittee for helping with the original symposium application and devising a vigor-ous scientific programme. All the organisers and participants are grateful to the IAUfor selecting the symposium and supporting the attendance of early career scientists.We would also like to thank the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy(AURA), the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and the University of Leicester forfinancial support for the meeting organisation and travel. The image chosen for the coverwas fortuitously recorded by my wife Rachel at the opening of the meeting, when thewhole audience was completely distracted from my opening remarks by that stunningrainbow – impossible to compete with. . . but also a fitting and encouraging start to thesymposium.White dwarfs are the most numerous members of the stellar graveyard. Over 90 percent
of all stars currently on the main sequence will end their lives as white dwarfs. As such,they are important laboratories for fundamental studies of the evolution of stars, theformation and history of the Milky Way Galaxy and of planetary systems. Furthermore,white dwarfs give us crucial insights on the behavior of matter at extreme temperaturesand densities. Surveys such as SDSS, SPY and ELM have given us access to an unprece-dented wealth of information on the white dwarf population. Recent studies incorporatingthese databases have initiated a revolution in our understanding of its global propertiesthat will continue to grow with the Gaia data releases and upcoming LSST results.Once a white dwarf is formed, its evolution is only dominated by cooling. As white
dwarfs cool over billions of years, determinations of the age of the oldest and thereforecoolest white dwarfs place limits on the ages of the components of the Galaxy, such asthe thin disk, and the thick disks, the halo, and the system of open and globular clusters.The characteristics, such as temperature and mass, of the white dwarf population containinvaluable information on the star formation history of the Galaxy.White dwarfs are also extremely important indicators for cosmology. Type Ia super-
novae are the standard candles that allow us to study the acceleration history of cosmicexpansion. However, although it is crucial to identify the progenitor systems, the evo-lutionary paths leading to these explosions are still poorly understood. Recent surveyshave begun to reveal the properties of single and double degenerate progenitors, but thepicture is still very unclear and more work is needed.In the past few years, white dwarfs have also begun to influence our understanding of
the evolution of planetary systems. We have strong evidence that some white dwarfs har-bour planets. We now know that white dwarfs can disrupt terrestrial planets, asteroids
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Foreword ix
and other minor bodies and the resulting debris is accreted onto the white dwarf. Whitedwarfs have a unique atmospheric characteristic. The high surface gravity (log g∼ 8)naturally leads to chemically pure hydrogen or helium photospheres. This means thatthe spectral features produced by the accreted material are not contaminated by origi-nal abundances. The observed features provide a unique opportunity to study the bulkcomposition of extrasolar planetary material. A subset of accreting white dwarfs containsspectral features of highly ionized heavy elements. Furthermore, accurate measurementsof observed wavelengths can be compared with laboratory measurements to probe thepossible variation of the fine structure constant in a strong gravitational field.White dwarf research is fascinating in its own right, since it requires developments in
atomic data and the study of properties of matter under extreme conditions. However,the impact that these studies have on other areas of astrophysics is also enormous. Thus,the time was ripe to bring together experts from different branches of science so thatthey could share their knowledge and provide feedback to each other.The Symposium was highly interdisciplinary, bringing together not just astronomers
working on white dwarfs, but also astronomers with expertise in a wide range of relevantdisciplines. Such a gathering presented an opportunity to formulate the direction of whitedwarf studies for the next decade.The programme consisted of sessions organized around a number of key themes: SN
Ia progenitors, debris from extrasolar planetary systems, fundamental physics, precisionstudies of white dwarf structure, stellar physics and galactic evolution. Each sessionincluded one or two invited keynote talks plus a number of contributed papers. Time wasset aside for extensive discussion following the sessions associated with each them. Thesewere moderated by members of the SOC, posing a number of questions of the audienceto stimulate the discussion. The nature of such discussions makes them hard to recordin detail, but a number of key points have been extracted and incorporated into a shortconcluding paper in these proceedings.
Martin Barstow – 31st March 2020
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x
Editors
Martin A. BarstowUniversity of Leicester, United Kingdom
Scot J. KleinmanGemini Observatory, USA
Judith L. ProvencalUniversity of Delaware, USA
Lilia FerrarioThe Australian National University, Australia
Organising Committee
Scientific Organising Committee
SOC Chairs
Martin Barstow University of Leicester, United KingdomBarbara Castanheira-Endl Baylor University/UT Austin, USALilia Ferrario Australian National University, AustraliaS.O. Kepler Universidade Federale do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
SOC Members
Pierre Bergeron University of Montreal, CanadaZhanwen Han Yunnan Observatory, ChinaDaniel Maoz Tel Aviv University, IsraelJayant Murthy Indian Institute of Astrophysics, IndiaJudi Provencal University of Delaware, USALydia Tchang-Brillet Observatoire de Paris/Sorbonne Universite, FranceSiyi Xu Gemini Observatory, USAG. C. Anupama Indian Institute of Astrophysics, IndiaShazreen Mohamed South African Astronomical Observatory, South Africa
Local Organising Committee
LOC Chairs
Siyi Xu Gemini Observatory, USAAtsuko Nitta Gemini Observatory, USAScot Kleinman Gemini Observatory, USASandy Leggett Gemini Observatory, USA
LOC Members
Sarah Casewell University of Leicester, United KingdomChris Stark Gemini Observatory, USATerry Lee Gemini Observatory, USAErik Dennihy Gemini Observatory, USATrent Dupuy Gemini Observatory, USAPeter Michaud Gemini Observatory, USABen Shappee Institute for Astronomy, Manoa, USAAndre-Nicolas Chene Gemini Observatory, USA
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xi
Participants
First Name Last Name Affiliations
Carlos Badenes University of PittsburghAndrzej Baran Cracow Pedagogical UniversityJoseph Barnett Texas A&M University-CommerceMartin Barstow University of LeicesterEvan Bauer UC Santa BarbaraAntoine Bedard Universite de MontrealKeaton Bell University of Texas, AustinPresanta Bera University of SouthamptonSimon Blouin Universite de MontrealKevin Burdge California Institute of TechnologyBarbara Castanheira Baylor CollegeStephane Charpinet Observatoire Midi-PyreneesAndre-Nicholas Chene Gemini ObservatorySihao Cheng Johns Hopkins UniversityPatricia Cho University of Texas, AustinAleksandar Cikota Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMatthew Coleman Institute for Advanced StudyAlejandro Hugo Corsico Universidad Nacional de La PlataElena Cukanovaite University of WarwickTim Cunningham University of WarwickFrancisco De Geronimo Instituto de Astrofisica de La Plata-CONICETJacqueline den Hartogh Konkoly ObservatoryErik Dennihy Gemini ObservatoryAlexandra Doyle UC Los AngelesPatrick Dufour Universite de MontrealBart Dunlap University of Texas, AustinTrent Dupuy Gemini ObservatoryNick Fantin University of VictoriaLilia Ferrario Australian National UniversityNicolle Finch University of LeicesterNicola Gentile Fusillo University of WarwickJames Green University of ColoradoMarcin Hajduk University of Warmia and MazuryNa’ama Hallakoun Weizmann Institute of ScienceGerald Handler Nicolas Copernicus Astronomical CentreFrancois Hardy Universite de MontrealTyler Heintz Boston UniversityJJ Hermes Boston UniversityKenneth Hinkle National Optical Astronomy ObservatoryMark Hollands University of WarwickJordi Isern Institut de Ciencies de l’EspaiElizabeth Jeffery Cal PolySurajit Kalita Indian Institute of ScienceSteven Kawaler Iowa State UniversityAdela Kawka Curtin UniversityBhusan Kayastha NAOCS. O. Kepler Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulAgnes Kim Pennsylvania State UniversityMarkus Kissler-Patig European Space AgencyScot Kleinman Gemini ObservatoryJerzy Krzesinski Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian UniversityNadege Lagarde Institut UTINAMSusana Landau IFIBA-CONICET-UBAChien-Hsiu Lee National Optical Astronomy Observatory
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xii Participants
First Name Last Name Affiliations
Sandy Leggett Gemini ObservatoryLisa Lobling Universitat TubingenChristopher Manser University of WarwickNadine Manset Canada France Hawaii TelescopePaola Marigo University of Padova VicoloKento Masuda Princeton UniversityLucy McNeill Monash UniversityPavana Muralimohan Indian Institute of AstrophysicsAtsuko Nitta Gemini ObservatoryTerry Oswalt Embry-Riddle Aeronautical UniversityThomas Prince California Institute of TechnologyJudith Provencal Unversity of DelawareThomas Rauch Universitat TubingenHarvey Richer University of British ColumbiaLaura Rogers Cambridge UniversityAshley Ruiter University of New South WalesDidier Saumon Los Alamos National LaboratoryBen Shappee University of HawaiiHenry Shipman Unversity of DelawarePaulina Sowicka Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical CentreValery Suleymanov Universitat TubingenPaula Szkody University of WashingtonLydia Tchang-Brillet Observatiore de Paris, MeudonPatrick Tremblay Universite de MontrealMichael Tucker University of HawaiiZach Vanderbosch University of Texas, AustinEva Villaver Universidad Autonoma de MadridOlivier Vincent Universite de MontrealTed von Hippel Embry-Riddle Aeronautical UniversityKurtis Williams Texas A&M University-CommerceEmily Wilson Rochester Institute of TechnologyDavid Wilson McDonald ObservatoryDon Winget University of Texas, AustinMatt Wood Texas A&M University-CommerceSiyi Xu Gemini ObservatoryYossef Zenati Technion Israel
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