English 10Mrs. Heitman

Final Exam Review Packet

KEYName

Literary ElementsPlot A sequence of events in a

literary work

Setting Where/when and the time a story takes place

Narrator The person or character telling the story.

Third person Omniscient narration/First person

Character(ization)

The act of creating or developing a character

Protagonist The main character or hero in a literary work.

Antagonist The character or force that opposes the protagonist. -Villain

ConflictInternal

A character is dealing with his/her own feelings. Struggle

that takes place in the character’s mind.

Conflict:External

A struggle between a character and an outside

force.Ex: man vs. man

Man vs. environment

Foreshadowing Hints or clues used to suggest what is to come in a literary

work. Quotes/eventscan be used for foreshadowing.

Climax The highest point or the turning point of the story.

Theme Main idea or central message in a literary work.

Ex. Loss of innocence is inevitable.

Lack of communication leads to tragedy.

Preservation of dignity.Irony When the opposite of what is

expected happens.Metaphor Comparison between 2 things

not using the words like or asEx. The cup of hot tea was the

best medicine for my cold.A mockingbird (Boo Radley

and Tom Robinson)Society is a machine/combine).

Simile Comparison between 2 things using the words like or as

Ex. The ice was as smooth as glass before the skaters

entered the rink.Alliteration

Repetition of beginning consonant sounds.

Ex: Big blue waves bounced against the bow of the boat

Imagery Writing with heavy description that appeals to the senses. The reader can almost see, smell, hear, touch or feel what is being written about.

satire The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to

expose and criticize people’s stupidity, or vices,

particularly in the context of contemporary politics or other

topical issues. Ex. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a

Satire.

Tone The mood or feeling of a literary work.

hyperbole Extreme exaggeration. Ex. “My shoes are killing me.”

Personification Giving human qualities to inanimate objects. Ex. The trees danced in the wind.

Symbolism A concrete item is used to represent an abstract idea.

Point of view Perspective from which a literary work is told.

Round character A character with many traits.Usually the main character.

Flat character A character with very few traits.

Stock character A stereotypical flat character.

Dynamic character

A character that critically changes from the beginning to end of a literary work. (They have insight or experience a

revelation.)

Static character A character that stays the same throughout a literary

work. (his/her thinking/actions don’t change)

To Kill a Mockingbirdby Harper Lee

Genre Coming-of-age story; social drama; courtroom drama; Southern drama (Historical fiction) novel

Setting Maycomb County, Alabama. (based on Monroeville, AL) 1930’s Great

Depression, Jim Crow South

Plot (3-5 Sentences)

Conflicts

Internal

And External

Fighting racism and Ignorance Not allowing others’ opinions to

penetrate your own thinking/judgment of people and situations.Bob Ewell and racism.

Protagonist and

Description of

Protagonist

Scout (Jean Louise Finch)Coming of age… learning to judge

things for herself. Learning compassion, humility.

Atticus- fights for equality between races.

Antagonist Bob Ewell and Racism

Secondary Characters

and Descriptions

Jem, Dill, Ms. Maudie, Tom Robinson, Calpurnia.

ClimaxBob Ewell vengefully attacks Jem and

Scout. Bob breaks Jem’s arm and knocks him out. Boo “saves” the

children by killing Bob.Resolution Atticus and Tate decide to “cover up”

Boo’s involvement in Bob Ewell’s murder, because it is “A sin to kill a

mockingbird.”Themes “It is a sin to kill a mockingbird” -or it

is a sin to harm someone/something that is innocent or has not done

anything wrong.“Prejudice is responsible for much

social injustice.”The Coexistence of Good and EvilThe Importance of Moral Education

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nestby Ken Kesey

Genre Satire, novel FICTIONSetting

Plot (3-5 Sentences)

Conflicts

Internal

And External

McMurphy vs. Nurse Ratched.

Patients vs. Society (ideals, expectations).

Protagonist and

Description of

Protagonist

R. P. McMurphy

He symbolizes vitality/life, masculinity, resistance and

nonconformity.

Antagonist Nurse Ratched.

Secondary Characters

and Descriptions

Billy Bibbit, Chief Bromden, Dale Harding, Martini, Scanlon, Cheswick, Fredrickson, Sefelt. Dr. Spivey and

the aides/nurses.

ClimaxNurse Ratched charges/accuses

McMurphy with Cheswick and Billy’s death. She asks if he is satisfied with

what he’s accomplished, “playing with human lives like a sort of GOD.”

He stalks her and resorts to a kind of violence that he did not think he was

capable of. He rips open her uniform, exposing her naked body and then

chokes her (almost to death.)Resolution Nurse Ratched lobotomizes

McMurphy and returns him to the “Chronics’ side of the ward.” Chief Bromden will not accept McMurphy

as a vegetable and an example of what can happen if a patient resists Nurse

Ratched’s authority. Chief suffocates Mc Murphy with a pillow in order to preserve his dignity, and not allow

Nurse Ratched to “win.”Themes Preservation of dignity.

Trying to succeed instead of giving in or giving up.

Strength in believing in oneself.Women as Castrators

 Society's Destruction of Natural ImpulsesFalse Diagnoses of Insanity

Regents Examination: Helpful Hints

Regents Comprehensive Examination in English

Part 4:Reading and writing for critical analysis, as assessed by:- a written response to two works of literature read in class

- be sure to read the critical lens several times, interpret it on scrap paper...it is important that you understand the critical lens in order to write a well thought out essay - choose TWO works of literature that support the critical lens (be sure that both works can be connected to this...

Your thesis answers the following question: What literary elements from each work make this quotation valid/ not valid? (Pick valid!)

Use the guidelines as your introduction, an example is provided below:

Guidelines:

Be sure to

• Provide a valid interpretation of the critical lens that clearly establishes the criteria for analysis

• Indicate whether you agree or disagree with the statement as you have interpreted it

• Choose two works you have read that you believe best support your opinion

• Use the criteria suggested by the critical lens to analyze the works you have chosen

• Avoid plot summary. Instead, use specific references to appropriate literary elements (for example: theme, characterization, setting, point of view) to develop your analysis

• Organize your ideas in a unified and coherent manner

• Specify the titles and authors of the literature you choose

• Follow the conventions of standard written English

Name: ______________________Date:

Regents Task IV Worksheet

Quotation:

Interpret the quotation (in your own words):

Agree or disagree with the quotation and explain why:

Introduce two literary works (title, author, genre)

Thesis answers the following questions: Which literary devices do the authors employ to validate/invalidate the quotation:

Space for note taking:

Literary Work # 1 Literary Work # 2

Essay Writing Tips

Do begin your paper in an interesting manner. Use an attention grabber. This should make your reader want to read more.

When you refer to the author the first time you use his entire name: Harper Lee; each time after that, you refer to him/her in last name only. The author is NOT a personal friend of yours; therefore, you do not call him “Harper or Ken”.

Write in the literary present. Literature is treated as a living document:

Incorrect: McMurphy was a good influence on Chief Bromden. Correct: McMurphy is a good influence on Chief Bromden.

Do not use personal pronouns (I, we, us, you). Your paper should be written in the third person. Furthermore, your writing this paper implies that this is what you think.

Incorrect: I think McMurphy is a tragic hero because.Correct: McMurphy is a tragic hero because...

(See, it means the same thing!)

Avoid contractions, UNLESS they are found in direct quotations.

Incorrect: doesn’t Incorrect: can’tCorrect: does not Correct: cannot

Avoid the words: “a lot” instead, write, “many” or “ a number of”

Incorrect: A lot of the Acutes on the ward begin to believe in McMurphy.Correct: Many of the Acutes on the ward believe in McMurphy.

Avoid the word “like”

Avoid words such as: really, very, completely, totally—they are unnecessary.

Your essay must be written in formal language. You are not writing a conversation. Slang and colloquialisms are not appropriate.

Incorrect: Well, you can see that McMurphy is a mad fighter.Correct: McMurphy resorts to violence in his final stand against Nurse Ratched.

Be sure to proofread your paper. You should hand in your paper with NO spelling or grammatical errors. Read your paper aloud. This may help to avoid any awkward sentences.

ANALYZING LITERATURE When you are asked to write an analysis of a short story or novel, you should use the skills of literary analysis. Critical papers analyze and explain some important points about a piece of literature. They do not repeat the plot. The following items will help you organize and plan your paper. You do not need to include every one of these items in every paper you write, but you should select the ones that are most necessary for your topic. Use the following as a checklist for your literary analysis. INTRODUCTION Write a draft of the introduction first. Revise it after you have completed the paper. Statement of topic: Be sure to name the work and its author early in the first part of the paper. Statement of interest: Explain the point that interests you. Statement of problem: Explain the critical disagreement, textual problem or other problem under consideration. Your way to Solve the Problem: How will your paper try to solve that problem or analyze a difficult point?

Any of these methods is useful: analysis of theme analysis of images of figurative language close textual analysis of structure sociological, psychological or analysis of character historical context analysis of character survey of other critical opinions interpretation of lines Statement of Thesis: What is the main point your paper will illustrate and/or explain? Give a clear statement, preferably in one sentence. Forecast of organization: In longer papers especially, give the reader a map, a guide to the organization you will follow. If you will examine three important passages in the work, indicate that. BODY OF THE PAPER All paragraphs, sections and chapters must support your thesis and work toward a solution to the problem you have stated. Support for your argument: Be sure every paragraph has a unified topic that helps develop your argument. Use specific quotes and examples from the work you are discussing. Analyze characters carefully: What they do; what they say; how others treat them; what others say about them; what the narrator says. Isolate main issues & find words to justify your emphasis on them. Provide close readings, textual analysis. Use vivid verbs, ones that give a sense of sight, sound, activity. Avoid the passive voice. Cite important critics who support your thesis. Answer critics who argue against your thesis. Use your best arguments and strongest examples last. CONCLUSION For a longer paper, the conclusion should review the argument which you have pursued and restate the thesis. Highlight the importance of your argument. Leave your reader feeling satisfied that you know the material, discussed it fairly, and argued your thesis convincingly. Never end a paper with another critic's words. Use your own words.

Vocabulary (that will be in your test!!)

Define and study the following words:

Nebulous:_adj. _ Cloudy or hazy

Assuage: v. Calm, sooth, or soften

Mollify: v. Calm, sooth or soften

Indigenous: adj. native, naturally occurring, existing in something _

Victimize: v. To make a victim of, to swindle or to cheat

Astute: adj._ having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one’s advantage : an astute businessman.

Underestimate: v. estimate (something) to be smaller or less important than it actually is : the administration has grossly underestimated the extent of the problem.• regard (someone) as less capable than they really are : he had underestimated the new president.

Veritable: adj. being truly or very much so: a veritable triumph

Auspicious: adj. promising success

Impudent (adj.)/impudence noun: not showing due respect for another person; impertinent

Expunge: v. to strike, to throw out or delete (from the record)Mortification: noun - the state of extreme fear or embarrassment

Facetious: adj. in a light, humorous manner; sarcastic

Cagey: adj. reluctant to give information owing to caution or suspicion

Malevolent: adj. evil, ill-willed, wishing harm to others