THE

ANNUAL REPORTFOR1999

INTERNATIONALATOMIC ENERGYAGENCY

GC(44)/4

The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of theIAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. TheHeadquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate andenlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’.

© IAEA, 2000

MEMBER STATES OF THEINTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

MEMBER STATES OF THEINTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

AFGHANISTANALBANIAALGERIAANGOLAARGENTINAARMENIAAUSTRALIAAUSTRIABANGLADESHBELARUSBELGIUMBENINBOLIVIABOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINABRAZILBULGARIABURKINA FASOCAMBODIACAMEROONCANADACHILECHINACOLOMBIACOSTA RICACOTE D’IVOIRECROATIACUBACYPRUSCZECH REPUBLICDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

OF THE CONGODENMARKDOMINICAN REPUBLICECUADOREGYPTEL SALVADORESTONIAETHIOPIAFINLANDFRANCEGABONGEORGIAGERMANYGHANAGREECE

GUATEMALAHAITIHOLY SEEHUNGARYICELANDINDIAINDONESIAIRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQIRELANDISRAELITALYJAMAICAJAPANJORDANKAZAKHSTANKENYAKOREA, REPUBLIC OFKUWAITLATVIALEBANONLIBERIALIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYALIECHTENSTEINLITHUANIALUXEMBOURGMADAGASCARMALAYSIAMALIMALTAMARSHALL ISLANDSMAURITIUSMEXICOMONACOMONGOLIAMOROCCOMYANMARNAMIBIANETHERLANDSNEW ZEALANDNICARAGUANIGERNIGERIANORWAYPAKISTAN

PANAMAPARAGUAYPERUPHILIPPINESPOLANDPORTUGALQATARREPUBLIC OF MOLDOVAROMANIARUSSIAN FEDERATIONSAUDI ARABIASENEGALSIERRA LEONESINGAPORESLOVAKIASLOVENIASOUTH AFRICASPAINSRI LANKASUDANSWEDENSWITZERLANDSYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICTHAILANDTHE FORMER YUGOSLAV

REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIATUNISIATURKEYUGANDAUKRAINEUNITED ARAB EMIRATESUNITED KINGDOM OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

UNITED REPUBLICOF TANZANIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICAURUGUAYUZBEKISTANVENEZUELAVIET NAMYEMENYUGOSLAVIAZAMBIAZIMBABWE

■ Article VI.J of the Statute requires the Board of Governors to submit “an annualreport to the General Conference concerning the affairs of the Agency and anyprojects approved by the Agency”. This report covers the period 1 January to31 December 1999.

■ All sums of money are expressed in United States dollars.

■ The designations employed and the presentation of material in this document donot imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariatconcerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers.

■ The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicatedas registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor shouldit be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the Agency.

■ The term “non-nuclear-weapon State’’ is used as in the Final Document of the 1968Conference of Non-Nuclear-Weapon States (United Nations document A/7277) andin the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

■ Further information on the Agency’s activities, and on the range of availabledatabases, can be obtained from the Division of Public Information and from theAgency’s Internet home page:

http://www.iaea.org/worldatom

The Agency can be reached at:

Division of Public InformationInternational Atomic Energy AgencyP.O. Box 100Wagramer Strasse 5A-1400 Vienna, AustriaTelephone: +43-1-2600-0Fax: +43-1-26007E-mail: Official.Mail@iaea.org

NOTENOTE

ABACC Brazilian–Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear MaterialsAFRA African Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to

Nuclear Science and TechnologyAGRIS Agricultural Information SystemARCAL Regional Co-operative Arrangements for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and

Technology in Latin AmericaBWR Boiling water reactorCRP Co-ordinated Research ProjectCTBTO Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty OrganizationEURATOM European Atomic Energy CommunityFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFORATOM Forum atomique européenHWR Heavy water reactorIAEA-MEL IAEA Marine Environment LaboratoryICTP International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsIIASA International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisILO International Labour OrganisationIMO International Maritime OrganizationINDC International Nuclear Data CommitteeIOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO)ISO International Organization for StandardizationLWR Light water reactorNEA Nuclear Energy Agency of the OECDOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOLADE Organización Latinoamericana de EnergíaOPANAL Organismo para la Proscripción de las Armas Nucleares en América Latina y el CaribePAHO Pan American Health Organization/WHOPHWR Pressurized heavy water reactorPWR Pressurized water reactorRAF Regional AfricaRAS Regional East Asia and PacificRAW Regional West AsiaRBMK Light boiling water cooled graphite moderated pressure tube reactor (former USSR)RCA Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related

to Nuclear Science and TechnologySQ Significant quantityt HM tonnes heavy metalUNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic RadiationWCO World Customs OrganizationWEC World Energy CouncilWHO World Health OrganizationWTO World Trade Organization

ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Board of Governors and the General Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

T H E A G E N C Y ’ S P R O G R A M M E I N 1 9 9 9

Technology

Nuclear Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Comparative Assessment of Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Food and Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Marine Environment, Water Resources and Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Physical and Chemical Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Safety

Nuclear Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Radiation Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Radioactive Waste Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Co-ordination of Safety Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Verification

Safeguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Security of Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Management and Outreach

Management, Co-ordination and Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Management of Technical Co-operation for Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

CONTENTSCONTENTS

OV

ER

VIE

W

1

In 1999, the Agency Secretariat continued the reform process intended toensure more effective delivery of a programme that would make a clear contri-bution to the needs of Member States. In particular, a Medium Term Strategy(MTS) was developed and changes to the programme and budget formulationprocess were initiated. Programme activities continued under all three ofwhat the MTS identified as the “pillars” of the Agency’s programme: technol-ogy, safety and verification. Measures were introduced to increase the synergybetween the parts of the programme funded by the regular budget and thetechnical co-operation budget.

This overview is intended to provide a review of issues and developments in1999 in the ‘nuclear world’ as seen from the perspective of the Agency and inthe light of the Agency’s own programme. It does not aim to be comprehensive.Rather it follows a number of selected themes: the present situation regard-ing nuclear power; the advantages of nuclear related techniques in food andagriculture, human health, water resources management and environmentalmonitoring; the Agency’s efforts to create a global nuclear safety culture; theefforts to conclude Additional Protocols to safeguards agreements and move tointegrated safeguards; outreach to non-traditional partners; and gaining abetter understanding of the needs of Member States and ensuring a more effi-cient and effective response to them.

T E C H N O L O G Y

Nuclear power, fuel cycle and waste management

Present situation regarding nuclear power

Nuclear power is an important contributor to the world’s electricity needs. In1999, it supplied roughly one sixth of global electricity. As a capital intensiveand advanced technology, some 83% of global nuclear electricity capacity isconcentrated in the industrialized countries. The largest regional percentageof electricity generated through nuclear power last year was in westernEurope (30%). The nuclear shares in France, Belgium and Sweden were 75,58 and 47%, respectively. In North America, the nuclear share was 20% for theUSA and 12% for Canada. In Asia, the figures were 43% for the Republic ofKorea and 36% for Japan.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

Despite this major contribution to regional aswell as national electricity supply worldwide,there is no consensus on the future of nuclearpower. In North America there have been nonew orders for nuclear power plants duringthe past two decades and the number of oper-ating reactors has started to decline. In West-ern Europe nuclear capacity will likely remainat about its present level for the next fewyears. There will be some unit capacityupgrades and life extension of existing plants.No country within this geographical area hascurrently decided to construct new nuclearplants, although Finland is considering this

option. In Central and Eastern Europe, thereis a debate over the need to complete theconstruction of partially built plants. A fewwill be completed and ageing units shut down,some earlier than originally planned.

In Asia, planning for an expansion of nuclearpower continues, particularly in China, India,Japan and the Republic of Korea. This is aregion where the use of nuclear power is likelyto grow over the short term. However, theEast Asian financial crisis of 1998–1999slowed down the large regional increase inenergy demand that was earlier foreseen.

Any expansion of the contribution of nuclearpower towards meeting global energy needs ina sustainable manner will require a number ofcriteria to be met: increased economic compet-itiveness; the use of advanced technologies forboth electricity generation and new applica-tions such as desalination; and improvementof public confidence, especially in relation tothe safety of power plant operations and wastedisposal.

During the past decade, fundamental changesin the electricity industry have taken place in

many countries. Today, the supply of electric-ity is no longer a monopoly of governments ora few suppliers. Generation and marketing tofinal consumers are taking place in highlycompetitive environments. In 1999, the trendcontinued for short term pricing contracts toreplace long term contracts, driven in part bythe availability of low cost gas generatingplants.

To compete with fossil fuelled units — andespecially small gas units where an invest-ment can often be recovered more rapidly thanfor a nuclear plant — nuclear power wouldneed to offer lower initial investment costsand a reduction in operating and maintenanceexpenses. An integrated planning process thattakes account of all these factors from theinception of a nuclear power programme canhelp efforts in this direction.

Notable features of recently built nuclearplants, particularly standardized ones, includeconsiderably shorter construction times andlower operating costs. A number of factorsaccount for this improved performance, includ-ing ongoing utility restructuring that includesmodernized management approaches, in-depth training and the sharing of industryexperience. The steady performance improve-ment worldwide over the past decade can beseen in various indicators released by theAgency and WANO that show sharp increasesin capacity factors and decreases in un-planned reactor shutdowns.

Moreover, many existing nuclear plants areeconomic, particularly those which have hadtheir capital investments depreciated orwritten-off. Today, with the exception perhapsof hydroelectric plants, well managed nuclearplants, with their low fuel costs and steadilydeclining operating and maintenance costs,are often among the least expensive powerplants to operate. This advantage has beensufficient to encourage owners of existingplants to invest in life extension programmesand increases in total plant generating capa-city. Competitive pressures and the ongoingrestructuring of the power industry hold thepotential for further cost reductions, particu-larly in consolidating management, operationand maintenance activities.

OV

ER

VIE

W

2

“Notable features of recently built nuclear

plants, particularly standardized ones,

include considerably shorter construction

times and lower operating costs.”

For both existing and new nuclear powerplants, the Agency has assisted MemberStates to enhance competitiveness with dueregard to safety. For example, it has providedanalyses and expertise and assembled andmade available information on reducing initialcosts, extending plants lifetimes, improvingperformance and decreasing operational andmaintenance costs.

At the 43rd regular session of the GeneralConference in 1999, Member States requestedthe Agency to help countries assess the role ofnuclear power in the light of global environ-mental challenges and energy needs. It wasagreed that such assistance should includefacilitating access to relevant informationabout the importance of nuclear power inachieving sustainable development in devel-oping countries and in mitigating greenhousegas emissions.

The Agency made concerted efforts to provideinformation to Member States and interna-tional forums on the potential role of nuclearpower in a follow-up to the Kyoto Protocol onclimate change. As a part of this effort, threeworkshops were held on the potential role ofnuclear power under the Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM). It also included exchangeof views with delegates to the 5th Conferenceof Parties (CoP-5) to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change,in Bonn, and presentation of a paper on thepotential use of nuclear power projects indeveloping countries for greenhouse gas miti-gation under the CDM at an internationalsymposium held in Ottawa, Canada.

Two potential future applications of nuclearpower are of particular interest: desalinationand synthetic fuel production. A comprehen-sive study, co-ordinated by the Agency, on theoverall economics of nuclear desalination ascompared with the use of fossil energy wasconducted. The results highlighted the condi-tions under which nuclear desalination wouldbe competitive with fossil alternatives.Conclusions were derived both from calcula-tions performed with the Agency’s Desalina-tion Economic Evaluation Programmecomputer software as well as from independ-ent investigations in Member States.

In connection with synthetic fuels, an AgencyCRP completed in 1999 provided supportingtechnical information for the High Tempera-ture Engineering Test Reactor now undergo-ing startup testing in Japan. The projectfocused on using nuclear heat for steamreforming of methane to produce hydrogenand methanol, thermo-chemical splitting ofwater to produce hydrogen and the conversionof coal to synthetic fuels.

Although competitiveness may be one of theimportant factors in the nuclear debate, publicacceptance is also critical. A change fromgenerally positive to generally negative atti-tudes occurred in different countries for avariety of reasons. Decision makers were onceprepared to accept technical arguments fornuclear power and technical safety assess-ments of reactors and waste disposal facilities.Now some have taken an anti-nuclear positionand others have recognized that even wherethere are technically acceptable plans theystill cannot proceed without winning publicacceptance.

With regard to the nuclear fuel industry, anincrease in fuel burnup, higher thermal rates,longer fuel cycles and the use of mixed oxide(MOX) fuels are key to improving the econom-ics of the nuclear fuel cycle as a whole. Accord-ingly, utilities and fuel vendors have recentlyinitiated R&D programmes directed towardsimprovements in fuel design and materials toprovide safe and reliable reactor operationunder the conditions mentioned above. Inconjunction with these programmes, theAgency concentrated in 1999 on facilitatingthe exchange of information on improvementsin the quality and properties of uranium diox-ide and MOX fuels and control rods, improve-ments in fuel design and performance for highburnup operation, reduction of corrosion, andcoolant technology optimization. An interna-tional symposium on MOX fuel cycle technolo-gies for medium and long term deployment,held in Vienna in May, reviewed the statusand development trends of plutonium recy-cling in nuclear power reactors.

Numerous lessons emerged from the accidentsat Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. It wasclear that human factors had been a major

OV

ER

VIE

W

3

contributor to both accidents, and a betterunderstanding of the human role in plantoperation was needed. The industry hasresponded and continues to respond throughmodernized control room layouts that provideclear and essential information to operators,through improved training and procedures, aswell as through internal and external auditsof operational performance.

The Agency has a broad range of technicalprogrammes covering reactor engineering andtechnology that allow the sharing of informa-

tion on improving and monitoring plantperformance and on advanced reactor technol-ogy developments and their applications.Nevertheless, the only clear and convincingdemonstration of safety will be the safeperformance of existing plants across theworld over many years, and the avoidance of amajor accident.

A serious public acceptance issue today is themanagement of radioactive waste and spentfuel. While a major benefit of nuclear power isthat it does not involve the emission of largequantities of air pollutants, including green-house gas emissions, it has a unique percep-tion problem with regard to waste disposal,namely the widespread belief among the non-technical public that spent fuel and high levelradioactive waste cannot be safely managed inthe long term. However, managing these formsof waste in the short term while supervisioncan be guaranteed does not pose a problemand storage facilities for them have been built.At both power plants and research reactorsites, spent fuel can be safely and reliablystored in wet or dry facilities, although somestorage facilities for spent fuel are now at ornear full capacity. For the longer term,

however, it is generally recognized that deepunderground disposal is the most appropriatesolution.

Plans for geological repositories in many coun-tries proceeded slowly if at all in 1999. ManyStates are re-examining national policies,seeking to identify waste management solu-tions that are both safe and publicly accept-able, and to build confidence in those solu-tions. For example, greater attention is beinggiven to the idea of placing waste deep under-ground but in a retrievable form, rather thantreating geological disposal as a permanent,irreversible solution. It is now recognized thatthe trust of the public has to be obtainedthrough continuous dialogue and exchangebetween all concerned parties so that it even-tually becomes recognized that geologicaldisposal is a safe and sound solution.

However, some progress was made in the fieldof radioactive waste management in 1999 (seeBox 1). In particular, an important step wastaken in the USA with the opening of theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant for long lived, mili-tary origin waste at Carlsbad, New Mexico.This is the world’s first deep geological wasterepository.

R A D I A T I O N A N D I S O T O P ET E C H N O L O G I E S

Advantages of nuclear related techniques in food and agriculture, human health, water resources management and environmental monitoring

In the Agency’s Medium Term Strategy devel-oped during the year, priority in the radiationand isotope technology programme wasassigned to four subject areas: food and agri-culture; human health; water resourcesmanagement; and the environment. The pres-ent text describes some of the advantages ofnuclear techniques in these areas and outlinessome advances that occurred in 1999 (see alsoBoxes 2–4).

For food and agriculture, the advantages ofnuclear techniques include: the provision ofunique and quantitative data on rates of soil

OV

ER

VIE

W

4

“The Agency has a broad range of

technical programmes covering reactor

engineering that allow the sharing of

information on improving and

monitoring plant performance.”

erosion and nutrient and water dynamics inthe soil–plant system; the possibility of devel-oping, through mutation induction, new cropvarieties with improved quality, yield andtolerance to stress; and the provision of essen-tial tools for the analysis and identification ofplants with useful characters. In animalhealth studies, isotopes can be used as simple,robust and sensitive markers for research.

They provide unique information on how feedis digested and used, enabling better diets andfeeding strategies to be developed. In addition,isotope techniques have underpinnedinnovative products and approaches toimprove reproductive efficiency and diseasecontrol. In pest management, the sterileinsect technique offers clear advantages overchemical pesticides. And food irradiation is

one of the few technologies which offers theability to control spoilage and disease causingorganisms and insect pests without signifi-cantly affecting the sensory and other attri-butes of the food.

In December 1999, the United States Depart-ment of Agriculture gave approval for theirradiation of red meat. At the end of the yearseveral commercial irradiation facilities wereunder construction in the USA to treat largevolumes of meat, especially ground beef, toeliminate pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli.A commercial irradiator specifically designedfor treating fresh fruits and vegetablesagainst fruit flies was under construction inHilo, Hawaii, and is expected to be in opera-tion by June 2000. These examples illustratea positive trend in public opinion on the role of

OV

ER

VIE

W

5

A symposium was held in Taejon, Republic of Korea, in August–September to review experience gainedin implementing technologies to manage radioactive waste from nuclear power plants and the back endof the nuclear fuel cycle. The symposium was organized in co-operation with the OECD/NEA, the KoreaAtomic Energy Research Institute, the International Union of Producers and Distributors of ElectricalEnergy, and the Nuclear Energy Institute. The symposium documented that:

• Proven technologies exist for managing low level radioactive wastes in ways that are safe, econom-ical and environmentally sound, and considerable experience has been accumulated with thesetechnologies in many Member States.

• More attention to waste minimization and volume reduction technologies have led to substantialreductions in the quantities and radioactivity content of solid wastes.

• Improvements continue to be made in the technologies for the treatment and conditioning of radioac-tive wastes, and in the methods that are used to investigate and select sites for waste disposal.

• Member States have a variety of options still under consideration for the management of high levelwaste and spent fuel, including long term storage of spent fuel, until the preferred disposal optionbecomes more clear.

• A few Member States with large nuclear programmes are making progress in developing conceptsfor siting disposal facilities for high level waste.

A conference held in Denver, USA, in November demonstrated that Member States are implementing avariety of options for managing spent fuel and high level waste. It was reported that:

• The USA, Sweden and a few other countries are opting for direct disposal but with more reliance onextended retrievability.

• France, Japan, the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom view spent fuel as a resource andare reprocessing spent fuel to recover plutonium for recycle in light water reactors as MOX fuels.

• A number of countries are investigating the partitioning and transmutation of long lived actinides toreduce the volume and activity of the waste.

• Other countries, particularly those with small nuclear programmes or fragile economies, are storingspent fuel, either in pools at reactors or in centralized facilities. ■

Box 1: Availability of Waste Management Technologies and Need for Geological Repositories

food irradiation. They also complement theongoing work of the Agency in disseminatinginformation to the public concerning thesafety and benefits of food irradiation.

Reflecting the continuing trend in the use ofradiation mutation to produce crop varietieswith characteristics of economic importance,93 new varieties were registered in theFAO/IAEA database. The total number hasgrown to 1961 varieties of more than 163 cropspecies in 62 countries. In related workthrough a CRP, radiation mutation of indus-trial crops (such as soybean, rapeseed andcotton) produced plant types with a widerrange of desirable characteristics, specificallyimproved yield and oil quality. These planttypes are expected to be released in the nearfuture as new, improved varieties in severalMember States.

Hydrological applications of isotope tech-niques have gained worldwide prominence inrecent years and are being used for a widespectrum of problems encountered in waterresources assessment, development andmanagement. The technological and economicbenefits of isotope applications have beendemonstrated in many areas of hydrology.

Isotope techniques are an important tool alsofor understanding and reconstructing climaticconditions influencing the present and pasthydrological cycles. General circulation modelsfor simulating present day climatic conditionsare improved by using data on the isotopecomposition of water in rain and snow. Periodicevents such as El Niño produce significant,short term changes in precipitation patterns,and their impact on water resources manage-ment is being investigated by isotope tech-niques. Stable and radioactive isotopes alsoprovide a unique tool for investigating thesources of atmospheric pollutants and theircontribution to global warming.

Groundwater resources in most developedcountries are commonly assessed with the useof isotope techniques. As an example of recentwork, an improved assessment of the origin offlow in streams and rivers has been achievedin Latin America, Asia and Africa underAgency technical co-operation projects byusing isotope techniques. In other work, it hasbeen found that increased river discharge isresponsible for the rising water level of theCaspian Sea as a result primarily of changesin the hydroclimatic conditions in the catch-ment area.

Another area of focus during recent years hasbeen isotope applications in geothermalsystems related to both the hydrologicalassessment of geothermal reservoirs as wellas the characterization of dynamic changesinduced in such reservoirs by exploitation. Asa result of the experience and data gathered inpractical applications of tracers/isotopes ingeothermal applications under a regionaltechnical co-operation project and a CRP, aguidebook has been prepared entitled Isotopicand Chemical Techniques in GeothermalExploration, Development and Use: Methods,Data Handling and Interpretation.

OV

ER

VIE

W

6

A team of agriculture/livestock economistsconcluded that eradication — under an Agencyproject — of the tsetse fly from Zanzibar,United Republic of Tanzania, using the sterileinsect technique has resulted in significantgains in the livestock sector. Animals can bekept in farming areas where this was not possi-ble before, and the elimination of trypanoso-mosis transmission permits the introduction ofmore productive cattle breeds. According to thereport, whereas in 1985–1986 only every thirdfarming household had cattle, in 1999 four ofevery five farmers were keeping cattle.Although more than one third of the total milkproduction in Zanzibar now originates fromimproved cattle breeds and there is substantialdemand for cross-bred or pure-bred cattleamong the people on Zanzibar, only about 5%of the cattle being maintained are improvedbreeds. On the basis of baseline data gener-ated by the economists, it will be possible toassess how much of the new potential for live-stock/agricultural development, which is basedon the elimination of the tsetse and trypanoso-mosis problem, will be realized in the forth-coming years. ■

Box 2: Zanzibar Farmers Reap BenefitsFollowing Eradication of the Tsetse Fly

OV

ER

VIE

W

7

In 1999, meetings were held with World Bankproject managers to investigate dam manage-ment problems, and help Bank staff improverisk assessment tools and identify priorityareas for isotope investigations. The resulting‘Thematic Plan on Dam Safety and Sustain-ability’ identified goals and clarified the role ofnuclear techniques in dam management asgenerating information to help end-usersmake decisions that guide, optimize andprotect investments. A particular follow-upaction was the organization in November of atraining workshop on the use of isotopehydrology for dam safety and dam leakagestudies, hosted by BATAN in Yogyakarta,Indonesia.

Applications of nuclear related techniques forhuman health are expanding. Most importantis the radiation therapy of cancer as a curativetechnique and for pain relief in cases that areincurable. Another example is in diagnosticprocedures under the broad heading ofnuclear medicine. These procedures involvethe administration of open radioactive sourcesinternally which, being non-invasive in

nature, provide important clues about organfunctions and early detection of abnormali-ties. These diagnostic procedures support abroad span of medical specialities rangingfrom paediatrics to cardiology to psychiatry. Athird area of application is the measurementof stable isotopes in tracking malnutrition,generally considered to be the best method forassessing the impact of people’s intake ofimportant vitamins and other nutrients. In allthese three broad areas there have beensignificant Agency activities geared toMember State needs.

New options were recently introduced to studytissue viability by means of three dimensionalimaging (tomography) of chemical processes.Another new approach involves localization ofpathological processes even during the courseof surgery. Positron emission tomography(PET) has increasingly been adopted in manydeveloped and some developing countries forthe diagnosis of a significant number ofdiseases including cancer, neurological disor-ders and coronary artery disease. The inaugu-ration of a PET centre, supported by an

The role of irradiation as a sanitary and phytosanitary treatment of food and agricultural commodities washighlighted at an FAO–IAEA–WHO conference on Ensuring the Safety and Quality of Food through Radia-tion Processing, held in Antalya, Turkey, in October. Among the main conclusions were the following:

• The safety and nutritional adequacy of foods irradiated with any dose and produced under goodmanufacturing practices are well established.

• The Codex Alimentarius Commission of the FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme has agreed toinitiate procedures to amend the current Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods to removethe previous upper dose limit.

• Irradiation has emerged as a viable, versatile and environmentally friendly treatment of food andagricultural commodities to satisfy relevant provisions of the Agreement on the Application of Sani-tary and Phytosanitary Measures of the World Trade Organization.

• Irradiation should be considered as an integral part of efforts to ensure the microbiological safetyof solid foods, especially those eaten raw or minimally processed, and to prevent cross-contami-nation during food preparation.

• Market trials and commercial sales of irradiated food carried out in the past ten years in some 15countries have shown that consumers are willing to purchase irradiated products once they areinformed of their safety and benefits.

• Irradiation is used routinely for ensuring the hygienic quality of spices and dried vegetable season-ings in more than 20 countries.

• A number of commercial irradiators for food processing have either been built in recent years or arebeing built, especially in the USA and in some Asian countries. ■

Box 3: Importance of Food Irradiation

Agency technical co-operation project, in theCzech Republic in November marked animportant landmark in this context. A majorAgency activity in the field of radionuclidetherapy included the promotion in MemberStates of treatment for metastatic bone painby injection of open radioactive sources fortemporary relief.

Radiation therapy over the last decade hasincreasingly used computer tomography scan-ning and magnetic resonance imaging forimproved tumour definition for the localiza-tion of cancer. More accurate display of cancertumours has increased the accuracy ofsystems, delivered under Agency technical

co-operation projects, for patient immobiliza-tion and planning of treatment so as to ensurethat the irradiated part of the patient onlyminimally exceeds the tumour boundary.

Environmental contamination is a globalconcern. The Agency carries out monitoring ofmarine radioactive contamination and also ofnon-nuclear contaminants in the marine envi-ronment (in collaboration with UNEP andIOC (UNESCO)). The behaviour of radio-nuclides in the ocean needs to be clearlyunderstood to assess the possible environmen-tal or human health consequences. This accu-mulated knowledge could then provide a basisfor the rapid assessment of the impact of anypossible future releases from accidents thatmight occur at coastal nuclear facilities ornuclear waste sites, or from the ocean trans-port of spent fuel or high level waste.

New remote measurement systems and wideranging measurements in the world’s oceansin 1999 continued to provide confirmation thatglobal fallout from atmospheric bomb testingis still the main source of anthropogenicradionuclides in the ocean, although levelshave declined substantially. Radionuclideshave also been used to trace the transport ofvarious pollutants (e.g. lead, persistentorganic pollutants, etc.) within the ocean andthrough the marine food chain.

The radiation of electron beams provides anefficient technology to clean gaseous andliquid wastes from industries. A large projectin Poland on the cleaning of flue gases fromthe burning of coal will result in the commis-sioning of a demonstration plant in 2000.

Again, in the sphere of environmental protec-tion, technical and economic considerationshave indicated that electron beam accelera-tors are most suited for the treatment of largequantities of water and wastewater. In addi-tion, improvements in accelerators in recentyears (increased power conversion efficiencyand power output) have increased the practi-cal possibilities of using this technology for thedecontamination and desinfection of waste-water and drinking water. Following anAgency CRP, a number of countries havestarted engineering studies of the process.

OV

ER

VIE

W

8

The water level of Lake Beseka, located in theEthiopian Rift Valley, has been rising continu-ously for several decades, resulting in the pres-ent surface area of about 40 km2 as comparedwith 6 km2 in 1967. The increased surface areahas posed serious problems for environmentalmanagement, including inundation of grazingand cultivated lands, highways and railwaytracks. Historically, the lake received rechargefrom precipitation, surface runoff in the catch-ment, groundwater discharge and surface runofffrom nearby thermal springs. As the lake levelhas risen, the thermal springs are nowsubmerged. A study conducted in the 1970sattributed the rising lake level to increasedrunoff from adjoining irrigated areas. However,stricter controls on irrigation runoff failed tocheck the rising lake level.

A multi-disciplinary study, including geophysi-cal, hydrological, geochemical and modellingtechniques, was carried out in 1999 to deter-mine the cause(s) of the lake level rise. Theresults of early surveys had suggested that theprincipal cause may be the increased inflowfrom submerged springs in the southwesternportion of the lake. However, stable waterisotopes, tritium and carbon-14 of dissolvedinorganic carbon provided conclusive evidencethat the lake level rise occurred as a result ofa decrease in the lake outflow. ■

Box 4: Use of Isotope Techniques to Help Understand the Causes of Lake Level Rise in Ethiopia

OV

ER

VIE

W

9

S A F E T Y

International dimensions of safety

The Agency promotes a global nuclear safetyculture comprising three elements: legallybinding conventions, internationally agreedsafety standards and measures to apply thoseconventions and standards. There were anumber of significant events and issues from1999 relating to these three elements (see alsoBox 5).

The Convention on Early Notification of aNuclear Accident and the Convention onAssistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accidentor Radiological Emergency were adoptedfollowing the 1986 Chernobyl accident. In1999, the Agency provided assistance to fourMember States in relation to emergencysituations.

The Convention on Nuclear Safety, whichentered into force in October 1996, encouragescountries with nuclear power plants to legallycommit themselves to maintaining a high

level of safety. As well as imposing obligationsconcerning specific issues such as the siting,design, construction and operation of nuclearpower plants, the Convention obligesContracting Parties to periodically submitreports on the implementation of the obliga-tions for peer review at meetings of theParties. The first of these review meetingswas held in Vienna in April. During the twoweek meeting, the Contracting Partiesreviewed each national report, along withquestions and comments that had beensubmitted. A consensus Summary Report wasadopted, outlining the main conclusions fromthe discussions and the issues identified asbeing important for future progress inimproving nuclear safety. The ContractingParties agreed that the review process hadbeen of great value to their national nuclearsafety programmes, referring not only to the‘peer review’ by other Contracting Parties, butalso to the self-assessment involved in produc-ing the national reports. Although there werevariations among Contracting Parties withregard to the levels from which they startedimplementation of Convention obligations

In recent years there have been a number of instances of serious consequences resulting from radia-tion exposures due to radiation sources and radioactive materials that, for one reason or another, werenot under proper control (‘orphan sources’). During 1999, the Agency was involved in responding to seri-ous cases of overexposure from such sources in Turkey and Peru, and it continued to provide assistanceto Georgia, where many sources have been discovered since the breakup of the Soviet Union.

In response to the continuing occurrence of such events, an Action Plan on the safety of radiationsources and the security of radioactive material was prepared. This sets out a programme of Agencywork in the coming years that makes full use of existing activities such as the technical co-operationModel Project on strengthening radiation and waste safety infrastructure where necessary in MemberStates, and work with the WCO and INTERPOL on the prevention, detection and response to illicit traf-ficking. The main regulatory components of the Action Plan comprise Agency activities aimed at:

• Strengthening national regulatory programmes covering the safety of radiation sources and thesecurity of radioactive materials, and the storage or disposal of disused sources;

• Detection and emergency response; and • Recovery and remediation.

Training is an essential part of all these activities. Supporting components of the Action Plan are aimedat persons or organizations having an interest in seeing that the problem of orphan sources isaddressed. These include metal recyclers, metallurgical plants and non-radioactive waste disposal facil-ities. The manufacturers and suppliers of monitoring or detection systems also form part of this group.

The Action Plan was endorsed by the General Conference in October. ■

Box 5: An Action Plan for the Safety of Radiation Sources

and in the resources available for improve-ment programmes, it was noted that allContracting Parties participating in the meet-ing are taking steps in the right direction.

During 1999, eight more countries ratified theJoint Convention on the Safety of Spent FuelManagement and on the Safety of RadioactiveWaste Management, bringing the totalnumber to 13. The convention requires ratifi-cation by 25 countries to enter into force, 15 ofwhich should be countries with operatingnuclear power plants.

On 30 September, a criticality accidentoccurred at a uranium conversion facility in

Tokaimura, Japan. A self-sustaining nuclearfission chain reaction (criticality) began spon-taneously in a precipitation tank after severaltimes more than the specified limit of a solu-tion of enriched uranium had been added.Criticality continued intermittently for about20 hours, until it was stopped by drainingwater from the cooling jacket around theprecipitation tank and adding boron to thesolution. Three workers who were in the build-ing at the time criticality was reached sufferedacute radiation sickness as a result of expo-sure to intense direct radiation (mainlyneutrons) from the precipitation tank; onedied on 21 December and another was still inhospital as of the end of 1999. Seven peopleworking just outside the site and other peopleliving within a 350 m zone around the locationreceived doses above the annual limit for thepublic. Precautionary measures around thesite were taken. In view of the severe on-siteimpact and the absence of any significantrelease of radioactive material off-site, theaccident was rated at Level 4 on theInternational Nuclear Event Scale (INES), thehighest rating since the scale was introducedin 1990.

The Agency established contact with the rele-vant competent authority in Japan to ascer-tain the facts in order to respond to the manyrequests for information. Following discus-sions with representatives of the Governmentof Japan, the Agency sent an expert team toTokaimura in mid-October to conduct apreliminary fact finding mission. The report ofthe expert team was published shortly afterits return.

An investigation committee, established bythe Nuclear Safety Commission of theJapanese Science and Technology Agency,issued its report in December. An underlyingcause of the accident was a lack of awarenessof the risk of criticality, which allowed thedirect cause — violation of procedural regula-tions — to occur. The allocation of authorityand responsibility between the Nuclear SafetyCommission, the regulatory authorities andthe operator was a contributory factor.

The accident also highlighted the lack of inter-national safety standards for certain types ofnon-reactor facility, particularly in relation tocriticality safety at these facilities. This lackhad already been recognized, and a pro-gramme of work proposed to identify newstandards that might be necessary.

Improving the safety of reactors in central andeastern Europe and the former Soviet Unionhas been a major objective over the pastdecade. An International Conference onStrengthening Nuclear Safety in EasternEurope, held in Vienna in June, provided anopportunity to review what has been achievedand what remains to be done. The conference,organized by the Agency in co-operation withthe European Commission and theOECD/NEA, involved presentations by all ofthe countries operating Soviet type reactors —Armenia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic,Hungary, Lithuania, the Russian Federation,Slovakia and Ukraine — on their nationalstatus and plans. The conference concludedthat considerable progress had been made,particularly in areas such as national legisla-tive and regulatory frameworks and the inde-pendence and technical competence of nuclearregulatory bodies. A number of areas wereidentified as needing further attention,

OV

ER

VIE

W

10

“An increasing amount of the

Agency’s safety related work is

concerned with strengthening

national regulatory bodies.”

OV

ER

VIE

W

11

including the enforcement authority of regu-latory bodies, transferring appropriateresponsibilities for safety to the operators andmaintaining and enhancing an effectivesafety culture. Particular emphasis wasplaced on means for achieving the best possi-ble improvements in safety with limitedresources, such as greater exchange of infor-mation, and high quality safety analysisreports to provide a sound basis for prioritiz-ing upgrades.

An increasing amount of the Agency’s safetyrelated work is concerned with strengtheningnational regulatory bodies. Regulatory issuesare also a major focus of the programme on thesafety of nuclear installations in countries inSouth East Asia, the Pacific and Far East(including States that currently have nonuclear power plants but are considering thenuclear power option). For the first time, theAgency’s International Regulatory ReviewTeam (IRRT) service received requests fromMember States in western and northernEurope. The scope of the IRRT service has alsobeen broadened to cover, if requested, radia-tion, radioactive waste and transport safety.

In recent years, regulators have increasinglyfelt a need to demonstrate the effectiveness oftheir activities. The Agency has started workon the development of tools for the assess-ment of regulatory effectiveness. New Agencysafety standards on legal and governmentalinfrastructure for safety could be used as abasis for developing self-assessment tools forregulatory bodies.

A new service, the Transport Safety AppraisalService (TranSAS), was introduced by theAgency to provide reviews, on request, ofnational implementation of the Regulationsfor the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material.The first TranSAS mission visited Slovenia inJune/July and carried out an appraisal of the:legislative framework for the transport ofradioactive materials and the associated divi-sion of responsibilities among competentauthorities; approval procedures; and inspec-tion and emergency preparedness arrange-ments. With the agreement of the Slovenianauthorities, the mission report was presentedto the General Conference in September. In

Resolution GC(43)/RES/11, the GeneralConference encouraged Member States “tomake use where appropriate of the TransportSafety Appraisal Service with a view to achiev-ing the highest possible levels of safety duringthe transport of radioactive materials”.

In a preliminary review to begin work onsafety standards for the geological disposal ofradioactive waste, the Agency’s Waste SafetyStandards Advisory Committee identified theareas of international consensus, as well asthose areas in which expert opinion has notyet converged. Countries attending an Inter-national Conference on Geologic Repositoriesorganized by the US Department of Energy inDenver, issued a joint declaration outliningareas of agreement. And an Agency conferencein Córdoba, Spain, in March 2000 providedanother opportunity to help developconsensus.

The issue of residual wastes — radioactiveresidues from past activities such as the test-ing of nuclear weapons or the mining andprocessing of metal ores — has become promi-nent in recent years. Some consensus onappropriate safety principles and criteria isgradually emerging: for example, new recom-mendations of the International Commissionon Radiological Protection on the treatment ofprolonged (chronic) exposure situations wereapproved in 1999 and will be published in2000. To contribute towards consensus, and todisseminate information on national andinternational experience, the Agency organ-ized a symposium in Arlington, USA. Discus-sions confirmed that diverse policies havebeen and are being adopted in affected coun-tries. The meeting served to initiate exchan-ges on the reasons for these differences inapproach and represented a step towardsinternational convergence.

Residues of particular concern to a number ofMember States are those from uraniummining and milling: these typically have rela-tively low concentrations of radionuclides, butthe radionuclides are extremely long livedand the wastes can occur in very largeamounts. The management of such wasteswas the issue in Agency missions to Braziland Tajikistan.

The Agency undertook a substantial specialproject to assist Member States in addressingthe year 2000 computer problem. With theassistance of experts from Member States, itprepared guidance documents, aimed at opera-tors of nuclear installations, radioactive wastemanagement facilities and medical facilitiesusing radiation generators or radioactivematerials. Workshops were held on Y2Kpreparedness for nuclear power plants, wastemanagement and medical facilities, and aworkshop was held in November specifically toaddress contingency planning for nuclearpower plants. The Agency also sent, onrequest, 20 missions to nuclear power plants innine Member States to review and advise upon

their Y2K preparations. The Agency’s Emer-gency Response Centre was in operation tomonitor developments in each of its MemberStates having nuclear power plants as localtime passed through midnight from 31 Decem-ber 1999 to 1 January 2000. All of the countriesoperating nuclear power plants confirmed tothe Agency that no incident with direct safetyimpact had occurred at any nuclear powerplant as a result of the immediate transition tothe year 2000.

V E R I F I C A T I O N

Importance of Additional Protocols to safeguards agreement andintegrated safeguards

The Agency’s safeguards system is designed toprovide assurance about the exclusivelypeaceful use of nuclear material and facilities.It comprises extensive technical measures forindependently verifying the correctness andthe completeness of the declarations made byStates about their nuclear material and activ-ities. These measures relate primarily to theverification activities performed at facilities or

other locations where States have declared thepresence of nuclear material, equipment orrelevant non-nuclear material subject tosafeguards.

Since 1992 — in the aftermath of the discov-ery of Iraq’s clandestine nuclear programme— the Board of Governors has adopted orendorsed different measures to strengthen thesafeguards system (see Box 6). These newmeasures fall into two categories. The firstincludes measures to be implemented underthe legal authority conferred by existing safe-guards agreements. The second categoryincludes measures to be implemented underthe complementary legal authority conferredby Additional Protocols to safeguards agree-ments concluded on the basis of the ModelAdditional Protocol approved by the Board ofGovernors. When fully implemented in aState, the strengthening measures providedby a comprehensive safeguards agreementtogether with an Additional Protocol will allowthe Agency to draw conclusions about both thenon-diversion of declared nuclear materialand the absence of undeclared nuclear mate-rial and activities in that State.

The combination of all safeguards measuresavailable to the Agency under comprehensivesafeguards agreements and Additional Proto-cols which allows these conclusions to bedrawn while achieving maximum effective-ness and efficiency within available resourcesis referred to as integrated safeguards.

The development of the concept, plan andapproach for integrated safeguards movedforward in 1999 under the direction of a groupof Agency specialists. The project receives thesupport of a number of Member States and thetechnical advice of the Standing AdvisoryGroup on Safeguards Implementation(SAGSI) and outside technical experts. Theconcept being developed involves a State levelapproach which combines integrated safe-guards approaches for specific facility typeswith allowance for the nuclear fuel cycle in theparticular State and other State specificfeatures.

On 31 December 1999, 224 safeguards agree-ments were in force with 140 States (and

OV

ER

VIE

W

12

“An important key to strengthening

safeguards is the increased use of

short notice inspections within the

routine inspection regime.”

OV

ER

VIE

W

13

with Taiwan, China). Additional Protocols for46 States had been approved by the Board ofGovernors. Eight such Protocols were in forceand one was being implemented provision-ally pending entry into force. In addition,measures contained in the Model AdditionalProtocol were being applied in Taiwan,China.

Throughout 1999, the Agency continued tonegotiate Additional Protocols with Statesusing the Model Additional Protocol as thestandard. Progress is now needed towardsachieving universal subscription to the Addi-tional Protocol. Only then can the interna-tional community realize the full benefits ofthe strengthened safeguards system.

During 1999, considerable effort was devotedto the measures designed to strengthen theoverall safeguards system. The Agency contin-ued to place great emphasis on co-operatingclosely with State (or regional) systems foraccounting and control of nuclear material soas to increase verification effectiveness andcost efficiency.

An important key to strengthening safeguardsis the increased use of short notice inspectionswithin the routine inspection regime that willgive additional confidence about the declaredoperations of a facility. While limitedfrequency unannounced access is performedroutinely in enrichment plants, a similarscheme of short notice random inspections

Under existing safeguards agreements

• Provision by States of design information on new facilities or changes in existing facilities handlingsafeguarded nuclear material;

• Voluntary reports by States on imports and exports of nuclear material and exports of specifiedequipment and non-nuclear material;

• Collection of environmental samples by the Agency in facilities and at locations where, under exist-ing safeguards agreements, inspectors have access during inspections and design informationvisits;

• Use of unattended and remote monitoring of movements of declared nuclear material in facilities;• Greater use of short notice inspections;• Enhanced training of all relevant personnel;• Closer co-operation between Agency and State (regional) systems for accounting and control of

nuclear material;• Enhanced collection and analysis of information derived from State declarations under safeguards

agreements and from open sources.

Under the Model Additional Protocol

• Provision by States of information about, and inspector access to, all aspects of a State’s nuclearfuel cycle;

• Provision by States of information on, and short notice inspector access to, any place on a nuclearsite;

• Provision by States of information about and access to nuclear fuel cycle related R&D;• Provision by States of information on the manufacture and export of sensitive nuclear related tech-

nologies, and arrangements for access to manufacturing and import locations in the State;• Collection of environmental samples at locations beyond those provided under safeguards

agreements;• Acceptance of simplified procedures for inspector designations and issuance of multiple entry visas

by the State for inspectors covering at least one year;• Right of the Agency to make use of internationally established communications systems. ■

Box 6: Measures to Strengthen Safeguards

was developed and tested in 1999 for lowenriched uranium fuel fabrication plants.

The development and use of advanced verifi-cation technology also continued in 1999. Thisincluded improved detectors, digital surveil-lance systems, new sealing devices andunattended verification systems. Recent tech-nology advances have led to the introductionof remote monitoring systems. Remote moni-toring may reduce the frequency of inspec-tions, increase the capability for data reviewand evaluation and facilitate the remotedetection and rapid response to any safe-guards significant event. Its cost efficiencymay vary depending on the particularities ofthe facility concerned and the State communi-cations infrastructure.

Environmental sampling was being routinelyapplied in 1999 at facilities covered by compre-hensive safeguards agreements after successfulfield trials in 11 Member States. The Agency’sClean Laboratory, located in Seibersdorf nearVienna, receives, handles and analysessamples and also distributes samples for analy-sis at laboratories belonging to the network ofcertified analytical laboratories. By late 1999,this network included eight laboratories in fourMember States and within Euratom.

Environmental sampling has concentrated onthe collection and analysis of swipe samples inenrichment plants and installations with hotcells. This is being done in order to detect anyenrichment of uranium above declared levelsand to confirm that hot cell facilities are notbeing used for undeclared activities such asplutonium production or separation. Undersafeguards agreements, sampling may beextended to other types of nuclear facilities. Atthe end of the year, baseline samples had beencollected in 12 enrichment facilities in7 States and 77 hot cell complexes in 40 Statesand Taiwan, China.

For the Agency and for States that accept theprovisions of the Model Additional Protocol,the preparation and handling of the relatedinformation represents a new endeavour. Acomputerized system known as the ProtocolData Information System was put in place in1999 to treat all information supplied by

States pursuant to their Additional Protocols,and to assist States in preparing the relevantdeclarations.

The confidentiality of sensitive informationsupplied by States is maintained under astringent protection regime. In endorsing thisregime in 1997, the Board of Governorsemphasized the importance of confidentialityand the need for periodic reviews. The mostrecent review took place in June 1999.

To provide a comparative baseline for assess-ments, information on the nuclear pro-grammes of States with comprehensive safe-guards agreements in force is continuouslyevaluated and the findings reviewed annually.In 1999, baseline evaluations of the nuclearprogrammes of 18 States had been reviewedas compared with 10 in 1998 and 4 in 1997.

The Model Additional Protocol provides theauthority and the mechanism for the Agencyto exercise increased inspector access to rele-vant locations in a State, i.e. complementaryaccess. By the end of the year, complementaryaccess had taken place in Australia, Uzbek-istan and Taiwan, China.

The sixth Review Conference of the Treaty onthe Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons(NPT) was planned to be convened for the firsttime under the strengthened review proce-dures agreed upon in 1995 when the NPT wasextended on an indefinite basis. In view ofdevelopments during the past five years, theReview Conference will engage the interna-tional community in examining how theAgency’s strengthened safeguards system canmost effectively continue to support the goal ofnuclear non-proliferation. Crucial to this goalwill be continued efforts to ensure that allStates party meet their obligation to concludesafeguards agreements with the Agency andthat they also conclude Additional Protocols.

O U T R E A C H

Reaching out to non-traditional partners

One of the strategic goals reflected in theMedium Term Strategy is effective interaction

OV

ER

VIE

W

14

OV

ER

VIE

W

15

with partners and the public. Special attentionwas given in 1999 to reaching non-traditionalpartners. A particular example was theScientific Forum organized during the GeneralConference, entitled ‘Sustainable Develop-ment: A Role for Nuclear Power?’. Theparticipants came from national and interna-tional scientific research centres, interna-tional organizations and non-governmentalorganizations, and the nuclear industry. TheForum explored how nuclear power can becompatible with sustainable developmentobjectives, and whether the potential forglobal climate change will justify nuclearexpansion in more competitive markets. Afundamental conclusion was that new nuclearpower must be competitive in its own rightwithout government interventions and mustmaintain high safety levels if it is to contributeto sustainable energy development.

Also, a meeting on ‘Nuclear Research Centres(NRCs) in the 21st Century’ was held inVienna in December. The meeting broughttogether senior managers of NRCs from25 Member States. A major aim was to defineways to enhance mutual co-operation amongNRCs under the current challenges they face.A number of recommendations emerged fromthe meeting, one of them calling on theAgency to play a role in facilitating interac-tion between NRCs on joint projects of mutualinterest and benefit in the area of nucleartechnology development and applications. Asecond meeting is planned to focus on thedetails of an initially small number of projectswhich Member States find of mostimportance.

M A N A G E M E N T

Gaining a better understanding of the needsof Member States and ensuring a more efficient and effective response to them

Throughout the year the Secretariat contin-ued its management reform process. At theSenior Management Conference in January,special emphasis was given to a new approachto the programme and budget formulationprocess and to the efficiency of internalmanagement. By the end of the year, a

number of significant developments hadtaken place. Perhaps the most important wasthe decision that results based programmingwould be introduced — to the fullest extentpossible — for the 2002–2003 biennium.

Meanwhile, the programme and budget forthe year 2001, the initial proposals for whichwere prepared during the year, represented atransition. In anticipation of the introductionof results based programming, the draftprogramme and budget document containsrationales, objectives and performance indica-tors down to the subprogramme level. It wasagreed by the Board of Governors that, as an

exception, the period covered by the documentwould be one year only, so as to permitsynchronization of the Agency biennial cycleswith those of other United Nations organiza-tions (i.e. beginning on an even numberedyear).

Proposals were put forward during the year,and approved by the Board, for the Agency —despite its statutory requirement for annualbudgeting — to more fully utilize biennialprogramming. Thereafter, in September, theGeneral Conference approved a change to theStatute that would allow biennial budgetingas a complementary measure (once thechange has been ratified by the requirednumber of States).

Programme Performance Assessment System(PPAS) evaluations were carried out in thefirst half of the year for Major Programmes 1,2 and 3 (Nuclear Power and Fuel Cycle,Nuclear Sciences and Applications, andNuclear, Radiation and Waste Safety). Whileit was recognized that programme prioritieshave to be agreed to by Member States, thePPAS evaluations provided valuable inputthrough their recommendations to the

“Perhaps the most important

was the decision that results based

programming would be introduced

for the 2002–2003 biennium.”

OV

ER

VIE

W

16

preparation of the programme and budget for2001 as well as for the Medium Term Strategy(MTS).

The MTS detailed the Agency’s longer termgoals and the specific objectives for the fiveyear period 2001–2005 and also specified themeans proposed to meet these objectives. Itaimed to show how the Agency expected to beperceived at the end of the five year timeframe. The Strategy took a ‘one house’approach in which all relevant activities, inde-pendent of their programmatic location, wereintegrated under the three broad “pillars” oftechnology, safety and verification. Thegeneral priorities under each goal in the MTSwere indicated on the basis of the followingcriteria:

• Statutory responsibilities and legalcommitments of the Agency;

• Decisions of the policy making organs ofthe Agency and the degree of priorityattached by Member States to the variousactivities;

• Appropriateness of the Agency taking thelead vis-à-vis other institutions.

However, no attempt was made in the MTS toset detailed priorities, which would beexpected to be established in futureprogramme and budget proposals that will bedeveloped on the basis of the Strategy andMember State comments thereon.

A further question that was discussed duringthe year was how the changing priorities forAgency programming in the nuclear applica-tions field — under both the technical co-operation and regular programmes — mightbe identified. Two new methods proposed wereto analyse the areas where Member Stategovernments themselves are investingnational funds, thus indicating nationalcommitment, and to study the lendingpatterns of international financialinstitutions.

In an effort to improve synergy betweenprogrammes funded under the regular budgetand technical co-operation programmes, a setof ‘Management Principles for the Formula-tion and Implementation of the Technical Co-operation Programme’ were formulated andapproved. These principles, based on theconcept of matrix management, provide aframework of accountability within theAgency in this area.

The other major theme for reform throughoutthe year was internal management practices.Following the Senior Management Confer-ence, working groups were established toidentify areas requiring streamlining and topropose appropriate changes. One of theimportant subjects singled out was delegationof authority for more effective management.

In recognition of the need for a change inapproach, management training was taken upas a priority concern with the dual objectivesof improving programme management andthe effective use of resources, and creating aone house culture through Agency widestandards of good management practices. Thekey idea of the new management trainingpolicy was the development and implementa-tion of a Management Certificate Curriculum,which relies almost exclusively on in-housefacilitators, since the main focus is onmanagement practices specific to the Agency.It is the first time that such a trainingprogramme has been developed in the UnitedNations system. By the end of the year, all thevarious modules of the curriculum had beenpilot tested and the first full cycle organized.

A comprehensive human resources planningprocess was introduced to provide a closerlinkage between programme requirementsand human resources, and to reduce adminis-trative work. The process will also serve as abasis for the preparation of forecasts of vacan-cies which will enable Member States toprospect earlier for candidates.

TH

E B

OA

RD

OF

GO

VE

RN

OR

S A

ND

TH

E G

EN

ER

AL

CO

NF

ER

EN

CE

17

The applications of Angola and Honduras for membership of the Agency wereapproved by the General Conference on the recommendation of the Board ofGovernors. Angola subsequently deposited its instrument of acceptance of theStatute and accordingly became the 130th member of the Agency.

The Director General submitted to the Board the Agency’s Medium TermStrategy (MTS), which took into account the comments of Board members onan earlier draft strategy, and which it was envisaged would form the basis forthe formulation of programme proposals in the years 2001–2005 and struc-ture of the Agency’s Annual Report in the future. The Board took note both ofthe Strategy and of the comments made on the understanding that, being arolling text, it could be used as a starting point and a reference document inthe formulation of programme proposals.

The General Conference achieved a successful resolution to the long runningquestion of the amendment of Article VI of the Statute. By resolutionGC(43)/RES/19, having considered the Board’s observations, the GeneralConference approved an amendment proposed by Japan, as modified by Slove-nia and subsequently further modified, concerning the size and distribution ofseats on the Board, by which membership of the Board was expanded from 35to 43 seats. The amendment further provided that this provision would enterinto force only when the Board adopted, and the General Conferenceconfirmed, a list of all Member States of the Agency, whereby each MemberState was allocated to one of the areas referred to in the amended Article VI.The General Conference urged all Member States of the Agency to accept theamendment as soon as possible, in accordance with their respective constitu-tional processes.

The General Conference, having considered the observations of the Board ofGovernors, approved an amendment to Article XIV.A of the Agency’s Statutesubmitted by Slovenia, so as to provide for biennial budgeting in the Agency.This was preceded earlier in the year by the Board’s endorsement of the Secre-tariat’s proposals with respect to biennial programming changes. Both thisamendment and the amendment to Article VI have since been circulated toMember States for ratification as required by the Statute.

The Board considered the issue of the proliferation potential of neptuniumand americium on a number of occasions during the year. With regard toneptunium, while the Board acknowledged that the proliferation risk was

THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AND THE GENERAL CONFERENCE

THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AND THE GENERAL CONFERENCE

considerably lower than for uranium or pluto-nium, it authorized the Director General toapply the monitoring scheme which he hadrecommended, and further recognized thatmonitoring should be carried out on a

voluntary basis. With regard to americium,while there was at present practically noproliferation risk, the Board decided that theDirector General should report to it, whenappropriate, with regard to the availability of

TH

E B

OA

RD

OF

GO

VE

RN

OR

S A

ND

TH

E G

EN

ER

AL

CO

NF

ER

EN

CE

18

Number Title Date adopted (1999)

GC(43)/RES/1 Application by Honduras for membership of the Agency 27 September

GC(43)/RES/2 Application by Angola for membership of the Agency 27 September

GC(43)/RES/3 Implementation of the agreement between the Agency and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea for the application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 1 October

GC(43)/RES/4 The Agency’s Accounts for 1998 1 October

GC(43)/RES/5 Regular Budget appropriations for 2000 1 October

GC(43)/RES/6 Technical Co-operation Fund Allocation for 2000 1 October

GC(43)/RES/7 The Working Capital Fund in 2000 1 October

GC(43)/RES/8 Amendment of Article XIV.A of the Statute 1 October

GC(43)/RES/9 Scale of assessment of members’ contributions for 2000 1 October

GC(43)/RES/10 The safety of radiation sources and the security of radioactive materials 1 October

GC(43)/RES/11 Safety of transport of radioactive materials 1 October

GC(43)/RES/12 The radiological protection of patients 1 October

GC(43)/RES/13 Measures to strengthen international co-operation in nuclear, radiation and waste safety 1 October

GC(43)/RES/14 Strengthening of the Agency’s technical co-operation activities 1 October

GC(43)/RES/15 Plan for producing potable water economically 1 October

GC(43)/RES/16 Extensive use of isotope hydrology for water resources management 1 October

GC(43)/RES/17 Strengthening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of the safeguards system and application of the Model Protocol 1 October

GC(43)/RES/18 Measures against illicit trafficking in nuclear materials and other radioactive sources 1 October

GC(43)/RES/19 Amendment to Article VI of the Statute 1 October

GC(43)/RES/20 Personnel: Staffing of the Agency’s Secretariat 1 October

GC(43)/RES/21 Personnel: Women in the Secretariat 1 October

GC(43)/RES/22 Implementation of United Nations Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq 1 October

GC(43)/RES/23 Application of IAEA safeguards in the Middle East 1 October

GC(43)/RES/24 Examination of delegates’ credentials 1 October

Resolutions of the General Conference in 1999

this material and relevant emergingprogrammes in States. The Board called onall States to protect and control thesematerials.

With regard to the financing of technical co-operation, at the request of the GeneralConference the Board began discussions witha view to recommending to the GeneralConference target figures for 2001–2002 andIndicative Planning Figures for 2003–2004.The Ambassadors of Finland and Mexico wereappointed by the Board as joint co-ordinatorsto engage in consultations with interestedMember States.

As the General Conference had requested in1995 that the Board review arrangements for

the financing of the safeguards component ofthe Regular Budget by 2000 at the latest, theBoard agreed to initiate consultations amonginterested Member States with a view to theapproval of arrangements in June 2000.Accordingly, the Ambassador of Spain wasappointed to undertake the consultations.

The General Conference appointed the Comp-troller and Auditor General of the UnitedKingdom as the External Auditor to audit theAgency’s accounts for the years 2000 and2001.

The Board approved the adoption of an Agencyflag and its use in accordance with a flag code,which was subsequently promulgated by theDirector General.

The composition of the Board of Governors in 1999–2000 at the conclusion of the 43rd (1999) regularsession of the General Conference was as follows:

The Chairman of the Board for 1999–2000 was H.E. Sergio de Queiroz Duarte of Brazil. TheVice-Chairmen were H.E. Tom Grönberg of Finland and H.E. Miroslav Lipár of Slovakia. ■

The Board of Governors, 1999–2000

• Algeria

• Argentina

• Australia

• Austria

• Belarus

• Bolivia

• Brazil

• Canada

• Chile

• China

• Cuba

• Egypt

• Finland

• France

• Germany

• Greece

• India

• Indonesia

• Japan

• Jordan

• Republic of Korea

• Nigeria

• Norway

• Poland

• Russian Federation

• Saudi Arabia

• Singapore

• Slovakia

• South Africa

• Sudan

• Sweden

• Syrian Arab Republic

• United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland

• USA

• Uruguay

TH

E B

OA

RD

OF

GO

VE

RN

OR

S A

ND

TH

E G

EN

ER

AL

CO

NF

ER

EN

CE

19

TH

E B

OA

RD

OF

GO

VE

RN

OR

S A

ND

TH

E G

EN

ER

AL

CO

NF

ER

EN

CE

20

RReessoolluuttiioonn aaddoopptteedd oonn 11 OOccttoobbeerr 11999999 dduurriinngg tthhee nniinntthh pplleennaarryy mmeeeettiinngg

The General Conference,

(a) Recalling its decision GC(42)/DEC/10 which requested the Board of Governors, inter alia, tosubmit its report on a finalized formula on amending Article VI of the Statute and all previous reso-lutions and decisions on the subject,

(b) Having examined the proposal for amendment of Article VI of the Statute submitted by Japan inaccordance with Article XVIII.A of the Statute, contained in Annex 1 to document GC(42)/19,

(c) Having also examined the proposal for the modification of the Japanese amendment submittedby Slovenia in accordance with Article XVIII.A of the Statute, contained in document GC(43)/12,

(d) Having also considered the report and recommendations of the Board of Governors contained indocument GC(43)/12, which constitute the Board’s observations on the aforesaid modification tothe Japanese proposal proposed by Slovenia,

(e) Having also considered the Board’s observations on the aforesaid Japanese proposal to amendArticle VI,

1. Approves the aforesaid modification proposed by Slovenia to the amendment of Article VI proposed byJapan;

2. Approves the amendment proposed by Japan, as modified in operative paragraph (1) and as furthermodified, by which Article VI of the Agency’s Statute is amended as follows:

I. Replace paragraph A of Article VI of the Agency’s Statute by the following:

“A. The Board of Governors shall be composed as follows:

1. The outgoing Board of Governors shall designate for membership on the Board the eighteenmembers most advanced in the technology of atomic energy including the production ofsource materials, the designated seats to be distributed among the areas mentioned belowas follows:

North America 2 Latin America 2 Western Europe 4 Eastern Europe 2 Africa 2 Middle East and South Asia 2 South East Asia and the Pacific 1 Far East 3

2. The General Conference shall elect to membership of the Board of Governors:

(a) Twenty-two members, with due regard to equitable representation on the Board as awhole of the members in the areas listed in sub-paragraph A.1 of this article, so thatthe Board shall at all times include in this category:

four representatives of the area of Latin America,four representatives of the area of Western Europe,three representatives of the area of Eastern Europe,five representatives of the area of Africa,three representatives of the area of the Middle East and South Asia,two representatives of the area of South East Asia and the Pacific, andone representative of the area of Far East.

General Conference Resolution GC(43)/RES/19AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE VI OF THE STATUTE

TH

E B

OA

RD

OF

GO

VE

RN

OR

S A

ND

TH

E G

EN

ER

AL

CO

NF

ER

EN

CE

21

(b) Two further members from among the members in the following areas:

Western EuropeEastern EuropeMiddle East and South Asia

(c) One further member from among the members in the following areas:

Latin AmericaEastern Europe”

and

II. Add at the end of Article VI the following new paragraph:

“K. The provisions of paragraph A of this Article, as approved by the General Conference on1 October 1999, shall enter into force when the requirements of Article XVIII.C are met andthe General Conference confirms a list of all Member States of the Agency which has beenadopted by the Board, in both cases by ninety per cent of those present and voting, wherebyeach Member State is allocated to one of the areas referred to in sub-paragraph 1 of para-graph A of this Article. Any change to the list thereafter may be made by the Board with theconfirmation of the General Conference, in both cases by ninety per cent of those presentand voting and only after a consensus on the proposed change is reached within any areaaffected by the change”.

3. Urges all Member States of the Agency to accept this amendment as soon as possible in accordancewith their respective constitutional processes, as provided for in Article XVIII.C(ii) of the Statute;

4. Requests the Director General to report to the General Conference, at its 45th regular session on theprogress made towards the entry into force of this amendment. ■

AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE VI OF THE STATUTE (cont.)

Resolution adopted on 1 October 1999 during the ninth plenary meeting

The General Conference,

Having considered the proposal for amendment of Article XIV.A of the Agency’s Statute submittedby Slovenia as contained in Annex 2 to document GC(43)/24 in accordance with Article XVIII.A ofthe Statute,

Having also considered the report and recommendation of the Board of Governors on the proposalfor amendment contained in document GC(43)/24, which constitutes the Board’s observations onthe amendment submitted in accordance with Article XVIII.C(i) of the Statute,

Approves the aforesaid amendment to replace the word “annual” with the word “biennial” in thefirst sentence of Article XIV.A of the Statute. ■

General Conference Resolution GC(43)/RES/8AMENDMENT OF ARTICLE XIV.A OF THE STATUTE

The Agency’s

Programme in 1999:

Technology

NU

CL

EA

R

PO

WE

R

23

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To assist Member States, at their request, in planning and implement-

ing programmes for the utilization of nuclear power, as well as to

suppor t them in achieving improved safety, reliability and economic

cost effectiveness of their nuclear power plants by promoting advanced

engineering and technology, training, quality assurance and infrastruc-

ture modification.

O V E R V I E W

Internal and external reviews led to a reformulation of the programme in 1999.There was greater emphasis on the planning of nuclear power programmesusing small and medium size reactors in developing countries. Work on theerosion/corrosion of plant components, and on the effects of energy marketderegulation on nuclear power plant operation and performance improvementwas rationalized in order to make more efficient use of resources. And therewas a new focus in the training of power plant personnel on the need to main-tain important capabilities and skills in the light of an ageing workforce. In thefield of technology development, there was increased emphasis on statusreviews and the dissemination of information. Elements of a strategic plan foran international R&D project on innovative nuclear fuel cycles and powerplants were developed. Sharing and preservation of technical data receivedincreased attention, and educational workshops and training in specificaspects of nuclear power development and applications were carried out.

N U C L E A R P O W E R P L A N N I N G , I M P L E M E N T A T I O NA N D P E R F O R M A N C E

Work in this area seeks to facilitate the exchange of experience and provideassistance to Member States in nuclear power programme planning and ineconomic analyses, including cost–benefit analysis of upgrades to nuclear

NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER

plants and plant life extension. In particular,assistance was provided to Bangladesh,Egypt, Morocco, Turkey and Viet Nam in theareas of nuclear power planning, feasibilitystudies and infrastructure development.

A database for the Nuclear Economic Perfor-mance Information System (NEPIS) wasdeveloped. NEPIS contains information onseveral aspects of economic performance,including operation and maintenance (O&M)costs, safety, and economic and operationalindicators. The first pilot project to collect andvalidate an initial set of data was completed inJune. Related to this, a technical document

was prepared on the development of a nucleareconomic performance information system toenhance nuclear power plant competitiveness.This document addresses transformations inelectricity markets and the businessenvironment, and provides guidance to utili-ties on optimizing economic and technicalperformance.

A new CRP was initiated on nationalapproaches to correlate performance targetsand O&M costs. The focus is on optimizingthese costs, identifying high and low costareas in O&M activities, establishing thefinancial impact of extended outages and iden-tifying refuelling costs. The relevance of thisCRP is that if analyses at a national level ofhistorical cost data can be translated into aninternational database, it can facilitate thecommunication of trends and best practices inthe industry and help build up a set of inter-national economic indicators.

The Agency’s Power Reactor InformationSystem (PRIS) seeks to promote improve-ments in the operating performance of nuclearpower plants through the collection, assess-ment and dissemination of: utility experience

and practices; information on the operatingperformance of nuclear power plants; andanalyses of subject areas affecting perform-ance. To facilitate this process, a CD-ROMversion of PRIS was developed. Currently, theAgency’s two PRIS services, MicroPRIS andPRIS-PC (the connection to PRIS through theInternet), are distributed to more than 600users in Member States and internationalorganizations.

In addition, implementation of a ‘virtual office’has begun for PRIS. Virtual office is an Inter-net forum to exchange information andimprove the efficiency of Agency interactionwith its Member States. One of its majoradvantages is the capability to maintain anintegrated and up-to-date view of projectinformation.

A new data module, the International Data-base on Piping of Nuclear Power Plants, wascompleted. This module includes informationon piping material properties, non-destructiveexamination of pipelines and piping failures.With the software having been prepared, firstdata input from Member States is expected tobe provided by the end of 2000.

In the area of nuclear power plant lifemanagement, a CRP on assuring the struc-tural integrity of reactor pressure vessels(RPVs) was completed. A number of recom-mendations for further activities wereproposed. For example, the 18 Member Statesparticipating in the CRP recommended theuse of Agency reference steel as the basis ofcomparison for future international studies onRPV materials. In addition, further researchwas recommended on the application ofsurveillance programme results to RPVintegrity assessments and on the mechanismof the nickel effect in the radiation embrittle-ment of RPV steels.

A key area in nuclear power plant perform-ance is instrumentation and control. In orderto provide guidance and information, a data-base was developed on operator supportsystems (OSSDB) containing the most perti-nent characteristics of such systems. Thedatabase focuses on users, their needs and thebenefits of using OSS.

NU

CL

EA

R

PO

WE

R

24

“The Agency’s Power Reactor

Information System (PRIS) seeks to

promote improvements in the operating

performance of nuclear power plants.”

The aim of the Agency’s ‘Strategy for TechnicalCo-operation’ is to promote socioeconomicdevelopment by contributing in a cost effectivemanner to activities that address key welfarepriorities. As part of this strategy, technicalsupport was provided in such areas as theimplementation of first or new nuclear powerprojects, and national nuclear infrastructuredevelopment, including personnel training,infrastructure, plant life management andimproved operations management. Most ofthese technical co-operation efforts wereconcentrated in the Europe and Asia–Pacificregions.

N U C L E A R P O W E R R E A C T O R T E C H N O L O G Y D E V E L O P M E N T S

The International Working Group onAdvanced Technologies for LWRs met inVienna in May and advised that prioritycontinue to be given to information exchangeon technology advances for improving theeconomics of current and future LWRs.Greater emphasis was also recommended ontechnologies for achieving a high level ofsafety, and on the sharing and preservation oftechnical data. In addition, the involvement ofyoung engineers in nuclear power technologydevelopment was seen as priority.

A CRP on the establishment of a thermo-physical properties database for LWR andHWR materials was initiated. The objectiveis to foster the exchange of non-proprietaryinformation on the thermophysical proper-ties of these materials to achieve improve-ments in design and safety. A peer revieweddatabase of properties under normal, tran-sient and severe accident conditions will beestablished on the Internet. Efforts are alsounder way to critically assess available ther-mophysical property data and make recom-mendations for experiments where data arecurrently lacking, or uncertainties need to bereduced. The LWR and HWR materials thatwill be studied include fuels, cladding, pres-sure tube and calandria materials, absorbers,structural materials, and the behaviour ofliquids and mixtures under severe accidentconditions.

The use of efficient technologies for improvingnuclear power plant O&M is an importantelement in ensuring their economic competi-tiveness with other means of generating elec-tricity. Furthermore, as currently operatingplants age, proper management requires thedevelopment and application of better tech-nologies for inspection, maintenance andrepair. In designing future plants, variousfeatures that facilitate efficient inspection,maintenance and repairs can be incorporatedat the outset.

The technologies for improving current andfuture LWR operation and maintenance wereinvestigated at a Technical Committee meet-ing hosted by the Nuclear Power EngineeringCorporation at the Kashiwazaki-KariwaNuclear Power Station from 24 to 26 Novem-ber. Convened within the framework of theAgency’s International Working Group onAdvanced Technologies for Light Water Reac-tors, the topics that were addressed included:

• Programmes for extending plant lifetime andor improving performance and reliability;

• Equipment and techniques for componentinspection, maintenance, repair andreplacement;

• Methods for reducing fuelling cost and refu-elling outage duration;

• Advances in design to achieve improvedoperation and maintenance.

The third meeting of the International Work-ing Group on Advanced Technologies for HeavyWater Reactors was held in Vienna in June.One of the recommendations was that work inthis area have two tracks: activities directedtowards a long term strategic vision, and tech-nical activities. It was also recommended thatgreater attention be devoted to safety aspectsof HWR technology development.

Small reactors are those that have electricalpower (or equivalent thermal power) of lessthan 300 MW(e), while medium reactors haveelectrical power between 300 and 700 MW(e).Such small and medium reactors (SMRs) are asuitable option for electricity generation incountries with small electricity grid capacities,or in remote areas. They can also be used fornon-electrical and cogeneration applications,

NU

CL

EA

R

PO

WE

R

25

including the desalination of seawater anddistrict heating, as well as for the production ofhigh temperature process heat. Work on SMRsin 1999 included the convening of an AdvisoryGroup meeting in October in Vienna on thedevelopment of a strategic plan for an interna-tional R&D project on innovative nuclear fuelcycles and power plants. The outcome of thismeeting was a set of recommendations forAgency support in this area and the identifica-tion of nine candidate projects. Operatingexperience from small size reactors used for

the propulsion of icebreakers and freight carri-ers was reviewed at an Advisory Group meet-ing and by consultants. There was agreementthat with some design modifications, thesereactors could be used either for electricitysupply or for non-electrical applications suchas district heating and desalination, particu-larly in remote areas. The results of the vari-ous meetings are being consolidated and willbe presented in a technical document.

Gas cooled reactors (GCRs) are capable of hightemperature operation, offering increased effi-ciency in the production of electricity and thepotential for high temperature process heatapplications. Increasing international interestin GCRs is evident from construction andstartup activities at two high temperature gascooled research reactor facilities in Japan andChina, as well as two international reactordesign projects.

The International Working Group on GasCooled Reactors met in the United Kingdom inSeptember to review activities in the field andprovide recommendations for future efforts.The group noted that the gas turbine hightemperature reactor (HTR) designs currently

under development are well suited for nucleardesalination in a cogeneration mode andrecommended that they be included in Agencynuclear desalination activities. The IWG alsorecommended that future GCR meetings bedirected toward the establishment of modularHTR safety and licensing criteria and relatedsafety analysis and equipment classification.

The final Research Co-ordination meeting fora CRP on the design and evaluation of heatutilization systems for the High TemperatureEngineering Test Reactor (HTTR) was held inOctober in Japan. The focus of this meetingwas on heat utilization systems, includingsteam reforming of methane for the produc-tion of hydrogen and methanol, use of a gasturbine for electricity generation, carbon diox-ide reforming of methane for the production ofmethane or syn-gas, hydrogen production bythermochemical water splitting, and coalconversion and enhanced oil recovery. Atechnical document on the results of this CRPis currently being prepared.

A Technical Committee meeting on theprospects of non-electrical applications ofnuclear energy was held in Beijing. The meet-ing reviewed information on the prospect,design, safety and licensing aspects, and devel-opment of non-electrical applications of nuclearheat for industrial use. This included seawaterdesalination and hydrogen production.

The International Nuclear Desalination Advi-sory Group (INDAG), at its third meeting inJune, reviewed national programmes and pro-jects in Member States and stressed theimportance of facilitating international co-operation in nuclear desalination demonstra-tion activities. The outcome of the first meet-ing of an interregional technical co-operationproject on integrated nuclear and desalinationsystem design, held in May in the Republic ofKorea, was also reviewed. In addition, recom-mendations on further analyses of countryneeds and follow-up actions by the Agencywere made. Related work in this area includeda comprehensive study co-ordinated by theAgency on the overall economics of nucleardesalination as compared with the use of fossilenergy. The study highlighted the conditionsunder which nuclear desalination would be

NU

CL

EA

R

PO

WE

R

26

“A study on the economics of

nuclear desalination highlighted

the conditions under which nuclear

desalination would be competitive

with fossil alternatives.”

competitive with fossil alternatives. Theconditions were identified using as examplesthree typical regions, a wide range of nuclearand fossil power options and two economicscenarios. Some of the parameters includedseawater salinity and temperature, waterplant capacity, construction cost and the inter-est rate applied.

The Agency’s activities in the area of liquidmetal cooled reactors and emerging nuclearenergy systems for energy generation and thetransmutation of actinides included the initia-tion of a CRP on updated codes and methodsto reduce the calculational uncertainties ofliquid metal fast reactor reactivity effects. Theobjective is to verify, validate and improvemethodologies and computer codes for thecalculation of reactivity coefficients in

plutonium and minor actinide burning reac-tors through the intercomparison of methods,nuclear data and codes, and experimentalresults developed and used by different insti-tutes. This activity is of particular relevancein view of the eventual utilization of weaponsgrade plutonium in fast reactors.

A comprehensive review at an Advisory Groupmeeting of national R&D programmes onaccelerator driven systems (ADS) was carriedout. The purpose was to review the status ofsuch programmes and assess progress in thedevelopment of hybrid concepts, as well astheir potential role relative to both the currentstatus and the future direction of nuclearpower worldwide. At the same time, thereview provided options and guidance forAgency activities in the area of ADS.

NU

CL

EA

R

PO

WE

R

27

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To facilitate the transfer and exchange of information and technology

among Member States; to provide assistance and guidance, when

requested, on the formulation and implementation of strategies in

nuclear fuel cycle related activities and radioactive waste management

programmes with due regard to efficiency, safety, environmental sound-

ness and sustainability, and consistency with internationally accepted

norms, where applicable, and good practices.

O V E R V I E W

The Agency’s activities in the nuclear fuel cycle area focused on: uraniumsupply and demand and the environmental issues related to uranium miningand milling; immediate challenges in reactor materials and fuel technology,such as those associated with increased burnup; spent fuel management; andnuclear fuel cycle issues and databases. A symposium on MOX fuel cycle tech-nologies for medium and long term deployment was held in Vienna in May.

The radioactive waste technology programme covered: sources of radioactivewaste (with emphasis on inventories, minimization and decommissioning offacilities); implementation of waste management activities (with a greaterfocus on disposal issues); and technology transfer and exchange. The experi-ence gained in implementing technologies to manage radioactive waste fromnuclear power plants and the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle was reviewedat a symposium in Taejon, Republic of Korea. The progress of work, includingthe status of national radioactive waste management programmes, wasdiscussed at the fourth meeting in September of the Radioactive Waste Tech-nology Advisory Committee.

NU

CL

EA

R

FU

EL

C

YC

LE

A

ND

W

AS

TE

T

EC

HN

OL

OG

Y

28

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE TECHNOLOGY NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE TECHNOLOGY

N U C L E A R F U E L C Y C L E A N D M A T E R I A L S

A report addressing the impact on the envi-ronment and mitigation of any adverse envi-ronmental effects from uranium mining andmilling operations was prepared jointly by theAgency and the OECD/NEA. This is the firstreport on the subject and underlines theimportance of good environmental practices ifuranium is to be a sustainable fuel source inthe 21st century. The report includes a profileof environmental activities and issues relatedto uranium production, based on responsesfrom 29 countries to a survey.

At a symposium on MOX fuel cycle technolo-gies for medium and long term deployment,organized in co-operation with the OECD/NEAand held in Vienna in May, issues such as thedesign, technology, utilization, performance,safety, safeguards, transportation and mana-gement of separated civil and weapons originplutonium and potential advanced cycleoptions were discussed. There was agreementthat with more than 2000 MOX assembliesfabricated from 85 tonnes of plutonium andloaded into power reactors, the recycle processwas at a mature stage. The technology is wellunderstood, the facilities, institutions andprocedures are in place, and capacities areavailable or are being made available to meetthe anticipated increase in the quantities ofseparated civil plutonium from the productionof nuclear power. It was noted that the numberof countries engaged in plutonium recycle isexpected to increase in the near future, theaim being to reduce stockpiles of separatedplutonium from existing reprocessingcontracts. While projections of the extendeduse of MOX fuel in the future depend on thecommercial introduction of advanced reactorsystems, such as fast power reactors, therewas consensus that this would be the optimalmethod to close the nuclear fuel cycle and toutilize separated plutonium, as well as to burnlong lived radioactive actinides accumulatedin spent fuel.

Support to technical co-operation activitiesincluded the holding of a workshop for users ofthe TRANSURANUS code, in Pamporovo,Bulgaria, following the Third International

Seminar on WWER Fuel Performance,Modelling and Experimental Support. Thiscode, developed by the European Commis-sion’s Institute for Transuranium Elements,was modified in order to model the behaviourof WWER fuel. These modifications were thenvalidated by the joint OECD/NEA–IAEA–IFPTE Database. This code will help MemberStates license this fuel using data on fuelbehaviour under different conditions.

The increasing importance of the long termstorage of spent fuel was illustrated at a Tech-

nical Committee meeting in Vienna in Novem-ber on good practices for the long term storageof spent fuel, including advanced, high burnupand MOX fuel. Issues associated with materi-als behaviour, reliability and the safety ofdifferent storage technologies for long periodsof time were major items of discussion. Inaddition, the activities of a number of MemberStates who have embarked on detailed fuelperformance programmes for dry storage tech-nologies were reviewed.

A Technical Committee meeting/workshop onspent fuel management for WWER/RBMKreactors was held in October. Hosted byPURAM and the Paks nuclear power plant atBalatonfüred, Hungary, the workshop waspart of the Extrabudgetary Programme on theSafety of WWER and RBMK Nuclear PowerPlants and was supported by the Governmentof Japan. Information on operation, monitor-ing and maintenance of spent fuel storagefacilities, fuel degradation mechanisms,damaged/failed fuel, and economic considera-tions was exchanged.

At a symposium on research reactor utiliza-tion, safety and management, held in Lisbon,

NU

CL

EA

R

FU

EL

C

YC

LE

A

ND

W

AS

TE

T

EC

HN

OL

OG

Y

29

“There was agreement that extended

use of MOX fuel would be the optimal

method to close the nuclear fuel cycle

and to utilize separated plutonium.”

Portugal, in September, the focus was on: themanagement of spent fuel and of waste fromoperation and utilization; refurbishment,decommissioning and dismantling of facilities;the transfer of aluminium clad research reac-tor fuel from wet to dry storage; repatriationof spent fuel to the country where it was orig-inally enriched; and the implementation ofregional or international facilities for theinterim storage and eventual disposal of spentfuel. Urgent issues in the area of spent fuelmanagement that were identified at thesymposium included: the need for realisticspent fuel management plans at each facility;the preparation and continuation of the repa-triation of spent fuel to its country of origin;and the need for regional solutions for coun-tries with research reactors but no power reac-tor programme.

An interregional course organized by theAgency and the USA at Argonne NationalLaboratory in May examined the technicaland administrative preparations required forshipping spent fuel from research reactors,particularly in developing Member States,back to the fuel’s country of origin. The coursealso covered the preparations for the repatria-tion of Russian origin spent research reactorfuel in the expectation that a take-backprogramme by the Russian Federation wouldbe implemented in the near future.

It was announced at the General Conferencesession in September that the US Governmentwas prepared to work with the Russian Feder-ation and the Agency to manage and dispose ofRussian origin research reactor fuel and tosupport a tripartite meeting on the issue. Atthis meeting, which was held in December, thestatus worldwide of Russian origin researchreactor fuel, and priority areas requiring morestudy were reviewed.

Issues associated with the nuclear fuel cycle,especially those related to the back end, weremajor topics of discussion at the second meet-ing in June of the International WorkingGroup on Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options. Manyof the back end fuel cycle issues identified atthis meeting were topics of further discussionat a Technical Committee meeting in Novem-ber on the factors determining the long term

back end nuclear fuel cycle strategy andfuture nuclear systems. The meetingconcluded that regardless of the fuel cycleoptions (once-through or reprocessing/recy-cling), it was important to demonstrate thatthe back end of the nuclear fuel cycle could becompleted.

The objective of an Advisory Group meeting inOctober was to formulate a strategic plan forinternational R&D projects on innovativenuclear fuel cycles and power plants. A majorrecommendation was that the role of theAgency in the implementation of innovativefuel cycles and reactor designs should bedefined so as to facilitate co-ordination of R&Don: safeguards friendly technologies; highlevel waste reduction; non-aqueous reprocess-ing; natural circulation phenomena; and accel-erator driven systems.

S O U R C E S O F R A D I O A C T I V E W A S T E

Radioactive waste results from the generationof electricity using nuclear energy and fromnuclear applications in medicine, research andindustry. One of the fundamental principles ofradioactive waste management is minimiza-tion, which includes both the reduction ofwaste being generated and of the volumes ofwaste already generated. Waste minimizationhas benefits through the more efficient use ofresources and through reduced waste process-ing and disposal costs. A technical document,Minimization of Waste from Uranium Purifi-cation, Enrichment and Fuel Fabrication, waspublished that reviews existing practices andexperience gained in the minimization of oper-ational and decommissioning waste from thefront end of the nuclear fuel cycle. This infor-mation can help Member States when makinginvestment decisions and planning facilityimprovements.

An important element of waste minimizationis the recycle and reuse of valuable materialsfrom different arisings at nuclear fuel cyclefacilities (such as byproducts, spent andunused process materials, plant componentsand equipment), which would otherwise be

NU

CL

EA

R

FU

EL

C

YC

LE

A

ND

W

AS

TE

T

EC

HN

OL

OG

Y

30

considered waste. The economic advantages,coupled with the reduced environmentalimpact, are strong incentives to choose therecycle and reuse option. Recognizing theimportance of this subject and the interest ofMember States, a technical document wasprepared that analyses different recycle andreuse options in relation to various areas ofthe nuclear fuel cycle and different nuclearapplications. This will allow the recycle andreuse option to be properly implemented as apart of national, site and plant specific wastemanagement policies.

The subject of waste minimization duringdecommissioning has assumed great impor-tance because of the large number of facilitiesthat have to be retired from service in the nearfuture in many Member States. A technicalreport on this issue was prepared thatdiscusses various stages and components inthe decision making and implementation ofwaste minimization programmes duringdecommissioning operations.

A technical report on the estimation of wastesarising from various nuclear fuel cycles wascompleted. The literature describing thesearisings is mostly oriented towards the indi-vidual steps of the nuclear fuel cycle, whilemore detailed information summarizing andassessing the potential impact of waste gener-ation from the entire fuel cycle is virtuallynon-existent. This report was thus aimed atproviding information (i.e. of quantities andbasic characteristics) on waste generation invarious nuclear fuel cycles and the subsequentsteps in its management.

On-site disposal (i.e. the permanent disposalof a nuclear facility or parts thereof within thesite where the facility was erected and oper-ated) was proposed some years ago and imple-mented in a few cases. A technical documentwas published to present the experiencegained, and the prospects for nationalapproaches to on-site disposal. This documentshould also meet the needs of developing coun-tries that have research reactors and othersmall nuclear installations.

Environmental restoration is an importantsource of radioactive waste as sites which do

not meet current standards for release arecleaned up. A CRP on site characterizationtechniques used in environmental restora-tion was completed, with the final ResearchCo-ordination meeting being held in Brazil.The technical document resulting from thisproject gives a comprehensive overview of thevarious on-site, in situ and laboratory tech-niques used to deal with contamination prob-lems from various origins. The importance ofproper and thorough site characterization,and the need for reverification as work

proceeds as a basis for efficient cleanup werealso stressed in this document.

I M P L E M E N T A T I O N A N DA P P L I C A T I O N O F R A D I O A C T I V E W A S T EM A N A G E M E N T T E C H N O L O G I E S

An important method to help evaluateperformance and engender confidence in thesafety of geological disposal systems is tocarry out analogue studies. A technical reportwas issued that presents the current status ofnatural analogue information in evaluatingmodels of transport by groundwater for thoseplanning to develop a research programme inthis field. Similarly, to help evaluate andprovide confidence in the models and dataused in the assessment of the long termbehaviour of geological disposal systems, anew CRP on anthropogenic analogues willallow comparison of the behaviour of variouscomponents of a repository system with thebehaviour of similar systems that either occuror have occurred on Earth. Migrationprocesses related to ancient artefacts andbuilding materials used in archaeologicaltimes are the main topics of study in this CRP.

NU

CL

EA

R

FU

EL

C

YC

LE

A

ND

W

AS

TE

T

EC

HN

OL

OG

Y

31

“A symposium held in Taejon

documented that proven technologies do

exist for managing radioactive wastes in

ways that are safe, economical and

environmentally sound.”

W A S T E M A N A G E M E N T I N F O R M A T I O N A N D T E C H N O L O G Y T R A N S F E R

A symposium was held in Taejon, Republic ofKorea, to review experience gained worldwidein implementing technologies to manageradioactive waste from nuclear power plantsand the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle.Organized in co-operation with theOECD/NEA, the Korea Atomic EnergyResearch Institute, the International Union ofProducers and Distributors of ElectricalEnergy, and the Nuclear Energy Institute, thesymposium documented that proven technolo-gies do exist for managing radioactive wastesin ways that are safe, economical and environ-mentally sound, and that considerable experi-ence exists with these technologies in manyMember States. Over the life of the commer-cial nuclear industry, technologies formanaging operational wastes from nuclearpower plants have improved substantially andcontinue to improve in response to economicand environmental considerations. Moreattention to waste minimization and volumereduction technologies has led to substantialreductions in the volumes of solid wastes.Improvements continue to be made in thetechnologies and methods that are used toinvestigate and select sites for waste disposal,and in the construction and operation of thedisposal facilities themselves.

A number of activities were undertaken tosupport developing Member States build uptheir capacity to safely manage radioactivewastes. For example, regional demonstrationsof pre-disposal waste management methodsand procedures were held in operating wasteprocessing and storage facilities in Chile,Philippines, the Russian Federation andTurkey. The demonstrations provided hands-on experience in the processing and storage of,for example, low level solid and liquid waste.

Member States were also assisted in the safemanagement of spent sealed radiation sources,particularly unused radium sources. For exam-ple, spent radium sources were conditioned

and transferred into long term storage inChina, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Pakistan, Peruand the United Republic of Tanzania with theassistance of expert teams from Brazil (forLatin America), South Africa (for Africa) andnational expert teams in China and Pakistan.In addition, the team from Pakistan will assistin conditioning spent radium sources in otherMember States in Asia.

The Contact Expert Group (CEG) for Interna-tional Co-operation in Radioactive WasteManagement with the Russian Federationagreed at its meeting in Norway to approachthe leaders of the G-7/G-8 countries directlywith information on nuclear waste and spentfuel issues in the Russian Federation, andappeal for assistance in solving these prob-lems. The final text of the CEG’s communica-tion was forwarded thereafter to the Chair-man of the G-7/G-8 Nuclear Safety WorkingGroup and by several CEG members to theirnational representatives.

In May, the Hungarian Atomic Energy Author-ity requested the Agency to organize an inter-national peer review of the research on siteselection and suitability of the Üveghutacandidate site for low and intermediate levelwaste disposal, within the framework of theAgency’s Waste Management Assessment andTechnical Review Programme. Specifically, anevaluation was requested of: (a) the screeningprocess, including the associated regulatoryframework, that led to the selection of thissite; (b) the scientific investigations that wereconducted to determine if they were carriedout in accordance with international require-ments and guidance; and (c) whether goodscientific and engineering practices were used.The Agency team conducted the review inNovember and concluded that the processleading to the selection of the site appearedboth reasonable and appropriate and took intoaccount both the geology and the question ofpublic acceptance. The team also concludedthat the Üveghuta site appeared potentiallysuitable for a safe repository for low and inter-mediate level operational and decommission-ing wastes from nuclear power plants.

NU

CL

EA

R

FU

EL

C

YC

LE

A

ND

W

AS

TE

T

EC

HN

OL

OG

Y

32

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To facilitate national and international assessments of nuclear power in

the context of full source-to-ser vice energy chains, with the aim of

suppor ting sustainable energy development in increasingly competitive

electricity markets. To explore the role of nuclear power for sustainable

energy system development and to assist Member States in making

informed policy decisions about their future energy development.

O V E R V I E W

The programme on comparative assessment of energy sources developedmethodological tools for informed policy and decision making for use inMember States. This included the development of tools for comprehensivecomparative assessment of all energy supply options, and economic analysisof issues related to the nuclear fuel cycle and to the supply and use of nuclearpower in changing electricity markets. These studies aim to identify: thepotential role for nuclear power in achieving sustainable energy development;the relative economics of different electricity generating options; other poten-tial barriers to the future use of nuclear power; and the environmental costsand benefits of nuclear and other options. Capacity building in Member Statesin these areas was pursued through the dissemination of methodologies andthrough training. The programme was also restructured in order to:(a) launch a new activity focusing on the role of nuclear power as a greenhousegas (GHG) mitigation option, especially under the flexible mechanisms of theKyoto Protocol; and (b) participate proactively in United Nations system-wideactivities related to sustainable development.

CO

MP

AR

AT

IVE

A

SS

ES

SM

EN

T

OF

E

NE

RG

Y

SO

UR

CE

S

33

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY SOURCES

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY SOURCES

CO

MP

AR

AT

IVE

A

SS

ES

SM

EN

T

OF

E

NE

RG

Y

SO

UR

CE

S

34

E N E R G Y D E M A N D A N A L Y S I S ,S U P P L Y O P T I O N S A N D I N D I C A T O R S F O R S U S T A I N A B L E E N E R G YD E V E L O P M E N T

Despite the need for sustainable development,and the fact that energy is a key input for allsocioeconomic development activities, indica-tors for sustainable energy development(ISED) have not been developed anywhere.The need for such indicators has become evenmore acute since current work in this area has

focused on general sustainable developmentindicators. In response, the Agency initiated aproject, with the help of Member States andother international organizations, to define acomprehensive set of indicators that measureand monitor the development of the energysector in conformity with the objectives ofsustainable development. The availability ofISED would help in: (a) evaluating the role ofenergy in sustainable development strategies;(b) making necessary modifications to theAgency’s databases and analytical tools so asto make them more responsive to sustainableenergy development issues; and (c) renderingassistance to Member States in the formula-tion of their energy strategies in conformitywith the objectives of sustainable develop-ment. Following further refinement, theseindicators will be submitted to the UnitedNations Commission on Sustainable Develop-ment for consideration during its ninthsession (UNCSD-9), to be held in April 2001.This meeting will, for the first time, holddiscussions on energy in relation to sustain-able development.

Since sustainable development necessarilyhas a strong economic component, assessing

the economics of nuclear power is essential. Anumber of studies were completed, some withother organizations, exploring the competi-tiveness and the economic future of nuclearpower in general, as well as the economics ofspecific aspects of the nuclear power cycle.One such study culminated in the publicationof a technical document entitled Strategies forCompetitive Nuclear Power Plants (IAEA-TECDOC-1123). A number of other studieswere also initiated, including one on liabilitymanagement in the decommissioning andwaste disposal phases of the nuclear cycle,and another on the need for cost effectivesafety approaches in nuclear power plants. Inrelated work, a CRP on the impact of infra-structure requirements on the competitive-ness of nuclear power was initiated. The firstResearch Co-ordination meeting wasconvened in December.

An example of the Agency’s pursuit of synergywith other international organizations wasthe completion of a study with the OECD/NEAon long term projections of energy and elec-tricity demand and supply to the year 2100,and adapting them to explore the impact ofcompetitive markets on the future marketshare of nuclear power, the consequences ofany decision to phase out nuclear power onemissions affecting air quality, regional acidi-fication and climate change as well as nuclearpower’s potential role in mitigating GHGemissions over the very long run.

N U C L E A R E N E R G Y I NS U S T A I N A B L E E N E R G YS T R A T E G I E S

The Agency has for many years provided data,information and analytical tools for makinginformed decisions on how best to meet theenergy needs of a country. These tools havebeen distributed in over one hundred coun-tries and to 12 international organizations. In1999, model development efforts focused oncreating improved versions of the Agency’smost widely used energy planning tools,including DECPAC, MAED, WASP andENPEP, which are used for the comparativeassessment of energy options, analysis ofenergy and electricity demand, electricity

“An example of the Agency’s pursuit

of synergy with other international

organizations was a study with the

OECD/NEA on long term projections

of energy and electricity demand

and supply to 2100.”

generating system expansion planning, inte-grated energy system planning and GHG miti-gation assessment.

The restructuring of electricity systemsaround the world has led to national electricutilities being privatized, independent powerproducers being allowed access to the system,and bidding based power markets to beopened to stimulate competition. The Agencyhas launched an effort to redesign its WASPexpansion planning methodology to takeaccount of these changes. Specifically, workbegan on developing electricity system plan-ning tools that will provide information toMember States on how existing nuclear plantscan compete in the new electricity market andhow new nuclear units might fit into long termdevelopment plans.

Development was also completed of software(B-Glad) for estimating and valuing externalcosts associated with electricity generation.Designed for use in developing countries thatcannot afford data intensive and costly analy-ses, the program runs on a PC and requires aminimum of data. It facilitates estimation ofthe environmental and external costs of elec-tricity generation and helps users chart pollu-tion mitigation strategies. This package ofsoftware and background informationincludes estimation and valuation techniquescovering health and non-health damages fromair, water and land pollution from fossil andnuclear energy generation technologies. TheB-Glad package is available on CD-ROM for

teaching purposes. Controlled field testingwas begun in June through a CRP; thecomplete package, including a refinedhydropower component, will be available fordistribution by the end of 2000.

Peer review of the Reference Technology Data-base (RTDB), which contains information ontechnical, economic and environmentalaspects of various components of energychains, was finalized within the framework ofthe interagency DECADES project. Feedbackfrom Member States using the DECADEStools resulted in two major improvements tothe DECPAC software for comparative assess-ment. Specifically, the enhanced PollutionControl Devices submodule and the interfacefor the VALORAGUA model were integratedwith the DECADES tools to permit bettermodelling of air pollution mitigation strate-gies and of electricity systems with an impor-tant share of hydropower.

A ‘multi source’ version of the EcoSense modelwas developed to estimate pollution relatedhealth and environmental impacts and associ-ated external costs using the extended path-way methodology. This approach takesaccount of all sources of pollution for a countryor region in one model run. The model wasintegrated with the Agency’s DECADES toolsto permit extended analysis of different strate-gies for electricity generation.

It is important that nuclear power receivesfair consideration in the international debate

CO

MP

AR

AT

IVE

A

SS

ES

SM

EN

T

OF

E

NE

RG

Y

SO

UR

CE

S

35

Number of releases of planning model or package

DECADES MAED WASP ENPEP FINPLAN VALORAGUA

Member States 45 68 97 59 22 44

International organizations 8 7 12 6 — 3

Totals 53 75 109 65 22 47

DECADES: Databases and Methodologies for Comparative Assessment of Energy Sources; ENPEP:Energy and Power Evaluation Package; FINPLAN: Financial Planning model: MAED: Model for Analysis ofEnergy Demand; VALORAGUA: ‘Valor Agua’ (value of water); WASP: Wien Automatic System PlanningPackage. ■

Distribution of Agency Computer Models in 1999

on climate change, given its advantage ofminimal GHG emissions. A CRP was initiatedto study the role of nuclear power and otherenergy options in meeting international goalson GHG emission reductions, with threespecific objectives: to enhance the Agency’stools for energy planning and comparativeassessment so as to make them better suitedfor analysing issues related to GHG mitiga-tion assessment; to develop methodologicalguidelines; and to provide the framework toconduct studies on the potential role ofnuclear power in meeting international GHGemission reduction targets.

The scientific forum at the 43rd GeneralConference session in September was entitled‘Sustainable Development: A Role for NuclearPower?’ The forum explored the key question ofthe compatibility of nuclear power withsustainable development objectives. Viewsdiffered on what is meant by ‘sustainability’,with no conclusion being reached on the basesfor judging nuclear power in this context; therewas a strong sentiment in favour of developinga common set of criteria (e.g. emission levels,economics) for all energy generation systems.The question of the inevitable trade-offsbetween these criteria was raised, but was notresolved. The issue of global climate changewas extensively discussed, and there weresignificant disagreements as to whether thiswould become the justification for nuclearpower’s expansion, or whether it would haveany material impact on the predominantlyeconomic criteria currently being used. Asregards the economics of nuclear power, exist-ing plants fare generally well even in deregu-lated and liberalized markets. In contrast, newnuclear plants face stiff competition from natu-ral gas and coal and their competitiveness islimited to locations without easy access to gasor coal. What emerged from the various

presentations was a common view that elec-tricity use would expand greatly. However,there were vastly divergent views on the rolenuclear power would (or should) play in meet-ing this growth. Fundamental to the entiredebate, as pointed out by a number of speak-ers, is that nuclear power has to becomecompetitive in its own right and must not relyon the introduction of environmental taxes orGHG emission constraints. This and thecontinued maintenance of the highest level ofsafety were seen as the most important ingre-dients for nuclear power to contribute tosustainable energy development.

Preparation of Part 1 of the Nuclear Technol-ogy Review, suggested at the March meeting ofthe Board of Governors, was completed. Inaddition to a brief summary covering themajor nuclear energy events of 1999, thereview explores the prospects of nuclear powerin the years and decades ahead. The issuesexamined include cost and competitiveness,public confidence and acceptance, andsustainable energy development.

The Agency continued its analytical efforts inrelation to the work of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change, the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Changeand the World Energy Assessment — a jointeffort of UNDP, the United Nations Depart-ment of Economic and Social Affairs and theWorld Energy Council. This assessment willbe an important United Nations input toUNCSD-9 in 2001. The Agency’s contributionto this assessment was the preparation of achapter on energy resources.

S U P P O R T T O M E M B E R S T A T E S

Capacity building activities in developingcountries are an integral part of sustainableenergy development. In this regard, theAgency seeks to enhance the capabilities ofMember States to assess their energy andelectricity expansion options by providingstate-of-the-art methodologies and decisionmaking tools. It has also had to respond flexi-bly in terms of its decision aiding tools and itstraining curricula to the new realities brought

CO

MP

AR

AT

IVE

A

SS

ES

SM

EN

T

OF

E

NE

RG

Y

SO

UR

CE

S

36

“The scientific forum at the

43rd General Conference explored the

compatibility of nuclear power with

sustainable development objectives.”

about by market liberalization, deregulationand shrinking government budgets. Suchassistance was provided though national tech-nical co-operation projects in Brazil, Bulgaria,Croatia, Egypt, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova,Poland, Slovenia, Sudan and Viet Nam. In allthese countries, the focus was on assessing therole of nuclear power and other energy optionsin the future expansion of the electricitysupply systems in these countries.

Regional projects in Europe, Asia and theSouth Pacific also addressed needs of MemberStates in the area of comparative assessmentfor sustainable energy development. An exam-ple is a technical co-operation Model Projectthat was initiated in Poland to establish aclearly defined energy planning frameworkand to assess the economic competitivenessand environmental impact of different energyoptions, including nuclear power and naturalgas. The goal is to help build a national team

of experts capable of assessing differentenergy options. Various scenarios of energysystem development will be compared in orderto identify those which meet nationalobjectives related to energy diversification,costs, reliability and environmental impact.

Another example is a national technical co-operation project on a pre-feasibility study onthe introduction of nuclear power. Twonational working groups were formed underthe project, the first being responsible forutilizing the Agency’s energy planning tools(MAED, WASP and ENPEP) to forecastenergy/electricity demand, develop economi-cally optimal expansion plans for the electric-ity system, and quantify environmentalburdens associated with alternative electricitysystem expansion plans. The second group isinvestigating technical, safety and infrastruc-ture development issues related to the intro-duction of nuclear power.

CO

MP

AR

AT

IVE

A

SS

ES

SM

EN

T

OF

E

NE

RG

Y

SO

UR

CE

S

37

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To promote sustainable food security by fostering the development and

transfer of nuclear and related biotechnological methods which provide

significant oppor tunities for intensifying crop and livestock production,

enhancing biodiversity and improving food quality and safety.

O V E R V I E W

Progress was made in this programme in developing technologies and formu-lating environmentally sound practices for enhancing food security. Isotopeand radiation techniques provided new scientific information on nitrogenfertilizer and water use by wheat, leading to practices which improved ormaintained yields while saving on nitrogen fertilizer applications and reduc-ing nitrate pollution of groundwater. Mutation techniques combined withmodern biotechnology led to the generation of economically useful traits incrop plants. The use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and related methodsprovided Member States with recommendations for improving artificialinsemination, increasing milk production and controlling important livestockdiseases. The sterile insect technique (SIT) continued to play a major role inthe control and eradication of pests of both crops and livestock, while the roleof irradiation as a sanitary and phytosanitary treatment of food and agricul-tural commodities continued to gain recognition. Finally, the FAO/IAEATraining and Reference Centre for Food and Pesticide Control at the Agency’sLaboratories in Seibersdorf strengthened its assistance to Member States inthe area of food quality and safety.

S O I L A N D W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T A N D C R O P N U T R I T I O N

A CRP on the use of nuclear techniques for increasing nitrogen fertilizer effi-ciency for irrigated wheat, and involving Afghanistan, Chile, China, Egypt,

FO

OD

A

ND

A

GR

ICU

LT

UR

E

38

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

India, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan and the SyrianArab Republic, was completed. Despite theshortage of water and the increasing cost offertilizer, farmers tend to use excessiveamounts of both resources in an attempt tomaximize crop production. This results indepletion of water reserves and nitrate pollu-tion of groundwater. Nitrogen-15 labelledfertilizers were used to estimate fertilizerrecovery by crops and nitrogen losses, while asoil moisture neutron probe was used toassess the soil water balance and crop evapo-transpiration. The timing of fertilizer applica-tion was critical in determining effectiveness.Application of nitrogen fertilizer at the locallyrecommended rate in two splits (one third attillering and two thirds at the elongation stageof wheat), resulted in significant losses, espe-cially during the first split, with a recovery ofonly 35%. The recovery during the second splitwas 62%. By reducing fertilizer application to20% in the first split and increasing thesecond split to 80% of the annual rate, nitrateleaching was reduced and fertilizer use effi-ciency increased. A realistic increase of 5% ofthe overall nitrogen fertilizer recovery corre-sponds to annual savings of approximately$100 million for developing countries produc-ing wheat. Irrigation was well managed in allbut two of the countries mentioned earlier,where nitrate leaching was observed duringthe cropping season and better managementcould save 30% of current usage. A decisionsupport system, incorporating the CERES-wheat model, was able to explain differencesin wheat yield between countries, and topredict the effect of fertilizer timing on cropuptake and irrigation water usage on nitrateleaching.

An interregional technical co-operation projecton external quality assurance in total nitrogenand nitrogen-15 isotope ratio analysis by opti-cal emission spectroscopy was completed bythe Agency’s Laboratories at Seibersdorf. Theobjective of the project was to identify anetwork of regional laboratories capable ofcarrying out precise and accurate analyses.Institutes in Argentina, Chile, Côte d’Ivoire,Guatemala, Malaysia, Mexico, Syrian ArabRepublic, Thailand and Uruguay fullycomplied with requirements and can berecommended to act as regional network labo-

ratories. The identification of proficient labo-ratories underpins attempts to increase nitro-gen fertilizer use efficiency in developingcountries, which used more than 50 milliontonnes in 1996 worth $15 billion.

P L A N T B R E E D I N G A N DG E N E T I C S

Through a CRP on the improvement of newand traditional industrial crops by inducedmutations and related biotechnology, majorachievements were recorded on modifyingagronomic traits, improving yield and modify-ing the oil quality in crops providing oilseedsand fibre. For example, advanced breedinglines of soybean with increased yield potentialand improved quality of seed for oil and mealused in the food and feed industries weredeveloped, while linseed and Cuphea mutantswith new oil composition were created withpotential use as renewable energy sources(‘biodiesel’). Also, sunflower lines wereselected with very high oleic content (suitablefor use as frying oil), new lines of cotton wereproduced with shorter growing cycles andimproved fibre yields, and new sources forpest and disease resistance were identified inrapeseed, mustard, sunflower and cotton. Thedevelopment of molecular markers forsoybean, sunflower, Cuphea and cotton andthe isolation and transfer of genes related tospecific oil qualities, pest resistance anddrought tolerance were also achieved throughthis CRP. In addition, the exchange ofgermplasm, isolated genes and DNAsequences among participating countries wascarried out.

Ninety-three new accessions were registeredin the FAO/IAEA database for officiallyreleased mutant varieties. The total numberhas grown to 1961 mutant varieties of morethan 163 species released in 62 countries.

In order to improve the probability of selectingdisease resistant banana and plantain mutantplants, which is currently hampered bychimerism, the in vitro mutagenesis of multi-cellular meristems was simulated in theAgency’s Laboratories at Seibersdorf byinducing mixoploidy and using flow cytometry

FO

OD

A

ND

A

GR

ICU

LT

UR

E

39

for detection. This approach made it possibleto monitor and understand chimerismdissociation using different propagationmethods. Multi-apexing proved the most effi-cient method, reducing chimerism from 100 to7% after three subcultures.

Doubled haploid techniques, such as antherculture, were also used to accelerate the identi-fication of recessive mutants and to purifyselected mutants in rice. In the variety ‘Taipei309’, pollen embryogenesis was much higher in

cultivated anthers derived from the second cropof donor plants after harvest of the main crop,than in anthers derived from the first crop.

An FAO/IAEA seminar, organized in Octoberin Manila, focused on the current status andfuture direction of mutation techniques andrelated molecular genetic approaches for plantresearch and crop improvement. The presen-tations by participants clearly demonstratedthe significant progress and impact of muta-tion techniques in the development andutilization of improved varieties of variouseconomically important crops in the region. Itwas agreed that mutation techniques shouldbe used not only for the improvement of majorcrops, but also for the domestication of cropswith economic potential. The integration ofrelated molecular genetic techniques in thecharacterization of mutant derived lines andvarieties illustrates the potential of thesetechniques in complementing and acceleratingbreeding programmes through marker aidedselection, diversity analysis and fingerprint-ing for plant variety protection. In order totransfer recent molecular and mutation tech-niques more widely and efficiently to cropimprovement programmes in the region, the

Agency was requested to provide training andinformation on these subjects.

A N I M A L P R O D U C T I O N A N D H E A L T H

A CRP on the use of RIA and related tech-niques to identify ways of improving artificialinsemination (AI) programmes for cattlereared under tropical and subtropical condi-tions resulted in a unique international data-base on the current status of AI in 14 MemberStates in Asia and Latin America. Conductedon nearly 2000 farms and covering some11 000 artificial inseminations on over 7000cows, the study showed that conception ratesfollowing AI were often far lower than gener-ally presumed by many organizations whichprovide these services. On average, 17% ofcows (up to 40% in some locations) were matedat an inappropriate time in relation to oestrus.Even in those mated correctly, 25–50% ofanimals either did not conceive or suffereddeath of the embryo within two months. Thisis a waste of available resources and results ineconomic losses to farmers. The problemswhich need to be addressed by providers of AIservices as well as farmers were identified,improvement strategies were tested and theresponses monitored. In Sri Lanka, for exam-ple, the introduction of improved reproductivemanagement by farmers combined with moreefficient AI services increased the proportionof cows in lactation at a given time by 20%,annual milk production by 30% and the netprofit to farmers by 40%. This CRP alsoresulted in the development and standardiza-tion of methodologies — including a softwareprogram ‘AIDA’ (Artificial Insemination Data-base Application) — which are now beingapplied on a wider scale in these as well asother Member States through regional andnational technical co-operation projects inAsia, Africa and Latin America.

Contributing to the wider application of prog-esterone RIA for field level problem solvingand provision of diagnostic services of directbenefit to farmers, the Agency’s Laboratoriesat Seibersdorf developed a novel ‘self-coating’RIA system based on a monoclonal antibody toprogesterone. This dramatically reduces the

FO

OD

A

ND

A

GR

ICU

LT

UR

E

40

“Through a CRP, major achievements

were recorded on modifying agronomic

traits, improving yield and modifying

the oil quality in crops providing

oilseeds and fibre.”

cost of assaying milk samples and facilitatesdevelopment of the capability to produce theessential reagents in selected national labora-tories of Member States. Training and infra-structure development to achieve self-suffi-ciency in RIA requirements within eachgeographical region and promote the sustain-ability of applications to improve livestockproduction was conducted through technicalco-operation projects.

Foot and mouth disease remains one of themost serious threats facing livestock produc-tion and trade. A CRP designed to improvediagnosis of this disease in Asia and tomonitor control and eradication efforts wascompleted. Involving national veterinary labo-ratories in the region, this CRP led to thedevelopment, validation and standardizationof specific and sensitive diagnostic tests. Theproficiency of the laboratories involved wasverified through the operation of an externalquality assurance exercise. Major outcomes ofthe development of this diagnostic capabilityacross the region were the initiation of amulti-donor control and eradication pro-gramme for foot and mouth disease in Asiaand the completion of a regional high securityreference laboratory in Thailand for thisdisease.

I N S E C T A N D P E S T C O N T R O L

As a result of an SIT technical co-operationModel Project in Argentina on fruit fly eradi-cation, major economic benefits were achievedin the Provinces of Rio Negro, Neuquen andMendoza. Not only did insecticide applicationsdecrease greatly in commercial fruit orchards,but the quantity and quality of temperatefruit production increased significantly sincethe start of the project, and several fruitproducing valleys were declared fruit fly free.Most importantly, this work resulted in theneighbouring country of Chile, already recog-nized internationally as fruit fly free from aprevious SIT project, allowing the fruit indus-tries in Mendoza and Patagonia Provinces touse Chilean ports for their fruit exports. Fruitexports from Argentina already amount toapproximately $0.5 billion annually, and thisaccess to the export markets of Pacific Rim

countries through Chile should bring furthermajor economic benefits to Argentina’s fruitindustry.

Progress was made in an SIT technical co-operation project in the Middle East, wheresterile Mediterranean fruit fly males werereleased over the Arava region of both Jordanand Israel with the objective of developinginternationally recognized fly free areas toallow fruit and vegetable exports. The sensi-tive logistical issues involved in the long

distance shipment of sterile males to theregion and aerial releases over both countrieswere satisfactorily resolved and significanteconomic benefits have been derived from theestablishment of fly free areas. The impactcan be measured by the fact that six agricul-tural areas have now been designated as flyfree and a fifty fold increase in the economicvalue of vegetable exports was achieved. Thesuccess of this pilot project and the environ-mental benefits of reduced insecticide use ledto preparations to expand area-wide medflycontrol using SIT northward into Gaza and toagricultural areas of Israel and Jordan.

Weekly sterile screwworm fly releases wereinitiated over Jamaica. This was the culmina-tion of intensive preparatory work involvingthe establishment of a ‘National ScrewwormEradication Project’, economic and environ-mental assessments, staff training, baselinedata collection and infrastructure develop-ment. With eradication activities now inprogress, the prospects for eradication of thismajor livestock pest from Jamaica appearpromising. Preparatory activities were initi-ated for a similar eradication project in Cuba,which together with the Dominican Republic,

FO

OD

A

ND

A

GR

ICU

LT

UR

E

41

“The Agency’s Laboratories at

Seibersdorf developed a novel ‘self-

coating’ RIA system that dramatically

reduces the cost of assaying

milk samples.”

is the last area in the northern half of theWestern Hemisphere where this pest iscurrently present.

A new medfly genetic sexing strain wasproduced at the Agency’s Laboratories atSeibersdorf. This strain contains geneticmaterial from many different medfly popula-tions and utilizes a translocation that bothincreases stability during mass rearing andalleviates some of the quality control problems

associated with previous genetic sexingstrains. The strain was shipped to medfly SITprogrammes in South Africa and Australia forfurther testing, and it will be provided to facil-ities in Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, Portugaland the USA.

A prototype tsetse rearing unit designed toreduce the cost of tsetse mass rearing wasshipped to three facilities in Africa for evalua-tion under local conditions using differentspecies of tsetse. This unit is a refinement ofan earlier unit developed at the Agency’sLaboratories at Seibersdorf. Essential to theoperation of the unit is a simple protocol forthe introduction of the correct number and sexof flies into production cages. This protocolwas fully evaluated and introduced intoroutine colony maintenance at Seibersdorf,with major savings in time and labour.

F O O D A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A LP R O T E C T I O N

An international conference on ensuring thesafety and quality of food through radiationprocessing was held in Antalya, Turkey, in

October to assess the current status andfuture prospects for food irradiation. It wasconvened at a time when there is increasingacceptance and application of irradiation as asanitary and phytosanitary treatment of foodand agricultural commodities and also at atime when the widespread and increasingincidence of foodborne illnesses, caused bypathogenic bacteria and parasites, hasbrought the issue of food safety to the fore-front of public health concerns. The conferencereaffirmed that the safety and nutritionaladequacy of irradiated food produced underconditions of good manufacturing practices,are no longer in question regardless of theabsorbed dose. It was also agreed that irradi-ation as a cold pasteurization/decontamina-tion treatment of food, both of animal andplant origin, is an essential step in the HazardAnalysis Critical Control Point basedapproach being widely applied or evenmandated in many countries to ensure itssafety.

New developments in food and environmentalprotection included co-operation betweencountries in Asia and the Pacific through RCA,resulting in the adoption of a harmonizedprotocol on irradiation as a quarantine treat-ment of fresh horticultural commodities andthe development of guidelines on irradiationas a phytosanitary treatment. The protocoland guidelines will be submitted to the Secre-tariat of the International Plant ProtectionConvention for elaboration into an interna-tional standard. Another development was theprogress made by a number of Asian countriesin using this technology on a commercialscale. And new or additional commercial irra-diation facilities are under construction inBangladesh, China, India, the Republic ofKorea and Thailand.

The mandate of the International Consulta-tive Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) wasextended until 2002 to strengthen involve-ment of the food industry in its work and tofacilitate the dissemination of information tothe public on the safety and benefits of foodirradiation. At the request of ICGFI, theFAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commissioninitiated steps to amend the current CodexGeneral Standard for Irradiated Foods with

FO

OD

A

ND

A

GR

ICU

LT

UR

E

42

“The capabilities of national food control

authorities in developing Member States

for analysing food contaminants continued

to be strengthened through the FAO/IAEA

Training and Reference Centre for Food

and Pesticide Control.”

the aim of removing the upper dose limit of10 kGy.

A CRP assessed the effects of repeated andlong term applications of pesticides on theproperties of soils, including their effects onmicrobial populations and biochemicalprocesses, binding and release of pesticideresidues, and the mineralization of pesticides.The radiotracer technique involved the use ofcarbon-14 labelled compounds. The resultsindicated that some pesticides temporarilyinhibited microbial growth and variousbiochemical processes in the soil, whereasothers were stimulatory. All applicationscaused an increase in the amount of soil boundresidues with the passage of time. Also, miner-alization of radiolabelled pesticides wasreduced in soils receiving repeated applica-tions of pesticides. The information obtainedwill be used to assist Member States developbetter pest management strategies.

The capabilities of national food controlauthorities in developing Member States foranalysing food contaminants continued to be

strengthened through the FAO/IAEA Trainingand Reference Centre for Food and PesticideControl at the Agency’s Laboratories atSeibersdorf. Examples of the support providedby the centre included: the organization of anRCA workshop in the Philippines and an inter-regional FAO/IAEA training course at Seibers-dorf on quality assurance procedures formycotoxin and pesticide residue analyses; theestablishment of an International Food Conta-minant and Residue Information System toprovide up to date information through theInternet (http://www.INFOCRIS.iaea.org) onsampling and analytical methods for foodcontaminants affecting trade in food and agri-cultural commodities; and the development ofsimpler multi-residue analytical methods. Inaddition, a workshop on the principles andpractices of method validation was held inHungary to develop guidelines for single labo-ratory validation of methods for the analysis oftrace organic compounds. These guidelines willbe considered at the upcoming sessions of theCodex Committees on Pesticide Residues andon Veterinary Drug Residues for developmentinto Codex standards.

FO

OD

A

ND

A

GR

ICU

LT

UR

E

43

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To enhance the capabilities of developing Member States to address

impor tant health problems through the development and application of

nuclear and related techniques in areas where they confer advantage in

comparison with conventional techniques or by themselves constitute

the conventional technique.

O V E R V I E W

The main thrust of the programme continued to be cancer control and combat-ing infection and malnutrition through preventive measures. In nuclearmedicine, emphasis was placed on cost efficacy studies of inexpensive radio-pharmaceuticals and the application of isotopes in molecular biology and newradioimmunoassay related procedures. In radiation therapy and radiobiology,development of quality assurance was the main topic and included the devel-opment of patient immobilization devices and protocols for cancer patientswith HIV infection. In October, the Agency was invited to sign the ‘MutualRecognition Arrangement’ for metrology institutes with the Comité Interna-tional des Poids et Mesures (CIPM). The main benefits are expected to beimproved intercomparison and quality audits organized by the Agency forSecondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs). In the area of healthrelated environmental studies, new strategies for nutrition interventionschemes were identified and the global network of analytical laboratories wasstrengthened.

N U C L E A R M E D I C I N E

Efforts continued in 1999 on enhancing the awareness and capabilities ofMember States in the efficient and cost effective use of in vitro and in vivonuclear medicine technology for managing their critical health problems, andfor undertaking basic and clinical research in relevant subjects. For example,special emphasis was placed on: the development of in vivo and in vitro

HU

MA

N

HE

AL

TH

44

HUMAN HEALTHHUMAN HEALTH

diagnostic methods, and treatment procedureswith open sources of radioactivity; optimiza-tion of the cost effectiveness of health careusing nuclear medicine procedures, develop-ment of multimedia and Internet based teach-ing aids; and transfer of technology to devel-oping Member States on the management of anumber of clinical problems, including viralhepatitis, genetic disorders, coronary arterydisease, infection, cancer and paediatricdisorders.

A new radiopharmaceutical using a bacteriallybinding radiolabelled antibiotic was evaluatedin a CRP as a bacterial specific imaging agent(technetium-99m–Infecton, a Ciprofloxacinderivative which binds to DNA gyrase of livingbacteria for the detection of active infection).The multi-centre study, which was concluded in1999, yielded a sensitivity of 85% and speci-ficity of 83% for detecting bacterial infections.

A regional CRP entitled ‘Standardization ofIodine-131 Treatment for Hyperthyroidismwith an Intent to Optimize Radiation Doseand Treatment Response’ was concluded. In aprospective randomized therapeutic trialbased on the absorbed dose concept,900 patients suffering from hyperthyroidismwere treated with iodine-131 (90 or 60 Gy).The best results were obtained in the highdose (90 Gy) group. It was also observed thata significant reduction in the administeredactivity of iodine-131 is possible with adjuvantlithium intervention.

An earlier CRP assisted some Member Statesin developing their own capability to producesamarium-153 from indigenously availablereactors. The sequel to this was a new clinicalCRP to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity ofsamarium-153 EDTMP in the palliation ofpainful skeletal metastases. Analyses of datafrom 417 patients who were treated andfollowed up for 16 weeks revealed significantpain palliation in 73% of the patients (‘respon-ders’), with only minimal or mild haematolog-ical effects and no systemic toxicity. In addi-tion, for 82% of the responders, post-therapyanalgesic intake was substantially reduced orstopped completely, which is considered highlycost effective in the management of suchpatients.

Nuclear medicine technology transferred todeveloping Member States through technicalco-operation projects included:

• The use of radioisotope labelled DNAprobes and primers to identify familieswith fragile x syndrome and myotonicdystrophy in Costa Rica. Seventeen fami-lies with this syndrome were identified,from which 73 individuals participated inthe diagnostic tests, while 18 families withmyotonic dystrophy were identified out ofwhich 72 individuals were tested. Theaffected individuals were counselled abouttheir risk of having a child with thesecomplications.

• Transfer of PS2 IRMA and oestrogen recep-tor methodologies, developed within a CRPon tissue diagnosis of breast cancer, toparticipants from ten countries in an EastAsian regional training course.

• Transfer of a new, low cost, syntheticpeptide-based, anti-hepatitis C virusscreening method, developed indigenouslyin Costa Rica, to seven countries in theLatin America region.

• Development of a new protection freeversion of the Portable Image Processingsoftware. This software is used in morethan 300 nuclear medicine centres for vari-ous clinical applications, in projects onupgrading gamma cameras with standardPCs and in training on image acquisitionand processing in nuclear medicine.

• Production of a video tape on single headscintillation camera quality control, whichwas used in various training activities.This complements an Agency technicaldocument on the quality control of nuclearmedicine instruments (IAEA-TECDOC-602).

• Extension of the distant assisted trainingprogramme for nuclear medicine technolo-gists to the African and Latin Americanregions.

With a view to integrating nuclear medicineservices into health care systems, and topromote uniformity and standardization withrespect to infrastructure development, teach-ing, training, patient care and research, anAdvisory Group meeting was organized toprepare a resource manual in nuclear

HU

MA

N

HE

AL

TH

45

medicine on the basis of the Agency’s SafetyStandards publications.

A P P L I E D R A D I A T I O N B I O L O G YA N D R A D I O T H E R A P Y

Attention continued to be focused on develop-ing country needs by: assisting them in identi-fying and acquiring techniques for curativeand palliative cancer treatment with radia-tion; promoting clinical quality assurance inall aspects of patient management; andcontinually upgrading the Agency’s available

information on current techniques in radia-tion oncology to identify those with the poten-tial for wider dissemination. All of these activ-ities were fully integrated into the Agency’stechnical co-operation programme, primarilythrough regional projects.

A handbook was produced to illustrate the useof cost effective patient immobilization devicesthat were developed and distributed by theAgency in 1998. The handbook was alsodistributed through related technical co-oper-ation projects. In addition, an interregionalworkshop was held in Tunisia on the properuse of this equipment.

An Advisory Group meeting was held inVienna in October on the role of radiotherapyin AIDS patients. This is a subject of greatimportance in sub-Saharan Africa, where HIVpositivity can exceed 25% in some populationgroups. The disease is accompanied by agreater than five fold increase in manycancers, including Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, squamous cancer of theconjunctiva and Hodgkin’s disease. Decisionmaking (including the option of not adminis-tering any treatment at all) in the radiother-

apy management of patients infected withHIV who have limited life expectancy attrib-utable to AIDS alone was addressed and adocument prepared for clinical guidance. Thiswork was facilitated by the provision ofepidemiological data on the cancer increasesby WHO/IARC.

Work on clinical protocols specifically fordeveloping countries in the radiotherapeuticmanagement of advanced cervical cancer,disseminated bone metastases and advancedoesophagus cancer made progress. The lastmethod won a prize as the best innovativeprotocol at the European Society Congress ofBrachytherapy. The selection of patients hasnow ended and the preliminary results appearto be satisfactory. Final analysis and publica-tion of the results is expected in 2000.

An Advisory Group meeting, held in Vienna inApril, on a microsource high dose rate after-loading system examined the advantages ofthese very small source brachytherapydevices. The main result was the significantchange that was seen in both developed anddeveloping countries in the use of thesemachines in preference to low dose rate (LDR)machines. This is because brachytherapytreatment can be given on an outpatient basisusing these machines, instead of the usual twoto three day hospital stay required for LDR.

In high technology radiation therapy, a Tech-nical Committee meeting was held to evaluatethe present status of boron neutron capturetherapy. The meeting examined the currentstatus after 50 years of efforts to use reactorneutron interaction with boron for the treat-ment of brain and other malignant tumours.The conclusion was that notwithstandingimprovements in delivery techniques of theneutron beam, the results to date have notdemonstrated any clinical benefit to justifyelevating this technique to more than investi-gational level.

D O S I M E T R Y A N D M E D I C A LR A D I A T I O N P H Y S I C S

Following an invitation by the CIPM, theAgency signed the ‘Mutual Recognition of

HU

MA

N

HE

AL

TH

46

“A handbook was produced to

illustrate the use of cost effective

patient immobilization devices that

were developed and distributed

by the Agency.”

National Measurement Standards and of theCalibration and Measurement CertificatesIssued by National Metrology Institutes’ (the‘Mutual Recognition Arrangement’, or MRA)for the IAEA/WHO Network of SSDLs. Thesigning of the MRA places the metrology ofionizing radiation in those developing coun-tries having a laboratory that is a member ofthe SSDL Network at a level of internationalrecognition that has no precedent in the past,allowing for the worldwide recognition of theirstandards and calibration certificates. This,naturally, imposes strict demands on theperformance of the SSDLs, and will require atightening of the conditions of acceptability ofresults of the intercomparisons and qualityaudits organized by the Agency for the SSDLs.

The IAEA/WHO SSDL Network currentlyincludes 70 laboratory members and 6 SSDLnational organizations in 59 Member States;the Network also includes 15 affiliatedPrimary Standard Dosimeter Laboratories(PSDLs), and five collaborating internationalorganizations. An SSDL in Viet Nam wasestablished under the framework of a techni-cal co-operation project and admitted as a newmember of the SSDL Network.

A total of 70 national standards and referenceionization chambers were calibrated at theAgency for Member States: about 80% wereradiotherapy level calibrations and 20% werefor radiation protection. The establishment ofmeasurement standards at the Agency fordiagnostic radiology beams used in mammog-raphy was also completed. The Agency refer-ence standard was calibrated at PTB, theGerman standards laboratory, and calibrationservices of measuring instruments formammography were made available toMember States.

Dose quality audits and intercomparisonswere organized for SSDLs in order to checkthe traceability of their measurements and tomonitor their performance. Nine SSDLsparticipated in the intercomparisons of radio-therapy ionization chamber calibration factorsand 25 in the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD) audit for radiation protection leveldosimetry; 123 radiation beams from cobalt-60units and clinical accelerators at laboratories,

or supervised by SSDLs, were reviewed in theTLD audit for radiotherapy. Procedures forthe intercomparison of calibration factors attherapy and diagnostic radiology (mammogra-phy) levels, within a project of the EuropeanOrganization for Metrology in 2000, weredeveloped jointly with German and AustrianPSDLs.

A survey was carried out of the activities ofmembers of the SSDL Network. The resultsindicated that about 70% of laboratories areinvolved in quality assurance programmes forradiotherapy through postal TLD services orsite visits to hospitals. Also, about 30% of theSSDLs have started to calibrate brachyther-apy sources and equipment, and an additional20% will soon start this activity. In the field ofX ray dosimetry, 40% of the SSDLs are cali-brating instruments for diagnostic radiology.

The IAEA/WHO TLD postal dose assuranceservice for monitoring the calibration of radio-therapy beams at hospitals worldwide audited377 beams, of which 228 were cobalt-60 and149 were high energy X rays from clinicalaccelerators. The percentage of the deviationswithin the ±5% acceptance limits hasincreased from approximately 65% in the past(81% in 1998) to 87%. For results outside the±5% limits, the Agency had established aregular follow-up programme, contacting thehospitals either directly or through WHO(PAHO) for tracing the reasons for the discrep-ancy and performing repetitive TLD irradia-tions. Analysis of this follow-up programmehas shown that 39% of the hospitals haveimproved their results in the follow-up irradi-ation, but 18% of the discrepancies stillpersisted. As a result, the Agency is in theprocess of establishing a mechanism to inves-tigate and resolve these persistent TLD devia-tions and determine why some follow-up TLDshave not been returned for the analysis. Theanalysis also revealed the limitations forhospitals that do not participate regularly inexternal audits: 102 radiotherapy facilities in92 hospitals, mainly from Eastern Europe andAsia, which had never been audited beforewere included in the IAEA/WHO TLDprogramme, with the finding that only 65% ofthe results of a first participation are withinthe ±5% limits.

HU

MA

N

HE

AL

TH

47

Following positive feedback on Agency assis-tance in setting up national TLD programmesfor quality assurance in radiotherapy at thenational level, five new countries were helpedin starting national programmes within theframework of a CRP. And as part of a techni-cal co-operation project in Central Americanand Caribbean countries, a network for recip-rocal on-site quality audit visits was estab-lished where physicists from the differentradiotherapy institutions of the region cancarry out quality control measurements inother hospitals and countries.

Seventy-three cobalt-60 and three electronbeam checks were performed for industrialfacilities and research institutes in MemberStates through the International Dose Assur-ance Service.

A regional technical co-operation project forestablishing a common Master’s degree inmedical physics in Latin America was initi-ated. The course will run consecutively inseveral national universities and has justbeen started in Venezuela after a writtenexamination for regional candidates. Agencysupported Fellows from the region will partic-ipate in the courses, which will be taught byan international panel of professors using acommon syllabus.

N U T R I T I O N A L A N D H E A L T HR E L A T E D E N V I R O N M E N T A LS T U D I E S

Nuclear and isotopic techniques were used toimprove nutrition monitoring techniques and

to identify effective strategies in nutritionintervention schemes, particularly amongvulnerable groups, in developing regionsaround the world. In this connection, a draftthematic plan entitled ‘Isotopic Evaluations toAdd Value to Nutritional Interventions’ wasdeveloped as a template for new regional tech-nical co-operation projects in the Latin Amer-ica and East Asia and Pacific regions. Theproject in Latin America focuses on the use ofisotopes for evaluating nutrition interventionprogrammes. The East Asia and Pacific proj-ect has as its major goal the measurement ofthe effectiveness of multinutrient supplemen-tation using stable isotopic techniques.

An assessment of vitamin A body stores andthe bioavailability of pro-vitamin A wasperformed using in vivo kinetics and the 2H-retinol method in developing countries. Theresults provided a more accurate picture ofwhole body retinol stores and vitamin A statusin mothers and children. This isotopic tech-nique can be used to monitor vitamin A statuswhen measuring the effectiveness of vitaminA supplementation programmes. In addition,a CRP on the development and application ofisotopic techniques in studies of vitamin Anutrition was completed. The main conclusionwas that under conditions of vitamin A supple-mentation for food fortification and dietaryimprovement, the isotope dilution techniqueusing deuterated vitamin A proved to be a lessinvasive technique than earlier traditionalapproaches used to assess body stores, such asdirect measurement of vitamin A in liver biop-sies. Along with other conventional methods,namely serum retinol determination andconjuctival impression cytology, this technique

HU

MA

N

HE

AL

TH

48

Lichens and some lower plants have no roots and absorb their nutrients directly from the air. If the mate-rial absorbed is not metabolized, which is the case for many heavy metals (radioactive or stable), theyaccumulate in these organs over time. A CRP was conducted to evaluate the suitability of various organ-isms as biomonitors for trace element atmospheric deposition. As a result, several types of mosses,lichens and lower plants have been identified in different climate regions as appropriate organisms formonitoring long term air pollution status in the areas under investigation. Nuclear and related analyticaltechniques were used to demonstrate the presence of non-radioactive environmental pollutants. Insupport of the required analytical quality control, an interlaboratory comparison study on lichen sampleswas also carried out. ■

Lichens and Mosses — A Biomonitor for Environmental Pollution

provides a more accurate assessment of vita-min A status, particularly in vulnerablegroups such as children, and pregnant andlactating women.

The deuterium kinetics technique was estab-lished for measuring breast milk intake andbody composition using both infrared spec-troscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry.A technical co-operation Model Project inSenegal has successfully introduced this tech-nique in the field and has been providingassistance to other African countries. In addi-tion, as a result of a CRP on the isotopicevaluations of maternal and child nutrition tohelp prevent stunting, this technique has beenextensively used in Latin American countriesand in Pakistan, and is also being used in anew CRP on isotopic evaluations in infantgrowth monitoring, in collaboration with theWHO Growth Monitoring Programme.

Reports by WHO and other internationalorganizations indicate that chronic diseasesassociated with ageing are becoming a seriousproblem in many developing countries, espe-cially those undergoing nutritional and demo-graphic change. In order to identify the mech-anisms of disease development so as to definebetter methods of prevention, a CRP was initi-ated on the application of nuclear techniquesin degenerative diseases in ageing. The firstResearch Co-ordination meeting was held inVienna in May, where a protocol on the stan-dardization of nuclear and isotopic techniques,including homeostatic model assessment tomeasure insulin sensitivity and methodologiesfor assessing body composition, substrate andenergy metabolism, was developed.

An Advisory Group meeting on nutrition thatincluded scientists from developed and devel-oping countries, WHO and the Trace ElementInstitute for UNESCO took place in Novem-ber. The purpose was to review the status ofthe Agency’s work in nutrition, and to developspecific recommendations on expanding theapplication of isotopic techniques in humanhealth areas for future projects and activities.

A global network of monitoring stations fordetermining elemental content in the PM10

and PM2.5 fractions of airborne particulatematter was established through two CRPs.Health related epidemiological studies werecarried out in these projects with the aim oflinking results of chemical analyses withpulmonary and other diseases found inexposed general populations or exposedworkers.

In support of analytical quality control efforts,an interlaboratory comparison for the deter-mination of minor and trace elements inurban dusts (namely Vienna Dust and Prague

Dust), artificially loaded on air filters (forevaluation of heterogeneity) was carried outusing a range of analytical techniques. A largenumber of loaded filters was prepared andcharacterized for use in future proficiencytesting for the participating laboratories.

The Analytical Laboratories for the Measure-ment of Environmental Radioactivity(ALMERA) network was placed on a moreformal footing by the issuance of letters ofinvitation to Member States to nominate oneor more laboratories. More than 40 countriesresponded, nominating a total of 74 laborato-ries for the network. The first proficiency testinvolving the analysis of plutonium, ameri-cium, strontium-90 and gamma emittingradionuclides was initiated.

In support of analytical quality assurance forenvironmental studies, two lichen materials,IAEA-336 and IAEA-338, were characterizedfor their element content using variousanalytical techniques. Analyses for varioustrace elements for certification of a JapaneseDiet Reference Material were carried out insupport of the CRP on Reference Asian Man.

HU

MA

N

HE

AL

TH

49

“In a CRP on the application of

nuclear techniques in degenerative

diseases in ageing, a protocol on

the standardization of nuclear and

isotopic techniques was developed.”

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

50

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To improve Member State capabilities to: monitor and assess radioac-

tivity in the marine environment for its protection, and use nuclear

techniques and environmental isotopes to understand better and assess

marine processes and pollution; integrate appropriate isotope and

nuclear techniques in the planning and resource management of the

water cycle, and better understand human induced hydroclimatic

impacts; and adapt and utilize radiation and radiotracer technologies to

improve industrial productivity and minimize environmental hazards.

O V E R V I E W

The Agency’s programme on the marine environment continued to focus onthe protection of the oceans and coastal seas through radioactivity monitoringand assessment and the use of nuclear and isotopic techniques to understandthe fate and behaviour of pollutants. Capacity building, quality assurance, theprovision of reference materials and methods, training and participation incruises to collect marine samples in the Southern Ocean and along the coastof Morocco were among the most important of the Agency’s contributions in1999.

As part of its work in water resources management, the Agency developed anisotope methodology to assess groundwater renewal in areas where water isscarce. This will help Member States in the management of their waterresources. Efforts to develop improved techniques for the measurement andinterpretation of isotopic data continued, with specific water resourcemanagement issues in Member States addressed through the Agency’s tech-nical co-operation activities.

In the area of industrial applications, radiation processing techniques formaking biomaterial and vulcanized rubber latex were promoted through

MARINE ENVIRONMENT,WATER RESOURCES AND INDUSTRY

MARINE ENVIRONMENT,WATER RESOURCES AND INDUSTRY

CRPs. Work focused on the use of electronbeams for treating organic contaminatedindustrial effluents and polluted water, result-ing in many pilot studies for possible largescale application. Documentation and trainingin non-destructive testing procedures and inthe use of tracers and nucleonic gauges inindustry were provided to developing MemberStates.

M E A S U R E M E N T A N D A S S E S S M E N T O F R A D I O N U C L I D E S I N T H E M A R I N E E N V I R O N M E N T

An innovative system for the monitoring ofmarine radioactivity using stationary gammamonitors with satellite data transmission wasdeveloped by IAEA-MEL. The new system wasdeployed in April in Monaco Bay to test itsperformance and to evaluate the results. Thisequipment can record and transmit informa-tion on gamma emitting radionuclides in seawater and on a suite of parameters, includingsea water temperature, salinity, current speedand direction, and can generate long termcontinuous records of marine radioactivity atlocations distributed throughout the world’soceans. This is of particular interest forassessing the impact of nuclear facilities innormal or emergency situations and forsurveying radioactive waste dump sites, butcan also be used for a sentinel system incoastal or open sea locations, fishing grounds,or along major shipping routes. The monitor-ing system performed well over an eightmonth testing period, reaching the projectedsensitivity of 4 Bq/m3 for caesium-137 concen-tration in water. It is planned to deploy themonitor in 2000 in the Irish Sea to investigatethe long term transport of caesium-137released from the Sellafield nuclear fuel repro-cessing plant.

Within the framework of a project on MarineRadioactivity Studies in the World Oceans,supported by the Government of Japan, theAgency participated in the ANTARES IV expe-dition to the Southern Ocean organized byFrench institutes. Surface water samples andthree water profiles down to a depth of 5000 mwere collected, as well as samples of plankton

and fish. The aim is to study the verticalmovement of radionuclides in the ocean.Direct on-board analyses of short livedthorium-234 were carried out for the first timeby IAEA-MEL, using the most recent tech-niques. Thorium-234/uranium-238 disequilib-ria were used to study particle transport fromthe upperphotic zone down to deeper waters.

During the first Research Co-ordination meet-ing for a CRP on worldwide marine radioac-tivity studies, a geographical informationsystem was developed for the assessment ofmarine radioactivity in the world oceans andseas. Hydrogen-3, carbon-14, strontium-90,

iodine-129, caesium-137, plutonium andamericium isotopes were chosen as beingrepresentative of anthropogenic radionuclidesin the marine environment, and their maindistribution patterns were established. Theevaluation of sources of anthropogenic marineradioactivity has shown that global fallout isstill the dominant source in the oceans,although in some areas releases from nuclearfuel reprocessing plants (e.g. in the Irish andNorth Seas) and the Chernobyl accident (theBaltic and Black Seas) have exceeded thecontributions from global fallout.

Radioanalytical analyses were completed on awide variety of samples from the Indian andPacific Oceans and the Caspian Sea. Uniformdistributions of strontium-90, caesium-137,plutonium and americium isotopes were foundin the north Indian Ocean, confirming thatglobal fallout is the dominant source ofanthropogenic marine radioactivity in thisregion. Higher activity ratios of plutonium-238/plutonium-239+240 observed in theIndian Ocean are due to plutonium-238remnants in surface water from the SNAPsatellite, which burned up at high altitudeover the Mozambique Channel in 1964. By

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

51

“An innovative system for the monitoring

of marine radioactivity using stationary

gamma monitors with satellite data

transmission was developed by IAEA-MEL.”

comparing plutonium profiles in the watercolumn from various expeditions to the north-west Pacific Ocean, it was possible to establishtemporal and spatial trends in the concentra-tions and inventories of this element in seawater which show a considerable decreasewith time. Plutonium sediment inventoriescalculated from data stored in the GlobalMarine Radioactivity Database indicate a lati-tudinal and longitudinal decrease from theMarshall Islands test sites to the centralnorthwest Pacific Ocean, as well as the north-east Pacific. This is in agreement with previ-ous observations that the northwest Pacifichas been affected both by global (stratos-pheric) fallout and tropospheric fallout (fromnuclear weapons tests carried out at Bikiniand Enewetak Atolls, Marshall Islands), whilethe northeast Pacific shows only contributionsfrom global fallout. Analyses of hydrogen-3,strontium-90, caesium-137, plutonium andamericium isotopes in surface waters and inthe water column of the Caspian Sea indicatethat the deep basins of the sea are rapidlyventilated, with the estimated turnover timeof the sea being approximately 200 years. Theradionuclide levels observed in sea water canbe explained by global fallout and, therefore,at the sampling sites visited there were nosigns of extra sources of anthropogenic marineradioactivity.

In the Agency’s Analytical Quality ControlServices (AQCS) programme for radionuclidesin the marine environment, an intercompari-son exercise on IAEA-384 Fangataufa lagoonsediment was completed and a referencematerial was issued which has been certifiedfor 20 anthropogenic and natural radionu-clides, increasing the total number of thesematerials to 38. These reference materialshave been widely used by Member State labo-ratories for analytical quality assurance/qual-ity control, development of new analyticalmethods and for training purposes.

Support to the Agency’s technical co-operationprogramme included scientific and technicalbackup to the technical co-operation project‘Marine Environmental Assessment in theBlack Sea Region’. Enhanced capabilities toassess marine radioactivity and to co-ordinatemonitoring on a regional scale have been

developed through this project. Furthermore,the project highlighted the lack of previousdata from the Black Sea on natural polonium-210, which is the main deliverer of dosethrough marine exposure pathways. Using thecapabilities developed through this project,new polonium-210 data have been acquired.Sediment chronologies were studied using thelead-210 dating technique in order to recon-struct the history of contamination in variousareas of the Black Sea. The input of stron-tium-90 and caesium-137 into this seathrough the major rivers has been deter-mined, and monitoring was initiated at14 points along the Black Sea coasts.

A new technical co-operation project on pollu-tion monitoring in the marine environment isassessing the present situation of the contam-ination of the south Mediterranean Sea byradionuclides, heavy metals and organiccompounds. Simultaneously, a regional capa-bility within North African Member States tomonitor marine pollution is being developed.Within the framework of this project, a jointMoroccan–IAEA cruise was organized toassess contaminants in sea water, biota andsediment along the coast of Morocco in theAtlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Inaddition, high resolution profiles of physicaland chemical parameters, such as conductiv-ity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, andnitrate and nitrite in the water column wereobtained from shipboard measurementscarried out during the cruise.

T R A N S F E R O F R A D I O N U C L I D E S I N T H EM A R I N E E N V I R O N M E N T

Experimental nuclear application studieswere focused on the use of radiotracers toassess the bioaccumulation, retention andtransfer factors of radiologically importantradionuclides and toxic heavy metals inmarine organisms that are of global impor-tance in oceanic food chains. The installationof new, state-of-the-art experimental aquariasystems at IAEA-MEL, which can simulatedifferent marine ecosystems, has greatly facil-itated radiotracer studies of species which arevery difficult to maintain in captivity. One

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

52

such group are the cephalopods, or squid, apredator species which serves as a primarysource of food for marine mammals andhumans alike. To follow the uptake and distri-bution of radionuclides and metals in theseubiquitous animals, common cuttlefish wereexposed to a mixture of radiotracers in waterand in their food. Both exposure pathways ledto a strong accumulation of contaminants inthe organism’s digestive gland. While suchbioaccumulation and retention of contami-nants in a non-consumable organ of cuttlefishwould have little impact on the human popu-lation eating these cephalopods, top marinepredators such as whales, which consumesquid, may be exposed to elevated levels oftoxic metals through their food chain. Such atransfer mechanism may account for the veryhigh concentrations of cadmium and variousheavy metals noted in whales and othermarine mammals.

Another group of organisms currently thefocus of interest are gelatinous plankton, orjellyfish, outbreaks of which cause difficultiesfor both the fisheries and tourism industries.Such attacks are thought to occur in areasunder the impact of pollution and followingchanges in nutrient loads. Benthic and pelagicjellyfish were exposed under controlled exper-imental conditions to the same suite of metalsand radionuclides which were subsequentlyaccumulated and retained in their tissues.Most striking was the enhanced accumulationof silver by a bottom dwelling species,Cassiopea. This suggests that this particularspecies could be used as a bioindicator of silvercontamination which, in turn, is a chemicalmarker for domestic sewage. Furthermore,this species of jellyfish obtains much of itsnutrition through the photosynthesis of smallplant cells located in its own tissues. Radio-tracer studies carried out in the light and darksuggest that these cells may actually play amajor role in the uptake and retention of thesecontaminants by the jellyfish.

Lead is another toxic metal which, in areaslike estuaries where large salinity variationsare typical, can be released from particles intoa dissolved, more bioavailable form. Estuarineshrimps exposed to lead-210 rapidly accumu-lated dissolved radiotracers reaching concen-

tration factors as high as 100 after only twodays. In the case of lead, nearly one-half of theamount taken up was located in the shrimp’sexoskeleton which it periodically sheds as itgrows. For surface reactive metals like lead,such a physiological mechanism can accountfor the low metal retention in this species ofshrimp, and ultimately limited transfer oflead through the marine food chain to people.

The transfer and fate of toxic organic contam-inants can also be assessed by nuclear tech-niques. For example, bottom dwelling seastars and sea urchins were exposed to the

highly toxic, carbon-14 labelled polychloro-biphenyl (PCB) congener No. 153 in sea waterand in their natural food. It was found thatthe predominant uptake pathway was fromwater, and that this PCB congener was mainlyconcentrated in the body wall and tube feetrather than in internal organs. The radio-tracer foodchain study also demonstrated thatthe nature of the contaminated food stronglyinfluenced the degree of PCB assimilation intothe animal and its subsequent distributionamong the various tissues.

One of the most striking results to come out ofall the laboratory radiotracer studies under-taken are the major differences in tissue local-ization of different contaminants in differentmarine organisms. This demonstrates thedifficulty in generalizing about the behaviourof a class of contaminants in marine biota.Clearly, radiotracer methodologies offer greatpromise as a rapid and relatively inexpensivemeans for tracing contaminant behaviour andidentifying target organs and tissues inspecific marine species.

Field work at sea continued to focus on assess-ing carbon sequestration and removal from

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

53

“Radiotracer methodologies offer great

promise as a rapid and relatively

inexpensive means for tracing contaminant

behaviour and identifying target organs

and tissues in specific marine species.”

the surface waters of the northwest Mediter-ranean Sea. Long term time-series studiesnow covering over a decade (1987–1999) havebegun to bear fruit in revealing trends withfrequencies greater than one year. Superim-posed on an annual cycle, where high carbonexports occur in the winter–spring and lowexports during the summer–autumn, thereappears to be an inter-annual oscillation ofabout four years in the flux of carbon to depth.In addition, sporadic but intensive inputs ofSaharan dust transported to the sea surfacecan act to increase carbon fluxes both by directcontribution of fine crustal particles and byincreasing water column biological productiv-ity (fertilization effects). These changes atdifferent time-scales highlight the complexmechanisms involved in the production ofparticulate organic material in the surfaceocean, the concomitant reduction of dissolvedcarbon dioxide gases, and the subsequentincrease in the ocean’s ability to take upatmospheric carbon dioxide.

In connection with these climate orientedstudies, nuclear techniques were used in afield experiment to compare measurements ofthe downward flux of particles and carbonwith computed estimates of particle removalfrom surface waters. During one month in thespring, three models of sediment trapscommonly used by the international oceano-graphic community were deployed at sea, andthe measured fluxes were compared with indi-rect estimates of carbon fluxes using thedegree of disequilibria between thorium-234and uranium-238. Results showed thatrecords from all three models of traps were

consistent with particle dynamics in the watercolumn during the period sampled, and thatcarbon flux estimates based on the disequilib-ria of these natural radionuclides agreed quitewell with direct in situ measurements.

M O N I T O R I N G A N D S T U D Y O F M A R I N E P O L L U T I O N

The use of carbon isotope techniques, coupledwith gas chromatographic separation, to iden-tify and assess the sources of organic materi-als such as carbon in the marine environmentwas further developed. Studies of the changein carbon-13 composition among lipid mole-cules synthesized by cultures of diverse photo-syntetic organisms were also performed.Significant differences in the carbon isotoperatios were observed among the lipid mole-cules synthesized by the same organism andamong homologues of the same lipid class. Allthese differences will be considered for thecorrect assignment of biomarker sources andfor a better understanding of the biogeochem-ical processes in the environment.

The installation of a Finnigan Element highresolution inductively coupled mass spectrom-eter was completed in 1999. Sample prepara-tion and analysis routines were refined tomake full use of the low flow sample introduc-tion options. The instrumental capabilities,notably high resolution and femtogram detec-tion limits, have benefited several projects.Samples from the Aegean Sea and the PersianGulf have been analysed for trace metals, rareearth elements and uranium isotopes.

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

54

This year saw the startup and expansion of IAEA-MEL’s new state-of-the-art experimental aquaria facili-ties, which are used for research and training in marine radioecology. These specially designed labora-tories are outfitted with individual mesocosms ranging in size from 70 to 3000 litres. The controlledaquaria can be automatically regulated at various temperatures and salinities in order to closelysimulate different marine ecosystems, ranging from estuarine to the open ocean. This has allowed theapplication of radiotracer and isotope methodologies to assess the transfer, behaviour and fate of radio-nuclides and toxic trace contaminants in critical marine environments (e.g. Mediterranean and Atlanticcoastal zones, tropical coral reefs and temporate pelagic regions). Agency Fellows and other traineesfrom Member States have begun to make use of these facilities in order to evaluate the usefulness ofa variety of marine organisms as ‘bioindicator species’ for different contaminants being measured intheir respective national monitoring programmes. ■

New Experimental Aquaria at the Marine Environment Laboratory in Monaco

One new reference material (IAEA-408, Estu-arine Sediment) was produced and is nowavailable to the international scientificcommunity. It was certified for pollutants suchas organochlorine pesticides, petroleumhydrocarbons and PCBs.

As part of the Agency’s programme of assis-tance to pollution monitoring efforts byMember States surveys of contamination bypetroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metalswere carried out in the area the covered by theRegional Organization for the Protection ofthe Marine Environment (ROPME) in thePersian Gulf. In addition, intercomparisonexercises for metallic and organic contami-nants in sediments and biota using splitsample techniques were undertaken with thenational laboratories in the ROPME, BlackSea and Mediterranean regions.

D E V E L O P M E N T A N D M A N A G E M E N T O F W A T E R R E S O U R C E S

The tenth symposium on ‘Isotope Techniquesin Water Resources Development andManagement’ was held in Vienna in May. Thissymposium, organized by the Agency at fouryear intervals, was co-sponsored by UNESCO,WMO and the International Association ofHydrological Sciences (IAHS). Presentationswere made on: isotope applications in surfacewater hydrology; groundwater resourcemanagement; climate change phenomena; andenvironmental management. The futureresearch and development needs in isotopehydrology and the role of the Agency, both insupport of research and applied work, wereconsidered in a roundtable discussion.

Methodologies for the application of isotopetechniques using fallout caesium-137 and lead-210 concentrations to assess soil erosion andsedimentation rates were improved in a CRPthat was completed in 1999. It has beendemonstrated that environmental radioactivitycan be used to evaluate soil erosion, soil redis-tribution (sedimentation in lower areas or inflood plains) and the fraction of eroded soilwhich is transferred as sediment to surfacewater. The CRP succeeded in defining stan-

dardized methodology which will be madeavailable as a handbook. In addition, referenceinventories for the two radionuclides in differ-ent parts of the world were assembled, result-ing in the identification of areas where soilconcentrations were high enough to use themethodologies developed in this CRP. Adescription of the CRP and the results obtainedwere also presented at a meeting of the Euro-pean Network for Research in Global Change(ENRICH), which uses caesium-137 and lead-210 for the establishment and calibration ofglobal atmospheric circulation models.

The integration of isotope techniques withother hydrological and geochemical methods forevaluating the rate and history of groundwaterrecharge was further improved through a CRPon the isotope based assessment of the ground-water renewal rate in water scarce areas.Detailed isotopic and hydrogeochemical infor-mation was collected at 44 benchmark fieldsites, mainly located in arid regions. These dataprovided recharge rate estimates, verifiedthrough applied field research, ranging fromfractions of a millimetre to tens of millimetresper annum. The methodology provides a uniqueapproach to estimating the natural renewalrate of groundwater, which is difficult to assessin arid environments through conventionalhydrological methods. The final report on thisCRP will be published in 2000.

The final Research Co-ordination meeting fora CRP on isotope techniques for the assess-ment of slow moving deep groundwater andtheir potential application for the assessmentof waste disposal sites was held in Vienna inAugust/September. The krypton-81 datingmethod was used in this CRP in the GreatArtesian Basin of Australia to estimategroundwater ages in the range of several

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

55

“The results of a CRP on isotope

techniques for the assessment of slow

moving deep groundwater provide an

additional tool for safety assessments of

geological nuclear waste disposal sites.”

thousands of years. This joint effort of seveninstitutes and the Agency is believed to haveprovided for the first time reliable informationon groundwater age in this range. In addition,the results of the CRP provide an additionaltool for safety assessments of geologicalnuclear waste disposal sites.

Emerging techniques for the determination ofstable isotope ratios of light elements andtheir requirements in terms of referencematerials were reviewed in an Advisory Groupmeeting on the state-of-the-art in gas chro-matography/continuous flow isotope ratiomass spectrometry (GF-IRMS) and its appli-cations in water resources and related envi-ronmental studies. In addition to isotopehydrology and geochemistry, the range ofdisciplines using isotope signatures has broad-ened significantly. As a consequence, therequirements of analytical instruments havechanged drastically in some fields. Severalnew instrumental developments werediscussed in the meeting with a focus on CF-IRMS and optical techniques for stable isotopedeterminations. The meeting defined the mosturgent needs for internationally availablestable isotope reference materials for organicsubstances and provided guidelines for settingpriorities in the Agency’s Stable Isotope Refer-ence Materials Programme.

Final drafts of six volumes of teaching mate-rial covering the entire range of environmen-tal isotope applications in hydrology werecompleted. To be published in 2000 in aUNESCO publication series entitled ‘Techni-cal Reports in Hydrology’, this joint publica-tion is aimed at participants in Agency train-ing courses, as well as teaching institutes anduniversities worldwide.

A scientific steering committee was consti-tuted as prescribed in the recently signedMemorandum of Understanding between theAgency and WMO on the Global Network ofIsotopes in Precipitation. The committee,which advises the two organizations on opera-tional aspects of the network, held its firstmeeting in Vienna in July. The long termevolution of the network was discussed andspecific measures for this purpose weredefined at the meeting.

The development of software to facilitate theintegration of isotopes in hydrology through acommon database on hydrological studies andinvestigations conducted in Member Stateswas completed. Named ‘ISOHIS’ (IsotopeHydrology Information System), this softwareis available on the Internet and is beingdistributed to national counterparts in Agencytechnical co-operation projects and to about50 institutes.

An instruction manual for using isotopic andchemical techniques in geothermal reservoirdevelopment and management was comple-ted. The manual provides the theoretical basisand procedures for using isotope techniquesfor geothermal reservoir exploration andmanagement. It is expected to facilitate thedevelopment of trained personnel in MemberStates and improve the implementation ofAgency technical co-operation projects in thisfield.

Analytical laboratories in Member Stateswere assisted in the improvement of theirprocedures for chemical analysis through aseries of intercomparison exercises. About60 laboratories in Asia, the Middle East,Africa and Latin America participated inthese exercises, which identified areas whereimprovements in procedures are needed toensure acceptable chemical results. In oneyear, 47% of the laboratories have shownimprovement in their laboratory performance.

Synergy with other international organiza-tions was pursued through a consultativeprocess for a new activity entitled ‘Interna-tional Programme for Isotopes in the Hydro-logical Cycle’ in co-operation with WMO,UNESCO and scientific institutes in MemberStates. The goals of this initiative are to: fullyintegrate isotope hydrology in water sciencesat universities; and establish, through theUNESCO/IHP (International HydrologicalProgramme), national committees hydrologyto facilitate the application of isotope hydrol-ogy in the water and climate sectors ofMember States. At a consultative meetingwith UNESCO and WMO in December, it wasdecided to make a formal proposal to theUNESCO/IHP Inter-governmental Councilmeeting in 2000 for the formation of such

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

56

national committees within the framework ofthe IHP committees.

One of the Agency’s missions is to providereference materials for isotope analysis world-wide. To this end, the analytical precision andaccuracy of work in the Isotope HydrologyLaboratory of the Agency’s Laboratories wasimproved through the use of a new equilibra-tion device for oxygen-18/hydrogen-2 stableisotope analysis of water. This device,constructed at much lower cost than acommercially available device, improves preci-sion for both δ18O and δ2H analysis by about afactor of two compared with that possible fromthe commercial devices currently in use. Inaddition, use of twofold δ2H analysis, using astandard procedure and a precise equilibra-tion procedure for all water samples, furtherimproved the reliability of isotopic results.

A new and reliable method to determine theisotopic composition of air moisture was devel-oped. This method uses molecular sieves toadsorb moisture for laboratory analysis andobviates the need for a cooling agent forsample collection. One of the important appli-cations of this method is in lake water balancestudies in remote areas where a supply ofliquid nitrogen or dry ice, necessary forconventional sampling methods, is notavailable. The new method will improve theimplementation of future technical co-opera-tion projects on lake dynamics.

Two new analytical methods to analyse thecarbon isotope composition of organic matter

and the isotopic composition of oxygen gaswere introduced in the Agency’s IsotopeHydrology Laboratory. These procedures willimprove quality assurance efforts for refer-ence materials of organic substances, includ-ing re-evaluation of the isotopic properties ofnine existing standards and the production ofnew organic, stable isotope referencematerials suitable for advanced analyticaltechniques.

In order to ensure the ready availability ofbasic reference materials, attempts are beingmade to produce successor materials wellahead of the depletion of the available stock.Accordingly, a successor material for theprimary reference material, VSMOW, wasproduced in a large quantity (300 litres). Theisotopic composition of the new standard,VSMOW-1, is very nearly the same as theexisting VSMOW standard, though productioncosts were a fraction of the currently esti-mated commercial price of about $1.2 million.

Two interlaboratory comparison exerciseswere conducted to strengthen the analyticalprecision and comparability of data producedin isotope hydrology laboratories around theworld. The first focused on stable isotopecomposition in water samples. Ninety labora-tories sent in results for four water samplesshipped to them for analysis. The evaluationshowed the need for such exercises, since aconsiderable fraction of laboratories reporteddata outside the acceptable range. Correctiveaction was taken by some of the laboratoriesto improve their analytical precision.

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

57

Exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water has affected millions of people in Bangladesh, result-ing in a major public health crisis. The World Bank has initiated a $44 million project to address the miti-gation of this serious problem. One of the options available is to exploit deep aquifers as alternativesources of drinking water. However, reliable criteria are not available to evaluate the long term conse-quences of this option. A new technical co-operation project was begun in 1999 to demonstrate thebenefits of integrating isotope hydrology in arsenic mitigation efforts in Bangladesh. This project wasformulated following initiatives taken by the United Nations Administrative Committee on Co-ordination,Subcommittee on Water Resources, where the Agency was designated as the lead organization for hydro-geology and geochemistry activities. The Agency’s project has resulted in the development of isotopiccriteria to assess the safety of deep groundwater, and has provided crucial information that was lackingin spite of substantial efforts that were expended in the use of non-nuclear technologies. ■

Isotope Techniques for the Mitigation of Arsenic Poisoning

In Ethiopia, a new groundwater field is beingdeveloped to meet approximately 40% of thewater demand of Addis Ababa, the capital city.At present, about 25 production wells havebeen prepared, but production has beendelayed owing to the lack of an appropriategroundwater exploitation and managementstrategy. An Agency technical co-operationproject is helping to integrate isotopic tech-niques for obtaining hydrological informationthat would assist in the development of anaccurate exploitation and protection strategyfor the well field. These efforts are comple-mentary to those of other bilateral and multi-lateral donors who are also assisting the localwater authority in water supply management.

Hydrological conditions of groundwater inmultiple aquifers in the Tadla Plain, aneconomically important region in easternMorocco, are being characterized through theuse of isotope hydrology techniques under atechnical co-operation project. This project iscomplementing the work of a UNDP/UNDESA-supported project for developing amodel for water resources management in theTadla Plain. Isotopic analysis of about150 samples during 1999 provided crucialdata for testing many of the assumptionspreviously made in the development of thehydrological model. Hydrology and isotopespecialists from the water authority and thenuclear centre in Morocco participated in aworkshop to review and interpret the datacollected in the project.

A new regional technical co-operation projecton the sustainable development of ground-water resources was initiated. This project,involving seven countries in southern andeastern Africa, has the objective of facilitatingthe integration of isotope techniques with non-nuclear techniques for water resources devel-opment and management. Isotope techniqueswere also used in a technical co-operation proj-

ect involving China, Costa Rica, El Salvador,Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand to moni-tor hydrological conditions in producing geo-thermal reservoirs, leading to lowered costsfor electricity generation costs. In addition,the project in El Salvador developed thecapacity to use geochemical techniques forpredicting and controlling scale formation inthe reservoir and increase its usable life forelectricity generation.

Dam sustainability is an issue of greatconcern for many Member States. It is anissue that has different components. One ofthem is dam leakage, where the loss of watermay endanger the stability of the dam itself ormay be a waste of the natural resource. Thesecond problem is related to reservoir siltationwhich, if not managed correctly, may drasti-cally reduce the expected life of the dam. Theability to use isotope hydrology techniques fordam sustainability investigations is beingdeveloped through several technical co-opera-tion projects, including one on dam leakage inAfrica. Use of these methodologies is beingextended to the Asia and Pacific area, incorpo-rating the concepts included in the ‘ThematicPlan on Dam Sustainability’ that was devel-oped this year.

A technical co-operation Model Project ongroundwater resources in the Caracas Valleyof Venezuela was completed with the finalcalibration of the mathematical model devel-oped for the aquifer. The application of themodel, which is based on isotopic data, showedthat an increase of only 20% in the presentpumping rates may exhaust the water in theaquifer in less than 15 years, much soonerthan previously estimated. The use of thismodel is expected to improve the exploitationand management of this important urbanaquifer.

I N D U S T R I A L A P P L I C A T I O N S

Radiation processing is now emerging as anenvironmentally friendly technique for lesschemical intensive processes and for makingeffluents free of pollutants. In recent years theuse of ionizing radiation in the synthesis andmodification of polymer based materials used

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

58

“The ability to use isotope hydrology

techniques for dam sustainability

investigations is being developed through

several technical co-operation projects.”

in the health care and plastics industries hasalso grown significantly.

The results and achievements of a recentlycompleted CRP on irradiation treatment ofwater, wastewater and sludge demonstratedthe advantages of using ionizing radiation tosolve problems related to liquid wastes. Acombination of treatment methodologies hasbeen studied utilizing ionizing radiation andother agents for the decontamination ofpolluted water and wastewater. The technol-ogy has been taken up by the industry andengineering scale facilities are in operation.

In another recently completed CRP on the useof radiation processing to prepare bio-materials for applications in medicine, theadvantages and unique properties of ionizingradiation in the preparation and modificationof polymers for biomedical applications weredemonstrated. Some of the typical applica-tions achieved included: improvement of thesensitivity of microtitration plates for diagnos-tic purposes; stimuli-responsive radiationgrafted coatings for on–off control devices;radiation synthesis of micro and nano parti-cles for enzyme immobilization and drug

delivery systems; preparation of hydrogels forwound dressings and drainage; and radiationsynthesis of hydrogels for controlled drugdelivery purposes and for contact media inultrasonic applications.

Improvement of the physical properties ofradiation vulcanized natural rubber latex(RVNRL) was the subject of a CRP that wasconcluded in 1999. As a result of extensiveresearch and development activities, RVNRLfilms with improved tensile strength,increased tear resistance and minimum resid-ual protein were synthesized. The resultshave already been transferred to the relevantindustries, and India, Malaysia and Thailandhave started manufacturing products madefrom RVNRL. There are also indications that,especially for retrofit installation, the use oflow energy self-shielded electron beam accel-erators for the vulcanization of natural rubberlatex will provide technical, environmentaland economic advantages.

An expert meeting was held in Takasaki,Japan, on the radiation synthesis of ‘intelli-gent’ membranes, hydrogels and adsorbents.The present status and emerging applications

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

59

Improvements in electron beam accelerator technology in recent years (e.g. increased power conversionefficiency and power output) and research in Member States have indicated that accelerators are suit-able for the large scale treatment of polluted water. Pilot scale operations have also indicated thatdecontamination and disinfection of wastewater and drinking water are economically feasible. Theresults of R&D work carried out in a CRP on the irradiation treatment of water, wastewater and sludgeshave been successfully adapted by a number of Member States. Typical examples of large scale opera-tions are the following:

• Groundwater containing chlorinated organic compounds in Lower Austria was treated using electronbeam radiation in conjunction with ozone addition. Complete demineralization of pollutants hasbeen achieved and all toxicity tests on treated water have proved negative.

• The city of Voronezh, in the Russian Federation, used ionizing radiation to treat groundwater whichcontained a detergent from an industrial process.

• A mobile electron beam accelerator developed in the USA has been used to demonstrate treatmentof all forms of aqueous wastes. Highly contaminated groundwater in Germany and groundwatercontaminated with a petroleum additive in the USA have been successfully treated with this mobilesystem.

• Effluents from a large chemical company in Brazil have been treated on a pilot scale with electronbeams.

• A pilot plant constructed in a textile dye wastewater plant in the Republic of Korea has provedsuccessful in treating effluents. ■

Electron Beam Technology for the Remediation of Water and Wastewater

of ion track membranes, these products,analysed and evaluated, especially in relationto their use in separation processes.

Another expert meeting in Vienna examinedthe technical and economic aspects of the radi-ation treatment of wastewater. Studies haveindicated that electron beam accelerators aremost suited for large quantities of water andwastewater and, because of the requiredredundancy in any environmental application,several small size accelerators can be utilizedinstead of a single large power installation.On the basis of past experience with pilot andfull scale systems, the typical costs for theelectron beam treatment of wastewater were

found to compare favourably with otheradvanced water treatment systems.

A two year regional technical co-operationproject in Europe was initiated with the longterm objective of transferring radiation tech-nology for the treatment of industrial andmunicipal wastewater. In the short term, thegoal is to increase the awareness and inducewider acceptance of the advantages of usingradiation in the treatment of liquid wastes.

The services of consultants were sought toevaluate the status and trends in softwaredevelopment for tracer studies. Residencetime distribution software for troubleshootingand process analysis was recommended as thestandard for more than 30 Member Statetracer groups. This software facilitates theextraction of information on the process, helpsits optimization and improves the quality ofservices to end users.

Radiotracer and nucleonic gauge technologiescontinue to be an active component of nationaland regional technical co-operation projects,in particular in the RCA and ARCAL regions.To stimulate training efforts, a number of

regional activities on radiotracers, sealedsources and nucleonic gauges applications inthe petroleum and petrochemical industrieswere conducted. The major techniquesincluded: residence time distribution analysisfor troubleshooting; radiotracers for accurateflow rate calibration and leak detection; trac-ers for enhancing oil recovery; gamma andneutron scanning techniques for the inspec-tion of columns and tanks in oil refineries; thethin layer activation technique as applied tothe monitoring of wear and corrosion; and across-correlation technique for multiphaseflow rate measurement.

A guidebook on radiotracer and sealed sourcetechnology as applied to industry wasprepared and practical manuals of procedures,norms and quality control in tracing and gaug-ing work were compiled. These documents willfacilitate the transfer of technology and helpin the accreditation of tracing and gauginggroups in developing countries.

A technical co-operation Model Project onradiotracer applications for enhancing oilrecovery was started in China in January. Themethodology for interwell communication andresidual oil evaluation using a multi-tracertechnique was completed and tested at theDagang Oil Field. A new radiotracer compoundwas prepared, tested and validated for largescale applications in 30 operating oil fields,with an increase in oil recovery of about 10%being reported.

An Advisory Group meeting was held inDecember to identify priority problem areas inindustry in the Asia–Pacific region, and toformulate project proposals for the Agency in2001 and 2002. The meeting identified fourpriority industrial sectors for which projectproposals were formulated:

• Process diagnostics and optimization in thepetroleum/chemical industry using non-destructive testing (NDT), radiotracersand sealed sources;

• Optimization of mineral resources recoveryby using low radioactivity and portablenucleonic gauges;

• Modification of natural polymers throughradiation processing;

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

60

“The typical costs for the electron

beam treatment of wastewater were

found to compare favourably with other

advanced water treatment systems.”

• Demonstration facilities for the disposal ofhospital waste and the treatment of indus-trial wastewater using radiation.

The expected benefit to Member States in theRCA region will be the establishment ofadvanced and intrinsically safe nuclear tech-nologies for problem solving.

Encouraged by results in other regions, a proj-ect on NDT in industry has been started in theWest Asia region. The objectives of the projectare to establish and upgrade NDT groups toexploit the potential of this technology in theindustrial and civil engineering sectors and toinitiate a process for the training and certifi-cation of NDT personnel. The main emphasishas been to educate, train and certify a coregroup of persons in each Member State inorder to fulfil the requirements of interna-tional standards, such as ISO-9712. Thesepeople can then continue the training andcertification process in their countries, ulti-mately developing local NDT capabilities forthe quality control of industrial products.

Five Advisory Group meetings were organizedon the topics that are considered to be of themost importance for the establishment of NDTtechnology in Member States. Concrete struc-tures such as buildings, bridges, roads,runways, pavements, retaining walls, dams,sewage lines, tunnels, storage tanks andspecialized buildings such as nuclear reactorcontainments structures, comprise a vast fieldfor the application of NDT. To be able tosuccessfully introduce this technology indeveloping Member States, it is important toeducate, train and certify a large number ofpeople in this field in view of the number ofconcrete structures requiring inspection andtesting. At two of these meetings, guidebookson concrete structure NDT and on the fabrica-tion of NDT test pieces were completed. Theother three meetings defined the syllabus andcompiled university examination questions onNDT. In addition, two text books werepublished, one a guidebook on NDT forindustrial management and quality controlpersonnel, and the other on the ultrasonictesting of materials.

MA

RIN

E E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T,

WA

TE

R R

ES

OU

RC

ES

AN

D I

ND

US

TR

Y

61

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To promote research and development in specific applications of

nuclear, physical and chemical sciences for solving practical problems

in the f ields of energy, environment, nuclear medicine, material

sciences and industr y; and to enhance the utilization of existing

research reactors and accelerators and help national analytical labora-

tories in acquiring skills in international quality in their analytical

measurements.

O V E R V I E W

A significant outcome of the Agency’s activities in the physical and chemicalsciences programme was the preparation of the first international library onphotonuclear data, which has important medical and shielding applications.A charged particle reaction data library for medical cyclotrons was alsocompleted. Scientists in Member States continued to make increasing use ofthe nuclear data centre of the Agency. A new software package was producedfor gamma ray spectrometry and distributed to many Member States. Workon nuclear technologies for humanitarian demining was initiated. Training innuclear instrumentation continued to be provided to developing MemberStates. The research reactor database was made available on the Internet.New technetium-99m based radiopharmaceuticals for tumour imaging weredeveloped. Emphasis was also placed on good manufacturing practices andquality assurance (QA) methodology in making radiopharmaceuticals. Inradioanalytical analysis, there was increasing emphasis on introducing qual-ity control and QA procedures in Member State laboratories. In the area ofnuclear fusion, the Agency assisted in the formulation of a revised Memoran-dum of Understanding between the European Union, the Russian Federationand Japan on work related to the International Thermonuclear ExperimentalReactor (ITER) project.

PH

YS

ICA

L

AN

D

CH

EM

ICA

L

SC

IEN

CE

S

62

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES

N U C L E A R A N D A T O M I C D A T AF O R A P P L I C A T I O N S

Use of the Agency’s nuclear data services byscientists in Member States showed steadygrowth. As shown in the table below, thenumber of individual data retrievals via theInternet (http://www-nds.iaea.or.at) from thecontinuously updated main nuclear databases(containing compiled experimental nucleardata and evaluated data libraries fromnational projects) increased by more than 30%in 1999. Telnet based retrievals, after adecrease in 1998 owing to rising competitionfrom more user friendly Web interface, stabi-lized at a level of about 2000 retrievals peryear, indicating that Telnet based interactivedata retrieval tools are still preferred by anumber of users, most likely those with lowcapacity Internet connections.

The Agency has developed the capability toproduce and distribute CD-ROM versions ofall of its main nuclear data databases.Through the use of this medium, users notconnected to the Internet can avail themselvesof fast desktop access to the same data avail-able from the nuclear data server at the timethat the CD-ROM was produced. In addition,the CD-ROM is the medium preferred byscientists working with large data librarieswith relatively static content. A good exampleis the very large FENDL-2 library. As shownin the table below, the number of CD-ROMsdistributed in response to individual datarequests doubled in 1999.

The number of off-line retrievals, whichinclude mainly responses to requests forprinted material, increased by 15% in 1999.In an attempt to contain costs, about 50% of

all reports in the INDC(NDS) series havebeen made available on the Internet. Morethan 1200 such reports were downloaded byusers in 1999. Informal reports, containingshort summary descriptions of the availableservices, databases and data processingcodes, have also been made available on theInternet.

As a result of co-operation with other nucleardata centres, a new reactor dosimetry file,‘RRDF-98’, and a library of evaluated cross-sections of nuclear interactions between lightcharged particles were made available tousers. This file can be used to ‘unfold’ the spec-tra of neutrons incident on a reactor pressurevessel (RPV) to deduce neutron induced latticedisplacements. Such information is importantfor the assessment of the lifetime of the RPV.The library can also be used in fusion andastrophysical applications.

A new computer package, ‘ZVView’, designedfor interactive graphical display of nuclearreaction cross-sections retrieved from Agencyexperimental and evaluated nuclear data-bases, was made available. Also, a newprogram was developed to facilitate thedisplay of statistical information concerningInternet access to Agency services, brokendown, for example, by data topic or geograph-ical region. This provides valuable feedback onthe evolving requirements of data users.

A CRP on the compilation and evaluation ofphotonuclear data for applications wascompleted, with the final Research Co-ordina-tion meeting held in Tokyo in October. Theproject produced the first international libraryof photonuclear data, with information on164 isotopes of importance for medical,

PH

YS

ICA

L

AN

D

CH

EM

ICA

L

SC

IEN

CE

S

63

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Retrievals from main Internet nuclear databases — — 40 6830 8970

Telnet based nuclear data retrievals 4400 5700 7350 2700 2180

Information on CD-ROMS — — — 205 420

Off-line retrievals 1550 800 1900 1995 2290

Dissemination of Nuclear Data

shielding and other applications in a formatsuitable for transport calculations.

A new CRP on the development of a databasefor prompt gamma ray neutron activationanalysis was initiated. The database, to bedeveloped in both electronic and printedforms, will include the most recent data on80 elements, such as capture gamma ray ener-gies, intensities, k0 factors and neutron cross-sections, and will extend the capabilities ofthis powerful analytical technique. Becausethe technique does not rely on the creation ofa long lived activation product, it is useful forimaging practically any element, includingimportant light elements such as hydrogenand carbon, in applications such as materialsscience, food analysis, medicine and theenvironment.

A charged particle cross-section database formedical radioisotope production wascompleted. The database includes 26 reactionsfor the most important diagnostic radioiso-topes and 22 beam monitor reactions whichare of importance for users of more than200 medical cyclotrons.

Support was provided to two technical co-oper-ation projects whose goal was to enhanceregional use of Agency and local nuclear dataservices. The first was a regional project toestablish a mirror site of the Agency’s on-linenuclear data services in São Paulo, Brazil, to

serve users in Latin American and Caribbeancountries. In addition to providing improvedservices, the mirror server will be used as atraining facility for future technical co-opera-tion workshops and courses. The other projectconcerned greater utilization of the Ghanaresearch reactor, with the focus on creating alocal area network to provide nuclear dataservices at the reactor facility.

A major numerical database for atomic andmolecular data applications was completed forelectron impact processes on excited hydrogenmolecules and their isotopes. Collisionprocesses in these systems play an importantrole in the kinetics of low temperature plas-mas. In collaboration with the FOM-Institutefor Atomic and Molecular Physics in Amster-dam, a new, critically assessed atomic data-base for the electron impact excitation ofhelium atoms was completed. These data willbe used by fusion plasma modellers and reac-tor engineers and will also be used for diag-nostic studies in low temperature plasmas.

N U C L E A R I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N

The final Research Co-ordination meeting for aCRP on software utilities for gamma ray spec-trometry was held in October. The CRP dealtwith the basic applications of nuclear datahandling and with new PC computer codes andlibraries for gamma ray spectrometry. As a

PH

YS

ICA

L

AN

D

CH

EM

ICA

L

SC

IEN

CE

S

64

Evaluators of nuclear data in Member States make substantial use of nuclear physics calculations inorder to correctly interpolate between available measurements and to ensure that the final recom-mended values satisfy physics requirements, such as conservation of energy. The main theoretical meth-ods used in evaluating nuclear reaction data below 100 MeV are based on optical and statisticalmodels. Such calculations must be supplied with a large number of input ‘parameters’, inferred fromextensive comparisons of theoretical predictions with data measurements. In an effort to formalize thisprocess of parameter selection, and thereby improve the quality and consistency of nuclear data evalu-ations, a CRP was conducted to develop a Reference Input Parameter Library (RIPL). The primary outputof this CRP is the ‘RIPL Starter File’, describing nuclear reactions due to incident neutrons, protons andgamma rays, as well as hydrogen–2, –3, and helium–3 and –4 nuclei. RIPL is documented in an Agencytechnical document (IAEA-TECDOC-1034), which contains a full description of the library and includes thebasis of the parameter selection. The topics covered include: atomic masses and deformations; discretelevel schemes; average neutron resonance parameters; optical model parameters; level densities;gamma ray strength functions; and continuum angular distributions. ■

Reference Input Parameter Library for Nuclear Reaction Modelling

result of this CRP, new software packageswere developed for: measurements involvinglow level sodium iodide spectra; gamma rayspectra from high purity germanium detec-tors; Doppler broadened annihilation peaks;gamma ray libraries; true coincidence correc-tions; efficiency calculation for large sources;and library driven analysis of gamma rayspectra. These new computer codes will helpMember States make more accurate measure-ments of materials constituents in manyfields, such as physics, chemistry, life sciences,industry, archaeology and environmentalmonitoring.

A new CRP on the application of nuclear tech-niques to anti-personnel land mines was initi-ated in 1999. The first Research Co-ordinationmeeting was held in Zagreb, Croatia. Themeeting emphasized the potential of nuclearbased methods for the identification of landmines and pointed out the possibility ofcombining nuclear sensors with other meth-ods for the localization of such buried objects.

Work at the Agency’s Laboratories at Seibers-dorf included:

• Establishment of training facilities for thedesign and repair of electronic modulesbased on surface mounted technology(SMT);

• Development of educational kits for train-ing in nuclear electronics, including SMTand photovoltaic kits (based on solarenergy) for instruments with switch modepower supplies;

• Development and testing of an originalscanning system (including hardware andsoftware) for large volume cadium–zinc–telluride detectors applied to portablegamma spectrometry;

• Construction of miniature power suppliesfor in-field gamma spectrometry applica-tions and improvements to hardware andsoftware for a new generation of hand heldradiation monitors;

• Development and implementation of aWindows 95/NT software package for atotal reflection X ray fluorescence (XRF)module;

• Adaptation for practical application of opti-mum XRF sample preparation procedures,

and training provided in parts per billionconcentration measurements of iodide andarsenic in water samples.

U T I L I Z A T I O N O F R E S E A R C HR E A C T O R S A N D L O WE N E R G Y A C C E L E R A T O R S

With 60% of all research reactors in the worldbeing 30 years or older, the issue of ageing isof increasing concern. To address this andother related subjects, the Agency held aninternational symposium on research reactorutilization, safety and management nearLisbon in September. Age induced problems

such as corrosion, irradiation damage effectsand reduced component reliability were iden-tified as key areas requiring active in-serviceinspection programmes. In addition, theimportance of proper documentation andadvance planning for decommissioning wasstressed for ageing reactors. The symposiumalso highlighted the fact that more newresearch reactors are now being planned,designed and built than at any time in therecent past, with most being of higher power(i.e. approximately 20 MW). In a changingenvironment, many of these facilities need todevelop a strategic plan, with input from allconcerned, in order to remain viable. Anotherissue of concern in the research reactorcommunity is the handling of spent fuel,particularly in light of the planned cessationby the USA of its fuel repatriation programmeby mid-2006. In practice, this may force manyotherwise productive research reactors toclose down because of the lack of any suitablealternative fuel disposal options. It wasemphasized that for many research reactors,only the eventual implementation of regionalor international facilities for the interimstorage and eventual disposal of spent fuelwould permit their continued operation.

PH

YS

ICA

L

AN

D

CH

EM

ICA

L

SC

IEN

CE

S

65

“A new CRP emphasized the potential

of nuclear based methods for the

identification of land mines.”

At a Technical Committee meeting in Debre-cen, Hungary, in October, on the applicationsof accelerator based neutron sources, therecent development of small portable ‘sealedtube’ electrostatic neutron generators wasreviewed. The potential of these types ofsources in fields such as humanitarian demi-ning, elemental analysis and industry wasemphasized. In many cases a neutron sourceof a sealed tube or inertial electrostaticconfinement type could replace an isotopicneutron source, thereby minimizing the risk ofradioactive contamination of the environment.

A Technical Committee meeting was held inJune in Vienna on current issues in neutroncapture therapy (NCT). This was a timelymeeting since some operators of research reac-tors are considering involvement in this area.The meeting highlighted the fact that this isstill an unproven therapy, and that there islittle need for more facilities to spend the largeamounts of money necessary to set up NCTclinical trials.

Work in support of technical co-operationactivities included monitoring of projects deal-ing with the utilization of research reactorsand accelerators, and assistance to neutronbeam utilization projects and to projectsrelated to new reactors. A significant outcomefrom one research reactor project was thedevelopment of a neutron diffraction beam in

Greece, which will be used in research worksponsored by the European Union.

R A D I O C H E M I C A L A P P L I C A T I O N S

At an international seminar on therapeuticapplications of radiopharmaceuticals, organizedin Hyderabad, India, in January, currentdevelopments and future trends of this prom-ising nuclear medicine modality werereviewed. In particular, the use of beta andalpha particle radionuclide emitters tagged tobiomolecule carriers, such as monoclonal anti-bodies and peptides, was emphasized.

The current status of and future trends intarget and processing technologies forcyclotron production of medically importantradionuclides were reviewed using the serv-ices of consultants. Recognizing the needs ofdeveloping countries which have establishedcyclotron centres for radionuclide production,it was concluded that further developmentand research were required to improve solidtarget preparation techniques. This in turnwould contribute to better utilization ofcyclotron facilities and greater availability ofimportant radionuclides such as palladium-103, which has become an extremely impor-tant radionuclide for the treatment of prostatecancer when incorporated into sealed sources.

PH

YS

ICA

L

AN

D

CH

EM

ICA

L

SC

IEN

CE

S

66

The introduction of indium-111–octreotide for imaging neuro-endocrine tumours marked a new turn inradiopharmaceutical development, opening up the vast potential of peptide based agents for diagnosisand therapy. However, indium-111–octreotide is not ideal for imaging studies and is also expensive andnot available in countries that do not have cyclotrons. The availability of technetium-99m–octreotide willmake this technique available in almost all countries at an affordable cost. Developing such an agentbased on the octreotide analogue was the aim of a CRP which was concluded in 1999. The results ofwork carried out in laboratories in Europe, Asia and Latin America resulted in the development of a prom-ising technetium-99m complex, which exhibits similar properties to indium-111–octreotide in laboratorystudies. This compound has shown comparable if not better images in preliminary studies in patients.The work carried out in this CRP has paved the way for the use of technetium-99m–octreotide analoguesand extended the benefits of the imaging procedure to all parts of the world. The CRP also helped manyparticipants from developing countries acquire expertise in current interdisciplinary areas of radiophar-maceutical R&D, including peptide conjugation and purification, technetium-99m labelling of the conju-gate, HPLC techniques for purification and radiochemical analysis, in vitro receptor binding and liganddisplacement assays and animal biodistribution studies. ■

Technetium-99m Labelled Peptides for Tumour Imaging

A significant milestone was the inaugurationin November of a cyclotron–PET centre inPrague, the first of its kind in Eastern Europe.Developed as part of an Agency technical co-operation project, this centre featuresdedicated radiochemical facilities for theproduction of a metabolic tracer widely usedin cardiology and oncology. It is planned toproduce and distribute this tracer to hospitalsin the Czech Republic.

Analytical data for the certification of twoalgae reference materials (IAEA-392 andIAEA-413) were reviewed. The results indi-cate that the certification exercise was asuccess and that both materials can be certi-fied for approximately 20 elements.

Work in the field of chemistry at the Agency’sLaboratories at Seibersdorf included: a qualitysystem following the guidelines of ISO-17025;assistance to laboratories in Member States inEastern Europe to establish and/or improvetheir level of quality assurance through theestablishment of a quality system; participa-tion in a workshop for auditors and prepara-tion of proficiency test material to evaluatethe performance of these laboratories.

P L A S M A P H Y S I C S A P P L I C A T I O N S A N DC O N T R O L L E D F U S I O NR E S E A R C H

Controlled fusion research activities arecarried out in around 50 Agency MemberStates to develop a new energy source usingthe nuclear fusion reactions that power thesun and the stars. To promote internationalcollaboration that will be of benefit to a signif-icant number of Member States in selectedareas of plasma physics and controlled fusionresearch and development, the Agencyprovides assistance through a variety of activ-ities such as the convening of conferences,technical meetings and CRPs. These activi-ties: facilitate the exchange of technical infor-mation; foster co-operation between majorlaboratories and developing Member States;promote spin-off applications; help developingMember States strengthen their research

programmes; and provide support for theITER Engineering Design Activities.

A Technical Committee meeting on first prin-ciple based transport theory, held in KlosterSeeon, Germany, in June, provided a forum fordiscussion of a wide range of plasma physicstheories that aim to predict the rate of heatloss (‘transport’) from a magnetically confinedthermonuclear plasma. Three dimensionalcomputer simulations of plasma particlemotion using millions of grid points show theoccurrence of plasma ‘streamers’ or ‘zonalflows’ that cross the magnetic field, causingrapid local heat flows. The plasma theory isnow able to predict the conditions under which‘internal transport barriers’ reduce the plasmaheat loss rate, resulting in better operation. Asummary of the meeting is being published inthe Agency’s Nuclear Fusion journal.

Another Technical Committee meeting onelectron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH)physics and technology for fusion devices washeld in Oarai, Japan, in October. ECRH maybe used in the future to reduce tearing modes,to suppress sawtooth oscillations, and to helpsustain internal transport barriers in toka-maks. After microwave heat pulses areinjected into a plasma, the thermal diffusivitycan be calculated from the rate at which theheat pulse spreads. Several laboratories areworking to develop gyrotrons that cangenerate about 1 MW steady state with goodefficiency (i.e. >30%). Diamond windows arebeing developed because their low microwaveabsorption and high thermal conductivitypermit them to transmit much higher powerthan ordinary windows without cracking.

Control, data acquisition and remote partici-pation for fusion research formed the subjectof a Technical Committee meeting held inLisbon in June. A large variety of plasma andmachine control systems as well as remotehandling systems were presented from manyexperiments. In addition, reports werepresented on new Internet based userinterfaces providing complete read/writeaccess to entry tables for authorized users viacommon browsers. There was consensus thatunification of the different systems wasneeded to facilitate remote collaboration in

PH

YS

ICA

L

AN

D

CH

EM

ICA

L

SC

IEN

CE

S

67

fusion research, because all major experi-ments in operation and those currently underconstruction support multiple groups interac-tively participating in ongoing experimentsfrom off-site locations.

H-mode (high confinement) physics/transportbarriers in magnetically confined fusion plas-mas were studied in a Technical Committeemeeting held in Oxford, United Kingdom, inSeptember. Results indicated improvedconfinement and stability performance with

internal and edge transport barriers in vari-ous devices in long pulse discharges withreversed magnetic shear through a largenumber of control schemes. The transportbarrier which exists at the plasma edge inhigh confinement regimes is now recognized tobe as important as the global energy confine-ment. The goal for the near future is to repro-duce favourable ‘small’ edge localized moderegimes in several experimental devices withdifferent plasma sizes and parameters beforethe extrapolation to ITER is implemented.High density H-mode operation with high fieldside pellet refuelling allows both good H-modeconfinement and high plasma density near theempirical Greenwald density limit. Such oper-ation could provide significant advantages fora fusion reactor.

Energetic particles in magnetic confinementsystems were discussed at a TechnicalCommittee meeting in Naka, Japan, inOctober. The status of runaway electronsproduced during disruptions in tokamak plas-mas has changed from being an innocuousphenomenon, mainly used to probe magneticturbulence, to a serious threat to the first wallof future large tokamaks. Reliable avoidance

schemes need to be validated for application toITER. Present theoretical investigations willcontribute to the development of the neoclas-sical theory of fast ions; a non-linear kineticfluid model was developed that includeskinetic effects of all particle species in highbeta plasmas. Several questions still have tobe resolved experimentally and theoretically.One concerns runaway electrons: how manyelectrons will be accelerated, how are theyconfined, and what can be expected for theelectron impact to the first wall of tokamaks.The second question is on fast ions. Manyaspects of fast ion behaviour in tokamaks arewell understood, but their confinement prop-erties in stellarators need further clarifica-tion, as does the role of kinetic and non-linearAlfvén instabilities in magnetic confinementsystems.

A finding at a Technical Committee meetingon research using small fusion devices, held inOctober in Chengdu, China, was thatimproved machine and diagnostic perform-ance of the HL-1M tokamak resulted inimproved confinement and reproducibility ofthe plasma discharges; the diagnostic systemswere also improved. Another finding was thatsupersonic and helium molecular beam injec-tion experiments showed promising results,and gas doping for impurity transport studiesseemed to play an important role for theunderstanding of the control mechanisms offusion plasmas. Magnetohydrodynamic stud-ies using Mirnov coils and heavy ion beamprobes of the plasma edge were also reported.Measurements with Mirnov coils showed thatmagnetic turbulences are composed of twocomponents: broadband fluctuations causedby microinstabilities and coherent modes, thelatter associated with the rotation of an m = 2magnetic island within the plasma column. Anew phenomenon was observed in the singletrajectory of an injected heavy ion beam: thesample volume — the area of secondaryionization allowing plasma potential measure-ments — was split up into two volumes.

A Technical Committee meeting on steadystate operation of magnetic fusion devices washeld in Fukuoka, Japan, in October. The topicsincluded: long pulse tokamak and stellaratordischarges andadvanced configurations;

PH

YS

ICA

L

AN

D

CH

EM

ICA

L

SC

IEN

CE

S

68

“Key results achieved in environmental

applications of plasma assisted discharges

included the development and field testing

of a prototype plasma pyrolysis system for

the treatment of medical wastes.”

required technologies for long pulse opera-tion of magnetic fusion devices; plasmafacing components; heating and current drivescenarios; control systems, diagnostics forlong pulse operation; theory; and modelling.Reports were presented on several newdevices currently under construction thatwill have pulse lengths from 300 to1000 seconds and plasma currents of 1 to 2MA, similar to the planned pulse length ofthe ITER tokamak. Results from the TRIAM-1M tokamak show a regime of enhancedconfinement and current drive efficiency bycareful tuning of the heating power. Theresults achieved at the Large Helical Deviceshow steadily increasing performance, withpulse lengths of up to 35 seconds at highpower. There were also reports on a compre-hensive model developed for transport andelectron current drive that is able to describelow confinement modes and reduced trans-port for low/reversed shear and high poloidalbeta required for internal transport control, akey issue for plasma control in ITER. Asummary of the meeting and selected paperswill be published in the Nuclear Fusionjournal.

The final Research Co-ordination meeting fora CRP on engineering, industrial and environ-mental applications of plasma physics andfusion technologies was held in November inVienna. Among the topics addressed were:plasma assisted surface engineering forenhanced surface properties in laboratory andindustry; application of plasma technologiesfor the processing of hazardous wastes ingaseous, liquid and solid forms; interactionbetween low temperature plasma and fusiontechnology; and basic physics studies on thesetopics. One result of the CRP was greaterinter-laboratory collaboration and opportuni-ties for the training of students from develop-ing countries. Key results achieved in environ-mental applications of plasma assisteddischarges included: the development andfield testing of a prototype plasma pyrolysissystem for the treatment of medical wastes;and the construction of a silent dielectricbarrier discharge device as a cheap ozone gasgenerator. The latter system has been testedin treating sewage water from biologicalorganisms, cleaning coal from sulphurcompounds and removing water vapour fromthe natural gas that accompanies oil.

PH

YS

ICA

L

AN

D

CH

EM

ICA

L

SC

IEN

CE

S

69

The Agency’s

Programme in 1999:

Safety

NU

CL

EA

R

SA

FE

TY

71

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To assist in achieving and maintaining a high level of safety of nuclear

installations operating worldwide through international harmonization

of safety standards and norms and the provision of advice and services.

O V E R V I E W

Activities in this area concentrated on supporting intergovernmental effortsto strengthen nuclear safety around the world. The focus was on developingcommon safety standards, providing a variety of expert services, fostering theexchange of information on safety issues and supporting co-ordinatedresearch in Member States. The development of nuclear safety standardsfocused on their review, revision and elaboration in the areas of legal andgovernmental infrastructure, and siting, design and operation of nuclearpower plants and research reactors. The development of operational safetyreview services placed greater emphasis on the management of safety, safetyculture and self-assessment.

N U C L E A R P O W E R P L A N T S A F E T Y A S S E S S M E N T

Two Safety Reports were completed, one on implementation of accidentmanagement programmes and the other on accident analysis of nuclear powerplants. The former focuses on the contribution of accident management todefence in depth. The report on accident analysis presents examples of goodpractices for performing deterministic safety analyses of nuclear power plantsand discusses the requirements for maintaining an adequate level of qualityof the safety analyses.

Recent work on safety indicators has focused on the development of a frame-work for the establishment of operational safety performance indicatorprogrammes at nuclear power plants. This began with a definition of theconcept of operational safety performance and the identification of ‘opera-tional safety attributes’. A hierarchical structure of ‘overall’, ‘strategic’ and

NUCLEAR SAFETYNUCLEAR SAFETY

‘specific’ indicators was developed. Pilot plantstudies conducted over a 15 month periodhave indicated that the proposed frameworkprovides a good basis for the development of aplant specific tool for self-assessment. Theseresults provided the basis for a new CRP onsafety indicators.

The Agency’s work in the area of probabilisticsafety analysis (PSA) concentrated on estab-lishing priorities for its application, andimproving the quality and consistency of PSAs

to support such applications. Two technicaldocuments, on quality assurance for PSAs andon ‘living’ PSAs, were published. In co-opera-tion with the OECD/NEA, guidance wasdeveloped to encourage more thorough regula-tory review of PSAs. In addition to this devel-opmental work, peer review and expert adviceservices were provided. International PeerReview Service (IPERS) missions reviewedthe shutdown and low power PSAs for thePaks nuclear power plant in Hungary and theBohunice V2 plant in Slovakia. Expertreviews were performed for the KANUPP PSAin Pakistan, and the Kozloduy nuclear powerplant PSA, which were limited to internalevents and fire and seismic analyses.

D E S I G N A N D E N G I N E E R I N G S A F E T Y

The updating of the safety standards fornuclear power plant siting and designcurrently represents a substantial part ofwork in this area. Publications were issued on:root cause analysis for fire events; implemen-tation and review of ageing management;assessment and management of major nuclear

power plants components important to safety;and a simplified approach to estimating refer-ence source term for LWR design. In addition,guidelines for the Agency’s Design SafetyReview Services and for Ageing ManagementAssessment Teams were issued.

Engineering Safety Review Services in theform of technical co-operation missions andworkshops were organized in 20 MemberStates (see Annex, Table A5). Design SafetyReview Service missions (including safetyaspects of configuration management and ofageing management) visited the IslamicRepublic of Iran, Pakistan, Romania andUkraine.

Seismic evaluations of existing nuclear powerplants account for the majority of missions oninternal/external events. These missions aimto provide plants with feedback of experiencefrom other countries and thereby harmonizeinternational practices and optimize the use ofresources. Fire safety is also a key issue inoperational safety to which increasing atten-tion is being paid in periodic safety reviews.Accordingly, two fire safety missions wereconducted, one to Pakistan and the other toChina, and recommendations were made toimprove compliance with the Agency’s safetystandards. A number of technical co-operationmissions were made to the Islamic Republic ofIran relating to the WWER-1000 reactor beingconstructed at Bushehr. These includedreviews of the seismic hazard, foundationsafety, the primary circuit and the provision ofguidance to improve the preliminary safetyanalysis report.

A new extrabudgetary programme was estab-lished in 1999 to co-ordinate and assist withactions relating to intergranular stress corro-sion cracking in stainless steel piping atRBMK reactors. The programme will focus on:improving in-service inspection and qualifica-tion; comprehensive assessments; qualificationof repair techniques; and decontaminationmethods.

The Extrabudgetary Programme on the Safetyof Nuclear Installations in South East Asia,Pacific and Far East Countries continued toprovide assistance to Member States in the

NU

CL

EA

R

SA

FE

TY

72

“The Extrabudgetary Programme on the

Safety of Nuclear Installations in South East

Asia, Pacific and Far East Countries placed

particular emphasis on enhancing the

technical capabilities of regulatory bodies

and technical support organizations.”

region, placing particular emphasis onenhancing the technical capabilities of regula-tory bodies and technical support organiza-tions. Activities in 1999 included: a regionaltraining course on research reactor safety; areview of the Malaysian regulatory organiza-tion, pre-IRRT (International RegulatoryReview Team) missions to Indonesia and VietNam and a workshop on the regulatory func-tion in Thailand; four design safety missions,a safety review of an experimental fast reactorand two PSA workshops in China; and anexpert mission to Indonesia on emergencypreparedness.

O P E R A T I O N A L S A F E T Y

Four Operational Safety Review Team(OSART) missions were conducted during1999, along with four preparatory visits formissions in 2000 and four follow-up visits (seeAnnex, Table A7). The missions identifiedopportunities for the improvement of opera-tional safety in a number of areas, includingsafety management (establishing andcommunicating management expectations forsafety performance), surveillance and preven-tive maintenance, facility condition andhousekeeping, human performance, radiologi-cal protection, plant procedures and qualityassurance. The OSMIR database of OSARTmission results, which contains the resultsfrom all missions and follow-ups since 1991,was made available to utilities in MemberStates on CD-ROM.

The provision of technical assistance andadvice is being increasingly linked to OSARTreviews. As part of post-OSART assistance toencourage the self-assessment of operationalsafety, three seminars on OSART methodologywere conducted in France. Technical assis-tance missions after the pre-OSART visit toCHASNUPP were organized at the request ofthe authorities in Pakistan to help the staff ofthe operating organization and the regulatorybody to focus on operational safety matters asthe plant shifts from construction to commis-sioning and startup.

A new operational safety service — PeerReview of Operational Safety Performance

Experience (PROSPER) — was launched.The PROSPER service expands the scope ofthe Assessment of Safety Significant EventsTeam (ASSET) services to include the capa-bility of a plant to make effective use of alloperational performance data to enhance itssafety performance. The review of significantevent analysis information will continue tobe a cornerstone of the service, but the use ofinformation on operational data, such as lowlevel events and near misses, and of externaloperational experience, to reduce failureswill also be reviewed, and additional empha-sis will be placed on the appropriateness,timeliness and effectiveness of correctiveactions.

The Agency’s operational safety services arebeing enhanced to better meet current chal-lenges — increased competition, social andpolitical changes and economic transition —and future needs identified by the MemberStates which use the services. An AdvisoryGroup meeting in December endorsed theAgency’s initiatives in this respect, and madea number of recommendations. In themanagement of safety culture, services shouldinclude an enhanced capability for the reviewof and assistance with management effective-ness in developing and maintaining a strongsafety culture in the face of organizational andeconomic pressures. More emphasis should beplaced in all services on the measures neces-sary to compensate for an ageing and shrink-ing nuclear work force and the loss of institu-tional memory. In the area of safety improve-ments and modernization, more guidance andservices are required to assist Member Statesin decisions involving: modernization andimprovement of safety related hardware andsoftware; procedures; application of newsafety standards; use of risk based decisionmaking process; and new and more sophisti-cated safety performance indicators. Efforts inthis area must also take into account possibleoverlap of activities with other organizations.

One element of this enhancement has been toimprove the integration and co-ordination ofthe OSART, ASSET and the Safety CultureEnhancement services by conducting missionsand training activities with mixed teams (e.g.an ASSET team leader leading an OSART

NU

CL

EA

R

SA

FE

TY

73

mission). This approach has now beenextended to include other safety review serv-ices such as IRRT and the Integrated SafetyAssessment of Research Reactors (INSARR)services. Co-ordination and communicationhas also been improved with other interna-tional organizations providing operationalsafety services to nuclear power plants.

The Agency’s operational safety review serv-ices are increasingly focusing on helping utili-ties improve their management of safety andsafety culture, and promoting self-assessment

as a way of sustaining good safety perform-ance. A series of technical co-operationmissions was carried out to assist Electronu-clear, the operators of the Angra nuclearpower plant in Brazil, to train staff in the self-assessment of safety culture. Assistance willbe continued as Electronuclear implementsthe recommended improvements, and it isintended that the whole process will also serveas a model for offering a comprehensive andintegrated programme of assistance to otherMember States.

Initiatives continued for the evaluation of util-ity self-assessment activities to gauge theireffectiveness in improving operational safetyperformance, and on how these activitiesshould be incorporated into operational safetyservices. Reflecting the strong interest bynuclear industry and governmental organiza-tions, the Agency issued a guidance documenton the self-assessment of operational safetyfor nuclear power plants to assist organiza-tions in providing a stronger focus on opera-tional safety.

In the area of safety management, MemberStates have requested the Agency to develop

overview processes for corporate and nuclearinstallation management. These enhance-ments, including the development of guide-lines, assessment services, workshops andself-assessment tools, will be integrated intothe OSART–ASSET–Safety Culture services.To support this initiative, a Technical Commit-tee meeting in Canada provided a broadexchange of corporate level and senior regula-tory practices and experience in safetymanagement and safety culture.

R E S E A R C H R E A C T O R S A F E T Y

INSARR missions to Finland and Belgiumindicated increased interest in this service inwestern and northern Europe, and sevensafety missions were carried out to researchreactors in Belarus, Bulgaria, Poland, theRussian Federation and Ukraine, under Euro-pean regional technical co-operation projects.Other safety missions visited Nigeria —where a mini neutron source reactor is beingbuilt under agreement with the Agency — theDemocratic Republic of the Congo — to inves-tigate erosion in the reactor site and thegeneral safety condition of a research reactorin Kinshasa — and Thailand — to assist in thelicensing of a new research reactor. Expertmissions also visited Viet Nam (Dalat) andIndonesia (Serpong) to assist in improvingsafety analysis reports.

A mission also visited the Vinça research reac-tor near Belgrade, Yugoslavia, which was shutdown about 15 years ago. In recent years therehas been concern about the condition of spentfuel stored in a pond on the site; the primaryaim of the mission was to assess the activitiesconducted to date to improve the condition ofthe fuel and the pond, and to investigate thecurrent situation. The mission identified anumber of safety issues, relating to this fueland to the fuel still in the reactor, that are notbeing adequately addressed owing to a lack offunding.

A symposium on research reactor utilization,safety and management, was held in Lisbon inSeptember. The safety issues referred to mostfrequently at the symposium were thoseaffecting older research reactors, which now

NU

CL

EA

R

SA

FE

TY

74

“Member States have requested

the Agency to develop overview

processes for corporate and nuclear

installation management.”

NU

CL

EA

R

SA

FE

TY

75

constitute a majority of such reactorsworldwide. Specific issues that were discussedincluded: the management of ageing; updatingof safety analysis reports; documents andperiodic safety reviews; management of spentfuel; and decommissioning.

R E G U L A T O R Y A C T I V I T I E SR E L A T E D T O N U C L E A R S A F E T Y

The IRRT service continues to attract newrequests and the demand for missions duringthe next three years is high. During 1999, onefull scope IRRT, two pre-IRRT missions andfour preparatory visits for missions in 2000were completed. The IRRT service was origi-nally focused on the regulation of nuclearsafety. However, many of the regulatory bodiesrequesting these missions also have responsi-bility for radiation, radioactive waste andtransport safety, and an increasing number ofmissions are therefore being conducted byteams that include specialists in these fields.

The Incident Reporting System (IRS), which isoperated jointly by the Agency and theOECD/NEA, received 112 event reports in1999, increasing the total number of reports inthe database to more than 2800. The informa-tion in the IRS database is for technical use,and has restricted distribution; for unre-stricted use, a summary report on operating

experience covering 1996 to 1999 wasprepared. Two studies of particular categoriesof events were performed, one on events whichindicate a violation of operational limits andconditions, and the other on events connectedwith the interaction of procedures and humanfactors.

Y 2 K P R E P A R A T I O N S

A special project was established to assistMember States in addressing the Y2Kcomputer problem in nuclear power plants(see Annex, Table A6). The Agency’s role as aclearing house for information exchangeincluded the setting up of a special Y2K website to make information widely and easilyavailable. A guidance document was publishedthat outlined the necessary steps to managethe Y2K problem. And three workshops — onplanning Y2K programmes, implementation,and contingency planning — were held, withthe proceedings and conclusions made avail-able through the Internet site. The Agencyalso conducted 20 missions to 9 MemberStates specifically to address Y2K prepara-tions. Special arrangements were also made toensure that the Agency’s emergency responsecentre was staffed throughout the transitionperiod from 1999 to 2000 so that MemberStates could have access to authenticatedinformation on safety related Y2K problems atnuclear power plants.

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To promote radiation safety through the establishment of relevant

safety standards, the application of these standards, the implementa-

tion of the Agency’s radiation protection rules and requirements, as

well as the provision of advice and services to Member States in the

framework of the technical co-operation programme and the Conven-

tions on Ear ly Notification of a Nuclear Accident and on Assistance in

the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency.

O V E R V I E W

The radiation safety programme has two complementary objectives: develop-ment of a unified set of safety standards based on consensus; and provision forthe application of these standards in Member States and through other inter-national organizations. In order to achieve these objectives, the programmeemphasized a number of areas of work covering the relevant research, thedevelopment of requirements level consensus documents and supportingguides, and the preparation of practical manuals and other documents toassist in standards implementation by regulatory authorities. Many of thesedocuments provide the technical underpinning for technical co-operation proj-ects, including the Model Project on strengthening radiation and waste safetyinfrastructures in over 50 Member States. In addition, considerable effort wasdevoted to emergency response activities, including servicing of the Conven-tions on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and Assistance in the Caseof a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. To support these activities,research programmes, training courses, conferences and other informationexchange meetings were organized through the technical co-operationprogramme.

RA

DIA

TIO

N

SA

FE

TY

76

RADIATION SAFETY RADIATION SAFETY

R A D I A T I O N P R O T E C T I O N

In order to quantify the progress achieved sofar under the technical co-operation ModelProject on upgrading radiation protectioninfrastructures, a representative group of14 participating States was visited by PeerReview Teams during the second half of 1999.The teams evaluated the adequacy of the legaland regulatory framework, the empowermentof the regulatory authority to enforce legisla-tion and regulations, the system of notifica-tion, authorization and control of radiationsources, existing financial and humanresources, and the number of adequatelytrained personnel. The results from these peerreviews will determine the way forward withrespect to the conduct of the Model Project.

As part of a technical co-operation project,software for the Regulatory Authority Infor-mation System (RAIS) was translated fromEnglish into Arabic, French, Russian andSpanish, and distributed to more than40 Member States. The software is composedof five modules: inventory of radiation sourcesand installations; the authorization process,inspection and enforcement; dosimetry ofoccupationally exposed personnel; andperformance indicators for individual installa-tions as well as for the overall regulatoryprogramme.

A new regional technical co-operation projecton improving occupational radiation protec-tion in nuclear power plants in the Asianregion, together with a similar project for theEuropean region and the Information Systemon Occupational Exposure (ISOE), are part ofan integrated strategy to strengthen the opti-mization of radiation protection in nuclearpower plants, focusing on informationexchange and training. Participation in theISOE — which is administered by a jointsecretariat from the Agency and theOECD/NEA — is steadily increasing. By theend of November 1999, ten utilities in ninecountries (representing 31 nuclear power reac-tors) and seven regulatory authorities weremembers. The Asian project included prepara-tion of a syllabus for training on optimizationof radiation protection and training workshopsfor managers as well as health physicists.

Radiation protection in medical applications isan area of increasing interest. An AgencySafety Guide on radiation protection inmedical exposure is being prepared, andreports on medical exposure, prepared inconjunction with WHO, PAHO and the Euro-pean Commission, have been finalized. A regu-latory guidance document on radiation protec-tion and safety in radiotherapy has also beencompleted. These documents are beingpublished by WHO.

The Y2K computer problem is of particularconcern in the medical area in view of the

large number of locations around the worldusing equipment that could be affected, andthe amount of non-standard software knownto be in use. As part of the Agency’sprogramme of work to address the Y2K prob-lem, two reports were prepared (and madeavailable through the Agency’s WorldAtomInternet site) on measures to address theproblem in medical facilities. A workshop washeld in Vienna and two assistance missionswere carried out, to Bolivia and Costa Rica, onthis subject.

S A F E T Y O F R A D I A T I O NS O U R C E S A N D S E C U R I T Y O FR A D I O A C T I V E M A T E R I A L

In response to the persistent occurrence ofincidents involving radiation sources that, fora variety of reasons, were not kept underproper control, an action plan was preparedthat spells out a programme of measuresaimed at improving the control of suchsources. Work was also started on the catego-rization of sources, an issue which was identi-fied as being of primary importance.

RA

DIA

TIO

N

SA

FE

TY

77

“An action plan was prepared that

spells out a programme of measures

aimed at improving the control of

radiation sources.”

Another area in which the Agency has beenactive for some years is the investigation ofaccidents. Recent accidents in Georgia,Turkey, the Islamic Republic of Iran and theRussian Federation were investigated and adatabase is being developed to bring togetherthe information gathered on the causes andconsequences of all of these events. SafetyReports were also finalized on the feedbackfrom operational experience in handlingradiation sources, and on lessons learned fromaccidents in radiotherapy.

The work described above is aimed primarilyat dealing with accidental events resulting

from carelessness, equipment failure, and lackof knowledge or training. However, the possi-bility of the deliberate misuse of sources orradioactive material is also a concern.

Under the terms of a Memorandum of Under-standing signed by the Agency and WCO in1998, increased co-operation was recom-mended in such areas as information exchangeand training. A Joint Technical Committeemeeting was conducted in July to review over-all progress and to plan further co-operativeefforts by the two organizations.

The laboratory testing of border monitoringequipment at the Austrian Research Centre,Seibersdorf, was completed. The selectedsystems are now being installed at theAustrian/Hungarian border and at Viennainternational airport for field testing. On thebasis of the laboratory test results, interna-tionally agreed minimum requirements forborder monitoring systems were drafted. Themain results of this project will be to assistStates in selecting, installing and operatingdetection equipment for land border, seaportand airport monitoring.

In co-operation with WCO and INTERPOL, afive day awareness training course for customsand police investigators on combating nuclearsmuggling was held in Vienna in September.Additionally, a joint training course which alsoincluded participation by the EuropeanCom-mission, was held for customs and bordercontrol officials in Malta in November.

The Secretariat, working in close co-operationwith WCO and INTERPOL, drafted a SafetyGuide on preventing, detecting and respond-ing to illicit trafficking in radioactive materi-als. The regulations, controls and methodsdescribed in this Guide are intended to assistcustoms officers, border police and other lawenforcement officers, as well as regulatoryauthorities and other relevant bodies inMember States, in their efforts to deal withillicit trafficking in radioactive materials. Co-operation with Member States in implement-ing the recommendations in the Safety Guidewill focus on procedures for the detection ofradioactive materials crossing borders, as wellas on response measures in the event of illicittrafficking incidents.

The Agency’s efforts to improve the security ofradioactive material included assistance to aMember State to detect lost sources and storethem properly after they have been found.This assistance was provided under a techni-cal co-operation project.

S A F E T R A N S P O R T O FR A D I O A C T I V E M A T E R I A L

A new service, the Transport Safety AppraisalService (TranSAS), was introduced by theAgency to provide reviews, on request, ofnational implementation of the Agency’sRegulations for the Safe Transport of Radio-active Material (the ‘Transport Regulations’).The first mission was to Slovenia inJune–July 1999. The review appraised Slove-nia’s legislative framework for the transport ofradioactive material and the associated divi-sion of responsibilities among the competentauthorities, the approval procedures, andinspection and emergency preparednessarrangements.

RA

DIA

TIO

N

SA

FE

TY

78

“A major revision of the Agency’s

emergency response procedures and

associated training was carried out and

tested during an international exercise.”

The requirements contained in the TransportRegulations are being incorporated into theregulations of other international organiza-tions, such as the Recommendations on theTransport of Dangerous Goods Model Regula-tions of the United Nations, the Europeanroad and rail regulations, the InternationalCivil Aviation Organization’s TechnicalInstructions, and the International MaritimeOrganization’s International MaritimeDangerous Goods Code. To encourage andsimplify this process, the Transport SafetyAdvisory Committee approved a new reviewcycle for the Transport Regulations that isharmonized with the revision cycles of otherUnited Nations organizations. Under the newcycle that starts in 2000, the Regulations willbe reviewed every two years and a revisededition produced if necessary.

R A D I A T I O N E M E R G E N C I E S

Work continued on a set of revised safety stan-dards on emergency preparedness andresponse. Particular efforts are being made tosecure co-sponsorship of these standards byother relevant international organizations, inorder to promote coherence and consistency inthe handling of emergencies. A technical docu-ment on emergency monitoring procedureswas issued during the year and, together withstandard training material, formed the basisfor two workshops for some 22 countries onemergency monitoring in the Chernobyl 30 kmexclusion zone.

A new service, Emergency PreparednessReview (EPREV), was initiated in 1999. Amethodology was developed and a first pilotmission using the approach was carried out toIndonesia. The experience gained is being fedback into a revision of the draft implementingprocedures.

A major revision of the Agency’s emergencyresponse procedures and associated trainingwas carried out and subsequently testedduring an international exercise hosted byCanada. A feasibility study for use of theInternet for emergency information exchangewas performed, and a detailed proposal devel-oped for an Emergency Response Network

describing performance requirements forStates wishing to offer assistance under theConvention on Assistance in the Case of aNuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency.

The Agency provided assistance on three occa-sions during 1999 in response to radiologicalemergencies:

• To Turkey, to advise on the treatment ofpeople overexposed to a cobalt-60 sourceremoved from a container sold as scrapmetal, and to assist in locating a possiblesecond source;

• To Peru, to provide medical advice on thetreatment of a welder exposed to anunshielded iridium-192 source;

• To Ghana, to assist in returning a jammedindustrial radiography iridium-192 sourceto its container.

In addition, the Agency continued to provideassistance to Georgia in the development ofplans to locate and make safe sources aban-doned in the country after the breakup of theSoviet Union.

The Agency’s Emergency Response Systemwas activated as a result of the criticality acci-dent at the nuclear fuel facility in Tokaimura,Japan. The immediate response was limited tocollecting information and disseminating it toMember States, as Japan did not requestAgency assistance in dealing with the emer-gency. A preliminary fact finding mission did,however, visit Japan two weeks after the acci-dent to compile information and to prepare areport on the immediate causes, consequencesand aftermath of the accident.

O P E R A T I O N A L S E R V I C E S F O RR A D I A T I O N M O N I T O R I N GA N D P R O T E C T I O N

The demand for radiation monitoring andprotection services for staff of the Agency andtechnical co-operation experts continued toincrease. A total of 445 staff and more than250 technical co-operation experts were moni-tored by November 1999, representing anincrease of 11 and 25%, respectively, over thelast reporting period.

RA

DIA

TIO

N

SA

FE

TY

79

In order to promote the accurate assessmentof occupational exposure, the Agency organ-ized international and regional intercom-parison exercises. The Agency’s dosimetrylaboratories were also involved as participantsin several intercomparison exercises onindividual monitoring, and in a field exercisefor mobile monitoring units held in the Cher-nobyl exclusion zone.

Technical support, through national andregional technical co-operation projects related

to radiation safety, was provided in terms ofexpert advice and the organization of trainingcourses and workshops in individual monitor-ing, intercompa-rison exercises, quality assur-ance for radiation protection laboratories andinternal dosimetry. Close co-operation wasestablished with other international standardsorganizations such as the International Orga-nization for Standardization and the Interna-tional Electrotechnical Commission. Technicalsupport was also provided to emergencymissions and field operations, as necessary.

RA

DIA

TIO

N

SA

FE

TY

80

RA

DIO

AC

TIV

E

WA

ST

E

SA

FE

TY

81

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To promote the safe management of radioactive waste, including the

safety of disposable, dischargeable and residual waste, through the

establishment of relevant safety standards, the application of these

standards, as well as the suppor t and service, as required, of relevant

international agreements.

O B J E C T I V E

The programme on radioactive waste safety focused on the establishment of acomprehensive set of internationally agreed safety standards with the activeinvolvement of Member States and under the supervision of an internationaladvisory committee. A Safety Requirements publication and a Safety Guide onthe near surface disposal of radioactive waste were issued, as were two SafetyGuides on decommissioning. Several other safety standards, including guid-ance on the control of discharges, were close to completion. An internationalsymposium was held in Arlington, USA, to address the issue of residualwastes. Advice on specific waste management issues was provided to anumber of States, notably those that do not have nuclear power plants andhave little infrastructure for managing waste, but need to manage other typesof residues, such as those from uranium mining and milling.

S A F E T Y O F D I S P O S A B L E W A S T E

Pressure has continued for international rules to be agreed to facilitate therelease of materials from nuclear facilities. The issue is becoming more urgentwith the increasing number of nuclear facilities undergoing decommissioningand with the developing trade in materials for recycling, such as metals andconcrete. The Agency is in the process of revising its guidance on the govern-ing principles and criteria for release from regulatory control. In a relateddevelopment, there has been a reaction from steel manufacturers to thethreat of radioactively contaminated scrap metal entering the international

RADIOACTIVE WASTE SAFETY RADIOACTIVE WASTE SAFETY

steel pool. The Agency co-sponsored a work-shop with the United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe on this subject, involv-ing representatives of industry. The workshopresulted in a plan to develop a code of practiceto govern and control radioactive contamina-tion in steel scrap.

With the issue in 1999 of a Safety Require-ments publication on near surface disposaland its supporting Safety Guide on safetyassessment, the attention of the Agency’sWaste Safety Standards Advisory Committeeturned to the development of safety guidance

on the geological disposal of high levelradioactive wastes. In its preliminary reviewof the subject, the areas of existing interna-tional consensus were identified, as well asthose areas in which expert opinion has notyet converged. One issue currently understudy concerns the safety implications ofproviding for the possibility of future retrievalof wastes from underground repositories. Anassessment of this question is currently underway by the Agency and preliminary resultswere reported at a workshop on the subject ofretrievability, held in October near Stockholmand co-sponsored by the Agency. The work-shop presented an opportunity for anexchange of views between experts andmembers of the public on the ethical, safety,safeguards and economic aspects of nationalpolicies currently being developed that areaimed at the possible future retrieval ofwastes from a repository.

The relevance of the Y2K computer problemfor waste management facilities was evalu-ated and the results were summarized in aguidance document. A workshop was also heldto exchange information on the safety meas-ures related to Y2K issues at radioactive

waste management and nuclear fuel cyclefacilities, focusing on the experience gained,prioritization of activities, ‘work-around’strategies and contingency plans. The guid-ance document and the results of the work-shop were distributed to all States and madeavailable on the Agency’s Internet home page(http://www.iaea.org).

The Agency was requested by the Brazilianregulatory organization to assist in the licens-ing of a bituminization facility for operationalwaste at the Angra-2 nuclear power plant.Through its technical co-operation programme,the Agency despatched an expert team thatreviewed the facility and made recommenda-tions to the Brazilian counterpart, especiallywith regard to the need for a commissioningplan for qualifying the facility and for moreextensive planning, giving due considerationto the issue of the eventual disposal of thewastes.

S A F E T Y O F D I S C H A R G E A B L E W A S T E

In response to a request from the ContractingParties to the Convention on the Prevention ofMarine Pollution by Dumping of Waste andOther Matter (London Convention, 1972), areport summarizing the history of worldwidedisposals of radioactive waste in the oceanswas provided to the 21st Meeting of Contract-ing Parties to the Convention. The report is anupdate of a previous survey and includesinformation on the disposals of the formerSoviet Union in the Arctic Seas area. It wasdeveloped as part of an information systemthat will eventually include records of alldischarges of radioactive materials into theenvironment, as well as of solid disposals, andof accidents and losses of radioactive materi-als at sea.

A set of safety documents which establishesinternationally agreed policy and methods forthe control of radioactive discharges ofradionuclides into the environment is nearingcompletion. The lead document is a SafetyGuide which sets out regulatory principles forthe control of discharges; it is supported by aSafety Report which sets out a recommended

RA

DIO

AC

TIV

E

WA

ST

E

SA

FE

TY

82

“A report summarizing the history

of worldwide disposals of radioactive

waste in the oceans was developed.”

methodology for assessing the radiologicalimpact of the releases of radioactive materialsto the atmosphere and to surface waters. Thetwo can be used together to develop quantita-tive release limits which satisfy current inter-national radiological protection principles.Compliance with these limits should bedemonstrated by appropriate source and envi-ronmental monitoring programmes, asdescribed in another Safety Guide which isalso nearing completion.

The current guidance on release control isaimed at achieving adequate protection forhuman beings living in the environmentaffected by the discharge. However, there areincreasing concerns for the environment itselfand for protecting non-human species. As afirst step towards developing policy in thisarea, a discussion document on protection ofthe environment from the effects of ionizingradiation was issued.

S A F E T Y O F R E S I D U A L W A S T E

International policies for guiding the rehabil-itation of areas and sites affected by radioac-tive residues are just beginning to emerge. Inorder to facilitate the development of aconsensus on principles and criteria in thisarea and to disseminate information onnational and international experience, theAgency organized a symposium in Arlington,Virginia, USA. Discussions at the symposiumrevealed, as expected, that diverse policies arebeing adopted in various countries at thepresent time. The meeting helped in startingthe first exchanges on the reasons for thesedifferences in approach. It was noted thatalthough the principles of the InternationalCommission for Radiological Protection for

intervention are normally the appropriatebasis for dealing with contaminated environ-ments, the criteria being adopted in manycountries were more like those associatedwith practices. The symposium stressed theneed for continuing efforts by the interna-tional community to provide clear advice thatis based on scientific principles and soundprofessional judgement.

In a continuation of its programme of assess-ments of the radiological conditions at sitesaffected by nuclear weapons testing, theAgency began work on the examination oflocations in Algeria where weapons weretested by France in the 1960s.

In April, the Government of Kazakhstandecided to permanently shut down the BN-350fast reactor at Aktau. The Agency was askedto assist in the co-ordination of the decommis-sioning project and provide technical assis-tance for the planning effort. In August, theAgency hosted a co-ordination meeting toidentify concerns associated with preparingthe facility for long term storage, leading to aclearer understanding of the problemsinvolved and the identification of assistancethat is already being provided through bilat-eral agreements.

A fact finding mission to Tajikistan made apreliminary assessment of the radiologicalsituation in that country. In particular, themission team focused on evaluating the safetyand security of radiation sources in thecontext of the existing regulatory system, andthe safe handling of radioactive residues fromthe extensive uranium ore mining andprocessing activities that took place in thecountry. The regulatory infrastructure andrequirements, and technical capabilities werealso reviewed.

RA

DIO

AC

TIV

E

WA

ST

E

SA

FE

TY

83

CO

-OR

DIN

AT

ION

O

F

SA

FE

TY

A

CT

IVIT

IES

84

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To ensure the technical consistency of the Agency’s safety related

functions, as well as coherence with corresponding safety activities

carried out by Member States and other international organizations, by

promoting the co-ordination of such activities, issuing standards, serv-

icing conventions, providing information about safety policies and stan-

dards, and suppor ting their implementation in Member States through

technical co-operation programmes.

O V E R V I E W

The safety activities co-ordination programme aims to ensure that there istechnical consistency between the Agency’s nuclear, radiation and radioactivewaste safety activities. This involved work in four main areas: co-ordinatingthe development and review process for the Agency’s safety standards; admin-istering and, where appropriate, implementing the safety related conventions;supporting research and development; promoting safety related informationexchange; and co-ordinating the technical input to safety related projects inthe Agency’s technical co-operation programme.

S A F E T Y P O L I C I E S A N D S T A N D A R D S

The International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG) produced fourpublications. The first report, The Safe Management of Sources of Radiation:Principles and Strategies deals with the general principles governing thesafety of all sources, and shows that basic nuclear safety, radiation protectionand waste safety concepts can be presented in a concrete manner. The secondreport, Basic Safety Principles for Nuclear Power Plants, is an update of 75-INSAG-3 from 1988 and expands on the safety culture concept by citinggood practices in safety management and monitoring safety performance. Thethird publication, Management of Operational Safety in Nuclear PowerPlants, further develops a set of universal features for an effective safety

CO-ORDINATION OF SAFETY ACTIVITIES CO-ORDINATION OF SAFETY ACTIVITIES

management system. The last report, SafeManagement of the Operating Lifetimes ofNuclear Power Plants, deals with maintainingsafety in an ageing installation. With thesepublications, INSAG completed its fourththree year term.

Activities under the Peer Discussions onRegulatory Practices (PDRP) service includedexchange of view on the assessment of regula-tory effectiveness. The purpose was to identifycommon findings and good practices that willassist Member States. Several characteristicsof an effective regulatory body were identifiedthat could be used as indicators. The discus-sions were summarized in a special PDRPseries report that aims at the enhancement ofgood regulatory practices. The conclusion ofthe report suggested that the assessment ofregulatory effectiveness is a combination oftraditional methods, including audits, self-assessment of various programmes and theirimplementation, and new techniques, such asthe use of proactive internal safety improve-ment programmes, and peer reviews andinspections by external organizations.

A total of seven new or revised safety stan-dards (one Safety Requirements and sixSafety Guides) were published. A further72 safety standards are currently in prepara-tion. This figure includes a common safetyfundamentals publication (to replace theexisting three safety fundamentals coveringthe nuclear installations, radiation protectionand the sources, and radioactive wastemanagement) and nine Safety Requirements,supplemented by a number of Safety Guides,covering the following topics:

• Emergency preparedness and response(two Guides),

• Legal and governmental infrastructure(seven Guides),

• Operation of nuclear power plants (11Guides),

• Design of nuclear power plants (12Guides),

• Site evaluation for nuclear power plants(six Guides),

• Research reactor safety (four Guides),• Predisposal of radioactive waste (six

Guides),

• Disposal of radioactive waste (two Guides),• Rehabilitation of contaminated area (one

Guide).

There are an additional 12 Safety Guides inpreparation supplementing published SafetyRequirements in the areas of radiation safety(eight Guides), discharges of effluents (twoGuides) and transport regulations (twoGuides). Out of these 72 standards, ten (fourSafety Requirements and six Safety Guides)have already been endorsed for publication bythe Advisory Commission on Safety Standards(ACSS).

In the general safety category of safety stan-dards (i.e. those standards that are relevant tomore than one area of safety), a SafetyRequirements publication on legal andgovernmental infrastructure for safety wasapproved by the Board of Governors.

A Safety Requirements publication on nuclearpower plant design was endorsed by the ACSSand will be sent for approval to the Board ofGovernors. Another one on power plant opera-tion was approved in September by the Board.

In radiation safety, three Safety Guides onoccupational radiation protection, co-spon-sored by the Agency and the InternationalLabour Office, were published. These providegeneric guidance that is essentially independ-ent of the occupation of the workers.

In waste safety, Safety Requirements publica-tions on the near surface disposal of radio-active waste were published, and those on thepredisposal management of radioactive waste,including decommissioning were endorsed bythe Board of Governors. In addition, SafetyGuides on safety assessment for near surfacedisposal, on the decommissioning of nuclear

CO

-OR

DIN

AT

ION

O

F

SA

FE

TY

A

CT

IVIT

IES

85

“A major event was the first Review

Meeting of the Contracting Parties to

the Convention on Nuclear Safety in

April for which the Agency acted as

the secretariat.”

power plants and research reactors and on thedecommissioning of medical, industrial andresearch facilities, were published.

To assist in harmonizing and clarifying theterminology used in different safety stan-dards, a single safety glossary — coveringterminology from nuclear, radiation, transportand waste safety — has been developed. Thisis primarily intended to provide guidance tothe drafters and reviewers of safety standardson the way in which the Agency uses particu-lar terms, but may also be of interest to peoplereading and applying these standards inMember States. The glossary will be madeavailable on the Agency’s Internet site.

S A F E T Y C O N V E N T I O N S

The major event of the year in relation to thesafety related conventions was the firstReview Meeting of the Contracting Parties tothe Convention on Nuclear Safety, which washeld in April in Vienna, and for which theAgency acted as the secretariat. As of the endof 1999, there were 52 Contracting Parties tothe Convention.

The number of Contracting States to the JointConvention on the Safety of Spent FuelManagement and on the Safety of RadioactiveWaste Management passed the half-way marktowards the number needed for the Conven-tion to enter into force. A third informal meet-ing of signatories and other interested Stateswas held in Vienna in October to develop therules and guidelines that will govern thereview process when the Convention is inforce, taking account of the experience gainedfrom the Review Meeting on the Conventionon Nuclear Safety. As of the end of 1999, therewere 13 Contracting States (9 of which haveoperational nuclear power plants) and a totalof 40 signatories.

Panama and Belgium became ContractingParties to the Convention on Early Notificationof a Nuclear Accident and the Convention onAssistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident orRadiological Emergency, bringing the numberof Contracting Parties to 84 and 79, respec-tively. The Early Notification Convention was

invoked once, in relation to a cobalt-60 sourcebelieved to be missing in Turkey, and theAgency fulfilled its designated functions of noti-fying neighbouring States and providing infor-mation to all Member States. The AssistanceConvention was formally invoked in relation toemergencies in Ghana, Peru and Turkey.

S A F E T Y I N F O R M A T I O NE X C H A N G E

At the yearly meeting of senior regulators, heldin Vienna during the regular session of theAgency’s General Conference, regulatory effec-tiveness, the impact of deregulation andmanagement changes on safety, the contamina-tion of transport containers and the Y2K prob-lem were discussed. The regulators generallysupported the good practices on regulatoryeffectiveness as identified in PDRP exchangesand the work on indicators, but warned againstusing indicators for comparing different coun-tries. They identified the ‘de facto’ independenceof the regulator from political influences as animportant condition for making sound technicaldecisions. With regard to management changes,they expressed the need for regulatory tools tomonitor changes in the ownership of plants,management restructuring, and staff cuts.They considered the need for further interpre-tation of non-fixed contamination levels in theAgency’s Transport Regulations.

A handbook on communication in nuclear,radiation, transport and waste safety waspublished. This publication deals with theprinciples and methods of communication fora range of target audiences and presents somefrequently asked questions, in addition to asummary of the key messages that should becommunicated. As a follow-up, a Safety Reportis being developed that will assist regulatoryauthorities in establishing a strategy forensuring effective communication with differ-ent audiences and situations. The publicationsare aimed at increasing public confidence inthe control of radiation sources and in nuclearactivities.

A new section on the Agency’s Internet site —CoordiNet (http://www.iaea.org/ns/coordinet)— gives information on the co-ordination of

CO

-OR

DIN

AT

ION

O

F

SA

FE

TY

A

CT

IVIT

IES

86

safety activities, adding to the existingsections on nuclear safety (NUSAFE) andradiation and waste safety (RasaNet).CoordiNet includes reference information onall of the Agency’s safety standards and othersafety related publications, on safety relatedinformation exchange activities and CRPs,and on the Agency’s relations with other inter-national organizations in safety related fields.

The user’s manual for the International NuclearEvent Scale (INES) was updated. The INESservice received 26 reports in 1999: 14 eventswere reported from nuclear power plants and 12from other nuclear facilities. Eight of theseevents involved radioactive sources. The Level 4rating (denoting an accident without significantoff-site risk) given to the accident in Septemberat the nuclear fuel reprocessing facility atTokaimura, Japan, was the highest since thescale was introduced in 1990.

S U P P O R T T O T H E T E C H N I C A LC O - O P E R A T I O N P R O G R A M M E

Support was provided for more than150 safety related technical co-operation proj-ects, corresponding to an annual budget ofapproximately $15 million, and more than70 training courses and workshops.

A substantial activity in recent years has beenthe Model Project on upgrading radiation andwaste safety infrastructures in more than50 Member States. A systematic approach toidentifying assistance priorities similar tothat pioneered in the Model Project is beingapplied to nuclear safety assistance. The firststage is to develop Country Nuclear SafetyProfiles describing the situation in each of theMember States with nuclear power plantsreceiving Agency assistance. A pilot project inone Member State was completed in 1999.

During 1999, 30 nuclear safety trainingcourses and workshops were organized undertechnical co-operation projects to supportregulatory, operating and technical supportorganizations.

The Agency is developing a set of standardizedtraining courses at three levels: basic

(educational) knowledge; general professionalcompetence; and specific areas of expertise.The aim is to not only provide trainingcourses, but also to develop training materi-als, including textbooks, so that MemberStates can use these resources in their owntraining activities. One of the first such stan-dardized courses is the ‘Basic ProfessionalTraining Course on Nuclear Safety’, which ismeant for staff of regulatory bodies, reactoroperating organizations and technical supportgroups. This nine week course was organizedfor the first time in Saclay, France, in co-oper-ation with the CEA Institut National desSciences et Techniques Nucléaires.

In the radiation and waste safety area,46 training courses and workshops were held,most at the specialized training level.However, the established ‘Post-GraduateEducational Course on Radiation Protection’,which is now normally held in each geograph-ical region at least every two years, was heldin Buenos Aires, Argentina (a long establishedcourse in Spanish, which also covers nuclearsafety), in Johannesburg, South Africa(in English), in Damascus, Syrian Arab Repub-lic (in Arabic) and in Dubna, Russian Federa-tion (in Russian).

The development of material to support train-ing events has been a major focus of activitiesto establish a sustainable education andtraining programme in Member States. Someof the initiatives included: standardization oftraining material and visual aids; andproduction of multimedia training materials— including CD-ROMs and videos — in addi-tion to printed matter. And a distance learn-ing project involving Australia, Indonesia, theRepublic of Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand,Philippines and Thailand was supported in atrial phase.

CO

-OR

DIN

AT

ION

O

F

SA

FE

TY

A

CT

IVIT

IES

87

“A substantial activity in recent years

has been the Model Project on upgrading

radiation and waste safety infrastructures

in more than 50 Member States.”

The Agency’s

Programme in 1999:

Verification

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

89

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To determine, through the application of the Agency’s safeguards

system, whether States are complying with the under takings in their

safeguards agreements with the Agency.

O V E R V I E W

In fulfilling the safeguards obligations of the Agency in 1999, the Secretariatdid not find any indication that nuclear material which had been declared andplaced under safeguards had been diverted for any military purpose or forpurposes unknown, or that facilities, equipment or non-nuclear materialplaced under safeguards were being misused. All the information available tothe Agency supports the conclusion that the nuclear material and other itemsplaced under safeguards remained in peaceful nuclear activities or wereotherwise adequately accounted for.

In 1999, the Agency was in the early stages of implementing protocols addi-tional to safeguards agreements (‘additional protocols’). Having completed theevaluation of all the information available to the Agency in respect of twoStates, including information obtained through activities pursuant to theircomprehensive safeguards agreements and additional protocols, the Agencyfound no indication either of diversion of declared nuclear material or of thepresence of undeclared nuclear material or activities in those States. In thecase of other States with comprehensive safeguards agreements and addi-tional protocols in force, the evaluaion of the information available to theAgency is not yet complete.

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) remains in non-compli-ance with its safeguards agreement. The Agency is still unable to verify thecorrectness and completeness of the initial declaration of nuclear materialmade by the DPRK and is, therefore, unable to conclude that there has beenno diversion of nuclear material in the DPRK. Although the safeguards agree-ment between the DPRK and the Agency remains binding and in force, the

SAFEGUARDS SAFEGUARDS

Agency is able to implement only some of therequired safeguards measures in the DPRK.These measures include monitoring the"freeze" on the DPRK’s graphite moderatedreactors and related facilities, as requested bythe United Nations Security Council and asforeseen in the "Agreed Framework" of Octo-ber 1994 between the United States of Amer-ica and the DPRK.

Since 1991, the Agency’s safeguards activitiesin Iraq under the comprehensive safeguardsagreement concluded pursuant to the Treatyon the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons(NPT) have been implemented as part of theactivities carried out by the Agency in Iraqpursuant to United Nations Security Councilresolution 687 and related resolutions. In1999, the Agency was not in a position toimplement its Security Council mandatedactivities in Iraq and could not, therefore,provide any assurance that Iraq was incompliance with its obligations under theseresolutions. In these circumstances, given therequirements of its safeguards system, andpursuant to Iraq’s safeguards agreement, theAgency scheduled, for December 1999, a phys-ical inventory verification of the nuclear mate-rial subject to safeguards in Iraq with theobjective of verifying the presence of thenuclear material in question. The inspectioncould not be carried out in December 1999because the Government of Iraq provided thenecessary visas for the safeguards inspectorsonly in January 2000.*

As of 31 December 1999, 224 safeguardsagreements were in force with 140 States (andwith Taiwan, China) (see Annex, Table A14).At the end of 1999, safeguards agreements,which satisfy the requirements of the NPT,were in force with 128 States. NPT safeguardsagreements entered into force with Azerbaijanin April. A safeguards agreement pursuant tothe NPT and the Southeast Asia NuclearWeapon-Free Zone Treaty entered into forcewith Cambodia in December. The Board ofGovernors approved draft NPT safeguards

agreements with Kuwait and Oman. Theseagreements had not entered into force by theend of the year.

By the end of 1999, Protocols Additional toSafeguards Agreements for 46 States hadbeen approved by the Board of Governors (seeAnnex, Table A17). Eight such Protocols werein force with Australia, the Holy See, Indone-sia, Japan, Jordan, Monaco, New Zealand andUzbekistan. Furthermore, the AdditionalProtocol with Ghana was being implementedprovisionally pending entry into force.

Through an exchange of letters betweenBrazil and the Agency, it was confirmed thatthe safeguards agreement concluded betweenArgentina, Brazil, the Brazilian–ArgentineAgency for Accounting and Control of NuclearMaterials (ABACC) and the Agency for theapplication of safeguards satisfies the obliga-tions of Brazil under Article III of the NPT andunder Article 13 of the Treaty of Tlatelolco toconclude a comprehensive safeguards agree-ment with the Agency.

O P E R A T I O N S

Major developments with regard to the imple-mentation of Additional Protocols included thefollowing:

• Declarations pursuant to Article 2 of theAdditional Protocol had been received fromfive States and were, or are in the processof being, evaluated and any necessaryamplifications or clarifications sought. Inaddition, measures foreseen under theModel Additional Protocol were imple-mented in Taiwan, China, includingreceipt and review of declarationspursuant to Article 2.

• Under the authority conferred by the Addi-tional Protocol, complementary accesseswere made in Australia, Uzbekistan andTaiwan, China.

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

90

* The planned physical inventory verification inspection took place from 22 to 25 January 2000. The inspec-tors were able to verify the presence of the nuclear material subject to safeguards in Iraq.

• Implementation trials continued in Japanat two sites with the goal of providing expe-rience to the Agency, State authorities andoperators in the implementation of meas-ures foreseen under the Model AdditionalProtocol. The trials were aimed primarilyat gaining practical experience in comple-mentary and managed access for complexnuclear sites, including logistical aspects,managed access and environmentalsampling.

• Pending entry into force of the AdditionalProtocol for countries of the EuropeanUnion and EURATOM, consultations withEURATOM have started for the implemen-tation of measures foreseen under theAdditional Protocol on a trial basis atselected sites.

• The United Kingdom voluntarily submit-ted an initial declaration of information, inanticipation of the Additional Protocolentering into force. This voluntary declara-tion is being reviewed by the Agency andthen discussed with the Government of theUnited Kingdom. This voluntary initiative,which may include complementary accesstrials, will assist the Government andindustry to gain experience and develop anawareness for its implementation.

As a first step in the strengthened evaluationprocess, the nuclear programmes of all Stateswith comprehensive safeguards agreements inforce are being evaluated. In 1999, evalua-tions in 18 States had been reviewed,compared with ten in 1998 and four in 1997.In the second stage, these evaluations willprovide a benchmark against which informa-tion submitted later under Article 2 of anAdditional Protocol will be evaluated. Toensure continuing confidence in the conclu-sions of the evaluations, they will be updatedas warranted by changing circumstances andState Evaluation Reports reviewed annually.

In 1999, environmental swipe samples werecollected at eight enrichment facilities in fiveStates and at 28 facilities, including thosewith hot cells in 19 States (and in Taiwan,China). Initial baseline environmental signa-tures have now been established and environ-mental sampling is being introduced intoroutine use at those facilities.

Various measures and equipment for astrengthened safeguards were implemented ina number of facilities:

• A short notice random inspection (SNRI)scheme was implemented at a low enricheduranium (LEU) fuel fabrication facility inJapan. SNRI rehearsals took place at thethree other LEU fuel fabrication plants,and after a trial phase, full implementa-tion is foreseen in 2000 at the four facili-

ties. A safeguards approach which incorpo-rates the use of SNRIs is being tested at aLEU fuel fabrication plant in Spain. Thetest phase is almost completed and routineimplementation is expected in 2000.

• A new safeguards approach for the verifi-cation of CANDU spent fuel transfer to drystorage is under discussion with Canada.This approach is based on obtaining‘fingerprints’ using non-destructive analy-sis (NDA) measurements which willprovide a unique identity for each canisterwith spent fuel. The fingerprints will bestored in a database and subsequentlyused to verify the canister identity at anygiven time. The approach is aimed atreduction of Agency inspector’s presence atthe facility during the transportation of thecanisters to the storage site.

• New safeguards measures were introducedat two research reactors in Japan. Thesemeasures included the installation of adoor valve monitor to detect irradiated fuelmovements from the core to the spent fuelpit at one reactor and a thermohydraulicpower monitor on the primary coolant linesat the other reactor. The latter equipmentwill be used to confirm the declared reactor

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

91

“As a first step in the

strengthened evaluation process,

the nuclear programmes of all

States with comprehensive

safeguards agreements in force

are being evaluated.”

operations and contribute to assurance ofthe absence of undeclared plutoniumproduction.

• At an enrichment plant in the UnitedKingdom, an additional continuous enrich-ment monitor was commissioned in theplant extension, and process load cellreaders were calibrated and brought intoroutine use. Implementation trials ofunannounced inspections were carried outat an enrichment facility in Brazil. Routineimplementation is expected in 2000.

• A new safeguards approach which includesunattended NDA measurements for a MOX

fuel fabrication plant in Belgium wasimplemented. The approach incorporates‘New Partnership Approach’ (NPA)arrangements with EURATOM. A similarapproach is being tested in a second MOXfuel fabrication plant in Belgium and isexpected to be implemented during 2000.

• Unattended NDA measurement equipmentis being used routinely in a facility inGermany where spent fuel elements areloaded into dry storage and transport casksfor long term storage. Safeguardsapproaches based on extensive contain-ment and surveillance (C/S) measureshave been approved for medium term stor-age installations in Belgium and inGermany which store spent fuel in drystorage containers. The nuclear materialunder these specific measures do not haveto undergo re-measurement as long as theC/S measures provide continued assuranceon the status and containment of thematerial.

• Strengthened safeguards measures wereintroduced at a high enriched uranium(HEU) storage in South Africa, whichincluded the installation of motion detec-

tion and a surveillance system with remotemonitoring capability.

• Independent or authenticated systemswere introduced at a reprocessing plant inJapan to measure and monitor plutoniumproduct solutions and verify transfers ofhigh active solid waste and vitrified waste.

• Shipments of MOX fuel assemblies fromEurope to Japan were verified and sealedin Belgium, France and the United King-dom. Verification and sealing of the MOXfuel assemblies at the fabrication plant iseffective and cost efficient, minimizingverification of receipts at the receivingfacilities.

Other inspection activities of particular notewere as follows:

• Inspections in Yugoslavia resumed withoutany major problem after an interruption offour months owing to the security situa-tion. A physical inventory verification andbaseline environmental sampling werecarried out.

• The Agency maintained a continuouspresence at the fast breeder reactor inKazakhstan since October 1998 to verifythe fuel canning campaign. More than2000 assemblies had been measured andpacked by October 1999, at which timestabilization of abnormal assemblies andtheir canning started. This process is dueto be completed by the end of 2000.

Co-operation with regional or state authoritieswas pursued:

• Within the framework of the NPA withEURATOM, co-operation in the area ofR&D for safeguards continued as follows:(a) the development of an in situ verifiabletransponder seal that could replace metalseals, as well as a new generation of elec-tronic seals; (b) development of a newgeneration of authenticated digital surveil-lance systems; (c) development of severalNDA techniques for the verification ofspent fuel assemblies under Member StateSupport Programmes; and (d) remotemonitoring and data transfer trials werecarried out in one facility in Germany andone in Sweden.

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

92

“A programme was established

for further developing concepts for

integrated safeguards as well as the

necessary guidelines, approaches

and implementation criteria.”

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

93

• The co-operation between ABACC and theAgency continued. Procedures were devel-oped for the joint use of equipment forcarrying out unannounced inspections andfor holding joint training courses.

• The Agency’s co-operation with the State’sSystems of Accounting and Control (SSAC)of Japan and the Republic of Korea topromote inspection efficiency includes thejoint use of safeguards equipment anddevelopment of joint use procedures.Discussions on further enhanced co-opera-tion with the SSACs are continuing.

Activities carried out in nuclear weaponStates included:

• A Tripartite Enrichment project betweenChina, the Russian Federation and theAgency was completed. This project wasaimed at developing an improved safe-guards approach in an enrichment plant inChina that uses Russian gas centrifugetechnology. The measures suggested arenow being implemented.

• Following the decision by the USA in 1993to submit to Agency safeguards nuclearmaterial removed from its nuclear

weapons programme, the Agency contin-ued inspections of HEU and plutonium inthree facilities. In 1999, the USA submit-ted an additional 50 tonnes of HEU (fordown-blending to LEU) to Agency safe-guards. A new safeguards approach wasdeveloped and implemented in a newlyselected facility.

• In June, technical discussions were heldbetween the Agency and the USA for estab-lishing a safeguards approach for the stabi-lization of safeguarded plutonium. Thestabilization campaign is planned to startafter June 2000 and last about six months,after which plutonium will be stored inanother facility.

• The implementation of safeguards in theUnited Kingdom was reviewed to takeaccount of changes in bilateral safeguardsagreements. As a result, safeguards at aspent fuel storage facility was discontin-ued.

• Work continued on developing a system forAgency verification of weapon origin fissilematerial and other fissile materials deter-mined by the Russian Federation and theUSA to no longer be required for defencepurposes. In addition, work on a model

1997 1998 1999

Inspections performed 2 499 2507 2 495

Person-days of inspection 10 240 10 071 10 190

Seals applied to nuclear material or safeguards equipment, detached and subsequently verified (including seals applied jointly with EURATOM) 24 943 26 824 28 044

Optical surveillance films reviewed 1 500 932 1 271

Video tapes reviewed 4 010 4 884 5 033

Nuclear material samples analysed 888 645 664

Nuclear material analytical results reported 2 150 1 610 1 587

Environmental samples analysed 585 497 511

Nuclear material under safeguards (tonnes)

Plutonium contained in irradiated fuel 565 593 628

Separated plutonium outside reactor core 57.6 62.4 73.1

Recycled plutonium in fuel elements in reactor cores 5.7 7.2 8.0

High enriched uranium 20.5 21.4 21.2

Low enriched uranium 49 282 49 483 51 191

Source material 108 648 90 622 92 150

Verification Activities

verification regime proceeded and the basictechnical measures to be employed for theverification of plutonium with classifiedcharacteristics, including nuclear weaponcomponents, advanced to the point wherefull-function prototypes are now underdevelopment. Financial arrangements

were examined and further work is underway in preparation for the steps requiredfor the adoption and implementation ofnew bilateral agreements between theAgency, the Russian Federation and theUSA.

• In anticipation that the Conference onDisarmament would commence negotia-tions on a treaty banning the production offissile material for use in nuclear weaponsand other nuclear explosives, the Agencyreviewed the technical aspects of relevantverification. The Director Generalinformed the President of the Conferenceon Disarmament that the Agency wasprepared to respond to any request forassistance in the context of a UnitedNations General Assembly resolution thatcalls upon the Agency to provide suchassistance.

Progress was made in the negotiation ofSubsidiary Arrangements to SafeguardsAgreements: one new General Part ofSubsidiary Arrangements, as well as 117 newor revised Facility Attachments entered intoforce. The General Part of the SubsidiaryArrangements to the safeguards agreement

with EURATOM (INFCIRC/193) was revisedand brought up to date. It is expected that thiswill enter into force in the near future. Inaddition, the General Part of the SubsidiaryArrangements for an Additional Protocolentered into force for one State.

The Safeguards Analytical Laboratory (SAL)and the Network of Analytical Laboratories(NWAL) analysed 664 samples of nuclearmaterials and heavy water and provided 1384results for the material accountancy verifica-tion of declarations of facility operators. Anadditional 181 samples were measured forother safeguards purposes. SAL received andperformed screening measurements on 165environmental samples prior to their distribu-tion to the network of analytical laboratories.

The analytical instrumentation in SAL wasimproved by the acquisition of a thermalionization mass spectrometer for nuclearmaterial analysis and a secondary ion massspectrometer for the measurement of uraniumand plutonium in microscopic particles comingfrom environmental swipe samples. The scan-ning electron microscope in SAL wasupgraded by the addition of two X rayanalysing crystals, allowing more sensitivemeasurements of uranium, plutonium andamericium in microscopic particles collectedinside hot cells.

The activities of the JNFL project continued todevelop a safeguards approach. Work contin-ued on the preparation of the specifications fordesign, procurement, installation, testing andacceptance of the required equipment anddata collection and evaluation systems andthe planned on-site analytical laboratory forthe JNFL Rokkasho fuel reprocessing plant.

Two rounds of technical discussions took placebetween the Agency and the DPRK in 1999.While these discussions allowed day-to-dayproblems to be settled, no major progress wasmade in resolving long outstanding issues.However, some tangible progress was made onthe issue of the preservation by the DPRK ofinformation that the Agency deems necessaryfor verification of the correctness andcompleteness of the DPRK’s initialdeclaration. The Agency is still unable to

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

94

“The Agency informed the President of

the Conference on Disarmament that it

was prepared to respond to any

request for assistance in the context

of a United Nations General Assembly

resolution that calls upon the Agency

to provide such assistance.”

conclude that no diversion occurred of nuclearmaterial that should have been subject tosafeguards.

The Agency’s Action Team was unable toimplement its mandate with regard to Iraqunder the relevant United Nations SecurityCouncil resolutions and, as a consequence, toprovide any assurance that Iraq was incompliance with its obligations. The teamfocused on upgrading its computerized infor-mation system and its analytical and inspec-tion support tools. It also performed advancedanalyses of information accumulated throughyears of inspections.

A physical inventory verification inspectionwas scheduled to take place in December 1999under the Safeguards Agreement betweenIraq and the Agency pursuant to the NPT. Theinspection was intended to verify nuclearmaterial subject to this agreement at theTuwaitha storage facility. The verificationinspection was performed in January 2000.

D E V E L O P M E N T A N DS U P P O R T

With the remote monitoring (RM) projectcompleted in December 1998, implementationbegan of these systems for safeguards applica-tions. Of particular note were the following:

• Seventeen systems were installed and tenwere commissioned. A further 25 systemswere purchased for installation in 2000. Acost–benefit analysis was carried out insupport of future RM implementationplanning.

• An RM system was installed at a largeresearch reactor in Canada as part of anew safeguards approach.

• The second phase of an RM project at aMOX fuel fabrication plant in Japanneared completion. The project includedthe transmission of NDA data from thefacility to the Agency’s regional office.

• Field trials continued at one LWR in theRepublic of Korea and LWRs in Japan. RMsystems for routine safeguards use werealso installed at two LWRs in Switzerlandand at two LWRs and a spent fuel storage

in South Africa, with routine implementa-tion planned at all LWRs in Switzerlandduring 2000.

• Field trials of a complex RM system for theverification of CANDU spent fuel transferto dry storage in Argentina continuedunder a joint support programme.

• Plans for the setup of an RM test facility atAgency Headquarters were completed.

Frame relays for the secure transfer of datawere implemented in the Agency’s Torontoregional office as well as in South Africa.

In the area of equipment development (seeAnnex, Table A21), ten equipment systemsand software were modified and upgraded,19 were developed and evaluated, and6 authorized for inspection use. The develop-ment of new software for the mini multi-chan-nel analyser, upgrading of the existing elec-tronic VACOSS seal, and development of newelectronic sealing devices, and of an improvedcadmium–zinc–telluride detector for short-cooling-time spent fuel measurements are inprogress. Additionally, a new underwaterultrasonic sealing system was applied on thespent fuel storage at the Cernavoda reactor inRomania.

The introduction of new generation multi-channel analysers proceeded, at the sametime as the withdrawal of the ageing ones. Anew generation of unattended radiation moni-toring systems in CANDU reactors started toreplace the aged systems. Digital imagesurveillance systems continued to be installed.At the end of 1999, 118 digital systems oper-ating 163 cameras were in use. A further93 systems were purchased for installation in2000. The first multi-camera digital systemwas installed for a field trial. Further steps tooptimize safeguards equipment utilizationwere also performed.

A new inspection scheduling system wasdeveloped to assist the three operations divi-sions in the scheduling of inspections. A newsystem was developed to assist Member Statesin preparing declarations under Articles 2 and3 of the Additional Protocol that allows thedata to be entered in an electronic format suit-able for submission to the Agency.

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

95

A number of electronic and physical securitymeasures were implemented to strengthen in-house security, including: measures to reducethe risks of access to the LAN via modems;development of an information security policyand operating procedures; implementation oftechnical measures, which include implemen-tation of an intrusion detection system; provi-sion of secure remote access and developmentof a disaster recovery plan; and increasedphysical protection of one floor by restrictingaccess to authorized staff only.

All applications and information technologyinfrastructure were made Y2K compliant. Inaddition, a seminar was held in February toassist Member States in identifying Y2Krelated problems, and some Member Stateswere given assistance in resolving theseissues.

Work continued to prepare for implementationof Additional Protocols and practical experi-ence was gained through actual implementa-tion and through an implementation trial ofprotocol measures. A simplified set of guide-lines for the submission of declarations underArticles 2 and 3 of the Additional Protocol wasissued in April for use by States that havelittle or no nuclear material and/or nuclearactivities. Such States have usually concludeda ‘Small Quantities Protocol’ which holds inabeyance most of the detailed provisions ofPart II of a comprehensive safeguards agree-ment. The Secretariat continued to develop,for internal use, guidelines which seek toensure that complementary access under theAdditional Protocol is carried out in an effi-cient, technically effective and non-discrimi-natory manner. Guidelines for sites werecompleted and are now in use; they include

recommendations for selecting places foraccess within a site. Guidelines for comple-mentary access to decommissioned facilitiesare being finalized, as are guidelines for otherlocations declared as having nuclear material.

Work on the strengthened safeguards systemwas pursued with particular emphasis onintegrating traditional nuclear materialverification activities with the new strength-ening measures. A programme was estab-lished for further developing concepts for inte-grated safeguards as well as the necessaryguidelines, approaches and implementationcriteria. The first priority for consideration isthe development of an integrated safeguardsapproach for LWRs without MOX fuel. Thedevelopment programme is being undertakenwithin, and coordinated by, the Departmenttogether with the assistance of a group of safe-guards experts, with advice from the StandingAdvisory Group on Safeguards Implementa-tion and with the support of a number ofMember State Support Programmes. Twotechnical co-ordinating meetings with partici-pation of experts from nine Member StateSupport Programmes were held in Vienna todiscuss progress in the development of inte-grated safeguards approaches and to definethe direction of future activities.

Under additional protocols concluded on thebasis of the Model Additional Protocol(INFCIRC/540), Subsidiary Arrangements arenot compulsory but may be requested by aState or the Agency. Model language wasprepared and used for the negotiation of suchSubsidiary Arrangements.

Model language was also prepared and usedfor formal reporting under Article 10 of theModel Additional Protocol to States on theAgency’s activities performed. Such state-ments were issued to one State (Australia)concerning the performance of complementaryaccess to sites in that State and the conclu-sions drawn from these activities.

Quality assurance support was provided toenhance the effectiveness and efficiency of theAgency’s verification activities. In particular,the Departmental inspection documentationpackages (IDP) tracking system became fully

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

96

“A new system was developed to

assist Member States in preparing

declarations under Articles 2 and 3

of the Additional Protocol.”

operational, allowing the user to track, on areal time basis, an IDP and to alert theresponsible party(ies) to problems requiringcorrective action. In 1999, about 3500 IDPswere produced by the inspectorate and weresubject to systematic quality control checking.The quality of the seals verification systemcontinued to be monitored through the use ofdeliberately altered seals and blind testing,with 91 such blind tests performed. In addi-tion, the quality of surveillance review wasmonitored through re-review of randomlyselected films and tapes and in-depth reviewsof the surveillance application. During theyear, such re-reviews were performed for7 inspection reports.

The safeguards training curriculum wasfurther enhanced with new training coursesthat address the need for increased skills andknowledge of safeguards staff and MemberState personnel. In addition to regular coursesfor inspectors on ‘traditional’ safeguards,training on the implementation of strength-ened safeguards was conducted, particularlyin the fields of: evaluating information fromStates and preparing State evaluation reports;fulfilling security requirements for informa-tion; updating and upgrading inspector

knowledge of strengthened safeguards princi-ples and practices; and further enhancinginspector knowledge of nuclear fuel cycle andproliferation indicators. Member State person-nel also received training to assist them infulfilling their obligations under safeguardsagreements. International and regional train-ing courses were conducted for SSAC person-nel and the topics included strengthened safe-guards, with focus on the Model AdditionalProtocol, Member State requirements arisingfrom Articles 2 and 3 of the Model AdditionalProtocol and other related subjects.

At the request of the Board of Governors, newreports were prepared that provided addi-tional information on the legal, technical andfinancial implications of the various options toaddress the proliferation potential of neptu-nium and americium. In September, the Boarddecided to authorize the implementation of anapproach to monitor neptunium and to deferthe question of its application to americiumuntil a later date. By the end of 1999, theAgency had initiated an exchange of letterswith the concerned States for the receipt ofinformation and the application of measuresrequired for the monitoring scheme forneptunium.

SA

FE

GU

AR

DS

97

SE

CU

RIT

Y

OF

M

AT

ER

IAL

98

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To assist Member States, through training, exper t assistance, equip-

ment and exchange of information, in the protection of nuclear and

other radioactive materials against forcible seizure, theft and other

criminal activities and to provide them with the knowledge and tools for

detecting and responding to incidents of trafficking should they occur.

O V E R V I E W

The focus of the programme on the security of material was to assist MemberStates in the establishment of systems necessary to prevent nuclear materialand other radioactive sources from being diverted to unauthorized purposes.Further enhancements to the information exchange process were accom-plished during the year and the number of States participating increased from60 in 1998 to 68 in 1999. Training programmes specifically tailored to addressthe needs of State regulators, customs officials and border police were held.Building upon prior joint efforts, WCO, INTERPOL, the European Commis-sion and the Agency provided training in Vienna and Malta. Laboratory testsof detection and monitoring equipment were completed, and field testingstarted. The development of international standards for the physical protec-tion of nuclear material were addressed in numerous meetings and seminars,all with the goal of enhancing the strength and uniformity of these standards.

The narrative that follows focuses on the security of nuclear material. Infor-mation on Agency activities related to the security of radioactive materialother than nuclear material — the protection of which is primarily a safetyconcern — can be found in the chapter on ‘Radiation Safety’.

I N F O R M A T I O N

As part of its efforts to encourage Member States to participate in the IllicitTrafficking Database Programme, the Agency organized a regional seminar in

SECURITY OF MATERIALSECURITY OF MATERIAL

SE

CU

RIT

Y

OF

M

AT

ER

IAL

99

Kazakhstan in December. The seminardemonstrated the determination of theCentral Asia and Caucasus region to co-oper-ate in combating illicit trafficking; in addition,the seven participating States announcedtheir intention of joining the Illicit TraffickingDatabase Programme.

Major upgrades were made to the softwareused to maintain the illicit trafficking data-base. These upgrades reflect the expandedscope and content of the database, whichallows for an increased level of reporting frommultiple sources. Additionally, the retrievaland dissemination capabilities of the data-base were enhanced. While past years haveseen a decrease in the annual number of inci-dents reported, this has not been the case inthe last two years. A detailed analysis is beingcarried out to identify the reasons for thisincrease.

P R O T E C T I O N O F N U C L E A R M A T E R I A L

The Agency’s programme to enhance theprotection of nuclear material is a recentdevelopment. It started with Board of Gover-nors approval in 1995 of activities to assistStates and for the provision of extrabudgetaryfunds for this purpose. The programme contin-ued to advance in 1999, with States providingmore regular budget funding. In addition,INFCIRC/225/Rev.4 was published. A numberof actions are being taken to provide addi-tional guidance to States and enhance theglobal implementation of the recommenda-tions contained in it. In other work, theAgency convened an expert meeting toconsider whether there is a need to revise theConvention on the Physical Protection ofNuclear Material. This effort will continuewith a thorough review to determine the basisfor possible revision. Finally, a design basisthreat workshop was conducted in Prague atthe request of the Czech Government.

The Agency continued to receive requests forInternational Physical Protection AdvisoryService (IPPAS) missions to appraise the

national protection systems of requestingStates. During 1999, there were IPPASmissions to Lithuania and Peru, plus apreparatory mission to Belarus. The Agencyprovided follow-up support to these andearlier IPPAS missions. Donors and recipientsfrom the Newly Independent States met inMarch to ensure proper co-ordination of tech-nical co-operation in the field of physicalprotection. Plans for addressing the needs ofthe individual States were also developed. Atanother meeting of the donor and recipientStates, the 4th Annual Review Meeting for theCo-ordinated Technical Support Programme(CTSP), held in Vienna in November, a

consensus was reached on the need to addressthe sustainability of nuclear control systemsand for training and equipment to combat theillegal use of nuclear material.

A physical protection course on system designwas held in the Czech Republic for individualsfrom eastern European States and the formerSoviet Union. A workshop to provide an intro-duction to the field of physical protection washeld in Cyprus for officials from the MiddleEast and North Africa. Regional workshopsdesigned to assist States in strengtheningtheir nuclear material control systems basedon Agency safeguards were held in Belarus inMay and in Uzbekistan in October.

The Agency contributed to the programme ofthe G-8 Non-Proliferation Experts Group(NPEG) by maintaining the NPEG list ofState points of contact whose main function ina crisis situation would be to channel essentialinformation to senior policy makers in atimely manner. A test of this system wascarried out in June to identify possibleimprovements to the system.

“Major upgrades were made to the

software used to maintain the illicit

trafficking database.”

The Agency’s

Programme in 1999:

Management and

Outreach

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

,C

O-O

RD

INA

TIO

N

AN

D

SU

PP

OR

T

101

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To provide overall direction, policy guidance, legal advice, co-ordination

and administrative suppor t to effectively and efficiently implement the

Agency’s mandate as reflected in the approved programme.

L E G A L A C T I V I T I E S

Legislative assistance continued to be provided to Member States to enablethem to further develop their nuclear legislation. Emphasis was placed on theinteraction between technical and legal experts of the Agency and those ofMember States. In particular, assistance was given to five Member States bymeans of written comments or advice on specific national legislation submit-ted to the Agency for review. Advice was also provided on:

• Legislative issues related to radioactive waste management (for the Balticcountries);

• Legislative issues related to the development of a legal infrastructuregoverning radioactive waste resulting from uranium mining and millingand decommissioning (for countries of East and Central Europe and theNewly Independent States);

• Reform of civil nuclear liability (in co-operation with the OECD/NEA andthe European Commission);

• Basic definitions for use in a national nuclear law regime and the inde-pendence of the regulatory body (for the European region);

• Consolidation of an adequate legal framework for the safe and peacefuluses of nuclear energy (for countries of East Asia and the Pacific);

• Development of a legal framework governing civil liability for nucleardamage and for preparedness and response to radiological emergencies(for countries of East Asia and the Pacific);

• Drafting of nuclear legislation.

MANAGEMENT, CO-ORDINATION AND SUPPORTMANAGEMENT, CO-ORDINATION AND SUPPORT

P U B L I C I N F O R M A T I O N

The Director General approved a new publicinformation and outreach policy. This policy isintended to enhance the Agency’s interactionwith opinion leaders, the media and civil soci-ety, reaching out to both traditional and non-traditional partners, for instance among non-governmental organizations and the privatesector.

The Agency’s WorldAtom Internet site wasredesigned to improve its ability to handle an

expanding number of external enquiries. Theon-line information base was enlarged,notably in the areas of safety, nuclear energy,research reactors and nuclear fuel cycle facili-ties, and a special series of pages was intro-duced for prompt coverage of topical Agencyactivities and nuclear events attracting mediaand public interest.

New publications included a comprehensivebrochure on the work of the Agency’s Labora-tories at Seibersdorf. In addition, a number ofexhibits were organized both in Vienna and inMember States, and five public informationseminars were held in China, Cuba, CzechRepublic, Egypt and Japan.

Among new films released to Member Statesand to other outlets, apart from Agencyproductions on Semipalatinsk, isotope hydrol-ogy and illicit trafficking, were two filmsfinanced essentially from extrabudgetarysources. The first, Harnessing the Atom, dealswith the Agency’s role in peaceful nuclearapplications, non-proliferation and safety,while the second, Three Voices, was on womenwho are pursuing nuclear related careers andare currently serving in the Agency.

F I N A N C I A L M A N A G E M E N T

At its June meeting the Board of Governorsadopted amendments to the Agency’s Finan-cial Regulations with effect from 1 January2002, so that full biennial programming couldbe implemented for the 2002–2003 cycle. TheBoard also suspended the application ofFinancial Regulation 3.01, exceptionally, forthe year 2001, the transitional period. InSeptember, the General Conference approvedan amendment to Article XIV.A of the Statueto allow for biennial budgeting. Once thisamendment comes into force, the Agency willbe able to operate under biennial appropria-tions as a corollary to biennial programming,as is the practice in other United Nationssystem organizations.

May saw the completion of the implementa-tion plan of the new Agency Financial Infor-mation Management System (AFIMS). Owingto time constraints and the Y2K problemfacing the present Financial Information andControl System (FICS), the objective of PhaseI (planned for January 2000) was to imple-ment the system based on a minimum set ofrequirements. Discussions and preparationsfor Phase II (planned for mid-2000 followingmigration and ‘settling-in’) commenced in late1999. In the last week of December, the trans-fer of account balances from FICS to AFIMSwas successfully carried out. The new systemwent into operation on 1 January 2000.

For 1999, the General Conference appropriatedan amount of $224.2 million for the Agency’sRegular Budget on the basis of an exchangerate of 12.70 Austrian schillings to one UnitedStates dollar, of which $219.3 million wasrelated to Agency programmes (see Annex,Table A1). The latter amount was adjustedto $216.9 million to account for theaverage United Nations exchange rate(12.8671 Austrian schillings to one US dollar)actually experienced during the year.

The Regular Budget for 1999, at an exchangerate of 12.8671 Austrian schillings to one USdollar, amounted to $221.8 million, of which$212.2 million was to be financed from contri-butions by Member States on the basis of the1999 scale of assessment, $4.9 million from

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

,C

O-O

RD

INA

TIO

N

AN

D

SU

PP

OR

T

102

“A new public information and

outreach policy is intended to enhance

the Agency’s interaction with opinion

leaders, the media and civil society.”

income from reimbursable work for others and$4.7 million from other miscellaneous income.

The actual expenditures for the Agency’sRegular Budget in 1999 amounted to$221.5 million, of which $216.5 million wasrelated to the Agency’s programmes. Theunused budget from the Agency’s programmesamounted to $0.4 million, while the totalunused budget was $0.3 million when accountwas taken of reimbursable work for others.

The target for voluntary contributions to theTechnical Co-operation Fund for 1999 wasestablished at $73 million, of which$64.1 million was pledged by Member States.

A total of $26.1 million in extrabudgetaryfunds was provided by Member States, theUnited Nations, other international organiza-tions and other sources during 1999 (seeAnnex, Table A2). Of this amount,$10.3 million was in support of safeguards,$4.1 million was for technical co-operationprojects, $1.9 million for food and agriculture,$2.5 million for nuclear safety and $1.9 millionfor implementation of United Nations SecurityCouncil Resolution 687 on Iraq. An amount of$1.2 million (supplemented by the Agency’scontribution of $3.1 million) was in support ofIAEA-MEL. The remaining $4.2 million was insupport of various other projects implementedby the Agency.

A total of $1.9 million was administeredon behalf of research institutions and$2.4 million for the International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor.

P E R S O N N E L M A N A G E M E N T

The design and testing of a comprehensivemanagement training programme wascompleted. The aim is to foster good manage-ment practices within a common framework ofpolicies, procedures and terminology through-out the Agency. Implementation commencedin November and will continue through 2000and 2001 to train managers at all levels.

A human resources planning process wasdeveloped which will ensure a holistic

approach to human resources managementand help determine the appropriate size andcomposition of the work force in each area. Itwill also support the implementation of thestaff rotation policy by identifying those func-tions which require institutional memory andcontinuity as opposed to those that necessitatea continuous influx of fresh talent. And it willalso serve as a basis for a projection of vacan-cies, which will enable the Secretariat to beginplanning for the recruitment of prospectivecandidates at an earlier stage.

At the end of 1999, there were 2212 staffmembers of the Secretariat — 944 in the

Professional and higher categories and 1268in the General Service category. These figuresrepresent 1652 regular, 296 temporary assis-tance and 174 extrabudgetary staff, as well as58 cost free experts and 32 consultants.Ninety-two nationalities were representedamong the 682 staff members in posts subjectto geographical distribution.

I N F O R M A T I O N M A N A G E M E N T

Many of the goals outlined in the Agency’sMedium Term Strategy explicitly mention thefull use of information technology (IT).Specific activities in support of these goalsincluded the development of an informationmanagement module for the ManagementCertificate Curriculum, as well as projects onthe rationalization of databases and anAgency-wide document management system.

C O M P U T E R S E R V I C E S

Considerable time and effort was invested todeal with the Y2K computer problem. Thecomplete IT infrastructure was tested and,

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

,C

O-O

RD

INA

TIO

N

AN

D

SU

PP

OR

T

103

“Many of the goals outlined in the

Agency’s Medium Term Strategy

explicitly mention the full use of

information technology”

where needed, corrective measures were putinto place. A major effort to ensure Y2K readi-ness was completed by November, as well as a‘Staging Room’ to assist other parts of theAgency with Y2K testing of their own applica-tions, in particular for the financial systemFICS. In addition, the installation of an unin-terruptible power supply meant that thecentral computer systems and network infra-structure are now fully protected againstunplanned power interruptions. A contingencyand transition plan was prepared to minimizethe effect of remaining Y2K problems.

Discussions were held late in 1999 with theMicrosoft Corporation on improving andstreamlining Agency licensing. The Agency isin the process of finalizing an MS EnterpriseLicensing agreement with Microsoft that willhelp it to reduce the total cost of ownershipthrough cost savings associated with stan-dardization, aggregation of worldwide soft-ware needs at the best possible discounts, andreduction of overhead costs associated withongoing license tracking and ordering.

Progress in creating an Agency-wide ContactsInformation System was made with migrationof the Mailing List system from the main-frame to a client/server environment. In addi-tion, operational support was provided forOASIS, the Agency’s general Intranet site,and the Country Files Systems.

Programme specific tasks included:

• Support of a major redesign and develop-ment of the INIS Data Processing System;

• Extension of the Power Reactor Informa-tion System to cover non-electrical applica-tions of nuclear power plants;

• Design and development of Internet sitesfor research reactors and the IsotopeHydrology Information System;

• Development of a system to aid in themaintenance and publication of the Admin-istrative Manual.

L I B R A R Y S E R V I C E S

The second release of the VIC Library’s homepage, VICLNET, was developed and made

available to the users. The main benefit isstreamlined user access to electronic informa-tion. In addition, 72 subscribed electronic jour-nals, 190 free Internet journals and 4 broadcommercial electronic information serviceswere made available through VICLNET, aswere on-line searching, ordering and elec-tronic delivering technical reports andstandards from both the VIC Library collec-tions and external sources. Furthermore, aCD-ROM network was developed and put inoperation as a service component integratedwith the home page.

The VIC Library migrated to a new integratedlibrary software system, STAR/Libraries. Thesystem provides opportunities for furtherstreamlining of user access to electronic infor-mation resources and for developing new serv-ices for Library users. It will also help toimprove efficiency and effectiveness of alllibrary operations.

C O N F E R E N C E , P R I N T I N G ,P U B L I S H I N G A N D T R A N S L A T I O N S E R V I C E S

During 1999, the Agency’s publishing, print-ing and documentation, conference, andlanguage services were amalgamated into oneorganizational entity. Work thereupon beganon improved co-ordination and streamlining ofactivities, especially through Internet basedsystems, that will have upstream benefits aswell. The Nuclear Fusion journal’s Internetsite was enhanced, and work was initiated onan Agency e-commerce site for salespublications.

The total output of translations and officialrecords was 26 501 standard pages, ascompared with 28 875 the previous year. Thisdecrease is attributed mainly to restrictionsimposed on the number and length of docu-ments and to reduced internal demand fortranslation. In the printing area, the totalamount of printed copies, and related work (inrelation to Agency programmes and notincluding reimbursable work for others) was75 016 012 pages, down from the 1998 figureof 84 586 953. Publishing activities includedthe production of a total of 142 books, reports,

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

,C

O-O

RD

INA

TIO

N

AN

D

SU

PP

OR

T

104

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

,C

O-O

RD

INA

TIO

N

AN

D

SU

PP

OR

T

105

journal issues and booklets in English (seeAnnex, Table A27). In addition, there were twopublications in Chinese, two in French, one inRussian and one in Spanish.

I N T E R N A T I O N A L N U C L E A RI N F O R M A T I O N S Y S T E M( I N I S )

The current number of participating Membersis 122, including 103 countries and 19 inter-national organizations. The INIS Database onthe Internet received a large number ofrequests for registration in 1999. The totalnumber of paid and free registrations was1136 (for a total of 3210 users). The INISDatabase continued to be offered on CD-ROM,with a total of 448 paid and free subscriptionsdistributed in 1999

Under the co-operative arrangement betweenthe Agency and the OECD/NEA Data Bank,406 computer programs (out of 4667) weredistributed to users in the Agency’s MemberStates who are not members of the OECD.Two programs (out of 62) were contributed.

Two new modules for the INIS Data Process-ing System were implemented, the OutputProducts Sub-system (OPS) and the INISRegistration System (IRS). The IRS enableson-line registration of all input material —bibliographical records and associated non-conventional literature (NCL) full texts — inhard copy or electronic format. It also stream-lines submission of NCL directly to the INISISimaging system.

During the year, 3259 NCL documents wereimaged by the INIS Clearinghouse for a totalof 234 309 pages scanned. Scans from afurther 6217 documents were also sent byMember States for a total of 413 094 pages.

The overall total in 1999 is of 9476 documents(647 403 pages). In addition, 50 CD-ROMswere produced during the year for a total of131 CD-ROMs since imaging began. All NCLCD-ROMs are now being produced in-house,resulting in significant savings to the Agency.To provide guidance on the continued opera-tion of INIS, the 27th Annual ConsultativeMeeting of INIS Liaison Officers was held inMay in Vienna. This, the largest gathering ofLiaison Officers ever, produced a number ofdecisions and recommendations: for example,it was decided to revise the INIS MembershipAgreement.

The Fifth INIS/ETDE Joint TechnicalCommittee met in October in Knoxville, USA.Discussion items included a variety of topics ofcommon interest to both INIS and ETDE.

Significant outcomes of the meetings referredto above were the adoption of a simplified,common INIS/ETDE subject categorizationscheme to be operational as of 1 January 2000,and a decision to complete the reconciliation ofthe INIS and ETDE Thesauri so as to producea single INIS/ETDE Thesaurus by the end ofthe first quarter of 2000. It is expected thatthese two actions will result in a reduction ofthe cost of input preparation while improvingthe consistency of subject analysis.

The availability of new technology facilitatedthe implementation of a distance learningproject on the Internet to provide training toINIS users. The first phase of the project wascompleted in 1999. Some of the advantages ofdistance learning include: just in time train-ing, as well as continuous access to trainingfacilities; equal access to training opportuni-ties; availability of specific training to individ-ual users; easy updating of course content;and the facility for users to set their own pacein acquiring training.

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

OF

TE

CH

NIC

AL

CO

-OP

ER

AT

ION

FO

R D

EV

EL

OP

ME

NT

106

P R O G R A M M E O B J E C T I V E

To provide management suppor t to effectively and efficiently design,

implement and evaluate the technical co-operation programmes.

O V E R V I E W

This past year saw both the start of implementation of the 1999–2000 techni-cal co-operation programme and the start of planning for the 2001–2002programme. While uncertainty regarding the level of pledges that would bereceived was a factor that complicated planning throughout 1999, the yearended with pledges at a record high. In addition to managing fluctuatingpledge levels, a major challenge was met in preparing all informationtechnology systems in the programme for alignment with the Agency’s newfinancial information system in 2000, and in migrating all of the remainingapplications from the mainframe to the SQL server.

T E C H N I C A L C O - O P E R A T I O N P R O G R A M M E

A major tenet of the ‘Strategy for Technical Co-operation’ is ensuring that theprogramme is relevant to Member States and contributes directly to theachievement of major sustainable development priorities of recipient coun-tries. It has also been shown that good planning and design up front is the keyto good results during project implementation. A major focus of effort for theAgency, therefore, was ‘upstream’ work for the 2001–2002 programme.

One method used to ascertain the interests and priorities of Member Stateswas the organization in the Europe programme of seven separate regionalmeetings. These were in addition to the nearly 120 regional events organizedto implement this regional programme. These meetings enabled the countries

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

of the region to: (a) discuss and define theirpriorities; (b) participate in training on projectdesign; and (c) plan specific projects togetherbefore the actual submission of projectrequests.

A case in point was the November meetingcalled to plan regional nuclear safety andenergy related projects. Senior officials fromregulatory authorities and nuclear plantsfrom countries throughout the region met atthe Agency together with representatives ofdonor countries and organizations. The resultwas agreement on detailed project workplansfor 2000 and on the scope of major projects forthe 2001–2002 cycle in the fields of nuclearsafety and energy.

Another means of ensuring relevance in theAgency’s programme has been to align itsobjectives with those of other United Nationsagencies. In Africa, for example, one ofWHO’s main areas of focus is communicablediseases, in particular malaria and tubercu-losis. The recent resurgence of TB is a majorpublic health concern in countries such asSouth Africa. The Agency has started towork with that country to develop isotopebased molecular techniques for the rapidand accurate detection of multidrug resist-ant strains of TB. It is hoped that this willnot only benefit the community, but will alsocontribute to international and WHO effortsto combat TB.

Similarly in West Asia, the Agency’s planningefforts in the area of water resources manage-ment was harmonized with the work of otherinternational and intergovernmental organi-zations such as UNESCO, the United NationsEconomic and Social Commission for WestAsia, the Arab League Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization and the ArabCentre for the Studies of Arid Zones and DryLands. At a co-ordination meeting in February1999, representatives of these organizationshelped to develop the scope and objectives of aregional project to use isotope hydrology toassess the effectiveness of artificial groundwa-ter recharge through surface reservoirs, andto manage groundwater aquifers deterioratedby salinity. These isotope studies are envi-sioned to be integrated with the water

resource projects of the above mentionedorganizations.

While harmonization of the Agency’s workwith that of other organizations helps toensure the relevance and impact of Agencyprogramming, forging links with the privatesector can lead to sustainability of results. In1999, the East Asia and Pacific region spon-sored a seminar to assist project counterpartsin marketing their capabilities to end users.Case studies from Indonesia and Malaysiademonstrated how those countries integratedsome of their research and development activ-

ities with the production system in the coun-try. Examples from China and Pakistanshowed how R&D had been commercializeddirectly or through subsidiary companies. Inall four cases there was the clear message thatif nuclear institutions are to stay relevant inthe context of mainstream socioeconomicdevelopment, they can best do so by generat-ing revenues, thus achieving self-reliance andsustainability.

Self-reliance was also a theme in Latin Amer-ica, where at their 16th Technical Co-ordina-tion meeting, Member States of ARCALagreed on procedures for the selection ofRegional Resource Centres. Thirty-one initialcandidate centres were selected from a list of65 potential centres; many of these have nowbeen reviewed by the Agency. Those techni-cally qualified will be presented to ARCALmembers for the final selection. It was agreedthat the list of designated centres — coveringall parts of the region and many differenttopics — will be reviewed every three years.Three institutions are already operating asRegional Resource Centres, specializing in therepair and maintenance of different types ofnuclear instrumentation.

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

OF

TE

CH

NIC

AL

CO

-OP

ER

AT

ION

FO

R D

EV

EL

OP

ME

NT

107

“...harmonization of the Agency’s

work with that of other organizations

helps to ensure the relevance and

impact of Agency programming...”

Since 1999 was the first year in the program-ming cycle, a major effort was also made toimprove project quality through the trainingof national counterparts prior to thesubmission of project requests to the Agency.A new training package on project design andplanning was developed at the ArgonneNational Laboratory with financial supportfrom the US Department of Energy. The pack-age included training in the use of a monitor-ing tool designed by the Agency to strengthen

implementation of projects in the next cycle.Several follow-up workshops were laterorganized by course participants in their owncountries.

P L A N N I N G , C O - O R D I N A T I O NA N D E V A L U A T I O N

Among the tools used to design programmeswith individual countries and regions duringupstream work are the outputs of ThematicPlanning exercises. Two such exercises wereundertaken in 1999 in the fields of dam safetyand sustainability, and fruitfly control. Thelatter exercise was particularly innovative inthat it: (a) established research priorities forthe Agency’s technical departments andprogramming possibilities for its technical co-operation programme that could intersect overan extended time frame; and (b) establishedthe goal of improving the cost effectiveness ofthis technology by taking a medfly sterileinsect technique package to the marketplace.

Programming is complemented and informedby evaluation. In 1999, an evaluation of theAgency’s technical co-operation activities over

a ten year period related to research reactorsand low energy accelerators was undertakenjointly with a review of Regular Budget activ-ities in the same field. The evaluationconcluded that the projects in this area werehighly relevant, indicating that the countriesthemselves committed substantial resourcesto the projects and that the Agency inputswere appropriate for meeting the projectobjectives. Along the same lines, the goodeffectiveness ratings indicated that the proj-ects met their specific objectives. Throughpositive efficiency scores, the Agencyconcluded that their inputs were used appro-priately and in a timely and cost effectivemanner. However, lower scores for impactindicate problems converting the inputs intotangible socioeconomic benefits through effec-tive end-users. Several recommendationsgrew from an analysis of the evaluation. Thenumber of Model Projects in this area shouldbe increased. Regional planning is needed toavoid overestimating latent demand or notvaluing risks in market saturation. Feasibilitystudies, cost–benefit analyses and contingencyfunding must be used to better manage therisk factors associated with these projects.Finally, priority should be given to existingproblems of safety and waste managementbefore encouraging more investments in newfacilities.

The Agency’s technical co-operation pro-gramme received strong support from MemberStates in the form of increased contributionsto the Technical Co-operation Fund (TCF).However, there were significant fluctuationsin the estimated resources, and some majorpledges and contributions were received onlyin the last month of the year.

To cope with this uncertain situation, theAgency relied on the principle of ‘dynamicprogramming’. The primary ‘safety valve’ wasa larger than usual number of ‘footnote a/’projects that could be upgraded not only withextrabudgetary funds, but also with fundingfrom late pledges; more than $5.6 millionworth of projects were upgraded throughoutthe year. These were rigorously selected usingthe following criteria: (a) high quality; (b) costsharing from either the recipient governmentitself or another donor; and (c) ‘due account’

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

OF

TE

CH

NIC

AL

CO

-OP

ER

AT

ION

FO

R D

EV

EL

OP

ME

NT

108

“The Agency’s technical

co-operation programme received

strong support from Member

States in the form of increased

contributions to the TCF.”

considerations (i.e. taking into consideration acountry’s record in pledging and payingcontributions to the TCF and, if applicable, itsassessed programme costs). Preference wasalso given to regional projects so that a maxi-mum number of Member States could benefitfrom the upgrading of footnote a/ projects. Theprogramme also benefited in 1999 from asubstantial reduction in standard expertcosts.

One of the major tasks undertaken by theAgency in 1999 was the development of

interfaces between technical co-operationapplications and the Agency’s new financialinformation system. This was complementedby the need to replace outstanding systemsand system components still running on themainframe with client server based solutions.In addition, workflows for technical co-opera-tion financial processes were streamlined andproject budgeting and financial controllingsimplified. The cycle times for technical co-operation financial processing have beensubstantially shortened and more up to datedata have been made available.

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

OF

TE

CH

NIC

AL

CO

-OP

ER

AT

ION

FO

R D

EV

EL

OP

ME

NT

109

AnnexTable A1. Summary of allocation and utilization of regular budget

resources in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Table A2. Extrabudgetary Programme Fund, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Table A3. Disbursements by Agency programme and region in 1999 113Table A4. International Peer Review Service (IPERS) on

PSA reviews, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Table A5. Engineering Safety Review Service (ESRS) missions

related to site and external hazards, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Table A6. Y2K related safety missions to nuclear power plants . . . . 114Table A7. Operational Safety Review Team (OSART)

missions, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Table A8. Safety Culture Service missions, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Table A9. Assessment of Safety Significant Events Team (ASSET)

services and operating experience review activity, 1999 . . . . . . 115Table A10. International Regulatory Review Team (IRRT)

missions, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Table A11. Integrated Safety Assessment of Research Reactors

(INSARR) missions, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Table A12. International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) ratings

reported, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Table A13. Number of States having significant nuclear activities

at the end of 1997, 1998 and 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Table A14. Situation on 31 December 1999 with respect to the

conclusion of safeguards agreements between the Agency and non-nuclear-weapon States in connection with NPT . . . . . . . . . . 117

Table A15. Situation on 31 December 1999 with respect to the conclusion of safeguards agreements between the Agency and States party to the Treaty of Tlatelolco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Table A16. Agreements providing for safeguards, other than those in connection with NPT or the Treaty of Tlatelolco, approved by the Board of Governors as of 31 December 1999 . . . . . . . . 125

Table A17. Situation on 31 December 1999 with respect to the conclusion of Protocols Additional to safeguards agreements . . 129

Table A18. Approximate quantities of material subject to Agency safeguards at the end of 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Table A19. Number of facilities under safeguards or containing safeguarded material on 31 December 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Table A20. Facilities under Agency safeguards or containing safeguarded material on 31 December 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Table A21. Main equipment and activities in support of safeguards . . 144Table A22. Additional safeguards support provided by States . . . . . 145Table A23. Standing Advisory Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Table A24. Conventions negotiated and adopted under the auspices

of the Agency and for which the Director General is the depositary (status and relevant developments) . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Table A25. Co-ordinated Research Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Table A26. Training courses, seminars and workshops in 1999 . . . . 152Table A27. Publications issued in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Table A1. SUMMARY OF ALLOCATION AND UTILIZATION OF REGULAR BUDGET RESOURCES IN 1999

1999 1999 1999 total expenditure Unusedbudget adjusted Amount % of (over-expended)

Programme GC(42)/7 budget adjusted budget(at AS 12.70) (at AS 12.86) budget (2)–(3)

(1) (2) (3) (3) / (2) (5)

Nuclear Power 4 453 000 4 409 000 4 468 025 101.34 (59 025)Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology 5 233 000 5 182 000 5 133 808 99.07 48 192Comparative Assessment of Energy Sources 2 909 000 2 881 000 2 867 694 99.54 13 306

Subtotal 12 595 000 12 472 000 12 469 527 99.98 2 473

Food and Agriculture 10 566 000 10 474 000 10 474 114 100.00 (114)Human Health 6 019 000 5 968 000 5 953 687 99.76 14 313Marine Environment, Water Resources and Industry 6 516 000 6 452 000 6 422 342 99.54 29 658Physical and Chemical Sciences 8 835 000 8 768 000 8 781 845 100.16 (13 845)

Subtotal 31 936 000 31 662 000 31 631 988 99.91 30 012

Nuclear Safety 5 593 000 5 533 000 5 603 006 101.27 (70 006)Radiation Safety 3 382 000 3 346 000 3 397 856 101.55 (51 856)Radioactive Waste Safety 2 130 000 2 107 000 2 183 749 103.64 (76 749)Co-ordination of Safety Activities 3 062 000 3 029 000 2 824 610 93.25 204 390

Subtotal 14 167 000 14 015 000 14 009 221 99.96 5 779

Safeguards 79 752 000 78 876 000 78 984 983 100.14 (108 983)Security of Material 1 060 000 1 049 000 926 227 88.30 122 773

Subtotal 80 812 000 79 925 000 79 911 210 99.98 13 790

Management of Technical Co-operation for DevelopmentTechnical Co-operation Programme 7 845 000 7 753 000 7 965 819 102.74 (212 819)Planning, Co-ordination and Evaluation 4 824 000 4 770 000 4 541 814 95.22 228 186

Subtotal 12 669 000 12 523 000 12 507 633 99.88 15 367

Management,Co-ordination and SupportExecutive Management 5 041 000 4 983 000 4 774 382 95.81 208 618Policy making Organs 6 374 000 6 306 000 6 457 470 102.40 (151 470)Legal Activities, External Relations and Public Information 7 036 000 6 964 000 6 355 036 91.26 608 964Administration 12 585 000 12 440 000 12 480 472 100.33 (40 472)General Services 22 322 000 22 044 000 22 339 865 101.34 (295 865)Information Management and Support Services 13 752 000 13 597 000 13 613 958 100.12 (16 958)

Subtotal 67 110 000 66 334 000 66 021 183 99.53 312 817

Total – Agency Programmes 219 289 000 216 931 000 216 550 762 99.82 380 238

Reimbursable work for others 4 958 000 4 901 000 5 008 883 102.20 (107 883)

TOTAL 224 247 000 221 832 000 221 559 645 99.88 272 355

AN

NE

X

111

Table A2. EXTRABUDGETARY PROGRAMME FUND, 1999 (resources and expenditures)

Resources Unused Unused Receipts Adjusted Total balance as at

Programme balance budget expenditure 31 Decemberas at 1999

1 January 1999 (1) + (2) (3)–(4)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Projects funded by individual Member StatesNuclear Power 233 546 117 200 350 746 104 782 245 964 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology 289 846 514 130 803 976 409 707 394 269 Comparative Assessment of Energy Sources 136 104 154 151 290 255 183 266 106 989 Food and Agriculture 729 422 66 856 796 278 548 835 247 443 Human Health 307 212 118 000 425 212 118 832 306 380 Marine Environment, Water Resources and Industry 1 151 823 865 536 2 017 359 801 430 1 215 929 Physical and Chemical Sciences 26 998 85 956 112 954 53 457 59 497 Nuclear Safety 1 609 601 2 461 128 4 070 729 1 656 247 2 414 482 Radiation Safety 85 401 406 000 491 401 204 289 287 112 Radioactive Waste Safety 53 211 44 936 98 147 31 923 66 224 Co-ordination of Safety Activities 181 152 146 332 327 484 137 042 190 442 Safeguards 9 945 387 10 321 412 20 266 799 13 538 686 6 728 113 Security of Material 424 782 897 240 1 322 022 287 710 1 034 312 Management of Technical Co-operation for Development 162 136 265 656 427 792 253 025 174 767 Executive Management 557 235 750 577 1 307 812 807 458 500 354 Services for Policy Making Organs 0 22 835 22 835 14 281 8 554 Legal Activities, External Relations and Public Information 623 592 625 718 1 249 310 700 172 549 138 Administration 38 219 22 000 60 219 55 859 4 360

Subtotal 16 555 667 17 885 663 34 441 330 19 907 001 14 534 329

Multi-funded projectsNuclear Power 105 928 0 105 928 41 570 64 358 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology 25 716 114 288 140 004 85 936 54 068 Food and Agriculture 167 877 124 776 292 653 92 491 200 162 Nuclear Safety 101 257 0 101 257 68 962 32 295 Co-ordination of Safety Activities 54 299 0 54 299 54 299 0

Subtotal 455 077 239 064 694 141 343 258 350 883

International organizationsFood and Agriculture 99 602 1 731 061 1 830 663 1 697 645 133 018 Marine Environment, Water Resources and Industry 110 778 491 496 602 274 549 801 52 473 Executive Management 26 383 1 250 000 1 276 383 1 126 095 150 288

Subtotal 236 763 3 472 557 3 709 320 3 373 541 335 779

Agency’s Programmes 17 247 507 21 597 284 38 844 791 23 623 800 15 220 991

FAO: AGRIS 0 465 259 465 259 410 549 54 710

TOTAL Extrabudgetary 17 247 507 22 062 543 39 310 050 24 034 349 15 275 701

Note: In addition to the above Extrabudgetary Programme Fund, Member States and UNDP provided $4.1 millionin 1999 for technical co-operation projects under the Technical Co-operation Extrabudgetary Fund.

AN

NE

X

112

Table A3. DISBURSEMENTS BY AGENCY PROGRAMME AND REGION IN 1999(summary of all areas, in thousands of dollars)

East AsiaProgramme Africa

Latinand

WestEurope

Inter- TotalAmerica

the PacificAsia regional

Nuclear Power 186.1 319.8 328.0 264.7 846.2 687.8 2 632.6

Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology 432.0 120.2 486.7 383.5 983.0 456.0 2 861.4

Comparative Assessment of Energy Sources 62.9 32.0 139.9 0.0 266.4 102.2 603.4

Food and Agriculture 4 966.7 1 684.6 1 679.4 1 113.7 447.8 523.0 10 415.2

Human Health 3 836.4 3 071.3 2 461.7 868.8 2 724.7 307.2 13 270.1

Marine Environment,Water Resources and Industry 1 698.2 1 520.9 2 467.6 1 065.0 3 018.5 0.9 9 771.1

Physical and Chemical Sciences 1 464.0 1 281.7 1 110.2 1 408.4 2 758.8 109.1 8 132.2

Nuclear Safety 127.8 199.5 860.8 156.9 1 977.9 129.1 3 452.0

Radiation Safety 1 100.6 1 626.3 1 550.6 1 134.4 1 894.1 31.0 7 337.0

Radioactive Waste Safety 290.8 112.5 74.0 34.5 506.9 0.0 1 018.7

Co-ordination of Safety Activities 185.1 184.8 91.8 79.2 90.9 56.6 688.4

Safeguards 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Security of Material 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 309.7 0.0 309.7

Management of Technical Co-operation for Development 413.3 633.3 1,080.0 200.1 260.2 502.1 3 089.0

Management, Co-ordination and Support

Legal Activities, External Relations and Public Information 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.0 186.0 0.0 190.9

General Services 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7

Information Management and Support Services 26.2 89.2 31.9 12.5 45.5 39.2 244.5

TOTAL 14 790.1 10 881.0 12 368.3 6 721.7 16 316.6 2 944.2 64 021.9

AN

NE

X

113

Table A4. INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEW SERVICE (IPERS) ON PSA REVIEWS, 1999

Review type Location, Country Nuclear Power Plant

Pre-IPERS Level 1 PSA Karachi, Pakistan KANUPP CANDULow power and shutdown PSA Budapest/Paks, Hungary Paks WWER 440/213Low power and shutdown PSA Piestany, Slovakia Bohunice V2 WWER 440/213

Table A5. ENGINEERING SAFETY REVIEW SERVICE (ESRS) MISSIONS RELATED TO SITE ANDEXTERNAL HAZARDS, 1999

Country Site/plant Service

Korea, Rep. of AMATRomania Cernavoda CMRS and EIPSAChina Lianyunggang DSRS and WIslamic Rep. of Iran Bushehr SSRS and DSRSBulgaria Kozloduy SSRSChina CEFR DSRSChina Quinshan 3 SWSRSArmenia Medzamor SSRS and DSRSTurkey Akkuyu SSRSTurkey Istanbul SSRS of an RRKazakhstan Balkash SSRS and WPakistan Chashma DSRS and FSRSPakistan KANUPP AMATSlovenia Krško DSRSSlovakia Bohunice SSRSMorocco Mamoora SSRS of an RRDem. Rep. of the Congo Kinshasa SSRS of an RRUkraine South Ukraine DSRS

CEFR: Chinese Experimental Fast Reactor; DSRS: Design Safety Review Service; SSRS: Seismic (or Site)Safety Review Service; FSRS: Fire Safety Review Service; SWSRS: Software Safety Review Service; CMRS:Configuration Management Review Service; AMAT: Ageing Management Advisory Team; EIPSA: External andinternal event PSA; W: workshop; RR: research reactor

AN

NE

X

114 Table A6. Y2K RELATED SAFETY MISSIONS TO NUCLEAR POWERPLANTS

Plant Country

Chernobyl UkraineChernobyl UkraineQinshan ChinaBohunice SlovakiaZaporozhe UkraineQinshan ChinaGuangdong ChinaZaporozhe UkraineSouth Ukraine UkraineSouth Ukraine UkraineKozloduy BulgariaArmenia ArmeniaChernobyl UkraineBalakovo Russian FederationKrško SloveniaArmenia ArmeniaZaporozhe UkraineQinshan ChinaIgnalina LithuaniaAngra Brazil

Table A7. OPERATIONAL SAFETY REVIEW TEAM (OSART) MISSIONS, 1999

Type Location/plant Plant type Country

OSART Kozloduy WWER BulgariaFollow-up OSART Qinshan PWR ChinaPreparatory Visit North Anna PWR USAPre-OSART Chashma PWR PakistanPreparatory Visit Temelin WWER Czech RepublicOSART Bugey PWR FranceFollow-up OSART Embalse PHWR ArgentinaFollow-up OSART Palual PWR FrancePreparatory Visit Belleville PWR FranceFollow-up OSART Yonggwang PWR Rep. of Korea Preparatory Visit Mühleberg BWR SwitzerlandOSART Gösgen PWR Switzerland

Table A8. SAFETY CULTURE SERVICE MISSIONS, 1999

Type Country Location/ plant

Safety culture enhancement Brazil AngraPeer review of self-assessment Brazil AngraManagement of safety culture workshop Bulgaria Ledenika

AN

NE

X

115

Table A9. ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY SIGNIFICANT EVENTS TEAM (ASSET)SERVICES AND OPERATING EXPERIENCE REVIEW ACTIVITY, 1999

Type Country Location/nuclear power plant

SA Slovakia BratislavaS Armenia MetsamorZ Ukraine South UkraineSA India Kakrapar

S: ASSET seminar to present guidance for plant self-assessment; SA: workshop onanalysis of the root causes of events; Z: peer review of self-assessment of plantoperational events.

Table A10. INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY REVIEW TEAM (IRRT)MISSIONS, 1999

Type of mission Country

Pre-IRRT IndonesiaPre-IRRT Viet NamFull scope IRRT Slovenia

Table A11. INTEGRATED SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF RESEARCH REACTORS(INSARR) MISSIONS, 1999

Type Location/nuclear power plant Country

Review of operational safety BR-II BelgiumReview of operational safety Otaniemi Finland

Table A12. INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR EVENT SCALE (INES) RATINGS REPORTED, 1999

Level Description Number reported

Below scale Deviation 21 Anomaly 42 Incident 143 Serious incident 34 Accident 1 (Tokaimura accident)

AN

NE

X

116

Table A13. NUMBER OF STATES HAVING SIGNIFICANT NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES AT THE END OF1997, 1998 AND 1999

Number of States

1997 1998 1999

States with safeguards applied under NPT or NPT/Tlatelolco agreements 56a 58a 60

States with safeguards applied under Tlatelolco agreements 2 1 1

States with safeguards applied pursuant to other comprehensive safeguards agreements 1 0 0

States with safeguards applied under INFCIRC/66/Rev.2-type agreementsb 4 4 4

Nuclear weapon States with safeguards applied under voluntary offer agreements 5 5 5

States without any safeguards agreement in force 1 1 1

Total number of States with significant nuclear activitiesc 69 69 71

a This excludes Iraq, where safeguards activities continued to be subsumed under activities carried outpursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 687.

b Some States with INFCIRC/66/Rev.2-type agreements under which the application of safeguards has notyet been suspended, although NPT or other comprehensive safeguards agreements have entered intoforce, are listed under NPT agreements only. Nuclear weapon States with INFCIRC/66/Rev.2-type agree-ments in force are not included. Safeguards are also applied to nuclear installations in Taiwan, China.

c According to information available to the Agency for the year in question.

Table A14. SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1999 WITH RESPECT TO THE CONCLUSION OFSAFEGUARDS AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE AGENCY AND NON-NUCLEAR-WEAPON STATES INCONNECTION WITH NPT

Non-nuclear-weapon Date of SafeguardsStates which have signed, ratification, agreementratified, acceded to or accession or with the INFCIRCsucceeded to NPTa successiona Agency

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Afghanistan 4 February 1970 In force: 20 February 1978 257Albaniab 12 September 1990Algeria 12 January 1995 In force: 7 January 1997 531Andorra 7 June 1996Angola 14 October 1996Antigua and Barbudac 27 November 1968 In force: 9 September 1996 528Argentinad 10 February 1995 In force: 18 March 1997 435/Mod.1Armenia 15 July 1993 In force: 5 May 1994 455Australia 23 January 1973 In force: 10 July 1974 217Austriae 27 June 1969 Accession: 31 July 1996 193Azerbaijan 22 September 1992 In force: 29 April 1999 580

Bahamasc 10 July 1973 In force: 12 September 1997 544Bahrain 3 November 1988Bangladesh 31 August 1979 In force: 11 June 1982 301Barbadosc 21 February 1980 In force: 14 August 1996 527Belarus 22 July 1993 In force: 2 August 1995 495Belgium 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193Belizef 9 August 1985 In force: 21 January 1997 532Benin 31 October 1972Bhutan 23 May 1985 In force: 24 October 1989 371Boliviac 26 May 1970 In force: 6 February 1995 465Bosnia and Herzegovinag 15 August 1994 In force: 28 December 1973 204Botswana 28 April 1969Brazild 18 September 1998 In force: 20 September 1999 435/Mod.3Brunei Darussalam 26 March 1985 In force: 4 November 1987 365Bulgaria 5 September 1969 In force: 29 February 1972 178Burkina Faso 3 March 1970Burundi 19 March 1971

Cambodia 2 June 1972 In force: 17 December 1999Cameroon 8 January 1969 Signed: 21 May 1992Canada 8 January 1969 In force: 21 February 1972 164Cape Verde 24 October 1979Central African Republic 25 October 1970Chad 10 March 1971Chileh 25 May 1995 In force: 9 September 1996 476/Mod.1Colombiai 8 April 1986Comoros 4 October 1995Congo 23 October 1978Costa Ricac 3 March 1970 In force: 22 November 1979 278Côte d’Ivoire 6 March 1973 In force: 8 September 1983 309Croatia 29 June 1992 In force: 19 January 1995 463Cyprus 10 February 1970 In force: 26 January 1973 189Czech Republicj 1 January 1993 In force: 11 September 1997 541

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 12 December 1985 In force: 10 April 1992 403

AN

NE

X

117

Table A14. SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1999 (cont.)

Non-nuclear-weapon Date of SafeguardsStates which have signed, ratification, agreementratified, acceded to or accession or with the INFCIRCsucceeded to NPTa successiona Agency

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Democratic Republic of the Congo 4 August 1970 In force: 9 November 1972 183

Denmarkk 3 January 1969 In force: 21 February 1977 193Djibouti 16 October 1996Dominicaf 10 August 1984 In force: 3 May 1996 513Dominican Republicc 24 July 1971 In force: 11 October 1973 201

Ecuadorc 7 March 1969 In force: 10 March 1975 231Egypt 26 February 1981 In force: 30 June 1982 302El Salvadorc 11 July 1972 In force: 22 April 1975 232Equatorial Guinea 1 November 1984 Approved: 13 June 1986Eritrea 16 March 1995Estonia 7 January 1992 In force: 24 November 1997 547Ethiopia 5 February 1970 In force: 2 December 1977 261

Fiji 14 July 1972 In force: 22 March 1973 192Finlandl 5 February 1969 Accession: 1 October 1995 193

Gabon 19 February 1974 Signed: 3 December 1979Gambia 12 May 1975 In force: 8 August 1978 277Georgia 7 March 1994 Signed: 29 September 1997Germanym 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193Ghana 4 May 1970 In force: 17 February 1975 226Greecen 11 March 1970 Accession: 17 December 1981 193Grenadac 19 August 1974 In force: 23 July 1996 525Guatemalac 22 September 1970 In force: 1 February 1982 299Guinea 29 April 1985Guinea-Bissau 20 August 1976Guyanac 19 October 1993 In force: 23 May 1997 543

Haitic 2 June 1970 Signed: 6 January 1975Holy See 25 February 1971 In force: 1 August 1972 187Hondurasc 16 May 1973 In force: 18 April 1975 235Hungary 27 May 1969 In force: 30 March 1972 174

Iceland 18 July 1969 In force: 16 October 1974 215

Indonesia 12 July 1979 In force: 14 July 1980 283Iran, Islamic Republic of 2 February 1970 In force: 15 May 1974 214Iraq 29 October 1969 In force: 29 February 1972 172Ireland 1 July 1968 In force: 21 February 1977 193Italy 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193

Jamaicac 5 March 1970 In force: 6 November 1978 265Japan 8 June 1976 In force: 2 December 1977 255Jordan 11 February 1970 In force: 21 February 1978 258

Kazakhstan 14 February 1994 In force: 11 August 1995 504Kenya 11 June 1970Kiribati 18 April 1985 In force: 19 December 1990 390Korea, Republic of 23 April 1975 In force: 14 November 1975 236Kuwait 17 November 1989 Signed: 10 May 1999Kyrgyzstan 5 July 1994 Signed: 18 March 1998

AN

NE

X

118

Table A14. SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1999 (cont.)

Non-nuclear-weapon Date of SafeguardsStates which have signed, ratification, agreementratified, acceded to or accession or with the INFCIRCsucceeded to NPTa successiona Agency

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 20 February 1970 Signed: 22 November 1991

Latvia 31 January 1992 In force: 21 December 1993 434Lebanon 15 July 1970 In force: 5 March 1973 191Lesotho 20 May 1970 In force: 12 June 1973 199Liberia 5 March 1970Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 26 May 1975 In force: 8 July 1980 282Liechtenstein 20 April 1978 In force: 4 October 1979 275Lithuania 23 September 1991 In force: 15 October 1992 413Luxembourg 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193

Madagascar 8 October 1970 In force: 14 June 1973 200Malawi 18 February 1986 In force: 3 August 1992 409Malaysia 5 March 1970 In force: 29 February 1972 182Maldives 7 April 1970 In force: 2 October 1977 253Mali 10 February 1970Malta 6 February 1970 In force: 13 November 1990 387Marshall Islands 30 January 1995Mauritania 26 October 1993Mauritius 8 April 1969 In force: 31 January 1973 190Mexicoc 21 January 1969 In force: 14 September 1973 197Micronesia,

Federated States of 14 April 1995Monaco 13 March 1995 In force: 13 June 1996 524Mongolia 14 May 1969 In force: 5 September 1972 188

Morocco 27 November 1970 In force: 18 February 1975 228

Mozambique 4 September 1990Myanmar 2 December 1992 In force: 20 April 1995 477

Namibia 2 October 1992 In force: 15 April 1998 551Nauru 7 June 1982 In force: 13 April 1984 317Nepal 5 January 1970 In force: 22 June 1972 186Netherlandso 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193New Zealandp 10 September 1969 In force: 29 February 1972 185Nicaraguac 6 March 1973 In force: 29 December 1976 246Niger 9 October 1992Nigeria 27 September 1968 In force: 29 February 1988 358Norway 5 February 1969 In force: 1 March 1972 177

Oman 23 January 1997 Approved: 20 September 1999

Palau, Republic of 14 April 1995Panamac,q 13 January 1977 Signed : 22 December 1988Papua New Guinea 13 January 1982 In force: 13 October 1983 312Paraguayc 4 February 1970 In force: 20 March 1979 279Peruc 3 March 1970 In force: 1 August 1979 273Philippines 5 October 1972 In force: 16 October 1974 216Poland 12 June 1969 In force: 11 October 1972 179Portugalr 15 December 1977 Accession: 1 July 1986 193

Qatar 3 April 1989

AN

NE

X

119

Table A14. SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1999 (cont.)

Non-nuclear-weapon Date of SafeguardsStates which have signed, ratification, agreementratified, acceded to or accession or with the INFCIRCsucceeded to NPTa successiona Agency

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Republic of Moldova 11 October 1994 Signed: 14 June 1996Romania 4 February 1970 In force: 27 October 1972 180Rwanda 20 May 1975

St. Kitts and Nevisf 22 March 1993 In force: 7 May 1996 514St. Luciaf 28 December 1979 In force: 2 February 1990 379St. Vincent and

the Grenadinesf 6 November 1984 In force: 8 January 1992 400Samoa 17 March 1975 In force: 22 January 1979 268San Marino 10 August 1970 In force: 21 September 1998 575São Tome and Principe 20 July 1983Saudi Arabia 3 October 1988Senegal 17 December 1970 In force: 14 January 1980 276Seychelles 12 March 1985Sierra Leone 26 February 1975 Signed: 10 November 1977Singapore 10 March 1976 In force: 18 October 1977 259Slovakias 1 January 1993 In force: 3 March 1972 173

Slovenia 7 April 1992 In force: 1 August 1997 538

Solomon Islands 17 June 1981 In force: 17 June 1993 420Somalia 5 March 1970South Africa 10 July 1991 In force: 16 September 1991 394Spain 5 November 1987 Accession: 5 April 1989 193Sri Lanka 5 March 1979 In force: 6 August 1984 320Sudan 31 October 1973 In force: 7 January 1977 245Surinamec 30 June 1976 In force: 2 February 1979 269Swaziland 11 December 1969 In force: 28 July 1975 227Swedent 9 January 1970 Accession: 1 June 1995 193Switzerland 9 March 1977 In force: 6 September 1978 264Syrian Arab Republic 24 September 1969 In force: 18 May 1992 407

Tajikistan 17 January 1997Thailand 7 December 1972 In force: 16 May 1974 241The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 30 March 1995Togo 26 February 1970 Signed: 29 November 1990Tonga 7 July 1971 In force: 18 November 1993 426Trinidad and Tobagoc 30 October 1986 In force: 4 November 1992 414Tunisia 26 February 1970 In force: 13 March 1990 381Turkey 17 April 1980 In force: 1 September 1981 295Turkmenistan 29 September 1994Tuvalu 19 January 1979 In force: 15 March 1991 391

Uganda 20 October 1982Ukraine 5 December 1994 In force: 22 January 1998 550United Arab Emirates 26 September 1995United Republic of Tanzania 31 May 1991 Signed: 26 August 1992Uruguayc 31 August 1970 In force: 17 September 1976 157Uzbekistan 7 May 1992 In force: 8 October 1994 508

Vanuatu 24 August 1995Venezuelac 25 September 1975 In force: 11 March 1982 300

AN

NE

X

120

Table A14. SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1999 (cont.)

Non-nuclear-weapon Date of SafeguardsStates which have signed, ratification, agreementratified, acceded to or accession or with the INFCIRCsucceeded to NPTa successiona Agency

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Viet Nam 14 June 1982 In force: 23 February 1990 376

Yemen, Republic of 1 June 1979Yugoslaviau,

Federal Republic of 4 March 1970 In force: 28 December 1973 204Zambia 15 May 1991 In force: 22 September 1994 456Zimbabwe 26 September 1991 In force: 26 June 1995 483

a The information in columns (1) and (2) was provided to the Agency by depositary governments of NPT,and an entry in column (1) does not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Secretariatconcerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers. The table does not contain information relating to the participation of Taiwan, China, inNPT.

b A sui generis comprehensive safeguards agreement with Albania entered into force on 25 March 1988(INFCIRC/359).

c The relevant safeguards agreement refers to both NPT and the Treaty of Tlatelolco.

d An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the safeguardsagreement concluded between Argentina, Brazil, ABACC and the Agency for the application of safeguardswhich entered into force on 4 March 1994 (INFCIRC/435) satisfies the requirements of this State underArticle III of the NPT to conclude a safeguards agreement with the Agency. The exchange of lettersentered into force on the date of approval by the Board of Governors.

e The application of safeguards in Austria under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/156, in forcesince 23 July 1972, was suspended on 31 July 1996, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973(INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency, to whichAustria had acceded, entered into force for Austria.

f An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the NPT safe-guards agreement concluded with the State satisfies the obligations of the State under Article 13 of theTreaty of Tlatelolco to conclude a safeguards agreement with the Agency.

g The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia(INFCIRC/204), which entered into force on 28 December 1973, continues to be applied in Bosnia andHerzegovina to the extent relevant to the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

h An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the safeguardsagreement concluded with the State pursuant to the Treaty of Tlatelolco satisfies the requirements of theobligations of the State under Article III of the NPT to conclude a safeguards agreement with the Agency.The exchange of letters entered into force on the date of approval by the Board of Governors.

i A comprehensive safeguards agreement with Colombia concluded pursuant to the Treaty of Tlatelolcoentered into force on 22 December 1982 (INFCIRC/306).

j The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (INFCIRC/173),which entered into force on 3 March 1972, continued to be applied in the Czech Republic to the extentrelevant to the territory of the Czech Republic until 11 September 1997, on which date the NPT safe-guards agreement concluded with the Czech Republic entered into force.

k The NPT safeguards agreement with Denmark (INFCIRC/176), in force since 1 March 1972, has beenreplaced by the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM,EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193) but still applies to the Faroe Islands. Upon Greenland’s seces-sion from EURATOM as of 31 January 1985, the Agreement between the Agency and Denmark(INFCIRC/176) re-entered into force as to Greenland.

AN

NE

X

121

l The application of safeguards in Finland under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/155, in forcesince 9 February 1972, was suspended on 1 October 1995, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973(INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency, to whichFinland had acceded, entered into force for Finland.

m The NPT safeguards agreement of 7 March 1972 concluded with the German Democratic Republic(INFCIRC/181) is no longer in force with effect from 3 October 1990, on which date the German Demo-cratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.

n The application of safeguards in Greece under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/166, provision-ally in force since 1 March 1972, was suspended on 17 December 1981, on which date Greece accededto the agreement of 5 April 1973 (INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM,EURATOM and the Agency.

o An agreement had also been concluded in respect of the Netherlands Antilles (INFCIRC/229). This agree-ment entered into force on 5 June 1975.

p The NPT safeguards agreement with New Zealand (INFCIRC/185) also applies to Cook Islands, Niue andTokelau.

q A comprehensive safeguards agreement with Panama concluded pursuant to the Treaty of Tlatelolcoentered into force on 23 March 1984 (INFCIRC/316).

r The application of safeguards in Portugal under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/272, in forcesince 14 June 1979, was suspended on 1 July 1986, on which date Portugal acceded to the agreementof 5 April 1973 (INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and theAgency.

s The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (INFCIRC/173),which entered into force on 3 March 1972, continues to be applied in Slovakia to the extent relevant tothe territory of Slovakia. A new NPT safeguards agreement concluded with Slovakia was approved by theBoard of Governors on 14 September 1998.

t The application of safeguards in Sweden under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/234, in forcesince 14 April 1975, was suspended on 1 June 1995, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973(INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency, to whichSweden had acceded, entered into force for Sweden.

u The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia(INFCIRC/204), which entered into force on 28 December 1973, continues to be applied in the FederalRepublic of Yugoslavia to the extent relevant to the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

AN

NE

X

122

Table A15. SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1999 WITH RESPECT TO THE CONCLUSION OFSAFEGUARDS AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE AGENCY AND STATES PARTY TO THE TREATY OF TLATELOLCOa

States party to the Date of becoming a party Safeguards agreementTreaty of Tlatelolco to the Treaty of Tlatelolco with the Agency INFCIRC

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Antigua and Barbudab 11 October 1983 In force: 9 September 1996 528Argentinac 18 January 1994 In force: 18 March 1997 435/Mod.1

Bahamasb 26 April 1977 In force: 12 September 1997 544Barbadosb 25 April 1969 In force: 14 August 1996 527Belized 4 November 1994 In force: 18 March 1997 532/Mod.1Boliviab 18 February 1969 In force: 6 February 1995 465Brazilc 30 May 1994 In force: 10 June 1997 435/Mod.2

Chile 18 January 1994 In force: 5 April 1995 476Colombia 6 September 1972 In force: 22 December 1982 306Costa Ricab 25 August 1969 In force: 22 November 1979 278

Dominicad 25 August 1993 In force: 10 June 1997 513/Mod.1Dominican Republicb 14 June 1968 In force: 11 October 1973 201

Ecuadorb 11 February 1969 In force: 10 March 1975 231El Salvadorb 22 April 1968 In force: 22 April 1975 232

Grenadab 20 June 1975 In force: 23 July 1996 525Guatemalab 6 February 1970 In force: 1 February 1982 299Guyanab 6 May 1996 In force: 23 May 1997 543Haitib 23 May 1969 Signed: 6 January 1975Hondurasb 23 September 1968 In force: 18 April 1975 235

Jamaicab 26 June 1969 In force: 6 November 1978 265

Mexicob,e 20 September 1967 In force: 14 September 1973 197

Nicaraguab 24 October 1968 In force: 29 December 1976 246

Panamaf 11 June 1971 In force: 23 March 1984 316Paraguayb 19 March 1969 In force: 20 March 1979 279Perub 4 March 1969 In force: 1 August 1979 273

St. Kitts and Nevisd 14 February 1997 In force: 18 March 1997 514/Mod.1St. Luciad 2 June 1995 In force: 12 June 1996 379/Mod.1St. Vincent and

the Grenadinesd 11 May 1992 In force: 18 March 1997 400/Mod.1Surinameb 10 June 1977 In force: 2 February 1979 269

Trinidad and Tobagob 27 June 1975 In force: 4 November 1992 414

Uruguayb 20 August 1968 In force: 17 September 1976 157

Venezuelab 23 March 1970 In force: 11 March 1982 300

In addition, there are the following safeguards agreements with States party to Additional Protocol I to theTreatyg:

France Approved by the Board, June 1998Netherlandsb In force: 5 June 1975 229United Kingdom Approved by the Board, Sep.1992United States of America In force: 6 April 1989 366

AN

NE

X

123

a The information in columns (1) and (2) was provided by Mexico as depositary of the Treaty of Tlatelolco.In addition to the States listed in column (1), Cuba signed the Treaty on 25 March 1995.

b The relevant safeguards agreement refers to both the Treaty of Tlatelolco and the NPT.

c An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the safeguardsagreement concluded between Argentina, Brazil, ABACC and the Agency for the application of safeguardswhich entered into force on 4 March 1994 (INFCIRC/435) satisfies the requirements of this State underArticle 13 of the Treaty of Tlatelolco to conclude a safeguards agreement with the Agency. The exchangeof letters entered into force on the date of approval by the Board of Governors.

d An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the NPT safe-guards agreement concluded with the State satisfies the obligations of the State under Article 13 of theTreaty of Tlatelolco to conclude a safeguards agreement with the Agency. The exchange of letters enteredinto force on the date of approval by the Board of Governors.

e The application of safeguards under an agreement with Mexico in connection with the Treaty of Tlatelolcowhich entered into force on 6 September 1968 (INFCIRC/118) was suspended after the conclusion of anagreement with Mexico in connection with both the Treaty of Tlatelolco and NPT (INFCIRC/197).

f A safeguards agreement pursuant to both the Treaty of Tlatelolco and NPT has been concluded withPanama; the agreement has not yet entered into force.

g Additional Protocol I refers to States outside Latin America and the Caribbean which have de jure or defacto jurisdiction over territories which lie within the limits of the geographical zone established in theTreaty.

AN

NE

X

124

Table A16. AGREEMENTS PROVIDING FOR SAFEGUARDS, OTHER THAN THOSE IN CONNECTIONWITH NPT OR THE TREATY OF TLATELOLCO, APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AS OF31 DECEMBER 1999a

Party(ies)b Subject Entry into force INFCIRC

(While the Agency is a party to each of the following agreements, only the State(s) party to them is (are) listed.)

(i) Project agreements

Argentinac Siemens SUR-100 13 March 1970 143

RAEP reactor 2 December 1964 62

Chiled Herald reactor 19 December 1969 137

Colombiad Fuel for research reactor 17 June 1994 460

Democratic Republic of the Congoe TRICO reactor 27 June 1962 37

Fuel for research reactor 20 September 1990 389

Finlande FIR-1 reactor 30 December 1960 24

FINN subcritical assembly 30 July 1963 53

Ghanae Research reactor and fuel therefor 14 October 1994 468

Greecee GRR-1 reactor 1 March 1972 163

Indonesiae Additional core-load for TRIGA reactor 19 December 1969 136

Supply of enriched uranium 15 January 1993 453

Supply of enriched uranium 15 January 1993 454

Iran, Islamic Republic ofe UTRR reactor 10 May 1967 97

Jamaicae Fuel for research reactor 25 January 1984 315

Japane JRR-3 24 March 1959 3

Malaysiae TRIGA-II reactor 22 September 1980 287

Mexicoe TRIGA-III reactor 18 December 1963 52

Siemens SUR-100 21 December 1971 162

Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant 12 February 1974 203

Moroccoe Fuel for research reactor 2 December 1983 313

Nigeriae Research reactor and fuel therefor 29 August 1996 526

Pakistan PRR reactor 5 March 1962 34

Booster rods for KANUPP 17 June 1968 116

Perue Research reactor and fuel therefor 9 May 1978 266

Philippinese PRR-1 reactor 28 September 1966 88

Romaniae TRIGA reactor 30 March 1973 206

Experimental fuel elements 1 July 1983 307

Sloveniae TRIGA-II reactor 4 October 1961 32

Krško Nuclear Power Plant 14 June 1974 213

Spaine Coral-I reactor 23 June 1967 99

Syrian Arab Republice Miniature neutron source reactor and enriched uranium 18 May 1992 408

Thailande Fuel for research reactor 30 September 1986 342

Turkeye Subcritical assembly 17 May 1974 212

Uruguaye URR reactor 24 September 1965 67

Venezuelae RV-1 reactor 7 November 1975 238

Viet Name Fuel for research reactor 1 July 1983 308

AN

NE

X

125

Table A16. AGREEMENTS PROVIDING FOR SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Party(ies)b Subject Entry into force INFCIRC

(ii) Unilateral submissions

Algeria Nur research reactorh 9 April 1990 361

Es Salam research reactorh 2 June 1992 401

Argentina Atucha Power Reactor Facility f 3 October 1972 168

Nuclear material f 23 October 1973 202

Embalse Power Reactor Facility f 6 December 1974 224

Equipment and nuclear material f 22 July 1977 250

Nuclear material, material,equipment and facilities f 22 July 1977 251

Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant f 15 July 1981 294

Heavy water plant f 14 October 1981 296

Heavy water f 14 October 1981 297

Nuclear material f 8 July 1982 303

Chile Nuclear materialg 31 December 1974 256

Nuclear materialg 22 September 1982 304

Nuclear materialg 18 September 1987 350

Cuba Nuclear power plant and nuclear material 5 May 1980 281

Zero power nuclear reactor and fuel therefor 7 October 1983 311

Democratic People’s Research reactor and nuclearRepublic of Korea material thereforh 20 July 1977 252

India Nuclear material, material and facilities 17 November 1977 260

Nuclear power station 27 September 1988 360

Nuclear material 11 October 1989 374

All nuclear material subject to safeguards under INFCIRC/154 1 March 1994 433*

Pakistan Nuclear material 2 March 1977 248

Miniature neutron source reactor 10 September 1991 393

Nuclear power reactor 24 February 1993 418

Spain Nuclear materialh 18 June 1975 221

Vandellos Nuclear Power Planth 11 May 1981 292

Specified nuclear facilitiesh 11 May 1981 291**

United Kingdom Nuclear material 14 December 1972 175

Viet Nam Research reactor and fuel thereforh 12 June 1981 293

* Amended in 1994 to cover nuclear material supplied for use in the Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS)which material is required by the supplier to be subject to safeguards. The amendment entered into forceon 12 September 1994 (INFCIRC/433/Mod.1).

** Amended in 1985 to cover specified nuclear facilities. The amendment entered into force on 8 Novem-ber 1985 (INFCIRC/291/Mod.1/Corr.1).

AN

NE

X

126

Table A16. AGREEMENTS PROVIDING FOR SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Party(ies)b Subject Entry into force INFCIRC

(iii) Agreements concluded with nuclear weapon States on the basis of voluntary offersChina Nuclear material in facilities selected

from list of facilities provided by China 18 September 1989 369

France Nuclear material in facilities submitted to safeguards 12 September 1981 290

Russian Federation Nuclear material in facilities selected from list of facilities provided by the Russian Federation 10 June 1985 327

United Kingdom Nuclear material in facilities designated by the Agency 14 August 1978 263

United States of Nuclear material in facilities America designated by the Agency 9 December 1980 288

(iv) Other comprehensive safeguards agreements

Albania All nuclear material and facilities 25 March 1988 359Argentina/Brazil All nuclear material in all nuclear activities 4 March 1994 435

(v) Other safeguards agreements

Argentinaf/United States of Americai 25 July 1969 130

Austriah/United States of America 24 January 1970 152

Brazilf/Germanyh 26 February 1976 237

Brazilf/United States of Americai 31 October 1968 110

Colombia/United States of America 9 December 1970 144

India/Canadah 30 September 1971 211

Iran, Islamic Republic of h/United States of America 20 August 1969 127

Israel/United States of America 4 April 1975 249

Japanh/Canadah 20 June 1966 85

Japanh/France 22 September 1972 171

Korea, Republic of/United States of America 5 January 1968 111

Korea, Republic of h/France 22 September 1975 233

Pakistan/Canada 17 October 1969 135

Pakistan/France 18 March 1976 239

Philippinesh/United States of America 19 July 1968 120

Portugalh/United States of Americai 19 July 1969 131

South Africa/United States of America 26 July 1967 98

South Africa/France 5 January 1977 244

Spain/Germanyh 29 September 1982 305

Spainh/United States of Americai 9 December 1966 92

Spain/Canadah 10 February 1977 247

Swedenh/United States of America 1 March 1972 165

Switzerlandh/United States of Americai 28 February 1972 161

Turkeyh/United States of Americai 5 June 1969 123

Venezuelah/United States of Americai 27 March 1968 122

AN

NE

X

127

(vi) The Agency also applies safeguards under two agreements (INFCIRC/133 and INFCIRC/158) to thenuclear facilities in Taiwan, China. Pursuant to the decision adopted by the Board of Governors on9 December 1971 that the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the only governmentwhich has the right to represent China in the Agency, the relations between the Agency and the author-ities in Taiwan, China, are non-governmental. The agreements are implemented by the Agency on thatbasis.

a Safeguards agreements pursuant to the South Pacific Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty (RarotongaTreaty) are not separately listed with this compilation since the Treaty requires that safeguards by theAgency will be applied pursuant to safeguards agreements equivalent in scope and effect to an agree-ment required in connection with the NPT on the basis of the material reproduced in INFCIRC/153(Corrected). As of 31 December 1997, all 11 States Party to the Treaty (Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiri-bati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Samoa) were coveredby safeguards agreements concluded pursuant to NPT.

b An entry in this column does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Agencyconcerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers.

c Agency safeguards required by this project agreement are implemented pursuant to the comprehensivesafeguards agreement concluded between Argentina, Brazil, the ABACC and the Agency (INFCIRC/435).

d Agency safeguards required by this project agreement are implemented pursuant to a safeguards agree-ment in connection with the Treaty of Tlatelolco covering the State indicated.

e Agency safeguards required by this (these) project agreement(s) are implemented pursuant to an agree-ment in connection with NPT covering the State indicated.

f Application of Agency safeguards under this agreement has been suspended in the State indicated. Safe-guards are applied pursuant to the comprehensive safeguards agreement concluded between Argentina,Brazil, the ABACC and the Agency (INFCIRC/435).

g Application of Agency safeguards under this agreement has been suspended in the State indicated asthe State has concluded an agreement in connection with the Treaty of Tlatelolco.

h Application of Agency safeguards under this agreement has been suspended in the State indicated asthe State has concluded an agreement in connection with NPT.

i Application of Agency safeguards under this agreement has been suspended in the USA in order tocomply with a provision of INFCIRC/288.

AN

NE

X

128

Table A17. SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1999 WITH RESPECT TO THECONCLUSION OF PROTOCOLS ADDITIONAL TO SAFEGUARDS AGREEMENTS

State Status of the Protocol INFCIRC

Armenia signed 29 September 1997Australia in force 12 December 1997 217/Add.1Austria signed 22 September 1998Belgium signed 22 September 1998Bulgaria signed24 September 1998Canada signed 24 September 1998China signed 31 December 1998Croatia signed 22 September 1998Cuba signed 15 October 1999Cyprus signed 29 July 1999Czech Republic signed 28 September 1999Denmark signed 22 September 1998Ecuador signed 1 October 1999Finland signed 22 September 1998France signed 22 September 1998Georgia signed 29 September 1997Germany signed 22 September 1998Ghana* signed 12 June 1998 226/Add.1Greece signed 22 September 1998Holy See in force 24 September 1998 187/Add.1Hungary signed 26 November 1998Indonesia in force 29 September 1999 283/Add.1Ireland signed 22 September 1998Italy signed 22 September 1998Japan in force 16 December 1999 255/Add. 1Jordan in force 28 July 1998 258/Add.1Korea, Republic of signed 21 June 1999Lithuania signed 11 March 1998Luxembourg signed 22 September 1998Monaco in force 30 September 1999 524/Add.1Netherlands signed 22 September 1998New Zealand in force 24 September 1998 185/Add.1Norway signed 29 September 1999Peru approved 10 December 1999Philippines signed 30 September 1997Poland signed 30 September 1997Portugal signed 22 September 1998Romania signed 11 June 1999Slovakia signed 27 September 1999Slovenia signed 26 November 1998Spain signed 22 September 1998Sweden signed 22 September 1998United Kingdom signed 22 September 1998United States of America signed 12 June 1998Uruguay signed 29 September 1997Uzbekistan in force 21 December 1998 508/Add.2

* Pending entry into force of the Protocol, it is applied provisionally in this State witheffect from date of signature.

AN

NE

X

129

Table A18. APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES OF MATERIAL SUBJECT TO AGENCY SAFEGUARDS AT THEEND OF 1999

Quantity of material (t)Comprehensive NuclearType of material

safeguards INFCIRC/66b weaponQuantity

agreementsa Statesin SQs

Nuclear material

Plutoniumc contained in irradiated fuel 503.7 26.4 78.9 76 117Separated plutonium outside reactor cores 13.6 0.1 53.3 8 375Recycled plutonium in fuel elements in

reactor cores 7.6 0.4 0 994HEU (equal to or greater than 20% 235U) 11.1 0.1 10.0 596LEU (less than 20% 235U) 42 220 2 707 4 481 13 576Source materiald (natural or depleted

uranium and thorium) 78 418 1 568 11 661 6 940

Non-nuclear materiale

Heavy water 0 509 0 25

Total significant quantities 106 598

a Covering safeguards agreements pursuant to NPT and/or Treaty of Tlatelolco and other comprehensivesafeguards agreements.

b Excluding installations in nuclear weapon States; including installations in Taiwan, China.c The quantity includes an estimated 92 t (11 540 SQ) of plutonium in irradiated fuel, which is not yet

reported to the Agency under the reporting procedures agreed to (the non-reported plutonium is containedin irradiated fuel assemblies to which item accountancy and C/S measures are applied).

d This table does not include material within the terms of subparagraphs 34(a) and (b) of INFCIRC/153(Corrected).

e Non-nuclear material subject to Agency safeguards under INFCIRC/66/Rev.2-type agreements.

Table A19. NUMBER OF FACILITIES UNDER SAFEGUARDS OR CONTAINING SAFEGUARDEDMATERIAL ON 31 DECEMBER 1999

Number of facilities (number of installations)Comprehensive NuclearFacility type

safeguards INFCIRC/66b weapon Totalagreementsa States

Power reactors 184 (221) 11 (14) 1 (1) 196 (236)Research reactors and critical assemblies 148 (160) 8 (8) 0 (0) 156 (168)Conversion plants 12 (12) 1 (1) 0 (0) 13 (13)Fuel fabrication plants 39 (41) 4 (4) 0 (0) 43 (45)Reprocessing plants 5 (5) 1 (1) 0 (0) 6 (6)Enrichment plants 11 (11) 0 (0) 3 (3) 14 (14)Separate storage facilities 58 (59) 4 (4) 7 (8) 69 (71)Other facilities 83 (94) 1 (1) 2 (2) 86 (97)

Subtotals 540 (603) 30 (33) 13 (14) 583 (650)

Other locations 313 (411) 3 (31) 0 (0) 316 (442)Non-nuclear installations 0 (0) 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (1)

Totals 853 (1014) 34 (65) 13 (14) 900 (1093)a Covering safeguards agreements pursuant to NPT and/or Treaty of Tlatelolco and other comprehensive

safeguards agreements.b Excluding installations in nuclear weapon States; including installations in Taiwan, China.

AN

NE

X

130

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS OR CONTAINING SAFEGUARDED MATERIALON 31 DECEMBER 1999

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Power reactorsArgentina Atucha NPP 1 Lima —

Embalse NPP 1 Embalse —

Armenia Armenia NPP 2 Medzamor —Belgium BR3-Mol 1 Mol x

DOEL-1 2 Doel xDOEL-3 1 Doel xDOEL-4 1 Doel xTihange-1 1 Tihange xTihange-2 1 Tihange xTihange-3 1 Tihange x

Brazil Admiral Alvaro Alberto 1 Angra dos Reis x(Angra-1)

Admiral Alvaro Alberto 1 Angra dos Reis —(Angra-2)

Bulgaria Kozloduy-I 2 Kozloduy xKozloduy-II 2 Kozloduy xKozloduy-III 2 Kozloduy x

Canada Bruce A 4 Tiverton xBruce B 4 Tiverton xDarlington N.G.S. 4 Bowmanville xGentilly-2 1 Gentilly xPickering G.S. 8 Pickering xPoint Lepreau G.S. 1 Point Lepreau x

China QSNPP 1 Hai Yan x

Cuba Juragua 2 Juragua x

Czech Republic EDU-1 2 Dukovany xEDU-2 2 Dukovany xTemelin 2 Temelin —

Democratic People’s Nyongbyon-1 1 Nyongbyon —Republic of Korea

Finland Loviisa 2 Loviisa —TVO I 1 Olkiluoto —TVO II 1 Olkiluoto —

Germany AVR 1 Jülich —KWG Grohnde 1 Grohnde xGKN-2 1 Neckarwestheim xRWE Biblis-A 1 Biblis xRWE Biblis-B 1 Biblis xKBR Brokdorf 1 Brokdorf xKKB Brunsbüttel 1 Brunsbüttel xKKE Emsland 1 Lingen xKKG Grafenrheinfeld 1 Grafenrheinfeld xKKI Isar-Ohu 1 Ohu bei Landshut xKKI Isar-2 1 Essenbach xKKK Krümmel 1 Geesthacht xRWE Mühlheim-Kärlich 1 Mühlheim-Kärlich xGKN Neckarwestheim 1 Neckarwestheim xKWO Obrigheim 1 Obrigheim xKKP Philippsburg-1 1 Philippsburg xKKP Philippsburg-2 1 Philippsburg x

AN

NE

X

131

Germany (cont.) KRB II Gundremmingen B 1 Gundremmingen xKRB II Gundremmingen C 1 Gundremmingen xKKS Stade 1 Stade xKKU Unterweser 1 Unterweser xHKG-THTR 300 1 Hamm —KKW Greifswald 1 2 Lubmin —KKW Greifswald 2 2 Lubmin —KKW Greifswald 3 1 Lubmin —KKW Rheinsberg 1 Rheinsberg x

Hungary PAKS-I 2 Paks xPAKS-II 2 Paks x

India RAPS 2 Rajasthan xTAPS 2 Tarapur x

Italy ENEL-Latina 1 Borgo-Sabotino xENEL-Caorso 1 Caorso xENEL-Trino 1 Trino-Vercellese x

Japan Fugen 1 Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-1 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-2 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-3 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-4 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-5 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-6 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ni-1 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ni-2 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ni-3 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ni-4 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xGenkai-1 1 Higashimatsura-gun, Saga-ken xGenkai-2 1 Higashimatsura-gun, Saga-ken xGenkai-3 1 Higashimatsura-gun, Saga-ken xGenkai-4 1 Higashimatsura-gun, Saga-ken xHamaoka-1 1 Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka-ken xHamaoka-2 1 Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka-ken xHamaoka-3 1 Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka-ken xHamaoka-4 1 Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka-ken xIkata-1 1 Nishiuwa-gun, Ehime-ken xIkata-2 1 Nishiuwa-gun, Ehime-ken xIkata-3 1 Nishiuwa-gun, Ehime-ken xJoyo 1 Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xKashiwazaki-1 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-2 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-3 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-4 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-5 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-6 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-7 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xMihama-1 1 Mikata-gun, Fukui-ken xMihama-2 1 Mikata-gun, Fukui-ken xMihama-3 1 Mikata-gun, Fukui-ken xMonju 1 Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken xOhi-1 and 2 2 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xOhi-3 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xOhi-4 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xOnagawa-1 1 Oshika-gun, Miyaki-ken xOnagawa-2 1 Oshika-gun, Miyaki-ken x

AN

NE

X

132

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Japan (cont.) Sendai-1 1 Sendai-shi, Kagoshima-ken xSendai-2 1 Sendai-shi, Kagoshima-ken xShika 1 Hakui-gun, Ishikawa-ken xShimane-1 1 Yatsuka-gun, Shimane-ken xShimane-2 1 Yatsuka-gun, Shimane-ken xTakahama-1 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xTakahama-2 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xTakahama-3 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xTakahama-4 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xTokai-1 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xTokai-2 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xTomari-1 1 Furuu-gun, Hokkaido xTomari-2 1 Furuu-gun, Hokkaido xTsuruga-1 1 Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken xTsuruga-2 1 Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken x

Kazakhstan BN-350 1 Aktau —

Korea, Republic of Kori-1 1 Pusan xKori-2 1 Pusan xKori-3 1 Pusan xKori-4 1 Pusan xUlchin-1 1 Ulchin xUlchin-2 1 Ulchin xUlchin-3 1 Ulchin xUlchin-4 1 Ulchin xWolsong-1 1 Kyongju xWolsong-2 1 Kyongju xWolsong-3 1 Kyongju xWolsong-4 1 Kyongju xYounggwang-1 1 Younggwang xYounggwang-2 1 Younggwang xYounggwang-3 1 Younggwang xYounggwang-4 1 Younggwang x

Lithuania Ignalina NPP 2 Visaginas x

Mexico Laguna Verde 1 1 Alto Lucero xLaguna Verde 2 1 Alto Lucero x

Netherlands Borssele 1 Borssele xDodewaard NPP 1 Dodewaard x

Pakistan KANUPP 1 Karachi xChasnupp-1 1 Kundian —

Philippines Bataan NPP 1 Morong, Bataan x

Romania Cernavoda-1 1 Cernavoda —

Slovakia A1 1 Bohunice xEMO-1 2 Mochovce —V-1 2 Bohunice xV-2 2 Bohunice x

Slovenia Krško 1 Krško x

South Africa Koeberg-1 1 Cape Town xKoeberg-2 1 Cape Town x

Spain Almaraz-1 1 Almaraz xAlmaraz-2 1 Almaraz x

AN

NE

X

133

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Spain (cont.) Asco-1 1 Asco xAsco-2 1 Asco xCofrentes 1 Cofrentes xJosé Cabrera 1 Almonazid de Zorita xSanta María de Garona 1 Santa María de Garona xTrillo-1 1 Trillo xVandellos 1 1 Vandellos —Vandellos 2 1 Vandellos x

Sweden Barsebäck 1 1 Malmö —Barsebäck 2 1 Malmö —Forsmark 1 1 Uppsala —Forsmark 2 1 Uppsala —Forsmark 3 1 Uppsala —Oskarshamn 1 1 Oskarshamn —Oskarshamn 2 1 Oskarshamn —Oskarshamn 3 1 Oskarshamn —Ringhals 1 1 Göteborg —Ringhals 2 1 Göteborg —Ringhals 3 1 Göteborg —Ringhals 4 1 Göteborg —

Switzerland KKB Beznau I 1 Beznau xKKB Beznau II 1 Beznau xKKG Gösgen 1 Gösgen-Däniken xKKL Leibstadt 1 Leibstadt xKKM Mühleberg 1 Mühleberg x

Ukraine Chernobyl NPP 3 Chernobyl —Khmelnitski 1 1 Neteshin —Rovno 1 and 2 2 Kuznetsovsk —Rovno 3 1 Kuznetsovsk —South Ukraine 1 1 Yuzhnoukrainsk —South Ukraine 2 1 Yuzhnoukrainsk —South Ukraine 3 1 Yuzhnoukrainsk —Zaporozhe 1 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 2 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 3 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 4 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 5 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 6 1 Energodar —

Research reactors and critical assemblies

Algeria NUR Reactor 1 Algiers —Es Salam research reactor 1 Ain Oussera —

Argentina Argentine reactor-1 1 Constituyentes xArgentine reactor-3 1 Ezeiza xArgentine reactor-4 1 Rosario xArgentine reactor-6 1 Bariloche xArgentine reactor-0 1 Córdoba xArgentine reactor-8 1 Pilcaniyeu x

Australia HIFAR 1 Lucas Heights xMOATA 1 Lucas Heights x

Austria ASTRA 1 Seibersdorf —Siemens Argonaut Reactor 1 Graz —Triga II 1 Vienna —

AN

NE

X

134

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Bangladesh At. Energy Res. Est. 1 Dhaka x

Belarus Sosny 1 Minsk —

Belgium BR1-CEN 1 Mol xBR2-CEN-BRO2 2 Mol xCEN-Venus 1 Mol xThetis 1 Gent x

Brazil IEA-R1 1 São Paulo —RIEN-1 Argonaut RR 1 Rio de Janeiro xIPR-RI-CDTN 1 Belo Horizonte xIPEN Critical assembly 1 São Paulo x

Bulgaria IRT-2000 1 Sofia x

Canada Biology, Chemistry, Physics 2 Chalk River xMcMaster 1 Hamilton xNRU 1 Chalk River xNRX 1 Chalk River xSlowpoke-AECL 1 Ottawa xSlowpoke-Dalhousie Univ. 1 Halifax xSlowpoke-Ecole

Polytechnique 1 Montreal xSlowpoke-Kingston 1 Kingston xSlowpoke-Saskatchewan 1 Saskatoon xSlowpoke-Univ. of Toronto 1 Toronto xSlowpoke-Univ. of Alberta 1 Edmonton x

Chile La Reina 1 Santiago xLo Aguirre 1 Santiago x

Colombia IAN-R1 1 Bogotá x

Czech Republic LR-O 1 Rezv x

Univ. Training Reactor VR-1P1 Prague xVVR-S 1 Rez

v x

Democratic People’s Critical Assembly 1 Bungang-Ri, Nyongbyon xRepublic of Korea IRT 1 Bungang-Ri, Nyongbyon x

Democratic Republic Triga II 1 Kinshasa xof the Congo

Denmark DR-1 1 Roskilde xDR-3 1 Roskilde x

Egypt RR-I 1 Inshas xMPR 1 Inshas —

Estonia Paldiski reactor 1 Paldiski —

Finland FIR 1 1 Otaniemi —

Germany BER-2 1 Berlin xFH-Furtwangen 1 Furtwangen xFRF-2 1 Frankfurt xFRM 1 Garching xGKSS-FRG1&FRG2 2 Geesthacht xKFA-FRJ2 1 Jülich xSUR 100 1 Hannover xSUR 100 1 Kiel xSUR 100 1 Hamburg x

AN

NE

X

135

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Germany (cont.) SUR 100 1 Ulm xSUR 100 1 Stuttgart xSUR 100 1 Berlin xSUR 100 1 Aachen xTech. Univ. AKR 1 Dresden xTech. Hochschule ZLR 1 Zittau xTriga 1 Mainz xMHH-Triga 1 Hannover xDKFZ-Triga 1 Heidelberg xVKT research reactor 1 Rossendorf x

Ghana GHARR-1 1 Legon-Accra x

Greece GRR-1 1 Attiki x

Hungary Training reactor 1 Budapest xWWR-S M 10 1 Budapest x

Indonesia PPNY 1 Yogyakarta xRSG-GAS 1 Serpong xPPTN 1 Bandung x

Iran, Islamic TRR 1 Tehran xRepublic of HWZPR 1 Esfahan x

MNSR 1 Esfahan x

Israel IRR-1 1 Soreq x

Italy AGN-201 1 Palermo xPoltec. 1 Milan xRTS-1 1 San Piero a Grado xTAPIRO 1 Santa Maria di Galeria xTriga-RC1 1 Santa Maria di Galeria xTriga-2 1 Pavia x

Jamaica Centre for Nucl. Sciences 1 Kingston x

Japan DCA 1 Oarai-machi, Ibaraki-ken xFCA 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xHTR 1 Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken xHTTR 1 Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xJMTR 1 Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xJMTRCA 1 Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xJRR-2 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xJRR-3 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xJRR-4 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xKinki University reactor 1 Higashiosaka-shi, Osaka-fu xKUCA 3 Osaka xKUR 1 Sennan-gun, Osaka xMusashi reactor 1 Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken xNCA 1 Kawasaki-shi xNSRR 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xRikkyo University R.R. 1 Nagasaka, Kanagawa-ken xTCA 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xTODAI 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xTTR 1 Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken xVHTRC 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

Kazakhstan Kurchatov test reactor 3 Semipalatinsk —WWR-K 1 Almaty —

AN

NE

X

136

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Korea, Republic of Triga II and III 2 Seoul xKyunghee Univ. 1 Suwoon xHanaro 1 Taejon x

Latvia IRT 1 Riga x

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya IRT reactor 1 Tajura x

Malaysia Puspati 1 Bangi, Selangor x

Mexico Triga Mark III 1 Ocoyoacac x

Netherlands HOR 1 Delft xHFR 1 Petten xLFR 1 Petten x

Norway HBWR-Halden 1 Halden xJEEP-II 1 Kjeller x

Pakistan PARR-1 1 Rawalpindi xPARR-2 1 Rawalpindi x

Peru RP-0 1 Lima xRP-10 1 Lima x

Philippines PRR-1 1 Quezon City, Diliman x

Poland Agata and Anna 2 S’wierk xEwa 1 S’wierk xMaria 1 S’wierk x

Portugal RPI 1 Sacavem x

Romania Triga II 1 Pitesti Colibasi xVVR-S 2 Magurele x

Slovenia Triga II 1 Ljubljana x

South Africa SAFARI-1 1 Pelindaba x

Sweden Studsvik RR 2 Studsvik —

Switzerland AGN 211P 1 Basel xCrocus 1 Lausanne xProteus 1 Würenlingen xSaphir 1 Würenlingen x

Syrian Arab Republic MNSR 1 Damascus x

Thailand TRR-1 1 Bangkok x

Turkey Çekmece Nuclear Research 1 Istanbul xand Training Centre

ITU-TRR Triga Mark II 1 Istanbul x

Ukraine Kiev RR 1 Kiev —IR-100 RR 1 Sevastopol —

Uruguay Centro Investigaciones Nucleares 1 Montevideo x

Uzbekistan Photon 1 Tashkent —WWR-SM 1 Tashkent —

Venezuela RV-I 1 Altos de Pipe x

AN

NE

X

137

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Viet Nam Da Lat Research Reactor 1 Da Lat, Lam Dong x

Yugoslavia RA-RB 2 Vinèa xFed. Rep. of

Conversion plants, including pilot plants

Argentina UF6 production facility Pilcaniyeu —UO2 conversion plant Córdoba —

Canada CAMECO Port Hope x

Chile Lab. exper. de conversión Santiago x

Japan JCO conv. plant Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNingyo R&D Tomata-gun, Okayama-ken xPCDF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

Mexico Fuel fabrication pilot plant Salazar x

Romania UO2 powder fabrication plant Feldioara —

South Africa Conversion plant Pelindaba xHEU-UF6 production plant Pelindaba x

Sweden Ranstad Mineral Ranstad —

Fuel fabrication plants, including pilot plants

Argentina Experimental plant Constituyentes —Fuel fabrication plant Ezeiza —Fuel fabrication plant Constituyentes —

Belgium BN-MOX Dessel xFBFC Dessel xFBFC MOX Dessel —

Brazil Fuel fabrication plant Resende x

Canada CRNL fuel fabrication Chalk River xFuel fabrication facility Chalk River xGEC, Inc. Toronto xGEC, Inc. Peterborough xZircatec Port Hope x

Chile UMF Santiago x

Democratic People’s Nuclear fuel fabrication plant Nyongbyon —Republic of Korea

Denmark Metallurgy Roskilde x

Egypt FMPP Inshas —

Germany Adv. Nuclear Fuels Lingen xNUKEM Wolfgang xSiemens Uran (two units) Hanau xSiemens MOX Hanau x

India Ceramic fuel fab. assembly area Hyderabad xEFFP-NFC Hyderabad x

Indonesia Experimental fuel element installation (IEBE) Serpong x

Research reactor fuel elementproduction installation (IPEBRR) Serpong x

Iran, Islamic Rep. of Fuel fabrication lab. Esfahan —

AN

NE

X

138

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Italy Fabnuc Bosco Marengo x

Japan JNF Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken xMNF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNFI (Kumatori-1) Sennan-gun, Osaka xNFI (Kumatori-2) Sennan-gun, Osaka xNFI Tokai Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xPFPF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xPPFF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

Kazakhstan Ulbinski Metallurgical Works Kamenogorsk —

Korea, Republic of CANDU fuel fabrication plant Taejon xKNFFP Taejon x

Romania Romfuel Pitesti Colibasi x

South Africa MTR fuel fabrication Pelindaba xLEU fuel fabrication Pelindaba x

Spain ENUSA fuel fabrication plant Juzbado —

Sweden ABB Västeras —

Chemical reprocessing plants, including pilot plants

Democratic People’s Radiochemical Laboratory Bungang-Ri, Nyongbyon —Republic of Korea

Germany WAK Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen xIndia PREFRE Tarapur xItaly EURE Saluggia x

ITREC-Trisaia Rotondella xJapan Tokai reprocessing plant Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

In addition, the following R&D facilities and locations are associated with reprocessing technology:

Argentina Lapep Buenos Aires —Fission products div. Ezeira —

Brazil Reprocessing project São Paulo —Indonesia RMI Serpong —Japan SCF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

JAERI Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xPNC Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xSumitomi Met. Mining Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

Enrichment plants, including pilot plants

Argentina Pilcaniyeu enrichment plant Pilcaniyeu —Brazil Enrichment plant (first cascade) Resende —

Enrichment laboratory Ipero —Uranium enrichment pilot plant São Paulo —Laser spectroscopy lab. San jose dos Campos —

China Shaanxi Han Zhang —Germany UTA-1 Gronau xJapan Uranium Enrichment Plant Tomata-gun, Okayama-ken x

Rokkasho Enrichment Plant Kamikita-gun, Aomori-ken xNetherlands URENCO Almelo xSouth Africa Semi-commercial enrichment plant Pelindaba x

MLIS enrichment plant Valindaba —

AN

NE

X

139

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated SubsidiaryStatea name Location arrangements

of facility in force

United Kingdom URENCO E22 Capenhurst xURENCO A3 plant Capenhurst —

In addition, the following R&D facilities and locations are associated with enrichment technology:

Brazil UF6 laboratory Belo Horizonte —Germany Urenco Jülich —Japan Asahi Chemical Industry Hyuga-shi, Miyazaki-ken x

Hitachi laboratory Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken xJAERI Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNDC U-Lab. Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xPNC Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xToshiba R&D Centre Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken x

Netherlands Urenco Almelo x

Separate storage facilities

Argentina Central store Ezeiza xCentral store Constituyentes —Nuclear material store Constituyentes —

Australia Vault storage Lucas Heights x

Belgium Belgoprocess Dessel xElbel Beveren —Wet Store Tihange —

Brazil Aramar stores (2 units) Ipero —UF6 production facility São Paulo —

Bulgaria Long term storage Kozloduy x

Canada Nuclear material Chalk River xSpent fuel canister store Chalk River xDouglas Point dry storage Tiverton xGentilly-1 Gentilly xSpent fuel storage Chalk River xAECL Research Pinawa xPUFDSF Pickering x

Czech Republic Storage Skoda Bolevec xHLW store Rez

v —ISFS Dukovany Dukovany —

Democratic People’s Nuclear fuel storage Bungang-Ri, Nyongbyon —Republic of Korea

Denmark Risø Store Roskilde xRisø Waste Roskilde —

Finland TVO-KPA store Olkiluoto —

France Cogéma UP2 and UP3 La Hague x

Germany Bundeslager Wolfgang —ANF UF6 Lager Lingen xKFA AVR BL Jülich —KFA AVR Jülich xBZA-Ahaus Ahaus —NCS-Lagerhalle Hanau —Energiewerke Nord GmbH Lubmin x

AN

NE

X

140

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated SubsidiaryStatea name Location arrangements

of facility in force

Germany (cont.) Energiewerke Nord-ZLN Lubmin —Transportbehälterlager Gorleben —TR Halle 87 Rossendorf —Kernmateriallager Rossendorf —

Hungary Central radionuclide store Budapest xMVDS Paks —

India AFR Tarapur x

Indonesia TC and ISFSF Serpong —

Iraq Tuwaitha Location C Tuwaitha —

Italy Compes. deposito Saluggia xEssor nuclear plant Ispra —Essor storage Ispra xResearch centre Ispra —

Japan KUFFS Kyoto xFukushima Dai-Ichi SFS Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xN. S. Mutsu Mutsu-shi, Aomori-ken xRSFS Kamikita-gun, Aomori-ken x

Kazakhstan Ulbinski Thorium Storage Kamenogorsk —

Lithuania Spent Fuel Dry Storage Visaginas —

Netherlands Covra Store Vlissingen —

Pakistan Hawks Bay depot Karachi x

Portugal Inst. de Armazenagem Sacavem x

Russian Federation Mashinostroitel’nyi Zavod Ehlektrostal —

Slovakia AFRS Bohunice x

South Africa Waste storage Pelindaba —Bulk storage facility Pelindaba xHEU storage vault Pelindaba xThabana pipe store Pelindaba x

Sweden Central long term storage Oskarshamn —

Ukraine Chernobyl storage Chernobyl —

United Kingdom Special nuclear material store 9 Sellafield xThorp Plutonium Store Sellafield —

United States Pu storage vault Hanford, WA —of America Y-12 plant Oak Ridge, TN x

Vault Golden, CO —

Other facilities

Algeria UDEC Draria —Es Salam reactor Ain Oussera —

Argentina Alpha facility Constituyentes —Experimental UO2 plant Cordoba —Enriched uranium lab. Ezeiza —Fission products div. Ezeiza —Fuel fabrication plant Ezeiza —LFR Buenos Aires —Uranium powder fab. plant Constituyentes —Triple Altura Lab. Ezeiza —

AN

NE

X

141

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated SubsidiaryStatea name Location arrangements

of facility in force

Australia Research Lab. Lucas Heights x

Belgium IRMM-Geel Geel xCEN-Labo Mol xCEN-Waste Dessel —I.R.E. Fleurus xCEN-lab. Pu Mol x

Brazil Fuel tech. co-ord. unit São Paulo — Isotope laboratory São Paulo —Metal. uran. project São Paulo — Nuclear material lab. Ipero —Nuclear fuel & instr. dev. lab. São Paulo — Reconversion project São Paulo — Reprocessing project São Paulo —Safeguards store São Paulo x

Czech Republic Nuclear Fuel Inst. (UJP) Zbraslav xResearch Laboratories Rez

v x

Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea Subcritical assembly Pyongyang x

Estonia Balti ES Narva —

Germany KFA-heisse Zellen Jülich xKFK-heisse Zellen Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen xKFK-IHCH Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen xSiemens heisse Zellen Karlstein xKFA Lab. Jülich xTransuran Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen xVKT. Tec. ZTR Rossendorf x

Hungary Institute of Isotopes Budapest x

Indonesia RMI Serpong —

Iran, Islamic Republic of LWSCR Esfahan xGSCR Esfahan —

Italy CNEN-LAB. PU. Santa Maria di Galeria x

Japan JAERI-Oarai R&D Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xJAERI-Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xKumatori R&D Sennan-gun, Osaka xMitsui Iwakuni-Ohtake Kuga-gun, Yamaguchi xMitsui Toatsu Takai-shi, Osaka-fu xNDC Fuel Hot Lab. Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNDC fuel laboratories Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNERL, University of Tokyo Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNFD Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xNFI Tokai-2 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNRF Neutron Radiation Facility Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken xPNC FMF Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xPNC IRAF Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xPNC-Oarai R&D Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xPNC-Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xSCF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xShowa-Kawasaki Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken xSumitomo-Chiba Sodegaura-shi, Chiba-ken xUranium Material Laboratory Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken x

AN

NE

X

142

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated SubsidiaryStatea name Location arrangements

of facility in force

Korea, Republic of PIEF Taejon xAcrylonitrile plant Ulsan xDFDF Taejon xDUF 4 Taejon —HFFL Taejon xIMEF Taejon xKAERI R&D Taejon —

Netherlands ECN and JRC Petten x

Norway Research laboratories Kjeller x

Poland Institute for Nuclear Chemistryand Engineering Warsaw —

Institute of Nuclear Research S’wierk x

South Africa Decommissioned pilot enrichment plant Pelindaba x

Decontamination and waste recovery Pelindaba xHot Cell Complex Pelindaba xNU and DU metals plant Pelindaba x

Switzerland EIR Würenlingen xCERN Geneva x

Turkey Nuclear fuel pilot plant Istanbul x

Ukraine Chernobyl unit 4 Chernobyl —Khmelnitski FF Storage Neteshin —KHFTI Kharkov —Rovno FF Storage Kuznetsovsk —South Ukraine Storage Yuzhnoukrainsk —Zaporozhe FF Storage Energodar —Sevastopol subcritical assembly Sevastopol —

United States of America B&W NNFD Lynchburg, VA —BWXT Facility 179 Lynchburg, VA —

Non-nuclear installations

Cuba Storage of equipment Prov. Havana —

a An entry in this column does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Agencyconcerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers.

Note: The Agency was also applying safeguards in Taiwan, China, at six power reactors, five researchreactors/critical assemblies, one uranium pilot conversion plant, two fuel fabrication plants, twostorage facilities and one R&D facility.

AN

NE

X

143

Table A20. FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS (cont.)

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name Location arrangements

of facility in force

144

AN

NE

X

Table A21. MAIN EQUIPMENT AND ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF SAFEGUARDS

1998 1999

Total in inventory

Gamma ray measurement systems

Low resolution systems (assay probes) 78 75High resolution systems (analysers) 42 39Portable multichannel analysers 304 280Detectors 759 908

Neutron measurement systems

Detection heads for active neutron measurements 30 32Detection heads for passive neutron measurements 34 35Neutron coincidence counting electronics 102 92

Spent fuel measurement systems

Cerenkov glow viewing devices 97 96Spent fuel radiation measuring systems 165 175Irradiated fuel measuring electronics 77 75

Other measurement systems

Physical properties devices 147 150

Optical surveillance systems

Photo cameras 891 715Video single camera systems 456 505Video multiple camera systems 65 134Video review stations 86 142

Seals

In situ verifiable seals 1 327 1 328

Radiation monitoring systems 74 81

Activities

Metal cap seals issued 18 600 21 300Metal cap seals verified 19 301 19 718Shipment of equipment and supplies 554 534Hand carried transport of equipment and supplies 656 514Shipment of reference material and chemicals

to facilities 170 289Shipment of inspection samples, radioactive material

standards and contaminated items to the Safeguards Analytical Laboratory 202 232

Procurement actions 1 707 1 423

145

AN

NE

X

Table A22. ADDITIONAL SAFEGUARDS SUPPORT PROVIDED BY STATES

States and organizations representing groups of States States having R&D contractshaving formal support programmes and test programmes

Argentina Austria

Australia Czech Republic

Belgium Israel

Canada Latvia

EURATOM Pakistan

Finland Russian Federation

France

Germany

Hungary

Japan

Republic of Korea

Netherlands

Russian Federation

Sweden

United Kingdom

United States of America

Table A23. STANDING ADVISORY GROUPS

• Advisory Commission on Safety Standards

• International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation

• International Fusion Research Council

• International Nuclear Data Committee

• International Nuclear Desalination Advisory Group

• International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group

• International Radioactive Waste Technology Advisory Committee

• Nuclear Safety Standards Advisory Committee

• Radiation Safety Standards Advisory Committee

• Scientific Committee of IAEA/WHO Network of Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories

• Standing Advisory Group on Safeguards Implementation

• Standing Advisory Group on Technical Assistance and Co-operation

• Transport Safety Standards Advisory Committee

• Waste Safety Standards Advisory Committee

146

AN

NE

X

Table A24. CONVENTIONS NEGOTIATED AND ADOPTED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE AGENCYAND FOR WHICH THE DIRECTOR GENERAL IS THE DEPOSITARY (STATUS AND RELEVANT DEVELOPMENTS)

Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the IAEA (reproduced in INFCIRC/9/Rev. 1). Statusremained unchanged during 1999, with 67 Parties.

Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (reproduced in INFCIRC/500). Entered intoforce on 12 November 1977. In 1999, 1 State adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, therewere 32 Parties.

Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes (reproduced inINFCIRC/500/Add.3). Entered into force on 13 May 1999. By the end of the year, there were 2 Parties.

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (reproduced in INFCIRC/274/Rev.1). Enteredinto force on 8 February 1987. In 1999, 1 State adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year,there were 64 Parties.

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (reproduced in INFCIRC/335). Entered into forceon 27 October 1986. In 1999, 2 States adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were84 Parties.

Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (reproduced inINFCIRC/336). Entered into force on 26 February 1987. In 1999, 2 States adhered to the Convention.By the end of the year, there were 79 Parties.

Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention (repro-duced in INFCIRC/402). Entered into force on 27 April 1992. Its status remained unchanged during1999, with 20 Parties.

Convention on Nuclear Safety (reproduced in INFCIRC/449). Entered into force on 24 October 1996.In 1999, 3 States adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were 52 Parties.

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive WasteManagement (reproduced in INFCIRC/546). Opened for signature on 29 September 1997. In 1999,8 States adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were 13 Contracting States and40 Signatories.

Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (reproduced inINFCIRC/566). Opened for signature on 29 September 1997. In 1999, 1 State adhered to the Proto-col. By the end of the year, there were 2 Contracting States and 14 Signatories.

Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (reproduced in INFCIRC/567).Opened for signature on 29 September 1997. In 1999, 2 States adhered to the Convention. By theend of the year, there were 2 Contracting States and 13 Signatories.

Extension of the African Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and TrainingRelated to Nuclear Science and Technology (AFRA) (reproduced in INFCIRC/377). Entered into force on4 April 1995. In 1999, 2 States adhered to the Extension of the Agreement. By the end of the year,there were 26 Parties.

Second Agreement to Extend the 1987 Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Developmentand Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology (RCA) (reproduced in INFCIRC/167/Add. 18).Entered into force on 12 June 1997. Status remained unchanged during 1999, with 17 Parties.

Revised Supplementary Agreement Concerning the Provision of Technical Assistance by the IAEA (RSA).In 1999, 1 State concluded the Agreement. By the end of the year, there were 89 States that concludedRSA Agreement.

Co-operation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America andthe Caribbean (ARCAL) (reproduced in INFCIRC/582) Opened for signature on 25 September 1998.In 1999, two States signed the Agreement. By the end of the year, there were 14 Signatories.

147

AN

NE

X

Table A25. CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS(with start and finish)

Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology

Evaluation of the safety, environmental and non-proliferation aspects of the partitioning and transmutation of actinides and fission products 1994–2000

Site characterization techniques used in environmental restoration activities 1995–1999

Corrosion of research reactor aluminium clad spent fuel in water 1995–2000

High temperature on-line monitoring of water chemistry and corrosion (WACOL) 1995–2000

Extrapolation of short term observations to time periods for the isolation of long lived radioactive waste 1995–1999

Modelling of transport of radioactive substances in primary circuits of water cooled reactors 1996–2001

Treatment of liquid effluent from mines and mills during and after operation(post-decommissioning/rehabilitation) 1996–2001

Decommissioning techniques for research reactors 1997–2001

Combined methods of liquid radioactive waste treatment 1997–2001

Long term behaviour of low and intermediate level waste packages under repository conditions 1997–2002

Spent fuel performance and research 1997–2002

Chemical durability and performance assessment of spent fuel and high level waste forms under simulated repository conditions 1998–2002

Hydrogen and hydride induced degradation of the mechanical and physical properties of zirconium based alloys 1998–2003

Ageing of materials in spent fuel storage facilities 1999–2003

Anthropogenic analogues for geological disposal of high level and long lived radioactive waste 1999–2003

Comparative Assessment of Energy Sources

Role of nuclear power and other energy options in meeting international goals on greenhouse gas emission reductions 1999–2001

Estimating external costs associated with electricity generation in developing countries using a simplified approach 1999–2001

Case studies to assess and compare different energy sources in sustainable energy and electricity supply strategies 1997–2000

Impact of infrastructural requirements on the competitiveness of nuclear power 1999–2002

Food and Agriculture

Use of nuclear techniques for developing integrated nutrient and water management practices for agroforestry systems 1998–2005

Use of isotope techniques in studies on the management of organic matter and nutrient turnover for increased, sustainable agricultural production and environmental preservation 1995–2000

Use of nuclear and related techniques for evaluating the agronomic effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers, in particular rock phosphates 1993–1999

Assessment of soil erosion through the use of caesium-137 and related techniques as a basis for soil conservation, sustainable production and environmental protection 1995–2001

Use of nuclear and related techniques in the management of nutrients and water in rainfed arid and semi-arid areas for increasing crop production 1997–2002

Use of irradiated sewage sludge to increase soil fertility and crop yields and to preserve the environment 1995–1999

Development of management practices for sustainable crop production systems on tropical acid soils through the use of nuclear and related techniques 1999–2004

Radioactively labelled DNA probes for crop improvement 1994–1999

Improvement of new and traditional industrial crops by induced mutations and related biotechnology 1994–1999

Cellular biology and biotechnology including mutation techniques for creation of new useful banana genotypes 1994–1999

148

AN

NE

X

Genetic improvement of under-utilized and neglected crops in low income fooddeficit countries through irradiation and related techniques 1998–2003

Molecular characterization of mutated genes controlling important traits for seed crop improvement 1999–2004

Mutational analysis of root characters in annual food plants related to plant performance 1999–2004

Improving the effectiveness of monitoring trypanosomosis and tsetse control programmes in Africa using immunoassay and parasitological techniques 1993–1999

Use of radioimmunoassay and related techniques to identify ways of improving artificialinsemination programmes for cattle reared under tropical and subtropical conditions 1994–1999

Use of immunoassay technologies for the diagnosis and control of foot and mouth disease in South East Asia 1994–1999

Use of nuclear and colorimetric techniques for measuring microbial protein supply from local feed resources in ruminant animals 1996–2001

Rinderpest seromonitoring and surveillance in Africa using immunoassay technologies 1997–1999

Development and validation of standardized methods for using polymerase chain reaction and related molecular technologies for rapid and improved animal disease diagnosis 1997–2001

Monitoring of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Africa using enzyme immunoassays 1997–2002

Use of nuclear and related techniques to develop simple tannin assays for predicting and improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage 1998–2003

Assessment of the effectiveness of vaccination strategies against Newcastle Disease and Gumboro Disease using immunoassay based technologies for increasing farmyard poultry production in Africa 1998–2002

Use of non-structural protein of foot and mouth disease virus to differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals 1999–2004

Medfly mating behaviour studies under field cage conditions 1993–1999

Improved attractants for enhancing the efficiency of tsetse fly suppression operations and barriers systems used in tsetse control/eradication campaigns 1994–2002

Enhancement of the sterile insect technique through genetic transformation of arthropods using nuclear techniques 1994–2002

A molecular and genetic approach to develop sexing strains for field application in fruit fly sterile insect technique programmes 1994–2001

Automation in tsetse mass rearing for use in sterile insect technique programmes 1994–2001

Genetics application to improve the SIT for tsetse control/eradication 1997–2002

Quality assurance of mass produced and released fruit flies 1999–2004

Evaluating the use of nuclear techniques for the colonization and production of natural enemies of agricultural insect pests 1999–2004

Impact of long term pesticide usage on soil properties using radiotracer techniques 1994–1999

Validation of thin layer chromatographic screening methods for pesticide residue analysis 1996–2002

Alternative methods to gas and high performance liquid chromatography for pesticide residue analysis in grain 1997–2002

Development of safe, shelf-stable and ready to eat food through radiation processing 1996–2000

Determination of profiles of bacterial pathogens in food for export by the introduction of quality assured microbial assays 1998–2002

Irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment of food and agricultural commodities 1998–2002

Evaluation of methods of analysis for determining mycotoxin contamination of food and feed 1999–2003

Classification of soil systems on the basis of transfer factors of radionuclides from soil to reference plants 1999–2003

Human Health

Local production and evaluation of primary reagents for the radioimmunoassay of alpha feto protein 1997–2000

Table A25. CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS (cont.)

149

AN

NE

X

Molecular typing in the management of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis 1997–2000

Genotype/phenotype correlation in thalassemia and muscular dystrophy 1998–2000

Bone SPECT in the management of patients with unexplained back pain 1997–2000

Relationship between vesico-ureteral reflux, pyelonephritis and renal scarring in children with recurrent urinary tract infection 1997–1999

Evaluation of technetium-99m based radiopharmaceuticals in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer patients 1997–2000

In vivo imaging for infection and inflammation 1996–1999

Diagnosis of subtypes of hepatitis B and C by in vitro nuclear techniques 1999–2002

Diagnosis of Chagas disease using a combination of antigens and radiolabelled probes 1999–2001

Standardization of iodine-131 treatment for hyperthyroidism with an intent to optimize radiation dose and treatment response 1994–1999

Efficacy and toxicity of samarium-153 EDTMP in the treatment of painful skeletal metastases 1996–1999

Relationship between recurrent lower respiratory tract infection, gastroesophageal reflux and bronchial asthma in children 1999–2003

Comparison of clinical applications software in nuclear medicine laboratories by software phantoms developed by COST-B 1999–2003

Development and validation of an Internet based clinical and technical study communication system for nuclear medicine 1998–2001

Clinical application of radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy 1994–2001

Randomized clinical trial of radiotherapy combined with mitomycin C in the treatment of advanced head and neck tumours 1994–2003

Use of radiotherapy in advanced cancer 1995–2000

Regional hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy for locally advanced cancers 1997–2002

Aspects of radiobiology applicable in clinical radiotherapy: Increase of the number of fractions per week 1998–2005

Human immunodeficiency virus markers in patients treated with radiotherapy for cervical cancer 1999–2000

Characterization and evaluation of high dose dosimetry techniques for quality assurance in radiation processing 1995–1999

Development of a quality assurance programme for radiation therapy dosimetry in developing countries 1995–2000

Development of a quality assurance programme for Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories 1996–1999

Dose determination with plane parallel ionization chambers in therapeutic electron and photon beams 1996–1999

Development of a Code of Practice for dose determination in photon, electron and proton beams based on measurement standards of absorbed dose to water 1997–2000

Electron paramagnetic resonance biodosimetry 1998–2000

Comparative international studies of osteoporosis using isotope techniques 1994–2000

Development and application of isotopic techniques in studies of vitamin A nutrition 1995–1999

Reference Asian Man Project (Phase 2): Ingestion and organ content of trace elements of importance in radiological protection (RCA) 1995–2000

Isotopic evaluations of maternal and child nutrition to help prevent stunting 1996–1999

Isotopic evaluations in infant growth monitoring — in collaboration with WHO (partly RCA) 1999–2002

Application of nuclear techniques in the prevention of degenerative diseases (obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes) in ageing 1998–2002

Use of isotopic techniques to examine the significance of infection and other insults in early childhood to diarrhoea morbidity, mal-assimilation and failure to thrive 1999–2003

Table A25. CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS (cont.)

150

AN

NE

X

Applied research on air pollution using nuclear related analytical techniques in theAsia and Pacific region (RCA) 1995–1999

Assessment of levels and health effects of airborne particulate matter in the mining,metal refining and metal working industries using nuclear and related analytical techniques 1996–2000

Validation and application of plants as biomonitors of trace element atmospheric pollution, analysed by nuclear and related techniques 1997–2002

Health impacts of mercury cycling in contaminated environments studied by nuclear techniques 1999–2004

Marine Environment, Water Resources and Industry

Worldwide marine radioactivity studies 1998–2001

Use of radiation processing to prepare biomaterials for applications in medicine 1995–1999

Improvement of physical properties of radiation vulcanized natural rubber latex (RVNRL) (RCA) 1997–2000

Radiation processing of indigenous natural polymers (RCA) 1997–2002

Sedimentation assessment studies by environmental radionuclides and theirapplication to soil conservation measures 1995–2000

The use of tracers and stable isotopes in surface water pollution studies 1997–2000

Isotope based assessment of groundwater renewal and related anthropogenic effectsin water scarce areas 1995–1999

The use of isotope techniques in investigating acidic fluids in geothermal exploitation 1997–2000

The application of isotope techniques to the assessment of aquifer systems in major urban areas 1997–2000

Isotope response to dynamic changes in groundwater systems due to long term exploitation 1999–2003

Isotope techniques for the assessment of slow moving deep groundwater and theirpotential application for the assessment of waste disposal sites 1997–2000

Radionuclide transport dynamics in freshwater resources 1997–2001

Radiotracer technology for engineering unit operation studies and unit process optimization 1997–2000

The use of radiation processing for sterilization or decontamination of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical raw materials 1998–2001

Validation of protocols for corrosion and deposit evaluation in pipes by radiography 1997–2000

Physical and Chemical Sciences

Development of computer based troubleshooting tools and instruments 1996–2000

Specialized software utilities for gamma ray spectrometry 1997–2000

Application of nuclear techniques to anti-personnel land mine identification 1999–2002

Bulk hydrogen analysis using neutrons 1997–2000

WIMS Library update 1998–2002

Analysis of research reactor transients 1995–2000

Application of MeV ion beams for development and characterization of semiconductor materials 1997–2000

Development of agents for imaging central neural system receptors based on technetium-99m 1995–2000

Technetium-99m labelled peptide for imaging of peripheral receptors 1995–2000

Optimization of synthesis and quality control procedures for the preparation of fluorine-18 and iodine-123 labelled peptides 1997–2000

Development of kits for radioimmunometric assay of tumour markers 1997–2000

Validation of nuclear techniques for analysis of precious and rare metals in mineral concentrates 1997–2000

Development of radioactively labelled cancer seeking biomolecules for targeted radiotherapy 1997–2000

Engineering, industrial and environmental applications of plasma physics and fusion technologies 1996–1999

Table A25. CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS (cont.)

151

AN

NE

X

Power plant design for inertial fusion energy 2000–2004

Dense magnetized plasma 2001–2004

Comparison of compact toroid configurations 1998–2002

Nuclear Safety

Management of ageing of in-containment instrumentation and control cables 1992–1999

Development of methodologies for optimization of surveillance testing and maintenance of safety related equipment at nuclear power plants 1996–1999

Round robin exercise on WWER-440 reactor pressure vessel weld metal irradiation embrittlement and annealing 1996–2000

Investigation of methodologies for incident analysis 1997–2000

Safety of RBMK type nuclear power plant in relation to external events 1997–2000

Development and application of indicators to monitor nuclear power plant operational safety performance 1999–2003

Radiation Safety

Development of relevant accident data for quantifying risks associated with transport of radioactive material 1994–1999

Limitations of radioepidemiological assessments for stochastic radiation effects,in relation of radiation protection 1994–2000

Intercomparison of in vivo counting systems using a reference Asian phantom 1996–1999

Regional personal dosimetry intercomparison 1996–1999

Intercomparison for individual monitoring of external exposure from photon radiation 1996–2000

Intercomparison and biokinetic model validation of radionuclide intake assessment 1997–2000

Development of radiological basis for the transport safety requirements for low specific activity materials and surface contaminated objects 1997–2001

Accident severity during air transport of radioactive material 1998–2001

Cytogenetic biodosimetry 1998–2002

Image quality and patient dose optimization in mammography in eastern European countries 1999–2003

Radioactive Waste Safety

Formulation of approaches to compare the potential impacts of wastes from electricity generation technologies 1997–2000

Improvement of safety assessment methodologies for near surface disposal facilities for radioactive waste (ISAM) 1997–2000

Biosphere modelling and assessment methods (BIOMASS) 1998–2002

Table A25. CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS (cont.)

152

AN

NE

X

Table A26. TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1999

Nuclear PowerNational workshop on nuclear power project planning — Bangladesh

Regional workshops on Y2K issues: Interface between electricity grid performance and nuclear power plantoperation — Bulgaria

Regional workshop on experience in delayed nuclear power projects — Brazil

Regional workshop on human resources management — Slovenia

Regional workshop on commissioning and project management — China

Regional workshop on steam generator degradation and inspection — France

Regional workshop on quality performance in niclear power plants: The role of management — Hungary

Interregional training course on instrumentation and control of nuclear power plants — Germany

Workshop on cost and process management for Latin America — Argentina

Regional workshop on human resources management with special focus on training and licensing — Rep. ofKorea

Regional workshop on qualification of non-destructive testing systems — Croatia

Regional workshop on qualification of in-service inspection systems — Cuba

Regional workshop on optimization of in-service inspection programmes of primary circuit components —Slovakia

Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology

Workshop on regulatory aspects of decommissioning — Italy

Seminar on nuclear graphite disposal — United Kingdom

Regional course on WWER fuel design, fabrication, performance and the back end — Slovakia

Workshop for the users of the TRANSURANUS code — Bulgaria

Interregional course on technical and administrative preparations required for the shipment of researchreactor spent fuel to its country of origin — USA

Comparative Assessment of Energy Sources

Interregional course on energy and nuclear power planning using the Energy and Power Evaluation Program(ENPEP) — USA

Regional (Europe) course on the comparative assessment of nuclear power and other options and strategiesfor electricity generation in support of sustainable energy development — Italy

Regional (RCA) course on use of the Agency’s DECADES computer tools and FINPLAN model to analyse therole of nuclear power in light of increased privatization in the electricity sector — Pakistan

Regional (RCA) seminar to exchange information and experience on national efforts in developing countryspecific databases to support comparative assessment — Thailand

National course on use of the Agency’s MAED model for electricity demand forecasting — Sudan

Workshop on estimating external costs associated with electricity generation in developing countries, usinga simplified approach — Italy

Workshop on exchange of experience in enhanced electricity planning incorporating comparative assessmentinto decision support studies — Brazil

Food and Agriculture

Regional group training on fertigation and the use of nuclear techniques in water and nutrient management— Jordan

FAO/IAEA regional seminar on extension aspects of agroforestry practices — Sri Lanka

Regional workshop on evaluation of the dynamics of nutrients and water in cropping systems — Chile

FAO/IAEA seminar on mutation techniques and molecular genetics for tropical and subtropical plant improve-ment in the Asia and Pacific region — Philippines

FAO/IAEA regional workshop on hands-on experience in molecular and mutation techniques — Austria

153

AN

NE

X

Review and planning workshop for the Asia and Pacific region on feed supplementation strategies and repro-ductive management of cattle — Myanmar

First project co-ordination meeting of the IAEA/AFRA project on increasing and improving milk and meatproduction — Morocco

Project co-ordination meeting and mid-term review of AFRA project II–17 development and field evaluation ofanimal feed supplementation packages — Madagascar

Regional workshop on African swine fever — Senegal

IAEA/RCA regional training workshop on self-coating solid phase radioimmunoassay for measuring proges-terone in milk of ruminant livestock — Indonesia

IAEA/AFRA training workshop on the production of iodinated tracers for self-coating radioimmunoassay ofprogesterone — Egypt

Fifth co-ordination meeting on support for rinderpest surveillance — Syrian Arab Republic

Regional FAO/IAEA workshop on internal quality control of the rinderpest enzyme linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) and ELISA troubleshooting — Senegal

FAO/IAEA regional course on the diagnosis and control of foot and mouth disease — Thailand

Task force meeting on training of artificial insemination technicians, field assessment of fertility and data-base management — South Africa

Second workshop on quarantine procedures needed for the creation of a fruit fly free zone in Tacna andMoquegua — Peru

FAO/IAEA interregional course on the use of the sterile insect and related techniques for the area-widemanagement of insect pests — USA

FAO/IAEA regional course on techniques used for area-wide control/eradication of the Old World Screwwormfly — Malaysia

Third meeting of the working group on fruit flies of the Western Hemisphere — Guatemala

Second national course on integrated fruit fly control — Peru

FAO/IAEA course for Asia and the Pacific on the development of quality assurance for mycotoxin analysis offood and feed — Philippines

FAO/IAEA workshop on the introduction of quality assurance/quality control measures in pesticide residueanalytical laboratories — Austria

Human Health

Regional course for diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy using radioimmunoassay techniques — India

Regional course on cardiac SPECT for nuclear medicine technologists — Thailand

Regional course on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for nuclear medicine physicians — Philippines

Regional course on nuclear cardiology — India

Regional course on radionuclide techniques in the management of diabetic nephropathy —Republic of Korea

Regional course on myocardial perfusion studies using SPECT — China

Regional workshop on recent serological and tissue markers for breast cancer — China

Regional course on application of radionuclide techniques in oncology — Slovenia

Regional course on nuclear cardiology — Islamic Republic of Iran; Hungary

Regional course on quality control and SPECT systems — Egypt

Regional workshop on effective use of portable image processing software — Kenya; Morocco

Regional course on use and production of genotyping diagnostic reagents — Republic of Korea

Regional workshop on screening for neonatal hypothyroidism — Thailand

Regional workshop on national screening programme for neonatal hypothyroidism — Republic of Korea

Regional workshop on methodological aspects of tumour markers to ferritin and CEA — Ghana

Table A26. TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1999 (cont.)

154

AN

NE

X

Regional workshop on the radioimmunoassay of tumour markers for diagnosis and management of cancer— Islamic Republic of Iran

Regional workshop on training and evaluation of methodologies for screening and confirmation of hepatitisC using radioimmunoassay— Costa Rica

Regional course on isotopes and molecular techniques for diagnosis and control of communicable diseases— South Africa

Regional workshop on quality control of single and multi-head SPECT systems — Saudi Arabia

Regional course on maintenance of gamma cameras — Syrian Arab Republic

Regional course on quality control of medical linear accelerators — Islamic Republic of Iran

Regional course on quality assurance of SPECT systems — Costa Rica

International seminar on therapeutic application of radiopharmaceuticals — India

National workshop on intraluminal and interstitial brachytherapy — Islamic Republic of Iran

Evidence based radiation oncology — South Africa

Regional workshop on health planners and harmonization of education — South Africa

Course on modern brachytherapy techniques — Norway

Teaching course on methodology of clinical research — Italy

Course on imaging for target volume determination in radiotherapy — United Kingdom

Project co-ordinators’ meeting on quality assurance in radiation therapy — Australia

Regional course on public and professional awareness — Sri Lanka

Interregional course on clinical treatment planning for teletherapy and brachytherapy — Lithuania

Regional course on the basis for clinical quality assurance radiation oncology — Philippines

Regional course on breast conservation techniques for breast cancer — Morocco

Teaching course on evidence based radiation oncology: Principles and methods (in Russian) — Slovakia

Regional course on the basis for clinical quality assurance in radiation oncology — Philippines

Regional course on modern techniques and dosimetry in brachytherapy — Egypt

Regional workshop on the IAEA and ESTRO networks for external quality audits in radiotherapy— Greece

Interregional course on treatment planning in radiotherapy using ROCSTM systems — Lithuania

Interregional course on calibration procedures and quality assurance in Secondary Standard Dosimetry Labo-ratories — Cuba

Regional workshop on harmonized methods of beam calibrations in external radiotherapy (AFRA) — Morocco

Regional course on application of chemometrics and statistics for the evaluation of airborne particulatematter data and black carbon analysis of aerosol samples — Indonesia

Regional course for East Asia and the Pacific on isotopic technique applications in human nutrition withemphasis on micronutrient intervention programmes — Thailand

Course on quality assurance — Austria

Regional workshop on sampling and sample preparation — Brazil

National course on the use of isotopes in human nutrition — Egypt

Workshop on efficient methodology for the evaluation of uncertainty in analytical chemistry — Finland

Determination of radionuclides in food and environmental samples — Japan

Workshop on standards, intercomparison and performance evaluations for low level and environmental massspectrometry — USA

Workshop on mobile radiological laboratories — Ukraine

Table A26. TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1999 (cont.)

155

AN

NE

X

Marine Environment, Water Resources and Industry

Assessment workshop on the development of hydrological conceptual models — Viet Nam

Regional workshop on isotope data interpretation and integration in site conceptual models — South Africa

Regional course on techniques for reservoir management — Philippines

Workshop on assessment of technology transfer in geothermal energy development —Indonesia

Regional course on cross-correlation techniques for flow rate measurement in multiphase systems —Malaysia

Regional course on radiotracer and sealed source applications in the petroleum industry — India

Regional workshop on industrial applications of tracer technology and nucleonic control systems —Venezuela

Regional course on level 3 examinations in surface methods (penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing)— Pakistan

Regional course and examination on radiographic testing: Level 2 — Islamic Republic of Iran

Regional course on non-destructive testing of concrete structures —Malaysia

Regional course on non destructive testing in-service inspection for industry —Saudi Arabia

Regional course and examination on ultrasonic testing: Level 2 — Syrian Arab Republic

Regional course on radiation synthesis of biomaterials — Australia

Regional course on radiation upgrading of agro wastes — Malaysia

Regional course on production and sterilization of biological tissues — Algeria

Regional course on radiation treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater — Austria

Regional course on production and control of radiopharmaceuticals — Saudi Arabia

Regional workshop on quality assurance in the production and control of iodine-131 therapeutic capsules —Viet Nam

Regional workshop on quality assurance in the production and control of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals— Republic of Korea

Regional workshop on good manufacturing practices in the production of technetium-99m generators —China

Course on antibody coated tubes production and evaluation for use in radioimmunoassay/immunoradio-metric assay — Greece

Regional expert workshop on quality assurance in cobalt-60 brachytherapy source production — India

Regional course on the training of auditors of nuclear analytical laboratories — Bolivia

Regional course on calibration and metrology in nuclear analytical techniques — Chile

Working group meetings on preparation of a programme for the harmonization of quality assurance proce-dures in radiopharmacy — Cuba; Argentina

Regional course on the preparation and quality control of iodine-131–MIBG for diagnoses and therapy —Brazil

Regional workshop on training in quality analysis/quality control of nuclear analytical techniques — Austria

Physical and Chemical Sciences

Regional course on the maintenance, repair and calibration of electrometers and ionization chambers in LatinAmerica — Brazil

Regional course on power supplies — Malaysia

Regional course on troubleshooting of nuclear instruments — Indonesia

Group fellowship training in the maintenance of nuclear spectroscopy instruments — Agency’s Laboratories,Seibersdorf

National workshop for environmental officers — Ghana

National course on power conditioning and earthing — Zambia

Table A26. TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1999 (cont.)

156

AN

NE

X

Regional workshop on the management of research reactor facilities — Egypt

Nuclear Safety

Interregional course on environmental qualification of equipment important to safety in nuclear power plants— Spain

Regional course on regulatory control of nuclear power plants — United Kingdom

Regional course: Basic professional course on nuclear safety — France

Regional course on train the trainers in nuclear safety, including the use of basic simulators for training ofnuclear power plant technical personnel — Slovenia

Advanced course on probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) modelling techniques, including human reliabilityanalysis, common cause failure, Level 2 shutdown PSA and an overview of PSA applications — Spain

Joint utility/regulatory benefits of periodic safety reviews — Hungary

Safety assessment of plant modifications with emphasis on instrumentation and control modernization andhuman–machine interface issues — Slovenia

Development and validation of emergency operating procedures for effective prevention/mitigation of severecore damage — Slovakia

Nuclear power plant operating cycle extension (on-line maintenance, maintenance optimization, in-serviceinspection, technical specification applicability) — Slovenia

Safety issues for RBMK reactors — Lithuania

Application of selected event analysis methodologies to actual events from nuclear power plants — Slovakia

Utility–regulatory interface for nuclear power plant safety — Germany

Management of safety and safety culture — Bulgaria

Enhancement of operational safety — Slovenia

Regulatory experience in introducing advanced computer based technology into safety systems at nuclearpower plants — Slovenia

Forum on safety analysis for WWER and RBMK reactors — Russian Federation

Workshop on regulatory review of licensee safety performance — Spain

Course on simulator training — Republic of Korea

Course on mechanical equipment — Republic of Korea

Course on steam generators — Republic of Korea

Workshop on the licensing of modifications — Slovenia

Workshop on co-operation issues between the regulatory body and other authorities involved in the licensingprocess — Czech Republic

Course on human resources management with special focus on training and licensing — Republic of Korea

Course on commissioning and project management — China

Course on application of the technical co-operation regional Asia reference book in cascade training withspecial focus on maintenance — Republic of Korea

Course on plant specific safety indicators for monitoring operational safety performance — China; India;Pakistan

Course on self-assessments and peer reviews — China

Course on methods to detect, correct and prevent human errors — India

Course on education and training for safety — Republic of Korea

Course on ageing and plant life extension — Republic of Korea

Radiation Safety

Basic regional professional course on radiation protection — Syrian Arab Republic

Regional workshop on notification, authorization, inspection and enforcement — France

Table A26. TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1999 (cont.)

157

AN

NE

X

Regional workshop on the development of national external individual monitoring services with emphasis onthermoluminescence dosimetry, operation and management — Côte d’Ivoire

Regional workshop on radiation protection and quality assurance in diagnostic radiology — Ghana

Regional post-graduate educational course on radiation protection — South Africa

Research reactor emergency response exercise — Australia

Regional (RCA) workshop on radiation protection and quality assurance, including optimization of collectivedose from diagnostic radiology — Malaysia

Regional (RCA) workshop on occupational radiation protection — Australia

Regional (RCA) course on radiation safety in industrial radiography — Indonesia

Regional (RCA) workshop on current ICRP recommendations and IAEA standards — India

Group training on design, implementation and management of radiation protection and safety programme inindustrial radiography — Malaysia

National workshop on radiation protection in radiodiagnostic, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine— Myanmar

National workshop on radiation protection and quality assurance in radiodiagnostics — Austria

Group training on operation and maintenance of the Harshaw thermoluminescent dosimeter reader— Germany

Group training on radiation protection and quality assurance in diagnostic radiology — United Kingdom

Group training on radiation protection and quality assurance in radiotherapy — Belgium

Group course on the safe transport of radioactive waste material — Syrian Arab Republic

Basic regional professional course on radiation protection — Syrian Arab Republic

Regional course on optimization of radiological protection in the design and operation of nuclear power plants— Russian Federation

Regional train the trainers course on medical preparedness and assistance for radiological accidents —Czech Republic

Regional course on medical preparedness and emergency medical assistance to nuclear and radiologicalaccidents: Echo 1 — Hungary

Regional course on biodosimetry and diagnosis of health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation — Turkey

Regional train the trainers course on monitoring strategies, procedures, reporting and transmission of data(in English) — Ukraine

Regional train the trainers course on monitoring strategies, procedures, reporting and transmission of data(in Russian) — Ukraine

Regional train the trainers course on radiological emergency preparedness (in English) — Slovenia

Regional train-the-trainers course on radiological emergency preparedness (in Russian) — Russian Federa-tion

Regional course on safety assessment and inspection in medical, industrial and research facilities— Lithuania

Regional course on radiation protection and safety in medicine — Belarus

Regional course on design, implementation and management of individual monitoring programmes— Czech Republic

Regional basic course on radiation protection — Russian Federation

National course on radiation protection for radiation protection officers — The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia

National course on radiation protection in medical practices — Republic of Moldova

National course on radiation and quality assurance in medicine — Latvia

Regional course for regulatory staff on the control of medical practice in radiotherapy — Mexico

Table A26. TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1999 (cont.)

158

AN

NE

X

Regional workshop on radiation protection and regulatory control in industrial applications of radiationsources — Chile

Second intercomparison of personal monitoring and workshop on external personal dosimetry— Guatemala

National course on emergency response and preparedness for national organizations — Panama

National course on medical aspects of radiological accidents — Argentina

Regional course on radiological protection in X ray diagnosis — Brazil

Regional course on radiation protection and nuclear safety — Argentina

Regional course on safe transport of radioactive materials — Argentina

Radioactive Waste Safety

Regional (RCA) workshop on environmental radiation monitoring and regional database — Republic of Korea

Regional basic course on radioactive waste safety — Republic of Moldova

Regional train the trainers workshop on decontamination of contaminated villages — Belarus

Regional course on physical protection of nuclear facilities and materials — Czech Republic

Safeguards

International course on state systems of accounting and control of nuclear materials — USA

Seminar on IAEA safeguards for the 21st century — Republic of Korea

Workshop on familiarization of IAEA activities and non-destructive analysis measurement techniques— Belarus; Uzbekistan

Workshop on containment and surveillance equipment and procedures for ABACC inspectors — Brazil;Argentina

Security of Material

LANL/IAEA joint international workshop on radiation monitoring — USA

Interagency co-ordination committee working group on training — Austria

Workshop on IAEA safeguards implementation — Austria

Joint IAEA–WCO–INTERPOL awareness training course for customs and police investigators on combatingsmuggling of nuclear and other radioactive materials — Austria

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Experts Group evaluation of exercise — Austria; Malta

Regional workshop on the illicit trafficking database — Kazakhstan

Workshop on design basis threat — Czech Republic

Workshop on nuclear materials accountancy and control — Austria

Regional workshop on physical protection of nuclear facilities and materials — Cyprus

International course on physical protection — USA

Table A26. TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1999 (cont.)

Table A27. PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1999

Nuclear PowerNuclear power reactors in the world — Reference Data Series No. 2

Operating experience with nuclear power stations in Member States in 1998 (13th edition) — AnnualPublication

Verification and validation of software related to nuclear power plant instrumentation and control — TechnicalReports Series No. 384

Modern instrumentation and control for nuclear power plants: A Guidebook — Technical Reports SeriesNo. 387

World survey on nuclear power plant personnel training — IAEA-TECDOC-1063

Specification of requirements for upgrades using digital instrument and control systems — IAEA-TECDOC-1066

Technical support for nuclear power operations — IAEA-TECDOC-1078

Quality assurance within regulatory bodies — IAEA-TECDOC-1090

The impact of the year 2000 issue on electricity grid performance and nuclear power plant operation inBulgaria, the Russian Federation and Slovakia — IAEA-TECDOC-1095

Evaluating and improving nuclear power plant performance — IAEA-TECDOC-1098

Management of delayed nuclear power projects — IAEA-TECDOC-1110

Strategies for competitive nuclear power plants — IAEA-TECDOC-1123

Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste TechnologyHydrogeological investigation of sites for the geological disposal of radioactive waste — Technical ReportsSeries No. 391

State of the art technology for decontamination and dismantling of nuclear facilities — Technical ReportsSeries No. 395

Hydrogeological investigations of sites for geological disposal of radioactive waste — IAEA-TECDOC-931

Remote technology in spent fuel management — IAEA-TECDOC-1061

Procedures and techniques for the management of experimental fuels from research and test reactors— IAEA-TECDOC-1080

Spent fuel storage and transport cask decontamination and modification — IAEA-TECDOC-1081

Potential vulnerabilities of nuclear fuel cycle facilities to the year 2000 (Y2K) issue and measures to addressthem — IAEA-TECDOC-1087

Technologies for the remediation of radioactively contaminated sites — IAEA-TECDOC-1086

Technical options for the remediation of contaminated groundwaters — IAEA-TECDOC-1088

Storage of spent fuel from power reactors: Proceedings of a symposium — IAEA-TECDOC-1089

Maintenance of records for radioactive waste disposal — IAEA-TECDOC-1097

Review of the factors affecting the selection and implementation of waste management technologies— IAEA-TECDOC-1096

Survey of wet and dry spent fuel storage — IAEA-TECDOC-1100

Status and trends in spent fuel reprocessing — IAEA-TECDOC-1103

Minimization of waste from uranium purification, enrichment and fuel fabrication — IAEA-TECDOC-1115

Use of natural analogues to support radionuclide transport models for deep geological repositories for longlived radioactive wastes — IAEA-TECDOC-1109

Compliance monitoring for remediated sites — IAEA-TECDOC-1118

On-site disposal as a decommissioning strategy — IAEA-TECDOC-1124

Water chemistry and corrosion control of cladding and primary circuit components — IAEA-TECDOC-1128

Nuclear decommissioning: A proposed standardized list of items for costing purposes

AN

NE

X

159

Comparative Assessment of Energy SourcesStrategies for competitive nuclear power plants — IAEA-TECDOC-1123

Energy, electricity and nuclear power estimates for the period up to 2020, July 1999 Edition — ReferenceData Series No. 1

Food and AgricultureSoils newsletter, Vol. 22, Nos 1 and 2

Mutation breeding newsletter No. 44

Mutation breeding review No. 11

Animal production and health newsletter Nos 30 and 31.

Insect and pest control newsletter Nos 53 and 54

Plant breeding and genetics newsletter Nos 3 and 4

Nuclear based technologies for estimating microbial protein supply in ruminant livestock— IAEA-TECDOC-1093

Development of feed supplementation strategies for improving the productivity of dairy cattle on smallholderfarms in Africa — IAEA-TECDOC-1102

The South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.): Advances in artificial rearing, taxonomic statusand biological studies — IAEA-TECDOC-1064

Development of a female medfly attractant system for trapping and sterility assessment— IAEA-TECDOC-1099

Product quality control, irradiation and shipping procedures for mass-reared tephritid fruit flies for sterileinsect release programmes

Irradiation as a quarantine treatment of arthropod pests — IAEA-TECDOC-1082

Use of nuclear and related techniques in studies of agroecological effects resulting from the use ofpersistent pesticides in Central America — IAEA-TECDOC-1116

Facts about food irradiation (2nd edition), ICGFI

Safeguarding our harvest, ICGFI

Irradiation and trade in food and agricultural commodities, ICGFI

Enhancing food safety through irradiation, ICGFI

Consumer attitudes and marketing response to irradiated food, ICGFI

The safety of poultry meat: from farm to table, ICGFI

Human HealthHandbook for mould room for teletherapy — IAEA-PRTM-4

Techniques for high dose dosimetry in industry, agriculture and medicine. Proceedings of an internationalsymposium — IAEA-TECDOC-1070

Calibration of brachytherapy sources: guidelines on standardized procedures for the calibration ofbrachytherapy sources at Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs) and hospitals — IAEA-TECDOC-1079

SSDL network charter: IAEA/WHO network of Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories —IAEA/WHO/SSDL/99

SSDL newsletter Nos 40, 41

Marine Environment, Water Resources and IndustryNuclear geophysics and its applications — Technical Report Series No. 393

Stability and stabilization of polymers under irradiation — IAEA-TECDOC-1062

Production technologies for molybdenum-99 and technetium-99m — IAEA-TECDOC-1065

Characterization of ceramics and semiconductors using nuclear techniques — IAEA-TECDOC-1069

AN

NE

X

160

Table A27. PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1999 (cont.)

Optimization of production and quality control of therapeutic radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals— IAEA- TECDOC-1114

NDT: A guidebook for industrial management and quality control personnel — Training Course Series No. 9

Ultrasonic testing of materials at Level 2 — Training Course Series No. 10

Physical and Chemical Sciences17th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference — Proceedings Series

Nuclear Fusion, Vol.39, Yokohama Special Issues 1 and 2 (selected papers from the 17th IAEA Fusion EnergyConference)

Nuclear Fusion Vol. 39, No. 12, “ITER Physics Basis

Environmental and industrial applications of nuclear analytical techniques — IAEA-TECDOC-1121

Intercomparison of alpha particle spectrometry software packages (with the companion diskette containingthe set of test spectra and programs used for analysis) — IAEA-TECDOC-1104

ITER Newsletter

ITER Final Design Report, Cost Review and Safety Analysis (FDR) and Relevant Documents — ITER EDADocumentation Series No. 14

ITER Council Proceedings 1998 — ITER EDA Documentation Series No. 15

Nuclear SafetyTopical issues in nuclear, radiation and radioactive waste safety — Proceedings Series

Implementation and review of a nuclear power plant ageing management programme — Safety ReportsSeries No. 15

Health and environmental impacts of electricity generation systems: Procedures for comparative assessment— Technical Reports Series No. 394

Light water reactor generic safety issues database (LWRGSIDB). User’s manual — IAEA-CMS-13

RBMK fuel channel integrity — IAEA-EBP-RBMK-05

Anticipated transients without scram for WWER reactors — IAEA-EBP-WWER-12

Final report of the programme on the safety of WWER and RBMK nuclear power plants — IAEA-EBP-WWER-15

AMAT guidelines. Reference document for the IAEA Ageing Management Assessment Teams (AMATs) — IAEA-SVS-04

DSRS guidelines. Reference document for the IAEA Design Safety Review Services — IAEA-SVS-05

Achieving year 2000 readiness: Basic processes — IAEA-TECDOC-1072

A framework for a quality assurance programme for PSA — IAEA-TECDOC-1101

Living probabilistic safety assessment (LPSA) — IAEA-TECDOC-1106

Root cause analysis for fire events at nuclear power plants — IAEA-TECDOC-1112

Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear power plant components important to safety: PWRvessel internals — IAEA-TECDOC-1119

Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear power plant components important to safety: PWRpressure vessels — IAEA-TECDOC-1120

Self-assessment of operational safety for nuclear power plants — IAEA-TECDOC-1125

A simplified approach to estimating reference source terms for LWR designs — IAEA-TECDOC-1127

Radiation SafetySafety of radiation sources and security of radioactive materials — Proceedings Series

Radiation protection and safety in industrial radiography — Safety Reports Series No. 13

Assessment of doses to the public from ingested radionuclides — Safety Reports Series No. 14

Occupational radiation protection — Safety Standards Series RS-G-1.1

AN

NE

X

161

Table A27. PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1999 (cont.)

Assessment of occupational exposure due to intakes of radionuclides — Safety Standards Series RS-G-1.2

Assessment of occupational exposure due to external sources of radiation — Safety Standards Series RS-G-1.3

National competent authorities responsible for approvals and authorizations in respect of the transport ofradioactive material - List No. 30 (1999 edition) — IAEA-NCAL-30

Organization and implementation of a national regulatory infrastructure governing protection against ionizingradiation and the safety of radiation sources — IAEA-TECDOC-1067

Intercomparison and biokinetic model validation of radionuclide intake assessment — IAEA-TECDOC-1071

Safety measures to address the year 2000 issue at medical facilities which use radiation generators andradioactive materials — IAEA-TECDOC-1074

Generic procedures for monitoring in a nuclear or radiological emergency — IAEA-TECDOC-1092

Directory of national competent authorities’ approval certificates for package design, special form materialand shipment of radioactive material. 1999 Edition — IAEA-TECDOC-1107

Report of the international workshop on safety measures to address the year 2000 issue at medical facilitieswhich use radiation generators and radioactive materials — IAEA-TECDOC-1108

Safety assessment plans for authorization and inspection of radiation sources — IAEA-TECDOC-1113

Intercomparison for individual monitoring of external exposure from photon radiation — IAEA-TECDOC-1126

Report on the preliminary fact finding mission following the accident at the nuclear fuel processing facility inTokaimura, Japan — IAEA-TOAC

Radioactive Waste SafetySafety assessment for near surface disposal of radioactive waste — Safety Standards Series WS-G-1.1

Decommissioning of nuclear power plants and research reactors — Safety Standards Series WS-G-2.1

Decommissioning of medical, industrial and research facilities — Safety Standards Series WS-G-2.2

Near surface disposal of radioactive waste — Safety Standards Series WS- R-1

Application of radiological exclusion and exemption principles to sea disposal — IAEA-TECDOC-1068

Safety measures to address the year 2000 issue at radioactive waste management facilities— IAEA-TECDOC-1073

Critical groups and biospheres in the context of radioactive waste disposal — IAEA-TECDOC-1077

Protection of the environment from the effects of ionizing radiation — IAEA-TECDOC-1091

Inventory of radioactive waste disposals at sea — IAEA-TECDOC-1105

Report of the international workshop on safety measures to address the year 2000 issue at radioactivewaste management and nuclear fuel cycle facilities — IAEA-TECDOC-1111

Co-ordination of Safety ActivitiesThe safe management of sources of radiation: Principles and strategies — INSAG Series No. 11

Basic safety principles for nuclear power plants 75-INSAG-3 Rev. 1 — INSAG Series No. 12

Management of operational safety in nuclear power plants — INSAG Series No. 13

Safe management of the operating lifetimes of nuclear power plants — INSAG Series No. 14

Nuclear safety review for the year 1998 — IAEA/NSR/1998

Regulation of the life cycle of nuclear installations — IAEA-PDRP-3

Assessment of regulatory effectiveness — IAEA-PDRP-4

Communications on nuclear, radiation, transport and waste safety: A practical handbook — IAEA-TECDOC-1076

AN

NE

X

162

Table A27. PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1999 (cont.)