IAEA Annual Report 1998 · The draft Annual Report aims to ... decline in the groundwater level of this aquifer system and advancing ... studies and groundwater modelling,

THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 19981. The draft of the annual report which the Board is required to make to the General Conference

under Article VI.J of the Statute is attached hereto. It covers the period 1 January to31 December 1998.

2. The Secretariat would appreciate receiving comments on or corrections to the draft reportinformally before the Board considers it in June.

SUGGESTED ACTION BY THE BOARD

3. The Board’s approval of the report is sought on the understanding that the draft be revised toreflect as far as possible such observations as may be made on it.

For official use only

GOV/1999/2826 April 1999

RESTRICTED Distr.Original: ENGLISH

International Atomic Energy Agency

BOARD OF GOVERNORS

99-1041

THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1998(A draft of a document for the

forty-third regular session of the General Conference)

NOTE

1. The draft Annual Report aims to summarize only the significantachievements of the Agency during the year in question. Details on thedegree of completion of the individual tasks set out in The Agency’sProgramme and Budget for 1997 and 1998 and of monies spent can befound in the Programme and Budgetary Performance Report for 1998.

2. The evaluation of safeguards activities in 1998 is still in progress in thepreparation of the Safeguards Implementation Report for 1998.Consequently, some of the statistical information given in the‘Safeguards’ chapter and in the Annex must be considered provisional.If necessary, corrections will be reflected in the final version of thisdocument.

3. All sums of money are expressed in United States dollars.

4. The designations employed and the presentation of material in thisdocument do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country orterritory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers.

5. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether ornot indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringeproprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement orrecommendation on the part of the Agency.

6. The term “non-nuclear-weapon State’’ is used as in the FinalDocument of the 1968 Conference of Non-Nuclear-Weapon States(United Nations document A/7277) and in the Treaty on theNon-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

CONTENTS

The year in review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Nuclear power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Nuclear fuel cycle and waste technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Comparative assessment of energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Food and agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Human health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Marine environment, water resources and industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Physical and chemical sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Nuclear safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Radiation safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Radioactive waste safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Co-ordination of safety activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Safeguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Security of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Management of technical co-operation for development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Policy making, co-ordination and support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

The Board of Governors and the General Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

1THE YEAR IN REVIEW

In 1998, there were a number of developments in theinternational environment relating to the Agency’soverall programme: the international dimension ofnuclear safety became increasingly recognized; the needfor sustainable development continued to be a priority;the requirements for electricity generation without theemission of environmental pollutants, and especiallythe emission of greenhouse gases, grew in urgency; andthe importance of worldwide moves towards a strength-ened non-proliferation regime was heightened. Againstthis background, the Agency set in motion a re-exami-nation and redirection of its functioning in order betterto meet the needs and interests of its Member States.

During the year, the Agency operated on a regularbudget of $226 million and also used slightly morethan $30.1 million in extrabudgetary funds forimportant activities in support of programmes. Thetarget for contributions to the Technical Co-operationFund for 1998 was set at $71.5 million, of which$53.4 million was pledged by Member States.

At the end of 1998, there were 2133 staff members ofthe Secretariat — 847 in the Professional and highercategories and 1286 in the General Service category.These figures represent 1676 regular, 278 temporaryassistance and 179 extrabudgetary staff. Ninety-fivenationalities were represented among the 684 staffmembers in posts subject to geographical distribution.

This review highlights some of the achievements of theAgency in 1998 against the background of worldwidedevelopments.

Nuclear technology and energyfor sustainable development

Nuclear technology

The importance of water

Water — its quantity and quality — continued to be acritical global issue. One particular expression of this

concern was the growing interest expressed by MemberStates in nuclear technology for desalination. A jointpre-project study by Morocco and China wascompleted in October with the assistance of the Agencyunder a technical co-operation project. Moroccoselected a 10 MW(th) nuclear reactor from China for adesalination plant to be built in Tan-Tan. Aco-operation agreement was signed between the twoGovernments in December.

Another sign of heightened interest in the problem ofwater was the decision by the United Nations to declare1998 the ‘International Year of the Ocean’. The overallobjective was to focus the attention of the public,governments and decision makers on the importance ofthe oceans and the marine environment as resources forsustainable development in the light of the increasingthreats of pollution, population pressure, excessivefishing, coastal zone degradation and climate variabil-ity. The Agency and other international organizationsinvolved in ocean related studies contributed jointly tothis endeavour. The interagency co-operationprogrammes included a contribution to EXPO ’98 inLisbon, and joint conferences, co-ordination meetingsand regional assessments. The most important event inwhich the Agency played a leading role was asymposium on marine pollution, organized in co-operation with the IOC of UNESCO, UNEP, IMOand the Commission Internationale pour l’ExplorationScientifique de la Mer Méditerranée, held in Monacoin October. The symposium was a timely opportunityfor scientists to share the latest knowledge on thesources, behaviour and impact of marine contaminantsin the world’s oceans. During the same week the newpremises of the Agency’s Marine EnvironmentLaboratory were inaugurated.

Greater efforts were made to initiate joint programmesand collaboration with other United Nations agenciesin the area of water resources development andmanagement. For example, a Memorandum ofUnderstanding was signed between the Agency andWMO to further enhance collaboration in operatingthe Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation. Thejoint efforts are aimed at a wider use of the isotopedata.

THE YEAR IN REVIEW

The Agency’s work in isotope hydrology in Africa wasgiven special recognition by being included in a UnitedNations system-wide initiative (see Box 1). The Agencywas also invited to participate in a new United Nationsproject being launched to characterize and develop

mitigation strategies for contaminated drinking water.The initial focus of this work will be on the arseniccontamination of drinking water in Bangladesh, whichhas affected millions of people and is a major publichealth issue.

2 THE YEAR IN REVIEW

BOX 1Water resources in Africa A number of countries in Africa are currently facing a crucial shortage of

freshwater that threatens public health and impedes social and economicdevelopment. This situation has prompted the United Nations to includewater among the set of priorities of the ‘System-wide Initiative on Africa’, withthe aim of assuring sustainable use of and equitable access to freshwater. TheAgency contributes to this initiative with two large technical co-operationModel Projects aimed at solving specific practical problems related to theassessment and management of water resources using isotope techniques incombination with other hydrological studies. The first project started in 1995and involves nine countries in northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mali,Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan. The second Model Projectstarted this year with seven countries from southern and eastern Africa,namely Kenya, Madagascar, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic ofTanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. In 1998 the first phase of the northernAfrica project was completed.

Senegal, in common with other Sahel countries south of the Sahara desert, hasfaced a significant decline in rainfall over the last four decades, coupled withincreasing demands on its water resources, principally groundwater. Themetropolitan area of Dakar, with a population of more than 1.5 million and70% of its water drawn from aquifers located in the coastal zone, is an exampleof human settlement and development that depend mainly on (over-used)local groundwater. The water demand is 221 000 m3 per day and chronicshortages reaching 25–30% are experienced. The increasing exploitation ofthe three major aquifers in this area, the Cap Verde Peninsula, combined withthe effect of the drought, has led to a continuous decline in the groundwaterlevel of this aquifer system and advancing seawater intrusion in several parts ofit. In order to avoid further decline and degradation of the groundwaterresources, the water authorities need to better understand the naturalreplenishment of the aquifers and the interrelationships between the differentaquifers under exploitation. Through the integration of isotope investigationsinto ongoing hydrological studies and groundwater modelling, this goal wasreached. In particular, isotopes demonstrated that in one of the aquifers thegroundwater uptake is presently still compensated by natural replenishment(rainfall infiltration). One of the other aquifers, however, is being over-exploited, and in the third one the groundwater quality is deteriorating owingto infiltration of domestic waste water. The results of the project haveencouraged the local water authorities to embark on studies for alternativesources of water.

Food and health

The increasing acceptance of food irradiation and thestrengthened support given to the issue of food qualityand safety through the newly established FAO/IAEATraining and Reference Centre at Seibersdorf (seeBox 2) made a contribution to trade enhancement andimproved food control systems. In this connection, itwas agreed by member countries at a meeting inOctober to extend the mandate of the InternationalConsultative Group on Food Irradiation, which expiresin May 1999, for another three years, with a refocusedwork programme.

In Latin America, a five year study was completed onthe development and validation of a diagnostic assay todistinguish animals vaccinated against brucellosis fromthose naturally infected, an essential prerequisite to theslaughter of animals carrying the disease. This was thelargest serological study ever undertaken with regard tobrucellosis — considered to be one of the mostimportant diseases affecting animals and, through theconsumption of milk and dairy products, one of themost dangerous diseases affecting humans. Throughthe support provided by the Agency, an essential toolnow exists that will significantly assist Member States inthe future control and eradication of brucellosis.

From a figure of approximately 6% in the 1980s, theproportion of deaths in developing countries due to

cancer rose to 9% by 1998. The Agency has accordedgreater priority to cancer treatment using radiotherapy.During 1998, 18 national and regional training coursestargeted at radiation oncologists, technologistsoperating machines and nurses caring for brachy-therapy patients were held to help improve clinicalpractice. In addition, regional projects, particularly inAfrica, resulted in a significant upgrading of equipmentused in cancer control and an enhancement of the skillsof medical personnel. A radiation centre was set up inGhana, in addition to establishments in Namibia andEthiopia. As a result of Agency assistance, these centresnow offer full teletherapy and brachytherapy cancerservices.

Partnerships in the transfer of technology

A special effort was made during 1998 to work withand through partners in the implementation of theAgency’s technical co-operation programme. Theresulting synergy both helped to bring extra financialresources to projects and encouraged regional collabo-ration. One example was a project in Eastern Europeon medical education for nuclear accident prepared-ness, co-ordinated through the Boston UniversityMedical Center. The approach used was a majordeparture from tradition, involving outsourcing thatbrought together ten international centres. Some$3 million will have been spent by the end of the

3THE YEAR IN REVIEW

BOX 2Extrabudgetary funds from the Governments of Austria and Swedenfacilitated completion of the construction and equipping of the Centre at theAgency’s Laboratories in Seibersdorf, near Vienna. The main objective is tostrengthen the analytical capacities of Member States to fulfil the requirementsfor implementing international standards and agreements relevant to foodquality and safety, particularly those covered by the ‘Agreement on theApplication of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures’ being enforced bythe WTO.

The activities of the Centre focus on training, standardization of analyticalmethods and the provision of information to national food controllaboratories relevant to determining pesticides, veterinary drug residues,radionuclides and other contaminants in food and feed covered by theFAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Food Standards.

FAO/IAEA Trainingand Reference Centrefor Food and PesticideControl

project, with only 40% contributed by the Agency.Another innovative, cost saving, feature was theorganization of courses using teleconferencing systemsto connect various centres during training sessions. Theproject has trained more than 100 medical doctors,developed a curriculum and a train-the-trainersprogramme, and has helped emergency centres in sixcountries become capable of delivering the curriculum.

Nuclear energy

Contribution of nuclear power

In 1998, there was a rise in world electricity consump-tion by about 3% over the figure for 1997. Nuclearenergy continued to contribute about 16% to theoverall total. If the nuclear generated energy had beenproduced by the current mix of fossil fuels, total energyrelated carbon emissions would have been increased bysome 8%.

According to data reported to the Agency’s PowerReactor Information System, there were 434 nuclearpower plants in operation at the end of 1998: 151 inWestern Europe, 70 in Eastern Europe, 118 in NorthAmerica, 5 in Latin America, 11 in the Middle East andSouth Asia, 2 in Africa and 77 in the Far East. Four newnuclear plants were connected to electricity grids, threein the Republic of Korea and one in Slovakia, repre-senting 2958 MW(e) of capacity. Construction startedon two plants in China and one in Japan, bringing thetotal number of plants under construction around theworld to 36, equivalent to a total generating capacity of27 536 MW(e). Seven reactors were shut down duringthe year (equivalent to 5776 MW(e)), including twoCanadian reactors which are expected to restart in thefuture. Accumulated operating experience reachedapproximately 9010 reactor-years.

The largest contributor to the world installed nuclearcapacity remained the USA (28%), followed by France(18%) and Japan (12.5%). Germany’s contribution was6.4%, followed by the Russian Federation with 5.7%,Ukraine with about 3.9%, the United Kingdom with3.7%, the Republic of Korea with 3.5%, and Swedenand Canada with about 2.9%.

Lithuania continued to be the country with the highestcontribution of nuclear power to national electricityproduction (77%), followed by France (76%), Belgium(55%), Sweden (46%), Ukraine (45%), Slovakia

(44%), Slovenia (44%), Bulgaria (42%), and theRepublic of Korea and Switzerland (41%). In an addi-tional eight countries, more than 25% of the electricitywas produced by nuclear power.

In the European Union, the most likely scenario fornuclear power is that capacity will remain at about itspresent level in the coming years, with life extensionprogrammes implemented whenever needed. However,at the policy level a number of important developmentstook place during the year. Most important in thisrespect were events in Germany. After elections inSeptember the coalition agreement for the newGovernment stated that the use of nuclear power wouldbe stopped and invitations issued for talks concerning anew energy consensus. In France, a final decision onSuperphénix, the 1200 MW(e) demonstration fastbreeder reactor, was taken in early 1998: it will be shutdown and dismantled. The partially burnt and theunburned newly fabricated cores will be reprocessed.With the completion of Civaux 2 in France, planned tobe connected to the grid in mid-1999, there were noreactors under construction in the European Union.Utilities in Finland were seeking Government approvalto build a fifth reactor.

In Turkey, bids by three international consortia for thefirst nuclear power plant, being planned at Akkuyu onthe eastern Mediterranean coast, were being evaluated.

In Asia, planning for the expansion of nuclear powercontinued, particularly in China, India, Japan and theRepublic of Korea. However, the financial crisis in thisregion slowed down the expected growth in energydemand.

South Africa continued with the development of the100 MW(e) Pebble Bed Modular Gas Cooled Reactor,with the Agency assisting in its assessment.

In Brazil, it was announced that the Angra-2 nuclearpower plant would be inaugurated in 1999. Afeasibility study concluded in March 1998 that itwould take five years to complete Angra-3.

Energy from nuclear fusion

Six years of international collaborative work underthe auspices of the Agency on the InternationalThermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)Engineering Design Activities (EDA) were completed,culminating in a final design report which was


approved by the ITER Council in June. Followingcompletion of the report, the Council agreed on guide-lines for a new work programme. A priority task is thedesign of reduced cost options which would still meetthe overall objective of demonstrating the scientific andtechnological feasibility of fusion energy for peacefulpurposes. An Amendment to the ITER Agreementextending the EDA for three years was signed by theEuropean Union, Japan and the Russian Federation. InSeptember, the USA agreed to continue its participa-tion in the extended EDA until July 1999.

Reducing greenhouse gases

The Annex I Parties to the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (i.e. the industrializedcountries and the economies in transition) gave bindingcommitments under a Protocol adopted in Kyoto inDecember 1997 to reduce by about 5% their emissionsof greenhouse gases (GHG) by the year 2010 ascompared with the 1990 levels. They confirmed thispledge at a further meeting in Buenos Aires inNovember. Although the Kyoto Protocol does notimpose any such commitments on the non-Annex-Icountries (i.e. developing countries), it is certain thatunless concerted efforts are made to check the growth ofGHG in these countries as well, the stabilization ofconcentrations of these gases in the global atmosphere atan acceptable level cannot be achieved. One of theflexible mechanisms envisaged under the Kyoto Protocolis the ‘Clean Development Mechanism’. This creates ameans for transferring credits obtained for reducingemissions from projects in developing countries to theAnnex I sponsors of those projects. It combines theobjectives of assisting developing countries in achievingsustainable development (through technology transferand financial assistance) with assisting Annex I Parties incomplying with their commitments under the Protocolin a cost effective manner.

Fuel cycle and radioactive waste

Supply of nuclear fuel

World uranium demand increased moderately in 1998to some 61 000 tonnes and was met by supplies ofabout 38 000 tonnes from mining and milling (60% ofthe total requirement). The remaining material neededto fuel reactors came primarily from stockpiles, fromthe use of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel, and from

reprocessed uranium and the dilution of high enricheduranium. The number of nuclear power plants loadedwith MOX fuel reached 32 (with about 50 morelicensed or undergoing licensing) in Belgium, France,Germany, Japan and Switzerland. In Belgium andSwitzerland, a batch average burnup of MOX fuelsimilar to that of uranium fuel was attained.

Back end of the fuel cycle and waste management

Annual spent fuel arisings amounted to about10 500 tonnes of heavy metal, with some 130 000tonnes in storage facilities around the world. Theinventory of separated civil plutonium was estimated tobe about 200 tonnes — the highest figure since repro-cessing began. The Agency held a symposium on thestorage of spent fuel from power reactors in November(see Box 3).

Site selection and characterization studies for high levellong lived radioactive waste and spent fuel disposalfacilities continued to be the main focus of manynational programmes. Important developmentsoccured in several of these programmes. Sweden movedto the second phase of development of the Hard RockLaboratory in Aspö, implementing a full scaleprototype experiment. After a four year siting study, theFrench Government decided in December to authorizethe construction and operation of two undergroundlaboratories in clay and granite formations for researchon the possibilities of a reversible or non-reversiblerepository in a deep geological formation. The firstlaboratory will be built in eastern France (Meuse site),while the granite formation laboratory requires theselection of a new site, for which preparations will startin 1999.

The US Department of Energy is responsible for anestimated 140 000 m3 of transuranic (TRU) waste leftfrom the production of nuclear weapons and thedismantling and cleanup of weapons production sites.This waste is dispersed in various sites in temporaryretrievable storage. The construction and testing of theunderground Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) facilityat Carlsbad, New Mexico, as well as the facilities andequipment required to safely transport, receive, handleand dispose of TRU wastes, were essentially completedin the last decade. The Agency, together with theOECD/NEA, conducted an international review of thesafety documents required under US regulations. InMay 1998, the Environmental Protection Agency

5THE YEAR IN REVIEW


certified that WIPP complies with all applicable envi-ronmental radiation protection standards.

At a meeting in Murmansk in November, the ContactExpert Group for International Co-operation inRadioactive Waste Management with the RussianFederation approved a list of highest priority projectscovering spent fuel and radioactive waste resulting fromthe decommissioning of nuclear submarines. Most ofthe tasks to be undertaken under these projects requirethe construction of new facilities, the acquisition ofequipment, and multimillion-dollar funding.

Safety issues in the use of nuclear energy and technologyThe issues shaping the global safety agenda were illus-trated by the topics covered at an Agency conference inVienna: safety management; occupational radiationprotection; backfitting, upgrading and modernizationof nuclear power plants; chronic exposure to residualmaterials; long term waste disposal; and regulatorystrategies.

Legal instruments

An important component of the global safety agenda isrepresented by the binding legal instruments developedover recent years. By the end of 1998, 49 States hadbecome Contracting Parties to the Convention onNuclear Safety and 37 States had signed the JointConvention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Managementand on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management,though only 5 had ratified it.

In addition to these binding legal instruments, animportant step forward was the review of the Agency’sdocument INFCIRC/225/Rev. 3, The Physical Protec-tion of Nuclear Material. This review resulted in recom-mendations to improve the structure and clarity of thedocument and to take account of improved technologyand current practices.

Nuclear regulation

A strengthening of relations between nuclear regulatorswas apparent in 1998. The first meeting of the‘Network of Regulators of Countries with SmallNuclear Programmes’ was held in Vienna in September.

BOX 3An opportunity for representatives of governmental authorities, utilities,industry and research organizations to exchange information on the latesttechnologies and policies for spent fuel storage was provided by aninternational symposium which was held in Vienna from 9 to 13 Novemberin co-operation with the OECD/NEA. The participants discussed the currentsituation and the major factors influencing national policies in this field, andidentified the most important directions for national efforts and internationalco-operation:

• The interim storage of spent fuel will be longer than initially anticipatedand extended operation of existing facilities will therefore be required;

• Additional fuel storage capacity is needed;

• The design of spent fuel storage facilities should in the future take intoaccount spent fuel originating from advanced fuel cycle practices (highburnup and the use of MOX fuels);

• An integrated approach to spent fuel storage that would address thetransport, storage and disposal of spent fuel, while at the same time usingflexible multipurpose systems, is required.

Symposium on Storageof Spent Fuel fromPower Reactors

7THE YEAR IN REVIEW

Nuclear regulatory authorities in the States of theEuropean Union that have nuclear power plantsannounced their intention in December to form a newWestern European Nuclear Regulators Association.

Safety missions and advice

A landmark was reached in 1998 with the organizationof the one hundredth mission under the Agency’sOperational Safety Assessment Review Teamprogramme (see Box 4). A special Agencyextrabudgetary programme on the safety of WWERand RBMK reactors ended in 1998 (see Box 5).

The startup in June of the first unit of the Mochovcenuclear power plant in Slovakia — a WWER-440/213reactor with extensive safety upgrades — wasaccompanied by discussions on safety matters in whichthe Agency also participated. They focused on thestatus of the reactor pressure vessel, the design modifi-cations and the seismic safety of the plant.

Safety in transport

In May, the transport of spent fuel in France, Germanyand Switzerland was stopped after inspections by theFrench regulator found that for a number of years ahigh percentage of the flasks and wagons arriving at therail terminal used by the reprocessing plant at La Haguehad levels of non-fixed contamination exceeding4 Bq/cm2 beta–gamma activity — a level specified inthe Agency’s Transport Regulations and in manynational regulations as a ‘clean’ level for shipments.Further measurements and consultation of recordsindicated the presence of such contamination on asignificant fraction of empty flasks arriving at nuclearpower plants in France, Germany and Switzerland, andfull flasks arriving at La Hague and at Sellafield in theUnited Kingdom. Although studies showed thatradiation exposure of rail workers or the public hadbeen extremely low, the authorities in France, Germanyand Switzerland required the introduction of improvedtechnical procedures, monitoring, documentation andinformation flow. Transports were resumed in France in

BOX 4The Operational Safety Assessment Review Team (OSART) programme wascreated in 1982 as a service to the Agency’s Member States whereby aninternational team of experts conducts a three week in-depth review ofoperational safety performance at a power plant at the request of a MemberState. The first OSART mission took place at the Kori nuclear power plant inthe Republic of Korea in August 1983, and the hundredth mission was carriedout at the Golfech plant in France.

The one hundred OSARTs were conducted at 73 different plant sites, in 29countries on all continents that have nuclear power plants. Over 1100 teammembers participated in these missions. More than 800 of these were providedby the nuclear industry worldwide in support of the Agency’s own staff.

OSART missions focus on the performance of management processes andplant personnel in achieving safe operation, and usually review performance ineight areas: management, organization and administration; training andqualifications; operations; maintenance; radiation protection; chemistry; andemergency planning and preparedness.

Benefits to the plant from an OSART mission stem from the preparation andself-assessment before the visit, as well as the exchange of experience and goodpractices with the experts. The OSART report, sent to the government and theregulatory body, also promotes openness and transparency.

100 OSART missions: A milestone in ensuringthe operational safety ofnuclear power plants


July 1998 following the implementation of somemeasures and subject to others being carried out. Asof the end of 1998, transports in Germany andSwitzerland remained suspended.

Several States and non-governmental organizationscontinued to voice more general concerns about theinternational transport of spent fuel and radioactivewaste. A resolution adopted by the Agency’s GeneralConference in September invited States shippingradioactive materials “to provide, as appropriate,assurances to potentially affected States upon theirrequest that their national regulations take into accountthe Agency’s Transport Regulations; and to providethem with relevant information relating to shipmentsof radioactive materials. The information providedshould in no case be contradictory to the measures ofphysical security and safety.”

Radiation sources not under regulatory control

Radiation sources not under regulatory control(‘orphan’ sources) continued to pose a problem (seeBox 6). In July, three caesium-137 sources were foundin Georgia, apparently from a former Soviet civil

defence base. The dose rates close to the largest of thesources were up to about one hundred million timesnatural background levels. At the request of Georgia,the Agency assisted in the recovery operation and, withthe help of the Government of France, undertookbiological dosimetry of the potentially affected popula-tion. Two other sources — both strontium-90 — werediscovered in October near Khaishi. The Agency sent amission to assess the situation.

In June, very low concentrations of caesium-137 weredetected in air samples at a number of places in Europe.Investigations determined that the cause was a sourceapparently delivered in a load of scrap metal and meltedin a steel plant in Algeciras in southern Spain. Althoughthe incident did not require invocation of theConvention on Early Notification of a NuclearAccident, the mechanisms established under theConvention allowed the Agency to rapidly disseminateinformation to Member States.

Radiological assessment

In 1996, following a request from the Government ofFrance, the Agency embarked on a study of the

BOX 5In response to requests from Member States operating Soviet designedWWER model 230 nuclear power plants, the Agency launched a majorinternational programme in 1990 to evaluate this first generation of Sovietdesigned reactors and provide safety assistance to plant operators andregulators. The programme was undertaken as a complement to existingnational, bilateral and international activities and was extended in 1992 toother types of WWERs and to RBMKs. It was financed primarily by voluntarycontributions as an extrabudgetary programme (EBP), with some activitiesbeing funded through the Agency’s regular budget or through national andregional technical co-operation projects. Steering committees providedindependent advice on the conduct of this EBP.

A significant achievement of the programme was the preparation of ‘SafetyIssue Books’ detailing design and operational safety issues and theirimportance for the plants under consideration. International consensus wasreached on safety issues related to WWERs and RBMKs and on the prioritymeasures required. The programme findings and associated publications arebeing widely used as a technical basis for the development of safety upgrades,reviews by national regulatory authorities, and the establishment of safetypriorities in national, bilateral and international programmes.

Safety evaluation ofWWER and RBMKplants

9THE YEAR IN REVIEW

radiological situation at the Atolls of Mururoa andFangataufa, in French Polynesia, where Franceconducted 193 ‘expériences nucléaires’ (nuclear experi-ments) between 1966 and 1996. The study wasdesigned to assess the residual radiological conditions atthe atolls after the end of all the experiments and alsothe future radiological situation. It concluded that:there will be no radiation health effects which could beeither medically diagnosed in an individual or epidemi-ologically discerned in a group of people; the expectedradiation dose rates and modes of exposure are suchthat no effects on biota population groups could arise;no remedial action at the atolls is needed on

radiological protection grounds, either now or in thefuture; no further monitoring at Mururoa andFangataufa Atolls is needed for purposes of radiologicalprotection; and the expected extent of changes in theconclusions due to uncertainties in the parameters usedin the modelling is slight. The findings, conclusionsand recommendations of the study were presented inJune in the Fiji Islands to high level officials andselected representatives of member countries of theSouth Pacific Forum, and in Tahiti to authorities ofFrench Polynesia, the French Government, and variousother organizations and authorities. The results werealso issued in a nine volume set, together with the

BOX 6The first ever major international conference devoted to the safety of radiationsources and security of radioactive materials was held in Dijon, France, inSeptember. It was organized by the Agency and co-sponsored by the EuropeanCommission, INTERPOL, WCO and the Atomic Energy Commission ofFrance.

The 10 technical sessions reviewed 12 major topics:

• The safety of radiation sources — regulatory control, safety assessment tech-niques, engineering and managerial measures, lessons from experience,international co-operation through reporting systems and databases, veri-fication of safety through inspection and the use of performance indicatorsfor a regulatory programme;

• The security of radioactive materials — measures to prevent breaches in thesecurity of radioactive materials, detection and identification techniquesfor illicit trafficking, response to detected cases and seized radioactivematerials, strengthening awareness, training and information exchange.

The conference discussed:

• The need for Member States to ensure effective systems of control and forpreventing, detecting and responding to illicit trafficking in radioactivematerials;

• Major problems related to human errors, caused by a lack of training,insufficient commitment of managers, and the absence of procedures andsupervision;

• Problems in developing countries connected with the import and use ofradiation sources without effective maintenance and the lack of expertiseof regulatory authorities in ensuring the safety of the imported equipment,as well as inadequate resources;

• The problem of ‘orphan’ sources ending up in the public domain.

Conference on the Safetyof Radiation Sources andSecurity of RadioactiveMaterials

proceedings of a specially convened internationalconference held in Vienna in June–July.

Remediation

The Emu site in South Australia, used by the UnitedKingdom for two atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in1953, was returned to its Aboriginal owners at the endof March 1998, following remediation work. Thecriterion applied was that individuals should notreceive more than about twice the global average back-ground dose per year from permanent occupancy ofthe site.

Verification of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy

In 1998, the Agency continued the development andimplementation of measures to strengthen itssafeguards system. Environmental sampling started tobecome a routine safeguards measure, and the necessaryinfrastructure for using remote monitoring as asafeguards tool was being set up. As a result of thestrengthening measures of recent years, the Agency'sinformation base has become broader and this processwill accelerate when States submit information underthe Protocol Additional to Safeguards Agreements. A


BOX 7

• Four Additional Protocols entered into force in 1998: the AdditionalProtocols concluded by the Holy See, Jordan and New Zealand enteredinto force upon signature; and the Protocol concluded with Uzbekistanentered into force on 21 December. As of 31 December 1998, a total of 5Additional Protocols were in force (Australia’s Additional Protocol enteredinto force on 12 December 1997).

• In addition, the Board of Governors approved Additional Protocols withCyprus, Monaco and Slovakia. As of 31 December 1998, the Board hadapproved Additional Protocols for 38 States.

Australia 23 September 1997Armenia 29 September 1997Georgia 29 September 1997Uruguay 29 September 1997Philippines 30 September 1997Poland 30 September 1997Lithuania 11 March 1998Ghana 12 June 1998USA 12 June 1998Jordan 28 July 1998Austria 22 September 1998Belgium 22 September 1998Croatia 22 September 1998Denmark 22 September 1998Finland 22 September 1998France 22 September 1998Germany 22 September 1998Greece 22 September 1998

Ireland 22 September 1998Italy 22 September 1998Luxembourg 22 September 1998Netherlands 22 September 1998Portugal 22 September 1998Spain 22 September 1998Sweden 22 September 1998United Kingdom 22 September 1998Uzbekistan 22 September 1998Bulgaria 24 September 1998Canada 24 September 1998Holy See 24 September 1998New Zealand 24 September 1998Hungary 26 November 1998Slovenia 26 November 1998Japan 4 December 1998China 31 December 1998

Additional Protocols:Dates of signing

11THE YEAR IN REVIEW

model for such an Additional Protocol was adopted in1997. During 1998, the number of signatories to suchProtocols increased from 6 to 35 (see Box 7). Under thenew Protocol, inspector access will be broader thanbefore, and during the year guidelines for such comple-mentary access were developed.

Particular challenges remained with regard to theAgency’s mandates in the Democratic People’s Republicof Korea (DPRK) and in Iraq. The Agency was stillunable to verify the correctness and completeness of theinitial declaration of nuclear material made by theDPRK, and in Iraq the implementation of the Agency’songoing monitoring and verification (OMV) planfaced particular difficulties during the year.

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Because the Agency is still unable to verify the correct-ness and the completeness of the initial declaration ofnuclear material made by the DPRK, it is unable toconclude that there has been no diversion of nuclearmaterial in the DRPK.

The safeguards agreement between the DPRK and theAgency remains binding and in force, and the Agencyis continuing to implement safeguards measures in theDPRK. These measure include monitoring the “freeze”on the DPRK’s graphite moderated reactors andrelated facilities, as requested by the United NationsSecurity Council and as foreseen in the “Agreed

BOX 8At a Senior Management Conference held in January, the Director General,Department Heads and Division Directors reviewed internal managementprocesses and identified a number of issues that need to be addressed. As afollow-up to the Conference, an Action Plan was developed and a number ofinitiatives were taken in the course of the year:

• A Programme Co-ordination Committee and an Office of ProgrammeSupport and Evaluation were established to ensure the coherence and co-ordination of all Agency programmes.

• A new Office of Information Management was tasked with rationalizinginformation processing and documentation flow and dissemination withinand outside the Secretariat.

• A study of the feasibility of a fully biennial Agency programme cycle wasprepared and a report submitted to Member States for discussion.

• Current procedures and processes for the preparation by the Secretariat ofreports on its activities were reviewed and clarified to achieve more concisereporting on programme and financial performance in a reduced numberof documents.

• A number of actions were initiated in the area of human resource manage-ment to ensure that human resources are better matched to programmerequirements.

• A new policy framework for an integrated training curriculum for 1998and beyond was approved, with emphasis on management training.

• Recruitment procedures were simplified to expedite the process whilepreserving the requirement for excellence in the candidates selected.

Senior ManagementConference


Framework” concluded in October 1994 between theDPRK and the USA.

Certain issues relevant to the monitoring of the “freeze”remain unresolved. In addition, at three technical

meetings held during 1998 between DPRK representa-tives and the Agency, no progress was made regardingthe preservation by the DPRK of information requiredby the Agency for the verification of the correctness andcompleteness of the DPRK’s initial inventory.

BOX 9The Senior Expert Group made the following general recommendations:

• The Agency should continue to be guided and motivated by its mission “toaccelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, healthand prosperity throughout the world”, recognizing that an importantprerequisite of achieving this mission is to improve confidence in nucleartechnology in many Member States. In fulfilling its mission, the Agencyshould pursue three strategic objectives that are complementary and ofequal importance:

— Promote the safe use of nuclear technology;

— Ensure that undertakings related to the peaceful use of nuclear energyare implemented;

— Assist Member States, particularly developing Member States, in thepeaceful uses of nuclear technology.

• The Agency should continue to be guided by the principle that its credi-bility is based on its scientific and technical competence. This can bemaintained only if the Agency keeps itself at the forefront of nuclearscience and technology.

• The Agency should remain scientifically objective in all its work.

• The Agency, through effective management and integrated programmes,should continue to pursue synergies between its various programmes,including its technical co-operation programme.

• The Agency should strive to enhance its co-operation with other organiza-tions and with private enterprise in order to maximize the value of itsprogrammes while achieving all possible economies; this co-operationshould take the form of formal agreements wherever possible and theAgency should ensure that the results of such co-operation are equallyaccessible to all Member States.

• The Agency should continue critical reviews of its programmes, amongstother ways by strengthening the Programme Performance AssessmentSystem and applying it more widely as a fundamental management tool.

• Concerted efforts should be made to ensure that core activities are fundedmainly through the regular budget, thereby reducing dependence onextrabudgetary resources. Nevertheless, innovative cost sharing or costallocating mechanisms should be explored where necessary to achievepriority goals.

Report of the SeniorExpert Group

The DPRK remains in non-compliance with its safe-guards agreement.

Iraq

Continuing difficulties experienced by the UnitedNations Special Commission (UNSCOM) and theAgency in gaining access to sites described by Iraq as“sensitive” were resolved by a Memorandum of Under-standing signed on 23 February by the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Deputy PrimeMinister of Iraq.

On 25 March, Iraq provided the Agency with a consol-idated version of its ‘Full, Final and CompleteDisclosure’, and on 25 April it issued a ‘Summary ofTechnical Achievements’ of its clandestine nuclearprogramme. The Agency accepted both documents asbeing consistent with its technically coherent picture ofIraq’s clandestine nuclear programme.

On 5 August, Iraq announced that it was suspendingco-operation with UNSCOM and the Agency. Therestrictions that Iraq placed on Agency inspectionsresulted in significantly reduced assurances of Iraq’scompliance with its obligations under United NationsSecurity Council resolutions.

On 31 October, Iraq ceased all co-operation withUNSCOM. Although Iraq placed no additional restric-tions on the Agency’s ongoing limited implementationof its OMV plan, the escalating situation caused theDirector General to temporarily relocate Agencypersonnel from Baghdad to Bahrain, on 11 November,after which Agency inspection activities were inter-rupted during a seven day period. For similar reasons,the Director General again withdrew Action Teampersonnel on 16 December. Since that time the Agencyhas been unable to implement its mandate in Iraq and,as a consequence, to provide any assurance that Iraq isin compliance with its obligations.

Fissile material treaty

In 1995, the United Nations General Assemblyadopted a resolution outlining the elements of amandate for the negotiation of a treaty banning theproduction of fissile material for nuclear weapons andother explosive devices. That resolution requested “theIAEA to provide assistance for examination of verifica-tion requirements for such a treaty as required.” After

long delay, the Conference on Disarmament in Genevareached agreement in August 1998 to create an ad hoccommittee to begin negotiation of such an agreement.During 1998 the ad hoc committee did not reach anyresult.

Excess fissile material

The USA, the Russian Federation and the Agencycontinued working together on technical, legal andpolicy issues involved in verifying that fissile materialsdesignated by the USA and the Russian Federation asno longer required for military purposes remainremoved from nuclear weapon programmes. TheAgency already applies voluntary offer safeguards tosome plutonium and high enriched uranium releasedfrom the nuclear weapons programme of the USA.

The United Kingdom announced in July that substan-tial quantities of nuclear material previously in itsmilitary programme would become available for verifi-cation under its voluntary offer safeguards agreement.

Neptunium and americium

The Board of Governors at its November meetingdiscussed the proliferation potential of neptunium(Np) and americium (Am). Discussions on this subjectwill continue in 1999, particularly on the Secretariat’srecommendation to monitor international transfers ofseparated Np and Am to States with a comprehensivesafeguards agreement and activities related to theproduction of separated Np and Am in those States.

Developments inside the Agency

Reviews and reforms

A comprehensive three level review process coveringaspects of the Agency’s management and programmewas set in motion in early 1998. The first levelconsisted of measures to improve efficiency in threeareas: policy and co-ordination, programme develop-ment and evaluation, and procedures and personnel. InJanuary, a Senior Management Conference wasconvened which led to an Action Plan for bettermanagement (see Box 8). Many of the initiatives hadbeen implemented by the end of the year.

13THE YEAR IN REVIEW

In parallel with the internal management reform, anexternal review by a Senior Expert Group (SEG) wasinitiated to conduct an in-depth review of theprogramme activities of the Agency in the light of newdevelopments and challenges. In addition to reviewingfour of the Agency’s Major Programmes, the SEGconsidered and made recommendations on theAgency’s objectives, inter-programme relations andsynergies, and the programme management process (seeBox 9).

The third part of the reform process was a review of therole and management of public information and theAgency’s outreach to civil society, particularly thenuclear, arms control and development communitiesand the media, using the most modern and effectivetools. Development of a new strategy was started.


NUCLEAR POWER

Regular budget expenditure:$4 709 287

Extrabudgetary programmeexpenditure(not included in chart):$124 556

$542 375 Nuclear power planning

$1 938 919 Advanced reactors and applications

Nuclear power implementation

$2 227 993 and performance

NUCLEAR POWER 15

The nuclear power programme assisted Member Statesin the planning and implementation of nuclear powerprojects and in the development of advanced reactortechnology. Of special interest to developing MemberStates was the publication of a report entitled Choosingthe Nuclear Power Option: Factors to be Considered. Aninternational seminar was held in Mumbai, India, onthe potential role and the strategies for deployingnuclear power in developing countries. The messagefrom the seminar was that while an extensive

infrastructure was needed to handle regulation, train-ing, operations and public communication, there wasconsiderable interest in nuclear power in developingcountries as part of their future energy strategy. Aninternational symposium was convened in Seoul onthe strategic issues, technologies and economicviability of evolutionary water cooled reactors. Theinformation from this meeting will be used to helpplan future Agency activities in LWR and HWRdevelopment.

Programmeobjective

To assist Member States to pursue the nuclear power option, through the provision of advice and technology transfer in the fields of: nuclear power

programme planning, feasibility studies, bid prepa-ration and evaluation, infrastructure and personneldevelopment; instrumentation and control, project

management, operational performance, reliabilityimprovement and life management of nuclear

power plants; and the development of advanced reactor designs and non-

electric applications.

Nuclear power planning

In 1998, assistance was provided to Belarus, Bulgaria,Croatia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova and Viet Namto assess the role of nuclear power in the future expan-sion of electricity supply systems. There is also agrowing interest in developing Member States in utiliz-ing the Agency’s technical assistance in planning andimplementing their nuclear power programmes.Bangladesh, Egypt and Morocco received such assis-tance in 1998.

In the related field of the economic assessment ofnuclear power plant bid evaluations, development of animproved version of the BIDEVAL software —BIDEVAL-3 — was completed. Distribution will startin early 1999, along with a companion guidebook,Economic Evaluation of Bids for Nuclear Power Plants.

An international seminar entitled ‘Nuclear Power inDeveloping Countries: Its Potential Role and Strategiesfor its Deployment’, was organized by the Agency andhosted by the Government of India in Mumbai inOctober. The purpose of the seminar was to explore therole of nuclear power in meeting the growing demandfor electricity in the developing world while conform-ing to the objectives of sustainable development, and toidentify and discuss suitable ways and means for theimplementation of nuclear power programmes indeveloping countries.

Nuclear power implementationand performanceA technical report, Choosing the Nuclear Power Option:Factors to be Considered, was published in response to a

need expressed by developing Member States. Thepublication provides information on the political,governmental, economic, financial, technical and safetyrelated issues associated with planning and implement-ing a nuclear power programme and highlights themain areas in which policies must be developed, as wellas the roles and responsibilities of the government, theplant owner and the national industry.

Thirty Member States contributed to a new publica-tion, entitled Country Nuclear Power Profiles, thatprovides consolidated information on nuclear powerinfrastructure in these States related to planning, deci-sion making and implementing nuclear powerprogrammes. It is planned to update this document andthe associated database to support the Agency’sprogrammatic and technical co-operation activities.

The availability of competent personnel is one of theessential requirements for the safe and reliable opera-tion and maintenance of nuclear power plants. Fourtechnical documents were published in the area of thetraining and qualification of nuclear power plantpersonnel. These documents provide information onthe experience gained in 26 Member States in the appli-cation of programmes based on the systematicapproach to training (SAT).

In order to succeed in deregulated energy markets,nuclear power plants in Member States need to reachand maintain a high level of performance, safety andreliability, while at the same time being economicallycompetitive. Some of the best performing nuclearpower plants in the world have outstanding safetyrecords, excellent capacity factors and favourable gener-ation costs. These utilities have demonstrated thatsafety performance and operational excellence areclosely related. Technical documents were publisheddescribing nuclear power plant organization and

16 NUCLEAR POWER

DISTRIBUTION OF AGENCY COMPUTER MODELS

Number of releases of planning model or package

MAED WASP VALORAGUA FINPLAN ENPEP

Member States 66 95 43 12 54International organizations 7 12 3 — 6

Totals 73 107 46 12 60

ENPEP: Energy and Power Evaluation Package; FINPLAN: Financial Planning; MAED: Model for Analysis of Energy Demand;VALORAGUA: ‘Valor Agua’ (value of water); WASP: Wien Automatic System Planning Package.

staffing for improved performance and good practiceswith respect to the development and use of plantprocedures. Another technical document, Evaluatingand Improving Nuclear Power Plant Performance,presenting good practices and the quantitative/qualita-tive measures of these practices at some of the world’smost productive plants, was prepared. Finally, a docu-ment on technical support for nuclear power operationswas prepared to form the basis of workshops organizedin different regions.

Discussions at a meeting in Vienna on the need toimprove performance in a competitive environmentand the major changes facing the nuclear industry andplant operators in the near future led to the start ofwork on an international economic performance data-base in co-operation with the Electric Utility CostGroup in the USA. Designed with the goal of facilitat-ing performance optimization, this database will coverall aspects of economic performance, including activitybased costing, operational and maintenance costs andperformance indicators.

A technical document on the application of qualityassurance/quality management within regulatorybodies was completed. The document provides infor-mation for developing systematic approaches to qualitywithin regulatory bodies and contributes to promotingtransparency in the performance of regulatoryactivities. Another completed technical documentprovides guidance on implementing effective qualityassurance programmes applied to safety related softwareused in nuclear power installations. This document isintended for those responsible for the management andimplementation of quality assurance programmes forsoftware, and managers and assessors from suppliers,utilities, technical support organizations and regulatorybodies.

The second module of an Agency database on nuclearpower plant life management was completed. Knownas the ‘International Database on Piping of NuclearPower Plants’, the contents include data on materialproperties, inspection results and case histories forpiping systems in power plants. The software will bemade available to all national organizations contribut-ing to the database.

Experience at plants that have introduced upgrades ofsystems using digital equipment indicates that there isgreat variability in the costs and problems encounteredin implementing, operating and maintaining theupgraded systems. Many of the problems can be traced

to the specifications for the upgrades. A technical docu-ment was prepared on specifying requirements for suchupgrades using digital instrumentation and control(I&C) to support safe, effective and economic modern-ization of I&C systems in nuclear power plants. Thereport presents a methodology for the determination ofrequirements and the development of specificationsand plans needed throughout the life-cycle of digitalI&C systems.

There are 43 nuclear power plants in 14 Member Statesthat have experienced construction delays of more thanfive years as a result of financial, economic and publicopinion issues. In response, work was undertaken toassist the managers of delayed nuclear power projects inthe identification of problems, exchange experienceand develop measures and guidance to maintain readi-ness for resuming the project implementation schedulewhen conditions permit. In order to optimize the useof Agency resources and enhance the impact of thisguidance, these activities were implemented inconjunction with a regional technical co-operationproject on delayed nuclear power plants, involvingutilities within Europe. A technical document wasprepared providing information and practical exampleson the management actions needed to preserve andfurther develop the capability to restart and completedelayed projects.

Advanced reactors andapplications

Small and medium sized reactors (SMRs) are of partic-ular interest for the non-electrical applications ofnuclear energy, such as the desalination of sea water anddistrict heating. They are also a suitable option for elec-tricity generation in countries with small electricity gridcapacities or for remotely located areas. A technicaldocument providing guidance to developing countrieson the preparation of user requirement documents forSMRs and on how to include nuclear desalinationrequirements was drafted.

The Agency obtained educational simulators (softwarepackages) from Canada and the USA that operate on apersonal computer and simulate the responses of anumber of reactor types in the SMR range under oper-ating and accident conditions. These simulators areuseful in providing insights into the operational char-acteristics and responses to accident conditions for

NUCLEAR POWER 17

generic BWRs, PWRs and PHWRs. They are also usedfor the training of junior engineers and scientists.Three workshops were held using these simulators, twoat the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, inTrieste, and one at the Korea Institute of NuclearSafety. The first package to be obtained, the AdvancedReactor Simulator, has now been distributed toMember States.

A symposium on ‘Evolutionary Water CooledReactors: Strategic Issues, Technologies, and EconomicViability’ was convened in Seoul, Republic of Korea, inNovember–December. Organized in co-operation withthe OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, the UraniumInstitute, the Korean Nuclear Society and the KoreaAtomic Industrial Forum, and hosted by the KoreaElectric Power Corporation, the symposium reviewedthe technology advancements and the readiness ofevolutionary water cooled reactors to contribute tonear and medium term energy needs. Topics addressedincluded strategic issues (the global energy outlook, therole of nuclear power in sustainable energy strategies,power generation costs, the financing of nuclear powerplant projects, sociopolitical factors, nuclear safetyrequirements), technological advances (advances inresidual heat removal, instrumentation and control,improving prevention and mitigation of severe acci-dents, development and testing of passive safetysystems), and the keys to economic viability (standard-ization, improved plant management, advances inconstruction and project management, feedback ofexperience from utilities into new designs). In addi-tion, reactor design organizations presented the keyfeatures of their designs and exhibited models of theirproducts.

A Technical Committee meeting was held in Canada inApril on fuel cycle options for LWRs and HWRs. Themeeting provided a forum to identify, review andexchange information on international developmentsin this area. A key conclusion was that the fuel cycleshould be evaluated in total, from fuel manufacture tofinal disposal, and that there is a potential for efficien-cies and economic benefits from synergistic fuel cyclesin individual countries as well as regionally andglobally.

A CRP on thermohydraulic relationships for advancedwater cooled reactors was completed. A technical docu-ment which presents a consistent set of relationships forcritical heat flux, post dry-out heat transfer and pres-sure drop is being prepared. A new CRP on the estab-lishment of a thermophysical properties database for

LWRs and HWRs was initiated to foster the exchangeof non-proprietary information on reactor materialsproperties in order to improve design and safety.Another CRP on the intercomparison of pressure tubeinspection and diagnostics was started to compare tech-niques for the characterization of HWR pressure tubesduring their service lifetimes.

A technical report, Design Measures to FacilitateImplementation of Safeguards at Future Water CooledReactors, was published to provide guidelines to design-ers for minimizing the impact of Agency safeguards onplant operations and ensuring efficient and effectiveacquisition of safeguards data, to the mutual benefit ofthe Member State, the plant operator and the Agency.The guidelines incorporate the Agency’s experience inestablishing and carrying out safeguards at operatingnuclear power plants, the development of safeguardstechniques and the feedback of experience from plantoperators and designers.

Developments in the LMFR area included: start ofconstruction of the small size (60 MW(th), 15 MW(e))experimental fast power reactor in China; restart of the250 MW(e) Phénix reactor in France; progress in R&Don the KALIMER 150 MW(e) advanced liquid metalreactor in the Republic of Korea; and the RussianFederation’s decision to resume construction of theBN-800 reactor.

A collaborative project between the Agency and theEuropean Commission on a comparison of calculationmethods for severe accidents in LMFRs and evaluationof the innovative BN-800 reactor core design wascompleted. On the basis of analysis results, it wasconcluded that the proposed sodium layer above thefissile core region is quite efficient in providing an addi-tional inherently activated safety margin for preventingfuel pin failure or local boiling in the domain of opera-tional and severe transients in the design basis.

A CRP on the validation of thermomechanical andthermohydraulic codes and relations for LMFRs wascompleted and a technical document is being prepared.The document presents a consistent set of relationshipsfor thermohydraulic modelling and thermomechanicalassessments.

Two Technical Committee meetings on fast reactortechnology were held, one in Obninsk, RussianFederation, in July, and the other in Vienna, inNovember. Several recommendations were made forreactor and core design improvements. With regard to

18 NUCLEAR POWER

LMFR design approaches, the accumulated knowledgeon materials, thermohydraulics and mechanical scienceindicates that a substantial decrease in investment costs,together with a greater assurance that safety margins areeffectively maintained, can be derived from reducedemphasis on ‘umbrella’ transients, compensated for byan accurate analysis of actual transients and operatingexperience. An accurate account of experience in oper-ating fast reactors, much of which has not beenpublished, should be made available to the States whichforesee a need to deploy the technology in the nearfuture.

To foster the exchange of technical information and topreserve the knowledge acquired of LMFR technology,a fast reactor database (FRDB) has been developed. TheFRDB contains detailed data on 35 experimental,prototype and commercial LMFRs. Each reactor plantis characterized by about 400 parameters, design dataand relevant graphics materials.

A Technical Committee meeting was held to review thespecific features and systems of HTGR concepts andtheir economics. It was concluded that co-ordination ofinternational R&D activities, including disseminationand archiving of information and data, is of primaryimportance in HTGR development.

The International Nuclear Desalination AdvisoryGroup (INDAG), at its second meeting in June,stressed the need for international co-operation in plan-ning and implementing nuclear desalination demon-stration programmes, and recommended that theAgency provide an international forum for theco-ordination and sharing of resources. Following upon this recommendation, an interregional technicalco-operation project was established to provide a forumfor technology suppliers and prospective end users todiscuss the development of integrated nuclear desalina-tion concepts, with the aim of demonstrating theviability of nuclear desalination. In addition, a newCRP on the optimization of the coupling of nuclearreactors and desalination systems was established. ThisCRP will help to improve the performance andeconomics of nuclear desalination plants.

Thorium fuel utilization was discussed at an AdvisoryGroup meeting in Vienna in September. One of theconclusions was that a re-examination of this fuel cycleis necessary so that the advantages, problems andpossible solutions can be realistically assessed underpresent conditions. It was recommended that estimatesof future requirements for thorium be improved in

relation to its application to fuel cycles, and forcorresponding technology development in nuclearpower programmes.

NUCLEAR POWER 19

20 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE TECHNOLOGY

$1 060 352 Waste management information and support services

$531 671 Raw materials for reactor fuels

Technology and management aspects of decontamination, decommissioning

$540 145 and environmental restoration

Reactor fuel technology$664 516 and performance

$501 079 Radioactive waste disposal

$812 629 Spent fuel management

Handling, processing and storage

$606 914 of radioactive waste

Nuclear fuel cycle:$306 900 Issues and databases

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE TECHNOLOGY



The Agency’s programme on the nuclear fuel cyclecovered four key areas: raw materials for reactor fuels,focusing on uranium supply and demand, and miningand milling; reactor fuel technology and performance,addressing issues on reactor materials and fuel technol-ogy; spent fuel management, dealing with spent fuelstorage, treatment and transport; and nuclear fuel cycleissues and databases. A symposium on the storage ofspent fuel from power reactors was held in Vienna inNovember. The first meeting of the newly establishedInternational Working Group on Nuclear Fuel CycleOptions was also held in Vienna, with special emphasisbeing given to plutonium issues. The radioactive wastetechnology programme covered: the handling,processing, storage and disposal of radioactive waste;decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear

installations; environmental restoration; quality assur-ance aspects of radioactive waste management; wastemanagement planning and infrastructure building; andtechnology transfer and exchange. The progress ofwork, including the status of national radioactive wastemanagement programmes, was discussed at the thirdmeeting of the Radioactive Waste Technology AdvisoryCommittee in October.

Raw materials for reactor fuels

A Technical Committee meeting of the JointOECD/NEA–IAEA Uranium Group was held in

Programmeobjective

To assist Member States having or planning to have nuclear fuel cycle activities or needs, either

as suppliers for or as operators of power or researchreactors and to assist on technology issues concerning the management of radioactive

waste of all origins.

Vienna in October. The primary purpose of themeeting was to prepare the 1999 ‘Red Book’ question-naire for submission to Member States. The schedulefor preparing the 1999 Red Book was set with a targetdate for publication of March 2000.

A Technical Committee meeting on the impact of newenvironmental and safety regulations on uraniumexploration, mining, milling and waste managementwas held in Vienna in September. The papers presentedat the meeting provided examples of under- and over-regulation, with both situations being undesirable. Ageneral recommendation was that realistic regulationsmust be developed that apply to a wide range of situa-tions and which allow developing countries to benefit.It was noted that while regulations for reactors mayhave some application to very high grade mining oper-ations, low grade deposits and by-product recoveryoperations require different regulations. There is also aneed to distinguish between nuclear facilities anduranium/thorium mines, since the levels of risk and thepotential for damage were very different. There was aconsensus that a strong regulatory framework wasimportant for the credibility of the industry.

A technical document providing guidance on goodpractices in the management of uranium mining andmilling operations was published. Companion guide-books are being prepared that address such topics asenvironmental impact assessment, the implementationof environmentally friendly mining and millingmethods, and the treatment of effluents and in situleaching technologies. The purpose of these guides is topromote the best operational practices in thoseMember States involved in the development ofuranium production projects.

Reactor fuel technology andperformanceCorrosion of fuel rod cladding materials and primarycircuit components remains a serious concern forcurrent water cooled power reactors, especially thosebeing operated at high burnup and thermal rates. Inresponse, the Agency published a technical documentthat reviewed waterside corrosion of zirconium alloys innuclear power plants.

The corrosion of fuel and primary circuit componentsof water cooled power reactors, including in-pile, loop

and autoclave tests, corrosion modelling and mecha-nisms, and the interrelation between water chemistryparameters and the corrosion rate, was considered at aTechnical Committee meeting held in Hluboka nadVltavou, Czech Republic. The data showed thatsignificant improvements were achieved in the reduc-tion of corrosion and dose rates by replacing thecladding material with one more resistant to corrosion,or by the improvement of water chemistry conditions.However, heavier fuel duties have resulted in theappearance of new corrosion related phenomena, suchas sub-cooled boiling and shadow corrosion.Consequently, R&D in this area will continue.

Corrosion of zirconium alloy cladding on the fuel sideis the subject of a CRP on stress corrosion cracking.This CRP has been extended for one year to repeatsome tests in the experimental matrix which wereunsuccessful on the first attempt as the participantswere learning to cope with the difficult test procedures.

A CRP on hydrogen and hydride degradation of thezirconium alloys used for fuel cladding and pressuretube material was initiated, with the first ResearchCo-ordination meeting held in Vienna. The first phaseof testing involves a round robin exercise in which theparticipants will measure delayed hydride cracking ratesand hydrogen concentrations, and characterize themicrostructures of standard compact tension specimenscut from a CANDU pressure tube.

The behaviour of fuel and control assemblies in currentand advanced water reactor designs was considered attwo Technical Committee meetings. The first meeting,in Nyköping, Sweden, focused on: fuel chemistry andfission product behaviour; swelling and pellet cladmechanical interaction; cladding failure mechanisms athigh burnup; and thermal properties and fuel behav-iour in off-normal conditions. A major result of thismeeting was an assessment of the relative impact ofburnup increase on potential clad failures. The othermeeting, held in Vienna, studied control assemblymaterials currently used in PWRs, BWRs, WWERsand RBMKs, as well as improved replacement materi-als that could also be used in advanced water reactordesigns. The technical discussions focused on theperformance of absorber materials, cladding and guidetubes and guide cards in reactors, taking into accountissues affecting and limiting the working lifetimes ofcontrol assemblies, and hence their economic viability.

The scope of the OECD/NEA–IAEA InternationalFuel Performance (IFPE) database was extended,

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE TECHNOLOGY 21

primarily by the inclusion of new data from the RussianFederation. An important application of this databasewas in fuel performance code improvements carried outby several Eastern European countries with WWERpower plants. Specifically, qualification of a version ofthe TRANSURANUS code for WWER fuel wasachieved using the IFPE database.

A technical assistance project in China helped in theestablishment of the Centre for Quality Assurance ofNuclear Fuel by procuring a device for tube qualitycontrol, and by training staff. Also, Chinese fuelspecialists were trained in the use of the IFPE andFrench CRACO databases.

An expert mission was undertaken to evaluate a techni-cal assistance project in Bulgaria which will provideoperators at the Kozloduy nuclear power plant with afast and effective means to detect fuel rod failures inWWER-1000 assemblies using a visual inspectiondevice in the spent fuel storage pool.

Spent fuel management

A symposium on the storage of spent fuel from powerreactors was held in Vienna in November. The meetingprovided a forum for: the exchange of information;discussions on the prospects for spent fuel storage, theworldwide situation and the major factors influencingnational policies in this field, and identification of themost important directions that national efforts andinternational co-operation should take. There wasconsensus that the techniques and procedures currentlyin use to handle and store spent fuel are safe and meetthe stringent safety requirements applicable in differentcountries. The main conclusion of the symposium wasthat the primary spent fuel management solution overthe next few decades will be interim storage.Consequently, the duration of interim storage willbecome longer than earlier anticipated and storagefacilities will have to be redesigned or adapted to acceptspent fuel from advanced fuel cycle practices (i.e. highburnup and mixed oxide (MOX) spent fuel).

A Technical Committee meeting was held in Vienna inSeptember on the technologies and safety aspects of aregional spent fuel storage facility for power andresearch reactor fuel. Since spent fuel storage is a wellestablished and proven technology, the potentialbenefits of regional spent fuel storage in terms of the

technical, economic, institutional and ethical/sociopo-litical aspects were highlighted. It was emphasized thatseveral issues still needed to be discussed further, notablythe institutional and sociopolitical questions involved.

Spent fuel management for WWER/RBMK reactorswas the subject of a Technical Committee meeting/workshop held at the Ignalina nuclear power plant inLithuania. The workshop, part of the ExtrabudgetaryProgramme on the Safety of WWER and RBMKNuclear Power Plants, with contributions from theGovernment of Japan, provided an opportunity toexchange information on the drying of sound anddefective fuel for dry storage and the detection tech-nologies, classification and handling of such fuel. Themajor conclusions of this workshop were that fuel notforeseen for reprocessing should be put into dry storagefor a long period of time, and that all defective fuelshould be moved to dry storage to prevent furthercorrosion damage.

As a result of work in a CRP on irradiation enhanceddegradation of materials in spent fuel storage facilities,a technical document reviewing the durability of spentnuclear fuels and facility components in wet storagewas published. The document examines the problem ofmaterials degradation of spent fuel in both power andresearch reactor wet storage facilities in an attempt toassess their durability. The objective is to assist the oper-ators of wet storage facilities in presenting justificationsto the licensing authorities to extend the lifetime ofthese facilities.

Nuclear fuel cycle: Issues and databasesAs a result of the 1997 symposium ‘Nuclear Fuel Cycleand Reactor Strategy: Adjusting to New Realities’, theInternational Working Group on Nuclear Fuel CycleOptions (IWG-NFCO) was established to addressemerging issues in the nuclear fuel cycle area, particu-larly the accumulation of spent fuel and separatedplutonium from both civil and military uses. At thefirst meeting of the Group in Vienna in October, theAgency’s fuel cycle programme was evaluated.

The services of consultants were used to update thestatus of separated civil plutonium inventories and makeforecasts of future trends. It was concluded that whilecurrent inventories conformed to the Plutonium


Management Guidelines (INFCIRC/549), future trendsindicated that there was a need for long term storage,and evaluation of the technical and economic impacts.

The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System (NFCIS)was upgraded to a modern client/server MS SQL Serverdatabase management system. This enhances datasharing and the robustness of the computer application.Methods to improve data collection, update the data-base and disseminate the information to Member Stateswere identified. NFCIS data will be published in theReference Data Series and electronically through theInternet. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Simulation System(VISTA), a newly developed Agency model for calcu-lating and estimating nuclear fuel cycle service require-ments, continued to be developed. This system, whichwill be made available to Member States, will integrateexisting data from other Agency databases (such as thePower Reactor Information System and the Energy andEconomic Databank) and will serve as an internationalnuclear fuel cycle reference model. The Nuclear FuelCycle Profile was upgraded so as to be accessiblethrough the NFCIS.

Handling, processing and storage of radioactive wasteMost of the world’s radioactive waste is generated in afew countries operating nuclear power plants and fuelcycle facilities. While reliable and safe procedures aregenerally available for the management of such wastes,the management of relatively small amounts of radio-active waste generated from non-fuel-cycle applicationsrepresents a significant problem for many AgencyMember States. The available infrastructure is eitherinadequate, or sometimes is completely missing. Inview of this, almost half of the Agency’s ongoing wastetechnology tasks are oriented to non-fuel-cycle waste. Atechnical document covering all aspects of wastemanagement in the production and use of molyb-denum-99 was published to assist Member States insolving the problems related to the widespread medicalapplications of this isotope. Two technical reports onthe management of radioactive waste from variousnuclear applications were also completed.

The delay in a decision on the final disposal of condi-tioned radioactive waste, and public opposition to thesiting of disposal facilities in some countries, haveresulted in great efforts being made to minimize waste

and improve the quality of waste arisings packages forextended interim storage prior to disposal. To meet thischallenge, two publications were prepared. One reportexamined waste minimization issues for the front endof the nuclear fuel cycle, while the other focused on theinterim storage of radioactive waste packages.

A new CRP on the chemical durability and perfor-mance assessment of spent fuel and HLW forms undersimulated repository conditions was initiated. The aimis to promote the exchange of information on researchactivities and to make available to developing MemberStates the data obtained in countries that are leaders inthis field.

A technical co-operation project, originally intended toassist Armenia in the improvement of waste manage-ment techniques at the Medzamor nuclear power plant,has been extended to establish an integrated nationalwaste technology infrastructure meeting modern safetyrequirements.

Radioactive waste disposal

Site selection for the disposal of radioactive wastecontinues to be a focus of many national programmes.In this connection, a technical report on hydrogeo-logical investigations of geological disposal sites wascompleted. Since hydrogeological systems are consid-ered in assessment scenarios to offer the most probablepathways in the event of the release of radioactivityfrom repositories, this report will help in understandingthe role played by such investigations in the overallcharacterization of a site for geological disposal.

The concept of a multinational repository for radio-active waste is under discussion in the waste manage-ment community in the light of potential benefits topartner countries from the safety, technical andeconomic standpoints. However, such a conceptinvolves a number of political and public acceptanceissues and therefore its realization requires, as a pre-requisite, a consensus among the countries and regionsconcerned. A report that addresses this issue andprovides an assessment of the concept in terms of thefactors to be taken into account in the process ofconsensus building was published. The assessment dealswith the basic factors involved in the concept — legalaspects, safety principles, technical issues, cost andliabilities, ownership of waste materials, ethical aspects,

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE TECHNOLOGY 23

and public acceptance. It also covers the implication ofeach of these factors in terms of potential benefits andchallenges, and the issues that need to be addressed inestablishing a multinational repository.

A new CRP was initiated on anthropogenic analoguesfor use in confidence building with regard to the disposalof high level and long lived radioactive waste. Humanmade analogues permit comparison of the behaviour ofvarious components of a radioactive waste repositorysystem with the behaviour of similar systems that eitheroccur or occurred in the earth. Migration processesrelated to ancient artefacts and building materials usedin archaeological times, as well as transport and retarda-tion mechanisms in underground nuclear weapon testsites, are the topics for study in this CRP.

Technology and managementaspects of decontamination,decommissioning andenvironmental restoration

Decontamination has traditionally been addressedwithin the general area of decommissioning. However,advances in the technology have made it clear that thefield of decontamination has now reached the stage ofbeing a scientific and technical discipline by itself. Inthis regard, a CRP that focused on new methods andtechniques for the optimization of decontamination formaintenance or decommissioning was completed and atechnical document summarizing the results waspublished. Operating experience, recognition of thelessons, key results in laboratory or pilot scale research,and the validation of mathematical models were someof the achievements of this CRP.

Waste management informationand support services To supplement the Waste Management ResearchAbstracts, an Internet based ‘International ResearchAbstracts Information System’ (IRAIS) was put on-line(http://www.iaea.org/programmes/irais). IRAIS providesabstract search and retrieval capabilities, as well asautomated features to check and validate the abstractsand prepare a finished product for publication.

Progress was made in providing services to MemberStates in conditioning old radium sources for safe longterm storage. The national stocks of radium in Ecuadorand Paraguay were conditioned and rendered safe withthe assistance of an experienced Brazilian team. Thisactivity has been expanded by the formation of regionalteams for conditioning operations in Eastern Europe,Africa and Asia. For example, a South African teamcarried out an operation in Ghana, while in Bosnia andHerzegovina, radium pigment paint used in a militaryfactory was conditioned in co-operation with the RuderBoskovič Institute of Croatia. Furthermore, teams fromChina, Pakistan, the Republic of Korea and Perureceived training and preparation in conditioning tech-niques. To improve the quality of radium encapsula-tion, an automatic welding machine was developed inco-operation with South Africa.

The Sealed Radiation Sources (SRS) Registry, a soft-ware package designed for registering and trackingsealed sources (currently in use in over 30 MemberStates), was upgraded to a Windows version and madeavailable to Member States.

A second demonstration of pre-disposal waste manage-ment methods and procedures was organized at the LoAguirre Nuclear Research Centre in Santiago, Chile, forparticipants from Ecuador, Nicaragua and Peru, while athird demonstration was held at the Çekmece NuclearResearch and Training Centre in Istanbul for traineesfrom Ghana, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia. A similardemonstration was held for the first time in the EastAsia and Pacific region at the Philippine NuclearResearch Institute, Manila, for trainees fromBangladesh, Malaysia, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.Technical and administrative preparations have beencompleted in Moscow to host a demonstration for thenewly independent States and countries from EasternEurope.

In its capacity as the Secretariat for the Contact ExpertGroup (CEG) for international co-operation with theRussian Federation in radioactive waste management,the Agency prepared a database that contains informa-tion on 175 co-operation projects. At its sixth meetingin Augusta, Georgia, USA, the CEG reached a consen-sus on “Initial (First Priority) Projects” for interna-tional co-operation, while at the seventh meeting inMurmansk, a list of the CEG’s “Highest PriorityTasks”, prepared on the basis of new material andinformation presented by the Russian Federation, wasapproved.


COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY SOURCES 25

The programme pursued its major objective of devel-oping methodological tools for informed decision andpolicy making through comprehensive comparativeassessments of all energy supply options along theirrespective full energy source to service chains. Thesecomparative studies aimed at the identification of thepotential role of nuclear power for achieving sustain-able energy development. Member States, especiallydeveloping countries, were assisted in the formulationof national energy policies and strategies and in localanalysis capacity building through the dissemination ofmethodology, and training through the Agency’s tech-nical co-operation programme.

Energy demand analysis andsupply optionsIn addition to time horizons appropriate for incremen-tal capacity expansion investment (typically 15–20years), the Agency extended the analysis time horizonto the year 2100 for tasks related to the role of nuclearpower in sustainable energy development and the miti-gation of potential climate change. In co-operationwith the OECD/NEA, and with national researchteams from Japan, the Russian Federation and theUSA, the Agency adapted long term projections ofenergy and electricity demand (originally developed by

Energy demand analysis and$414 625 supply options

$776 667 Support for comparative assessment

Health and environmental impacts and risks of

$578 170 energy systems

Sustainable energy$759 668 options

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENTOF ENERGY SOURCES



Programmeobjective

To facilitate improved national and international assessments and policy making on

energy issues.

IIASA and WEC) at the regional and global levels. Onthe basis of these regional demand projections, andusing the modelling capabilities of the three participat-ing national research teams, an overall comparativeassessment of different energy supply systems wascarried out and their potential in long term sustainableenergy mixes under different sociopolitical conditionswas analysed.

A study on fossil fuel resources for the 21st century wascompleted. This study not only supports the evaluationof energy resource availability and price trends withinthe Agency’s comparative assessment activities (as wellas inputs to the Energy and Economic Databank), butalso forms an integral part of its contribution to theUNDP/UNDESA/WEC World Energy Assessmentthat will be part of the input of the United Nations tothe ninth meeting of the Commission on SustainableDevelopment scheduled for 2001.

Health and environmentalimpacts and risks of energy systems

A CRP on the comparative health and environmentalrisks of nuclear and other energy systems wascompleted. The country specific case studies that wereprepared will be included in an Agency database onhealth and environmental impacts. Procedures werealso prepared for comparative assessments, includingmethodological approaches.

Guidance was developed for estimating and comparingaccident and health risks from different electricitygeneration systems. On the basis of a summary of avail-able information, it was recommended that a set ofapproaches be used that includes the application of cut-off values. Another report describes the methodologicaland data requirements of comparative assessments fordecision making in different areas such as emissioncontrol or the choice of technologies.

A proposed set of reference waste disposal practiceswere identified as part of efforts to formulate anapproach to compare the potential health and environ-mental effects that could result from the disposal ofwastes from fuel chains for electricity generation.Transport pathways and exposure scenarios relevant for

each reference practice are also being specified to worktowards a standardized assessment framework.

Sustainable energy options

Within the framework of the interagency DECADEScomparative assessment project, a peer review of theReference Technology Database, which contains infor-mation on technical, economic and environmentalaspects of various components of different energychains, was initiated for nuclear power and fossil fuels.Additional data were collected on renewable energysources (biomass, solar and wind) and on someadvanced and innovative nuclear fuel cycles. In order toincrease public accessibility of the database, aDECADES Web site on the Internet was developedand is now being tested.

The Joint Steering Committee of the DECADESproject met in November to review achievements andto shape the programme of work for the next period. Inthis context, strong interest was expressed by the otherinternational organizations participating in the projectin using the DECADES tools to carry out some of theircomparative assessment studies.

New capabilities added to the DECADES softwareincluded a decision aiding module. This module assiststhe user or decision maker in coping with informationon economic and environmental impacts at threelevels: the power plant; the full energy chain; and theelectricity system. It also permits the analysis oftrade-offs between affordability and environmentaldesirability.

The VALORAGUA software, which provides for amore sophisticated analysis of electricity systems thatinclude hydro power in their generating mix, was fullyintegrated into DECADES. As a consequence, thestructure of the Country Specific Databases was modi-fied to accommodate data from VALORAGUA. Anenhanced Control Device Sub-module, used for assess-ing the cost effectiveness of particulate, sulphur dioxideand nitrogen oxide abatement of fossil fuelled powergeneration, was also finalized. In addition, a compactdisk containing the DECADES tools and the User’sManual for DECADES version 1.0 was prepared.

Attracting investment for electricity capacity in increas-ingly liberalized electricity and financial markets can be

26 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY SOURCES

quite different from the investment strategies pursuedby State owned utilities under monopoly conditions.The Agency has a number of system and project plan-ning tools that were adapted to these new trends. Forexample, the software for investment and financialanalysis (FINPLAN) was revised with input fromcommercial bankers and other experts to permit assess-ment of energy sector investment options in compe-titive capital and electricity markets.

Expert group meetings were held on the calculation ofgreenhouse gas emissions from each of the fuel chainsassociated with electricity generation. These meetingsresulted in several products: a set of estimates for suchemissions from a given set of electricity generatingoptions; a methodological approach for making suchestimates; and a series of reports on the findings of theindividual meetings. One major conclusion was thatalthough the importance of site specific factors cannotbe underestimated in greenhouse gas emission calcula-tions, there is a strong and overriding correlationbetween technology efficiency gains and reductions insuch emissions that holds true across the analyticalspectrum.

A simplified software package for estimating andvaluing the externalities (costs and benefits) associatedwith electricity generation is under development. Thismethodology can be used on personal computers witha minimum amount of data and was designed specifi-cally for developing countries that cannot afford dataintensive and costly studies. The initial part of thispackage (relating to the health impacts of fossil fuelbased air pollution) was completed and tested at aregional workshop in Asia. This methodology will alsobe incorporated into the Agency’s comparative assess-ment and energy/electricity planning tools.

Support for comparativeassessmentExtending the lifetime of nuclear power plants hasbecome an important issue for the utility industry asmany plants approach the end of their licensed operat-ing life. However, despite their age a number of plantsare still in good condition and their continued safe andcompetitive operation is possible through modestinvestments in lifetime extension. In fact, for economicor sociopolitical reasons, extending plant life may oftenbe the most viable option for the continued use of

nuclear power, given the growing attention to mitigat-ing greenhouse gas emissions. A major survey of lifeextension and decommissioning costs for ageingnuclear reactors in Member States was completed. Theresults, which were summarized in a technical docu-ment, provide a basis for further analysis of the costs ofdifferent nuclear power plant retirement options.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY SOURCES 27

28 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE


Extrabudgetary programmeexpenditure(not included in chart):$3 280 512(of which the sum of$1 868 693 is from FAO)

$2 189 969 Food and environmental protection

Soil and water management$2 418 284 and crop nutrition

$2 546 497 Insect and pest control

Plant breeding$1 683 684 and genetics

Animal production$1 689 100 and health

Significant progress was made in the introduction oftechnologies to intensify crop and livestock production,protect natural resources and improve the quality andsafety of food. Examples included: the developmentand adoption of management practices which led toincreased crop yields with less water and fertilizer; andbetter crop varieties and improved strategies for theidentification of cost effective conversion of feeds intomeat and milk by livestock. Similarly, the developmentand use of better methods for diagnosing importantlivestock diseases, coupled with the major progressachieved in extending the concept of the area widemanagement of insect pests through the sterile insecttechnique (SIT), have enhanced considerably the capa-cities of Member States to address important livestock

and crop protection issues. The increasing acceptanceof food irradiation and greater support given to theissue of food quality and safety through the newlyestablished FAO/IAEA Training and Reference Centreat Seibersdorf, near Vienna, have contributed toenhanced trade and better food control systems.

Soil and water management andcrop nutritionA CRP on the use of nuclear techniques in themanagement of nitrogen fixing trees to enhance the

Programmeobjective

To improve food production and quality through developing and transferring environ-

mentally sound practices using nuclear andrelated biotechnology methods.

fertility of fragile tropical soils was completed. Newinformation was obtained on the potential of legumi-nous trees to fix atmospheric nitrogen, on the ability ofsome species to thrive under adverse conditions and onthe value of tree prunings as an organic fertilizer source.Studies conducted in Sri Lanka showed that Gliricidiawas able to obtain more than 50% of its nitrogenrequirement through biological nitrogen fixation. InPakistan, Acacia ampliceps was found to thrive in hyper-saline soils where other crops failed. In Chile, thebiomass production of Chamaecytisus species was aboutten times higher than the commonly grown Acaciacaven on degraded soils under drought conditions.Results from field experiments conducted in a widerange of agro-ecological zones showed that substantialincreases in crop yields can be obtained by the propermanagement of tree prunings. In the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, the grain yield of cornincreased by more than 60% owing to the applicationof a mixture of leaf prunings from Albizia lebbeck andAcacia auriculiformis.

A regional technical co-operation project for West Asiainvolving the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan,Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic,Turkey and the United Arab Emirates on water balanceand fertigation (i.e. fertilizer nitrogen applied incombination with irrigation water) for crop improve-ment was completed. The application of nuclear basedtechniques (nitrogen-15 labelled fertilizer, soil mois-ture neutron probe) in the field demonstrated thatfertigation was a highly effective method for conservingwater and increasing nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency.The yield of cottonseed in the Syrian Arab Republicwas increased by more than 20% by fertigationcompared with traditional fertilizer and water manage-ment practices. Moreover, water use efficiency, basedon dry matter yield, increased by more than 90%,which resulted in savings of more than 30% of irriga-tion water.

A CRP on the use of nuclear and related techniques forevaluating the agronomic effectiveness of phosphatefertilizers, in particular phosphate rock (PR), wascompleted. The effectiveness of RP depends on its solu-bility (reactivity), which is related to the degree ofcarbonate substitution for phosphate in the apatitestructure. Rock phosphates with low reactivity areunsuitable for direct application to annual crops.However, research carried out in Brazil, China, Cuba,Thailand and Venezuela demonstrated that effective-ness can be increased by partial acidulation or bymixing with organic materials or a water soluble

phosphorus source. Effectiveness can also be enhancedthrough a biological approach involving inoculationwith mycorrhizal fungi. The efficiency of PR alsodepends on crop species, being particularly powerful oncrops such as canola and lupin which exude organicacids from their roots. The utilization of PR by crops ishigher in soils with low pH, low available phosphorus,low exchangeable calcium, high cation exchangecapacity and high organic matter content. A database isin preparation for validating a model to provide recom-mendations for PR application.

An indirect (nitrogen-15 dilution) technique to esti-mate the availability of nitrogen from a range of organicsources was developed and validated at the Agency’sLaboratories at Seibersdorf. The technique involvescomparison of the isotopic composition of plantsgrown in nitrogen-15 labelled soil with and withoutunlabelled residue addition. It will have wider applica-tion than the direct method (use of nitrogen-15labelled residues) owing to the difficulty of labellingsome organic materials (e.g. manures and sewagesludges).

Plant breeding and genetics

In a CRP on induced mutations for sesame improve-ment, the main plant characters responsible for thegenetic improvement of sesame and the recommendedmutagen treatments and selection criteria for majoragronomic traits were determined. Mutation inductionproved to be a valuable breeding technique in sesame,with several mutants with desirable characters such asindehiscence, determinate growth, increased seed yield,disease resistance and water logging resistance beingobtained. It was recognized that the exchange of usefulgermplasm among participants in the CRP was impor-tant, and in order to facilitate future exchange a data-base of confirmed mutant lines was set up containingsome 140 different lines with agronomically importantcharacteristics. Some advanced mutant lines were eval-uated in regional or national yield trials, and recentlythe mutant derived variety ‘Pungsankkae’ was officiallyreleased in the Republic of Korea. This was obtained bycrossing a local variety with the determinate mutant‘dt-45’ from Israel. It was concluded that by focusingefforts on one neglected crop such as sesame andexchanging breeding techniques and mutantgermplasm, the productivity of such crops can beimproved within five years.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 29

Twenty-one new accessions were registered in theFAO/IAEA database for officially released mutantvarieties. The total number has grown to 1868 mutantvarieties of more than 163 species released in 59countries.

In order to reduce the cost of tissue culture techniquesfor mutated generations, natural light was examined asan alternative light source for the in vitro culture ofbanana at the FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Bio-technology Laboratory of the Agency’s Laboratories.Traditionally, in vitro plants are grown in a growthchamber under artificial light and conditions ofcontrolled temperature and length of day. The costs ofilluminating a growth chamber are around $3 per m2

per week. Experiments showed that more in vitroshoots were produced when grown under non-controlled conditions, such as in a greenhouse or in asunlit room with temperatures between 23° and 30°Cand a photoperiod of 12–16 hours, than under artifi-cial light in a growth chamber providing controlledconditions of light, temperature and photoperiod. Theconcept of using sunlight for micropropagationsystems is proposed as a way of reducing tissue culturecosts.

Animal production and health

Studies conducted under a CRP on the developmentof feed supplementation strategies for improving theproductivity of dairy cattle on smallholder farms inAfrica showed the value of combining field observa-tions and measurement of progesterone by radio-immunoassay to monitor reproductive performanceand in evaluating the responses of livestock to differentsupplementation strategies. The outcome was thedevelopment of specific feed supplements at eachstudy location, including tree legumes, cottonseedcake, brewers’ grains, urea–molasses–multinutrientblocks (UMMB) and fish silage. Using these at strate-gic periods, such as in the dry season or during preg-nancy and lactation, resulted in significant improve-ments in milk production and/or reproductive perfor-mance. These concepts are now being introducedthrough a regional technical co-operation project forimproving milk production in Africa. Similar advanceshave been made through technical co-operationprojects in Asia and Latin America, where feed supple-mentation strategies developed in previous CRPs andbased on UMMB are now being adopted by large

numbers of dairy farmers in peri-urban and rural areasin countries such as Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Venezuelaand Viet Nam.

Brucellosis is considered one of the most importantdiseases affecting animals and, through the consump-tion of milk and dairy products, is one of the mostdangerous and widespread diseases affecting people. Afive year study was completed in five Latin Americancountries on the development and validation of a diag-nostic assay to separate animals vaccinated with brucel-losis from those naturally infected. This represents thelargest ever serological study undertaken with regard tothis disease, and through the support provided by theAgency an essential tool now exists to assist MemberStates in the future control and eradication of brucel-losis. Similar studies through this CRP concerned withfoot and mouth disease, the most important livestockdisease constraining trade, have resulted in the interna-tional validation of a fully standardized assay for diag-nosing this disease, an essential prerequisite to itscontrol and eradication. Over one billion dollars havebeen pledged to eradicate the disease from LatinAmerica and this assay will be an essential componentof this effort.

Quality assurance is central to the effective use of diag-nostic assays. A comprehensive FAO/IAEA externalquality assurance programme was developed involvingnational veterinary laboratories in over 70 MemberStates. Based in part on this programme, a genericveterinary laboratory accreditation scheme was devel-oped that is being considered as the basis for a world-wide programme. The need to ensure the quality ofinformation on livestock disease occurrence is funda-mental to the international livestock trade and the workof the WTO, and the scheme developed by the Agencyand FAO is considered a major step forward in thisprocess.

Insect and pest control

An FAO/IAEA conference entitled ‘Area Wide Controlof Insect Pests: Integrating the Sterile Insect andRelated Nuclear and other Techniques’ was held inPenang, Malaysia, at the same time as the ‘FifthInternational Symposium on Fruit Flies of EconomicImportance’. The conference was the first internationalevent to focus on the concept of integrated pestmanagement, addressing the economics, trade issues,


commercial perspectives and implementation of pestcontrol programmes. It also reviewed progress in refin-ing SIT and other developments in biotechnology,genetics and molecular biology related to insect pests.

A CRP on the development of female Mediterraneanfruit fly (medfly) attractant systems for trapping andsterility assessment resulted in the development of afemale attractant which allows detection of medflyfemales under situations of sterile male releases. Thelure, which was validated in 14 countries, is now avail-able commercially and is being used in medfly SITprogrammes. Also, a filter rearing system to increase thestability of genetic sexing strains under industrial levelmass rearing conditions was developed and validatedfor maintaining production colonies. As a result, massrearing facilities in Argentina, Guatemala and Portugalhave now demonstrated such stability during the massproduction of hundreds of millions of sterile males perweek for SIT programmes.

Progress in the development of tsetse mass rearingincluded the design and evaluation of a second proto-type tsetse production unit for holding and feedinglarger numbers of tsetse flies and for the more effectivecollection of their pupae. The system can beconstructed locally and consists of a hand operatedframe which holds large numbers of cages and bringsthem for feeding simultaneously at fixed feedingstations, and a pupal collection device which will ulti-mately harvest pupae to a central point. The prototypeis being fine tuned and has shown promise as a systemfor large scale colony maintenance. New operationalprocedures of sex separation at emergence, previouslydemonstrated with Glossina austeni, have also beenadapted to G. pallidipes. As a result, it is possible toautomatically stock cages with the right number andsex of G. pallidipes, eliminating one of the most labori-ous steps in tsetse rearing.

Food and environmentalprotectionCo-operation with the International ConsultativeGroup on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) through an RCAregional workshop led to the adoption of a harmonizedregulation on food irradiation for Asia and the Pacificbased on the principle of the Codex General Standardfor Irradiated Foods and the relevant recommendationsof the ICGFI. Governments in this region agreed to

introduce new or amend existing regulations in accor-dance with the harmonized regulation by the year2000. Similarly, countries in the Middle East andNorth Africa agreed at a regional workshop organizedby the FAO Regional Office for the Near East to adoptthe same harmonized regulation.

A CRP on standardized methods to verify absorbeddose in irradiated fresh and dried fruits and tree nutswas completed. This CRP demonstrated the reliabilityof a dose indicator label fixed to a reference position incommercial food packages to verify the minimumabsorbed dose for insect control, as required by regula-tory authorities. In addition, a simple, hand-helddosimeter reader capable of measuring absorbed dosefrom a label dose-indicator was developed. Theseadvances strengthen inspection and control proceduresfor fresh and dried fruits, and tree nuts that are irradi-ated for insect control, as the minimum dose requiredby regulatory authorities does not always result inimmediate mortality of the pest.

Another completed CRP on the use of irradiation as apublic health intervention measure against foodbornediseases in Latin America, co-sponsored by PAHO,demonstrated that very low doses of radiation can effec-tively make Vibrio spp. bacteria in raw oysters inactivewithout killing the molluscs. Similar results wereobtained for Vibrio cholerae on fresh vegetables; radia-tion doses required for this purpose do not damage thequality of fresh, refrigerated lettuce, cabbage or celery.The CRP also provided valuable information inconfirming the radiation dose required to make Taeniasolium cysticerci inactive in fresh pork meat.

The results of a completed CRP on the use of nuclearand related techniques in studies of the agroecologicaleffects from the use of pesticides in Central America,funded by the Swedish International DevelopmentAgency (SIDA), confirmed that agricultural activitieshave resulted in widespread contamination of surfaceand groundwater in the region. In particular, pesticideshave entered food chains and potable water resources.Some water samples contained concentrations of pesti-cides exceeding levels that are considered toxic to someaquatic organisms. The data generated were used bygovernment authorities to improve national waterquality legislation, and by pest control experts toimprove the implementation of integrated pestmanagement programmes.

A recently completed CRP, on radionuclide transferfrom air, soil and fresh water to the food chain of

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 31

humans in tropical and subtropical environments,concluded that a higher or lower uptake of radio-nuclides by crops is not crop specific. If an agro-ecological system shows a relatively high or low uptakefor one crop, all crops will exhibit the same behaviour.It has been shown that higher or lower uptake is nuclidespecific. These efforts can help countries in developingcountermeasures in the event of a nuclear accident. Theinformation on environmental parameters will helpimprove radiological assessment models and contributein setting limits for authorized discharges from nuclearinstallations. As a result, better emergency responseplanning, particularly in developing countries, will leadto the replacement of generic data with those more rele-vant to local conditions.

Extrabudgetary funds from Austria and Sweden permit-ted completion of the construction and equipping ofthe FAO/IAEA Training and Reference Centre for Foodand Pesticide Control at the Agency’s Laboratories,Seibersdorf. The main objective is to strengthen theanalytical capacities of Member States to fulfil therequirements for implementing international standardsand agreements relevant to food quality and safety,particularly those covered by the Agreement on theApplication of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)Measures being enforced by the WTO.


HUMAN HEALTH



Nutritional and health related$1 629 600 environmental studies

$1 650 396 Nuclear medicine

Dosimetry and $1 651 331 medical radiation physics

Applied radiation biology$890 476 and radiotherapy

HUMAN HEALTH 33

The programme on human health develops, evaluatesand disseminates nuclear and related radiation tech-nologies for application in the public healthprogrammes of Member States. In nuclear medicine,activities dealing with infectious diseases wereexpanded, as were efforts to encourage the use ofradioisotopes in molecular biology. New treatmentmethods in radiation therapy for cancer were also vali-dated. In the field of dosimetry and medical radiationphysics, a new project was implemented to disseminatetraceable radiation measurement standards at the levelsof dose delivered in diagnostic radiology procedures,including mammography. Quality audit postal servicesto Member States were extended to the verification ofnational standards used in radiation protectionmeasurements. To take into account the recent devel-opment of new standards for radiation measurements,an agreement to develop a new international Code ofPractice based on absorbed dose to water was reachedwith WHO and other international organizations.Work in nutrition and the environment focused on:

applied human nutrition research and assessment ofnutritional status; environmental pollution monitoringand research; and radionuclide measurements in theterrestrial environment, water and air. Nutrition inter-vention programmes in developing Member States weremonitored by using nuclear techniques through theAgency’s technical co-operation programme.Biomonitoring of the environment using nuclearanalytical techniques to measure the accumulation ofelement in lichens and mosses was another importantarea of activity.

Nuclear medicine

Areas in nuclear medicine which received particularemphasis included development of diagnostic methodsand the treatment of disease with open radioactivesources; optimization of the cost effectiveness of health

Programmeobjective

To enhance human health through the use ofnuclear techniques.

care; and the transfer of technology for the manage-ment of infection.

In the field of radionuclide based diagnostic tech-niques, a CRP on the diagnosis of genetic disordersusing radionuclide based molecular methods wascompleted, resulting in the establishment of molecularscreening techniques for the diagnosis of thalassemia,muscular dystrophy, fragile X syndrome and hereditaryataxia. In addition, prenatal diagnostic programmeswere developed in the participating laboratories.

A CRP on the biological discrimination of hormonesensitive and insensitive breast cancer by radio-immunoassay was completed. The main conclusion wasthat radioreceptor assays for oestrogen, progesteroneand epidermal growth factor receptors (a method devel-oped by the Agency) are best carried out in specializedlaboratories in developing countries. The immunora-diometric assay for the PS2 protein correlated well withoestrogen and progesterone receptors and is suitable foruse in ordinary laboratories.

More than 150 existing analog gamma cameras wereupgraded in Member States with the Agency’s personalcomputer based nuclear medicine computer system.

As part of its effort to increase synergy with other inter-national organizations, the Agency organized meetingswith WHO during the Congress of the WorldFederation of Nuclear Medicine and Biology in Berlinin August–September. In addition to enhanceing theawareness of the public in general and the medicalcommunity in particular, an exhibition was held duringthe congress highlighting Agency activities in nuclearmedicine. The creation of a ‘Cochrane Field in NuclearMedicine’ was also announced through which theAgency, the World Federation and The CochraneCollaboration of the United Kingdom will bring outperiodic reviews of major technical advances in nuclearmedicine.

Applied radiation biology andradiotherapyIn work directed at the radiobiological variation ofconventional therapy, two new CRPs were initiated.The aim of one CRP is to investigate the use of regionalhyperthermia, i.e. the technique of heating a tumourbefore or after treatment. The other CRP focuses on

studying a new protocol that would increase thenumber of radiotherapy treatments, or ‘fractions’, perweek. The normal protocol involves one fraction perday, or five fractions per week. The CRP will study theimplications of increasing this to six fractions a week. Aproject on heavy particle radiotherapy was discontin-ued and attention focused on the clinical problem ofdose reporting for hadron (proton, neutron, boronneutron capture and heavy ion) therapy (jointly withthe International Commission on Radiation Units andMeasurements).

A CRP on radiation responsiveness criteria for humantumours as a determinant for therapeutic modalityplanning was completed. An important finding wasthat measurement of the lack of oxygen in a tumourcan predict its resistance to radiation. Cell culture tech-niques to measure radiation sensitivity are too difficultto justify in terms of the prediction value.

An Advisory Group meeting which included manufac-turers and participants from developing countries washeld to develop cost effective devices to keep patientsstill and comfortable during radiotherapy treatment.This resulted in a practical new design for head andneck immobilization that has been ordered by about 50institutions in 45 developing Member States throughAgency funding, representing a considerable cost savingto the Agency and to end users.

Dosimetry and medicalradiation physicsA new project was implemented to disseminatetraceable radiation measurement standards at the levelsof dose delivered in diagnostic radiology procedures,including mammography. In addition, quality auditpostal services offered to Member States have now beenextended to the verification of national standards usedin radiation protection measurements. For qualityaudits in external beam radiation therapy, efforts weremade to improve the cost effectiveness ofthermoluminescent dosimetry procedures and toresolve discrepancies when results from measurementsin hospitals and Secondary Standard DosimetryLaboratories (SSDLs) are outside acceptance limits.

The IAEA/WHO SSDL network presently includes 69laboratories and 6 SSDL national organizations in 58Member States. The network also includes 13 affiliated

34 HUMAN HEALTH

members, mainly Primary Standard DosimetryLaboratories (PSDLs), and 5 collaborating organi-zations. As a result of stricter demands on active partic-ipation by laboratory members, one SSDL was deletedfrom the network and five were listed as provisionalmembers. Twenty-two national standards and referenceionization chambers were calibrated for Member States.

The traceability of SSDLs to the Agency is now verifiedregularly through quality audits using a transfer ioniza-tion chamber: 15 SSDLs participated in thisprogramme. The performance of SSDLs is being moni-tored through a quality audit system based on mailedthermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs): 88 radiationbeams produced by cobalt-60 therapy units andmedical accelerators supervised by SSDLs were checkedthrough this service.

Laboratory procedures were developed for the calibra-tion of ionization chambers at mammography doselevels. Seventeen mammography beam qualities wereestablished for tube voltages between 23 and 40 kV,and a suitable reference ionization chamber has beenchosen and is awaiting calibration at a PSDL.

The IAEA/WHO TLD postal dose quality audit servicefor monitoring the calibration of radiation therapybeams checked a total of 356 beams, of which 211 werecobalt-60 and 145 were high energy X ray beams fromclinical accelerators. The scientific and organizationalaspects of the service were improved, resulting in asubstantial decrease in the total response time toparticipants, from six months to one to two months.Greater co-operation with WHO led to a significantincrease in the return rate of the irradiated dosimeters,from 60% in the past to approximately 90% at present.Follow-up procedures for hospitals with results outsideacceptable limits were also strengthened, resulting in anet increase in the percentage of resolved discrepancies.

Forty-seven cobalt-60 beams of industrial facilities andresearch institutes in Member States were checkedthrough the International Dose Assurance Service(IDAS). A field study was conducted to check theusefulness and suitability of these dosimeters forelectrons. The results show that these dosimeters can beused for electron beams of energy of more than 8 MeVand for restricted irradiation geometries.

Since 1959, the Agency has maintained a register ofradiotherapy hospitals and clinical institutions havingradionuclide and high energy teletherapy machines.This ‘Directory of Radiotherapy Centres’ (DIRAC) was

available only in printed form and its last edition waspublished in 1976. An electronic version of this direc-tory has now been developed as a database and includesinformation not only on teletherapy machines, but alsoon sources and devices used in brachytherapy, equip-ment for dosimetry, patient dose calculation andquality assurance, and staff strength at installations.With WHO’s recent involvement, this project has nowbecome a common undertaking to provide a singleinternational directory of radiotherapy centres andequipment.

Nutritional and health relatedenvironmental studiesNuclear and isotopic techniques were used to increasethe sensitivity of nutrition monitoring techniques andto identify effective strategies. A draft thematic planentitled ‘Isotopic Evaluations to Add Value toNutritional Interventions’ was developed as a templatefor regional technical co-operation projects in LatinAmerica and in the East Asia and Pacific region.

Reports by WHO and other international organiza-tions indicate that chronic diseases associated withageing are becoming a serious problem in many devel-oping countries, especially those undergoing nutri-tional and demographic change. Accordingly, a CRPwas initiated on the application of nuclear techniquesin the prevention of degenerative diseases in ageing tostudy the underlying mechanisms of disease develop-ment so as to define better methods of prevention.

As a result of two CRPs in environmental monitoringand several technical co-operation projects, a globalnetwork of monitoring stations in more than 40 coun-tries was established using the same sampler designproviding information on element content in the(particulate matter)10 and PM2.5 fractions of airborneparticulate matter. Efforts were also made to identifyvarious plants for monitoring airborne pollution with aview to using them as biomonitors at the regional orglobal scale.

A radiological study on terrestrial samples collected atMururoa and Fangataufa Atolls in the South Pacific,where French nuclear weapon testing took place, wascompleted and the results published. In general, theactivity concentrations measured by the internationalteam were consistent with the French data that were

HUMAN HEALTH 35

available. In particular, the data for plutonium insurface soil, sand and vegetation samples werecompletely overlapping at all sampling locations.Differences up to a factor of 10 were observed forplutonium concentrations in coconut samples and forareas on the Colette motu, where plutonium contami-nation resulting from safety tests was found to be aboutthree times higher than the French average value forthis area. The ranges of caesium-137 concentrationsobserved by the international team overlapped with theFrench results, but the French data include consistentlyhigher values, except for vegetation samples, wherelower values have been reported. The internationalteam concluded that the French data constitute acomprehensive and reliable account of the levels ofartificial material in the atolls and that the very lowconcentration levels found in the accessible terrestrialenvironment were of no radiological significance.

Two proficiency test materials for measuring gammaemitting radionuclides, strontium-90 and actinideswere prepared. They will be used by the AnalyticalLaboratories for Measuring Environmental Radio-activity (ALMERA) network.

36 HUMAN HEALTH

MARINE ENVIRONMENT, WATER RESOURCES AND INDUSTRY 37

Activities in the marine environmental field marked theUnited Nations International Year of the Ocean. Theyincluded an international symposium on marine pollu-tion and the opening of the new premises of the MarineEnvironment Laboratory in Monaco. In addition, amajor field programme in three oceans was carried outto better understand the distribution of radionuclidesin the oceans of the world. Collaboration with the

European Union in Mediterranean studies providedvaluable new information on the processes of materialtransport. In the field of hydrology, a CRP on the appli-cation of isotope techniques to investigate groundwaterpollution was completed. The data collected will help inthe control of pollutants and mitigation of their effects.Efforts were made to integrate the Agency’s work inwater resources management with the work of other

MARINE ENVIRONMENT, WATER RESOURCES AND INDUSTRY


Extrabudgetary programmeexpenditure(not included in chart):$1 970 594

$878 441 Industrial applications

Measurement and assessment of radionuclides in the

$1 477 352 marine environment

Development and management

$2 701 313 of water resources

Transfer of radionuclides in the

$955 501 marine environment

Monitoring and study $641 461 of marine pollution

Programmeobjective

To protect the marine environment through improved capabilities to monitor

and assess radioactivity and the use of nuclear andisotopic techniques to enhance understanding of theoceans and marine pollutant transfers and behaviour.To assess the need and, where appropriate, promote

the development and transfer of isotope and radiationtechnology and applications for environmentally

sustainable industrial development and the solution of practical problems in hydrology

and the management of fresh-water resources.

United Nations agencies. For example, the Agency andWMO signed a Memorandum of Understanding tostrengthen the Global Network for Isotopes inPrecipitation, which will permit wider use of isotopedata in hydrology and climatology. Progress was made inwork related to industrial applications. In this connec-tion, a new CRP on the radiation processing of indige-nous natural polymers to convert natural products intouseful materials was initiated.

Measurement and assessment ofradionuclides in the marineenvironment

One of the major events of the United NationsInternational Year of the Ocean was the convening of asymposium on marine pollution in Monaco inOctober. The symposium was hosted by thePrincipality of Monaco and was co-sponsored by theIOC of UNESCO, the IMO, UNEP and theCommission Internationale pour l’ExplorationScientifique de la Mer Mediterranée (CIESM). Newdevelopments included: the identification of thesources of pollution; the behaviour and fate of contam-inants in sea water, biota and sediments; the use ofradioactive and non-radioactive tracers for studies oftransport and circulation processes in the world’soceans and seas; studies of radioactive waste dumpingsites and nuclear weapon test sites; local, regional andglobal computer modelling of the transport of contam-inants; and high sensitivity analytical measurements ofcontaminants with emphasis on nuclear and isotopicmethods. Information on global and regional marinepollution study programmes was presented and futuretrends in marine pollution studies were identified. Inaddition, the new premises of the Marine EnvironmentLaboratory in Monaco, the only such laboratory in theUnited Nations system, were officially inauguratedduring the symposium.

A ministerial meeting of Black Sea countries, organizedwithin the framework of an Agency technicalco-operation project on marine environmentalassessment of this region, was also held during thesymposium. Environmental ministers signed the ‘BlackSea Declaration’, which stresses the important roleplayed by the Agency in upgrading the capabilities ofMember States in the region to assess the marineenvironment. In this connection, a cruise was also

organized to sample sea water, sediment and biota inthe Black Sea with the participation of Member Statelaboratories in the region.

As part of a project on Marine Radioactivity Studies inthe World Oceans (MARS), supported by theGovernment of Japan, three cruises took place to theAntarctic, the northeast Atlantic Ocean and theArabian Sea in co-operation with institutes fromGermany, India and Italy. The objectives were tosample sea water, biota and sediment to better under-stand the distribution of radionuclides in the world’soceans and the sources which have introduced anthro-pogenic radionuclides, such as global fallout, formernuclear weapon tests and former radioactive wastedumping sites. Samples were collected and are beinganalysed in several Member State laboratories. The datawill be included in the Global Marine RadioactivityDatabase (GLOMARD).

A computer model was developed for the assessment ofthe radiological situation in connection with thedumping of radioactive wastes in the Far Eastern Seas.The collective effective dose equivalent of the annualintake of marine products in Japan was estimated to beonly 0.8 man·Sv. About 90% of the dose derives fromcaesium-137, most of which is due to the consumptionof fish. The total dose from radioactive wastes is about5% of that from global fallout, which is attributed tothe testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. Thedominant dose is from natural polonium-210 in shell-fish, which contributes 99.9% of the total dose.

In the Agency’s Analytical Quality Control Services(AQCS) programme, a sample of lagoon sedimentsfrom Fangataufa Atoll was prepared for a worldwideintercomparison exercise on marine radioactivitymeasurements. After preparation and preliminarytesting, the samples were sent for radionuclide analysisto 110 laboratories in Member States. The analyticalresults obtained confirmed good performance forcaesium-137 analysis. However, the analysis of pluto-nium isotopes in marine samples needs furtherimprovement in many laboratories.

Transfer of radionuclides in themarine environmentChemical and radiochemical analyses were completedon a wide variety of samples from the hydrothermal

38 MARINE ENVIRONMENT, WATER RESOURCES AND INDUSTRY

vent zone off Milos Island as part of the EuropeanUnion sponsored ‘Aegean Sea Hydrothermal Fluxes’project. Particle dynamics studies using time series sedi-ment traps have shown that vertical fluxes of aggregateswere on average one order of magnitude higher near thevent zone than outside the vents. In periods ofmaximum sedimentation, the downward flux oforganic material was 30–100 times higher at the ventsite. Settling particles differed between sites not only inquantity but also in their composition. Higher particlefluxes and downward carbon transport near the ventfields appeared to be a consequence of enhancedbiological activity, which was closely linked to the geo-thermal emissions. This relationship was supported bythe discovery of hyperthermophilic bacteria in thesinking particles collected near the vents, as well as therelatively low carbon-13 isotopic levels in these parti-cles, an isotopic signal which is typical of that measuredin bacterial mats and surface sediments associated withhydrothermal vents.

Vent emissions are often enhanced in trace element andnatural radionuclide content. Analyses were carried outto examine this aspect at sites, both inside and outsideof the vent zone. For the most part, concentrations of asuite of trace metals and the natural radionuclides polo-nium-210 and lead-210 in sinking particles weresimilar at both sites. The higher downward fluxes ofsome metals, as well as polonium-210 and lead-210measured at the vent site were thus attributed to thehigher particle fluxes related to venting activities.Similarly, small snails found grazing on the carbon-richbacterial mats in the vent zone did not show elevatedpolonium-210 or lead-210 concentrations whencompared with concentrations of these radionuclides insimilar organisms from outside the vent area. Morespecifically, their radionuclide concentrations weremuch lower than levels measured in vent associatedworms living in the deep sea. These observationssuggest that bacteria associated with the Milos mats arenot an important vector for polonium-210 andlead-210 enrichment in higher feeding levels of thisparticular benthic food chain.

In the Mediterranean Targeted Project II (MATER),which is being carried out in collaboration with theEuropean Union, the Agency is using radionuclidessuch as lead-210 and plutonium-239 and 240 tomeasure particle scavenging and sedimentation rates inthe western Mediterranean Sea. The relationshipbetween the inventories of these radionuclides in deepsea sediments is being used to better understand thenature of the sedimentation regimes in this relatively

productive region of the Mediterranean. A sedimentcore from the productive Malaga upwelling areacontained a much higher content of plutonium-239and 240 relative to lead-210 than is normally observedin the basin. The enhanced plutonium deposition atthis site was attributed to the nature of the sedimentingparticles, which were mainly biogenic and are known tobe excellent ‘scavengers’ of dissolved plutonium in thewater column. Because of the different affinity ofplutonium-239 and 240 and lead-210 for certain typesof biological particles, the ratios of these radionuclidesin underlying sediments may prove to be useful tools indetermining the type of sedimentary regime in a givenarea of the Mediterranean.

Experimental nuclear application studies were focusedon the use of radiotracers to assess the bioavailability,retention and transfer factors of radiologically impor-tant radionuclides and toxic heavy metals in marinemolluscs which are routinely used in monitoringprogrammes. In one study, low energy gamma emis-sions of lead-210 were used to quantify the bioaccu-mulation of lead in mussels which are the species ofchoice in various ‘mussel watch’ type heavy metal moni-toring programmes. The resultant bioaccumulationfactors for whole mussels of approximately 200 weresome two orders of magnitude lower than thosereported for other trace metals in these bivalvemolluscs, indicating that the uptake of lead by musselsin the marine environment is a very inefficient process.Both the slow uptake rate and long retention time oflead limit the ability of mussels to record short termvariations of lead concentrations in surrounding waters,a fact which must be considered when defining theappropriate sampling frequency for mussels used in thebiological monitoring of lead contamination.

In a separate laboratory study, a clam species typical ofArctic waters was exposed to sediments from the KaraSea that had been labelled with a mixture of radio-tracers of cobalt, zinc, silver, cadmium, caesium andamericium. The transfer of the radionuclides fromsediments to clams was followed for six months and itwas found that direct bioaccumulation from the sedi-mentary phase was minor compared with the amounttaken up from the interstitial water between the sedi-ment grains. Therefore, exposure to sediments whichcharacteristically have low radionuclide distributioncoefficients (Kd s) between sediment and water, such asthose from Abrosimov Bay, leads to a relatively higherbioaccumulation factor in the clams compared withthose living in sediments with higher Kd s. Knowledgeof site specific bioavailability variations is crucial for


adequately modelling radionuclide and heavy metaltransfer in Arctic as well as other benthic ecosystems.

An assessment of the technological enhancement ofradioactivity from agrochemical and non-nuclear indus-trial activities was carried out by examining levels of thenatural radionuclide polonium-210 in specific coastalareas of China, the Syrian Arab Republic and Turkey.Along both the northern coast of China and Turkey’sBlack Sea coast, macroalgae, fish and shellfish weresampled near river outflows containing elevated organicphosphorus levels derived from agrochemical applica-tions as well as in ‘control’ areas away from riverineinputs. High polonium-210 concentrations are knownto be closely associated with many phosphoruscompounds. However, for both areas there was no clearindication of elevated polonium-210 levels in biota livingnear rivers discharging into the sea. Hence, any pertur-bation of the natural radiation regime in these areas fromagrochemical inputs via rivers is expected to be verysmall. On the other hand, in one of the main ports in theSyrian Arab Republic, where large quantities of phos-phate ore have been exported for more than 20 years,polonium-210 levels in sediment and sea water werehigher than those in corresponding samples collectedalong the coast. Such enhanced polonium levels couldlead to a higher radiation dose being received by the localpopulation consuming seafood from the port area.

Monitoring and study of marine pollutionThe use of carbon isotope techniques, coupled with gaschromatographic separation, to identify the sources oforganic materials present in the marine environmentwas further developed and its potential applications topalaeoclimatology were evaluated. A significant correla-tion has been found between the δ 13C cholesterol ofsuspended particulate and seawater carbon dioxideconcentrations in the southern Indian Ocean.

Two new reference materials were produced, a sea planthomogenate (IAEA-140) and a marine sediment (IAEA-383), which are now available to the international scien-tific community. These materials are certified for pollu-tants such as organochlorine pesticides, petroleumhydrocarbons, PCBs, trace elements and methylmercury.

In collaboration with UNDP, assistance was providedto the Black Sea Member States to establish a regional

pollution monitoring network and to obtain highquality analytical data for trace contaminants. In severallaboratories instruments were installed and staff weretrained for the optimum use of these instruments. A‘mussel watch’ type pilot biomonitoring exercise wasimplemented for organic contaminants in collaborationwith several national laboratories in the region. Sampleswere collected by the various participants and firstinformation on the regional distribution of traceorganic contaminants in mussels and sediments hasbeen obtained.

Development and managementof water resourcesA CRP on the application of isotope techniques toinvestigate groundwater pollution was completed.Work focused on the application of isotope techniquesfor the assessment or mitigation of urban groundwaterpollution due to domestic wastes and sewage disposal aswell as landfill sites, seawater intrusion and pollutionfrom agricultural practices. The results of this CRP,published as a technical document, have verified thatthe isotopes of nitrogen, boron, sulphur and oxygen indissolved sulphate, and iodine-131 can be applied todistinguish pollutant sources and identify their trans-port pathways in groundwater systems. These data havepractical applications in dealing with hydrologicalproblems encountered in technical co-operationprojects, such as the UNDP/RCA/IAEA project on‘Access to Clean Drinking Water’.

Another CRP was completed that focused on the use ofisotopes for analyses of flow and transport dynamics ingroundwater systems. Different approaches forimproved quantitative evaluation of isotopes with thegoal of more reliable estimates of the dynamic para-meters of flow and pollutant transport in groundwaterwere applied to actual field cases by the participatinginstitutes to verify the mathematical modelling proce-dures required for this purpose. Several computerprograms for practical applications of different formu-lations were also developed and tested. The results ofthis CRP have provided a scientific basis for differentconceptual model formulations and extensive data ontheir field applications under various hydrogeologicalsettings.

A completed CRP studied the use of isotope techniquesin water resources investigations in arid and semi-arid


regions. In addition to dealing with specific isotopemethodologies in arid zone hydrology, and particularlywith studies related to the evaluation of the replenish-ment of groundwater resources under present climaticconditions and the effects of over-exploitation, thisCRP contributed to more effective utilization ofisotope methods in the implementation of technicalco-operation projects related to groundwater resourcesassessment and management in arid zones. In addition,the CRP resulted in better isotopic characterization ofthe present recharge to groundwater in northern Africa(Algeria), identification of non-renewable groundwaterresources (palaeo-recharge) in selected African andAsian regions, and determination of the contribution ofsurface water and irrigation return flow to the presentgroundwater recharge of specific arid/semi-arid regionsin Egypt and in various parts of Asia.

Through a recently completed CRP on isotope aidedstudies of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other green-house gases, the analytical precision of the participatinglaboratories was significantly improved to the high levelnecessary to determine relatively minuscule naturalisotopic variations. The CRP also achieved a remark-able improvement in the comparability of analyticalresults by strengthening quality assurance methods andestablishing measurement protocols, this being a neces-sary pre-requisite for merging the existing data setsfrom different atmospheric observation networks.Combined measurement of the stable isotope ratios ofgreenhouse gases and their concentrations provides theonly direct method for the assessment of regionalreleases of these gases. The advances made in this CRPwill facilitate the use of isotope techniques in the veri-fication of the Kyoto Protocol and other internationalagreements on the reduction of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere.

An Advisory Group meeting was held in November inKozhikode, India, to integrate isotope methods moreeffectively into water projects in the Asia and Pacificregion. After reviewing the possible areas of use and theapplicability of isotope techniques to the major waterresources issues in the region, the meeting consideredpossible ways and means for their wider scale utiliza-tion. Several constraints were identified and recom-mendations made which will be fully taken intoaccount in the design of future programmes. Therecommmendations included: improved lines ofcommunication between practising hydrogeologistsand isotope scientists; training of hydrogeologists tofacilitate the integration of isotope techniques in hydro-logical practices; development of a guide for the use of

isotope techniques in hydrology; and assistance touniversities to include a course in isotope hydrology intheir curricula.

The services of consultants were used to delineate theneeds, requirements and strategy to be used for moreeffective programming of Agency technical co-operation activities in the specific field of isotopehydrology in groundwater applications. It was empha-sized that there was a need to further harmonize theAgency’s technical co-operation projects with nationalpriorities in water resources development and manage-ment in Member States. The following high priorityareas were identified: groundwater recharge in aridzones; management of aquifers affected by salinity;groundwater pollution; and urban hydrology.

At the fourth co-ordination meeting for a regionalModel Project on isotopes in groundwater resourcesdevelopment, held in June in Dakar, all four countriesinvolved in phase I of the project (Egypt, Ethiopia,Morocco and Senegal) reported technical achievementswith a direct impact on water resources managementpractices in their countries. In Egypt, the project resultshave been used to prepare a comprehensive hydrogeo-logical map that will be used in the future for manag-ing water resources in the area. In Senegal, the mainobjective of the project was to re-evaluate the potentialof groundwater resources in the Cape Verde Peninsularegion (i.e. Dakar and vicinity, which suffer a severewater shortage) for the supply of drinking water. Theisotope studies provided critical data for the sustainablemanagement of the most important groundwateraquifers in the vicinity of Dakar. Isotopic studies in tworegions of Morocco led to a better understanding of theaquifer systems. In one of the regions (Tafilalt), thestudies indicated that the Infracenomanian aquifer isnot being replenished and it was therefore decided toclose off five artesian wells to avoid exhaustion of theresource. In the other area (Guelmin), it was found thatartificial recharge of the Seyyad aquifer by surface water(to be collected in new dams) is feasible. The potentialarea for this artificial recharge was also identified on thebasis of the isotope study. In Ethiopia, the replenish-ment of water resources was assessed for the Moyaleregion, where three million people suffer from recur-rent droughts. The results show a widespread rechargeof the groundwater through rainfall. However, the rateof modern recharge was shown to be only 10% ofprevious estimates. The study highlighted the sustain-able potential of two sedimentary and fractured rockaquifers in the region which can be used for rural watersupply.


Technology transfer to Costa Rica and Venezuela fromthe Agency within the framework of an ARCAL XVIIIprogramme on nuclear and related techniques in damand reservoir leakage studies was completed in 1998.The techniques transferred have been incorporated asan additional tool in activities related to dam safetymonitoring. Following the success of this project, asimilar regional project has been initiated in Africa,with 22 AFRA countries requesting participationbecause of leakage problems in dams and reservoirs.Owing to the visible impact and simplicity of thenuclear techniques, and in view of the extensive occur-rence of dam and reservoir leakage problems inMember States, the use of nuclear techniques in thisfield is being included as one of the subjects for the new‘thematic planning’ approach in the Agency’s technicalco-operation programme.

Under a technical co-operation model project in CostaRica, a chemical laboratory was set up for water and gasanalysis at the Instituto Costarricense de Electridad tosupport monitoring which will sustain the productionof steam at the Miravalles geothermal field and devel-opment of other exploration areas. In addition, theeffects of injecting cooler saline wastewater produced inthe power plant back to the subsurface (‘reinjection’) tomaintain steam pressure at the production wells of thegeothermal field have been monitored to avoid possiblenegative impacts and to protect the environment frompollution.

In support of development and technology transfer toMember States, an instructional manual entitledIsotopic and Chemical Techniques in GeothermalExploration, Development and Use: Sampling Methods,Data Handling and Interpretation was prepared to guideexploration and monitoring activities that usegeochemical and isotopic tools in geothermal investiga-tions. This manual is intended for scientists working ingeothermal projects, either in the exploration, exploita-tion or development phases for both low and highenthalpy systems, and for the investigation of fresh-water resources.

The Isotope Hydrology Laboratory of the Agency’sLaboratories issued five new reference materials in1998, increasing the total number of these materials to38. More than 800 samples of these reference materialswere distributed to laboratories around the world.

In response to a 1997 General Conference resolution, anumber of laboratories in developing Member Stateswere visited and proficiency tests carried out to identify

those that were able to provide analytical services totechnical co-operation projects in isotope hydrology.Of the laboratories visited, six (three in Latin America,two in Africa and one in the Asia and Pacific region)were selected for further consideration as regionalresource centres to provide analytical support in theregion.

In September, an Internet Web site (http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/ih/index.html) dealing with thedevelopment and management of water resources wasinaugurated. The site includes the Water andEnvironment News newsletter and links to otherrelevant activities such as the Global Network forIsotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) database and theIsotope Hydrology Information System (ISOHIS).

A preparatory meeting for the establishment of a jointIAEA–WMO GNIP Scientific Steering Committeewas held in Vienna. At this meeting a Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU) was finalized. The MoU wassigned by the Director General and the SecretaryGeneral of WMO in December. It paves the way forgreater collaboration between the Agency and WMOand permits wider use of isotope data by the hydrologyand climatology communities represented by theInternational Association for Hydrological Sciences,World Climate Research Programme, and the Inter-national Geosphere–Biosphere Programme.

Efforts to seek synergies with other United Nationssystem organizations resulted in discussions at theSubcommittee on Water Resources of the UnitedNations Administrative Committee on Co-ordinationthat identified projects where immediate collaborationis possible. The Agency was invited to participate in anew system-wide initiative to develop mitigationstrategies for polluted drinking water. The initial focusof this work is on arsenic contamination in drinkingwater in Bangladesh. This initiative is being co-ordinated by UNICEF, with the Agency and UNESCOresponsible for hydrogeology activities.

An ad hoc meeting, organized by the Agency jointly withthe WMO–World Climate Research Programme(WCRP) and hosted by UNESCO, was held in Paris inDecember to discuss the scope and objectives of a newinitiative entitled the ‘International Programme forIsotopes in the Hydrological Cycle’. Conceived as aninteragency co-operative programme, the main goal ofthis initiative is to integrate isotope hydrology in watersciences as a teaching discipline at universities around theworld and establish (through the UNESCO


International Hydrological Programme) nationalcommittees to conduct activities related to the furtherdevelopment of isotope hydrology and its application inthe water and climate sector of countries. It was recom-mended that the Agency, in co-operation with UNESCOand WMO–WCRP, take the lead in preparations for thelaunch of this programme. To this end, a task force wasestablished to co-ordinate further activities.

Industrial applications

Sterilization of single use medical products continues tobe the major industrial application of radiation tech-nology around the world. New applications based onthe radiobiological effects of ionizing radiation areemerging, such as blood irradiation and tissuesterilization. A new CRP was initiated to facilitate theintroduction of radiation sterilization into the pharma-ceutical industry to sterilize or decontaminate pharma-ceuticals and pharmaceutical raw materials. Theobjectives include: identification and quantification ofradiolytic products; establishment of maximum toler-ated dose for the radiation response pattern in a partic-ular product; and testing of safety and screening fortoxicity and mutagenicity.

Two Advisory Group meetings, in Budapest in Marchand in Vienna in October, held to identify emergingnew applications in the radiation processing of materi-als, particularly polymers, demonstrated the increasingattention being devoted to this subject by industry. Thenew radiation application programmes studied in thesemeetings included: electron beam curing of advancedcomposites used in the aircraft industry; new fibrematerials for applications under extreme conditions;stimuli-responsive materials obtained through the radi-ation grafting of track membranes; pre-crosslinking ofthermoplastics; radiation vulcanization of naturalrubber latex; cross-linking of thicker and bulky poly-meric products; and cross-linking of Teflon at hightemperature. In addition to reviewing the current andemerging applications for electron beam processing, themeeting assessed the use of ion beams for processingmaterials, in particular polymers. The dramatic changesbrought about in the surface properties of polymersirradiated with ion beams include: greatly enhancedresistance to chemical attack; induced electricalconductivity; significantly lowered permeability togaseous molecules; and dramatically increased hardnessand abrasion resistance.

In a CRP on the validation of protocols for the evalua-tion of corrosion and deposits in pipes by radiography,including the quality assurance aspects of non-destructive testing (NDT) measurements, metallicpieces with known and simulated corrosion defectswere prepared and experimental results achieved inmany of the participating laboratories. These specimenswere then exchanged within the network for inter-labo-ratory quality control testing.

The services of consultants were used to study the areaof digital radioscopy in industrial applications. It wasrecommended that research on the following NDTmethods be supported in view of their cost advantagesand greater industrial safety: radioscopy with digitalimage processing; film digitization with archiving anddigital image processing; and imaging plate radio-graphy. In related work, a report entitled Non-destructive Testing: A Guidebook for IndustrialManagement and Quality Control Personnel wascompleted for publication.

A CRP on radiotracer technology for unit operationstudies and unit process optimization was initiated. Itsmain purpose is to upgrade the capability of radiotracergroups in developing countries, refine, consolidate andsystematize existing know-how, and promote newapplications. The main areas of research will be: expertsystems for experiment design; customization ofmathematical software; signal decomposition for betterflow visualization; residence time distribution couplingwith computer fluid dynamics modelling; optimizationof multidetection units; automatic fast and safe tracerinjectors; and quality control of data and accreditationto ISO standards. Case studies from catalytic crackingunits in the petroleum industry, grinding and flotationin mineral ore processing, model identification andkinetic determination of the crystallization process, andtesting the efficiency of sedimentation and aerationtanks of waste water treatment plants are the majortargets of the CRP.

An Advisory Group meeting was convened in Viennain May to study emerging applications of nucleoniccontrol systems in industry. At the meeting the currentstatus of the technology was evaluated and recommen-dations were made on the best ways to further developthe new applications and transfer them to developingcountries. It was recommended that prototypes ofportable low cost and low activity double beam gaugesbe designed and manufactured for niche applicationsin the natural resource mining and processingindustries.


44 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCESRegular budget expenditure:$8 950 254


Plasma physics applications and controlled$551 350 nuclear fusion research

$1 598 340 Radiochemical applications

Nuclear and atomic data$2 311 958 for applications

Utilization of research reactors $610 732 and particle accelerators

Theoretical physics$1 883 100 contribution

$1 994 774 Nuclear instrumentation

The activities of the physical and chemical sciencesprogramme focused on advanced areas of nuclearscience and on the use of nuclear technology for thebenefit of Member States. Version 2 of the FusionEvaluated Nuclear Data Library (FENDL-2) wascompleted and made available to users in MemberStates on the Internet and on CD-ROM. The incorpo-ration of a World Wide Web graphic interface led to theAgency’s nuclear database being more user-friendly and

resulted in a large increase in the number of nucleardata retrievals and the volume of data retrieved. TheAgency’s Laboratories at Seibersdorf conducted aworldwide survey of X ray fluorescence (XRF) labora-tories and developed a new ‘fluorescence/Comptonratio’ method and software for XRF applications andanalysis. These advances will help Member Statesconduct rapid, accurate analyses of environmental,industrial and medical samples. One of the results of a

Programmeobjective

To promote application oriented research,development and implementation of techniquesand technologies based on nuclear physical and

chemical sciences for solving practical problems inthe fields of medicine, environment, energy and

mineral resources prospecting; to assist in the betterutilization of research reactors and accelerators and

provide technical help to national analyticallaboratories to improve the quality of

their analytical measurements.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES 45

CRP concluded in 1998 was standardization of theproduction methods of therapeutic radiopharmaceuti-cals for metastatic bone pain and arthritis. Work alsobegan on the development of such agents for othertherapeutic applications. The Agency’s 17th FusionEnergy Conference was held in October in Yokohama.And the design of the International ThermonuclearExperimental Reactor was finalized by the collaboratingparties and the Final Design Report published.

Nuclear and atomic data for applications

The development of a full World Wide Web user inter-face to the Agency’s comprehensive nuclear and atomicdatabases was completed. This method of access is nowoffered in addition to the existing Telnet based on-linenuclear and atomic data retrieval system. Owing to itsconvenient graphic user interface, more and more usersprefer to use the Web environment to retrieve theirdata. As a result, the number of user retrievals throughTelnet decreased in 1998, while the number of Webbased data retrievals increased sharply, with userslocated in 90 Member States.

Since some data users have limited access to theInternet, CD-ROM versions of the main nuclear data-bases — Computer Index of Neutron Data (CINDA),Compiled Experimental Nuclear Data (EXFOR) andEvaluated Nuclear Reaction Data Files (ENDF) —were prepared in co-operation with other data centres.Since they are completely analogous to the databasesaccessible on-line, they provide effective, updated off-line retrieval of the specific data needed by a local user.In addition, new releases of the ENDF/B-VI datalibrary and the evaluated photon data library EPDL97were made available to users as a result of the

continuing worldwide co-operation between nuclearreaction data centres.

In order to reduce printing costs, the practice of portingcertain data relevant publications to the Web wasstarted. Electronic versions of 6 nuclear data newslettersand 11 data reports have been placed on the Web inHTML or PDF formats. Electronic versions are moreconvenient for many users and also facilitate the updat-ing of frequently revised information.

Development of the Reference Input Parameter Library(RIPL Starter File) was completed with the aim ofproducing a tool for the effective evaluation of nucleardata for emerging nuclear applications. The libraryorganizes and preserves the immense knowledge accu-mulated over the years by the worldwide nuclearphysics community in calculations of low energynuclear reactions. A technical document describing thelibrary was published and the library was made avail-able on the Web and on CD-ROM.

A major international library of nuclear data for fusionapplications (FENDL-2), developed under Agencyauspices, underwent successful quality assurance tests.In addition, documentation for users was prepared and,as with other databases, the library was made availableon the Web and issued on CD-ROM.

A workshop on nuclear reaction data and nuclearreactors was conducted at the International Centre forTheoretical Physics in Trieste. Its primary goal was tofacilitate the transfer of know-how on the use of nucleardata in nuclear reactor calculations to scientists andengineers from developing countries. The workshopresulted in more than 300 requests for computer codesbeing submitted to the Computer Program Servicesjointly operated by the Agency and the OECD/NEA.

Two new CRPs were initiated. The first addresses X andgamma ray emission data for detector calibration in

NUCLEAR DATA RETRIEVALS

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Volume of data retrieved from the Web (megabytes) — — 100 2600 8600 Telnet nuclear data on-line retrievals 3200 4400 5700 7350 2700CD-ROMs with databases, libraries and files

distributed on request — — — — 205Off-line retrievals 1950 1550 800 1900 1995

response to needs for improved quality of data in spec-troscopy measurements in safeguards, dosimetry andindustry. The second one deals with nuclear modelparameter testing for nuclear data evaluation in order toprovide quality assurance of these evaluation tools foremerging nuclear applications.

Two major numerical databases dealing with atomicand molecular data were completed: one on the chem-ical erosion of fusion reactor plasma facing materialsinduced by plasma particle impact; and the other onthe total and differential cross-sections for elasticscattering and momentum transfer processes in colli-sions involving hydrogenic ions, atoms and molecules,and their isotopic variants. These databases can beused by fusion plasma modellers and fusion reactorengineers in predicting the behaviour of large plasmadevices.

In response to the needs of several fusion research labo-ratories, and in collaboration with the Institute forPlasma Physics in Garching, Germany, and theTechnical University of Vienna, an atomic database forlithium beam penetration in fusion edge plasmas wascompleted. This database is already being used in thelithium beam diagnostics of ASDEX, TEXTOR andother tokamak plasmas.

Work on an international database on the thermome-chanical properties of irradiated nuclear graphites wasinitiated using extrabudgetary funds. This database willpermanently archive the properties of nuclear graphitesin graphite moderated power reactors in order topreserve the information gathered over many years bythe nuclear power industry.

Nuclear instrumentation

The Agency provided technical support to MemberStates to enhance their capacity for the repair andmaintenance of nuclear instruments. An evaluationcarried out on repair trends found that during the years1995–1997, Latin American countries repaired 240items of equipment, with a total value of $1.35 million,using spare parts provided by the Agency at a total costof only $52 000.

Seven modular nuclear instruments (quad timing singlechannel analyser, crate controller, multi-purpose pulsegenerator, simulated pulse generator, spectroscopy

amplifier, single channel analyser, and counter/timer)developed at the Agency’s Laboratories at Seibersdorf orunder individual Research Contracts/Agreements wereevaluated by external experts. The evaluation indicatedthat these low cost instruments were ideal for educationand for application in such fields as nuclear medicineand environmental monitoring.

The Agency’s Laboratories at Seibersdorf developed andtested the following:

• Educational kits (including manuals) for training innuclear electronics, such as the EURO CAN buscontroller for real-time applications and a micro-controller training kit;

• A temperature control unit for use in dosimetry;• A medfly pupae sorter for use in entomology;• A portable X ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer

based on a thermoelectrically cooled cadmiumtelluride (CdZnTe) detector and a portable multi-channel analyser.

A new quantitative method based on the ‘fluorescence/Compton ratio’ concept was developed for laboratoryand in-field XRF applications. A dedicated softwareprogram was implemented in the laboratory X raymicrofluorescence system. In order to improve inter-pretation of the analytical results, cluster analysis wasadopted for classification of the individual particlesanalysed by an electron microprobe. A worldwide inter-comparison survey of XRF laboratories was concluded.The results were evaluated according to the recognizedinternational protocol, which ensured both compara-bility and proper classification of the participatinglaboratories.

A Research Co-ordination meeting on the developmentof computer based troubleshooting tools andinstruments was held in Vienna in November. Inaddition to summarizing recent developments, recom-mendations were made to develop: a troubleshootingdatabase, including checklists; an in-circuit emulatorand analog signal generator; a computer based mainte-nance and quality control programme; and an expertsystem for nuclear instrument troubleshooting.

In addition to existing nuclear spectrometry software,gamma ray and alpha particle test spectra were distrib-uted to Member States on diskettes and through theInternet. Several programmes for spectroscopy applica-tions were developed or upgraded. And more than 100copies of the Agency’s nuclear spectrometry softwarewere distributed to Member States.


With the advent of modern notebook computers, thecapabilities of portable spectrometry systems havebecome more powerful and convenient. A workshopwas held at the Agency’s Laboratories at Seibersdorf tocompare the performance of several portable XRF andgamma ray spectrometry systems. The systems undertest were classified as portable, hand-held and minia-turized, though it was concluded that they did notcontain all of the necessary attributes that wouldqualify them for use in the field. The report of thisworkshop will assist Member States in selecting suitableinstruments for their specific applications.

Utilization of research reactorsand particle acceleratorsThe WIMS-D thermal reactor physics code is widelyused, especially by scientists in developing countries,for research reactors, but the available nuclear datalibrary is based on old information. In order to solvethis problem, a new CRP was initiated on updating theWIMS-D Library.

An Advisory Group meeting on the enhancement ofresearch reactor utilization for neutron activation analy-sis, held in Vienna in June, concluded that neutronactivation analysis in its various forms is still a viableand useful technique. There are good prospects indeveloping countries for long term growth, which canbe achieved by the more effective use of existing facili-ties and with a better end user orientation. It was agreedthat neutron activation analysis, which can be carriedout with low power research reactors, can contribute tothe development of the economy and nuclear infra-structure in many developing countries. For example, itprovides a quick method of screening geologicalsamples for minerals which may be commerciallyuseful. Since it also involves a nuclear technique, itstimulates the development of appropriate regulationsand procedures for handling radioactive material.Finally, the use of neutron activation analysis requiresthe training of personnel in sophisticated nuclear tech-niques, thereby contributing to the technical and scien-tific ‘knowledge base’ of the country.

Another Advisory Group meeting in Vienna in Julyreviewed the technological requirements for protontherapy facilities. At present, most proton therapycentres are not located in hospitals, but in nuclear insti-tutes that are used only partly for therapy. Following

the dedication of the world’s first hospital based protontherapy centre in 1990, several similar centres arecurrently under construction and many more are beingplanned. The typical structure of a hospital based facil-ity was discussed. Many different types of acceleratorcan be used, with the accelerator system accounting foronly about 20% of the cost of all the technical compo-nents. The factors influencing the cost of protontherapy centres were also discussed.

Radiochemical applications

After a gap of nearly 12 years, the Agency organized aninternational symposium on radiopharmaceuticals, inLisbon in March–April. The papers presented at themeeting reflected the current developments and futuretrends in the use of diagnostic and therapeutic agents.The continuing importance of technetium-99m innuclear medicine and the role of imaging as an impor-tant tool in its use were highlighted. Emerging interestin therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals based on betaemitting short lived isotopes such as rhenium-186 andsamarium-153 was also recognized. This trend, next inimportance only to the use of technetium-99m, seemsto be the direction of future developments inradiopharmaceuticals. There was also interest in thedevelopment of agents labelled with other establishedisotopes, especially radioiodine and also indium-111and gallium-67. The importance of a proper regulatorystructure, training and good manufacturing practicesfor ensuring safety in the regular use of radiopharma-ceuticals was also underlined.

A CRP on the optimization of the production andquality control of therapeutic radionuclides and radio-pharmaceuticals was concluded. During the course ofthis CRP, simplified and optimized procedures weredeveloped for the production of the short lived betaemitting isotopes samarium-153, holmium-166 andrhenium-186, including preparation of phosphonatebased radiopharmaceuticals for the palliative therapy ofmetastatic bone pain, and labelled particles for treatingcertain types of arthritis. These products have been putto regular patient use. The results of the CRP have beenpublished as a technical document.

A new CRP on labelled biomolecules for targetedradiotherapy was initiated. The work will focus onlabelling a few selected peptides with rhenium-188,yttrium-90 and samarium-153. Targeted radiotherapy


has several advantages over external beam therapy,including the possibility of selectively delivering higherdoses to the tumour and treating multiple metastases.The aim of the CRP is to develop procedures for thepreparation of radiolabelled biomolecules such asmonoclonal antibodies and peptides.

In a CRP on the development of kits for radio-immunometric assays for tumour markers, progress wasmade in the local production of the basic reagentsneeded for total prostate specific antigen (PSA) assay,useful in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.Purification of the PSA from seminal fluid, preparationof polyclonal and monoclonal anti-PSA antibodies,studies on optimizing antibody coating to solid phase,and standardization of the methodology for enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmuno-assay (RIA) and immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) forPSA using external reagents were some of the mainachievements.

Implementation of good manufacturing practices andpractical regulatory practices for radiopharmaceuticalsin many developing Member States is an area thatrequires support and guidance from the Agency. A draftguidelines document for good radiopharmacy practicesin developing countries was prepared and circulated toexperts in the field for comments.

An Advisory Group meeting was held in Vienna on theintroduction and implementation of quality assuranceprinciples in laboratories using nuclear and nuclearrelated analytical techniques. A report prepared at themeeting outlined the potential actions that could betaken to implement quality assurance concepts inAgency technical co-operation projects. The report alsocontains recommendations on the nuclear analyticaltechniques that can be targeted in a Model Project. Theservices of consultants were used to prepare trainingmaterial for another workshop on this subject, and toprepare questionnaires for the selection of the laborato-ries to participate in the Model Project. These ques-tionnaires were sent out in November.

The Agency’s Laboratories at Seibersdorf supportedCRPs by: providing supplemental characterization ofmaterials supplied by the US National Institute ofStandards and Technology, and characterization of threenew air filter samples loaded with Vienna and Praguedust; the preparation, distribution, characterization andcertification of reference materials IAEA-391/392/393;the organization and evaluation of intercomparisonexercises for reference materials IAEA-085/086 and

IAEA-336; the organization of proficiency tests forradionuclide analysis in Member State laboratories; andthe co-ordination of the activities of the AnalyticalLaboratories for Measuring Environmental Radio-activity (ALMERA) network.

Plasma physics applications andcontrolled fusion researchAt the 17th Fusion Energy Conference, held inYokohama in October, papers were presented on:magnetic confinement experiments; plasma heatingand current drive; International ThermonuclearExterimental Reactor (ITER) engineering design activ-ities; magnetic confinement theory; inertial fusionenergy; innovative concepts; and fusion technology.One of the significant results achieved since the lastconference was the realization of significant levels offusion power — 10.7 MW for 0.4 seconds in theTokamak Fusion Test Reactor at the Princeton PlasmaPhysics Laboratory, followed by 16.1 MW for0.85 seconds in the Joint European Torus in Culham,United Kingdom. These achievements have allowed theexperimental observation of significant alpha particleheating. Another key result was obtained in a firstexperiment with the newly commissioned super-conducting Large Helical Device at the Japan AtomicEnergy Research Institute, where the predicted theo-retical confinement time was reached by theexperiment. ITER papers presented: the successfuldevelopment of large superconducting magnets; highpower gyrotrons; the construction of a vacuum vesselsector and divertor; and remote handling equipment.

The sixth Technical Committee meeting on fusionpower plant design was held in Culham, the UnitedKingdom, in March. The meeting reviewed the statusof commercial fusion power plant concepts, includingtechnology, material development, economics, environ-mental aspects, and the safety and socioeconomicaspects of fusion energy. Results were presented on theEuropean Long-Term Fusion Technology Programme,concentrating on four major lines: the EuropeanBlanket Project with the main emphasis on watercooled lithium tiles inside stainless steel cases; thehelium cooled pebble breeder blanket concept;advanced material studies, including results of theInternational Fusion Irradiation Facility; and the Safetyand Environmental Assessment of Fusion Power withinthe European Union Framework Programme 5.


Detailed comparisons were presented from Japan onfour tokamak reactor studies, one helical reactor studyand one laser fusion reactor study. The EngineeringDesign Options from the US Fusion Reactor Program’sstudies on the development of spherical tokamaks wereassessed on the basis of high performance structuralmaterials such as ferritic steels, vanadium alloys andSiC composites. Optimization criteria for an alternativepath to a fusion power plant — the heliac reactor inGermany — were also presented.

A Technical Committee meeting on the steady stateoperation of tokamaks was held in Hefei, China, inOctober. Among the topics discussed were: the opera-tion of present long pulse tokamaks, the plans forfuture steady state tokamaks, advanced magneticconfinement configurations, and hybrid fusion–fissionsystems. Highlights included the presentation of longpulse experiments in France, Japan and the RussianFederation. Steady state devices are being planned orconstructed in China, France, India, Japan and theRepublic of Korea. The two hour experimentTRIAM-1M demonstrated good control of plasmaposition, particle flow and heat control at low plasmadensity. China will study hybrid fusion–fission systemsthat use fusion reactor generated neutrons to breedplutonium-239 fuel and to transmute high level wastesfrom fission reactors.

At a Technical Committee meeting held in Tokyo inOctober, there was a comprehensive review of presentspherical torus experiments, related plasma physicstheory, modelling, and future experimental devices.Papers were presented from the spherical tokamakexperiments in Japan, the United Kingdom and theUSA. The results attained by the START experiment atCulham Laboratory, in the United Kingdom, includegood stability, high beta operation and the absence ofdisruptions. This success has inspired other experi-ments which are being planned in Brazil (ETE), theRussian Federation (GLOBUS-M), the UnitedKingdom (Meg Ampere Spherical Tokamak) and theUSA (National Spherical Torus Experiment).

At the 13th Technical Committee meeting on researchusing small fusion devices, held in Shonan Village,Japan, in October, tokamak experiments, compact tori,helical devices, dense plasmas, inertial fusion andtheory were discussed. The WT-3 experiment in Japanreported new results on the control of pressure drivenm = 1 instabilities in a tokamak with significant lowerhybrid current drive. The HT-2 experiment (Japan)reported novel results on ohmic breakdown in low

resistance vacuum vessels and on vertical displacementevent disruptive instabilities in elongated plasmas. TheSINP tokamak in India has shown significant improve-ment in confinement characteristics and the length oftime for which plasma current could be sustained. TheLarge Helical Device experiment provided very impres-sive results on first plasmas. The magnetic configura-tion has been measured, compares favourably with thenumerical codes and has shown plasma confinementwhich is much better than expected on the basis of stel-larator scaling laws. The performance of reversed fieldpinches was improved considerably by applying exter-nal resonant helical fields. The ADITYA tokamak inIndia has been modified to enable it to approach thefull design parameters and to improve its diagnosticcapabilities. First estimations on magnetized targetsinduced by circular polarized laser light have shownthat high energy gain could be reached in powerfulZ-pinches combined with sub-nanosecond lasers.


50 NUCLEAR SAFETY

NUCLEAR SAFETY



$592 517 Research reactor safety

Nuclear power plant$1 115 723 safety assessment

$2 272 739 Operational safety

$1 312 387 Engineering safety

Activities concentrated on supporting intergovern-mental efforts to strengthen nuclear safety around theworld. The focus was on developing common safetystandards, providing a variety of expert services,fostering the exchange of information on safety issuesand supporting co-ordinated research in MemberStates. The development of the Nuclear SafetyStandards (NUSS) focused on their review, revisionand elaboration in the areas of siting, design andoperation of nuclear power plants, and researchreactors. Additionally, the standards on governmental

organization were revised to make them suitable forthe general safety area.

Nuclear power plant safetyassessmentReports were published discussing safety issues foradvanced nuclear power plant protection, control and

Programmeobjective

To promote the achievement and mainte-nance of required levels of safety performance innuclear power plants, research reactors and othernuclear installations through: the development ofsafety documents; assistance in performing safety

assessments; the collection and dissemination of information on safe operational practices;

and the provision of peer review safety services.

human–machine interface systems, and proposing acommon basis for judgements on the safety of nuclearpower plants built to earlier standards. Draft safetyperformance indicators were developed and are beingtested in pilot applications at several nuclear powerplants.

A CRP on the collection and classification of humanreliability data for use in probabilistic safety assessments(PSAs) was completed. The major results, published asa technical document, included the development andapplication of methods for data analysis to support themodelling of errors in decision making where so called‘cognitive’ errors have been identified as major elementsin severe accidents.

With the finalization of the identification and rankingof safety issues for WWER-1000 and early RBMKplants, the Extrabudgetary Programme on the Safetyof WWER and RBMK nuclear power plants,launched in 1990, was completed. The Agency data-base on the findings and recommendations for thevarious types of reactors (RBMK, WWER-1000,WWER 440/V-213 and WWER 440/V-230) is avail-able on CD-ROM.

A database of generic safety issues for nuclear powerplants with LWRs, and the measures taken to resolvethem, was created, and also issued as a technical docu-ment. This database will enable Member States to learnfrom the safety decisions made by other countries.

Engineering safety

Expert missions were conducted to advise on protectionmeasures against seismic and other external events atnuclear power plants, other reactors and proposedreactor sites. This included a seismic review of theMochovce nuclear power plant in Slovakia.

In a General Conference resolution (GC(42)/RES/11),the Agency was requested to act as a clearinghouse andcentral point of contact for Member States to exchangeinformation on diagnostic and remedial actions beingtaken at nuclear power plants, fuel cycle and/or medicalfacilities which use radioactive materials, the aim beingto make these facilities Year 2000 compliant. A specialproject was initiated, and pages were set up on theAgency’s Web site (http://www.iaea.org/ns/nusafe/y2000/y2k.htm) to collect data from Member States (through

an electronic questionnaire) and as a medium fordisseminating information.

The draft of a technical document entitled AchievingYear 2000 Readiness: Basic Processes was made availableon the Internet. This document provides guidance onY2K programme management, initial assessment(classification and inventory), detailed assessment andcontingency planning.

Operational safety

Efforts were made to improve the integration and co-ordination of the various safety services offered by theAgency as a means of enhancing their quality. This wasaccomplished, in part, by combining services during amission and further optimizing the selection of staff forassignments which involved Operational Safety ReviewTeam (OSART), Assessment of Safety SignificantEvents Team (ASSET) and International RegulatoryReview Team (IRRT) missions. While many of themissions were supported by resources from theTechnical Co-operation Fund, priority was also givento improving co-ordination and communication withinternational organizations that provide operationalsafety services. Additionally, activities were supportedthat recognize the importance of communicating withthe public on matters relating to the operational safetyof nuclear power plants. An example was the participa-tion of the Agency in a national seminar on publicinformation on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,which was held in Romania.

Initiatives were taken to evaluate utility peer reviewprocesses and other self-assessment activities to gaugetheir effectiveness in improving operational safetyperformance, and on how these activities should beincorporated into operational safety services. In thisconnection, a Technical Committee meeting was heldin Vienna in December on national practices fornuclear power plant self-assessment and their effective-ness in enhancing safety performance.

Four OSART missions were carried out, along withthree preparatory visits for 1999 missions and fivefollow-up visits. In order to provide greater assistance tothose Member States receiving OSART visits, seminarsand technical assistance missions were conductedbefore and after each visit. For example, seminars onthe OSART methodology to support nuclear power

NUCLEAR SAFETY 51

plants in the self-assessment of operational safetyperformance were carried out in Bulgaria, China,Kazakhstan, Lithuania and Pakistan. Technical assis-tance missions, both before and after OSART visits,were organized at the request of authorities inArgentina, China and Mexico. The ASSET serviceincluded four missions for the review of plantself-assessments of operational events and six seminarscovering the evaluation of the consequences and analy-sis of the causes of operational events.

An ASSET peer review at the Aktau nuclear powerplant in Kazakhstan was notable because it immediatelypreceded an OSART mission to the plant. The conclu-sions of the plant self-assessment, together with thecomments and recommendations of the ASSET peerreview, were utilized by the OSART team to studysafety performance issues identified earlier at the plant.This was the first time the two services have been co-ordinated in such a way and the results of the combinedmission will be studied to determine the future benefitsof this approach. The plant self-assessments andASSET peer review identified the need for lower inter-nal reporting thresholds and broader reporting criteria;the requirement to continue to develop internal opera-tional experience feedback programmes; and the needto enhance organizational safety culture, especially inthe commitment to correcting known safety problems.Equipment reliability, procedure adequacy and per-sonnel proficiency were areas of concern highlighted bythe self-assessments.

The Joint IAEA–OECD/NEA Incident ReportingSystem (IRS) Guidelines were issued in May, estab-lishing a unified method of reporting incidents. In1998, the IRS system received 127 reports fromparticipating countries. Ten of these reports wereclassified as being of high safety importance, withimportant lessons to be learned. One group of events,caused by equipment failures, includes problems oferosion–corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, fuel andcontrol rod problems, water hammer phenomenon,faults in electrical systems, design deficiencies andageing. A large proportion of the events was connectedwith the management of safety, including human errorduring operation, problems of compliance withprocedures, and control of maintenance work andmodifications.

During 1998 the Assessment of Safety Culture inOrganizations Team (ASCOT) services were changedto ‘Safety Culture Seminars’ with a focus on how to:develop and improve safety management and safety

culture; assess the developmental stages of an organiza-tion; and increase awareness of the importance of learn-ing processes and a learning culture to support thesedevelopments. These services were provided for a utilityin Lithuania and for the regulator, utilities and supportorganizations in China. A preparatory meeting washeld for utility personnel in Brazil in order to set up aprogramme for Agency assistance in performing a self-assessment of the utility organization’s safety culture, aswell as a peer review of the assessment.

A Technical Committee meeting was held on safetyculture self-assessment highlights and good practices.In addition to highlighting the fact that self-assessments of safety culture have now been performedin several countries, the meeting also identified earlywarning signs of a weakening safety culture. In addi-tion, an evaluation was made of the relative merits ofdifferent methods of extracting important safety cultureattributes. At the request of the Canadian Government,a working group was convened in Vienna in June toreview Ontario Hydro’s recent performance degrada-tion in comparison with similar situations elsewhere.The experience and the lessons learned regarding thesymptoms, causes and correction of the degradation insafety culture and safety management were presented atthe international conference on ‘Topical Issues inNuclear, Radiation and Radioactive Waste Safety’, heldin Vienna in August.

Research reactor safety

Five more States joined the Incident Reporting Systemfor Research Reactors (IRSRR), raising the totalnumber of participating Member States to 20.

An Integrated Safety Assessment of Research Reactors(INSARR) mission, funded by the ExtrabudgetaryProject for East Asia and the Pacific, visited the 30 MWresearch reactor in Serpong, Indonesia, to review oper-ational safety issues. Another mission reviewed thePreliminary Safety Analysis Report for the researchreactor to be constructed in Ongkaharak District,Thailand. There were technical co-operation missionsto a research reactor in Tajura, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,to advise on reactor modification issues, and a mission,partially funded by Italy, to the Vinča research reactorin Yugoslavia to advise on the management of the spentfuel storage pool, for which a remedial action plan hasbeen initiated.

52 NUCLEAR SAFETY

The final Research Co-ordination meeting for a CRPon the applications of non-destructive testing and in-service inspection to research reactors was held inPrague. The major outcome was the development ofspecial techniques to examine and monitor the condi-tion of reactor structures, systems and components fortheir assessment in relation to the safe operation andmanagement of the reactor.

Four Safety Guides on operational limits and condi-tions, commissioning, maintenance and periodictesting, and design, assessment and operation of spentfuel storage pools were completed. These publicationsprovide guidance on the implementation of require-ments for the design and operation, including utiliza-tion and modifications, of research reactors.

NUCLEAR SAFETY 53

54 RADIATION SAFETY

RADIATION SAFETYRegular budget expenditure:$3 690 384


$255 751 Radiation protection services

$617 700 Radiation assessments and emergencies

$1 392 265 Radiation protection

$577 225 Transport safety

$847 443 Radiation source safety

The radiation safety programme has two complemen-tary objectives: development of a unified set of safetystandards based on consensus; and provision for theapplication of these standards in Member States andthrough other international organizations. In order toachieve these objectives, the programme emphasized anumber of areas of work covering the relevant research,the development of requirements level consensus docu-ments and supporting guides, and the preparation ofpractical manuals and other documents to assist instandards implementation by regulatory authorities.Many of these documents provide the technical under-pinning for technical co-operation projects, includingthe Model Project on strengthening radiation and wastesafety infrastructures in over 50 Member States. Inaddition, considerable effort was devoted to emergencyresponse activities, including servicing the Conventions

of Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident andAssistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident orRadiological Emergency. To support these activities aconsiderable number of research programmes, trainingcourses, conferences and other information exchangemeetings were organized under the technical co-operation programme.

Radiation protection

Three Safety Guides on occupational radiation protec-tion, co-sponsored with ILO, were completed. Oneprovides general guidance on the application of therequirements of the International Basic Safety

Programmeobjective

To promote adequate levels of protectionagainst ionizing radiation and for the safety of

radiation sources.

Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation andfor the Safety of Radiation Sources (BSS), while theother two provide detailed guidance on assessing occu-pational exposure due to external and internal sources.

The Agency became a joint member of the Secretariat,together with the OECD/NEA, for the InformationSystem on Occupational Exposure (ISOE). This willstrengthen its influence and responsibility in the ISOE.The Agency also acts as the technical centre which co-ordinates data gathering for utilities and regulatoryauthorities in non-OECD/NEA Member States withnuclear power plants.

Within the framework of the technical co-operationModel Project on upgrading radiation protection infra-structures, a regional seminar on approaches and prac-tices in strengthening radiation protection and wastemanagement infrastructures in countries of EasternEurope and the former Soviet Union was held inBratislava, Slovakia. The seminar confirmed that theAgency’s Model Project has played an important role inestablishing and strengthening national infrastructuresfor radiation and waste safety. The setting up of peerreviews was recommended to assess the effectiveness ofinfrastructures in the participating countries.

The Regulatory Authority Information System (RAIS),a personal computer based application for the manage-ment of the data needed by a regulatory authority, suchas record systems for radiation sources and doses, wascompleted and made available to Member Statesinvolved in the Model Project.

In a European regional technical co-operation projecton improving occupational radiation protection atnuclear power plants, three meetings for health physi-cists were held at which data and experiences wereexchanged. Decreases in collective dose at nuclearpower plants were reported, and improvements werenoted in the implementation of the principle of opti-mization of protection.

Radiation source safety

An international conference entitled ‘The Safety ofRadiation Sources and Security of RadioactiveMaterials’ was held in Dijon, France. An importantrecommendation from the meeting was that radiationsources should not be allowed to drop out of the

regulatory control system. This means that the regula-tory authority must keep up-to-date records of thoseresponsible for each source, monitor transfers of thesources and track their fate at the end of their usefullife. Efforts should also be made to find radiationsources that are not in the regulatory authority’s inven-tory (‘orphan sources’) because they were in the countrybefore the inventory was established, were never specif-ically licensed, or were lost, abandoned or stolen.Another conclusion was that because there are manyorphan sources throughout the world, efforts toimprove the detection of radioactive materials crossingnational borders and moving within countries shouldbe intensified by carrying out radiation measurementsand through intelligence gathering. Optimum detec-tion techniques need to be developed, and confusioncould be avoided if an international agreement wasachieved on quantitative levels that would trigger inves-tigations, for example, at border crossings. The conclu-sions of the conference led to ResolutionGC(42)/RES/12 of the Agency’s General Conferencethat encouraged all governments “to take steps toensure the existence within their territories of effectivenational systems of control for ensuring the safety ofradiation sources and the security of radioactivematerials.”

Work continued on the elaboration of guidance relat-ing to the safety of radiation sources and sources ofpotential exposure, and the prevention, detection andresponse to illicit trafficking in radioactive materials. Inaddition, several reports were published on accidentsin: San José, Costa Rica; Tammiku, Estonia; andTomsk, the Russian Federation. These reports identifya number of lessons that may help Member States inpreventing similar events. For example, in the report ofthe accidental overexposure of radiotherapy patients inSan José, the main causes were insufficent educationand training and lack of a quality assuranceprogramme. According to the report on the radiologicalaccident in Tammiku, the existence of orphan sources,together with insufficient security of a waste repository,were the most important factors contributing to theaccident.

Transport safety

Progress was made in assisting international organiza-tions in their adoption of transportation safety require-ments for radioactive material as set forth by the

RADIATION SAFETY 55

Agency. The transportation safety regulations of theInternational Civil Aviation Organization, Inter-national Maritime Organization and the UnitedNations Economic and Social Council Committee ofExperts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods arebeing revised to implement requirements for radio-active material based on the 1996 edition of theRegulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material(the Transport Regulations), with a planned uniformdate for entry into force of 1 January 2001.

On the basis of recommendations from the TransportSafety Standards Advisory Committee (TRANSSAC), amodified process for revising the Transport Regulationswas instituted. This process will support a morefrequent publication cycle designed to ease adoption byinternational organizations and Member States.

As requested by the General Conference, a report wasprepared on legally binding and non-binding instru-ments and regulations for radioactive material transportsafety and the interactions between them. It wassubmitted to the Board of Governors in June and madeavailable to the General Conference in September.

As part of an interregional technical co-operationproject, a simplified version of the Agency’s TransportRegulations was prepared to facilitate implementationin Member States and for use in training activities. At acourse on transport safety, organized for competentauthorities in Eastern Europe in Braunschweig,Germany, the syllabus, modules and training manualfor transport safety training courses to support MemberStates with and without nuclear power programmeswere developed.

Radiation assessments andemergenciesThe development of one consolidated document ofgeneral safety requirements on emergency preparednessand response, and transport was initiated and is beingco-sponsored by the Agency, FAO, OECD/NEA andWHO. A safety report on planning the medicalresponse to radiological accidents, co-sponsored by theAgency and WHO, was published. A document onresponse procedures for radiological emergencies andanother on monitoring procedures for nuclear andradiological emergencies were prepared. These reportsfeature step-by-step procedures which can be used

immediately and can also be easily adapted to suit theneeds of a specific country.

The Agency began an audit of its own emergencyresponse system for fulfilling its obligations under theConvention on Early Notification of a NuclearAccident and the Convention on Assistance in the Caseof a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. TheAgency participated in the OECD/NEA INEX-2 inter-national emergency exercise, which was held in Paks,Hungary. European Commission forms for notificationof an accident have been harmonized with the Agency’sforms.

A key outcome of a European regional technical co-operation project on harmonization of emergencypreparedness was the signing of a Memorandum ofUnderstanding between 22 States and 7 observer Statesto co-ordinate their emergency response procedures. Inparticular, the project addresses the classification ofemergencies, integrated planning concepts, notificationprocedures, protective action recommendations andmonitoring and public information procedures. Inaddition, a Russian language version of InterRAS (acomputer code for assessing the implications of nuclearaccidents) was developed, audits of emergencypreparedness in the project countries were completed,and an accident classification scheme for RBMK reac-tors was developed. The preliminary results of the auditshow a wide range of capabilities and preparedness.

Major training exercises were carried out in Europe onmedical preparedness, in East Asia on radiologicalemergency response teams and in Africa on emergencypreparedness and response. For example, a technicalco-operation workshop was held in China to exercisethe capabilities of six emergency response teams fromthe East Asia region to respond to a range of radio-logical accidents.

Radiation protection services

Radiation safety services were provided to the staff ofthe Agency’s Laboratories at Seibersdorf, near Vienna,and at IAEA–MEL. Up to 400 Agency staff and 200field experts were monitored for radiation exposure.

In order to promote the proper use of operationalquantities, the Agency organized three dosimetry inter-comparison exercises: a regional intercomparison of

56 RADIATION SAFETY

personal dosimetry and two intercalibration exercisesfor the individual monitoring of external and internalexposure. The results of the exercises were incorporatedinto two documents completed at the end of the year,one on intercomparisons for the individual monitoringof external exposure from photon radiation and theother on intercomparison of biokinetic model valida-tion of radionuclide intake assessment.

Technical support using resources from the TechnicalCo-operation Fund was provided to safety missions inresponse to requests for emergency assistance inGeorgia, where radioactive sources were discovered at atraining centre. The assistance given to theGovernment of Georgia took the form of expertise andequipment for the radiological investigation of theterritory.

Arrangements are now in place with specialized labora-tories in Cuba, France and the United Kingdom for themedical treatment of overexposed persons. Thesearrangements are required because of the difficultiesencountered in finding an appropriate laboratorycapable of carrying out chromosomal aberration count-ing at short notice.

RADIATION SAFETY 57

58 RADIOACTIVE WASTE SAFETY

RADIOACTIVE WASTE SAFETY



$570 792 Safety of residual waste

$680 171 Safety of disposable waste

$669 155 Safety of released waste

The programme on waste safety is focused on the estab-lishment of a comprehensive set of internationallyagreed safety standards with the active involvement ofMember States and under the supervision of an inter-national advisory committee. A Safety Requirementsdocument on the near surface disposal of radioactivewaste was recommended for approval by the Agency’sBoard of Governors. An international conference ontopical issues in nuclear, radiation and radioactive wastesafety, held in Vienna, provided guidance for the futuredirection of work on radioactive waste disposal safetyand residual waste safety.

Safety of disposable waste Following the recommendations of a 1997 specialistsmeeting on the application of the concepts ofexclusion, exemption and clearance, work focused onestablishing agreed terminology and a commonunderstanding of the terms and of their applicationin delineating the scope of regulations concernedwith protection from ionizing radiation. A draftSafety Guide on this subject was developed andreviewed at a Technical Committee meeting inVienna.

Programmeobjective

To promote the safe management of the non-usable radioactive remains from nuclear

energy and other practices making use of radioactive materials, including: the safe management of radio-

active waste; the control of environmental releases ofradioactive materials into the environment; and

the safe restoration of environments having radioactive residues from past

events and activities.

Progress was made on several documents in theRadioactive Waste Safety Standards (RADWASS)programme. Of particular note was the endorsement bythe Advisory Commission for Safety Standards (ACSS)of a Safety Requirements document on the near surfacedisposal of radioactive wastes. A supporting SafetyGuide on the assessment of near surface disposal facili-ties, and two other Safety Guides on the decommis-sioning of different types of facilities, were alsoapproved for publication.

The Agency is encouraging research through a CRP onmethods for assessing the safety of near surface disposalfacilities. A general methodology for assessment isbeing developed which will be applied in the evaluationof test cases concerned with trench and vault disposalfacilities typical of those used in the RussianFederation, Eastern Europe, Western Europe andNorth America, and to the ‘borehole’ types of reposi-tory operated and planned in various countries. In thisconnection, expert reviews of the safety of near surfacerepositories in South Africa and the Republic ofMoldova were conducted. For the trench and vaultdisposal facilities, the review confirmed that an incidentinvolving leaking waste containers at the disposal sitewas not of radiological significance. For the boreholetypes of repository, the experts gave advice to helpensure the safety of a histone repository which does notcomply fully with current design standards.

Safety of released waste

Increasing attention is being given to the environmentand to its well-being in international and regionalagreements and conventions. The Agency is striving toharmonize the approach taken for protecting the envi-ronment against the effects of ionizing radiation withthat commonly adopted for protection against otherpollutants. A paper which addresses the principles andthe technical issues involved was finalized at a TechnicalCommittee meeting before being circulated to MemberStates. Its purpose is to stimulate discussion so thatsteps can be taken towards developing an internationalstandard in this area.

In order to establish databases recording all types ofcontrolled radioactive releases and disposals into theatmosphere and the oceans, an Agency technical docu-ment (IAEA-TECDOC-588) on solid radioactivedisposals to the marine environment was updated, and

a prototype database of discharges of gaseous and liquidmaterials into the environment was developed. At therequest of the Convention on the Prevention of MarinePollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter(London Convention, 1972), the Agency providedadvice on the types of materials containing radio-nuclides which can be exempted from the requirementsof the convention. The report containing the advicewas presented at the 20th meeting of ContractingParties to the Convention.

Safety of residual waste

The current programme of assessments of the radio-logical conditions at sites where there are residues fromprevious nuclear activities, such as nuclear weaponstesting and waste dumping, was completed with thepublication of four documents in the RadiologicalAssessment Reports Series. These cover the radiologicalsituations at: Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands; Mururoaand Fangataufa Atolls in French Polynesia;Semipalatinsk, Kazahkstan; and in the Kara Sea follow-ing high level waste dumping. In the case of BikiniAtoll and Semipalatinsk, consideration had to be givento the prospects for resettlement by populations in theaffected areas. For this purpose, guidance on radio-logical principles and criteria for guiding decisions onthe cleanup and reoccupation of contaminated areaswas developed and published as IAEA-TECDOC-987.In addition, a special international conference was heldto disseminate the results of the study of the radio-logical situation at the Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls,and participants in the study visited the South Pacificto present the results to the people of that region.

Safety Guides on the decommissioning of nuclearpower plants and of medical, industrial and researchfacilities where radioactive materials are being usedwere approved for publication as part of theRADWASS programme. These documents provideMember States with comprehensive guidance on thesteps and considerations necessary to ensure safety inthe various stages of decommissioning, leading to finalrelease of the facility and the site from regulatorycontrol.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE SAFETY 59

60 CO-ORDINATION OF SAFETY ACTIVITIES

CO-ORDINATION OF SAFETY ACTIVITIES



Support to the $601 360 technical co-operation programme

$912 205 Safety policies and standards

Safety information $817 061 exchange

$545 200 Safety conventions

The safety activities co-ordination programme aims toensure that there is technical consistency between theAgency’s nuclear, radiation and radioactive waste safetyactivities. This involves work in four main areas:co-ordinating the development and review process forthe Agency’s safety standards; administering and, whereappropriate, implementing the safety related conven-tions; supporting research and development; promot-ing safety related information exchange; andco-ordinating the technical input to safety relatedprojects in the Agency’s technical co-operationprogramme.

Safety policies and standards

The focus of work was on the development of guidanceon legal and governmental infrastructures for the safetyof nuclear facilities. Drafts of four Safety Guides onstaffing and organization, review and assessment,inspection and enforcement, and the required docu-mentation for the authorization process of nuclearfacilities were prepared for review by the standingadvisory committees on safety standards. A glossarycovering terms from nuclear, radiation, radioactivewaste and transport safety was compiled to harmonize

Programmeobjective

To ensure technical consistency and co-ordination of the activities carried out by the

Agency in performing the safety related functions,either laid down in its Statue or entrusted by the

parties of international conventions, as well as coher-ence with the corresponding safety activities carriedout by Member States and other international orga-

nizations, through interaction with the topicalprogrammes of nuclear safety, radiation safety

and radioactive waste safety.

the terminology used in all Agency publications dealingwith these areas. Under the Peer Discussions onRegulatory Practices (PDRP) scheme, three meetingswere held on the regulation of the life-cycle manage-ment of nuclear installations. The purpose was to assistMember States in the formulation and enhancement ofpolicies, principles, requirements and regulatorycontrol over plant life-cycle management by identifyingcommonly accepted good practices. A report summa-rizing the discussions is being prepared.

Demand for the International Regulatory ReviewTeams (IRRT) service continued to increase. Missionsto Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine werecarried out, with the waiting list now covering morethan two years. A significant development was thatwhereas previous IRRT missions had been mainly tothe States of Central and Eastern Europe and theformer Soviet Union, requests were received for the firsttime from States outside of these areas (e.g.Switzerland). Another development was the expansionof the scope of the missions to include regulations forradiation and waste safety.

A European regional technical co-operation project onnuclear safety regulatory infrastructures focused on:RBMK pipework cracking; IRRT, International PeerReview Service (IPERS) and seismic safety missions;and Year 2000 computer system problems. The projectmade a significant contribution to the ability of theparticipating nuclear regulatory bodies in the region tocarry out their assigned regulatory functions in accor-dance with Agency standards and internationally recog-nized good practices.

Safety conventions

Two informal meetings of signatories and other inter-ested States were held in preparation for the first reviewmeeting of the Joint Convention on the Safety of SpentFuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive WasteManagement. Draft guidelines for the review process,for the preparation of national reports, and the draftingof financial and procedural rules have been developedas a result of these meetings. By the end of 1998, 49States had ratified the Convention.

Following the Preparatory Meeting of ContractingParties to the Convention on Nuclear Safety in 1997,an organizational meeting and several briefing meetings

were held to prepare for the first Review Meeting ofContracting Parties in 1999. For the first time, nationalreports provided by the Contracting Parties for theReview Meeting were collected and distributed. By theend of 1998, 49 States had become Contracting Partiesto the Convention on Nuclear Safety.

Four States became Contracting Parties to theConvention on Early Notification of a NuclearAccident, bringing the total to 82 (79 States and 3international organizations) at the end of 1998.Although the Convention was not invoked during1998, the infrastructure designed for notification ofnuclear accidents was used to disseminate informationto Member States on less significant events, notably therelease of caesium-137 from a steel mill in Algeciras,Spain, in May.

Three States became Contracting Parties to theConvention on Assistance in the Case of a NuclearAccident or Radiological Emergency, bringing the totalto 77 (74 States and 3 international organizations) at theend of 1998. In this connection, assistance was providedin response to radiological emergency situations inBangladesh, Georgia and the Russian Federation.

Safety information exchange

A conference was held in Vienna on topical issues innuclear, radiation and radioactive waste safety, with theobjective of consolidating an international consensuson the present status of the issues, the priorities forfuture work and the need for strengthening interna-tional co-operation. Though many technical aspectswere discussed and various recommendations made,attention was also paid to the ‘softer’ aspects of safety.For example, there was great interest in the effectivenessof safety management and the role of safety culture,transparency in decision making and the criteria used,and the effectiveness of the regulator.

A handbook on communication in the areas of nuclear,radiation, transport and waste safety, designed forregulatory authorities, was prepared to promote aconsistent approach in communications with thepublic, media and decision makers. The handbookexplains the role of regulators in nuclear safety commu-nication, the major public concerns in each area ofactivity based on frequently raised issues and the keymessages to be communicated. It also provides

CO-ORDINATION OF SAFETY ACTIVITIES 61

guidance on how to develop and implement aprogramme on communication.

The nuclear safety information centre provides infor-mation on nuclear, radiation and radioactive wastesafety. To date the centre has over 6000 acquisitions inthe form of publications, journals and books. Thecentre was re-organized and the database for registeringdocuments was upgraded in 1998. In addition, a Website for the Advanced Nuclear Safety InformationRegistry (ANSIR) (http://www.161.5.37.17/ansir) wasestablished offering desktop computer access to thedatabase and other information products. Stored inter-nal and external full text documents are searchable byelectronic means.

The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) servicedisseminated information on 19 events. In addition tothe reporting activities of the information programme,INES official documents (i.e. the information leafletand user’s manual) were refined. Training in the use ofthe rating procedures was also conducted at the requestof Hungary and Egypt.

Support to the technicalco-operation programme Two components of the integrated stategy for assistingMember States in establishing and strengthening theirnuclear safety infrastructures were implemented. First,questionnaires were sent on nuclear safety infrastruc-ture, derived from the Agency’s safety requirements onlegal and governmental frameworks, siting, design,operation and quality assurance. Second, nuclear safetyprofiles covering legislative, regulatory and operationalnuclear safety activities were prepared for 23 MemberStates either receiving Agency assistance and havingnuclear power plants in operation or embarking onnuclear power programmes.

Similar work was initiated on safety profiles for radia-tion and waste safety. Questionnaires on infrastructurefor radiation protection, safety of sources, waste safetyand transport safety were updated in accordance withthe International Basic Safety Standards for Protectionagainst Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety ofRadiation Sources (BSS).

Extensive technical support was devoted to theModel Project on upgrading radiation protection

infrastructures to prepare and fine tune the technicaldocuments and tools required for the prompt andharmonized implementation of the project. Majoractivities included the preparation of a document,Organization and Implementation of a NationalInfrastructure Governing Protection against IonizingRadiation and the Safety of Radiation Sources.Distributed and in use in the more than 50 MemberStates receiving assistance under the Model Project, thisdocument, in addition to offering guidance on how toestablish, optimize and sustain a regulatory framework,included model legislation and regulations based uponthe BSS as well as other model regulations coveringradioactive waste management and radioactive trans-port safety. In order to reach the widest possible audi-ence, these regulatory models were also translated intoArabic, French, Russian and Spanish.

Another activity connected with the Model Project wasthe preparation of a technical document describing themethods and review plans to facilitate the authorizationand inspection of radiation sources, including informa-tion on how to prepare and conduct an inspection andfollow-up actions. The document includes specificchecklists for the principal common practices involvingthe use of radiation sources to assist regulatory author-ities in reviewing safety in the process of authorizationand inspection.

A software inventory, monitoring and control tool, theRegulatory Authority Information System (RAIS), wasdeveloped and is being used by more than 35 MemberStates. The system is composed of five modules cover-ing: inventory of radiation sources and installations; theauthorization process; inspection and enforcement;dosimetry of occupationally exposed personnel; andperformance indicators for individual installations aswell as for the overall regulatory programme. Thesystem will also be available in Arabic, French, Russianand Spanish.

62 CO-ORDINATION OF SAFETY ACTIVITIES

$2 750 354 Management

$18 467 181 Development and support

$59 124 316 Operations

SAFEGUARDSRegular budget expenditure:$80 341 851


Note:An amount of $2 658 801for implementation ofUN Security CouncilResolution 687 on Iraq isincluded in the extrabudgetaryfigure.

SAFEGUARDS 63

During 1998, the main emphasis of the programmewas on the implementation of safeguards agreementsand on the continued development and implementa-tion of measures to strengthen safeguards.

Protocols Additional to Safeguards Agreements had atthe end of the year been approved by the Board ofGovernors for 38 States and, when implemented, willenable the Agency to provide increased assurance aboutthe absence of undeclared nuclear material and activi-ties. Five Protocols had entered into force with

Australia, the Holy See, Jordan, New Zealand andUzbekistan by the end of 1998. Implementation of thefirst Additional Protocol to enter into force, withAustralia, began in 1998. In addition, preparations forthe entry into force of the Additional Protocols wereundertaken with a number of States: an implementa-tion trial, including preparation, submission andevaluation of a declaration and complementary access,was conducted at a large R&D site in Japan; workstarted on assembling and computerizing all availableinformation on nuclear activities in States; and discus-sions on possible implementation trials in the non-nuclear-weapon States of the European Union wereinitiated with EURATOM.

Note: The Safeguards Statement for 1998 will be included inthe final version of this document.

Programmeobjective

To verify whether States are complying with their safeguards agreements with the Agency and

thereby to deter the diversion of nuclear material or the misuse of facilities, equipment or

non-nuclear material subject to Agency safeguards.

Model Subsidiary Arrangements and statements inconnection with the implementation of the AdditionalProtocols were developed. The current model state-ments were modified to provide States with informa-tion about environmental sampling activities under-taken by the Agency.

The Remote Monitoring Project concluded its work,and steps have been taken to begin implementation ofremote monitoring techniques in 1999. In addition,the Agency selected the new generation of digitalsurveillance systems. An implementation plan wasdeveloped and a target was set for the installation of 80systems per year.

The transuranic elements, in particular neptunium andamericium, if available in sufficient quantities in sepa-rated form, could be used for nuclear explosive devices.Recognizing this, the Secretariat prepared a report forconsideration by the Board of Governors in Novemberregarding the proliferation potential of these elementsand outlining options for addressing this issue. TheBoard requested the Secretariat to provide furtherinformation on the legal, technical and financial impli-cations of its recommendations and on possible addi-tional options which might be considered.

As of 31 December 1998, 222 safeguards agreementswere in force with 138 States (and with Taiwan,China). At the end of 1998, safeguards agreementswhich satisfy the requirements of the Treaty on theNon-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) were inforce with 126 States. NPT safeguards agreementsentered into force with Ukraine in January, Namibia inApril and San Marino in September. The Board ofGovernors approved draft NPT safeguards agreementswith Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan (both of which have beensigned) and Slovakia. These agreements had not enteredinto force at the end of the year.

NPT safeguards agreements are in force with seven ofthe nine States party to the Treaty in the South East AsiaNuclear Weapon Free Zone (Treaty of Bangkok) andwith all 11 signatories of the South Pacific Nuclear FreeZone Treaty (Rarotonga Treaty). Thirty-one of the 32States Contracting Parties to the Treaty for theProhibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America andthe Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco) have safeguardsagreements in force which satisfy the requirements ofthis Treaty. Safeguards agreements pursuant toAdditional Protocol I of the Treaty of Tlatelolco are inforce with the Netherlands and the USA, two of the fourStates outside Latin America which have jurisdiction

over territories in the zone of application of the Treaty.The Board of Governors approved a safeguards agree-ment with France pursuant to Additional Protocol I ofthe Treaty. The Treaty of Pelindaba, which has not yetentered into force, also foresees the application ofAgency safeguards in the States party to the Treaty.

Operations

Work continued on implementing strengthened safe-guards. Of particular note were the following:

• The implementation of the Additional Protocolwith Australia, which began during 1998, includeda review of the expanded declaration and comple-mentary access visits.

• A new information system was introduced toprocess declarations under the Additional Protocol.The first declaration, from Australia, was success-fully processed.

• Environmental swipe samples from collections at 6enrichment plants and 27 facilities with hot cellswere sent to the Agency’s Network of AnalyticalLaboratories (NWAL) for analysis.

• Evaluations of information related to nuclearprogrammes of States were completed and reviewedfor several countries. Further evaluations are underway.

Following discussion with States, new safeguards equip-ment and techniques were introduced in a number offacilities. For example:

• Short notice random inspections (SNRIs) wereimplemented at a low enriched uranium (LEU)fabrication facility in Japan. This was the first suchroutine implementation by the Agency, permittingfull verification of the flow of nuclear materialwithout additional interim inspections. Prepara-tions for field testing of a similar safeguardsapproach based on SNRIs were initiated for anotherlow enriched fuel fabrication plant in Spain. Thisregime is also part of the new approach being devel-oped to confirm the absence of unrecorded pluto-nium production at large research reactors.

• Two unattended waste measurement systems, avitrified waste canister counter and a hull measure-ment and monitoring system, were installed at areprocessing plant in Japan; the acceptance test ofthe vitrified waste canister counter was completed.

64 SAFEGUARDS

• For enrichment plants in Japan, significant progresswas made to resolve the longstanding issues ofsample taking for destructive analysis and the provi-sion of operator data necessary for the intermittentassessment of the material balance. An inspectionregime for confirming that nuclear material has notbeen borrowed was agreed upon.

• Agreement was reached with the operator of aJapanese mixed oxide (MOX) fuel fabrication facil-ity and the State’s system of accounting and control(SSAC) on a five year programme aimed at reduc-ing the inventory of heterogeneous scrap material.The material will be gradually homogenized toallow enhanced verification, including destructiveanalysis.

• Unattended safeguards equipment was installed inhot cells in the Republic of Korea in order tomonitor experimental powder and pellet character-ization studies which are to be carried out under ajoint project between Canada, the Republic ofKorea, the USA and the Agency on the direct use ofirradiated plutonium in CANDU reactors.

• A six month field trial of the continuous enrich-ment monitor was completed at an enrichmentplant in the Netherlands. The equipmentperformed reliably throughout the trial, the systemproduced no false alarms and the results confirmedthat no production of high enriched uranium

(HEU) had occurred during the period. The systemwas demonstrated to be a viable means of confirm-ing the absence of HEU production.

• In co-operation with EURATOM, an inspectionregime based on the use of unattended, non-destructive analysis equipment in conjunction withmultiple surveillance systems and the use of dualcontainment/surveillance (C/S) measures was intro-duced at a MOX fuel fabrication plant in Belgium.This regime makes full use of the ‘New PartnershipApproach’ arrangements already in place. The newapproach is expected to result in a significant reduc-tion in the presence of Agency inspectors at thefacility without reducing the effectiveness of verifi-cation activities.

• Unattended verification of inter-bay spent fueltransfers in a CANDU multi-unit plant in Canadawas introduced. The use of this system resulted insaving a considerable amount of inspection effort.

• Procedures were tested at enrichment plants inBrazil for unannounced inspections to be carriedout by ABACC or Agency inspectors.

• Procedures for the joint use of instruments wereagreed between ABACC and the Agency. Suchprocedures were also proposed to the Republic ofKorea and, if implemented, are expected to furtherstrengthen the SSAC and the efficiency ofsafeguards.

SAFEGUARDS 65

VERIFICATION ACTIVITIES

1996 1997 1998

Inspections performed 2 476 2 499 2 507Person-days of inspection 10 831 10 240 10 060Seals applied to nuclear material or safeguards equipment,

detached and subsequently verified (including seals applied jointly with EURATOM) 27 029 24 943 26 824

Optical surveillance films reviewed 2 173 1 500 932Video tapes reviewed 4 045 4 010 4 884Nuclear material samples analysed 937 888 645Nuclear material analytical results reported 2 299 2 150 1 610Environmental samples analysed 278 585 497Environmental sample results reported 4 200 7400 4 000

Nuclear material under safeguards (in tonnes)

Separated plutonium outside reactor core 53.6 57.6 62.5Plutonium contained in irradiated fuel 533 571 600High enriched uranium 20.7 20.5 21.4Low enriched uranium 48 620 49 282 49 483Source material 105 395 108 648 90 622

Major efforts were made in the newly independentStates of the former Soviet Union:

• After the entry into force of the NPT safeguardsagreement between the Agency and Ukraine inJanuary, initial inventory verifications were carriedout at all facilities in Ukraine, account being takenof the results obtained under the earlier compre-hensive safeguards agreement. An extensive repack-aging campaign at a facility for HEU and LEUmaterials ended in July, at the same time as the veri-fication campaign. This marked the conclusion of atwo year effort by the Agency, donor States and theUkraine to characterize, package and store thematerials in such a way that they could be suitablyverified. The initial inventory verification wascompleted in September, and the verification resultsare being analysed.

• Following the decision of Kazakhstan to start theconditioning of fuel from the BN-350 fast breederreactor for verification purposes, three meetingswere held between Kazakhstan, the USA and theAgency to resolve technical issues and to discussarrangements for the measurement and fuelcanning campaign. The Agency introduced anadvanced non-destructive technique, developedjointly with the USA, for underwater spent fuelmeasurements.

Activities carried out in nuclear weapon States includedthe following:

• Inspections at an enrichment plant in Chinacommenced in early 1998. Work on the develop-ment of the safeguards approach continued andprogress towards its completion is expected in1999.

• Following the decision by the USA in 1993 tosubmit to Agency safeguards nuclear materialremoved from nuclear weapon programmes, theAgency continued inspections of HEU andplutonium.

• Safeguards verification activities in the USA inconnection with the down-blending of a quantity ofHEU, which the USA stated it acquired fromKazakhstan, were completed at one facility. Theevaluation report was completed in early 1998 andtransmitted to the State authorities.

• The Agency undertook a verification experiment atan enrichment plant in the USA in relation to thedown-blending of a quantity of HEU with a view todeveloping a suitable verification approach for suchdown-blending activities. The experiment was

completed in October. The Agency observed thedown-blending of the HEU to LEU; the feasibilityof a new verification concept was demonstrated andinnovative verification techniques were tested.

Further progress was made in the negotiation ofSubsidiary Arrangements: two new General Parts ofSubsidiary Arrangements, as well as 28 new or revisedFacility Attachments, entered into force.

An international seminar on safeguards informationreporting and processing was held at the end of theyear. Discussions focused on: new developments innuclear material accounting, including the Year 2000problem; reporting under the Additional Protocol; andthe illicit trafficking database programme. The Agencyalso informed Member States of the new reportingoptions offered with respect to the accounting correc-tion principle and the electronic transmission of data,and presented the tools it is planning to use and makeavailable to Member States for reporting under theAdditional Protocols.

Progress in information retrieval and analysis includedthe development of a complete set of ‘topic trees’ for allsteps of the fuel cycle. Topic trees are advanced searchtools which embed expert knowledge, permitting theefficient retrieval of documents. In addition,‘Pathfinder’, a software tool offering sophisticated func-tions to support information analysis, was deployed; itis available to users in support of State evaluations.

In the area of equipment management, field tests of anew CANDU bundle counter were completed andauthorized for inspection use. Thirteen of these systemswere either installed in new applications or replaced oldsystems. Related core discharge and yes/no monitorsystems are undergoing field tests in Canada and theRepublic of Korea.

Following the development and evaluation of a numberof multichannel analysers early in 1998, two wereselected for the replacement of ageing portable multi-channel analyser (PMCA) systems. About 40 of thesesystems were acquired in 1998, and the withdrawalfrom service of the existing PMCAs began.

The Safeguards Analytical Laboratory (SAL) andNWAL analysed 645 samples of nuclear materials andheavy water, leading to the reporting of 1586 resultsfor the verification of operators’ material accountancy.Thirty-five nuclear material samples were taken andanalysed for confirming other safeguards relevant

66 SAFEGUARDS

information. SAL received and screened over 400environmental samples. Procedures were set up toexamine particles from hot cell swipes by electronmicroscopy.

SAL continued to support the Agency’s Action Team onIraq by producing 400 sampling kits for inspectionsand environmental baseline sampling. SAL and NWALanalysed 207 samples taken in Iraq by the Action Teampursuant to United Nations Security CouncilResolution 687.

The development and implementation of a safeguardsapproach for the Rokkasho fuel reprocessing plant inJapan continued. Instrumentation was installed in thespent fuel receipt and storage area. Commissioning willbe completed upon receipt of spent fuel at the facility.

The Agency is still unable to verify the correctness andcompleteness of the initial declaration of theDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)concerning its nuclear material subject to safeguardsunder its NPT safeguards agreement with the Agency,and accordingly cannot conclude that there has been nodiversion of nuclear material. The DPRK remains innon-compliance with its safeguards agreement.

The Agency maintained a continuous presence ofinspectors in the Nyongbyon area throughout 1998. Ithas done so on the basis of a decision of the Board ofGovernors, following a request of the United NationsSecurity Council for the purpose of monitoring thefreeze on the DPRK’s graphite moderated reactors andrelated facilities.

Three rounds of technical discussions took placebetween a technical team from the Agency and theDPRK without progress on any of the key issuesoutstanding regarding the DPRK’s compliance with itssafeguards agreement. These include the preservation ofinformation which must remain available to enable theAgency to verify, in the future, the correctness andcompleteness of the DPRK’s initial declaration.

Development and support

The Remote Monitoring Project, established in 1996 toprepare safeguards policy, approaches and procedures,specify equipment, conduct field tests and develop animplementation scheme for remote monitoring,

completed its work in December. The results includedthe following:

• The safeguards approach for LWRs where remotemonitoring will be used was finalized in November.The approaches for other individual facility types,such as CANDU reactors and storage facilitiescontaining unirradiated direct use material, areunder way.

• Remote monitoring equipment was selected,installed and tested in a number of facilities.

• Argentina, Canada, Finland, Germany, Japan, theRepublic of Korea, South Africa, Sweden, Switzer-land and the USA participated in feasibility studiesand field trials which were carried out to test theimplementation of remote monitoring via satelliteand terrestrial communication links.

• The equipment for the initial phase of routineimplementation of remote monitoring was speci-fied and procurement initiated for gradual intro-duction starting in 1999.

Field testing of a new generation of digital surveillancesystems was completed in June. On the basis of the testresults, technical characteristics, cost and supplier eval-uation, the VDIS system with its three different config-urations was selected as the digital surveillance systemto be implemented. In addition, EMOSS, in its newconfiguration, was selected as the alternative system toavoid reliance on a single system and supplier.

New cadmium telluride detectors with improved reso-lution, combined with new evaluation software, weredeveloped to permit simplified verification measure-ments of spent fuel. Development work continues toincrease the volume of cadmium telluride detectors,making them as sensitive as sodium iodide detectors.

Work continued on ensuring that the computersystems for Agency safeguards are Year 2000 compliant.This has involved major changes to the mainframeinformation systems. The schedule for completion isMarch 1999, leaving sufficient time for thoroughtesting of the systems.

The security of the safeguards network and communi-cations infrastructure was reviewed. As a result, stricterlocal area network access control from user work-stations was implemented and a security incidentsresponse procedure defined.

The Safeguards Research and Development andImplementation Support Programme for 1999–2000

SAFEGUARDS 67

was completed and submitted to Member States withsafeguards support programmes. The programmeprovides a framework for safeguards R&D activitiesconducted both by the Agency and in Member Stateson the development and application of the elements ofa strengthened safeguards system and the gradual tran-sition to an integrated safeguards system.

Environmental sample collection continued, newsampling tools were tested and implemented, and thedevelopment of a central database was largelycompleted. The services of consultants from NWALwere used to prepare a series of recommendationsrelated to techniques for the screening and analysis ofswipe samples, to the quality control programme and tothe overall operation of the network services concern-ing procedures and arrangements for environmentalsampling and analysis.

The safeguards training curriculum was improved. Inaddition to regular training courses for inspectors, stafftraining focused on the implementation of thestrengthened safeguards system and, in particular, onthe taking of environmental samples, the nuclear fuelcycle and proliferation indicators, enhanced observa-tional skills, design information review at researchreactors and evaluation of the nuclear activities ofStates.

68 SAFEGUARDS

$98 799 Information

Protection of other radioactive$252 987 material

Protection of nuclear$112 932 material

SECURITY OF MATERIAL

Regular budget expenditure:$464 718


SECURITY OF MATERIAL 69

During 1998, the programme on the security ofmaterial continued to focus on activities aimed atassisting Member States to establish the systems neces-sary to prevent nuclear material and other radioactivesources from being used for unauthorized purposes,and to detect and respond to trafficking cases, shouldthey occur. A programme of assistance was establishedto facilitate the exchange of information and continuethe training of staff in State regulatory authorities,facilities and customs services. Joint training effortswith WCO took place. International standards for thephysical protection of nuclear material were strength-ened. In regular meetings with State representativesand international organizations, joint activities wereestablished for further co-operation. Selected equip-ment was tested within a project with the Austrian andHungarian authorities to evaluate equipment forborder controls.

Information

Currently, 60 States participate in the Agency’s IllicitTrafficking Database Programme. Out of 33 traffickingincidents which were added to the database as havingoccurred during the year, 9 involved nuclear material. Asof 31 December 1998, the database contained informa-tion on 304 incidents, 237 of which have beenconfirmed by States. In April, the Agency convened ameeting of experts to review the database programme.The review resulted in an improved reporting document,revised terms of reference and agreed rules for maintain-ing the confidentiality of the information reported.Recommendations were also made for additional infor-mation to be included in the database. In addition, theexperts suggested the development of a simple scale toconvey the significance of incidents to the public. TheAgency initiated an upgrade of the database software.

Programmeobjective

To help ensure the exclusively peaceful and safe use of radioactive material and prevent illicit

trafficking in nuclear material and otherradioactive sources.

Protection of nuclear materialA review of INFCIRC/225/Rev.3, ‘The PhysicalProtection of Nuclear Material’, was carried out. Thedocument was revised to incorporate strengthenedrequirements for physical protection during transportand to protect against sabotage at nuclear facilities.

The sixth International Physical Protection AdvisoryService (IPPAS) mission was conducted. Arrangementswere made through the Agency’s technical co-operationprogramme to provide limited physical protectionequipment to urgently upgrade the security at aresearch reactor. Earlier IPPAS missions had, in somecases, resulted in recommendations for modifications ofphysical protection systems. Such modifications weremade through bilateral support.

The third annual review meeting of the Co-ordinatedTechnical Support Programme to the newly indepen-dent States of the former Soviet Union was held inVienna in February. Through this programme, bilateralsupport to these States is co-ordinated and duplicationof efforts avoided. The States requested assistance inestablishing a methodology for performing self-assess-ments of their SSAC, and more focused training andevaluation of their State control systems. As a follow-up, two workshops were arranged. One, held in Viennaon nuclear export/import controls targeting the south-ern tier newly independent States, helped participantsassess the strength of their current systems and priori-tize specific needs for assistance in nuclear legislation,licensing, and customs and border controls related tonuclear material. The second workshop, held in Belaruson familiarization with Agency safeguards activities andnon-destructive analysis measurement techniques, wasa first attempt at using a local nuclear facility andequipment provided by a donor State in implementingthe ‘train the trainer’ concept.

Protection of otherradioactive materialA draft Safety Guide on preventing, detecting andresponding to illicit trafficking in radioactive materialswas completed and submitted to the AdvisoryCommission on Safety Standards for approval. ThisGuide will be supported by five technical manualscontaining detailed information on the radioactivematerials likely to be seized, prevention by enhancing

national legal infrastructures, detection at borders,response measures and training programmes. In orderto derive practical performance requirements for bordermonitoring instrumentation, a pilot study was initiatedinvolving equipment from 21 manufacturers from 15countries. The study includes laboratory testing at theAustrian Research Centre at Seibersdorf and fieldtesting at the Austrian/Hungarian border and Viennaairport for one year. The study is financed by theAustrian Government and is being carried out inco-operation with the Austrian Research CentreSeibersdorf, the US Customs Service and Los AlamosNational Laboratory. Similarly, a peer review mission inMalta was conducted to assist in the implementation ofa national programme for border monitoring.

An international conference on the safety of radiationsources and the security of radioactive materials, co-sponsored by the European Commission, INTERPOLand WCO, was held in Dijon. Hosted by the FrenchGovernment and the French Atomic Energy Commis-sion, it was the first conference devoted to this subject.The conference results highlighted the need for effec-tive national systems of control for ensuring the safetyof radiation sources and the security of radioactivematerials, and provided the basis for a resolution of theGeneral Conference (GC(42)/RES/12) on these issuesthat was adopted in September.

70 SECURITY OF MATERIAL

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICALCO-OPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT



$4 708 429 Planning, co-ordination and evaluation

Technical co-operation $8 093 140 programme

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT 71

This was the first year that the Agency planned anddelivered its technical co-operation programme in thelight of a newly approved ‘Strategy for TechnicalCo-operation’, with the focus on strengthening synergyon a variety of different levels. A major change was areduction in the number of subprogrammes from threeto two, i.e. ‘Technical Co-operation Programme’ and‘Planning, Co-ordination and Evaluation’, and rede-ployment of staff into a structure that reflects the key

principles of the strategy. Key outcomes in the manage-ment of technical co-operation included the following:

• Finalization and approval of a new style programmefor the 1999–2000 biennium. More than$133 million of core programming plus$51 million of ‘footnote a/’ projects were designed,discussed with the counterparts and later approved,including 59 new Model Projects.

Programmeobjective

To accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity

in Member States by facilitating their access to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, the transfer of nucleartechnology, the application and utilization of nuclear

energy for peaceful purposes in Member States and the promotion of co-operation between

them for that purpose.

• Increased synergy with international developmentorganizations through Thematic Planning. A totalof five Thematic Plans were completed during theyear.

• Increased co-operation with counterpart organiza-tions and other national institutions throughregionally based meetings to discuss priority settingand design of Country Programme Frameworks(CPFs).

• Increased synergy between Member States throughgreater use of existing national technical and scien-tific capacity and a more substantive role for moreadvanced national institutions.

• Improved programme design and accountabilitythrough joint evaluations and reviews undertakenwith the technical Departments.

• A healthy financial situation at year end despitea severe financial shortfall for the technicalco-operation programme at the start of the year anduncertainty in pledges during the year.

• A more streamlined management structure withoutany loss of performance through better integrationof programming and implementation within thetwo operational Divisions.

Technical co-operationprogrammeThe CPF process seeks to focus national programmeson a few well defined areas with the potential for signif-icant impact. The process has strengthened institu-tional arrangements and fostered greater collaborationbetween national counterpart organizations and othernational authorities. The process of integrating CPFswith Thematic Plans began during the year in the areasof groundwater management using isotope techniquesand tissue banking using radiation sterilization. Theseplanning processes are contributing to a more demand-led rather than supply-driven programme of technicalco-operation.

To complement the CPF process, efforts were alsomade to improve the design of projects. Trainingcourses and workshops for national liaison officers,national counterparts, project managers and technicalstaff helped strengthen their programme managementcapabilities by reinforcing their understanding of newproject design standards and allowing them to gainpractical experience in programme planning and part-nership development.

The Agency expanded its programme in waterresources management in Africa to include ground-water assessments in eastern and southern Africa inview of the acute water shortages afflicting severalMember States, and the success and experience gainedin North Africa under a Model Project. Consultationswith Member States, the private sector, donors, UnitedNations sister organizations, and national water author-ities led to the establishment of regional partnershipsfor two activities. The first focuses on the developmentand management of groundwater resources in fracturedhard rock aquifers. The second investigates alluvialaquifer systems, where the issues of salinization, surfaceand groundwater interactions and resource manage-ment are of great importance. Discussions in Decemberwith the World Bank/UNDP/UNEP Global Environ-mental Facility (GEF) identified complementary activ-ities, with a new GEF project to develop a sustainabledevelopment plan for the Okavango River Basin insouthern Africa.

In the East Asia and Pacific region, theUNDP/RCA/IAEA project deals with five subprojects:access to clean drinking water; management of themarine coastal environment and pollution; air pollu-tion and trends; electronic networking and outreach;and clean and energy efficient production processes. Inelectronic networking and outreach, agreements werereached on information management betweenprogramme partners and another UNDP fundedproject, the Asia Pacific Development InformationProgramme (APDIP), which is concerned with estab-lishing an information technology capability in certaincountries of the region. APDIP agreed to provide servercapabilities for an RCA home page linked to nationalhome pages, on-line technical catalogues, radiationprotection distance learning courses and emergencypreparedness. In addition, APDIP will conduct trainingcourses for RCA members on information technologyusing their facilities and course materials. As a result,the Agency will only have to cover the costs of stipendsand travel for participants.

Formulation of the Regional Programme in Europefollowed a process of joint prioritization with recipientinstitutions, donors and outside organizations. Onestep in the process was the development of an‘Integrated Strategy for Assisting Member States inEstablishing and Strengthening their Nuclear SafetyInfrastructure’. This led to a high level of confidencefrom the donor community, which provided extrabud-getary support of $2.8 million. Model legislation wasalso developed to provide a legal framework for

72 MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

Member States seeking to meet the International BasicSafety Standards for Protection Against IonizingRadiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources(BSS). In this regard, the Agency is currently assisting14 Member States in Europe with legal and regulatoryquestions with the aid of this legal reference andcheck-lists.

The Agency’s partnership with counterpart organiza-tions in Latin America was strengthened with theconvening of a Working Group on Technical Co-operation, National Strategy and the CountryProgramme Framework, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.National strategies, private sector and commercial inter-ests, planning mechanisms, implementation modalitiesand institutional arrangements were examined. Theimportance of the CPF process at the preparatory stageof programme development was recognized, but it wasalso acknowledged that in some countries priority areasfor technical co-operation are already sufficientlyevident or well established and that a detailed CPFprocess may not be required. Among the importantrecommendations of the Working Group was a call forgreater coherence and synergy among national, regionaland regional agreement (ARCAL) projects. The Groupdrafted criteria to help guide countries in deciding themost appropriate modality to meet their requirements.

Member States in Latin America and the Caribbeanwere assisted in elevating the ARCAL programme froman agreement between institutions to the level of aGovernment Agreement. The necessary consultationsand related documents were completed by August andapproved during the meeting of the Board of Governorsin September. So far, 12 Member States from the regionhave signed the Agreement.

In West Asia the regional programme was formulatedto include the more direct involvement of MemberStates and relevant regional organizations. Efforts weremade to improve management of sterile insect tech-nique (SIT) related projects for the control/eradicationof the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) in a subregionconsisting of territories in Israel, Jordan and thePalestinian Authority. The Agency held a meeting inVienna in October at which the possibility of carryingout the projects in a co-ordinated manner, forincreasing the efficiency of programme delivery andpromoting co-operation between the counterparts wasdiscussed. These deliberations led to a joint commu-niqué expressing the common intent of all three partiesto co-operate in the control of the medfly within thescope of Agency projects.

Planning, co-ordination andevaluationThematic Planning has the goal of improving synergybetween the Agency and outside organizations, andbetween Member State institutions. Five ThematicPlans were completed, covering: neonatal screening forchildhood diseases; child nutrition investigations; tissuebanking; groundwater management; and screwwormeradication.

The Agency used the project selection criteria thatresulted from the Thematic Plans as a basis for its eval-uation of project proposals for the 1999–2000 projectcycle. They also led to the redesign of two CRPs, oneon isotope aided studies of nutritional factors associatedwith chronic and degenerative diseases during ageingand the other on the development and validation ofisotopic and complementary tools for the nutritionalassessment of household food security in developingcountry populations.

The Thematic Plan for SIT eradication of the New andOld World Screwworm resulted in the identification ofnew research priorities and partnership roles. Theseinclude: strain development, genetic sexing and molec-ular biology in co-ordination with the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture and the CommonwealthScientific and Industrial Research Organization inAustralia.

A serious shortfall in expected resources for theTechnical Co-operation Fund led to an unexpectedoverprogramming level of almost 25% at the start ofthe 1998 approved programme. While this exceededthe limit on overprogramming established by theBoard, it was agreed to allow the overprogramming rateto “float” for the first half of 1998 in order to permitthe Secretariat to reassess the programme, employ strictfinancial controls and appeal to Member States forsupport. In response to appeals, several Member Statespledged new funds and many increased payments tocover arrears for assessed programme costs, althoughnot all promises of funding were converted into actualpledges by the end of 1998. As a result, the programmeended the year with modest overprogramming of lessthan 7%.

One management priority realized during the year wasimproving information exchange and the work plan-ning environment. The intranet application designatedTC-PRIDE (Project Information DisseminationEnvironment) became operational. Designed to

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT 73

improve information exchange and work planning,TC-PRIDE provides comprehensive data on all currenttechnical co-operation projects, including those justapproved in the 1999–2000 programme. It is interac-tive with all of the major databases used in the Agency’stechnical co-operation programme and thereforerequires no special updates of its own. One source ofthese data is the new contact information system,which provides an authority file for all personnel andinstitutes, along with the corresponding addresses. Thissystem facilitates the fostering of contacts and informa-tion exchange with all institutes and personnel dealingwith projects. It has proven particularly valuable forinterregional and regional projects which often involvea large number of national contact points.

Efforts to standardize the procurement of projectequipment items resulted in standing offers with globalsuppliers covering 54 items. A comparison of the stand-ing prices against the average prices prevailing prior tothe introduction of standing offers indicates a totalsaving of $1 million, up from $600 000 in savingsachieved in 1997. Additional economies of 36 to 84%were realized in administrative time and effort fortypical procurement actions. While savings for theseselected items may not increase indefinitely, the resultsachieved from the exercise demonstrate the value ofstandardized procurement, which will be extended toother procurement items.

Efforts to ensure quality management of procurementactivities included a survey of major suppliers to theAgency’s technical co-operation programme ofcomputer equipment, nuclear instrumentation, radia-tion therapy and analytical and laboratory equipmentin order to prepare for possible Year 2000 (Y2K)problems.

In order to manage procurement more efficiently andimprove the Agency’s database of service providers, aregistration form was sent to 77 institutions/companiesaround the world. The information was used to expandthe scope and process of comparative assessment forprocurement.

74 MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

$13 487 142 Information management and support services

$4 744 537 Executive management

$6 849 975 Policy making organs

Legal activities, external relations and

$6 641 181 public information

$23 986 213 General services

$12 491 502 Administration

POLICY MAKING,CO-ORDINATION AND SUPPORT



POLICY MAKING, CO-ORDINATION AND SUPPORT 75

Legal activities

Actions to expand and refine the processes of legislativeassistance in support of Member States seeking toestablish a comprehensive, harmonized and up-to-datesystem of nuclear legislation were continued. The basisfor institutionalizing this assistance was established,including measures designed to enhance the co-ordination of all Agency programmes that have nuclearlegislative or regulatory related components.

Three main types of activities for the provision oflegislative assistance by the Agency have beendeveloped:

• Design and provision of training in nuclear law,through seminars and workshops and individualtraining of persons from Member States involved indrafting nuclear legislation;

• Advice on specific nuclear national legislation; • Development of reference material for the assess-

ment of national nuclear regulatory regimes and forthe drafting of nuclear legislation.

Advice on specific national legislation was provided toBelarus, Croatia, Lithuania, The Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, and Ukraine, and preparationswere made for legislative assistance to be given to coun-tries of the East Asia and Pacific region.

Public informationA brochure outlining the conclusions of the report bythe International Advisory Committee on the radio-logical situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufawas issued, as was another marking the opening of the

Programmeobjective

To provide policy guidance and legal advice,co-ordination and administrative support.

new premises for the Marine Environment Laboratoryin Monaco. The quarterly publication Meetings onAtomic Energy was adapted to enable more efficient hardcopy distribution and electronic on-line access. Videoproduction for television outlets included features onbiofertilizer use in Zimbabwe and the safe transport ofradioactive material.

National or regional public information seminars wereheld in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Romania, Slovakia,Thailand and Tunisia. Additionally, a pilot workshopwas held in Vienna for professional communicatorsfrom nuclear power plants and regulatory bodies inEastern and Central Europe.

Financial management For 1998, the General Conference appropriated anamount of $221.4 million for the Agency’s RegularBudget on the basis of an exchange rate of 12.70Austrian Schillings to one United States dollar, ofwhich $216.5 million was related to Agencyprogrammes. The latter amount was adjusted to$221 million to account for the average United Nationsexchange rate (12.40 Austrian Schillings to one USdollar) actually experienced during the year.

The Regular Budget for 1998, at an exchange rate of12.40 Austrian Schillings to one US dollar, amountedto $226 million, of which $216 million was to befinanced from contributions by Member States on thebasis of the 1998 scale of assessment, $5 million fromincome from reimbursable work for others and$4.7 million from other miscellaneous income.

The actual expenditures for the Agency’s RegularBudget in 1998 amounted to $225.4 million, of which$219.8 million was related to the Agency’sprogrammes. The unused budget from the Agency’sprogrammes amounted to $1.2 million, while the totalunused budget was $0.6 million when account wastaken of reimbursable work for others.

The target for voluntary contributions to the TechnicalCo-operation Fund for 1998 was established at$71.5 million, of which $53.4 million was pledged byMember States.

A total of $28.2 million in extrabudgetary funds wasprovided by Member States, the United Nations, otherinternational organizations and other sources during

1998. Of this amount, $14.6 million was in support ofsafeguards, $2.8 million for food and agriculture,$2.2 million for nuclear safety and $2.6 million forimplementation of United Nations Security CouncilResolution 687 on Iraq. An amount of $1.9 million(supplemented by the Agency’s contribution of$3.1 million) was in support of IAEA-MEL. Theremaining $4.1 million was in support of various otherprojects implemented by the Agency.

A total of $2.4 million was administered on behalf ofresearch institutions and $2.3 million for theInternational Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.

Personnel managementAt a ‘Senior Management Conference’, held in January,the Director General, the heads of Departments andDivision Directors reviewed the internal managementprocess and identified a number of issues that needed tobe addressed, including personnel policies and prac-tices. In line with the recommendations made, acomprehensive policy and framework for staff trainingwas adopted with the objective of enhancing manager-ial effectiveness and improving individual performance.Development commenced of a management trainingcurriculum aimed at fostering good managementpractices within a common framework of policies,procedures and terminology throughout the Agency.

Personnel policies were promulgated on a number ofsubjects, including the use of cost-free experts andconsultants, retirement age, re-employment of retirees,delegations of authority and performance management.Internal disciplinary procedures were revised followingan earlier judgement by the ILO AdministrativeTribunal, which had identified flaws in the existingprocedures.

In the light of a judgement rendered by the ILOAdministrative Tribunal, the practice of requiringgovernment sponsorship for the appointment ofProfessional staff in posts subject to geographical distri-bution was discontinued.

Computer servicesAn Office of Information Management was established.The objective of this office is to streamline the planning,

76 POLICY MAKING, CO-ORDINATION AND SUPPORT

creation, processing, flow and dissemination of infor-mation in order to harmonize activities and ensureconsistent and efficient presentation to informationusers within and outside the Agency. In this connection,a pilot project was initiated to add a multilingual, fulltext search facility to documents of the Board ofGovernors on GovAtom, the restricted Web site of theBoard. Standard document designs were also improved,and an information management course was held as partof the Agency’s management training activities.

In addition to software development support forspecific Agency programmes, the first phase in theestablishment of a Contacts Information System wascompleted with the implementation of the part dealingwith institutions and personnel involved in technicalco-operation projects. The second phase — migrationand modernization of the Agency’s Mailing List System— is under way.

Installation of Microsoft Office 95 as the standard soft-ware throughout the Agency was completed. A trainingcourse accompanied this product roll-out, with approx-imately 800 staff being trained in the use of MicrosoftWord. A security audit was completed, with approxi-mately half of the identified vulnerabilities beingresolved. Technical enhancements in the security areaincluded: the installation of virus protection softwareon user workstations and the mail servers; WindowsNT password reform; introduction of e-mail and docu-ment encryption (used almost exclusively in theDepartment of Safeguards); and implementation ofVirtual Private Networking (VPN) standards. Proce-dures for performing risk assessments of individual in-house desktop personal computers were established.The Agency’s Liaison Office in New York will be thefirst to use VPN technology to obtain secure remoteaccess to the Agency local area network in Vienna.

Library servicesA Joint Management Consultative Committee on theVIC Library Services was established by the Agency inco-operation with UNIDO, the United Nations Officeat Vienna/Office for Drug Control and CrimePrevention and the CTBTO to ensure co-ordination atthe senior management level of the provision of libraryservices and to provide advice and recommendations tohelp ensure that the services are in harmony with thestrategies and objectives of the organizations in theVienna International Centre.

The VIC Library’s home page — VICLNET —provided 17 subscribed electronic journals, 128 freeInternet journals and 3 general electronic informationservices to the staff.

A journal subscription review was undertaken toanalyse journal needs against programme requirements.The content and value of journals were assessed,resulting in savings that could be used for fundingthe acquisition of new information materials andservices required to support the changing needs ofprogrammes.

After a two year study investigating options for a newgeneration of integrated library systems, a new softwaresystem was licensed for the Library. This system makespossible further integration of Internet informationresources with the Library’s collections. It will also helpto improve the efficiency and effectiveness of all libraryoperations. A project to migrate to the new system wasinitiated.

Publishing servicesThe journal Nuclear Fusion was made available in bothprinted and Internet versions (http://epub.iaea.org/fusion). For the electronic version the original text iscoded using the LaTeX mark-up language. The desiredfinal products are then generated from this text, that isversions for printing and for the Internet.

A study on electronic publishing throughout theAgency was initiated to review this area of rapidlyexpanding importance.

In 1998, 155 books, reports, journal issues and book-lets were published in English. In addition, there were2 publications in Arabic, 3 in French, 4 in Spanish and13 in Russian. Of particular note were:

• Accidental Overexposure of Radiotheraphy Patients inSan José, Costa Rica;

• Choosing the Nuclear Power Option: Factors to beConsidered;

• Goiânia: Ten Years Later;• Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation: Biological Effects

and Regulatory Control;• Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Reactor Strategies: Adjusting

to New Realities;• Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials: Experience

in Regulation, Implementation and Operations;

POLICY MAKING, CO-ORDINATION AND SUPPORT 77

• Radiological Conditions at Bikini Atoll: Prospects forResettlement;

• Radiological Conditions at the Semipalatinsk Test Site,Kazakhstan: Preliminary Assessment and Recom-mendations for Further Study;

• Radiological Conditions of the Western Kara Sea:Assessment of the Radiological Impact of the Dumpingof Radioactive Waste in the Arctic Seas;

• Safe Handling and Storage of Plutonium;• The Radiological Accident at Tammiku;• The Radiological Accident in the Reprocessing Plant at

Tomsk;• The Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa

and Fangataufa (nine volumes).

International NuclearInformation System

Senegal, the United Arab Emirates, the CTBTO andthe World Council of Nuclear Workers were among theMember States and organizations that joined INIS in1998. The current number of participating members is103 countries and 19 international organizations.

The INIS Database contained 2 083 952 records ofconventional and non-conventional literature (NCL) atthe end of 1998 (67 857 records were added during theyear). Beginning in October, the database was madeaccessible for the first time from a new Internet basedon-line retrieval system. At the end of 1998, there were157 free registered users and 426 users with paidsubscriptions to the service, for a total of nearly 600users.

The INIS Clearinghouse imaging process reached theone million page milestone (over 15 000 documents) inDecember. During the year, 6673 NCL documentswere imaged for a total of 448 170 pages scanned.Scans from a further 3130 documents were also sent byMember States for an overall total of 9803 documentsin 1998. In addition, 36 CD-ROMs were producedduring the year, bringing the total to 81 since imagingbegan. The production of NCL continues on micro-fiche for archival purposes.

The 26th Annual Consultative meeting of INISLiaison Officers was held in June. Recommendationswere made on: pricing and access policy for the INISDatabase on the Internet; document deliverymechanisms for NCL; a distance education strategy;

and the development of a new INIS record format.The fourth Joint INIS/ETDE Technical Committeemeeting was held in October. A significant outcome ofthis meeting was the redesign of the INIS/ETDErecord format to simplify and reduce the cost of inputpreparation.

78 POLICY MAKING, CO-ORDINATION AND SUPPORT

THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AND THE GENERAL CONFERENCE 79

The application of Benin for membership of theAgency was approved by the General Conference onthe recommendation of the Board of Governors.

The Informal Working Group on the Restoration ofVoting Rights, established by the Board in 1997,completed its task. Consequently, the GeneralConference adopted criteria and guidelines for theconsideration of future requests for the restoration ofvoting rights, as well as procedural rules and practicesrelated to early notification to Member States in arrears.At the request of the General Conference, the Boardsubsequently agreed on further measures to facilitatethe payment of contributions by Member States inarrears.

The Informal Working Group on the Financing ofTechnical Assistance, established by the Board in 1997,completed its work and its recommendations wereapproved by the Board.

The Chairperson of the Joint Consultative Group onIAEA/CTBTO Co-operation submitted her report.

The Board encouraged the Secretariat and theProvisional Technical Secretariat of the CTBTO tocontinue their co-operation according to their respec-tive mandates.

The General Conference referred all issues relating toArticle VI back to the Board for further considerationand urged the Board to redouble its efforts to achieve asolution to this long standing issue and to report to theConference, at its 43rd regular session, on a finalizedformula, taking into account the progress achieved sofar.

The General Conference decided to confer uponPalestine, in its capacity as observer, additional rightsand privileges of participation in the work of theAgency, as set out in the Annex to the Resolutionadopted by the Conference.

Following the endorsement of the Board, the GeneralConference approved the recommendations made bythe Secretariat on streamlining the working practices ofthe General Conference.

THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AND THE GENERAL CONFERENCE

81ANNEX

ANNEXSummary of allocation and utilization of regular budget resources in 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Extrabudgetary Programme Fund 1998 (resources and expenditures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Technical co-operation disbursements by Agency Programme/Major Programme and region in 1998 . . . . . . 85

Assessment of Safety Significant Events Team (ASSET) services, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Engineering Safety Review Services (ESRS) related to site and external hazards, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) ratings reported, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

International Peer Review Service (IPERS) on probabilistic safety analysis reviews, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

International Regulatory Review Team (IRRT) missions, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Integrated Safety Assessment of Research Reactors (INSARR) missions, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Operational Safety Review Team (OSART) missions, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Radioactive Waste Safety Assessment services, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Safety culture seminars, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Number of States having significant nuclear activities at the end of 1996, 1997 and 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Situation on 31 December 1998 with respect to the conclusion of safeguards agreements between the Agency and non-nuclear-weapon States in connection with NPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Situation on 31 December 1998 with respect to the conclusion of safeguards agreements between the Agency and States party to the Treaty of Tlatelolco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Agreements providing for safeguards, other than those in connection with NPT or the Treaty of Tlatelolco, approved by the Board of Governors as of 31 December 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Approximate quantities of material subject to Agency safeguards at the end of 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Number of facilities under safeguards or containing safeguarded material on 31 December 1998 . . . . . . . . . . 101

Facilities under Agency safeguards or containing safeguarded material on 31 December 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Additional safeguards support provided by States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Main equipment and activities in support of safeguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Conventions negotiated and adopted under the auspices of the Agency and for which the Director General is the depositary (status and relevant developments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Co-ordinated Research Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Training courses, seminars and workshops in 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Publications issued in 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

83ANNEX

SUMMARY OF ALLOCATION AND UTILIZATION OF REGULAR BUDGET RESOURCESIN 1998

1998 1998 1998 total expenditure Unusedbudget adjusted % of (over-

Major Programme/Programme GC(41)/10 budget Amount adjusted expended)(at AS 12.70) (at AS 12.40) budget budget

(3)/(2) (2)–(3)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

NUCLEAR POWER AND FUEL CYCLENuclear power 4 613 000 4 699 000 4 709 287 100.22% (10 287)Nuclear fuel cycle and waste technology 5 100 000 5 190 000 5 024 206 96.81% 165 794Comparative assessment of energy sources 2 526 000 2 571 000 2 529 130 98.37% 41 870

Subtotal 12 239 000 12 460 000 12 262 623 98.42% 197 377

NUCLEAR APPLICATIONSFood and agriculture 10 495 000 10 677 000 10 527 534 98.60% 149 466Human health 5 805 000 5 899 000 5 821 803 98.69% 77 197Marine environment, water 6 507 000 6 626 000 6 654 068 100.42% (28 068)

resources and industryPhysical and chemical sciences 8 740 000 8 866 000 8 950 254 100.95% (84 254)

Subtotal 31 547 000 32 068 000 31 953 659 99.64% 114 341

NUCLEAR, RADIATION AND WASTE SAFETYNuclear safety 5 506 000 5 617 000 5 293 366 94.24% 323 634Radiation safety 3 464 000 3 534 000 3 690 384 104.43% (156 384)Radioactive waste safety 1 870 000 1 908 000 1 920 118 100.64% (12 118)Co-ordination of safety activities 2 902 000 2 963 000 2 875 826 97.06% 87 174

Subtotal 13 742 000 14 022 000 13 779 694 98.27% 242 306

NUCLEAR VERIFICATION AND SECURITY OF MATERIALSafeguards 78 585 000 80 254 000 80 341 851 100.11% (87 851)Security of material 542 000 553 000 464 718 84.04% 88 282

Subtotal 79 127 000 80 807 000 80 806 569 100.00% 431

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENTManagement of technical co-operation 12 526 000 12 806 000 12 801 569 99.97% 4 431

for development

Subtotal 12 526 000 12 806 000 12 801 569 99.97% 4 431

POLICY MAKING, CO-ORDINATION AND SUPPORTExecutive management 4 886 000 4 992 000 4 744 537 95.04% 247 463Policy making organs 6 926 000 7 078 000 6 849 975 96.78% 228 025Legal activities, external relations 7 153 000 7 301 000 6 641 181 90.96% 659 819

and public informationAdministration 12 364 000 12 643 000 12 491 502 98.80% 151 498General services 22 340 000 22 865 000 23 986 213 104.90% (1 121 213)Information management and 13 624 000 13 921 000 13 487 142 96.88% 433 858

support services

Subtotal 67 293 000 68 800 000 68 200 550 99.13% 599 450

Agency’s Programmes 216 474 000 220 963 000 219 804 664 99.48% 1 158 336Plus: reimbursable work for others 4 896 000 5 004 000 5 546 725 110.85% (542 725)

TOTAL regular budget 221 370 000 225 967 000 225 351 389 99.73% 615 611

84 ANNEX

EXTRABUDGETARY PROGRAMME FUND 1998 (RESOURCES AND EXPENDITURES)

Resources Unused Unused balance

Programme balance Adjusted Total as atas at Receipts Budget Expenditure 31 December

1 January 19981998 (1)+(2) (3)–(4)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Projects funded by individual Member StatesNuclear power 288 036 66 467 354 503 120 956 233 547 Nuclear fuel cycle and 220 134 494 901 715 035 425 188 289 847

waste technologyComparative assessment 138 430 210 000 348 430 212 327 136 103

of energy sourcesFood and agriculture 1 239 346 832 452 2 071 798 1 342 376 729 422 Human health 308 893 120 213 429 106 121 893 307 213 Marine environment, water 1 501 520 1 177 234 2 678 754 1 526 931 1 151 823

resources and industryPhysical and chemical sciences 100 490 9 349 109 839 82 841 26 998 Nuclear safety 1 057 463 2 019 172 3 076 635 1 467 037 1 609 598 Radiation safety 614 611 217 216 831 827 746 426 85 401 Radioactive waste safety 188 024 0 188 024 134 814 53 210 Co-ordination of safety activities 292 413 198 459 490 872 309 721 181 151 Safeguards 10 881 620 14 619 779 25 501 399 15 556 012 9 945 387 Security of material 1 078 863 371 079 1 449 942 1 025 160 424 782 Management of technical 285 735 204 670 490 405 328 270 162 135

co-operation for developmentExecutive management 492 198 726 900 1 219 098 661 862 557 236 Legal activities, external relations 628 382 957 504 1 585 886 962 293 623 593

and public informationAdministration 111 371 48 000 159 371 121 151 38 220

Subtotal 19 427 529 22 273 395 41 700 924 25 145 258 16 555 666

Multi-funded projectsNuclear power 80 407 29 121 109 528 3 600 105 928 Nuclear fuel cycle and 10 075 85 697 95 772 70 057 25 715

waste technologyFood and agriculture 127 907 160 252 288 159 120 283 167 876 Nuclear safety 412 227 203 441 615 668 514 410 101 258 Co-ordination of safety activities 0 54 299 54 299 0 54 299

Subtotal 630 616 532 810 1 163 426 708 350 455 076

International organizationsFood and agriculture 190 839 1 850 114 2 040 953 1 817 853 223 100 Marine environment, water 79 218 766 968 846 186 443 663 402 523

resources and industryExecutive management 138 322 1 885 000 2 023 322 1 996 939 26 383

Subtotal 408 379 4 502 082 4 910 461 4 258 455 652 006

Agency’s programmes 20 466 524 27 308 287 47 774 811 30 112 063 17 662 748

FAO:AGRIS 0 867 656 867 656 813 488 54 168

Total Extrabudgetary Programme Fund 20 466 524 28 175 943 48 642 467 30 925 551 17 716 916

85ANNEX

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION DISBURSEMENTS BY AGENCY PROGRAMME/MAJORPROGRAMME AND REGION IN 1998 (in thousands of dollars)

Africa Latin East Asia West Europe Inter- TotalAmerica and Pacific Asia regional

Nuclear power 123.20 430.00 700.10 288.80 1 883.30 329.80 3 755.20

Nuclear fuel cycle and waste technology 379.20 228.50 457.00 2 162.20 1 069.60 391.70 4 688.20

Comparative assessment of energy sources 13.40 26.60 212.30 4.80 150.70 — 407.80

Food and agriculture 4 692.70 2 292.30 1 556.40 1 032.40 446.60 410.40 10 430.80

Human health 3 204.20 4 613.00 1 862.70 1 367.50 2 258.20 225.20 13 530.80

Marine environment, water resources and industry 1 559.30 1 075.30 1 026.90 454.50 2 822.90 60.90 6 999.80

Physical and chemical sciences 2 673.40 1 109.00 656.70 1 308.70 1 369.60 208.60 7 326.00

Nuclear safety 215.50 204.60 885.30 122.40 1 527.40 331.00 3 286.20

Radiation safety 1 423.20 1 397.90 972.30 891.10 2 474.00 1 101.30 8 259.80

Radioactive waste safety 132.30 162.10 21.50 34.00 580.40 81.60 1 011.90

Co-ordination of safety activities 405.40 14.50 95.50 73.70 589.80 54.80 1 233.70

Safeguards — 18.60 — — — — 18.60

Security of material 7.60 — — — — — 7.60

Management of technical co-operation for development 371.80 674.60 656.90 169.30 273.70 1 115.00 3 261.30

Policy making, co-ordination and support 9.00 3.80 2.60 19.50 216.10 52.00 303.00

15 210.20 12 250.80 9 106.20 7 928.90 15 662.30 4 362.30 64 520.70

86 ANNEX

ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY SIGNIFICANTEVENTS TEAM (ASSET) SERVICES, 1998

Location/Type Country nuclear power

plant

SA Hungary PaksS Ukraine ChernobylSA Egypt CairoS Lithuania IgnalinaS United Kingdom HartlepoolS Ukraine South UkraineZ Ukraine ChernobylZ Finland OlkiluotoZ Romania CernavodaZ Kazakhstan Aktau

S: ASSET seminar to present guidance for plant self-assessment.SA: ASSET seminar on analysis of the root causes of events.Z: Peer review of self-assessment of plant operational events.

ENGINEERING SAFETY REVIEWSERVICES (ESRS) RELATED TO SITEAND EXTERNAL HAZARDS, 1998

Country Site/plant Service

Pakistan Kanupp SIChina Lianyungang SIRussian Federation EEPSASlovenia Krško EEPSAAustralia Lucas Heights SIslamic Republic of Iran Bushehr SI–WIndonesia Muria SArmenia Medzamor SC–FRomania Cernavoda S

EEPSA: External Events PSA Review/workshop.S: Review of site investigations for all disciplines involved.SC–F: Follow-up mission of previous reviews of seismiccapacity and upgrades of systems, structures and components.SI: Review of investigations for determining the seismic inputparameters specific to the site.SI–W: Review of investigations for determining the seismicinput parameters specific to the site/workshop.

INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR EVENTSCALE (INES) RATINGS REPORTED,1998

Level Description Number reported

Below scale Deviation 51 Anomaly 12 Incident 133 Serious incident 04–7 Accidents 0

INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEWSERVICE (IPERS) ON PROBABILISTICSAFETY ANALYSIS REVIEWS, 1998

Location/Review type Country nuclear power

plant

Fire PSA Slovenia KrškoReview PSAPRO

software AustriaInternal event+fire+

flood PSA Czech Republic DukovanyInternal events PSA Russian

Federation Novovoronezh 5Internal events PSA China Daya Bay

INTERNATIONAL REGULATORYREVIEW TEAM (IRRT) MISSIONS, 1998

Type of mission Country

Reduced scope RomaniaReduced scope SlovakiaFull scope UkraineFull scope Switzerland

INTEGRATED SAFETY ASSESSMENT OFRESEARCH REACTORS (INSARR)MISSIONS, 1998

Location/Country Type nuclear power

plant

Thailand Review of PSAR for a new reactor Bangkok

Indonesia Review of operational safety issues Serpong,

near Jakarta

87ANNEX

OPERATIONAL SAFETY REVIEW TEAM (OSART) MISSIONS, 1998

Type Location/nuclear power plant Plant type Country

OSART Paluel PWR FranceFollow-up OSART Beznau PWRSwitzerlandFollow-up OSART Bohunice WWER SlovakiaFollow-up OSART Guangdong PWR ChinaOSART Asco PWR SpainFollow-up OSART Dampierre PWR FranceFollow-up OSART Laguna Verde BWR MexicoPreparatory visit Chasnupp PWR PakistanPreparatory visit Bugey PWR FranceOSART Golfech PWR FrancePreparatory visit Gösgen PWRSwitzerlandOSART BN-350, Aktau FBRKazakhstan

RADIOACTIVE WASTE SAFETY ASSESSMENT SERVICES, 1998

Location Type

Vaalputs, South Africa Low level waste repositoryRepublic of Moldova Low level waste repository

SAFETY CULTURE SEMINARS, 1998

Location Country

Point Lepereau Nuclear Generating Station CanadaIgnalina LithuaniaNational Nuclear Safety Administration, Beijing ChinaKEPCO Nuclear Training Centre, Kori Republic of KoreaKarachi Nuclear Power Plant PakistanEletronuclear, Rio de Janeiro, Angra BrazilRovno Nuclear Power Plant Ukraine

88 ANNEX

NUMBER OF STATES HAVING SIGNIFICANT NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES AT THE END OF1996, 1997 AND 1998

Number of States

1996 1997 1998

States with safeguards applied under NPT or NPT/Tlatelolco agreements 54a 56a 57a

States with safeguards applied under Tlatelolco agreements 1 2 2

States with safeguards applied pursuant to other comprehensive 3 1 0safeguards agreements

States with safeguards applied under INFCIRC/66/Rev.2-type agreementsb 5 4 4

Nuclear weapon States with safeguards applied under voluntary offer 5 5 5agreements

States without any safeguards agreement in force 1 1 1

Total number of States with significant nuclear activitiesc 69 69 69a This excludes Iraq, where safeguards activities in 1998 continued to be subsumed under activities carried out pursuant to United

Nations Security Council Resolution 687.b Some States with INFCIRC/66/Rev.2-type agreements under which the application of safeguards has not yet been suspended,

although NPT or other comprehensive safeguards agreements have entered into force, are listed under NPT agreements only.Nuclear weapon States with INFCIRC/66/Rev.2-type agreements in force are not included. Safeguards are also applied to nuclearinstallations in Taiwan, China.

c According to information available to the Agency for the year in question.

SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1998 WITH RESPECT TO THE CONCLUSION OFSAFEGUARDS AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE AGENCY AND NON-NUCLEAR-WEAPONSTATES IN CONNECTION WITH NPT

Non-nuclear-weapon States Date of ratification, Safeguards agreement which have signed, ratified, accession or with INFCIRCacceded to or succeeded to NPTa successiona the Agency

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Afghanistan 4 February 1970 In force: 20 February 1978 257Albaniab 12 September 1990Algeria 12 January 1995 In force: 7 January 1997 531Andorra 25 June 1996Angola 14 October 1996Antigua and Barbudac 1 November 1981 In force: 9 September 1996 528Argentinad 10 February 1995 In force: 18 March 1997 435/Mod.1Armenia 15 July 1993 In force: 5 May 1994 455Australia 23 January 1973 In force: 10 July 1974 217Austriae 27 June 1969 Accession: 31 July 1996 193Azerbaijan 22 September 1992 Signed: 6 November 1998

Bahamasc 10 July 1973 In force: 12 September 1997 544Bahrain 3 November 1988Bangladesh 27 September 1979 In force: 11 June 1982 301Barbadosc 21 February 1980 In force: 14 August 1996 527Belarus 22 July 1993 In force: 2 August 1995 495Belgium 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193Belizef 9 August 1985 In force: 21 January 1997 532Benin 31 October 1972Bhutan 23 May 1985 In force: 24 October 1989 371Boliviac 26 May 1970 In force: 6 February 1995 465Bosnia and Herzegovinag 15 August 1994 In force: 28 December 1973 204Botswana 28 April 1969Brazilh 18 September 1998Brunei Darussalam 25 March 1985 In force: 4 November 1987 365Bulgaria 5 September 1969 In force: 29 February 1972 178Burkina Faso 3 March 1970Burundi 19 March 1971

Cambodia 2 June 1972Cameroon 8 January 1969 Signed: 21 May 1992Canada 8 January 1969 In force: 21 February 1972 164Cape Verde 24 October 1979Central African Republic 25 October 1970Chad 10 March 1971Chilei 25 May 1995 In force: 9 September 1996 476/Mod.1Colombiaj 8 April 1986Comoros 4 October 1995Congo 23 October 1978Costa Ricac 3 March 1970 In force: 22 November 1979 278Côte d’Ivoire 6 March 1973 In force: 8 September 1983 309Croatia 29 June 1992 In force: 19 January 1995 463Cyprus 10 February 1970 In force: 26 January 1973 189Czech Republick 1 January 1993 In force: 11 September 1997 541

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 12 December 1985 In force: 10 April 1992 403Democratic Republic of the Congo 4 August 1970 In force: 9 November 1972 183Denmarkl 3 January 1969 In force: 21 February 1977 193

89ANNEX

Djibouti 16 October 1996Dominicaf 10 August 1984 In force: 3 May 1996 513Dominican Republicc 24 July 1971 In force: 11 October 1973 201

Ecuadorc 7 March 1969 In force: 10 March 1975 231Egypt 26 February 1981 In force: 30 June 1982 302El Salvadorc 11 July 1972 In force: 22 April 1975 232Equatorial Guinea 1 November 1984 Approved by the Board, June 1986Eritrea 16 March 1995Estonia 31 January 1992 In force: 24 November 1997 547Ethiopia 5 February 1970 In force: 2 December 1977 261

Fiji 14 July 1972 In force: 22 March 1973 192Finlandm 5 February 1969 Accession: 1 October 1995 193

Gabon 19 February 1974 Signed: 3 December 1979Gambia 12 May 1975 In force: 8 August 1978 277Georgia 7 March 1994 Signed: 29 September 1997Germanyn 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193Ghana 5 May 1970 In force: 17 February 1975 226Greeceo 11 March 1970 Accession: 17 December 1981 193Grenadac 19 August 1974 In force: 23 July 1996 525Guatemalac 22 September 1970 In force: 1 February 1982 299Guinea 29 April 1985Guinea-Bissau 20 August 1976Guyanac 19 October 1993 In force: 23 May 1997 543

Haitic 2 June 1970 Signed: 6 January 1975Holy See 25 February 1971 In force: 1 August 1972 187Hondurasc 16 May 1973 In force: 18 April 1975 235Hungary 27 May 1969 In force: 30 March 1972 174

Iceland 18 July 1969 In force: 16 October 1974 215Indonesia 12 July 1979 In force: 14 July 1980 283Iran, Islamic Republic of 2 February 1970 In force: 15 May 1974 214Iraq 29 October 1969 In force: 29 February 1972 172Ireland 1 July 1968 In force: 21 February 1977 193Italy 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193

Jamaicac 5 March 1970 In force: 6 November 1978 265Japan 8 June 1976 In force: 2 December 1977 255Jordan 11 February 1970 In force: 21 February 1978 258

Kazakhstan 14 February 1994 In force: 11 August 1995 504Kenya 11 June 1970Kiribati 18 April 1985 In force: 19 December 1990 390Korea, Republic of 23 April 1975 In force: 14 November 1975 236Kuwait 17 November 1989 Signed: 18 March 1998Kyrgyzstan 5 July 1994 Signed: 18 March 1998

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 20 February 1970 Signed: 22 November 1991Latvia 31 January 1992 In force: 21 December 1993 434Lebanon 15 July 1970 In force: 5 March 1973 191Lesotho 20 May 1970 In force: 12 June 1973 199

90 ANNEX

SAFEGUARDS AGREEMENTS (cont.)


(1) (2) (3) (4)

Liberia 5 March 1970Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 26 May 1975 In force: 8 July 1980 282Liechtenstein 20 April 1978 In force: 4 October 1979 275Lithuania 23 September 1991 In force: 15 October 1992 413Luxembourg 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193

Madagascar 8 October 1970 In force: 14 June 1973 200Malawi 18 February 1986 In force: 3 August 1992 409Malaysia 5 March 1970 In force: 29 February 1972 182Maldives 7 April 1970 In force: 2 October 1977 253Mali 10 February 1970Malta 6 February 1970 In force: 13 November 1990 387Marshall Islands 30 January 1995Mauritania 26 October 1993Mauritius 25 April 1969 In force: 31 January 1973 190Mexicoc 21 January 1969 In force: 14 September 1973 197Micronesia, Federated States of 14 April 1995Moldova, Republic of 11 October 1994 Signed: 14 June 1996Monaco 13 March 1995 In force: 13 June 1996 524Mongolia 14 May 1969 In force: 5 September 1972 188Morocco 27 November 1970 In force: 18 February 1975 228Mozambique 4 September 1990Myanmar 2 December 1992 In force: 20 April 1995 477

Namibia 2 October 1992 In force: 15 April 1998 551Nauru 7 June 1982 In force: 13 April 1984 317Nepal 5 January 1970 In force: 22 June 1972 186Netherlandsp 2 May 1975 In force: 21 February 1977 193New Zealandq 10 September 1969 In force: 29 February 1972 185Nicaraguac 6 March 1973 In force: 29 December 1976 246Niger 9 October 1992Nigeria 27 September 1968 In force: 29 February 1988 358Norway 5 February 1969 In force: 1 March 1972 177

Oman 23 January 1997

Palau, Republic of 14 April 1995Panamac,r 13 January 1977 Signed : 22 December 1988Papua New Guinea 25 January 1982 In force: 13 October 1983 312Paraguayc 4 February 1970 In force: 20 March 1979 279Peruc 3 March 1970 In force: 1 August 1979 273Philippines 5 October 1972 In force: 16 October 1974 216Poland 12 June 1969 In force: 11 October 1972 179Portugals 15 December 1977 Accession: 1 July 1986 193

Qatar 3 April 1989

Romania 4 February 1970 In force: 27 October 1972 180Rwanda 20 May 1975

St. Kitts and Nevisf 22 March 1993 In force: 7 May 1996 514St. Luciaf 28 December 1979 In force: 2 February 1990 379St. Vincent and the Grenadinesf 6 November 1984 In force: 8 January 1992 400

91ANNEX



(1) (2) (3) (4)

Samoa 17 March 1975 In force: 22 January 1979 268San Marino 10 August 1970 In force: 21 September 1998 575São Tome and Principe 20 July 1983Saudi Arabia 3 October 1988Senegal 17 December 1970 In force: 14 January 1980 276Seychelles 12 March 1985Sierra Leone 26 February 1975 Signed: 10 November 1977Singapore 10 March 1976 In force: 18 October 1977 259Slovakiat 1 January 1993 In force: 3 March 1972 173Slovenia 7 April 1992 In force: 1 August 1997 538Solomon Islands 17 June 1981 In force: 17 June 1993 420Somalia 5 March 1970South Africa 10 July 1991 In force: 16 September 1991 394Spain 5 November 1987 Accession: 5 April 1989 193Sri Lanka 5 March 1979 In force: 6 August 1984 320Sudan 31 October 1973 In force: 7 January 1977 245Surinamec 30 June 1976 In force: 2 February 1979 269Swaziland 11 December 1969 In force: 28 July 1975 227Swedenu 9 January 1970 Accession: 1 June 1995 193Switzerland 9 March 1977 In force: 6 September 1978 264Syrian Arab Republic 24 September 1969 In force: 18 May 1992 407

Tajikistan 17 January 1997Thailand 7 December 1972 In force: 16 May 1974 241The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 12 April 1995Togo 26 February 1970 Signed: 29 November 1990Tonga 7 July 1971 In force: 18 November 1993 426Trinidad and Tobagoc 30 October 1986 In force: 4 November 1992 414Tunisia 26 February 1970 In force: 13 March 1990 381Turkey 17 April 1980 In force: 1 September 1981 295Turkmenistan 29 September 1994Tuvalu 19 January 1979 In force: 15 March 1991 391

Uganda 20 October 1982Ukraine 5 December 1994 In force: 22 January 1998 550United Arab Emirates 26 September 1995United Republic of Tanzania 7 June 1991 Signed: 26 August 1992Uruguayc 31 August 1970 In force: 17 September 1976 157Uzbekistan 7 May 1992 In force: 8 October 1994 508

Vanuatu 24 August 1995Venezuelac 26 September 1975 In force: 11 March 1982 300Viet Nam 14 June 1982 In force: 23 February 1990 376

Yemen, Republic of 1 June 1979Yugoslaviav,

Federal Republic of 3 March 1970 In force: 28 December 1973 204

Zambia 15 May 1991 In force: 22 September 1994 456Zimbabwe 26 September 1991 In force: 26 June 1995 483

92 ANNEX



(1) (2) (3) (4)

a The information in columns (1) and (2) was provided to the Agency by depositary governments of NPT, and an entry incolumn (1) does not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Secretariat concerning the legal status of any countryor territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The table does not contain information relatingto the participation of Taiwan, China, in NPT.

b A sui generis comprehensive safeguards agreement with Albania entered into force on 25 March 1988 (INFCIRC/359).c The relevant safeguards agreement refers to both NPT and the Treaty of Tlatelolco.d An exchange of letters has taken place between Argentina and the Agency confirming that the safeguards agreement condluded

between Argentina, Brazil, ABACC and the Agency for the application of safeguards which entered into force on 4 March 1994(INFCIRC/435) satisfies the requirements of Argentina under Article III of the NPT to conclude a safeguards agreement withthe Agency. The exchange of letters entered into force on the date of approval by the Board of Governors.

e The application of safeguards in Austria under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/156, in force since 23 July 1972, wassuspended on 31 July 1996, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 (INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weaponStates of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency, to which Austria had acceded, entered into force for Austria.

f An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the NPT safeguards agreementconcluded with the State satisfies the obligations of the State under Article 13 of the Treaty of Tlatelolco to conclude asafeguards agreement with the Agency.

g The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (INFCIRC/204), which enteredinto force on 28 December 1973, continues to be applied in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the extent relevant to the territory ofBosnia and Herzegovina.

h The Board of Governors has concluded that the agreement between Argentina, Brazil, the ABACC and the Agency for theapplication of safeguards which entered into force on 4 March 1994 (INFCIRC/435) is compatible with the Treaty of Tlatelolcoand the NPT.

i An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the safeguards agreement concludedwith the State pursuant to the Treaty of Tlatelolco satisfies the requirements of the obligations of the State under Article III ofthe NPT to conclude a safeguards agreement with the Agency. The exchange of letters entered into force on the date of approvalby the Board of Governors.

j A comprehensive safeguards agreement with Colombia concluded pursuant to the Treaty of Tlatelolco entered into force on22 December 1982 (INFCIRC/306).

k The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (INFCIRC/173), which entered into forceon 3 March 1972, continued to be applied in the Czech Republic to the extent relevant to the territory of the Czech Republicuntil 11 September 1997, on which date the NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Czech Republic entered into force.

l The NPT safeguards agreement with Denmark (INFCIRC/176), in force since 1 March 1972, has been replaced by theagreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency(INFCIRC/193) but still applies to the Faroe Islands. Upon Greenland’s secession from EURATOM as of 31 January 1985,the Agreement between the Agency and Denmark (INFCIRC/176) re-entered into force as to Greenland.

m The application of safeguards in Finland under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/155, in force since 9 February 1972,was suspended on 1 October 1995, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 (INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency, to which Finland had acceded, entered into force for Finland.

n The NPT safeguards agreement of 7 March 1972 concluded with the German Democratic Republic (INFCIRC/181) is nolonger in force with effect from 3 October 1990, on which date the German Democratic Republic acceded to the FederalRepublic of Germany.

o The application of safeguards in Greece under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/166, provisionally in force since1 March 1972, was suspended on 17 December 1981, on which date Greece acceded to the agreement of 5 April 1973(INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency.

p An agreement had also been concluded in respect of the Netherlands Antilles (INFCIRC/229). This agreement entered intoforce on 5 June 1975.

q The NPT safeguards agreement with New Zealand (INFCIRC/185) also applies to Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau.r A comprehensive safeguards agreement with Panama concluded pursuant to the Treaty of Tlatelolco entered into force on

23 March 1984 (INFCIRC/316).s The application of safeguards in Portugal under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/272, in force since 14 June 1979,

was suspended on 1 July 1986, on which date Portugal acceded to the agreement of 5 April 1973 (INFCIRC/193) between thenon-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency.

t The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (INFCIRC/173), which entered into forceon 3 March 1972, continues to be applied in Slovakia to the extent relevant to the territory of Slovakia. A new NPT safeguardsagreement concluded with Slovakia was approved by the Board of Governors on 14 September 1998.

93ANNEX

u The application of safeguards in Sweden under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/234, in force since 14 April 1975,was suspended on 1 June 1995, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 (INFCIRC/193) between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency, to which Sweden had acceded, entered into force for Sweden.

v The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (INFCIRC/204), which enteredinto force on 28 December 1973, continues to be applied in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the extent relevant to theterritory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

94 ANNEX

SITUATION ON 31 DECEMBER 1998 WITH RESPECT TO THE CONCLUSION OFSAFEGUARDS AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE AGENCY AND STATES PARTY TO THETREATY OF TLATELOLCOa

States party to the Date of becoming a party Safeguards agreement INFCIRCTreaty of Tlatelolco to the Treaty of Tlatelolco with the Agency(1) (2) (3) (4)

Antigua and Barbudab 11 October 1983 In force: 9 September 1996 528Argentinac 18 January 1994 In force: 18 March 1997 435/Mod.1

Bahamasb 26 April 1977 In force: 12 September 1997 544Barbadosb 25 April 1969 In force: 14 August 1996 527Belized 4 November 1994 In force: 18 March 1997 532/Mod.1Boliviab 18 February 1969 In force: 6 February 1995 465Brazilc 30 May 1994 In force: 10 June 1997 435/Mod.2

Chile 18 January 1994 In force: 5 April 1995 476Colombia 6 September 1972 In force: 22 December 1982 306Costa Ricab 25 August 1969 In force: 22 November 1979 278

Dominicad 25 August 1993 In force: 10 June 1997 513/Mod.1Dominican Republicb 14 June 1968 In force: 11 October 1973 201

Ecuadorb 11 February 1969 In force: 10 March 1975 231El Salvadorb 22 April 1968 In force: 22 April 1975 232

Grenadab 20 June 1975 In force: 23 July 1996 525Guatemalab 6 February 1970 In force: 1 February 1982 299Guyanab 6 May 1996 In force: 23 May 1997 543

Haitib 23 May 1969 Signed: 6 January 1975Hondurasb 23 September 1968 In force: 18 April 1975 235

Jamaicab 26 June 1969 In force: 6 November 1978 265

Mexicob,e 20 September 1967 In force: 14 September 1973 197

Nicaraguab 24 October 1968 In force: 29 December 1976 246

Panamaf 11 June 1971 In force: 23 March 1984 316Paraguayb 19 March 1969 In force: 20 March 1979 279Perub 4 March 1969 In force: 1 August 1979 273

St. Kitts and Nevisd 14 February 1997 In force: 18 March 1997 514/Mod.1St. Luciad 2 June 1995 In force: 12 June 1996 379/Mod.1St. Vincent and the Grenadinesd 11 May 1992 In force: 18 March 1997 400/Mod.1Surinameb 10 June 1977 In force: 2 February 1979 269

Trinidad and Tobagob 27 June 1975 In force: 4 November 1992 414

Uruguayb 20 August 1968 In force: 17 September 1976 157

Venezuelab 23 March 1970 In force: 11 March 1982 300

In addition, there are the following safeguards agreements with States party to Additional Protocol I to the Treatyg:

France Approved by the Board, March 1998Netherlandsb In force: 5 June 1975 229United Kingdom Approved by the Board, Sep.1992United States of America In force: 6 April 1989 366

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a The information in columns (1) and (2) was provided by Mexico as depositary of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. In addition to theStates listed in column (1), Cuba signed the Treaty on 25 March 1995.

b The relevant safeguards agreement refers to both the Treaty of Tlatelolco and the NPT.c An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the safeguards agreement concluded

between Argentina, Brazil, ABACC and the Agency for the application of safeguards which entered into force on 4 March 1994(INFCIRC/435) satisfies the requirements of this State under Article 13 of the Treaty of Tlatelolco to conclude a safeguardsagreement with the Agency. The exchange of letters entered into force on the date of approval by the Board of Governors.

d An exchange of letters has taken place between this State and the Agency confirming that the NPT safeguards agreementconcluded with the State satisfies the obligations of the State under Article 13 of the Treaty of Tlatelolco to conclude asafeguards agreement with the Agency. The exchange of letters entered into force on the date of approval by the Board ofGovernors.

e The application of safeguards under an agreement with Mexico in connection with the Treaty of Tlatelolco which entered intoforce on 6 September 1968 (INFCIRC/118) was suspended after the conclusion of an agreement with Mexico in connectionwith both the Treaty of Tlatelolco and NPT (INFCIRC/197).

f A safeguards agreement pursuant to both the Treaty of Tlatelolco and NPT has been concluded with Panama; the agreementhas not yet entered into force.

g Additional Protocol I refers to States outside Latin America and the Caribbean which have de jure or de facto jurisdiction overterritories which lie within the limits of the geographical zone established in the Treaty.

96 ANNEX

AGREEMENTS PROVIDING FOR SAFEGUARDS, OTHER THAN THOSE INCONNECTION WITH NPT OR THE TREATY OF TLATELOLCO, APPROVED BY THEBOARD OF GOVERNORS AS OF 31 DECEMBER 1998a

Party(ies)b Subject Entry into force INFCIRC

(While the Agency is a party to each of the following agreements, only the State(s) party to them is (are) listed.)

(i) Project agreements

Argentinac Siemens SUR-100 13 March 1970 143RAEP reactor 2 December 1964 62

Chiled Herald reactor 19 December 1969 137

Colombiad Fuel for research reactor 17 June 1994 460

Democratic Republic of the Congoe TRICO reactor 27 June 1962 37Fuel for research reactor 20 September 1990 389

Finlande FIR-1 reactor 30 December 1960 24FINN subcritical assembly 30 July 1963 53

Ghanae Research reactor and fuel therefor 14 October 1994 468

Greecee GRR-1 reactor 1 March 1972 163

Indonesiae Additional core-load for TRIGA reactor 19 December 1969 136Supply of enriched uranium 15 January 1993 453Supply of enriched uranium 15 January 1993 454

Iran, Islamic Republic of e UTRR reactor 10 May 1967 97

Jamaicae Fuel for research reactor 25 January 1984 315

Japane JRR-3 24 March 1959 3

Malaysiae TRIGA-II reactor 22 September 1980 287

Mexicoe TRIGA-III reactor 18 December 1963 52Siemens SUR-100 21 December 1971 162Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant 12 February 1974 203

Moroccoe Fuel for research reactor 2 December 1983 313

Nigeriae Research reactor and fuel therefor 29 August 1996 526

Pakistan PRR reactor 5 March 1962 34Booster rods for KANUPP 17 June 1968 116

Perue Research reactor and fuel therefor 9 May 1978 266

Philippinese PRR-1 reactor 28 September 1966 88

Romaniae TRIGA reactor 30 March 1973 206Experimental fuel elements 1 July 1983 307

Sloveniae TRIGA-II reactor 4 October 1961 32Krško Nuclear Power Plant 14 June 1974 213

Spaine Coral-I reactor 23 June 1967 99

Syrian Arab Republice Miniature neutron source reactor 18 May 1992 408and enriched uranium

Thailande Fuel for research reactor 30 September 1986 342

Turkeye Subcritical assembly 17 May 1974 212

Uruguay e URR reactor 24 September 1965 67

Venezuelae RV-1 reactor 7 November 1975 238

Viet Name Fuel for research reactor 1 July 1983 308

97ANNEX

(ii) Unilateral submissions

Algeria Nur research reactorh 9 April 1990 361Es Salam research reactorh 2 June 1992 401

Argentina Atucha Power Reactor Facility f 3 October 1972 168Nuclear material f 23 October 1973 202Embalse Power Reactor Facility f 6 December 1974 224Equipment and nuclear material f 22 July 1977 250Nuclear material, material,

equipment and facilities f 22 July 1977 251Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant f 15 July 1981 294Heavy water plant f 14 October 1981 296Heavy water f 14 October 1981 297Nuclear material f 8 July 1982 303

Chile Nuclear materialg 31 December 1974 256Nuclear materialg 22 September 1982 304Nuclear materialg 18 September 1987 350

Cuba Nuclear power plant and nuclear material 5 May 1980 281Zero power nuclear reactor and

fuel therefor 7 October 1983 311

Democratic People’s Research reactor and nuclear materialRepublic of Korea thereforh 20 July 1977 252

India Nuclear material, material and facilities 17 November 1977 260Nuclear power station 27 September 1988 360Nuclear material 11 October 1989 374All nuclear material subject to

safeguards under INFCIRC/154 1 March 1994 433*

Pakistan Nuclear material 2 March 1977 248Miniature neutron source reactor 10 September 1991 393Nuclear power reactor 24 February 1993 418

Spain Nuclear materialh 18 June 1975 221Vandellos Nuclear Power Planth 11 May 1981 292Specified nuclear facilitiesh 11 May 1981 291**

United Kingdom Nuclear material 14 December 1972 175

Viet Nam Research reactor and fuel thereforh 12 June 1981 293

* Amended in 1994 to cover nuclear material supplied for use in the Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) which material isrequired by the supplier to be subject to safeguards. The amendment entered into force on 12 September 1994(INFCIRC/433/Mod.1).

** Amended in 1985 to cover specified nuclear facilities. The amendment entered into force on 8 November 1985(INFCIRC/291/Mod.1/Corr.1).

98 ANNEX



(iii) Agreements concluded with nuclear weapon States on the basis of voluntary offers

China Nuclear material in facilities selected from list of facilities provided by China 18 September 1989 369

France Nuclear material in facilitiessubmitted to safeguards 12 September 1981 290

Russian Federation Nuclear material in facilitiesselected from list of facilitiesprovided by the Russian Federation 10 June 1985 327

United Kingdom Nuclear material in facilitiesdesignated by the Agency 14 August 1978 263

United States of America Nuclear material in facilitiesdesignated by the Agency 9 December 1980 288

(iv) Other comprehensive safeguards agreements

Albania All nuclear material and facilities 25 March 1988 359

Argentina/Brazil All nuclear material in all nuclear activities 4 March 1994 435

(v) Other safeguards agreements

Argentinaf/United States of Americai 25 July 1969 130Austriah/United States of America 24 January 1970 152Brazil/Germanyh 26 February 1976 237Brazilf/United States of Americai 31 October 1968 110Colombia/United States of America 9 December 1970 144India/Canadah 30 September 1971 211Iran, Islamic Republic of h/United States of America 20 August 1969 127Israel/United States of America 4 April 1975 249Japanh/Canadah 20 June 1966 85Japanh/France 22 September 1972 171Korea, Republic of/United States of America 5 January 1968 111Korea, Republic of h/France 22 September 1975 233Pakistan/Canada 17 October 1969 135Pakistan/France 18 March 1976 239Philippinesh/United States of America 19 July 1968 120Portugalh/United States of Americai 19 July 1969 131South Africa/United States of America 26 July 1967 98South Africa/France 5 January 1977 244Spain/Germanyh 29 September 1982 305Spainh/United States of Americai 9 December 1966 92Spain/Canadah 10 February 1977 247Swedenh/United States of America 1 March 1972 165Switzerlandh/United States of Americai 28 February 1972 161Turkeyh/United States of Americai 5 June 1969 123Venezuelah/United States of Americai 27 March 1968 122

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(vi) The Agency also applies safeguards under two agreements (INFCIRC/133 and INFCIRC/158) to the nuclear facilities inTaiwan, China. Pursuant to the decision adopted by the Board of Governors on 9 December 1971 that the Governmentof the People’s Republic of China is the only government which has the right to represent China in the Agency, the relationsbetween the Agency and the authorities in Taiwan, China, are non-governmental. The agreements are implemented by theAgency on that basis.

a Safeguards agreements pursuant to the South Pacific Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty (Rarotonga Treaty) are not separatelylisted with this compilation since the Treaty requires that safeguards by the Agency will be applied pursuant to safeguardsagreements equivalent in scope and effect to an agreement required in connection with the NPT on the basis of the materialreproduced in INFCIRC/153 (Corrected). As of 31 December 1997, all 11 States Party to the Treaty (Australia, Cook Islands,Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Samoa) were covered by safeguardsagreements concluded pursuant to NPT.

b An entry in this column does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Agency concerning thelegal status of any country or territory or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.

c Agency safeguards required by this project agreement are implemented pursuant to the comprehensive safeguards agreementconcluded between Argentina, Brazil, the ABACC and the Agency (INFCIRC/435).

d Agency safeguards required by this project agreement are implemented pursuant to a safeguards agreement in connection withthe Treaty of Tlatelolco covering the State indicated.

e Agency safeguards required by this (these) project agreement(s) are implemented pursuant to an agreement in connection withNPT covering the State indicated.

f Application of Agency safeguards under this agreement has been suspended in the State indicated. Safeguards are appliedpursuant to the comprehensive safeguards agreement concluded between Argentina, Brazil, the ABACC and the Agency(INFCIRC/435).

g Application of Agency safeguards under this agreement has been suspended in the State indicated as the State has concluded anagreement in connection with the Treaty of Tlatelolco.

h Application of Agency safeguards under this agreement has been suspended in the State indicated as the State has concluded anagreement in connection with NPT.

i Application of Agency safeguards under this agreement has been suspended in the USA in order to comply with a provision ofINFCIRC/228.

100 ANNEX

101ANNEX

APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES OF MATERIAL SUBJECT TO AGENCY SAFEGUARDS ATTHE END OF 1998

Quantity of material (t)

Type of material Comprehensivesafeguards INFCIRC/66b Nuclear weapon Quantity

agreementsa States in SQs

Nuclear materialPlutoniumc contained in irradiated fuel 464.9 25.1 102.9 74 111Separated plutonium outside reactor cores 12.7 0.1 49.7 7 797Recycled plutonium in fuel elements in

reactor cores 6.8 0.4 0 905HEU (equal to or greater than 20% 235U) 11.3 0.1 10.0 604LEU (less than 20% 235U) 39 981 2 597 6 905 13 682Source materiald (natural or depleted

uranium and thorium) 77 089 1 505 12 028 6 758

Non-nuclear materiale

Heavy water 0 528 0 26

Total significant quantities 103 883

a Covering safeguards agreements pursuant to NPT and/or Treaty of Tlatelolco and other comprehensive safeguards agreements.b Excluding installations in nuclear weapon States; including installations in Taiwan, China.c The quantity includes an estimated 87 t (10 852 SQ) of plutonium in irradiated fuel, which is not yet reported to the Agency

under the reporting procedures agreed to (the non-reported plutonium is contained in irradiated fuel assemblies to which itemaccountancy and C/S measures are applied).

d This table does not include material within the terms of subparagraphs 34(a) and (b) of INFCIRC/153 (Corrected).e Non-nuclear material subject to Agency safeguards under INFCIRC/66/Rev.2-type agreements.

NUMBER OF FACILITIES UNDER SAFEGUARDS OR CONTAINING SAFEGUARDEDMATERIAL ON 31 DECEMBER 1998

Number of facilities (number of installations)

ComprehensiveFacility type safeguards INFCIRC/66b Nuclear weapon Total

agreementsa States

Power reactors 184 (221) 11 (14) 1 (1) 196 (236)Research reactors and critical assemblies 148 (160) 8 (8) 1 (1) 157 (169)Conversion plants 12 (12) 1 (1) 0 (0) 13 (13)Fuel fabrication plants 40 (42) 4 (4) 0 (0) 44 (46)Reprocessing plants 5 (5) 1 (1) 0 (0) 6 (6)Enrichment plants 11 (11) 0 (0) 3 (3) 14 (14)Separate storage facilities 58 (59) 3 (3) 8 (8) 69 (70)Other facilities 74 (80) 1 (1) 1 (1) 82 (82)

Subtotals 532 (590) 29 (32) 14 (14) 575 (636)

Other locations 318 (417) 3 (31) 0 (0) 321 (448)Non-nuclear installations 0 (0) 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (1)

Totals 850 (1007) 33 (64) 14 (14) 897 (1085)a Covering safeguards agreements pursuant to NPT and/or Treaty of Tlatelolco and other comprehensive safeguards agreements;

excludes locations in Iraq.b Excluding installations in nuclear weapon States; including installations in Taiwan, China.

FACILITIES UNDER AGENCY SAFEGUARDS OR CONTAINING SAFEGUARDEDMATERIAL ON 31 DECEMBER 1998

Abbreviated Number SubsidiaryStatea name of Location arrangements

of facility reactor units in force

Power reactors

Argentina Atucha NPP 1 Lima —Embalse NPP 1 Embalse —

Armenia Armenia NPP 2 Medzamor —Belgium BR3-Mol 1 Mol x

DOEL-1 2 Doel xDOEL-3 1 Doel xDOEL-4 1 Doel xTihange-1 1 Tihange xTihange-2 1 Tihange xTihange-3 1 Tihange x

Brazil Admiral Alvaro Alberto 1 Angra dos Reis x

Bulgaria Kozloduy-I 2 Kozloduy xKozloduy-II 2 Kozloduy xKozloduy-III 2 Kozloduy x

Canada Bruce A 4 Tiverton xBruce B 4 Tiverton xDarlington N.G.S. 4 Bowmanville xGentilly-2 1 Gentilly xPickering G.S. 8 Pickering xPoint Lepreau G.S. 1 Point Lepreau x

China QSNPP 1 Hai Yan x

Cuba Juragua 2 Juragua x

Czech Republic EDU-1 2 Dukovany xEDU-2 2 Dukovany xTemelin 2 Temelin —

Democratic People’s Nyongbyon-1 1 Nyongbyon —Republic of Korea

Finland Loviisa 2 Loviisa —OL 1 1 Olkiluoto —OL 2 1 Olkiluoto —

Germany AVR 1 Jülich —KWG Grohnde 1 Grohnde xGKN-2 1 Neckarwestheim xRWE Biblis-A 1 Biblis xRWE Biblis-B 1 Biblis xKBR Brokdorf 1 Brokdorf xKKB Brunsbüttel 1 Brunsbüttel xKKE Emsland 1 Lingen xKKG Grafenrheinfeld 1 Grafenrheinfeld xKKI Isar-Ohu 1 Ohu bei Landshut xKKI Isar-2 1 Essenbach xKKK Krümmel 1 Geesthacht xRWE Mühlheim-Kärlich 1 Mühlheim-Kärlich x

102 ANNEX

Germany (cont.) GKN Neckarwestheim 1 Neckarwestheim xKWO Obrigheim 1 Obrigheim xKKP Philippsburg-1 1 Philippsburg xKKP Philippsburg-2 1 Philippsburg xKRB II Gundremmingen B 1 Gundremmingen xKRB II Gundremmingen C 1 Gundremmingen xKKS Stade 1 Stade xKKU Unterweser 1 Unterweser xKWW Würgassen 1 Würgassen xHKG-THTR 300 1 Hamm —KKW Greifswald 1 2 Lubmin —KKW Greifswald 2 2 Lubmin —KKW Greifswald 3 1 Lubmin —KKW Rheinsberg 1 Rheinsberg x

Hungary PAKS-I 2 Paks xPAKS-II 2 Paks x

India RAPS 2 Rajasthan xTAPS 2 Tarapur x

Italy ENEL-Latina 1 Borgo-Sabatino xENEL-Caorso 1 Caorso xENEL-Trino 1 Trino-Vercellese x

Japan Fugen 1 Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-1 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-2 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-3 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-4 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-5 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ichi-6 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ni-1 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ni-2 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ni-3 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xFukushima Dai-Ni-4 1 Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken xGenkai-1 1 Higashimatsura-gun, Saga-ken xGenkai-2 1 Higashimatsura-gun, Saga-ken xGenkai-3 1 Higashimatsura-gun, Saga-ken xGenkai-4 1 Higashimatsura-gun, Saga-ken xHamaoka-1 1 Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka-ken xHamaoka-2 1 Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka-ken xHamaoka-3 1 Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka-ken xHamaoka-4 1 Ogasa-gun, Shizuoka-ken xIkata-1 1 Nishiuwa-gun, Ehime-ken xIkata-2 1 Nishiuwa-gun, Ehime-ken xIkata-3 1 Nishiuwa-gun, Ehime-ken xJoyo 1 Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xKashiwazaki-1 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-2 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-3 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-4 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-5 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken x

103ANNEX

SAFEGUARDED FACILITIES (cont.)



Japan (cont.) Kashiwazaki-6 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xKashiwazaki-7 1 Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken xMihama-1 1 Mikata-gun, Fukui-ken xMihama-2 1 Mikata-gun, Fukui-ken xMihama-3 1 Mikata-gun, Fukui-ken xMonju 1 Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken xOhi-1 and 2 2 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xOhi-3 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xOhi-4 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xOnagawa-1 1 Oshika-gun, Miyaki-ken xOnagawa-2 1 Oshika-gun, Miyaki-ken xSendai-1 1 Sendai-shi, Kagashima-ken xSendai-2 1 Sendai-shi, Kagashima-ken xShika 1 Hakui-gun, Ishikawa-ken xShimane-1 1 Yatsuka-gun, Shimane-ken xShimane-2 1 Yatsuka-gun, Shimane-ken xTakahama-1 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xTakahama-2 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xTakahama-3 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xTakahama-4 1 Ohi-gun, Fukui-ken xTokai-1 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xTokai-2 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xTomari-1 1 Furuu-gun, Hokkaido xTomari-2 1 Furuu-gun, Hokkaido xTsuruga-1 1 Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken xTsuruga-2 1 Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken x

Kazakhstan BN-350 1 Aktau —

Korea, Republic of Kori-1 1 Pusan xKori-2 1 Pusan xKori-3 1 Pusan xKori-4 1 Pusan xUlchin-1 1 Ulchin xUlchin-2 1 Ulchin xUlchin-3 1 Ulchin xUlchin-4 1 Ulchin —Wolsong-1 1 Kyongju xWolsong-2 1 Kyongju —Wolsong-3 1 Kyongju xWolsong-4 1 Kyongju —Younggwang-1 1 Younggwang xYounggwang-2 1 Younggwang xYounggwang-3 1 Younggwang xYounggwang-4 1 Younggwang x

Lithuania Ignalina NPP 2 Visaginas —

Mexico Laguna Verde 1 1 Alto Lucero xLaguna Verde 2 1 Alto Lucero x

Netherlands Borssele 1 Borssele xDodewaard NPP 1 Dodewaard x

104 ANNEX




Pakistan KANUPP 1 Karachi xChasnupp-1 1 Kundian —

Philippines PNPP-1 1 Morong, Bataan x

Romania Cernavoda-1 1 Cernavoda —

Slovakia A1 1 Bohunice xEMO-1 2 Mochovce —V-1 2 Bohunice xV-2 2 Bohunice x

Slovenia Krško 1 Krško x

South Africa Koeberg-1 1 Cape Town xKoeberg-2 1 Cape Town x

Spain Almaraz-1 1 Almaraz —Almaraz-2 1 Almaraz —Asco-1 1 Asco —Asco-2 1 Asco —Cofrentes 1 Cofrentes —José Cabrera 1 Almonazid de Zorita —Santa María de Garona 1 Santa María de Garona —Trillo-1 1 Trillo —Vandellos 1 1 Vandellos —Vandellos 2 1 Vandellos —

Sweden Barsebäck 1 1 Malmö —Barsebäck 2 1 Malmö —Forsmark 1 1 Uppsala —Forsmark 2 1 Uppsala —Forsmark 3 1 Uppsala —Oskarshamn 1 1 Oskarshamn —Oskarshamn 2 1 Oskarshamn —Oskarshamn 3 1 Oskarshamn —Ringhals 1 1 Göteborg —Ringhals 2 1 Göteborg —Ringhals 3 1 Göteborg —Ringhals 4 1 Göteborg —

Switzerland KKB Beznau I 1 Beznau xKKB Beznau II 1 Beznau xKKG Gösgen 1 Gösgen-Däniken xKKL Leibstadt 1 Leibstadt xKKM Mühleberg 1 Mühleberg x

Ukraine Chernobyl NPP 3 Chernobyl —Khmelnitski 1 1 Neteshin —Rovno 1 and 2 2 Kuznetsovsk —Rovno 3 1 Kuznetsovsk —South Ukraine 1 1 Yuzhnoukrainsk —South Ukraine 2 1 Yuzhnoukrainsk —South Ukraine 3 1 Yuzhnoukrainsk —Zaporozhe 1 1 Energodar —

105ANNEX




Ukraine (cont.) Zaporozhe 2 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 3 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 4 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 5 1 Energodar —Zaporozhe 6 1 Energodar —

Research reactors and critical assemblies

Algeria NUR Reactor 1 Algiers xEs Salam research reactor 1 Ain Oussera —

Argentina Argentine reactor-1 1 Constituyentes —Argentine reactor-3 1 Ezeiza —Argentine reactor-4 1 Rosario —Argentine reactor-6 1 Bariloche —Argentine reactor-0 1 Córdoba —Argentine reactor-8 1 Pilcaniyeu —

Australia HIFAR 1 Lucas Heights xMOATA 1 Lucas Heights x

Austria ASTRA 1 Seibersdorf —Siemens Argonaut Reactor 1 Graz —Triga II 1 Vienna —

Bangladesh Atomic Energy Research Est. 1 Dhaka x

Belarus Sosny 1 Minsk —

Belgium BR1-CEN 1 Mol xBR2-CEN-BRO2 2 Mol xCEN-Venus 1 Mol xThetis 1 Gent x

Brazil IEA-R1 1 São Paulo —RIEN-1 Argonaut RR 1 Rio de Janeiro —IPR-RI-CDTN 1 Belo Horizonte xIPEN Critical assembly 1 São Paulo —Subcritical assembly 1 Recife —

Bulgaria IRT-2000 1 Sofia x

Canada Biology, Chemistry, Physics 2 Chalk River xMcMaster 1 Hamilton xNRU 1 Chalk River xNRX 1 Chalk River xSlowpoke-AECL 1 Ottawa xSlowpoke-Dalhousie Univ. 1 Halifax xSlowpoke-Ecole Polytechnique 1 Montreal xSlowpoke-Kingston 1 Kingston xSlowpoke-Saskatchewan 1 Saskatoon xSlowpoke-Univ. of Toronto 1 Toronto xSlowpoke-Univ. of Alberta 1 Edmonton x

106 ANNEX




Chile La Reina 1 Santiago xLo Aguirre 1 Santiago x

China HWRR 1 Beijing x

Colombia IAN-R1 1 Bogotá x

Czech Republic LR-O 1 Řež xUniv. Training Reactor VR-1P 1 Prague xVVR-S 1 Řež x

Democratic People’s Critical Assembly 1 Bungang-Ri, Nyongbyon xRepublic of Korea IRT 1 Bungang-Ri, Nyongbyon x

Democratic Republic Triga II 1 Kinshasa xof the Congo

Denmark DR-1 1 Roskilde xDR-3 1 Roskilde x

Egypt RR-I 1 Inshas xMPR 1 Inshas —

Finland FIR 1 1 Otaniemi —

Germany BER-2 1 Berlin xFH-Furtwangen 1 Furtwangen xFRF-2 1 Frankfurt xFRM 1 Garching xGKSS-FRG1&FRG2 2 Geesthacht xKFA-FRJ2 1 Jülich xSUR 100 1 Bremen xSUR 100 1 Hannover xSUR 100 1 Kiel xSUR 100 1 Hamburg xSUR 100 1 Ulm xSUR 100 1 Stuttgart xSUR 100 1 Berlin xSUR 100 1 Aachen xTech. Univ. AKR 1 Dresden xTech. Hochschule ZLR 1 Zittau xTriga 1 Mainz xMHH-Triga 1 Hannover xDKFZ-Triga 1 Heidelberg xVKT research reactor 1 Rossendorf x

Ghana GHARR-1 1 Legon-Accra x

Greece GRR-1 1 Attiki x

Hungary Training reactor 1 Budapest xWWR-S M 10 1 Budapest x

Indonesia Gama 1 Yogyakarta xMPR-30 1 Serpong xPPTN 1 Bandung x

107ANNEX




Iran, Islamic TRR 1 Tehran xRepublic of HWZPR 1 Esfahan x

MNSR 1 Esfahan x

Israel IRR-1 1 Soreq x

Italy AGN-201 1 Palermo xPoltec. 1 Milan xRTS-1 1 San Piero a Grado xTAPIRO 1 Santa Maria di Galeria xTriga-RC1 1 Santa Maria di Galeria xTriga-2 1 Pavia x

Jamaica Centre for Nuclear Sciences 1 Kingston x

Japan DCA 1 Oarai-machi, Ibaraki-ken xFCA 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xHTR 1 Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken xHTTR 1 Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xJMTR 1 Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xJMTRCA 1 Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xJRR-2 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xJRR-3 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xJRR-4 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xKinki University reactor 1 Higashiosaka-shi, Osaka-fu xKUCA 3 Osaka xKUR 1 Sennan-gun, Osaka xMusashi reactor 1 Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken xNCA 1 Kawasaki-shi xNSRR 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xRikkyo University R.R. 1 Nagasaka, Kanagawa-ken xTCA 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xTODAI 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xTTR 1 Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken xVHTRC 1 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

Kazakhstan Kurchatov test reactor 3 Semipalatinsk —WWR-K 1 Almaty —

Korea, Republic of Triga II and III 2 Seoul xKyunghee Univ. 1 Suwoon xHanaro 1 Taejon x

Latvia IRT 1 Riga x

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya IRT reactor 1 Tajura x

Malaysia Puspati 1 Bangi, Selangor x

Mexico Triga Mark III 1 Ocoyoacac x

Netherlands HOR 1 Delft xHFR 1 Petten xLFR 1 Petten x

108 ANNEX




Norway HBWR-Halden 1 Halden xJEEP-II 1 Kjeller x

Pakistan PARR-1 1 Rawalpindi xPARR-2 1 Rawalpindi x

Peru RP-0 1 Lima xRP-1O 1 Lima x

Philippines PRR-1 1 Quezon City, Diliman x

Poland Agata and Anna 2 Swierk xEwa 1 Swierk xMaria 1 Swierk x

Portugal RPI 1 Sacavem x

Romania Triga II 1 Pitesti Colibasi xVVR-S 2 Magurele x

Slovenia Triga II 1 Ljubljana x

South Africa SAFARI-1 1 Pelindaba x

Sweden Studsvik RR 2 Studsvik —

Switzerland AGN 211P 1 Basel xCrocus 1 Lausanne xProteus 1 Würenlingen xSaphir 1 Würenlingen x

Syrian Arab Republic MNSR 1 Damascus x

Thailand TRR-1 1 Bangkok x

Turkey Çekmece Nuclear Research 1 Istanbul xand Training Centre

ITU-TRR Triga Mark II 1 Istanbul x

Ukraine Kiev RR 1 Kiev —IR-100 RR 1 Sevastopol —

Uruguay Centro Investigaciones Nucleares 1 Montevideo x

Uzbekistan Photon 1 Tashkent —WWR-SM 1 Tashkent —

Venezuela RV-I 1 Altos de Pipe x

Viet Nam Da Lat Research Reactor 1 Da Lat, Lam Dong x

Yugoslavia RA-RB 2 Vinča xFed. Rep. of

109ANNEX




Conversion plants, including pilot plants

Argentina UF6 production facility Pilcaniyeu —UO2 conversion plant Córdoba —

Canada CAMECO Port Hope x

Chile Lab. exper. de conversión Santiago x

Japan JCO conv. plant Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNingyo R&D Tomata-gun, Okayama-ken xPCDF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

Mexico Fuel fabrication pilot plant Salazar x

Romania UO2 powder fabrication plant Feldioara —

South Africa Conversion plant Pelindaba xHEU-UF6 production plant Pelindaba x

Sweden Ranstad Mineral Ranstad —

Fuel fabrication plants, including pilot plants

Argentina Experimental plant Constituyentes —Fuel fabrication plant Ezeiza —Fuel fabrication plant Constituyentes —

Belgium BN-MOX Dessel xFBFC Dessel xFBFC MOX Dessel —

Brazil Fuel fabrication plant Resende —Fuel tech. co-ord. unit São Paulo —

Canada CRNL fuel fabrication Chalk River xFuel fabrication facility Chalk River xGEC, Inc. Toronto xGEC, Inc. Peterborough xZircatec Port Hope x

Chile UMF Santiago —

Democratic People’s Nuclear fuel fabrication plant Nyongbyon —Republic of Korea

Denmark Metallurgy Roskilde x

Egypt FMPP Inshas —

Germany Adv. Nuclear Fuels Lingen xNUKEM Wolfgang xSiemens Uran (two units) Hanau xSiemens MOX Hanau x

India Ceramic fuel fab. assembly area Hyderabad xEFFP-NFC Hyderabad x

110 ANNEX




Indonesia Experimental fuel element installation (IEBE) Serpong xResearch reactor fuel element

production installation (IPEBRR) Serpong x

Iran, Islamic Rep. of Fuel fabrication lab. Esfahan —

Italy Fabnuc Bosco Marengo x

Japan JNF Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken xMNF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNFI (Kumatori-1) Sennan-gun, Osaka xNFI (Kumatori-2) Sennan-gun, Osaka xNFI Tokai Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xPFPF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xPPFF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

Kazakhstan Ulbinski Metallurgical Works Kamenogorsk —

Korea, Republic of CANDU fuel fabrication plant Taejon xKNFFP Taejon x

Romania Romfuel Pitesti Colibasi x

South Africa MTR fuel fabrication Pelindaba xLEU fuel fabrication Pelindaba x

Spain ENUSA fuel fabrication plant Juzbado —

Sweden ABB Västeras —

Chemical reprocessing plants, including pilot plants

Democratic People’s Radiochemical Laboratory Bungang-Ri, Nyongbyon —Republic of Korea

Germany WAK Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen xIndia PREFRE Tarapur xItaly EURE Saluggia x

ITREC-Trisaia Rotondella xJapan Tokai reprocessing plant Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

In addition, the following R&D facilities and locations are associated with reprocessing technology:

Argentina Fission products div. Ezeira —Brazil Reprocessing project São Paulo —Indonesia RMI Serpong —Japan SCF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

JAERI Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xPNC Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xSumitomi Met. Mining Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken x

111ANNEX




Enrichment plants, including pilot plants

Argentina Pilcaniyeu enrichment plant Pilcaniyeu —Brazil Enrichment plant (first cascade) Resende —

Enrichment laboratory Ipero —Uranium enrichment pilot plant São Paulo —Laser spectroscopy lab. San jose dos Campos —

China Shaanxi Han Zhang —Germany UTA-1 Gronau xJapan Uranium Enrichment Plant Tomata-gun, Okayama-ken x

Rokkasho Enrichment Plant Kamikita-gun, Aomori-ken xNetherlands URENCO Almelo xSouth Africa Semi-commercial enrichment plant Pelindaba x

MLIS enrichment plant Valindaba —United Kingdom URENCO E22 Capenhurst x

URENCO A3 plant Capenhurst —

In addition, the following R&D facilities and locations are associated with enrichment technology:

Brazil UF6 laboratory Belo Horizonte —Germany Urenco Jülich —Japan Asahi Chemical Industry Hyuga-shi, Miyazaki-ken x

Communication Equipment Works Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xHitachi laboratory Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken xJAERI Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xPNC Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xToshiba R&D Centre Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken x

Netherlands Urenco Almelo xUltra-centrifuge Almelo —

Separate storage facilities

Argentina Central store Ezeiza —Central store Constituyentes —Nuclear material store Constituyentes —

Australia Vault storage Lucas Heights x

Belgium Belgoprocess Dessel xElbel Beveren —Wet Store Tihange —

Brazil Aramar stores (2 units) Ipero —UF6 production facility São Paulo —

Bulgaria Long term storage Kozloduy x

Canada Nuclear material Chalk River xSpent fuel canister store Chalk River xDouglas Point dry storage Tiverton x

112 ANNEX




Gentilly-1 Gentilly xSpent fuel storage Chalk River xAECL Research Pinawa xPUFDSF Pickering x

Czech Republic Storage Škoda Bolevec xHLW store Řež —ISFS Dukovany Dukovany —

Democratic People’s Nuclear fuel storage Bungang-Ri, Nyongbyon —Republic of Korea

Denmark Risø Store Roskilde xRisø Waste Roskilde —

Finland TVO-KPA store Olkiluoto —

France Cogéma UP2 and UP3 La Hague x

Germany Bundeslager Wolfgang —ANF UF6 Lager Lingen xKFA AVR BL Jülich —KFA AVR Jülich xBZA-Ahaus Ahaus —NCS-Lagerhalle Hanau —Energiewerke Nord GmbH Lubmin xEnergiewerke Nord-ZLN Lubmin —Transportbehälterlager Gorleben —TR Halle 87 Rossendorf —Kernmateriallager Rossendorf —

Hungary Central radionuclide store Budapest xMVDS Paks —

India AFR Tarapur x

Indonesia TC and ISFSF Serpong —

Italy Compes. deposito Saluggia xEssor nuclear plant Ispra —Essor storage Ispra xResearch centre Ispra —

Japan KUFFS Kyoto xFukushima Dai-Ichi SFS Futaba-gun, Fukushima-ken —N. S. Mutsu Mutsu-shi, Aomori-ken xRCTS Kamikita-gun, Aomori-ken —RSFS Kamikita-gun, Aomori-ken x

Kazakhstan Ulbinski Thorium Storage Kamenogorsk —

Netherlands Covra Store Vlissingen —

Pakistan Hawks Bay depot Karachi x

113ANNEX




Portugal Inst. de Armazenagem Sacavem x

Russian Federation Mashinostroitel’nyi Zavod Ehlektrostal —

Slovakia AFRS Bohunice x

South Africa Waste storage Pelindaba —Bulk storage facility Pelindaba xHEU storage vault Pelindaba xThabana pipe store Pelindaba x

Spain CIEM Madrid —

Sweden Central long term storage Oskarshamn —

Ukraine Chernobyl storage Chernobyl —

United Kingdom Thorp R&S Sellafield xSpecial nuclear material store 9 Sellafield xThorp Plutonium Store Sellafield —

United States Pu storage vault Hanford, WA —of America Y-12 plant Oak Ridge, TN x

Vault Golden, CO —

Other facilities

Algeria UDEC Draria —Es Salam reactor Ain Oussera —

Argentina Alpha facility Constituyentes —Experimental UO2 plant Cordoba —Enriched uranium lab. Ezeiza —Fission products div. Ezeiza —Fuel fabrication plant Ezeiza —Uranium powder fab. plant Constituyentes —Triple Altura Lab. Ezeiza —

Australia Research Lab. Lucas Heights x

Belgium IRMM-Geel Geel xCEN-Labo Mol xCEN-Waste Dessel —I.R.E. Fleurus xCEN-lab. Pu Mol x

Brazil Isotope laboratory São Paulo —Nuclear material lab. Ipero —Safeguards store São Paulo x

Czech Republic Nuclear Fuel Inst. (UJP) Zbraslav xResearch Laboratories Řež x

Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea Subcritical assembly Pyongyang x

114 ANNEX




Germany KFA-heisse Zellen Jülich xKFK-heisse Zellen Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen xKFK-IHCH Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen xSiemens heisse Zellen Karlstein xKFA Lab. Jülich xTransuran Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen xVKT. Tec. ZTR Rossendorf x

Hungary Institute of Isotopes Budapest x

Indonesia RMI Serpong —

Iran, Islamic Republic of LWSCR Esfahan xGSCR Esfahan —

Italy CNEN-LAB. PU. Santa Maria di Galeria x

Japan JAERI-Oarai R&D Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xJAERI-Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xKumatori R&D Sennan-gun, Osaka xMitsui Iwakuni-Ohtake Kuga-gun, Yamaguchi xMitsui Toatsu Takai-shi, Osaka-fu xNDC Fuel Hot Lab. Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNDC fuel laboratories Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNERL, University of Tokyo Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNFD Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xNFI Tokai-2 Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xNRF Neutron Radiation Facility Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken xPNC FMF Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xPNC IRAF Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xPNC-Oarai R&D Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken xPNC-Tokai R&D Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xSCF Tokai-Mura, Ibaraki-ken xShowa-Kawasaki Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken xSumitomo-Chiba Sodegaura-shi, Chiba-ken xUranium Material Laboratory Higashi-gun, Ibaraki-ken x

Korea, Republic of PIEF Daejeon xAcrylonitrile plant Ulsan —DFDF Taejon —HFFL Taejon xIMEF Taejon x

Netherlands ECN and JRC Petten x

Norway Research laboratories Kjeller x

Poland Institute for Nuclear Chemistryand Engineering Warsaw —

Institute of Nuclear Research Swierk x

South Africa Decommissioned pilot enrichment plant Pelindaba x

Decontamination and waste recovery Pelindaba —Hot Cell Complex Pelindaba xNU and DU metals plant Pelindaba x

115ANNEX




Switzerland EIR Würenlingen xCERN Geneva x

Turkey Nuclear fuel pilot plant Istanbul x

Ukraine Chernobyl unit 4 Chernobyl —Khmelnitski FF Storage Neteshin —KHFTI Kharkov —Rovno FF Storage Kuznetsovsk —South Ukraine Storage Yuzhnoukrainsk —Zaporozhe FF Storage Energodar —Sevastopol subcritical assembly Sevastopol —

United States of America B&W NNFD Lynchburg, VA —

Non-nuclear installations

Cuba Storage of equipment Prov. Havana —

a An entry in this column does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Agency concerning thelegal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.

Note: The Agency was also applying safeguards in Taiwan, China, at six power reactors, five research reactors/critical assemblies,one uranium pilot conversion plant, two fuel fabrication plants, one storage facility and one R&D facility.

Locations in Iraq containing nuclear material which are under the responsibility of the IAEA Action Team under UnitedNations Security Council Resolution 687

Location C In the vicinity of Al Tuwaitha

116 ANNEX




117ANNEX

ADDITIONAL SAFEGUARDS SUPPORT PROVIDED BY STATES

States and organizations representing groups of States States having R&D contractshaving formal support programmes and test programmes

Argentina ArgentinaAustralia AustriaBelgium LatviaCanada PakistanEURATOM Russian FederationFinlandFranceGermanyHungaryJapanRepublic of KoreaNetherlandsRussian FederationSwedenUnited KingdomUnited States of America

118 ANNEX

MAIN EQUIPMENT AND ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF SAFEGUARDS

1997 1998

Gamma ray measurement systems Total in inventory

Low resolution systems (assay probes) 78 78High resolution systems (analysers) 43 42Portable multichannel analysers 263 304Detectors 629 759

Neutron measurement systemsDetection heads for active neutron measurements 29 30Detection heads for passive neutron measurements 32 34Neutron coincidence counting electronics 92 102

Spent fuel measurement systemsCerenkov glow viewing devices 87 97Spent fuel radiation measuring systems 143 165Irradiated fuel measuring electronics 67 77

Other measurement systemsPhysical properties devices 134 147

Optical surveillance systemsPhoto cameras 943 891Video single camera systems 402 456Video multiple camera systems 30 65Video review stations 81 86

SealsIn situ verifiable seals 1 350 1 327

Radiation monitoring systems 57 74

ActivitiesMetal cap seals issued 18 200 18 600Metal cap seals verified 18 140 19 301Shipment of equipment and supplies 618 554Hand carried transport of equipment and supplies 552 656Shipment of reference material and chemicals to facilities 161 170Shipment of inspection samples, radioactive material standards

and contaminated items to the Safeguards Analytical Laboratory 243 202Procurement actions 1 908 1 707

CONVENTIONS NEGOTIATED AND ADOPTED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THEAGENCY AND FOR WHICH THE DIRECTOR GENERAL IS THE DEPOSITARY (STATUSAND RELEVANT DEVELOPMENTS)

Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the IAEA (reproduced in document INFCIRC/9/Rev. 1). In 1998,two States adhered to the Agreement. By the end of the year, there were 67 Parties.

Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (reproduced in document INFCIRC/500). Entered into forceon 12 November 1977. In 1998, 3 States adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were 31 Parties.

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (reproduced in INFCIRC/274/Rev.1). Entered into force on8 February 1987. In 1998, 4 States adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were 63 Parties.

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (reproduced in INFCIRC/335). Entered into force on27 October 1986. In 1998, 2 States adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were 82 Parties.

Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (reproduced in INFCIRC/336).Entered into force on 26 February 1987. In 1998, 2 States adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, therewere 77 Parties.

Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention (reproduced inINFCIRC/402). Entered into force on 27 April 1992. Its status remained unchanged during 1998, with 20 Parties.

Convention on Nuclear Safety (reproduced in INFCIRC/449). Entered into force on 24 October 1996. In 1998,7 States adhered to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were 49 Parties.

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management (reproducedin INFCIRC/546). Opened for signature on 29 September 1997. In 1998, 5 States adhered to the Convention. Bythe end of the year, there were 5 Contracting States and 37 Signatories.

Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (reproduced in INFCIRC/566).Opened for signature on 29 September 1997. In 1998, 1 State adhered to the Protocol. By the end of 1998, there was1 Contracting State and 14 Signatories.

Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (reproduced in INFCIRC/567). Opened for signatureon 29 September 1997. In 1998, 4 States signed the Convention. By the end of 1998, there were 13 Signatories.

Extension of the African Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to NuclearScience and Technology (AFRA) (reproduced in INFCIRC/377). Entered into force on 4 April 1995. In 1998, 3 Statesadhered to the Extension. By the end of the year, there were 24 Parties.

Second Agreement to Extend the 1987 Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related toNuclear Science and Technology (RCA). Entered into force on 12 June 1997. In 1998, 4 States adhered to theAgreement. By the end of the year, there were 17 Parties.

Revised Supplementary Agreement Concerning the Provision of Technical Assistance by the IAEA (RSA). In 1998, 1 Stateconcluded the Agreement. By the end of the year, there were 88 States that concluded RSA Agreements.

Co-operation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean(ARCAL). Opened for signature on 25 September 1998. By the end of the year, there were 12 Signatories.

119ANNEX

CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS(with year of start and completion)

Nuclear power

Case studies to assess and compare different energy sources in sustainable energy 1996 2001and electricity supply strategies

Assuring the structural integrity of the reactor pressure vessel 1996 1999Nuclear power plant outage coding system 1998 2001Design and evaluation of heat utilization systems for the high temperature 1993 1999

engineering test reactor (HTTR)Thermohydraulic relationships for advanced water cooled reactors 1994 1999Evaluation of high temperature gas cooled reactor performance 1997 2002Intercomparison of analysis methods for seismically isolated nuclear structures 1996 2000Harmonization and validation of fast reactor thermomechanical and 1996 1999

thermohydraulic codes and relations using experimental dataPotential of thorium based fuel cycles to constrain plutonium and to reduce 1995 1999

long term waste toxicitiesUse of a thorium based fuel cycle in accelerator driven systems (ADS) to 1996 1999

incinerate plutonium and to reduce long term waste toxicitiesIntercomparison of techniques for pressure tube inspection and diagnostics 1998 2001Establishment of a thermophysical properties database for LWRs and HWRs 1998 2002Optimization of the coupling of nuclear reactors and desalination systems 1998 2003

Nuclear fuel cycle and waste technology

Treatment of liquid effluent from uranium mines and mills during and after operation (post-decommissioning/rehabilitation) 1996 1999

Stress corrosion cracking of zirconium alloy fuel cladding 1994 1999Hydrogen and hydride induced degradation of the mechanical and physical

properties of zirconium based alloys 1998 2002High temperature on-line monitoring of water chemistry and corrosion 1995 1999Modelling of transport of radioactive substances in the primary circuit

of water cooled reactors 1996 2000Spent fuel performance assessment and research 1997 2002Corrosion of research reactor aluminium clad spent fuel in water 1995 2000Evaluation of the safety, environmental and non-proliferation aspects of

partitioning and transmutation of actinides and fission products 1994 1998Chemical durability and performance assessment of spent fuel and high

level waste forms under simulated repository conditions 1998 2002Combined methods of liquid radioactive waste treatment 1997 2001Long term behaviour of low and intermediate level waste packages

under repository conditions 1997 2002Extrapolation of short term observations to time periods for isolation of

long lived radioactive waste 1995 1999

120 ANNEX

Anthropogenic analogues for geological disposal of high level and long 1998 2002lived radioactive waste

New methods and techniques for optimization of decontamination 1994 1998for maintenance or decommissioning

Decommissioning techniques for research reactors 1997 2002Site characterization techniques used in environmental restoration activities 1995 1999

Comparative assessment of energy sources

Case studies to assess and compare different energy sources in sustainable energy 1997 1999and electricity supply strategies

Formulation of approaches to compare the potential impacts of waste from 1997 2001electricity generation technologies (FACTS)

Comparative health and environmental impacts of nuclear and other energy systems 1994 1998

Food and agriculture

Use of nuclear techniques for optimizing fertilizer applications under irrigated 1993 1998wheat to increase the efficient use of fertilizers and consequently reduce environmental pollution

Use of nuclear and related techniques in the management of nutrients and water in 1998 2002rainfed arid and semi-arid areas for increasing crop production

Use of nuclear techniques for developing integrated nutrient and water management 1998 2004practices for agroforestry systems

Use of nuclear and related techniques for evaluating the agronomic effectiveness 1993 1998of phosphate fertilizers, in particular rock phosphates

Use of irradiated sewage sludge to increase soil fertility and crop yields and to 1995 1999 preserve the environment

Use of isotope techniques in studies on the management of organic matter and 1996 2001nutrient turnover for increased, sustainable agricultural production and environmental preservation

Assessment of soil erosion through the use of caesium-137 and related 1996 2001techniques as a basis for soil conservation, sustainable production and environmental protection

Induced mutations in connection with biotechnology for crop improvement 1993 1998in Latin America

Induced mutations for sesame improvement 1993 1998Induced mutations and other advanced technology for the production of crop 1993 1998

mutants suitable for environmentally sustainable agricultureIn vitro techniques for the selection of radiation induced mutants adapted to 1993 1998

adverse environmental conditionsRadioactively labelled DNA probes for crop improvement 1994 1999Improvement of new and traditional industrial crops by induced mutations 1994 1999

and related biotechnology

121ANNEX

CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS (cont.)

Cellular biology and biotechnology, including mutation techniques for creation 1994 1999of new useful banana genotypes

Genetic improvement of underutilized and neglected crops in low income food deficit countries through irradiation and related techniques 1998 2003

Development of feed supplementation strategies for improving the productivity 1993 1998of dairy cattle on smallholder farms in Africa

Use of immunoassay methods for improved diagnosis of trypanosomosis and 1993 1999monitoring of tsetse and trypanosomosis control programmes in Africa

Use of radioimmunoassay and related techniques to identify ways of improving 1994 1999artificial insemination programmes for cattle reared under tropical and subtropical conditions

Use of immunoassay technologies for the diagnosis and control of foot and mouth 1994 1999disease in South East Asia

Use of nuclear and colorimetric techniques for measuring microbial protein supply 1996 2001from local feed resources in ruminant animals

Rinderpest seromonitoring and surveillance in Africa using immunoassay technologies 1997 1999Development and validation of standardized methods for using polymerase chain 1997 2001

reaction and related molecular technologies for rapid and improved animal disease diagnosis

Monitoring of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Africa using enzyme 1997 2002immunoassays

Use of nuclear and related techniques to develop simple tannin assays for predicting 1998 2003and improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage

Assessment of the effectiveness of vaccination strategies against Newcastle Disease 1998 2004and Gumboro Disease using immunoassay based technologies for increasing farmyard poultry production in Africa

Evaluation of insect population suppression by irradiated lepidoptera and their progeny 1992 1998Development of female medfly attractant systems for trapping and sterility assessment 1993 1998Medfly mating behaviour studies under field cage conditions 1993 1999Improved attractants for enhancing the efficiency of tsetse fly suppression operations 1994 1999

and barriers systems used in tsetse control/eradication campaignsEnhancement of the sterile insect technique (SIT) through genetic transformation 1994 2000

of arthropods using nuclear techniquesMolecular and genetic approaches to develop sexing strains for field application in 1994 2000

fruit fly SIT programmesAutomation in tsetse mass rearing for use in sterile insect technique pogrammes 1994 2000Application of genetics to improve the SIT for tsetse control/eradication 1997 2002Impact of long term pesticide usage on soil properties using radiotracer techniques 1995 1999Use of nuclear and related techniques in studies of the agroecological effects 1993 1998

resulting from the use of pesticides in Central AmericaUse of nuclear and immunochemical methods for pesticide analysis 1993 1998

122 ANNEX


Validation of thin layer chromatographic screening methods for pesticide residue 1996 2001analysis (in vegetables)

Standardized methods to verify absorbed dose in irradiated fresh and dried fruits, 1994 1998and tree nuts in trade

Determination of the profiles of human bacterial pathogens in foods for export by 1998 2002the introduction of quality assured microbiological assays

Irradiation as a public health intervention measure to control foodborne diseases 1993 1998(cysticercosis/taeniasis and Vibrio infections) in Latin America and the Caribbean

Public acceptance and market development of irradiated food in Asia and the Pacific 1995 1998

Human health

Local production and evaluation of primary reagents for the radioimmunoassay 1997 2000of alpha feto protein

Diagnosis of genetic disorders using radionuclide based molecular methods 1995 1998Molecular typing of mycrobacteria strains in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis 1997 2000Genotype/phenotype correlation in thalassemia and muscular dystrophy 1998 2000Diagnosis and followup of prostatic cancer by radioimmunoassay 1996 1998Standardization of iodine-131 treatment for hyperthyroidism with an intent to 1995 2000

optimize radiation dose and treatment response (RCA)Efficacy and toxicity of samarium-153 radiopharmaceuticals in the treatment 1996 1999

of painful skeletal metastasesDiagnosis and management of patients with ‘unexplained’ back pain using bone 1997 2000

single photon emission computer tomography Study of the relationship between vesicoureteral reflux, pyelonephritis and 1997 2001

renal scarring in children with urinary tract infection using nuclear medicine techniques

Nuclear imaging for infection and inflammation 1996 1999Evaluation of technetium-99m based radiopharmaceuticals in the diagnosis and 1997 2000

management of breast cancer patientsResearch and certification of quality control and preventive maintenance of 1993 1998

instruments in nuclear medicine centres (Asia and the Pacific)Research and certification of quality control and preventive maintenance of 1995 1998

instruments in nuclear medicine centres in Latin AmericaValidation of personal computer interface with gamma cameras and software 1995 1998

for data processing of clinical studies (related to ARCAL)Development and validation of an Internet based clinical and technical study 1998 2002

communication system for nuclear medicineRadiation responsiveness criteria for human tumours as determinant for 1993 1998

therapeutic modality planningModern techniques in brachytherapy of cancer with special reference to 1993 1999

the developing countriesClinical application of radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy 1994 2001

123ANNEX


Randomized clinical trial of radiotherapy combined with Mitomycin C in 1994 2003the treatment of advanced head and neck tumours

Quality assurance in radiotherapy for Latin America 1995 1998Use of radiotherapy in advanced cancers 1995 2001Regional hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy for locally advanced cancers 1997 2002Aspects of radiobiology applicable in clinical radiotherapy: Increase of the 1998 2005

number of fractions per weekCharacterization and evaluation of high dose dosimetry techniques for quality 1995 1999

assurance in radiation processingDevelopment of a quality assurance programme for Secondary Standard 1996 1999

Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs)Development of a quality assurance programme for radiation therapy dosimetry 1995 2000

in developing countriesDose determination with plane parallel ionization chambers in therapeutic 1996 1999

electron and photon beamsDevelopment of a Code of Practice for dose determination in photon, electron 1997 2000

and proton beams based on measurement standards of absorbed dose to waterElectron paramagnetic resonance biodosimetry 1998 2000Application of stable isotope tracer methods to studies of amino acid, protein, 1993 1998

and energy metabolism in malnourished populations of developing countriesComparative international studies of osteoporosis using isotope techniques 1994 2000Development and application of isotopic techniques in studies of vitamin

A nutrition 1995 1999Isotopic evaluations of maternal and child nutrition to help prevent stunting 1996 1999Isotopic evaluations in infant growth monitoring 1998 2000Application of nuclear techniques in the prevention of degenerative diseases 1998 2001

(obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes) in ageingReference Asian Man Project (Phase 2): Ingestion and organ content of trace 1995 2000

elements of importance in radiological protection (RCA)Applied research on air pollution using nuclear related analytical techniques 1995 1998

in the Asia and Pacific Region (RCA)Assessment of levels and health effects of airborne particulate matter in mining, 1996 2000

metal refining and metal working industries using nuclear and related analytical techniques

Validation and application of plants as biomonitors of trace element atmospheric 1997 2002pollution, analysed by nuclear and related techniques

Marine environment, water resources and industry

Use of radiation processing to prepare biomaterials for applications in medicine 1995 1999Improvement of physical properties of radiation vulcanized natural rubber latex (RCA) 1998 2000Radiation processing of indigenous natural polymers (RCA) 1995 1999Radiotracer technology for engineering unit operation studies and unit 1998 2001

process optimization

124 ANNEX


Use of radiation processing for sterilization or decontamination of pharmaceuticals 1998 2000and pharmaceutical raw materials

Irradiation treatment of water, wastewater and sludge 1995 1999Validation of protocols for corrosion and deposit evaluation in pipes by radiography 1997 2000

Physical and chemical sciences

Development of agents for imaging CNS receptor based on technetium-99m 1996 1999Technetium-99m labelled peptides for imaging peripheral receptors 1996 1999Development of kits for radioimmunometric assays of tumour markers 1997 2000Optimization of production and quality control of therapeutic radionuclides 1994 1998

and radiopharmaceuticalsOptimization of synthesis and quality control procedures for iodine-123 and 1996 1999

fluorine-18 labelled peptidesValidation of nuclear techniques for the analysis of precious and rare metals 1996 1999

in mineral concentratesNuclear analytical techniques in archaeological investigations 1996 1999Establishment of an international reference data library of nuclear activation

cross-sections 1993 1998Development of a reference input parameter library for nuclear model calculations

of nuclear data (Phase I: starter file) 1994 1998Development of a reference charged particle cross-section database for medical

radioisotope production 1995 1998Atomic and plasma wall interaction data for fusion reactor divertor modelling 1995 2000Compilation and evaluation of photonuclear data for applications 1996 1999Fission product yield data required for transmutation of minor actinide

nuclear waste 1997 2001Charge exchange cross-section data for fusion plasma studies 1997 2002Plasma material interaction data for mixed plasma facing materials in

fusion reactors 1997 2002Nuclear model parameter testing for nuclear data evaluation

(Reference input parameter library: Phase II) 1998 2002Update of X and gamma ray decay data standards for detector calibration 1998 2002Specialized software utilities for gamma ray spectrometry 1996 2000Bulk hydrogen analysis using neutrons 1997 2000Development of computer based troubleshooting tools and instruments 1996 2000Application of MeV ion beams for the development and characterization of

semiconductor materials 1997 2000Analysis of research reactor transients 1995 1999WIMS-D library update 1998 2000Engineering, industrial and environmental applications of plasma physics

and fusion technologies 1996 1999Comparison of compact toroidal configurations 1998 2002

125ANNEX


Nuclear safety

Development of methodologies for optimization of surveillance testing and 1996 1999maintenance of safety related equipment at nuclear power plants

Investigation of methodologies for incident analysis 1997 2000Round robin exercise of WWER-440 reactor pressure vessel weld metal 1996 1999

irradiation embrittlement and annealingManagement of ageing of in-containment instrumentation and control cables 1992 1998Application of non-destructive testing and in-service inspection to research reactors 1995 1998Safety of RBMK nuclear power plants in relation to external events 1997 2000Validation of accident and safety analysis methodology 1995 1999

Radiation safety

Intercomparison for individual monitoring of external exposure from photon radiation 1996 2000Intercomparison and biokinetic model validation of radionuclide intake assessment 1997 2000Development of relevant accident data for quantifying risks associated with the 1994 1998

transport of radioactive materialDevelopment of a radiological basis for the transport safety requirements for 1997 2001

low specific activity materials and surface contaminated objectsAccident severity during air transport of radioactive material 1998 2001Regional personal dosimetry intercomparison 1996 1998Limitations of radioepidemiological assessments for stochastic radiation effects, 1994 1998

in relation to radiation protectionCytogenetic biodosimetry 1998 2000Radiation protection in diagnostic radiology in Asia and the Far East 1994 1998Radiation protection in diagnostic radiology in Eastern European countries 1994 1998

Radioactive waste safety

Biosphere Modelling and Assessment methods (BIOMASS) 1996 2002Improvement of safety assessment methodologies for near surface disposal facilities 1997 2000

for radioactive wasteFormulation of approaches to compare the potential impacts of wastes from 1997 2000

electricity generation technologies

126 ANNEX


TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1998

Nuclear power

Regional workshop on upgrading and modernization of instrumentation and control of WWER 440/213 nuclear power plants Czech Republic

Regional workshop on the organization and management of the technical support for nuclear power plant operation Slovakia

Regional workshop on flaw discrimination and sizing methods and techniques SpainRegional workshop on on-line testing of nuclear plant temperature and pressure

instrumentation and other critical plant equipment SlovakiaRegional workshop on planning and management support for nuclear power plant

personnel systematic approach to training based programmes HungaryRegional workshop on ageing and life management of nuclear power plants FinlandInterregional course on training and qualification of nuclear power plant personnel

and management responsibilities Germany; SpainInternational seminar on nuclear power in developing countries: Its potential role

and strategies for its deployment IndiaRegional course on nuclear power plant maintenance Hungary; SpainRegional workshop on optimization of nuclear power plant maintenance IndiaRegional course on modernization of instrumentation and control in nuclear power plants GermanyRegional East Asia and Pacific workshop on co-operation among the RCA Member

States in the region on nuclear power planning and implementation Rep. of Korea


Interregional course on spatial data integration for uranium exploration, resource assessment and environmental studies Slovenia

Interregional course on decontamination and decommissioning of research reactors and other small nuclear facilities USA

Regional course on quality assurance in fuel fabrication FranceRegional workshop on implementation of the WWER version of the

TRANSURANUS code and safety criteria BulgariaNational workshop on quality assurance of nuclear fuel ChinaRegional workshop on planning and management of decommissioning for WWER reactors Austria; JapanRegional workshop on the use and management of the Agency’s sealed radiation sources registry South AfricaRegional course on the management of radioactive waste from the medical use of radionuclides TunisiaRegional workshop to formulate guidance on management of radioactive waste from

nuclear applications and guidance on consumer products containing radioactive substances Nigeria


Interregional course on electric system expansion planning (WASP-IV/DECPAC) USARegional course on economic analyses of nuclear electricity generation costs and

comparison with other energy sources PhilippinesRegional course on comparative assessment of nuclear power and other energy sources

in support of sustainable energy development Rep. of Korea

127ANNEX

National seminar on the use of the DECADES tools for the comparative assessment of energy sources Israel

National workshop on the use of the DECADES tools for the comparative assessment of energy sources Egypt

National seminar on the comparative assessment of options and strategies for electricity generation China

Workshop on enhanced electricity system planning PortugalSeminar on the future energy outlook HeadquartersRegional course on externalities associated with electricity generation: Concepts

and estimation Rep. of KoreaRegional workshop on the analysis of the economic and financial aspects of

nuclear power programmes using the Agency’s FINPLAN model Croatia


FAO/IAEA workshop on the use of nuclear techniques for developing sustainable soil, water and nutrient management practices France

FAO/IAEA advanced regional workshop on quality assurance for nitrogen-15 analysis UruguayFAO/IAEA workshop on external quality assurance for nitrogen-15 analyses

by optical emission spectrometry MexicoFAO/IAEA in-country workshop for the interregional project on sustainable utilisation

of saline groundwater and wastelands for plant production Morocco; TunisiaFAO/IAEA national course on the use of nuclear techniques in studies of soil fertility,

fertilizers and water management GuatemalaFAO/IAEA national course/workshop on the use of nuclear techniques to evaluate the

dynamics of nutrients and water in cropping and tillage systems VenezuelaFAO/IAEA course on water and soil sampling, analytical techniques and use of

neutron moisture probes PakistanFAO/IAEA course on hydrological studies on the project site, with particular

reference to isotopic techniques PakistanFAO/IAEA course on nuclear and related techniques used in the study of soil physical,

chemical and biological parameters and the effects of salinity and plant growth on these parameters Pakistan

FAO/IAEA regional course for West Asia on the use of nuclear techniques in water and nutrient management practices Syrian Arab Republic

FAO/IAEA third co-ordination workshop for East Asia and the Pacific on nuclear techniques for the promotion of agroforestry systems Malaysia

FAO/IAEA second co-ordination workshop for Latin America on plant nutrition, soil and water management (ARCAL XXII) Chile

FAO/IAEA group fellowship training on water use efficiency (AFRA III) Agency’s Laboratories,Seibersdorf

Selection methods for drought tolerance in cereals and legumes South AfricaRegional AFRA workshop to review results of experiments Egypt

128 ANNEX

TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS IN 1998 (cont.)

Regional course on basic mutation and in vitro culture techniques for the improvement of vegetatively propagated crops for sustainable crop production in Africa South Africa

Second working group on rice multi-location trials UruguayThird regional workshop on improving animal production through the application

of feed supplementation strategies and immunoassay techniques Viet NamFAO/IAEA/PARC subregional workshop on emergency preparedness and the

surveillance of Rinderpest in East Africa UgandaRegional workshop on external quality assurance for progesterone

radioimmunoassay ZambiaFAO/IAEA workshop on emergency preparedness and disease surveillance

for southern Africa ZimbabweTask force meeting on strategies for future sustainability of the applications

of progesterone RIA for improving livestock production in developing Member States Headquarters

Seminar on feasibility assessment for fruit fly eradication using the sterile insect technique South Africa

National course on integrated area wide control of fruit flies ThailandGroup course on plant quarantine procedures against fruit flies for quarantine

inspectors and supervisors PeruGroup course on integrated control of fruit flies, with emphasis on the sterile

insect technique PeruSecond national workshop on advances in research support for national fruit

fly programme ArgentinaFAO/IEAEA/SIDA workshop on implementation of quality assurance and quality

control measures in residue analysis laboratories Hungary

Human health

Seminar on nuclear medicine: The global perspectives GermanySeminar on upgrading and distribution of gamma cameras in

developing countries GermanyRegional course for nuclear medicine technologists on diagnostic and therapeutic

applications of radionuclide methods UruguayRegional course for nuclear medicine physicians HungaryRegional course on advanced molecular biology techniques for Latin America on the

diagnosis of Chagas’ disease and leishmaniasis BrazilRegional course on serological markers for hepatitis infection and its sequel ChileRegional course on assessing viability of myocardium using nuclear medicine techniques AustraliaRegional course on the production of basic reagents for radioimmunoassay of tumour

markers and optimal diagnostic uses of the assay ZimbabweRegional course on molecular biology techniques and radionuclide tracers in the

control of malaria and tuberculosis KenyaRegional workshop on the treatment of thyroid cancer with iodine-131 PakistanRegional course for tumour marker assay Pakistan

129ANNEX


Regional workshop on scintimammography techniques IndiaRegional course on nuclear cardiology SingaporeNational course on radioimmunoassay ZambiaNational course on advanced radioimmunoassay techniques SudanNational course on radioimmunoassay Dem. Rep. of the CongoRegional course on quality control and preventive maintenance of radiotherapy

equipment JordanRegional workshop on repair and maintenance of MEDISO gamma cameras and

associated computer systems ZambiaRegional workshop on preventive maintenance and quality control of gamma

camera computer systems UkraineRegional workshop on the quality control of single and multi-head single photon

emission computer tomography systems MexicoRegional workshop on upgrading of analogue gamma camera with personal computers

and relevant clinical software KazakhstanRegional workshop on servicing and maintenance of medical linear accelerators EgyptRegional course on recommended systems for upgrading MexicoRegional training course on treatment planning techniques and quality assurance (AFRA) South AfricaRegional course on quality assurance in radiation oncology GhanaRegional course for therapeutic radiographers in clinical quality assurance (RCA) SingaporeRegional workshop on radiotherapeutic management of head and neck tumours (AFRA) CameroonRegional workshop on mould room techniques (AFRA) TunisiaRegional course for therapeutic radiographers in clinical quality assurance (ARCAL XXIV) ColombiaRegional course on radiation sterilization of tissue grafts (RCA) PhilippinesRegional course on intracavitary brachytherapy BrazilRegional course on clinical quality assurance for radiotherapy technicians (ARCAL) Dominican Rep.Regional course on intraluminal and interstitial brachytherapy (RCA) IndiaWorkshop on self-assessment review and public awareness in tissue banking MalaysiaRegional course for radiotherapy technicians in clinical quality assurance (ARCAL) BrazilRegional course on clinical and physical aspects of quality assurance in radiation oncology GhanaNational course on quality assurance in radiation therapy dosimetry ChinaRegional course on dosimetry and treatment planning of radiotherapy treatments MexicoRegional course on implementation of the ARCAL XXX protocol for quality assurance

in radiotherapy (physical aspects) CubaMonitoring radionuclides in food and the environment Austria; GermanyGroup training fellowship on radiochemical analysis of strontium-90 and actinides in

environmental samples Austria


Organochlorides and organophosphates MalaysiaChlorinated pesticides Cote d’Ivoire

130 ANNEX


Trace metals Cote d’IvoirePesticides for MEDPOL countries MonacoTrace metals for MEDPOL countries Monaco IAEA/PAGES–ISOMAP workshop on reconstructing the isotopic composition of

past precipitation from continental archives HeadquartersWorkshop on the use of isotopes in Caspian Sea investigations HeadquartersInterregional course on analytical techniques and quality assurance in environmental

isotope techniques HeadquartersWorkshop for AFRA specialized teams TunisiaRegional course on technical quality management of an isotope hydrology laboratory HeadquartersRegional workshop on training personnel in the safe operation of radiation facilities (AFRA) EgyptRegional workshop on radiation treatment of wastewater and drinking water (RCA) ChinaRegional workshop to assess national in-service inspection needs and priorities and

establish appropriate programmes and methods (AFRA) KenyaRegional workshop on the fabrication of non-destructive testing test pieces (RCA) JapanRegional workshop and course on condition monitoring of civil engineering concrete

structures (AFRA) TunisiaRegional workshop and course on in-service inspection in the petroleum industry (RCA) IndonesiaRegional course on radioisotope sealed source and radiotracer applications in the oil

and gas industries (RCA) MalaysiaRegional course on design, calibration and quality control of nucleonic gauges (RCA) Viet Nam


National course on gamma ray spectrometric survey in mineral resource assessment and environmental monitoring Portugal

Regional workshop on electronics for research reactors (ARCAL) ArgentinaNational course on repair and maintenance of switch mode power supplies used in

personal computers and monitors ZambiaRegional workshop on nuclear instrumentation in Africa KenyaRegional course on troubleshooting, maintenance and repair of analog nuclear

systems and quality control of nuclear instruments TunisiaRegional course on personal computer interfacing of nuclear instruments GhanaWorkshop on industrial and environmental applications of nuclear analytical methods AustriaWorkshop on performance of portable X ray fluorescence and gamma spectroscopy systems AustriaRegional workshop on measurements of reactor physics parameters (AFRA) EgyptRegional course on research reactor instrumentation technology and trends (AFRA) NigeriaRegional course on quality control in hospital radiopharmacy GhanaWorkshop on production of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals based on human

albumin and immunoglobulin (RLA) CubaCourse on preparation of radiopharmaceuticals based on fluorine-18 and iodine-123 (RLA) ArgentinaWorkshop on quality assurance and quality control in analytical laboratories I (RLA) Mexico

131ANNEX


Workshop on quality assurance and quality control in analytical laboratories II (RLA) Uruguay

Nuclear safety

Interregional course on operator regulator interface for nuclear power plants USAInterregional course on advances in monitoring, assessment and enhancement of the

operational safety of nuclear power plants USARegional course on regulatory aspects of safety documentation of research reactors Czech RepublicInterregional course on safety in the operation of research reactors for operators USARegional workshop on human factors in nuclear safety SloveniaRegional workshop on modelling of external hazards in probabilistic safety analysis Russian FederationRegional workshop on format and content of the safety analysis report BulgariaRegional workshop on safety analysis of plant modifications SloveniaRegional workshop on analytical methods and computational tools for nuclear

power plant safety assessment Russian FederationRegional workshop on application of plant simulators and analysis for validating EOPs RomaniaRegional workshop on monitoring operational performance through operating experience Czech RepublicRegional workshop on operational safety performance indicators SloveniaRegional workshop on severe accident management SloveniaRegional course on regulatory control of nuclear power plants GermanyRegional workshop on regulatory review of plant safety analysis reports SlovakiaRegional workshop on regulatory use of probabilistic safety analysis methods FinlandRegional workshop on radiation protection issues in nuclear power plants SloveniaRegional workshop on establishment of training programmes for the regulatory staff FinlandRegional workshop on decommissioning SloveniaRegional workshop on training the trainers in nuclear safety Rep. of KoreaRegional workshop on operating organization and self-assessment of safety culture Rep. of KoreaRegional workshop on operating experience feedback ChinaRegional management workshop on operational and safety issues of nuclear power plants ChinaRegional workshop on definition and maintenance of the safe operating envelope CanadaRegional workshop on operational experience feedback and self-assessment of

operational safety PakistanRegional workshop on maintenance optimization India

Radiation safety

Regional basic professional course on radiation protection India; MoroccoRegional basic professional course on radiation protection and nuclear safety ArgentinaNational course on radiation protection Albania; EthiopiaRegional seminar on approaches and practices in strengthening radiation

protection and waste management infrastructures in Eastern European countries SlovakiaRegional course on techniques for external and internal dose assessment China

132 ANNEX


Regional workshop on radiation protection in mining and milling ZambiaRegional (Europe) workshop on the implementation and management of the ‘as

low as reasonably achievable’ concept in nuclear power plant operation HeadquartersNational training course on radiation protection for medical personnel Bosnia and HerzegovinaNational workshop on radiation protection in radiodiagnostics, radiotherapy

and nuclear medicine UzbekistanRegional course on radiation protection and safety in medicine: Protection

against occupational, medical and public exposure IndiaNational course on radiation protection and quality assurance in diagnostic

radiology and safety in therapy LatviaRegional workshop on notification, authorization, inspection and enforcement ThailandRegional course on notification, authorization, inspection and enforcement Australia; Cuba;

South AfricaRegional combined workshop on the Regulatory Authority Information System

(RAIS) and implementation of a regulatory programme LebanonNational workshop on the system of authorization and inspection of radiation

sources for regulators Viet NamRegional workshop on the Regulatory Authority Information System (RAIS) SlovakiaRegional course on notification, registration, licensing and control of

radiation sources BelarusNational course on industrial radiography The Former Yugoslav

Rep. of MacedoniaNational course on radiation protection in the medical use of radiation and

radionuclides CyprusRegional course on safe transport of radioactive materials GermanyRegional workshop on emergency planning and preparedness South AfricaRegional workshop on assistance in case of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency ChinaRegional West Asia group training on medical emergencies in case of radiological

emergencies FranceRegional course on medical education and interregional harmonization programme

for nuclear accident preparedness – Echo II Russian FederationRegional course on medical education and interregional harmonization programme

for nuclear accident preparedness – Echo III Republic of MoldovaRegional course on medical education and interregional harmonization programme

for nuclear accident preparedness – Echo IV EstoniaRegional course on medical education and interregional harmonization programme

for nuclear accident preparedness – Echo V UkraineRegional train the trainers workshop on planning and preparedness, accident assessment

and response to reactor accidents Belarus; SlovakiaRegional workshop on the accident classification scheme HeadquartersRegional workshop on the application of indirect methods for individual dosimetry

of internally deposited radionuclides Japan

133ANNEX


Regional course on design, implementation and management of national individual monitoring service Germany

Regional seminar on exchange of experience among thermoluminescent dosimeter RADOS users in the Baltic region Lithuania

Regional workshop on external occupational dosimetry systems Brazil


Regional course on operational safety for near surface disposal facilities United KingdomRegional workshop on analytical procedures for foodstuff contamination EgyptRegional workshop on environmental radiation measurements using spectrometric

methods USA

Safeguards

Safeguards traineeship programme for junior professionals HeadquartersSeminar on nuclear science and technology for diplomats HeadquartersInternational course on State’s System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Material Russian FederationRegional course on State’s System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Material BrazilTechnical workshop on safeguards, verification technologies and other related experiences HeadquartersInternational seminar on safeguards information reporting and processing Vienna

Security of material

Regional course on physical protection of nuclear facilities and materials Argentinia; ChinaWorkshop on nuclear export/import controls HeadquartersWorkshop on familiarization of safeguards activies and non-destructive analysis

measurement techniques BelarusIAEA/WCO/INTERPOL course on nuclear smuggling Headquarters

Policy making, co-ordination and support

Seminar on information security issues Headquarters

134 ANNEX


PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1998

Nuclear power

Nuclear desalination of sea water Proceedings SeriesNuclear fuel cycle and reactor strategies: Adjusting to new realities Proceedings SeriesChoosing the nuclear power option: Factors to be considered Special publicationDecommissioning of nuclear facilities other than reactors Technical Reports Series No. 386Design measures to facilitate implementation of safeguards at future

water cooled reactors Technical Reports Series No. 392Energy, electricity and nuclear power estimates for the period up

to 2020: July 1998 edition Reference Data Series No. 1Nuclear power reactors in the world: April 1998 edition Reference Data Series No. 2Country nuclear power profiles IAEA-CNPPAdvances in fast reactor technology IAEA-TECDOC-1015Modernization of instrumentation and control in nuclear power plants IAEA-TECDOC-1016Design measures for prevention and mitigation of severe accidents

at advanced water cooled reactors IAEA-TECDOC-1020Selection, competency development and assessment of nuclear power

plant managers IAEA-TECDOC-1024Energy and nuclear power planning study for Pakistan (covering the

period 1993–2023) IAEA-TECDOC-1030Influence of high dose irradiation on core structural and fuel materials

in advanced reactors IAEA-TECDOC-1039Technologies for gas cooled reactor decommissioning, fuel storage and

waste disposal IAEA-TECDOC-1043Nuclear power plant organization and staffing for improved performance:

Lessons learned IAEA-TECDOC-1052Technologies for improving the availability and reliability of current and

future water cooled nuclear power plants IAEA-TECDOC-1054Nuclear heat applications: Design aspects and operating experience IAEA-TECDOC-1056Good practices with respect to the development and use of nuclear

power plant procedures IAEA-TECDOC-1058Options identification programme for demonstration of nuclear desalination IAEA-TECDOC-898Potential for nuclear desalination as a source of low cost potable water in

North Africa IAEA-TECDOC-917Planning for environmental restoration of uranium mining and milling sites

in Central and Eastern Europe IAEA-TECDOC-982Advances in heavy water reactor technology IAEA-TECDOC-984Accelerator driven systems: Energy generation and transmutation of nuclear waste IAEA-TECDOC-985 High temperature gas cooled reactor technology development IAEA-TECDOC-988Selection, specification, design and use of various nuclear power plant

training simulators IAEA-TECDOC-995Introduction of small and medium reactors in developing countries IAEA-TECDOC-999

135ANNEX


Interim storage of radioactive waste packages Technical Reports Series No. 390Review of fuel failures in water cooled reactors Technical Reports Series No. 388Safe handling and storage of plutonium Safety Reports Series No. 9Spent fuel management: Current status and prospects 1997 IAEA-TECDOC-1006Durability of spent nuclear fuels and facility components in wet storage IAEA-TECDOC-1012Implementation of burnup credit in spent fuel management systems IAEA-TECDOC-1013Characterization of radioactively contaminated sites for remediation purposes IAEA-TECDOC-1017Technical, institutional and economic factors important for developing a

multinational radioactive waste repository IAEA-TECDOC-1021New methods and techniques for decontamination in maintenance

or decommissioning operations IAEA-TECDOC-1022Factors for formulating strategies for environmental restoration IAEA-TECDOC-1032Critical review of uranium resources and production capability to 2020 IAEA-TECDOC-1033Classification of uranium reserves/resources IAEA-TECDOC-1035Advances in fuel pellet technology for improved performance at high burnup IAEA-TECDOC-1036Management of small quantities of radioactive waste IAEA-TECDOC-1041Poolside inspection, repair and reconstitution of LWR fuel elements IAEA-TECDOC-1050Management of radioactive waste from molybdenum-99 production IAEA-TECDOC-1051Guidebook on good practices in the management of uranium mining and

mill operations and the preparation for their closure IAEA-TECDOC-1059


Guidelines for integrated risk assessment and management in large industrial areas IAEA-TECDOC-994

DECADES tools user’s manual for version 1.0 DECADES Project Document No. 3


Towards livestock disease diagnosis and control in the 21st century Proceedings SeriesCombination processes for food irradiation Panel Proceedings Series Evaluation of genetically altered medflies for use in sterile insect

technique programmes Panel Proceedings SeriesResearch and development on procedures to stabilize acaricides in livestock dips IAEA-TECDOC-983Management of nutrients and water in rainfed arid and semi-arid areas IAEA-TECDOC-1026Improving yield and nitrogen fixation of grain legumes in the tropics and

subtropics of Asia IAEA-TECDOC-1027Use of caesium-137 in the study of soil erosion and sedimentation IAEA-TECDOC-1028Use of nuclear techniques in the management of nitrogen fixation by trees to

enhance fertility of fragile tropical soils IAEA-TECDOC-1053Application of DNA based marker mutations for improvement of cereals and

sexually reproduced crops IAEA-TECDOC-1010

136 ANNEX

PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1998 (cont.)

Use of novel DNA fingerprinting techniques for the detection and characterization of genetic variation in vegetatively propagated crops IAEA-TECDOC-1047

Plant breeding and genetics newsletter Nos 1, 2Animal production and health newsletter Nos 28, 29Diagnosis and epidemiology of animal diseases in Latin America IAEA–TECDOC–1055Genetic engineering technology for the improvement of the sterile insect technique IAEA-TECDOC-993The South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied): Advances in artificial

rearing, taxonomic status and biological studies IAEA-TEDCDOC-1064Insect and pest control newsletter Nos 51, 52Use of isotopic tracers in studies of herbicide performance on grasses and sedges IAEA-TECDOC-1003

Human health

In vitro radionuclide techniques in medical diagnosis IAEA-TECDOC-1001Quality assurance in radiotherapy IAEA-TECDOC-989Design and implementation of a radiotherapy programme: Clinical, medical

physics, radiation protection and safety aspects IAEA-TECDOC-1040SSDL newsletter Nos 37–39


Isotope techniques in the study of environmental change Proceedings SeriesRadiation technology for conservation of the environment IAEA-TECDOC-1023Application of isotope techniques to investigate groundwater pollution IAEA-TECDOC-1046Stability and stabilization of polymers under irradiation IAEA-TECDOC-1062


CINDA 98: Supplement to CINDA 97 Miscellaneous publicationNuclear research reactors in the world: December 1997 edition Reference Data Series No. 3Fusion energy 1996 Proceedings SeriesCIAMDA 98 Miscellaneous publicationDirectory of cyclotrons used for radionuclide production in Member States IAEA-TECDOC-1007Directory of nuclear research reactors Miscellaneous publicationPreparation, quality control and clinical evaluation of monoclonal antibodies

for scintigraphy IAEA-TECDOC-1008Modern trends in radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy IAEA-TECDOC-1029Application of personal computers to enhance operation and management

of research reactors IAEA-TECDOC-1004Intercomparison of gamma ray analysis software IAEA-TECDOC-1011Handbook for calculations of nuclear reaction data: Reference input

parameter library IAEA-TECDOC-1034Software for nuclear spectrometry IAEA-TECDOC-1049Nuclear data for neutron therapy: Status and future needs IAEA-TECDOC-992

137ANNEX


Technical basis for the ITER detailed design report: Cost review and safety analysis IAEA/ITEREDA/DS/13

Database for accelerator based analyytical techniques (on diskette)CINDA 98 (Index to literature and computer files on microscopic neutron data)

Periodicals Bulletin on atomic and molecular data for fusion, No. 54/55 Annual publicationCIAMDA 98 (Computer Index to Atomic and Molecular Collision Data) atomic

and plasma–material interaction data for fusion, Vols. 7A and 8 Annual publicationNuclear data newsletter Nos 25, 26 Index to IAEA nuclear data services IAEA-NDS-0XMuDat: Photon attenuation data on personal computers IAEA-NDS-195EPDL97: The Evaluated Photon Data Library, 1997 version IAEA-NDS-196MENDL-2P: Proton reaction data library for nuclear activation

(Medium Energy Nuclear Data Library) IAEA-NDS-204EXFOR, Experimental Nuclear Reaction Cross-Section Library (CD-ROM) IAEA-NDS-CD-01RIPL, Reference Input Parameters Library (CD-ROM) IAEA-NDS-CD-02FENDL-2, Fusion Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (CD-ROM) IAEA-NDS-CD-03ENDF: Five comprehensive evaluated nuclear data libraries (CD-ROM) IAEA-NDS-CD-04Nuclear data for neutron therapy: Status and future needs IAEA-TECDOC-992Handbook for calculations of nuclear reaction data: Reference input

parameter library IAEA-TECDOC-1034Co-ordination of the international network of nuclear structure and decay

data evaluators INDC(NDS)-363Summary report of a meeting on ‘Measurement, Calculation and Evaluation

of Photon Production Data’ INDC(NDS)-375Handbook of nuclear data for safeguards INDC(NDS)-376Summary report of a meeting on ‘Technical Aspects of Atomic and Molecular

Data Processing and Exchange’ INDC(NDS)-377Summary report of a meeting on ‘Preparation of the Proposal for a Co-ordinated

Research Project to Update X- and Gamma-Ray Decay Data Standards for Detector Calibration’ INDC(NDS)-378

Progress in fission product nuclear data INDC(NDS)-379The CENDL-2.1 Library: neutron data library for MCNP INDC(NDS)-381The WIMSLIB Library: Neutron data library for WIMS-D INDC(NDS)-382Summary report of a meeting on ‘Co-ordination of the Nuclear Reaction Data Centres’ INDC(NDS)-383Summary report of a meeting on ‘Compilation and Evaluation of Photonuclear

Data for Applications’ INDC(NDS)-384Critically assessed electron impact excitation cross-sections for He INDC(NDS)-385Nuclear data libraries and on-line services INDC(NDS)-387Summary report of a meeting on ‘Development of Reference Charged Particle

Cross-Section Database for Medical Radioisotope Production’ INDC(NDS)-388Analysis of low and medium energy physics records in databases INDC(NDS)-391

138 ANNEX


Nuclear safety

Examples of safety culture practices Safety Reports Series No. 1Equipment qualification in operational nuclear power plants: Upgrading,

preserving and reviewing Safety Reports Series No. 3Safety issues for advanced protection, control and human–machine

interface systems in operating nuclear power plants Safety Reports Series No. 6Preparation of fire hazard analyses for nuclear power plants Safety Reports Series No. 8Treatment of internal fires in probabilistic safety assessment for

nuclear power plants Safety Reports Series No. 10Developing safety culture in nuclear activities. Practical suggestions

to assist progress Safety Reports Series No. 11Evaluation of the safety of operating nuclear power plants built to earlier

standards. A common basis for judgement Safety Reports Series No. 12Review of the methods used for leak rate measurements for WWER-440/230

confinements and WWER-440/213 containments IAEA-EBP-WWER-10Methodology for qualification of in-service inspection systems for

WWER nuclear power plants IAEA-EBP-WWER-IIIAEA/NEA Incident Reporting System (IRS) reporting guidelines Miscellaneous publicationNuclear safety review for the year 1997 IAEA/NSR/1997Approaches relating to decommissioning PDRP-2Guidelines for the review of research reactor safety IAEA-SVS-01Organization and conduct of IAEA fire safety reviews at nuclear power plants IAEA-SVS-02Guidelines for integrated risk assessment and management in large industrial areas IAEA-TECDOC-994Use of PSA level 2 analysis for improving containment performance IAEA-TECDOC-1002Upgrading of fire safety in nuclear power plants IAEA-TECDOC-1014OSART programme highlights 1995–1996 IAEA-TECDOC-1018Use of computers to enhance nuclear power plant diagnosis and operator response IAEA-TECDOC-1019Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear power plant

components important to safety: Concrete containment buildings IAEA-TECDOC-1025Topical issues in nuclear, radiation and radioactive waste safety. Contributed papers IAEA-TECDOC-1031Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear power plant

components important to safety. CANDU pressure tubes IAEA-TECDOC-1037Safety analysis of nuclear power plants during low power and shutdown conditions IAEA-TECDOC-1042Generic safety issues for nuclear power plants with light water reactors and measures

taken for their resolution IAEA-TECDOC-1044Collection and classification of human reliability data for use in probabilistic

safety assessments IAEA-TECDOC-1048

Radiation safety

Accidental overexposure of radiotherapy patients in San José, Costa Rica Miscellaneous publicationThe radiological accident in Tammiku Miscellaneous publication

139ANNEX


The radiological accident in the reprocessing plant at Tomsk Miscellaneous publicationThe radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa:

Executive summary Miscellaneous publicationLow doses of ionizing radiation: Biological effects and regulatory control.

Invited papers and discussions Proceedings SeriesRadiological conditions at Bikini Atoll: Prospects for resettlement Radiological Assessment Reports SeriesThe radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa:

Main report Radiological Assessment Reports SeriesThe radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa:

Summary report Radiological Assessment Reports SeriesDiagnosis and treatment of radiation injuries Safety Reports Series No. 2Planning the medical response to radiological accidents Safety Reports Series No. 4Health surveillance of persons occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation:

Guidance for occupational physicians Safety Reports Series No. 5Lessons learned from accidents in industrial radiography Safety Reports Series No. 7Goiânia, ten years later IAEA-GOCPThe radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa.

Proceedings of a conference held in Vienna, 30 June–3 July 1998 IAEA-MFCPThe radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa. Technical report.

Volume 1. Radionuclide concentrations measured in the terrestrial environment of the atolls IAEA-MFTR-1

The radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa. Technical report. Volume 2. Radionuclide concentrations measured in the aquatic environment of the atolls IAEA-MFTR-2

The radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa. Technical report. Volume 3. Inventory of radionuclides underground at the atolls IAEA-MFTR-3

The radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa. Technical report. Volume 4. Releases to the biosphere of radionuclides from underground nuclear weapon tests at the atolls IAEA-MFTR-4

The radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa. Technical report. Volume 5. Transport of radioactive material within the marine environment IAEA-MFTR-5

The radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa. Technical report. Volume 6. Doses due to radioactive materials present in the environment or released from the atolls IAEA-MFTR-6

National competent authorities responsible for approvals and authorizations in respect of the transport of radioactive material, List No. 29 (1998 edition) IAEA-NCAL-29

Health effects and medical surveillance IAEA-PRTM-3Compilation of anatomical, physiological and metabolic characteristics for a

Reference Asian Man. Volume 1 IAEA-TECDOC-1005Compilation of anatomical, physiological and metabolic characteristics for a

Reference Asian Man. Volume 2: Country reports IAEA-TECDOC-1005Dosimetric and medical aspects of the radiological accident in Goiânia in 1997 IAEA-TECDOC-1009

140 ANNEX


Directory of national competent authorities’ approval certificates for package design, special form material and shipment of radioactive material IAEA-TECDOC-1038

Safety of radiation sources and security of radioactive materials: Contributed papers IAEA-TECDOC-1045


Radiological conditions at the Semipalatinsk test site, Kazakhstan. Preliminary assessment and recommendations for further study Radiological Assessment Reports Series

Radiological conditions of the Western Kara Sea: Assessment of the radiological impact of the dumping of radioactive waste in the Arctic Sea Radiological Assessment Reports Series

Application of radiation protection principles to the cleanup of contaminated areas. Interim report for comment IAEA-TECDOC-987

Clearance of materials resulting from the use of radionuclides in medicine, industry and research IAEA-TECDOC-1000

141ANNEX


ABBREVIATIONSABACC Brazilian–Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear MaterialsAFRA African Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear

Science and TechnologyAGRIS Agricultural Information SystemARCAL Regional Co-operative Arrangements for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in

Latin AmericaBWR Boiling water reactorCRP Co-ordinated Research ProjectCTBTO Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty OrganizationEURATOM European Atomic Energy CommunityFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFORATOM Forum atomique européenHWR Heavy water reactorIAEA-MEL IAEA Marine Environment LaboratoryICTP International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsIIASA International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisILO International Labour OrganisationIMO International Maritime OrganizationINDC International Nuclear Data CommitteeIOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO)ISO International Organization for StandardizationLWR Light water reactorNEA Nuclear Energy Agency of the OECDOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOLADE Organización Latinoamericana de EnergíaOPANAL Organismo para la Proscripción de las Armas Nucleares en América Latina y el CaribePAHO Pan American Health Organization/WHOPHWR Pressurized heavy water reactorPWR Pressurized water reactorRAF Regional AfricaRAS Regional East Asia and PacificRAW Regional West AsiaRBMK Light boiling water cooled graphite moderated pressure tube reactor (former USSR)RCA Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear

Science and TechnologySQ Significant quantityt HM tonnes heavy metalUNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic RadiationWCO World Customs OrganizationWEC World Energy CouncilWHO World Health OrganizationWTO World Trade OrganizationWWER Water cooled and moderated energy reactor (former USSR)

142 ANNEX

Documents

IAEA Annual Report 1998 · The draft Annual Report aims to ... decline in the groundwater level of this aquifer system and advancing ... studies and groundwater modelling,