RD-R158 647 INTERFACIAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND TRANSPORT PHENOMENA i/1IN FLOW SYSTEMS(U) YALE UNIV NEW HAVEN CT DEPT OF

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AFOSR-TR January 1984

FINAL REPORT

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U.S. AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHBldg. 410, Bolling Air Force Base

Washington, D.C. 20332

InU Contract No. F49620-82-K-0020

. INTERFACIAL ClinICAL REACTIONS AND TRANSPORT IPIENIEM IN FLOW SYSTEMS

-a

Principal Investigator: Daniel E. Rosner

Period Covered: 1 December 1981 - 30 November 1983

High Temperature Chemical Reaction Engineering LaboratoryYale University

Department of Chemical EngineeringP.O. Box 2159 Yale Station

New Haven, CT 06520

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

mDTIC, € ELECTEjAU 2 9 1985

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The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authorsand should not be interpreted as necessarily the official policy orendorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Air Force Office ofScientific Research or the U.S. Government.

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IN ACIAL CUICAL IUCTIONS AD TRASPOIT PIEMfII IN FUW llSTEI

F49620-82K-0020

CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES 1

2. RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1

4 2.1 Surface-Catalyzed Combustion of Hydrogen 1

2.2 Transport of Combustion-Generated Particulate Matter 3

2.2.1 Seeded Flame Experiments on Submicron Particulate 3Transport Rates

2.2.2 Preliminary Soot Deposition Rate Experiments Using 3Thermocouple Response Techniques in RichHydrocarbon/Air Flat Flames

2.2.3 Theoretical Studies of Boundary Layer (BL) 3Transport of Combustion-Generated ParticulateMatter

2.3 Heterogeneous Chemical Kinetics 8

2.3.1 Chemical and Physical Energy Accommodation at 8Catalytic Surfaces

2.3.2 Development and Application of Microwave-Induced 10Plasma hmissi~n Spectroscopy (MIPES)

"" 3. COMMUNICATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS 12

3.1 Papers Submitted, Published 12

3.2 Verbal Presentations 14

4. ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION, PERSONNEL 16

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2.1-1 Detail (schematic) of subatmospheric Pt-ribbon flow 2reactor for calorimetric studies of surface-catalyzedcombustionl3 ; reactant gas temperature, Tg, near 300K.

2.1-2 Thermal diffusion (Soret-effect) enhancement of the H2 4transport rate to a Pt-catalyst surfacel3 ; comparison ofexperiment with theoryl3,1 7 .

2.2-1 Schematic of experimental arrangement for real-time 5optical reflectivity studies of submicron particledeposition rates from seeded laboratory flat flames 2 ,11.

.12.2-2 Comparison of pooled MgO particle deposition rate data 6(normalized to Tv/Tg - 0.7) with the Tw/Tg-dependencepredicted by thermophoresis-augmented boundary layertheory (QT(gas) - 1500K, T(gas) - 1560K,@T(gas) -1578K,OT(gas) - 1585K).

2.2-3 Indirect test of thermophoretically controlled soot 7deposition rate mechanism; straight line plot based onlyon thermocouple output, Tkt , exploiting the constantemittance QS energy balance' to infer the instantaneousbead diameter, dw(t). (See Ref. I for details ofprocedure, notations.)

2.2-4 Accuracy of correlations for small particle transport 9across gaseous boundary layers in the presence ofthermophoresis, viscous dissipation and transpirationcooling4 .

2.3-1 Transonic flow reactor for kinetic studies of gas/solid 11(filament) surface reactions using the method ofmicrowave-induced plasma emission spectroscopy (MIPES) 1 9 .

2.3-2 Microwave-induced Pt emission line intensity, I, in 13filament wake vs. equilibrium Pt flux for steady-statePt(s) sublimation1 9 .

TABLU

4-1 Research Participants in AFOSR Contract F 49620-82-K-0020. 16

.:, ABBREVIATIONS

BL boundary layer P1 Principal Investigator. CT combustion turbine QS quasi-steady. LBL laminar boundary layer SCC surface catalyzed combustion

MIPES microwave-induced TBL turbulent boundary layerplasma emission spectroscopy

5,...

1. INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES

Diffusion rates of reactants, reaction intermediates, reaction productsand impurites determine the performance of combustion systems - even systemsthat are premixed and/or turbulent. The existence of large temperaturegradients, particularly in laminar (sub-) regions, gives rise to anappreciable thermal diffusion contribution to the "species" mass flux (calledjoe.-diffusion for vapors, or thermophoresis for particulate matter). Thisfinal report reviews, among other things, our recent experimental andtheoretical developments on the consequences of thermal diffusion masstransfer in combustion systems, with present emphasis on the behavior ofhydrogen in surface-catalyzed-combustion (SCC) and condensate particles (e.g.,ash, soot) in a local temperature gradient. In terms of molecular weightdisparity (between the transported species and prevailing "carrier" gas) theseexamples represent important limiting cases, with high molecular weight (e.g.,fuel-) vapor transport falling in between.

As will be summarized in Sections 2.1 and 2.2, in this research programwe have demonstrated several important effects of temperature gradients ondiffusional mass transport rates in combustion systems. In general, lightvapor species tend to drift toward hot regions/surfaces, and heavyspecies/particles tend to drift toward cold regions/surfaces. The lattereffect is particularly strong, and should also produce some dramaticconsequences for small particle nucleation, growth, migration, coagulation andburnout in flames. It is hoped that this research stimulates increasedattention to these often neglected phenomena, and their practical consequencesin combustion systems. Moreover, our mass transfer research, suitablyextended and tested, can be expected to: a) open possibilities for theincorporation of deposition rate criteria in the design/optimization of next-generation salt/ash-"tolerant" turbines; b) enable the establishment ofsharper minimum performance specifications for all "upstream" fuel treatment,combustion and ash separation systems; and c) suggest rational simulationcriteria for laboratory testing of CT blades/materials.

The purpose of this final report is to briefly summarize our researchmethods and accomplishments under AFOSR Contract F 49620-82K-0020 (TechnicalMonitors: B.T. Wolfson and J.M. Tishkoff) during the two-year period: 12/1/81- 11/30/83. Readers interested in greater detail than that contained inSection 2 are advised to consult the published papers cited in Section 2, andlisted in Section 3.1. Copies of any of these published papers or preprintslisted in Section 3.1 can be obtained by writing the PI: Prof. Daniel E.Rosner at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, Box 2159Y.S., New Haven, CT, 06520, U.S.A. Comments on, or examples of, theapplicability of our research results will be especially welcome.

2. RESEARCH ACCOHPLISHMKTS

2.1 Surface-Catalyzed Combustion 2f Hydrogen

Appreciable effects of Soret (thermal diffusion) transport forhydrogen/air combustion have been predicted for premixed laminar flamestructure, and reported in the Russian literature (on surface-catalyzedcombustion (SCC)). Our recent SCC-investigations13, carried out usingisothermal calorimetric (power-balance) techniques in the subatmospheric Pt-ribbon reactor shown in Fig. 2.1-1, reveal that the rate of H2 transport to an

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active, hot catalytic surface (e.g., Pt, with Tw/T Z3-4) is systematicallyincreased by more than ten percent (Fig. 2.1-2) by the prevailing temperaturegradients. Still larger modifications of vapor mass transport can be exRectedfor H-atoms, or in cases where heavy organic fuel vapors are transported13.

2.2 Transport of Combustion-Generated Particulate Matter

2.2.1 Seeded Flame Experiments on Submicron Particulate TransportRates 2 ,

1

Small article transport through nonisothermal gases can easily bedominated by thermophoresis, as was confirmed in our recent opticalexperiments 2 on submicron MgO-particle deposition from (MgSO 4 -seeded)propane/air flames (Fig. 2.2-1). Relative deposition rates, measured on-linevia the loss in Pt-target reflectivity, were obtained at various target andgas temperatures (Fig. 2.2-2) and found to agree with the predictions ofthermophoretic LBL theory3 , 4 (cf. solid curve, Fig. 2.2-2). Moreover, for thesame seed level, particle deposition rates at Tw/TgszO.7 were estimated to beover 1000-times larger than the corresponding rate of convective- (Brownian-)diffusion (Tw/Tg-insensitive .(dashed curve), Fig. 2.2-2). These experimentsare now being extended to include soot deposition from fuel-rich premixed flatflames. Preliminary evidence (Section 2.2.2) indicates that soot particletransport to targets or thermocouples is described by the abovementioned lawsof particle thermophoresis, although the thermophoretic coefficient of suchnon-spherical particle aggregates remains to be measured and predicted.

2.2.2 Preliminary Soot Deposition Rate Experiments Using ThermocoupleResponse Techniques in Rich Hydrocarbon/Air Flat Flames

1

Using transient size and temperature measurements obtained on a smallthermocouple bead suddenly immersed in the soot-laden combustion productsdownstream of a water-cooled flat-flame burner, we have recently 1 demonstrated(via suitable straight line plots (Fig. 2.2-3)) that soot deposition rates arealso dominated by particle thermonhoresis i.e., soot particle drift down thetemperature gradient prevailing in the gas thermal boundary layer (BL)surrounding the thermocouple target. Observed soot deposition mass fluxes wereestimated to be about 100-times greated than those that would have beenexpected on the basis of only Brownian (concentration) diffusion at theprevailing Reynolds numbers. We concluded that: a) the dependence of the sootdeposition rate on temperature "contrast" is in approximate accord withrecently proposed thermophoretic BL theories3 ,4 ; and b) the behavior ofsubmicron soot particles in nonisothermal combustion products is stronglyinfluenced by thermophoresis, with important implications for sootcoagulation, burnout and deposition.

In new soot deposition experiments, initiated during the second year ofthis program but not yet brought to fruition, we are using laser lightscattering techniques to make real-time measurements of soot deposition rateson an actively-cooled stagnation-flow target.

2.2.3 Theoretical Studies of Boundary Layer Transport of Combustion-Generated Particulate Matter

In support of the deposition rate experiments described in Sections 2.1and 2.2, rigorous boundary layer calculations, including the non-Fickian mass

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transfer mechanism of thermal diffusion ("thermophoresis"), have been carriedout, and the results used to develop and test simple engineering correlations.As representative outcome of our particle mass transpor tLeoretical studies,Fig. 2.2-4, shows one test of our recently developed correlation4 for rapidlypredicting thermophoreticall¥ augmented small particle mass transport ratesacross laminar or turbulent5,1 nonisothermal boundary layers, includingeffects of transpiration cooling, and viscous dissipation. Plotted is theratio of actual mass transfer coefficient (Stanton number) to thecorresponding coefficient without particle thermophoresis. Note that, asindeed observed in our experiments (Sections 2.2.1, 2.2.2), temperature

*'. gradients can augment the rate of particle capture by over 1100-fold, and ourcorrelation covers a 4-decade range. Over 100 rigorously computed "data"points are shown, with our simple, rational correlation exhibiting an averageerror of less than 8Z in the important parameter range: 0.5 < TW/T& < 1.0, 0 <Mach No.

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2.2-4: Accuracy of correlations for small particle transport acrossgaseous boundary layers in the presence of thermophoresis,viscous dissipation and transpiration cooling4.

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10 'reactions, with emphasis on surface-catalyzed N2H4 (g) decomposition. Thesemeasurements have now been completed and documented for publication in J.Phs,. Chem. 1 0 . A review article outlining the atmospheric chemistryimplications of our findings has also been published in Amer. Geophys. UnionMonograph No. 2: Heterogeneous Atmgspheric Chemistry (1982). Reviewingbriefly the contents of Ref. 10, energy transfer to the catalyst per reactionevent was studied for hydrazine vapor decomposing on Pt, Ir, or W at T >9000 K. The measurements utilized a newly developed fast-flow chemical reactorwhich can yield, in a single experiment, values of the chemical energyaccommodation coefficient 0, thermal accommodation coefficient a forunreacted hydrazine, and the reaction probability y. Due to the relatively

small reaction exoergicity (< 1 ev/molec.) and the great difference betweenthe temperatures of the incident gas and catalyst surface, under the presentexperimental conditions the reaction becomes endoergic at the catalysttemperature T - 15200K. We found that above that temperature products departin thermal equilibrium with the catalyst but below it product molecules carryoff 30-40% of the prevailing exoergicity. This result was explained by thedesorption of translationally hot H2 product molecules. Incidently, directdesorption of H-atoms contributes to the catalyst energy loss in the case of Wabove 20000K.

2.3.2 Development and Application of Microwave-Induced Plasma EmissionSpectroscopy (NIPES)

We have recently developed an emission spectroscopic technique whichfacilitates (i) instantaneous gas/solid reaction rate measurements over alarge temperature range in a single experimental run, and (ii) surface massbalances which are necessary for mechanistic understanding of high temperaturegas/solid reactions. In this technique, a low-pressure microwave-inducedPlasma (MIP) excites characteristic emission from the atoms in the gaseousproduct species of the gas/metal reaction in a low pressure flow reactor. Itshould be noted, that, while MIP systems have received much attention asspectrochemical excitation sources in the past, this work is evidently thefirst to make use of the analytical capabilities of MIPs to study the kineticsof high-temperature gas/solid reactions.

We employ a modified version of the transonic, vacuum flow reactors (Fig.2.3-1) developed earlier under AFOSR-support for the study of gas/solidreactions by Rosner and co-workers 2 0 - 2 2. However, now the reaction productvapor species are dissociated and electronic emission from the resulting atomsis produced in a second microwave discharge plasma (G) before leaving thereactor. Evaporation and gasification reactions are studied by measuringemission intensity from this discharge, via a quartz window, a 75mm-focal-length condensing lens and a 0.5m Jarrell-Ash monochromator.

Aside from steady-state reaction rate measurements, flash evolutionexperiments can be carried out to measure the amount of condensed productmaterial formed on a surface during reaction provided, of course, that thereaction product has a higher volatility than that of the substrate. In suchexperiments the filament is exposed to the gaseous reagent for some reactiontime (normally only a few minutes). Then, the gaseous reagent flow into thereactor is stopped and the filament cooled to near 300K. Finally, the 1(t) isdetermined when the filament is heated rapidly. The skimmer and the inner co-axial tube shown in Fig. 2.3-1 were installed so that the system detects onlyproducts from the central, uniform-temperature region of the filament. Valves

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2.3-1: Transonic flow reactor for kinetic studies of gas/solid(filament) surface reactions using the method of micro-wave-induced plasma emission spectroscopy (MIPES)1 9.

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are provided to divert the gaseous reagent to the reactor exhaust or to allow

it to pass through the reactor during such "flash evolution" experiments.

While exploratory flash evolution experiments are nov being carried outfor the F(g)/Pt(s) system we first demonstrated the capability of MIPES torapidly and quantitatively follow low metal fluxes by examining thesublimation rate of platinum, using the 304.2 nm line of the Pt(g)-emissionspectrum. Figure 2.3-2 reveals that over more than a 2-decade range of metalatom fluxes (starting at only about 2 x 1013 atoms/cm2 sec) the Pt emissionintensity and Pt-flux are directly proportional to one another, as required toexploit MIPES for future gas/solid kinetic studies. Of special interest willbe the application of this MIPES-technique to the oxidation of boron a systemof considerable interest to the propulsion community but one whose poorlyunderstood kinetics are apparently influenced by the condensibility of thereaction product B203

3. COlMUIC&TIO OF RSEARCR RESULTS

3.1 Papers Submitted. Published

P1. Eisner, A.D. and Rosner, D.E., "Soot Particle Thermophoresis in Non-Isothermal Combustion Gases," 20th Symopsium (It.) on Combustion(submitted, January, 1984).

P2. Rosner, D.E. and Kim, S.S., "Optical Experiments on ThermophoreticallyAugmented Sub-Micron Particle Deposition Rates from 'Dusty' HighTemperature Gas Flows," Chem. Enir2.AI. (in press, 1984).

P3. Gokoglu, S.A. and Rosner, D.E., "Thermophoretically-Augmented ForcedConvection Mass Transfer Rates to Solid Walls Across Non-IsothermalLaminar Boundary Layers," AIAA J. (submitted, 1983).

P4. Gokoglu, S.A. and Rosner, D.E., Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 27, 639-645 (1984).

P5. Rosner, D.E., Gokoglu, S.A. and Israel, R., in Fouling 9f Heat ExchangerSurfaces Engineering Foundation, NY (R. Bryers, ed.), 235-256 (1983).

P6. Rosner, D.E. and Fernandez de la Mora, J., "Discussion of Boundary LayerEffects on Particle Impaction and Capture," ASME Trans.-J. Fluids Engri.(in press, 1984).

P7. Gokoglu, S.A. and Rosner, D.E., Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 5., No. 1, 37-41 (1984).

P8. Gokoglu, S.A. and Rosner, D.E., "Thermophoretically Enhanced MassTransport Rates to Solid and Transpiration-Cooled Walls Across Turbulent(Law-of-the-Wa 11) Boundary Layers," Ind. Enara. Chem./Fundamenta 1s (in

press, 1984).

* This system has some features in common with the O,N/Si(s) system we

studied under AFOSR-support 23 in 1968-1969. That paper2 3 proved useful in thedesign of the NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter Vehicle leading edge system.

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14

P9. Rosner, D.E., Gunes, D. and Nazih-Anous, N., Chem. Engrg. Communications

24, 275-287 (1983).

P10. Kiela, J.B., Halpern, B.L. and Rosner, D.E., "Chemical and PhysicalEnergy Accommodation in the Metal Surface-Catalyzed Decomposition ofHydrazine Vapor," . Phys. Chem. (in press, 1984).

Pll. Rosner, D.E. and Atkins, R.M., in Fouling and SlagfinE Resultin fromImpurities in Combustion Gases Engineering Foundation, NY (R. Bryers,ed.), 469-492 (1983).

P12. Israel, R. and Rosner, D.E., Aerosol Sci. and Technology 2, 45-51 (1983).

P13. Israel, R., Thermal Diffusion Effects n Fuel Vaor Mass Transport AcrossNon-Isothermal Boundary Layers ij Surf ace-Cata lzed Combustion, Ph.D.Dissertation, Yale Univ., Chemical Engrg. Dept. (1983).

P14. Fernandez de la Mora, J. and Rosner, D.E., J. Fluid Mechanics 125, 379-395 (1982).

P15. Rosner, D.E. and Fernandez de la Mora, J., ASME Trans-J. Engrg. for Power104. 885-894 (1982).

P16. Roaner, D.E. and Fernandez de la Mora, J., in Es iciats. Laden Flow$ anTurbomachinery (W. Tabakoff, C.T. Crowe and Di. Cale, eds.) ASME, NY,85-94 (1982).

P17. Gokoglu, S.A., Thermonhoreticallv Enhanced Devoe itioILPart LMatter Across Nonisothermal Boundary Layers. Ph.D. Dissertation, YaleUniv., Chem. Engrg. Dept. (1982).

P18. Halpern, B. and Rosner, D.E., in Geophysical Monograph No. 26,Heteroaeneous Atmospheric Chemistry (D.R. Schryer, ed.), Amer. Geophys.Union, Washington, DC, 167-172 (1982).

P19. Oner, A., ADplication IL M icrowave-Induced Emission Snectroscop o1 theStudy of Gas/Solid Surface Reaction Kinetics. Ph.D. Dissertation, YaleUniv., Chemical Engrg. Dept. (in preparation, 1984).

P20. Rosner, D.E. and Allendorf, H.D., J. Phys. Chem. 75, 308-317 (1971).

P21. Nordine, P.C. and Rosner, D.E., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I 2, 1526-1533 (1976).

P22. Nordine, P.C., Rosner, D.E. and Kindlmann, P.J., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44.

821-826 (1973).

P23. Rosner, D.E. and Allendorf, H.D., J. Phys. Chem. 74, 1829-1839 (1970).-a

3.2 !bal Pmnarmatiana

TI. Rosner, D.E., "Particle and Vapor Mass Transport Through Non-IsothermalCombustion Gases, with Applications to Deposition, Sampling and Surface-Catalyzed Combustion," Eastern States Section-Combustion Inst., Fall 83Conference, Nov. 8-10, 1983, Brown Univ., Providence, RI.

15

T2. Sorge, F., Eisner, A.D. and Rosner, D.E., "Deposition of NonsphericalSoot Particles on Cooled Solid Targets," Final Conference, Yale Engrg.and Applied Sci. Sumer Research Program, August 18, 1983, New Haven, CT.

T3. Rosner, D.E., "Recent Research on the Laws Governing Vapor and ParticleVapor Deposition from Combustion Gases; Implications for DiminishingDeposition in the Direct Firing of (Beneficiated-) Coal in CombustionTurbines," invited panel discussion; presented at EPRI Conference onCombustion Turbine Systems Modification for Direct (Beneficiated-) CoalFiring, August 3, 1983, Palo Alto, CA.

T4. Rosner, D.E., "Recent Advances in the Field of Vapor and Particle MassTransfer, with Application to the Fouling of Heat Exchanger Surfaces andCombustion Turbine Blades," Chem. Engrg. Seminar; State Univ. of NY,April 20, 1983, Buffalo, NY.

T5. Rosner, D.E., "Similitude and Correlation Methods in Transport Processes- Some Instructive Non-Equilibrium Examples," Mech. Engrg. Dept.Colloquium, Ben Gurion Univ., Dec. 26, 1982, Negev, Israel.

T6. Rosner, D.E., "Recent Advances in the Theory of Particle Deposition, withApplication to the Fouling of Gas Turbine Blades and Heat ExchangerSurfaces," Aero. Engrg. Dept. Colloquium, Technion-IIT, Dec. 22, 1982,Haifa, Israel.

T7. Rosner, D.E., "Similitude and Correlation Methods in Transport Processes- Some Instructive Non-Equilibrium Examples," Chem. Engrg. Colloquium,Technion-IIT, Dec. 8, 1982, Haifa, Israel.

T8. Rosner, D.E., "Dynamics of Laminar Condensate Films on Fixed and RotatingSurfaces, with Application to Molten Slag or Salt Films on CombustionTurbine Blades," Fluid Dynamics Research Seminar, Technion-IIT, Dec. 5,1982, Haifa, Israel.

T9. Rosner, D.E., "Optical Studies of Dew Points and Deposition Rates fromCombustion Gases Containing Inorganic Impurities," Aero. Engrg. Dept.-Combustion Research Seminar, Technion-IIT, Nov,. 26, 1982, Haifa, Israel.

T10. Rosner, D.E., Gokoglu, S.A. and Israel, R., "Rational EngineeringCorrelations of Diffusional and Inertial Particle Deposition Behavior inNon-Isothermal Forced Convection Environments," presented at the Engrg.Foundation Int. Conf. on the Fouling of Heat Exchanger Surfaces, Oct. 30-Nov. 5, 1982, White Haven, PA.

TI1. Forbes, K.R., Rosner, D.E. and Gunes, D., "Theory of Deposit Formation onCombustion Turbine Blades," Final Conference, Yale Engrg. and AppliedSci. Sumer Research Program, August 19, 1982, New Haven, CT.

T12. Rosner, D.E. and Fernandez de la Mora, J., "Correlation and Prediction ofThermophoretic and Inertial Effects on Particle Deposition Across Non-Isothermal Turbulent Boundary Layers," presented at the ASME-AIAA 1982Spring Fluids Engrg. Conf., June 7-11, 1982, St. Louis, MO.

16

4. & IMNIS'3r&AT I]WOIK&TION, PRSODNIL

Table 4-1 summarizes the personnel who have contributed to this researchprogram during the period: 12/1/81 - 11/30/83, along with subject matter ofeach investigator's research contribution. With the exceptions of our summerresearch assistants (K. Forbes, F. Sorge) and A. Oner, whose wcLrk (Section2.3.2) remains to be prepared for publication, these individuals comprise thePI's co-authors for the papers listed in Section 3.1.

TABLI 4-1

NAR STATUS YAlT U. PRIMARY CONTRIBUTION

ROSNER, D.E. PIa, Fac.(ChE) overall program direction

Anous, N. GRAb condensate layer fluid dynamics(MS program)

Eisner, A.D. PDRA soot-particle deposition rateexperiments

Fernandez de la Mora, J. Fac.(ME) BL theory of particle transport

Halpern, B. Fac.(ChE) chemical and physical energyaccommodat ion

Gokoglu, S.A. GRA BL theory of particle transport

Israel, R. GRA surface-catalyzed combustion

Kim, S.S. PDRAc MgO-particle deposition rateexperiments

Nagarajan, R. GRA condensate layer fluid dynamics

Oner, A. GA microwave-induced plasma emis-sion spectroscopy

Sorge, F. SRPd soot particle deposition rateexperiments

a Principal Investigator c Postdoctoral Research Assistant

b Graduate Research Assistant d Summer Research ProgramYale Engineering and Applied Science

."

SECURITY CLASSIPICATION Of TH4IS PAGE 9 5

Rs.PEPOR4T SEUIYCLSIIATO RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS

2b. OECLASSIP ICATION/OWNGRAOING SCHEDULE APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION_____________________________________UNLIMITED

4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBIER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMSERI

AFOSR.7T. 85-04926&. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION b. OFFPICE SYMBOL 7&. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

pYALE UNIVERSITY, DEPT. OF apabeCHEMICAL ENGRG.,* MASON LAB. AFOSR/NA

6c. AORPESS (City, State and ZIP Cab)t 71L ADDRESS (City. Sdoft ad ZIP Co*)9 HILLHOUSE AVE.NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 BOLLING AFB DC 203 32-6448-

Se. NAME OF PUNOING/SPONSORING b.OFFICE SYMBOL S. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBERORGANIZATION, AIR FORCE OFFICE IlF4920-82K-002

OF SCIENTFCRSAC AFOSR/NAft. ADDRESS ICilY. Stat. =41 ZIP C0111) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NO&.

BD.40PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNITBLDG.N N10 1 0 o o

BOLLING AIR FORCE BASE, D.C. 20332 ELMN N. N.tO O

11 TIT E tI so ,SnyCbdmfk&jen) Interfacial Chemical 61102F I2308 A2Rlun oas -ET~nsport Phenomena in Flow Syste_________________

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)ROSNER, DANIEL EDWIN

13.. TYPE OP REPORT 13gL TIME COVE RED 14. DATE OP REPORT (Y. me.. Dpy 1S. PAGE COUNTFINAL FROM 1211/81 TO1L.MI January, 1984 -21-

1S. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

1?. COSATI CODIIS S SUBJECT TERMS fC.. UrNA orn worm iftaeemy a"d dendy 61 HeA agafleroFIELD GROUP SUB. Gn. XEOSOLS, CONVECTIVE. DIFFUSION, COMBUSTION, DEPOSITION,

ENERGY TRANSFER, FOULING, HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS, FLOW

it. TRACT lC..tiraean owrs. If owemar nd ien~gy by block number) cMh40 46. '1~ T~o~o C 'Cis"T report summarizes Yale-High Temperature Chemical Reacton oran-eerntory

mthods/aeults-4eZa=-F4962O-82-K-OO0=) for the two-year period ending 11/3083. Noteworthy findings on interfacial chemical reactions and mass transport include: 1) thermal(LSoret) mass transfer can systematically enhance 12-rnpt rtsocalyi mbustion

* surfaces by up to 20% in forced convection system; 2) For submicron particle tra sport(MgO) to cold surfaces in hot combustion gases thermophoresis causes about a 2OOt-fold in-crease in the deposition 5ate (over that expected from onvective-(Biownian)diffuiion);3) By accounting for the "auction4 an "tapparettsource eff ects associated with l erophoresis within particle laden nonisothermal boundary layers (BLs) simple rational engin-eering correlations have been proposed and verified via numerical laminar and turbulent BL-boundary calculations; 4) Quantitative, rapid-response measurements of solid gasifi Iation

Y kinetics have now been made using an adaptation of microwave-induced-plasma emissiok spec-troscopy. This technique, shown to follow Pt-atom fluxes down to ca . 2 x 1i6 ct/~ .

206 DISTRIOUTIONIAVAIL6ABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

* UNCL*SSIPIMOUNLIMITED 12 SAMS AS APT. D wTic USERS 0 UNCLASSIFIEDIJ& NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 2ft TELEPHONE NUMBER 22C OPP ICE SYMBOL

JULIAN M. TISRKOFF 1(202)767-4935 AORN

DOFORM 1473,83 APR EDITION OP I JAN 0111109p.T9. UNCLASSIFIED

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iECAITY CLASSIFICATION OF TNIS PAE

AfERMaL DIFFUSION. THERMOPHORESIS and TURBINE BLADES.*

19. ABSTRACT (CO N.TUD)

" "ears to be promising for studying the oxidation kinetics of boron.\ Z'

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