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I- User Environment. Aviation meteorology, session 2. ENM – Sep 2008 Franck PITHOIS ENM/PAM. I- User Environment. International Context Aircraft User Organization Measurement Units Altimetry Basics. Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment. 2. 1. International Context. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Aviation meteorology, session 2
ENM – Sep 2008
Franck PITHOIS ENM/PAM
I- User Environment
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 22
1. International Context2. Aircraft3. User Organization4. Measurement Units5. Altimetry Basics
I- User Environment
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 3
International Civil Aviation Organization
• Dec. 7, 1944: Chicago Conference (52 states)• Wrote a convention covering international civil
aviation• Founded ICAO (190 member states in 2008)
1. International Context
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 4
- Setting out the principles and techniques of international air navigation
- Promoting and planning the development of safe, reliable, efficient and cost effective air transport.
ICAO's purposes
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 5
Wing tip
Leading edge
Trailing edge
Engine cowling
Wing
FlapsAileron
Elevator
Trim tab
2. Aircraft
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 6
Aerodynamic forces
Relative airflow
DragThrust
Weight
Lift
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 7
Lower surface: overpressure
Upper surface: underpressure
Leading edge
Trailing edge
VR
Relative airflow: VR
Link: http://www.av8n.com/how/htm/airfoils.html, for further explanations
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 8
Lift:
Drag:
: Density of air
S : Reference surface
Vr : Aircraft/Air speed
Cx : Coefficient of drag
Cz : Coefficient of lift
P = Weight
T = Thrust (engine)
Fz
Fx
R : Aerodynamic resultant
T
P
Vr
Dynamic study of the forces in presence
xx
zz
CSVF
CSVF
2
2
2
12
1
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 9
http://www.preciflight.com/FR/images/ROBIN_120.jpg
http://www.mpa80.be/mpa/mpaXpress_fichiers/pigeon.jpg
Various aircraft
http://www.chateau-chassignol.com/montgolfiere/5.jpg
http://www.altibulle.com/portail/images/ulm.gif
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 10
a. Airspace structure (introduction)b. Different categories of usersc. Two types of flight rules: IFR/VFRd. Flight safety
3. User Organization
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 11
In France:
1 UIR
5 FIR
In-flight information
a- Airspace structure: UIR/FIR
http://www.ecacnav.com/images/RVSM%20October%202007%20copy.jpg
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 12
FIR
UIR
There are two categories of controlled airspace:
Control area: CTR
– CTR
Control region: CTA
– TMA, AWY, LTA & UTA
CTR
UTA
TMA
LTALTAFL195
FL115
FL660
Sol
Infinity
AWY
UIR
FIR
Vertical structure
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 13
- Controlled airspace (classes A, B, C, D & E)
- Uncontrolled airspace (class F & G)
- Regulated airspace (marked as R)
- Dangerous airspace (marked as D)
- Prohibited airspace (marked as P)
Airspace classifications
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 14
Examples
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 15
What flies (in France)
• General aviation traffic
• Military aviation traffic
Operational military aviation traffic
Flight tests and aircraft acceptance
Airport operations (in France)
• Airport services: Air navigation…
• Airport operators: Chambers of Commerce & Industry, companies…
b. Different categories of users
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 16
General Aviation Traffic
i. Commercial aviation
ii. Government and military aviation
iii. Business and recreational aviation
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 17
i. Commercial aviation
Flights operated by international, domestic and regional airlines carrying passengers and cargo.
Performance by type of propulsion:
Jets (major airlines):
Operational ceiling: 8,000 to 12,000 m Speed: mach 0.9 to mach 2.2Range: 1,000 to 15,000 km
Turboprops (regional airlines):
Operational ceiling: 3,000 to 6,000 m Speed: 200 to 300 knots Range: 500 to 3/5,000 km
Piston engines (small operators):
Operational ceiling: 4 to 5,000 m Speed: 100 to 250 knots Range: 500 to 5,000 km
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 18
ii. Government and military aviation
•Presidential or ministerial flights
•Customs service
•Civil protection
•SFACT (Aeronautical training and technical inspection service)
•Carrying passengers and cargo
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 19
iii. Business and recreational aviation
Private flights: public transport other than scheduled flights and express cargo
Recreational aviation: motorized (airplanes + helicopters), gliders, free flight, ULM, skydiving and ballooning.
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 20
Defined in line with IMC/VMC weather conditions
IFR: Instrument Flight Rules
VFR: Visual Flight Rules
c. Two types of flight rules: IFR/VFR
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 21
IFR
- Suitably equipped aircraft
- Qualified crew (professional)
- Aircraft guidance using radio navigation equipment
- Procedures to follow (air traffic control)
- Radio communication equipment fitted
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 22
Commercial aviation type flights, implying:
• Safety and reliability
• Different weather conditions during different phases of the flight: take off, cruising, landing
IFR
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 23
VFR
• Less sophisticated aircraft equipment
• Generally a relatively less qualified crew (amateur)
• More restrictive visibility and ceiling conditions
• Subject to weather conditions
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 24
Different types of VFR
• "Regular" VFR
• Special VFR: excluding VMC conditions, low altitude
• Night VFR: specific qualifications
• VFR on TOP: flight above the clouds
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 25
Since 1999, the ICAO only keeps records on accidents involving aircraft with a certified maximum take off weight in excess of 2,250 kg
The total of death is quite egal despite a bigger trafic every year
d. Flight safety: International statistics
Year Flight kind Fatal accidentspassengers
killedTotal of death
1995 scheduled 26 376Non scheduled 26 376
1996 scheduled 24 1242 1806Non scheduled 26 564
1997 scheduled 26 1022 1319Non scheduled 21 297
1998 scheduled 20 1008 1237Non scheduled 19 229
1999 scheduled 21 581 718Non scheduled 16 137
2000 scheduled 18 811 1181Non scheduled 22 370
2001 scheduled 13 615 832Non scheduled 23 217
2002 scheduled 14 865 1108Non scheduled 19 243
2003 scheduled 7 466 683Non scheduled 25 217
2004 scheduled 9 203 410Non scheduled 18 207
2005 scheduled 17 712 961Non scheduled 18 249
2006 scheduled 13 755 836Non scheduled 13 81
2007 scheduled 11 587 673Non scheduled 14 86
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 26
Passenger fatalities on scheduled flights
Excluding accidents due to illicit intervention
Years 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Passenger fatalities per 100 million Pax/km
0.04 0.035 0.02 0.025 0.02 0.025 0.015 0.005
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 27
Aircraft categories involved in accidents
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 28
Source : DGAC
Occurrences
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 29
4. Measurement Units
Horizontal distances: Nautical Mile(NM = 1852 m)
Horizontal speeds: Knots (KT)
Vertical distances: Feet (FT=0.3048 m)
Standard Flight Levels: 850 (FL050), 700 (FL100), 500 (FL180), 300 (FL300), 250 (FL340), 200 (FL390).
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 30
a. Principle
b. A Reminder on Altitudes
c. ICAO standard atmosphere
d. Altimeter
e. Altimeter settings
5. Altimetry basics
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 31
-Defining the altitude-pressure relationship in the vertical distance or elevation sense
- Resolving problems relating to determining vertical distances from pressure measurements.
a. Principle
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 32
Height: The vertical distance between any point or level taken in relation to a reference point.
b. Reminder: Altitudes
height
runway
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 33
Altitude: The vertical distance between any point or level Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL)
altitude
sea
runway
b. Reminder: Altitudes
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 34
A fictitious atmosphere defined up to an altitude of 32 km:
- Air is a perfect gas with an invariable chemical composition
- Air is dry (Tv= T)
- Gravity acceleration is constant: g= 9.80665m/s²
c. ICAO standard atmosphere (1/4)
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 35
- A vertical temperature gradient that is constant for each of the following intervals:
0 to 11 km: gradient of T = -0.65°C/100 m or 2°C /1000 ft
11 to 20 km: gradient of T= 0° (T = - 56.5°C)
20 to 32 km: gradient of T = 1°C/1000 m
c. ICAO standard atmosphere (2/4)
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 36
- Pressure at sea level is 1013.25 hPa
- Temperature at sea level is 15°C or 288°k
c. ICAO standard atmosphere (3/4)
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 37
Graphic representations
Z= f(P)
Z= f(T)
c. ICAO standard atmosphere (4/4)
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 38
The instrument itself comprises aneroid capsules that are sensitive to pressure variations.
The measured pressure level is directly translated into a vertical distance in line with the standard atmospheric rule.
d. Altimeter: Operation
Graduated in feet, 1 ft = 0.3048 m
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 39
d. Altimeter: Description
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 40
1 Runway tour Height
Altitude2 Local flight
3 Moving Reference altitude
e. Altimeter settings: Why they were created
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 41
e. Altimeter settings
• QFE
• QNH
• 1013
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 42
Equivalent atmospheric pressure at the aerodrome's official altitude.
For a pilot this is the setting pressure that corresponds to a ZERO indication on their altimeter when their wheels touch down.
The setting reference is the runway.
QFE
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 43
The pressure measured by the barometer brought back to the official runway altitude thanks to an altitude correction.
QFE = P(Station reference altitude) + dP
Calculating QFE
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 44
During takeoff or landing phases for aerodromes located above 600 meters.
The altimeter provides the height in relation to the runway.
It is used less and less.
Advantage: when the plane touches the runway, the altimeter indicates ZERO.
Using QFE
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 45
Station pressure returned to sea level by applying a standard correction.
For pilots, this setting gives them the flight or runway altitude in relation to sea level.In a standard atmosphere, the setting reference for QNH is the sea.
QNH
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 46
QNH= P(station reference altitude)+dP’
Correction calculated just like QFEin standard atmosphere
Calculating QNH
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 47
More and more often used for it offers many advantages:
Routes through mountain ranges. Takeoff and landing from aerodromes. Precise position at the auto-information stage. A good approximation of the plane's true altitude. Used under the transition altitude.
Using QNH
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 48
Used to separate aircraft at their cruising altitude.
Fl 65Fl 60
Fl 50Fl 55
1013
0 ft
Isobar surfaces
Setting 1013
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 49
Setting to use: Uncontroled airspace
3000 ft AMSL
3000 ft AGL
FL 30
QNH (or QFE) settings
FL 50FL 60
FL 35
FL 40
FL 45
FL 70
1013 settings, flight level indications
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 50
Setting to use: Controlled airspace
FL 80
Transition zoneFL 50FL 60
FL 90
QNH settings, ‘Z’ indications
FL 701013 settings, flight level indications
Aviation course blended learning- I/ User Environment 51
What is the lowest flight level that can be chosen to overfly an obstacle at an elevation of 3800 ft?
When QNH is:
- 1033 hPa
- 993 hPa
- 1013 hPa
Remember to add a safety margin of 500 ft!
1 hPa = 28 ft
Exercise