+

Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Discourse on the Method Principles of Philosophy The Passions of the Soul

+

The Method of Doubt Foundationalism

External world skepticism

Dreaming scenario and evil demon scenario

+ “I think, therefore I am” § the “Archimedean Point” § how the mind is better known than the body. § the existence of God

+ “God is not a deceiver.” Descartes’ free will theodicy The truth rule The Cartesian Circle

+ Immaterial Minds Mind-body dualism

The conceivability argument

Mind-body interaction and the pineal gland

+ Material Bodies Our clearest and most distinct ideas of matter are spatial Other ideas help us to determine what is beneficial and harmful Spatial extension and reductionsism in the new physics

+

Rene Descartes General questions

+

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Discourse on Metaphysics The Monadology New Essays on the A Priori

+

Evil and Freedom The theodicy

Free will

+

Existence, Necessity, and God Pre-established harmony

The ontological argument

The composition of the continuum

+

Gottfried Leibniz General questions

+

John Locke

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

+

The Blank Slate Epistle to the Reader

No innate principles in the mind

+ Ideas and Qualities Sensation and reflection

Simple and complex ideas

Molyneaux’s Question

Primary and secondary qualities

+

Substance and Essence Real and nominal essence

Natural kinds vs. geometrical categories

“Nothing essential to individuals”

+ Personal Identity Qualitative and numerical identity

The identity of: substance, life, person

Person is a “forensic term”

+

John Locke General questions

+

David Hume

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

+ The Origin of Ideas The Copy Thesis The missing shade of blue Resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect

+ The Problem of Induction Relations of Ideas vs. Matters of Fact

Causal judgments not based on reason

The skeptical solution

+

“Necessary Connexion” We have no impression of necessary connection.

We have no idea of necessary connection.

Hume’s two definitions of causation

+ Liberty and Necessity Hume’s definition of necessity Hume’s definition of liberty Compatibilism about liberty and necessity Necessity and moral responsibility

+

David Hume General questions

+

Immanuel Kant

Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics

+ Analytic and Synthetic

analytic synthetic

a priori Relations of Ideas ???

a posteriori — Matters of

Fact

Analytic and synthetic judgments

A priori and a posteriori judgments

A priori synthetic judgments and the possibility of metaphysics

+

Geometry and Space Euclid’s postulates – synthetic a priori?

Form vs. matter of an intuition

Transcendental idealism and the “Copernican Revolution”

+ The Stern Command of Duty Founding morality on reason vs. human nature Moral luck Acting from duty and selfish generosity

+ The Categorical Imperative

Hypothetical imperatives

Rules of skill

Counsels of prudence

Categorical imperatives

Commands of morality

Laws of nature vs. imperatives Hypothetical vs. categorical imperatives Kant’s first two formulations of the Categorical Imperative

+

Immanuel Kant General questions