I. The Second Great I. The Second Great AwakeningAwakening

A. Background (or A. Background (or historical contexthistorical context))1. 75% or 17m of 23m are church goers1. 75% or 17m of 23m are church goers2. Liberalism in religion2. Liberalism in religion

a. rationalist .. Enlightenmenta. rationalist .. Enlightenmentb. Deism – science rather than b. Deism – science rather than

BibleBibleB.B. Impact of 2Impact of 2ndnd Great Awakening Great Awakening

1. Reactionary – 1. Reactionary – Perhaps most Perhaps most important era in American religion…important era in American religion…2. Effects – a,b,c2. Effects – a,b,c

3.3. (Impact cont.)(Impact cont.)Revivalism – “camp meetings”Revivalism – “camp meetings”- Billy Graham’s ancestors?- Billy Graham’s ancestors?

C. New SectsC. New Sects1. Mormons p. 3231. Mormons p. 323a. Joseph Smitha. Joseph Smithb. Persecutionb. Persecutionc. Brigham Youngc. Brigham Young2. Burned over district – Charles Finney2. Burned over district – Charles Finney3. Class and religion3. Class and religion4. Millerites and Millenialism p. 3234. Millerites and Millenialism p. 323- Oct. 22, 1844- Oct. 22, 1844

Charles G. Finney p. 322Charles G. Finney p. 322

Preaching [ a doctrine of ] Preaching [ a doctrine of ] “perfectionism,” it was possible for all “perfectionism,” it was possible for all Christians to become “as perfect as Christians to become “as perfect as God.”God.”

““the complete reformation of the whole the complete reformation of the whole world” could be achieved if only enough world” could be achieved if only enough converts put their efforts..converts put their efforts..

- Lydia Finney becomes first president of - Lydia Finney becomes first president of Female Moral Reform Society (anti-Female Moral Reform Society (anti-prostitution)prostitution)

II. Age of ReformII. Age of Reform

A.A. Evangelism and reform connectionEvangelism and reform connection1. Puritan connections1. Puritan connections2. Modernization causes problems2. Modernization causes problems3. Women’s role…3. Women’s role…4. Major issues – 4. Major issues – AA TTotally otally WWicked icked EElephant lephant MMade ade PPeople eople DDevour evour WWormsorms

B.B. TemperanceTemperance1.1. American Temperance Society – 1826American Temperance Society – 18262.2. Strategies – Temperance v/s Strategies – Temperance v/s

ProhibitionProhibition

Reform cont.Reform cont.C.C. Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights

1. Market Revolution connection1. Market Revolution connectiona. Republican Motherhooda. Republican Motherhood

2. Female Suffrage and other rights2. Female Suffrage and other rightsa. Lucretia Motta. Lucretia Mottb. Elizabeth Cady Stantonb. Elizabeth Cady Stantonc. Susan B. Anthonyc. Susan B. Anthonyd. Grimke Sistersd. Grimke Sisterse. Others…e. Others…

Sarah and Angelina GrimkeSarah and Angelina GrimkeHell’s BellesHell’s Belles

• In 1837 Angelina became the 1In 1837 Angelina became the 1stst woman to speak woman to speak b/f the MA state legislature – b/f the MA state legislature – (2(2ndnd Sarah Bagley, Lowell Sarah Bagley, Lowell worker) worker) Grimkes are 1 Grimkes are 1stst American female public American female public speakersspeakers

• Directly challenge the ideas of Republican Directly challenge the ideas of Republican Motherhood and the “Cult of Domesticity.” Motherhood and the “Cult of Domesticity.”

• Exemplified by ministers reminding the Grimkes Exemplified by ministers reminding the Grimkes of “woman’s proper sphere” [ of silence / of “woman’s proper sphere” [ of silence / subordination ] subordination ]

• 1838 answer in 1838 answer in Letters on the Equality of the Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women Sexes and the Condition of Women

Sarah Grimke 1838 Sarah Grimke 1838

““men and women were CREATED men and women were CREATED EQUAL… and whatever is right for a EQUAL… and whatever is right for a man to do, is right for a woman.”man to do, is right for a woman.”

““I seek no favors for my sex. I I seek no favors for my sex. I surrender not our claim to equality. All I surrender not our claim to equality. All I ask of our brethren is, that they will ask of our brethren is, that they will take their feet from off our necks and take their feet from off our necks and permit us to stand upright on that permit us to stand upright on that ground which God designed us to ground which God designed us to occupy.”occupy.”

3.3. Seneca Falls Convention (1848)Seneca Falls Convention (1848)a. Organized by Stanton and Motta. Organized by Stanton and Mottb. Declaration of Sentimentsb. Declaration of Sentimentsc. Woman’s movement overshadowed c. Woman’s movement overshadowed by abolitionism and events leading to by abolitionism and events leading to Civil War.Civil War.

D.D. EducationEducation1. 1. Public Education Public Education

a. Tax supported education triumphs a. Tax supported education triumphs b/t 1825-1850 (not so much in South)b/t 1825-1850 (not so much in South)b. Horace Mann – he’s the Education b. Horace Mann – he’s the Education ManMan

Horace Mann detailHorace Mann detail• 1796-1859 1796-1859 Education reformer and abolitionist. Education reformer and abolitionist.

He was also the brother-in-law of N. Hawthorne He was also the brother-in-law of N. Hawthorne (married sisters).(married sisters).

• born in Franklin, MA - used local library est. by born in Franklin, MA - used local library est. by Franklin Franklin

• Brown (1819) and Litchfield Law (1823)Brown (1819) and Litchfield Law (1823)• MA used taxes as of MA used taxes as of 1827 1827 for public schools.for public schools.• 1837 – begin school career : accomplished reports, 1837 – begin school career : accomplished reports,

instituted teacher training and pay, longer school (16)instituted teacher training and pay, longer school (16)• Also supported the “Americanization” of immigrants.Also supported the “Americanization” of immigrants.• Politically Politically abolitionistabolitionist by US House 1848 as by US House 1848 as anti-anti-

slavery Whigslavery Whig to succeed to succeed J.Q. AdamsJ.Q. Adams and as and as independent in 1850.independent in 1850.

• Declined to run for Gov. of MA as Declined to run for Gov. of MA as Free Soiler Free Soiler in 1852.in 1852.

Catherine Beecher Catherine Beecher

““the moral government of God.”the moral government of God.”

Since “the mind is to be guided chiefly by Since “the mind is to be guided chiefly by means of the affections,” she argued, “is means of the affections,” she argued, “is not woman best fitted to accomplish not woman best fitted to accomplish these important objects?”these important objects?”

Republican Motherhood Republican Motherhood – and the label – and the label “Cult of Domesticity” and a “Cult of Domesticity” and a dynamic dynamic role!role!

Education cont.Education cont.2. Noah Webster2. Noah Webster

a.a. DictionaryDictionaryb.b. William McGuffeyWilliam McGuffey

E. Dorothea Dix and Prison ReformsE. Dorothea Dix and Prison Reforms- between 1843-1854 Dix traveled - between 1843-1854 Dix traveled more than 30k miles to publicize more than 30k miles to publicize mental treatment.mental treatment.- By 1860 - 28 states had mental inst’s.- By 1860 - 28 states had mental inst’s.- Prison reform, orphanages, and - Prison reform, orphanages, and related fields – How far have we come related fields – How far have we come today?today?

III. Wilderness UtopiasIII. Wilderness UtopiasNew Harmony – Scottish industrialist New Harmony – Scottish industrialist

Robert OwenRobert Owen, 1825 a “community , 1825 a “community without poverty and unemployment.”without poverty and unemployment.”

Brook FarmBrook FarmOneida Colony – John Humphrey Noyes Oneida Colony – John Humphrey Noyes

((see insert p. 336-37see insert p. 336-37))ShakersShakers

IV. AbolitionismIV. AbolitionismDefinition: movement in the North that Definition: movement in the North that

demanded immediate end to slavery. demanded immediate end to slavery. ((Qualify thisQualify this))

A. Precedents – Quakers during RevolutionA. Precedents – Quakers during RevolutionB. American Colonization Society (1817)B. American Colonization Society (1817)

1. Recolonization – (practical?)1. Recolonization – (practical?)- Liberia 1822, 15k over next four decades- Liberia 1822, 15k over next four decades- Colonization Martin Delaney (Lincoln even)- Colonization Martin Delaney (Lincoln even)

C. Abolitionism is the dominant reform C. Abolitionism is the dominant reform movement – result to other movements.movement – result to other movements.

Abolition cont.Abolition cont.D. Radical AbolitionismD. Radical Abolitionism

1. William Lloyd Garrison1. William Lloyd Garrison- - The Liberator The Liberator (1831) – Boston(1831) – Boston2. American Anti-Slavery Society2. American Anti-Slavery Society- Theodore Dwight Weld, and - Theodore Dwight Weld, and evangelized by evangelized by Charles FinneyCharles Finney in NY’s in NY’s Burned Over Dis.Burned Over Dis.- married Angelina Grimke- married Angelina Grimke- Wendell Philips – Boston and perhaps - Wendell Philips – Boston and perhaps most important abolitionist..most important abolitionist..- Followed Garrision, but moderates - Followed Garrision, but moderates near 1860near 1860

Radical Abolition cont.Radical Abolition cont.- Angelina and Sarah Grimke – only white Angelina and Sarah Grimke – only white

southern women to become leading southern women to become leading abolitionists.abolitionists.

- Anti-Slavery society would eventually Anti-Slavery society would eventually split along gender lines.split along gender lines.

3.3. David Walker – David Walker – Appeal to the Colored Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the WorldCitizens of the World (1829) Advocates (1829) Advocates violence to end slaveryviolence to end slavery

4.4. Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth 5.5. Elijah Lovejoy – printing press in Illinois Elijah Lovejoy – printing press in Illinois

and martrydom (others…)and martrydom (others…)

6.6. Frederick Douglass – Frederick Douglass – The North StarThe North StarNarrative of the Life of Frederick Narrative of the Life of Frederick

DouglassDouglass- Political support- Political support

1860 Election year and 1860 Election year and secessionsecession• Crittenden compromise – Crittenden compromise – How is this How is this

southern concession?southern concession?• Border States – MO, DE, MD, KYBorder States – MO, DE, MD, KY

– Significance is multiple 1-4Significance is multiple 1-4– States that had seceded (MS, FL, AL, GA, States that had seceded (MS, FL, AL, GA,

LA, TX) of course SC first.LA, TX) of course SC first.– April 1861 VA, AK, NC, TN – why then?April 1861 VA, AK, NC, TN – why then?

Economic PolicyEconomic Policy• This is where the Republican led US This is where the Republican led US

government probably makes the most government probably makes the most headway. (headway. (why?why?))

• Morrill Tariff (1861)Morrill Tariff (1861)• Legal Tender Act – 1862Legal Tender Act – 1862• National Bank Act – 1863National Bank Act – 1863• Western development – RR’sWestern development – RR’s• Homestead ActHomestead Act• Morrill Land Grant Act and Dept of Morrill Land Grant Act and Dept of

AgricultureAgriculture

More economic SFIMore economic SFI• Congress borrowed >$2.5 billion for war effort Congress borrowed >$2.5 billion for war effort

and and Jay CookeJay Cooke sold personally >$450 million in sold personally >$450 million in War Bonds.War Bonds.

• Later Cooke would help cause the Panic of Later Cooke would help cause the Panic of 1873, as RR speculation ran rampant, and this 1873, as RR speculation ran rampant, and this was a major cause to the end of Reconstructionwas a major cause to the end of Reconstruction

• First major centralized banking since who killed First major centralized banking since who killed the 2nd BUS and when?the 2nd BUS and when?

• For the North, this is the beginning of a For the North, this is the beginning of a Gilded Gilded AgeAge the first millionaire class develops. the first millionaire class develops.

Southern Economic FailuresSouthern Economic Failures• Uncontrollable inflation – a basic supply Uncontrollable inflation – a basic supply

demand lesson…demand lesson…• First uniform tax for the south too late First uniform tax for the south too late • Pp. 471-472 discussion of speculators Pp. 471-472 discussion of speculators

and the idea of “rich man’s war, poor and the idea of “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”man’s fight”

• The State of the South: The State of the South: review statisticsreview statistics• Jefferson Davis – supports strong central Jefferson Davis – supports strong central

government – government – irony?irony?

Lincoln’s PresidencyLincoln’s Presidency• Theme: Wartime Presidential PowersTheme: Wartime Presidential Powers• 1-6 (Precedents and future similarities?)1-6 (Precedents and future similarities?)• The War Department – what is the The War Department – what is the

responsibility of a country during war?responsibility of a country during war?• Cabinet – Seward, Chase, StantonCabinet – Seward, Chase, Stanton• Savvy leader – how Lincoln has to “walk Savvy leader – how Lincoln has to “walk

the line.” the line.” 11stst and 2 and 2ndnd Inaugurals, Inaugurals, Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation ironyirony

Brief Timeline to War’s IntroBrief Timeline to War’s Intro• Where?Where?• When?When?• Why?Why?• End of the war comes back here four End of the war comes back here four

years later! Gen Robert Anderson years later! Gen Robert Anderson raises the flag over Ft. Sumter again, raises the flag over Ft. Sumter again, this time in triumph..this time in triumph..

Confederate AssetsConfederate Assets• Defensive strategy – why does this Defensive strategy – why does this

matter?matter?• Moral Cause ! (until when?)Moral Cause ! (until when?)• Leadership – who?Leadership – who?• Confederate chances for victory…1-4Confederate chances for victory…1-4

Northern Advantages p. 453Northern Advantages p. 453• PopulationPopulation• ImmigrationImmigration• WealthWealth• ManufacturingManufacturing• RR’sRR’s• SeaSea

European Diplomacy in the European Diplomacy in the WarWar• Aristocracies of Europe support who?Aristocracies of Europe support who?• Sold weapons and supplies to CSASold weapons and supplies to CSA• What interests might the British have?What interests might the British have?

what was the southern strategy? And its what was the southern strategy? And its failure?failure?

● ● Europe wanted to take advantage of this Europe wanted to take advantage of this war by taking Mexico...Napoleon III war by taking Mexico...Napoleon III appoints Austrian Archduke Maximilian as appoints Austrian Archduke Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico, what does this violate?Emperor of Mexico, what does this violate?

Overview of Reconstruction Overview of Reconstruction Proposals and PlansProposals and Plans

• 1864-65 Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan1864-65 Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan• 1865 13th Amendment1865 13th Amendment• 1865-66 Presidential Reconstruction 1865-66 Presidential Reconstruction Johnson’s Johnson’s

version of Lincoln’s Proposalversion of Lincoln’s Proposal• 1866-67 Congressional Plan: 1866-67 Congressional Plan: 10% Plan + 1410% Plan + 14thth

AmendAmend• 1867-1877 Military Reconstruction 1867-1877 Military Reconstruction

(Congress):(Congress): 14 14thth Amendment + black suffrage Amendment + black suffrage established by 15established by 15thth Amend Amend

• Compromise of 1876(77) Ends Compromise of 1876(77) Ends ReconstructionReconstruction

Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan• 10% of ex-Confederates states’ voters from 10% of ex-Confederates states’ voters from

1860 had to pledge allegiance1860 had to pledge allegiance• Lincoln would then recognize a new state gov.Lincoln would then recognize a new state gov.• Property would be untouched Property would be untouched Lincoln’s reconciliationLincoln’s reconciliation• Congressional Response Congressional Response Wade Davis Bill (1864)Wade Davis Bill (1864)• Lincoln’s response = Lincoln’s response = • Radical Republicans Radical Republicans (minority) (minority) Moderate Moderate (majority)(majority)

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan• Johnson would act radically while Congress Johnson would act radically while Congress

was out of session: was out of session: • Recognizes several readmitted states (from Lincoln)Recognizes several readmitted states (from Lincoln)• May 1865 his own Reconstruction plans disfranchise certain May 1865 his own Reconstruction plans disfranchise certain

confederates, but his pardoning allows many to resume confederates, but his pardoning allows many to resume power.power.

• Special state conventions to repeal secession ordinances Special state conventions to repeal secession ordinances ((more on this in discussionmore on this in discussion) and ) and reluctantly reluctantly requires 13requires 13thth ratificationratification

• Also this period allowed passage of severe Also this period allowed passage of severe BLACK CODESBLACK CODES

• This is a window (65-66) of opportunity for This is a window (65-66) of opportunity for Confederates to get off easy, but this causes Confederates to get off easy, but this causes a fierce reaction from Congress.a fierce reaction from Congress.

Congressional Congressional ReconstructionReconstruction

• Civil Rights Bill of 1866 Civil Rights Bill of 1866 (vetoed by Johnson and (vetoed by Johnson and overridden)overridden)

• This granted black citizenship and destroyed many black This granted black citizenship and destroyed many black codescodes

• 1414thth Amendment – June 1866 Amendment – June 1866 permanent citizenshippermanent citizenship• 1866 Republican Super Majority (2/3)1866 Republican Super Majority (2/3)• 1867 First Reconstruction Act 1867 First Reconstruction Act establishes 5 military establishes 5 military

districts, requires 14districts, requires 14thth ratification, also universal manhood ratification, also universal manhood suffrage.suffrage.

• Tenure of Office Act 1867 over Johnson’s veto, Tenure of Office Act 1867 over Johnson’s veto, this will lead to IMPEACHMENTthis will lead to IMPEACHMENT