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BIOTERRORISM
The use of biochemical agents for terrorist purposes. Pathogens
Anthrax Bacillus anthracis
Smallpox Variola major
Agriculture pesticides Biowarfare
Use of disease-producing microorganisms or biocides to cause death or injury to humans, animals and/or plants
AVIAN FLU PANDEMIC
Refers to influenza A viruses found chiefly in birds Some infections, caused by the virus, can be
carried over to the human population Hong Kong 1997 Virginia 2002 New York 2003 Vietnam 2005 Iraq 2006 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/avian-flu-humans
.htm
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
Ability to develop in different cell types
Treat diseases, conditions and disabilities
http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp
OVER POPULATION
Condition of any organism’s numbers exceeding the carrying capacity of its ecological niche.
How does this relate to humans?
http://www.answers.com/over%20population
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity– The variability among living organisms on the
earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems.
A goal of scientists is to discover the effects of the previously mentioned not only on humans, but the estimated 7 – 20 million species on earth.
How do we do that?
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Manner for investigating nature Scientists attempt to construct an accurate,
reliable, consistent and non-biased representation of the natural world
Few scientists adhere to the “strict procedures” Creativity, individuality, distinct
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Scientific Theories 2 components
Describes the patterns seen in the natural world Identifies a process or mechanism responsible for a
pattern
Scientific Method (Biology) A study of patterns of living things and their
processes
SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS Observation
An observation is made regarding some event or characteristic of the world
A problem is developed An open-ended question that cannot be answered by a
yes or no answer Forming a Hypothesis
Postulating a premise An explanation of the phenomena observed Predict the existence of other phenomena or predict
quantitatively the results of new observations Involves critical thinking and critical analysis
Deductive reasoning Reasoning from a general observation to a specific
conclusion Inductive reasoning
reasoning from a specific case to the general Hypothetico Reasoning
SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS Experiment
Testing the hypothesis Experimental Predications
States results that may be expected from observations and/or from experimental tests
Experimental Design Experience; creativity; sense of what is practical
Methods and procedures Adaptable
Able to reexamine as new information is collected Suppose to test a premise Best when designed to “disprove” a hypothesis
Often said in science that theories can never be proved but only disproved
A hypothesis can never be proven but evidence, collected during experimentation, can be used to support
EXPERIMENT II Purpose of an Experiment
Disprove a hypothesis Evaluate an alternate hypothesis
Null hypothesis Unbiased Variables must be defined
Dependent Variables Measureable and observable things
Independent variable Should be only one during an experiment Can be manipulated and changed
Controlled variables Kept constant and not allowed to change
*Control All experiments should have one Used as standard f comparison
SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS
Collection of Results & Interpretation of Data Must use same criteria (technique) for collecting
all data Tables; graphs to represent data Statistical Analysis
T-test Compares the means of two groups
ANOVA Compares the means of three or more groups
Chi Square Compares how closely the observed data is to the
expected results *Experimenters should also look at the variance
SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS
Conclusion Does the experiment match your predictions? Is your hypothesis supported Does your results agree with other findings?
Replicate the experiment
THEORY/LAW
Hypothesis whose predictions have stood up to thorough and rigorous testing with experiments and observations.