IHDP-IT Publication 1998

Regional Workshops

Summary Reports from the 8 IT-Regional WorkshopsConducted in 1998

Prepared for distribution at the IT-Open Science MeetingFebruary 25-26

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

IHDPInternational Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change

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IHDP-Industrial Transformation

The IHDP's Industrial Transformation (IT) Project is designing a new research framework aimed at understanding the societal mechanisms and human driving forces that could facilitate a transformation of the industrial system towards sustainability. An extensive and inter-disciplinary network of researchers developed during 1996-1997 by the IHDP research project on Industrial Transformation led to the establishment of a Scientific Planning Committee in October 1997, which will prepare the Industrial Transformation Science Plan. Eight regional workshops have been held in 1998 to assist in the preparation of the Science Plan and to identify potential global and regional priority research projects.

IHDP-IT Scientific Planning Committee

Pier Vellinga, Chair of SPC-IT, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (The Netherlands)

David P. Angel, Clark University (USA)

Theo J.N.M. de Bruijn, Technical University Twente (The Netherlands)

Cutler J. Cleveland, Boston University (USA)

Jacqueline M. Cramer, Tilburg University (The Netherlands)

Sukehiro Gotoh, National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan)

Rajendra K. Pachauri, Tata Energy Research Institute (India)

Gerhard Scherhorn, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (Germany)

Robert H. Socolow, Princeton University (USA)

Charles Vlek, Groningen University (The Netherlands)

Thomasz Zylicz, Warsaw Ecological Economics Center (Poland)

Further information on IHDP-IT can be obtained fromPier Vellinga at the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)Tel: (+31 20) 4449515Fax: (+31 20) 4449553E-mail:pier.vellinga@ivm.vu.nlwebsite: http://www.vu/nl/ivm/hdp/hdp.htm

1998, SPC IHDP-IT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface.......................................................................................................4

Introduction..............................................................................................5

1. Regional Workshop for Eastern Europe (March 26-27, 1998, Laxenburg, Austria).................................................................................6

2. Regional Workshop for South Asia (April 4-5, 1998, New Delhi, India)..........................................................................................................9

3. Regional Workshop for East Asia (June 24-25, 1998, Kita-Kyushu, Japan)...................................................................................................13

4. Regional Workshop for South-East Asia (July 28-30, 1998, Bangkok, Thailand).............................................................................17

5. Regional workshop for Western Europe (October 13, 1998, Brussels, Belgium)...............................................................................20

6. Regional Workshop for North America (September, 24-25, 1998, Boston, MA, USA)...............................................................................24

7. Regional Workshop for Latin America (November 12-13, 1998,São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil)......................................................30

8. Regional Workshop for Africa (November 16-17, 1998, Nairobi,Kenya)................................................................................................35

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Preface

The organisation and conducting of 8 Regional Workshops was a tremendous undertaking and the first of its kind for an IHDP Science Project. The outcomes of these workshops have provided an extensive amount of input, and has formed the basis for the development of the IT-Science Plan, and the organisation of the IT-Open Science Meeting (February 25-26, 1999, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).

First of all, our sponsors and local hosts deserve our utmost appreciation and thanks for their financial and organisational assistance in the holding of these workshops: ENRICH, START, APN, the City of Kita-Kyushu, IGES, UNEP, US-NSF, Boston University, IAI, Brazilian National Academy of Sciences, Brazilian Human Dimensions Programme (HDP), TERI, IIASA, and EU-DG XII.

I would like to extend my personal thanks to all members of the IT-Scientific Planning Committee, without whose dedication and leadership, the 8 workshops would never had occurred. In addition, special mention goes to Robert Socolow for his high level of involvement in and commitment to the whole process. Finally, I wish to honour the over 240 participants who took part in this major international process. Your dedication and inspiration to the field of Industrial Transformation will prove the guiding force of this project for years to come.

Pier VellingaChair, IT-SPC

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Introduction

This report represents a summary of the reports prepared by the chairs of each of the 8 IT-Regional Workshops which took place during 1998 in different regions of the world. This report was prepared for distribution at the IT-Open Science Meeting (February 25-26, 1999 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands). The full versions of these reports are available from the IT office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, or on the IT website: http://www.vu/nl/ivm/hdp/hdp.htm

The major objectives of each workshop were as follows: To provide a regional perspective on the objectives, goals and priorities of the

IHDP-IT Draft Science Plan and IT Projects To provide key input for the Open Science Meeting on IHDP-IT to be held on

February 25-26, 1999 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands To identify IT core research projects

i) regional-specific projectsii) regional contributions to other projects

To develop a network of regional IT researchers with links to existing relevant regional networks and projects

The participants were provided with the Tentative Research Framework and the Research Directions documents in advance of each workshop. In addition to regional participants, participants from already concluded regional workshops were also invited to participate, to provide continuity and linkages within the process.

As the reader will experience, the discussions at each workshop were both informal and lively. Most included not only researchers, but representatives from business, NGO and policy communities in each respective region. The workshops demonstrated an deep interest and commitment to the issues of Industrial Transformation and a willingness to work together to develop research projects, whose results could play an important role in shaping the world of the future.

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1. Regional Workshop for Eastern Europe (March 26-27, 1998, Laxenburg, Austria)

Keynote Papers:

Macro-systems and Incentive Structures (Thomas Zylicz, Warsaw Ecological Economics Centre)In his presentation Zylicz discussed the role of economic instruments and the tensions between a technological approach (such as technological standards) and an economic approach to environmental problems. How can sectoral policies be implemented in such a way that sector specific objectives can be reached without creating unwanted effects elsewhere in the economy? Can economically less advanced countries avoid the mistakes made by more developed countries? This question is particularly relevant for the countries that are in the process of approximation towards the European Union (EU). In order to become part of the EU these countries may have to adopt a number of outdated policy instruments. IT in a period of approximation could be an interesting theme for future research.

The Production System (Vladimir Dobes, Cleaner Production Centre, Prague, Czech Republic)Dobes illustrated how substance and material flows, emissions and wastes can be reduced while the efficiency of production processes is increased. He explained how upstream, or input oriented incentives are likely to be more effective than emission oriented incentives. His presentation dealt with environmental management, cleaner production and Environmental Management Systems (EMS). He highlighted the importance of the psychological aspects of decision-making about environmental matters, not just by the consumers, but in particular, the managers of companies. In his conclusions he mentioned the high economic potential for Cleaner Production and identified „performance indicators“ and „drivers for increase of efficiency“ as important topics for research.

The Consumption System (Zsuzsanna Lehocki, Budapest University of Economic Sciences, Budapest, Hungary)Lehocki explored the question of whether legal obligations can be assigned to consumers. Because this is not likely nor politically feasible, other instruments will be needed, such as product labelling, and other mechanisms to help consumers express their preferences. For Eastern Europe (EE) specifically, she appointed income as a major determinant in consumer choices: going for the cheapest instead of worrying about environmental aspects of products. She mentioned six types of products/services as particularly relevant for consumer research: energy use, passenger transport, water-use/wastewater services, use of packaging material, recreation/tourism and the purchases of processed food. Typical EE characteristics that could be considered are: low energy prices, few options available and little information. Lehocki made a plea for research based on comparative analyses of policy instruments that aim to influence consumer choices across a number of EE countries. A second research item could be public transport financing schemes and the position/role of consumers in the about such schemes.

Key Issues for IT in the Eastern European Region Environmental problems cannot be addressed in isolation. The IT agenda typically

reflects the notion that a number of ongoing transition processes should be considered simultaneously such as the political and economic transition, demographic transitions, transitions from command and control dominated policies to free market policies, including the liberalisation of the utility sectors.

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Financial services should be considered as an aspect, rather than an activity that in itself affects the flow of substances and materials. As such, the position of this activity in the IT research framework should be reconsidered.

Energy and Carbon Flows: EE is rich in mineral resources, so it is likely that raw material processing will remain a major industrial activity serving a much larger part of the world. EE is rich in natural resources with a high carbon content such as timber. As carbon fluxes and climate change are directly related, the relation with GEC is obvious. The topic of energy and carbon flows is slightly more narrow than the topic of energy and material flows as all flows will be considered from the angle of carbon flows, in industrial processes, in international transport, and with regard to the fluxes into/from the atmosphere. The consumer angle is included in terms of energy end use and energy pricing, and in terms of preferences for products with higher or lower carbon storage/recycling capacity. An interesting part of such a research project could be the role of recycling and international trade in secondary (recycled) materials such as waste paper, timber and plastics, etc.

Transport and Mobility: This emerged as an important topic with a focus on passenger transport. Major questions to be addressed are the trade-offs between collective environmental quality and quality of life (in terms of clean air, stable climate, biodiversity, etc.) and individual quality of life (mobility, status, freedom of movement, etc.) and the choices regarding public and private transport in the field of policy instruments and technological innovation and choices. As especially the technology and some incentive aspects are international by nature and go beyond regions, a potential project on this issue could be global in scope.

Restructuring of Heavy Industrialised Areas: Any agenda on IT should address this issue, especially in the EE and Former Soviet Areas, such as Siberia, Lake Baikal and in the Ukraine in general. In EE there are many areas with high concentrations of industrial activity which very intensively use energy and raw materials. These areas are highly polluted, like the Ruhr area or Pittsburgh in earlier days. A major challenge in EE now is to adjust such production centres to changing demands and concerns. In many cases this would mean a transformation from heavy intensive industry to automated clean/light industry and/or information industries. Employment and de-pollution issues are major societal and policy challenges in such transformation processes.

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List of Participants:Dr. Yurij M. Bazhal Institute of Economic Forecasting Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences Panasa Myrnogo, 26 252011 Kiev 11 UKRAINE Tel: (+380-44) 290 1234 Fax: (+380-44) 290 8967 E-mail: nam@nam.kiev.ua

Dr. Linas Cekanavicius Faculty of Economics Vilnius University Sauletekio 9, Bldg. 2, R.301 LT-2054 Vilnius LITHUANIA Tel/Fax: (+370-2) 30 00 29 or Fax: (+370-2) 76 93 98 Email: Linas.Cekanavicius@ef.vu.lt

Prof. Alexander Dimitrov Director Institute of Economics Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 3, Aksakov Street 1040 Sofia BULGARIA Tel: (+359-02) 875 879 Fax: (+359-02) 882 108 E-mail: a.dimitrov@iki.acad.bg

Dr. Vladimir Dobes Executive Director Czech Cleaner Production Center Boticska 4 Prague 2 128 00 THE CZECH REPUBLIC Tel: (+42 02) 24 91 91 48 E-mail: dobes@cpc.cz

Prof. Roland J. Fuchs Director The International START Secretariat 2000 Florida Ave. NW Suite 200 Washington DC 20009 U.S.A. Tel: (001-202) 462 2213 Fax: (001-202) 457 5859 E-mail:rfuchs@kosmos.agu.org

Dr. Jill Jaeger Birneckergasse 10 A-1210 Vienna Austria Tel: +43 1 263 2104 e-mail: fuj.jaeger@magnet.at

Dr. Petr Jehlicka Charles University Petrska 3 CZ-110 00 Prague 1 CZECH REPUBLIC Tel: (+420-2) 231 5334 Fax: (+420-2) 231 5324 E-mail: pjehlick@mail.natur.cuni.cz

Prof. Peter Kaderjak HIID Hungary Roosevelt ter 7/8 164. szoba Budapest 1051 HUNGARY Tel: (+36-1) 312 4066 Fax: (+36-1) 331 5763 E-mail: kaderjak@hiid.datanet.hu

Ms. Tatiana Kluvankova Institute for Forecasting Slovak Academy of Sciences Sancova 56 811 05 Bratislava SLOVAK REPUBLIC Fax: (+421-7) 395 029 E-mail: tatiana@progeko.savba.sk

Prof. C. Gregory Knight College of Earth and Mineral Sciences Pennsylvania State University 302 Walker Building University Park, PA 16803 U.S.A. Tel: (+1-814) 863

8571 Fax: (+1-814) 863 7943 E-mail: cgk@psu.edu

Dr. Zsuzsanna Lehocki Budapest University of Economic Sciences Department of Micro-Economy 1091 F"vam ter 8 H-1093 Budapest HUNGARY Tel/Fax: (+36-1) 118 2154 E-mail:EAPP@mail.matav.hu

Acad. Dimitar Mishev President, National Coordination Center for Global Change (NCCGCh) Bulgarian Academy of Sciences "Acad. G. Bonchev" Str. Bl.1 Institute of Water Problems Sofia 1113 BULGARIA Tel: (+359-2) 713 33 50 or 70 02 29, 713 24 38 (sec.) E-mail: mishev@vmsys.stil.acad.bg

Prof. Margarita Rotanova Department of Economic and Social Geography Faculty of Geography Moscow State University Leninskie gory 119 899 Moscow RUSSIA Tel: (+7-095) 939 2644 Fax: (+7-095) 932 8836 Dr. Josef Sejak Head of Environmental Economics Department Czech Environmental Institute Vrsovicka 65 CZ-100 10 Prague 10 CZECH REPUBLIC Tel: (+420-2) 7173 4226 Fax: (+420-2) 7173 7721 E-mail: Josef.Sejak@ceu.cz

Ms. Ramine Shaw International Scientific Project Co-ordinator, IHDP, Walter-Flex-Str. 3 D-53113 Bonn GERMANY Tel: (+49-228) 73 90-50 Fax: (+49-228) 73 90-54 E-mail: shaw.ihdp@uni-bonn.de

Dr. Anna Vari Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Social Conflict Research Benczur u. 33 H-1068 Budapest HUNGARY Tel: (+36-1) 155 2564 Fax: (+36-1) 351 5455 (ofc.) E-mail: vari@hg5apz.elte.hu

Prof.dr. Pier Vellinga IHDP-IT Scientific Planning Committee Director, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan 1115 NL-1081 HV Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel: (0031-20) 444 9515 Fax: (0031-20) 444 9553 E-mail: pier.vellinga@ivm.vu.nl

Prof. Tomasz Zylicz IHDP-IT Scientific Planning Committee Warsaw Ecological Economics Center Economics Department Warsaw University 44/50 Dluga Street PL-00 241 Warsaw POLAND Tel: (0048-22) 831 3201 Fax: (0048-22) 831 2846 E-mail: tzylicz@wne.uw.edu.pl

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2. Regional Workshop for South Asia (April 4-5, 1998, New Delhi, India)

Key Issues for IT in the South Asian RegionThe Tate Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi, hosted this regional workshop. The participants came from South and Southeast Asian countries. The workshop was organised in two parts: discussion on the concept of IT and the existing Research Directions document; and a working groups section to identify research proposals in the following three major areas:

Energy and Material FlowsThe use of materials and energy undoubtedly has economic origins and environmental consequences. The consumption of materials and energy is therefore an important interface between the economy and the environment and analysis of the patterns, causes and effects of materials and energy consumption have gained considerable importance in environmental economics. The changing consumption patterns will have a strong bearing on technologies. Furthermore, the technological changes will have an increasingly higher effect on the energy consumption patterns, and material flows. Coal being the predominant source of energy in Asia, is of major importance for analysing the technological and consumption trends in order to enable the assessment of associated adverse impacts to the human community. Important topics identified for undertaking studies are:Coal:- Assessment of coal based combustion technologies- Determination of demand for electricity- Efficiency of use of electricity (demand side management - DSM)- Institutional mechanisms for innovation and technology adoption- Restructuring the power sectorMaterials flow:- To study the flow of materials and recycling aspects of steel, cement, plastic, and pulp &

paper.

Transforming rural energy sectorEnergy use and decentralised industrial production in the rural areas of South Asian countries have important implications for the environment and human welfare. In the new millennium new technologies and means of production that will enable decentralised industrial production and environmental friendly rural energy generation are likely to develop. The traditional stark distinction between rural and urban areas, may get blurred. Hitherto, the synergy’s between decentralised rural production and dissemination of renewable energy technologies have not been explicitly studied. In particular, the human dimensions of facilitating decentralised rural production and disseminating renewable energy technologies in rural areas need to be examined carefully. The proposed studies include: - The needs of people living in rural areas that decentralised rural production and renewable

energy technology dissemination can help to meet; - Rural entrepreneurship for industries and technologies which would be a part of

decentralised rural production; - The perceptions, practices, and skills of the implementers of programmes aiming to foster

renewable energy and decentralised production programmes (their perceptions of user needs, skills, practices etc.). This study should shed light on the capacity building requirements in this area, and the kinds of information that should flow from users to implementers, and from implementers to users.

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Transport sector changes for improved air qualityEnvironmental impacts of the transport sector, especially in urban areas are causing serious concern due to their significant (more than half) contribution to urban air pollution. The Asian cities are no exception, with the increasing demand for transportation and bad quality of fuels being coupled with poor vehicle technology/conditions and poor road conditions. The problem of urban air pollution and adverse human health impacts have already reached alarming proportions, which are essentially calling for concerted efforts to reduce urban air pollution from the transport sector. Clearly, "cleaner urban air" is the emphasis of such efforts. Therefore, studies that need to be undertaken in this direction are identified as given below.

- Technological development trends in vehicles and future scenarios to reduce urban air pollution and effect of alternative fuels

- Travel demand management strategies for cities (specific cases) - consider options of alternative modes of transport (including public transport systems), with improved fuel quality and alternative fuel usage

- Effect of pricing and economic incentives (for transport sector) on reducing urban air pollution

- Role of improvement of roads and their conditions in improving transport services and urban environment.

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List of Participants:Dr. Y P Abbi Executive Director (Corporate Engg.) Corporate Office Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited B H E L House, Siri Fort New Delhi- 110 049 INDIA Tel: 91-11-6492821 or 6493608 Fax: 91-11-6493310, 6492974

Mr. Mozaharul Alam Research Fellow Bangaladesh Centre for Advanced Studies House 23 (New) 620 (old), Road 10A (New) Dhanmondi, GPO Box 3971 Dhaka BANGLADESH Tel: 880-2-9119823 or 9113682 / 815829 / 813977 Fax : 880-2-811344 or 818206 e-mail: bcas@bdonline.com

Prof. S P Banerjee 178/4, Parnasree, Behala CALCUTTA - 700 060 Tel: +91-33-2428492 or 2422300 (off) Tel: +91-33-4513182 (res) Fax: +91-33-2428153 or 2428185 (off)

Ms. Shankari Banerji National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) Parisila Bhawan, 11, I P Estate New Delhi- 110 002 INDIA Tel: (011) 3317860-68 Fax: (011) 3327164

Mr. S S Boparai KC Secretary Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources Block No.14, C G O Complex Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003 INDIA Tel: +91-11-4361481 Fax: +91-11-4362772

Mr. Pradeep K Dadhich Fellow, Policy Analysis Division Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) Darbari Seth Block, Habitat Place Lodhi Road, New Delhi -10 003 INDIA Tel: 4622246 or 4601550 Fax: 4632609 or 4621770 e-mail: pdadhich@teri.res.in

Ms. Uma Garud Addl. Secretary Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) Federation House, Tansen Marg New Delhi - 110 001 INDIA Tel: 3315442 & 3738760 (Direct) Fax: 3320714

Dr. Carlos Gay Instituto Nacional de Ecologia Unidad de Cooperacion Y Convenios Internacioinales AV. Revolucion 1425 Nievel 31, Torre Ejecutiva Col. San Angel, C.P. 01040 MEXICO, D.. Tel: 52-5-6243542/45 Fax: 52-5-624-3593 e-mail: cgay@chajul.ine.gob.mx

Dr. S P Ghosh Director General, National Council for Cement and Building Materials P-21, South Extension Part-II New Delhi - 110 049 INDIA Tel: 6259010/6250590 Tel: 6434213/6422933 Mobile: 9810081474 Fax: 6422933

Dr. Shreekant Gupta Associate Professor Department of Economics Delhi School of Economics Delhi - 110 007 INDIA Tel: (011) 7256533 or -35 (direct) or 7256214 (Direct) Fax: (011) 7257159 E-mail: sgupta@cdedse.ernet.in gupta@sdalt.ernet.in

Dr. Ijaz Hossain Associate Professor Chemical Engineering Department Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology Dhaka - 1000 BANGLADESH Tel: 880-2-500254 Fax: 880-2-811431 or 863026 or 863046 E-mail: pmrebuet@bangla.net

Dr. Sitanon Jesdapipat Director, Natural Resources and Management Program Thailand Environment Institute 210 Sukhumvit 64, Bangchak Refinery Building 4 Prakanong, Bangkok 10260 THAILAND Tel: 66-2-3310047/3310060 Ext. 4157: 6627429691-5 Ext. 760 Fax: 66-2-3324873/66-7429697-8 e-mail: sitanon@tei.or.th

Ms. Wasantha Madurapperuma Institute of Fundamental Studies (IFS) Hantana Road Kandy SRI LANKA Tel: +94-8-232002 Fax: +94-8-232131 e-mail: wasantha@ifs.ac.lk

Dr. S Maudgal Senior Advisor (Clean Technologies) R.No.553, Fifth Floor Ministry of Environment & Forests Paryavaran Bhavan, C G O Complex Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003 INDIA Tel: 91-11-4362827 Fax: 91-11-4360861 or 4360806

Dr. Smita Misra 133, Vaishali Pitampura Delhi - 110 034 INDIA Tel: +91-11-7412901, 7253210 Fax: +91-11- E-mail: ?

Dr. R K Pachauri IHDP-IT Scientific Planning Committee Director, Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) Darbari Seth Block, Habitat Place Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003 INDIA Tel: 4627651 or 4647762 Fax: 4632609 or 4621770 E-mail: pachauri@teri.res.in

Dr. Anand Patwardhan School of Management Indian Institute of Technology Powai, Bombay - 400 071 INDIA Tel: 91-22-5767788 Fax: 91-22-5783480 e-mail: anand@cc.iitb.ernet.in

Mr. M A Qureshi Deputy Director National Instt. of Science Tech. & Dev. Studies Dr. K S Krishnan Marg New Delhi - 110 012 INDIA Tel: 91-11-5728279 (Off) Tel: 91-11-2231762 (Res) Fax: 91-11-5751758 or 5754640

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Md Sufiur Rahman First Secretary Bangladesh High Commission 56, Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar-III New Delhi INDIA Tel: 91-11-683624, 6834668 Fax: 91-11-6840596

Mr. Ahmad Saeed Coordinator Environment Assessment Services International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 1, Bath Island Road Karachi - 75530 PAKISTAN Tel : 92-21-5861540 Fax : 92-21-5870287/5861448 e-mail : as@iucn.khi.sdnpk.undp.orgDr. Ambuj Sagar Post-Doctoral Fellow Centre for Science and International Affairs John F Kennedy School of Government Harvard University 79, John F Kennedy Street Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. Tel: +1-617-496-6218 Fax: +1-617-495-8963 E-mail: ambuj_sagar@harvard.edu

Mr. S Naushab Sarwar Manager Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan 48J Block-6, Pechs Karachi PAKISATAN Tel: 92-21-4529476 (off) 5842982 (res) Fax : 92-21-4535592 e-mail: mko@hdipt.isb.erum.com.pk

Mr. Katsuo Seiki Executive Director Global Industrial & Social Program Research Institute 3rd Floor, Shousen-Mitsui Bldg. 2-1-1, Toranomon Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105 JAPAN Tel : 81-35563-8800 Fax : 81-35563-8810 Email : seiki@blue.ocn.ne.jp

Prof. Manubhai Shah Managing Trustee Consumer Education and Research Centre (CERC) Suraksha Sankool, Thaltej Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Highway Ahmedabad - 380 054 INDIA Tel: 91-79-7489945-46 / 7450528 / 7451097 Fax: 91-79-7489947 e-mail: cerc@ad1.vsnl.net.in

Dr. Kulthorn Silapabanleng Director, Energy Research Institute Chulalongkorn University Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330 THAILAND Tel: 66-2-2188096-9 Fax:66-2-2547579 e-mail : fengksl@chulkn.car.chula.ac.th

Dr. R K Singh Director (Chemicals) Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Manak Bhavan 9, Bahadurshah Zafar Marg New Delhi - 110 002 INDIA Tel: 91-11-3230131 Fax: 91-11-3236902 or 3234062 or 3239399Prof. Robert H Socolow IHDP-IT Scientific Planning Committee Director, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies H 102

Engineering Quadrangle Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 U.S.A. Tel: +1-609-258-5446 (off) +1-609-921-9061 (res) Fax: +1-609-258-3661 e-mail: socolow@princeton.edu

Mr. P V Sridharan Senior Fellow Policy Analysis Division Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) Darbari Seth Block, Habitat Place Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003 INDIA Tel: 4622246 or 4601550 Fax: 4632609 or 4621770

Mr. D S R K Srinivas Energy-Environment Interface Group Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) e-mail: dsrk@teri.res.in

Dr. Leena Srivastava Dean, Policy Analysis Division Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) E-mail: leena@teri.res.in

Mr. Lalit Kumar Vaidya Senior Divisional Chemist (Deputy Director) Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology Kathmandu, NEPAL Tel: +977-1-350818 or 350447 (off) Fax:+977-1-350689(Off)

Mr. Nguyen Van Binh Dipl. Engineer Institute for Industry Policy and Strategy Ministry of Industry 54 Hai Ba Trung Str. Hoan Kiem District Ha noi , VIETNAM Tel: +84-4-8259844 Fax: +84-4-8253417

Dr. Nguyen Van Tai Policy Division National Environmnet Agency Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment 39 Tran Hung Dao Ha noi, VIETNAM Tel: +84-4-8424511 Fax: +84-4-8242510 or 8248932

Prof. Pier Vellinga IHDP-IT Scientific Planning Committee Director, Institute for Environment Studies (IVM) Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1115 1081 HV Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel : 31-20-4449-555 Fax : 31-20-4449-553 Email:pier.vellinga@ivm.vu.nl

Mr. Robert O WilliamsSenior Industrial Development Officer Industrial Energy Efficiency Branch UNIDO, Vienna International Centre Vienna AUSTRIA Tel: 43-1-21-1313956 Fax: 43-1-21-1316803 E-mail: rwilliams@unido.org

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3. Regional Workshop for East Asia (June 24-25, 1998, Kita-Kyushu, Japan)

Key Issues for IT in the South Asian Region

Macro Systems and Incentive StructureThis session was chaired by Prof. Dr. Tongroj Onchan, while 4 speakers gave a presentation on their research work. First, Dr. Y. Moriguchi, NIES, presented the results of resource flow analysis of four industrialised countries (Japan, U.S., The Netherlands and Germany) which was conducted within an international project by four research institutes of the countries involved. This is a macro material flow analysis in which in addition to the direct material input a hidden material flow (rucksack) is considered. Based on the results, this can be extended to the same type of analysis from input to economic throughput and output. The second presentation was given by Prof. Y. Washizu, Waseda University. Analysis of an extended Input/Output Table of 1990 showed that only the environmental impacts, in terms of CO2 emissions, from production sectors with technological innovation was significantly reduced through a change in the related consumption sectors. This presentation represented the work of several research groups in Japan which are involved with the quantification and analysis of intersectoral transfer of environmental impacts, based on the Material I/O Table. The third speaker, Dr. H.S. Jeong, KEI, presented the Korean experience with the use of various economic incentives as a policy tool. To enable a transformation of the current industrial society toward a more sustainable one the OECD recommended in 1991 to enhance the use of economic instruments. Based on the Korean experience with the use of product charges, deposit-refund systems, volume-based waste collection charges, etc. Prof. Dr. S. Nakamura, the final speaker of this Session, paid attention to the waste flows in I/O Table analysis and demonstrated from this analysis that emissions including waste materials could be estimated through the technology matrix by the people’s lifestyle. As an illustration a case study of the city of Hokkaido was presented.

Production System (Industrial Ecology And Organisational Aspects)Chaired by Prof. Dr. Robert H. Socolow this session included 5 presentations on existing research projects and other activities. The first speaker, Prof. R. Yamamoto, talked about the most recent 2 to 6 times improvement of eco-efficiency measured in his eco-design vector space in product development within different sectors in Japan, based on LCA. Eco-labelling study is badly needed here and, in his opinion, the whole research on IT should be accelerated to achieve a substantial level of sustainability by 2020. Dr. E. Welch, Syracuse University, the second speaker, presented an organisational approach in IT research to materials (flow) management in the industrial society. In order to improve the overall societal eco-efficiency by closing the material loop, for example, an organisation will undergo four kinds of solutions: birth, change, linkage, and death for its own raison-de-etre. These solutions offer ramifications on organisations to collect, refine, and reprocess the materials, and will have many policy implications. The third presentation was given by Prof. Dr. T. Morioka, Osaka University. He presented the JST funded research project “Recycle-oriented Societal Complex systems”, of which he is the leader. They selected three so-called societal experimental sites including an eco-industrial park. He explained mainly the third site which was the Osaka business districts where alternative urban renewal scenarios, involving construction and other sectors, are evaluated. Prof. M. Suzuki of Tokyo University, at this moment Vice Rector at UNU, was the fourth speaker. He is the co-ordinator and leader of the famous MESSC funded “Zero Emissions Research Project”, in which more than 70 university professors of different disciplines participate. Based on the fact that Japan has the highest density of industrial activity per unit area among industrialised nations, a number of research efforts for eco-restructuring of industries are integrated in this project. The final presentation was given by Prof. Dr. Y. Baba, Tokyo University. He introduced international comparative studies on corporate environmental strategy under competitiveness.

During the discussion, a wide variety of views on the interaction between society and technology were exchanged. For example, Prof. Dr. I. Yasui insisted that some practitioner’s ethics should be reflected properly in LCA studies, particularly in the impact assessment step, and the criterion should be based on human fatality which is closely connected to risk assessment. Prof. K. Gonda, Tokai University, talked about a paradigm shift in scientific progress and technological development based on the nature of science and technology as it can be seen from two cross axial points: public/private and economic/non-economic. Focusing on potential IT core projects, Prof. Vellinga, proposed two research ideas. The first one refers to actual processes of industrial transformation in certain industrial sectors, for example, oil companies which transform themselves into renewable energy companies. The second idea is to study the transformation processes within steel companies which have made environmental efforts, including Welch’s organisational point of view. Prof. Suzuki emphasised that, particularly in Japan with his highest activity density, no ‘real’ economic growth exists, in terms of sustainable development. Therefore recycling technology based on local attributes will be the most important issue with respect to eco-restructuring and should therefore be reflected in IT research. It is important in this context to set a long-range goal, i.e., where we are heading for and how we get there. In his own view, a zero emission society is the goal to be attained, and IT research will play an important role in achieving this goal.

Consumption System (Consumers Choice And Sustainable Consumption)Consumption system was discussed in this session, chaired by Dir. K. Seiki, JISPRI. Ms. T. Katsuragawa presented findings on consumer’s environmental awareness and behaviours and corporate strategies based on the latest survey which were commissioned from NIES. This was a summary of a questionnaire survey held during the past 3 years among Japanese and German consumers and Japanese firms. From several comparative analyses between Japanese and German consumers it could be concluded that differences exist in the relationship between awareness and actions. Mr. H. Sakamaki, an executive officer of large opto-electronics company, talked about the green procurement practices and the role of a firm as a consumer. Manufacturing firms do not only produce and sell environmental benign products, but, at the same time, procure and purchase a wide spectrum of materials, parts, products and services needed for their own production. He elaborated on his company’s practices of green procurement: how it started, under what management policy and/or principles it was programmed and how it was being operated.

Other topics presented in this Session include the results of a preliminary survey conducted by Peking University as commissioned from NIES on the environmental awareness of Chinese people. Dr. Jianxin Li reported that, from samples of rural, town and city (Beijing) populations, a large fraction of people rank environmental issues relatively important, consider investment by the government and enterprises, and need voluntary actions of their own. During the discussion Prof. Y. Arayama, Nagoya University, mentioned that as far as China’s IT is concerned three important factors are to be considered: the organisational system called “unit”, the corporate fiscal situation, and the growth rate of export industries. Furthermore, China’s industrial policy included the closure of certain state corporate factories that are heavily polluting. Prof. H. Takatsuki, Kyoto University, showed from his calorific analysis, that in the current consumption system, particularly for food consumption, a considerable amount of energy is consumed for packaging and other related processes. He also indicated that environmental awareness of the Japanese consumers is not necessarily connected to their conservation actions. In this regard, Ms. Katsuragawa responded that the information concerning the environmental impacts of goods and products should be much more effectively disseminated to the consumer. Mr. Sakamaki, as a corporate manager, shared this view with Ms. Katsuragawa, but emphasised the importance of consumer education in every possible way.

Another research idea for a core project, which was proposed by Dr. Gotoh, on the residuals cut through EPR’s take-back programs, could be reformulated to become a global core project. The Workshop was concluded by the submission of another core proposal about a new strategy for rural industrialisation.

List of Participants:

Prof. Yuko ArayamaDepartment of EconomicsNagoya University, JAPANTel: 052-789-2382Fax: 052-789-4924E-mail: arayama@soec.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Prof. Dr. Yasunori BabaDirector, Research into Artifacts Center for Engineering (RACE)The University of Tokyo, JAPANTel: 03-5453-5887Fax: 03-3467-0648E-mail: baba@race.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Prof. Dr. Deckho ChoProfessor of Urban Engineering,University of Kyungju, City of KyungjuKOREAE-mail: chodk@univ.kyungju.ac.kr

Prof. Dr. Kinji GondaDirector, International Center for Research on Policy ScienceTokai University, JAPANTel: 0468-58-1261Fax: 0468-58-1262

Dr. Sukehiro GotohIHDP-IT Scientific Planning CommitteeDirector, Social & Environmental Systems DivisionNational Institute for Environmental Studies, JEAJAPANTel: 0298-50-2334, Fax: 0298-50-2572E-mail: sgotoh@nies.go.jp

Prof. Eiji HosodaFaculty of EconomicsKeio University, JAPANTel: 03-3453-4511, Fax: 03-3798-7480

Prof. Hidefumi ImuraDirector, Institute of Environmental SystemFaculty of EngineeringKyushu University, JAPANTel: 092-642-4090, Fax: 092-642-3848E-mail: imura@ies.kyushu-u.ac.jp or fwgk8235@mb.infoweb.or.jp

Dr. Atsushi InabaSection Head, Energy & Resources DivisionNational Institute for Resource & Environment, AIST, MITI, JAPANTel: 0298-58-8430, Fax: 0298-58-8430E-mail: inaba@nire.go.jp

Prof. Dr. Hisashi IshitaniDivision of Engineering, Graduate SchoolThe University of Tokyo, JAPANTel: 03-3812-2111Fax: 03-3818-7492E-mail: ishi@globalenv.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Dr. LI JianxinAssistant Professor (Demography)Institute of Sociology & AnthropologyPeking University, CHINA

Tel: 03-3326-2595E-mail:Lijx@bcomp.meito-u. ac.jp

Dr. Hoi Seong JeongResearch Fellow, The Korea Environment InstituteSeoul, KOREATel: +82-2-3488-7611Fax: +82-2-3488-7622E-mail: hsjeong@keins.kei.re.kr

Ms. Takako KatsuragawaSenior ResearcherSumitomo-Life Research Institute, Inc.JAPANTel: 03-3272-5882Fax: 03-3272-5911E-mail: katsuragawa@slri.co.jp

Mr. Hideyuki MoriAsian Pacific Network for Global Environmental Change (APN)Global Environment Department, Japan Environment Agency, JAPAN

Dr. Yuichi MoriguchiTeam Head, Regional Environmental Research Group National Institute for Environmetnal Studies, JEAJAPANTel: 0298-50-2540Fax: 0298-50-2570E-mail: moriguti@nies.go.jp

Prof. Dr. Tohru MoriokaDepartment of Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering, Osaka UniversityJAPANTel: 06-879-7676Fax: 06-879-7681E-mail: morioka@env.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

Mr. Masaru MoriyaSecretary GeneralThe Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), JAPANTel: 0468-55-3720Fax: 0468-55-3709E-mail: iges-3@iges.or.jp

Prof. Dr. Hideki NakaharaFaculty of Environmental & Information StudiesMusashi Institute of TechnologyJAPANTel: 045-910-2570, Fax: 045-910-2605

Prof. Dr. Shinichiro NakamuraSchool of Political Science and EconomicsWaseda University, JAPANTel: 03-5286-1267, Fax: 03-3208-8567E-mail: nakashin@mn.waseda.ac.jp

Dr. Tetsuo NakyamaManaging Executive Director Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry, JAPANTel: 03-3832-7019Fax: 03-3832-7021

Prof. Dr. Tongroj OnchanPresident, Thailand Environment Institute (TEI)Bangkok, THAILANDTel: +66-2-331-0047, Fax: +66-2-332-4873E-mail: onchant@tei.or.th

(Dr. Rajendra K. Pachauri)IHDP-IT Scientific Planning CommitteeDirector, Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI)New Dehli, INDIATel: +91-11-462-7651, Fax: +91-11-462-1770E-mail: pachauri@teri.ernet.in

Prof. Dr. Wang RusongResearch Center for Eco-Environmental Science (RCEES)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing, CHINATel: +86-10-6256-1872, Fax: +86-10-6256-2775E-mail: wangrs@sun.ihep.ac.cn

Mr. Hisashi SakamakiManaging Director, CEO ProductionCanon INC., JAPANTel: 03-3758-2111, Fax: 03-3757-9699E-mail: hayashi@pma.canon.co.jp

Mr. Katsuo SeikiExecutive DirectorGlobal Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute (GISPRI), JAPANTel: 03-5563-8800, Fax: 03-5563-8810E-mail: gispri@glocomnet.or.jp

Prof. Dr. Shen MingmingDirector, The Research Center for Contemporary China (RCCC), Peking University, CHINATel: +86-10-6275-5443, Fax: +86-10-6275-1079E-mail: rccc@public.east.cn.net

Prof. Dr. Peijun ShiVice Dean, School of Resources and Environmental SciencesBeijing Normal University, CHINATel: +86-10-6220-7656, Fax: +86-10-6220-8178E-mail: spj@ns.bnu.edu.cn

Mr. Ryota ShinoharaDirector, Department of Environmental ProtectionCity of Kita-Kyushu, JAPAN

Prof. Dr. Robert H. SocolowIHDP-IT Scientific Planning CommitteeDirector, Center for Energy & Environmental StudiesPrinceton University, U.S.A..Tel: +1-609-258-5446, Fax: +1-609-258-3661E-mail: socolow@princeton.edu

Prof. Dr. Mohamad SoerjaniDeputy Chairman, Natural Resource, Energy and Environment, National Research CouncilJakarta, INDONESIATel: +62-21-797-4766, Fax: +62-21-797-4765E-mail: purimai@rad.net.id

Prof. Dr. Leena SrivastavaDean, Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI)New Dehli, INDIATel: +91-11-462-7651, Fax: +91-11-462-1770

E-mail: pachauri@teri.ernet.in

Prof. Dr. Motoyuki SuzukiVice Rector, United Nations UniversityInstitute of Indusrial Science, The University of Tokyo, JAPANTel: 03-3402-6231Fax: 03-3401-8125E-mail: suzuki@hq.unu.edu

Prof. Dr. Hiroshi TakatsukiDirector, Environment Preservation CenterKyoto UniversityJAPANTel: 075-753-7703Fax: 075-753-7710

Prof. Dr. Pier VellingaIHDP-IT Scientific Planning CommitteeInstitute for Environmental Studies (IVM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamTHE NETHERLANDSTel: +31-20-444-9515Fax: +31-20-444-9553E-mail: pier.vellinga@ivm.vu.nl

Prof. Ayu Washizu (Ikeda)Associate Professor, School of Social Sciences, Waseda UniversityTel: 03-5286-3825Fax: 03-3204-8962

Dr. Eric W. WelchResearch Associate, Center for Technology and Information PolicyThe Maxwell School, Syracuse University, U.S.A.Tel: +1-315-443-5100, Fax: +1-315-443-1075E-mail: ewwelch@pop.maxwell.syr.eduMr. Xia Guang Deputy Director, Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, NEPABeijing, CHINATel: +86-10-6496-7722, Fax: +86-10-6496-2792E-mail: director@prcee-nepa.ac.cn

Prof. Hiroyoshi YabeFaculty of CommerceChuo University, JAPANTel: 0426-74-3596, Fax: 0426-74-3651

Prof. Dr. Ryoichi YamamotoInstitute of Industrial ScienceThe University of Tokyo, JAPANTel: 03-3402-6231, Fax: 03-3402-2629E-mail: yamamoto@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Prof. Dr. Itaru YasuiDirector, Center for Collaborative ResearchThe University of Tokyo, JAPANTel: 03-3402-6231, Fax: 03-3479-5042E-mail: yasui@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

(Prof. Kanji Yoshioka)Vice Director, Institute for Economic & Industrial StudiesKeio University, JAPANTel: 03-3453-4511Fax: 03-3453-5640

4. Regional Workshop for South-East Asia (July 28-30, 1998, Bangkok, Thailand)

Key Issues for IT in the South-East Asian RegionThe South-East Asian Industrial Transformation workshop took place at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok Thailand, July 28-30. The workshop was one part of a conference entitled “Economic Recovery and Environmentally Sustainable Industry in Asia: Compatible Goals.” Sponsorship for the workshop was provided by START, Chulalongkorn University. Additional assistance was provided by the US Asia Environmental Partnership and the Greening of Industry Network. The conference organisers were: Somporn Kamolsiripichaiporn, Deputy Director of the Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University; Dr. Jariya Boonjawat, Technical Director, South-East Asia START Research Centre, and Dr. David Angel, Dean of Graduate Studies, Clark University. The timing of the workshop, as a part of a high level conference, was particularly useful. This allowed the participants to bring the issue of Industrial Transformation to the attention of a wide variety of policy makers and potential supporters. Indeed there is a particular opportunity to work closely with Ministries of Industry, Technology and the Environment within South East Asia in pursuing this initiative as a parallel research and policy agenda.

Reports were given on two previous IHDP-IT workshops in Japan (by Xuemei Bai of IGES), and India (by Leena Srivastava of TERI). Discussion focussed on the following themes: In general, the workshop participants found the IHDP-IT background materials and

analytical framework useful, but were concerned that these materials did not engage fully with the problems of industrial transformation in the developing world, and among newly industrialising economies. It was suggested that fundamentally IHDP-IT needed to consider industrial transformation within the context of a broader development agenda that includes the shift from natural resource based economies to knowledge and technology intensive development, as well as the structure of North-South relations.

many conference participants suggested that the biggest challenge to industrial transformation - and the greatest research need - lies in understanding behaviour, values, organisations and institutions. What might ‘drive’ industry towards transformation? How do changes in the values and priorities of firms and other organisations come about? What are the ‘economics’ of industrial transformation? The current research effort, at least as reviewed in the Research Directions document, does not sufficiently reflect this research priority.

The workshop participants raised interesting questions concerning the goals of industrial transformation, defined in terms of a decoupling economic growth and environmental impacts. It was suggested that the concept of industrial transformation implies a particular vision of development, one that may not be widely shared. Are there alternative visions for future development that are not captured in, or are contradictory to, the concept of industrial transformation?

There was considerable interest in linking the industrial transformation initiative to greenhouse gas abatement. One of the conference participants, Dr Wibulswas of Thammasat University in Thailand, presented the latest inventory of GHG emissions for Thailand and discussed the contribution that industrial transformation might make towards abatement.

Two broad core projects were discussed: Drivers of industrial transformation in Asia; and the issue of alternative stakeholder visions of development and their relation to industrial transformation. It was agreed that the industrial transformation initiative in this region would do well to build on existing research networks and science plans. Thus Louis Lebel and Jariya Boonjawat agreed to facilitate the use of the existing SEA START network for industrial transformation. Similarly, it was suggested that co-ordination

among the different hosts of IHDP-IT workshops in Asia (IGES, TERI, and Chulalongkorn University) should be pursued.

List of Participants

Dr. David AngelClark University950 Main StreetWorcester MA 01610 USAphone: 508-793-7388fax: 508-793-8881email: dangel@clarku.edu

Xuemei BaiResearch FellowIGES, Japanemail: bai@iges.or.jp

Brenda Ortigoza BatemanPolicy AssociateUSAEP1720 Eye StreetWashington DC 20006, USAphone: 1-202-835-0333fax: 1-202-835-0366email: bbateman@usaep.org

Francesco BertoliniUniversit BocconiVia Isonzo 23,20135 Milan, Italyphone: 39-02-5836-2584fax: 39-0205826-2593email: francesco.bertolini@uni-bocconi.it

Jariya BoonjawatDirector, SE Asian START regional centerChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok 10330, Thailandphone: 662-218-8126-9email; jariya@start.or.th

Annica BragdGothenborg UniversityVre Fogelbergsgatan 3Gothenborg, Swedenphone: 46-31-774-0643fax: 46-31-774-0648email: annica.bragd@gri.se

John ButlerPolicy DirectorUSAEP1720 Eye StreetWashington DC 20006, USAphone: 1-202-835-0333fax: 1-202-835-0366

Ma ChiResearch CenterMinistry of Science and TechnologyP.O Box 3814Beijing 100038, China

phone: 86-10-6851-5544fax: 86-10-6256-8628email: machi@sun.midwest.co.cn

Owen CylkeUSAEP1720 Eye StreetWashington DC 20006, USAphone: 1-202-835-0333fax: 1-202-835-0366

Theo de BruijnUniversity of TwenteCTSM7500 AE Enschede, Netherlandsphone: 31-53-489-4234fax: 31-53-489-4850email: greening@cstm.utwente.nl

Tubagus FeridhanusetyawanCenter for Strategic and International StudiesJakarta 10160, Indonesiaphone: 6221-386-5532fax: 6221-384-7517email: tf.csis@inovasi.com

Kurt FischerGreening of Industry NetworkClark UniversityWorcester MA 01610phone: 508-751-4607fax: 508-751-4600email: greening@clarku.eduGeorge HeatonWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, MA, USAphone: 1-617-965-2841email: grheaton@aol.com

Peter HofmanUniversity of TwenteCSTM7500 AE Enschede, Netherlandsphone: 31-53-489-4541fax: 31-53-489-4850email: p.s.hofman@cstm.utwente.nl

Suchata JinachitraThai Research FundBangkok 10400, Thailandphone: 642-642-5186

Ulrik JorgensenTechnical University of Denmark2800 Lyngby, Denmarkphone: 45-45-25-6075fax: 45-45-88-2014email uj@its.dtu.dk

P.D. JoseAdministrative Staff College of InndiaHyderabad, 500 082 Indiaphone 9140 331-0952fax: 9140-331-2954email: jose@asci.globemail.com

Somporn KamolsiripichaipornEnvironmental Research InstituteChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailandphone: 662-218-8114fax: 662-218-8124email: gin-asia@chula.ac.th

Louis LebelGCTE Project OfficeLyneham AACT 2602Australiaemail: llebel@dataserv.com.au

Chi-Yuan LiangInstitute of EconomicsAcademica SinicaTaipei, Taiwanemail: clianng@ieas.econ.sinica.edu.twOoi Giok LingInstitute of Policy StudiesKent Ridge, Box 1088911103 Singaporephone: 65-779-3549fax: 632-818-8158email: giokling@pacific.net.sg

Philip MathewsISIS, PO Box 1242450778 Kuala LumpurMalaysiaphone: 603-293-9366fax: 603-293-9430email pmathews@isis.po.my

Tolenino MoyaSEA STARTChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok 10330, Thailandphone: 662-218-8126fax: 662-255-4967email: toti@start.or.th

R.K. PachauriTERI, Lodhi Rd.New Delhi 110 003 Indiaphone 9111-460-1550fax 9111-462-1770email: pachauri@teri.res.in

Amara PongsapichChulalongkorn UniversityPhyathai Rd.Bangkok 10330, Thailandphone: 662-218-7398fax: 662-218-7396

Budy ResosoedarmaCSISJakarta 10160 Indonesiaphone: 6221-386-5521fax: 6221-384-7515

Mike RockWinrock International1611 North Kent Street, #600Arlington VA 22209phone: 1-703-525-9430fax: 1-703-525-1744email: mtr@winrock.org

Howard ShawSingapore Environment Council21 Lewin TerraceFort Canning Park 179290Singaporephone: 65-337-6062fax: 65-337-6035email: secnet@singnet.com.sg

Bach Tan SinhMinistry of Science and TechnologyP.O. Box 610Hanoi, Vietnamphone: 844-8-256511fax: 844-8-252873email: sinh@nistfass.ac.vn

Leena SrivastavaTERI, Lodhi Rd.New Delhi 110 003 Indiaphone 9111-460-1550fax 9111-462-1770email: srivastavai@teri.res.in

Richard WelfordUniversity of HuddersfieldQueensgate, HuddersfieldHD1 3DH, UKphone: 44-1484-472019fax: 44-1484-472633email: sbusrjw@pegasus.hud.ac.uk

Evan WilliamsUniversity of HuddersfieldQueensgate, HuddersfieldHD1 3DH, UKphone: 44-1484-472019fax: 44-1484-472633email: evanwilliams@cqm.co.uk

Monica WinnFaculty of BusinessUniversity of VictoriaPO Box 1700Victoria, BC, Canadaphone: 250-721-6071fax: 250-721-6067email: miwinn@business.uvic.ca

5. Regional workshop for Western Europe (October 13, 1998, Brussels, Belgium)

IntroductionThe workshop was opened by Andrew Sors director of the Human Dimensions of Environmental Change Research Program of the EU, DG 12. He presented the outlines of the Fifth Action Framework, the 1998-2002 research program of the EU. The budget of this research program is about 16 billion ECU. The framework and the various key actions listed therein clearly indicate the need for research in line with the Industrial Transformation philosophy. Opportunities for research funding can be found both in the social sciences part of the program and in the technological and environmental change part of the program.

Key Issues for IT in the South-East Asian RegionIn the discussion after the presentation of the Tentative Research Plan some doubts were expressed about the appropriateness of the paradigm as presented in the Framework. Starting with macro systems and incentives it conveys the message of a top-down approach, while transformation often starts with small groups on the micro scale. Why not put the research on consumption in the lead? The answer by Pier Vellinga was: indeed it looks top-down but, in fact the three “disciplinary” themes (macro systems and incentive structure, production systems and consumption systems) are on equal footing in transformation research as envisaged. An overall problem is that the number of researchers on consumers and consumption is very small. As a consequence there is a risk that transition processes and/or transition potential at the micro scale is overlooked. By the explicit introduction of consumers research in the program this can hopefully be overcome.

Another question raised regards the sectoral, or case study approach: why put researchers in the straight jacket of focusing on a specific set of human activities, aimed at meeting a specific need such as energy, food, water, materials/products etc? A number of the workshop participants would rather focus on transformation processes as a topic in itself, doing research within the domains of existing more disciplinary approaches such as institutions research. An alternative approach is to build on an emerging research theme among sociologists with focus on the interaction between the producer and the consumer/stakeholder.

There was general support for a theme like “transformation processes” as a cross cutting research project. Such a theme could be combined with the idea of scenario development. It may be of interest for IHDP as a whole to take up scenario analysis and development as a specific theme across the four existing IHDP research themes (Land Use and Cover Change, Environmental Security, Institutions and Industrial Transformation).

In the discussion the following topics for research emerged:1. Material intensive products. The research question would be something like: ‘what are

the options to increase energy and material efficiency by a factor four to ten and how can a transformation in incentive structure, production system and consumption system be facilitated’. Technology is not necessarily the bottleneck, a major question is what are the incentives that will stimulate consumers and producers, and what are the options, opportunities and barriers regarding the introduction of new incentives.

2. Transformation of the energy sector in Europe. Liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation, technological change and changes in consumer preferences are major drivers for a transformation of the energy sector in Europe and world wide. The research question could be something like: ‘how to address global environmental change problems in a transforming energy sector’. Such research could take an actor approach by systematically exploring: the (potential) roles of government, private sector and consumers in such a transformation process.

3. Food. Similar to the energy sector, major transformation processes are underway in the food sector. It is changing from a supply side industry to a demand side industry. Also EU agricultural policies are likely to change drastically, and EU enlargement will have a major effect on the agricultural production pattern in Europe. Finally, the consumer is increasingly expressing concern about existing food production processes. Increasing the understanding of the food system with all its actors and developing scenarios for transformation, is considered an interesting challenge for transformation research. Attention should be given to issues such as food and health, CO2, transport, pesticide and fertiliser use, biodiversity and waste.

4. Transformation of the transport sector. Are we heading for compact connected cities with high concentrations of resource use, or are we headed for a decentralisation of urban and production functions. In terms of global environmental change the one system may be better than the other although there is not a (strong) scientific basis. It is considered important for the IT program to address transformation processes in spatial development and transport.

5. Electronics and communication products and services. This field is typically global, it is in a mode of rapid development and it is a major driver in transformation. As such, it is important to consider it. An important question is: ‘what could be drivers for moving this sector and the products and services it provides in a direction of eco-efficiency’. Survey and analysis of latent consumers needs (beyond present marketing surveys) would be an interesting topic. It was stressed that any research should be considered relevant by the producers/actors in this field. Cupertino with front runners in the industry should be considered.

6. Transformation processes as such. Dynamics of transformation in terms of: 1) Kuznets type curves and N-curves, 2) industrial decision making processes, 3) consumer needs/perceptions, 4) macro (firm) – micro (consumer/citizen) interaction. Transitions in these domains as relevant for the global environment could be a crosscutting research theme, across the IT core research projects and across the regions. The idea of scenario analyses and development could be combined with this research theme.

It was agreed that the research ideas as summarised above would be elaborated into a one to two page proposal. Idea number 1 will be elaborated by Eberhard Jochem; idea number 2 by Eberhard Seifert; no. 3 by Sture Oberg and Ken Green; no. 4 by Frans Berkhout; no. 5 by Jaqueline Cramer and no. 6 by Laurie Michaelis (addresses and affiliations are included in Appendix 2, list of participants). The research ideas/proposals should be available for the Science Planning Committee meeting to be held on October 29/30 in Amsterdam.

List of Participants

S. AnderbergInstitute of GeographyUniversity of CopenhagenVolgade 10 1350 CopenhagenTel: +45 35322500Fax: +45 353 22501Email: sa@geogr.ku.dk

P.D. AndersenRiso National LaboratoryPO BOX 49 DK-4000 RoskildeTel: +45 467 75108Fax: +45 467 75199Email: per.dannemand@risoe.dk

R. AyresINSEAD/CMERBoulevard de ConstanceF-77300 FontaibleauTel: +33 1 607 24212Fax: +33 1 607 24242Email: ayres@insead.fr

M. BartolomeoFond. Eni Enrico MatteiCorso Magenta 63I-20123 MilanoTel: +39 2 520 36968Fax: +39 2 520 36946Email: bartolomeo@feem.it

F. BerkhoutUniversity of Sussex/ISPRUFalmer, Brighton BN1 9FF Tel: +44 1273 877130Fax: +44 1273 685865Email: fberkhout@sussex.ac.uk

Th. De BruijnUniversity of Twente/ CSTMPO BOX 217 7500 AE EnschedeTel: +31 534 894 234Fax: +31 534 894 850Email:t.j.n.m.debruijn@cst.utwente.nl

J. EberhardFhG-Institute of Systems and Innovation ResearchBreslauerstrasse 48D-76139 KarlsruheTel: +49 721 6809169Fax: +49 721 6809270Email: ejo@isi.fhg.de

P. EkinsKeele UniversityDept. Of Environmental Social SciencesStaffordshire ST5 5BGKeeleUnited kingdomTel: +44 1782 583093Fax: +44 1782 584144Email: p.w.ekins@envss.keele.ac.uk

K. GreenManchester School of ManagementUMISTPO BOX 88Manchester M60 1QDUnited KingdomTel: +44 161 2003432Fax: +44 161 2003505Email: ken.green@umist.ac.uk

M.JanickeForschungsstelle furUmweltpolitikFree University BerlinSchwenderstrasse 53D-14195 BerlinGermanyTel: +49 30 838 5097Fax: +49 30 838 2276

U.JorgensenT.U. Lyngby, Technology AssesmentBuilding 322DK-2800 LyngbyDenmarkTel: +45 452 56075Fax: +45 458 82014Email: uj@it.dtn.dk

L.KingoNOVO NordiskNovo AlleDK-BagsvaerdDenmarkTel: +45 444 23861Fax: +45 444 44039Email: lki@novo.dk

L.MichaelisOECD2, Rue Andre PascalF-75775 ParisFranceTel: +33 1 452 49817Fax: +33 1 452 47876Email: Laurie.michaelis@oecd.org

S. ObergSoc. & econ. GeographyPO BOX 1003S-75140 UpsallaSwedenTel: +46 18 471 2500Fax: +46 18 471 7418Email: sture.oberg@kultgeog.uu.se

F.RossiCorso V Emanuelle 26101125 TorinoItalyFax: +39 11 668 8288Email: fillippo.rossi@ntt.it

E.K.SeifertWuppertal InstituteDoppersberg 19D-4210 WuppertalGermanyTel: +49 202 249 2178Fax: +49 202 249 2145Email: e.seifert@wupperinst.org

A.StevelsPhilips S&V / BEPO BOX 800024500 JB EindhovenThe NetherlandsTel: +31 40 273 4169

P.VellingaInstituut voor Milieuvraagstukken AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11151081 HV AmsterdamThe NetherlandsTel: +31 20 4449515Fax: +31 20 4449553Email: pier.vellinga@ivm.vu.nl

H.M.CornaertEuropean CommissionDG12200, Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumTel: +32 2 296 8813Email: michel.cornaert@dg12.cec.be

P HendriquesEuropean CommissionDG3200, Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumTel: +32 2 296 1714Email: pedro.hendriques@dg3.cec.be

N.KastrinosEuropean CommissionDG12200, Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumTel: +32 2 296 3885Email: mikalis.hendriques@deg12.cec.be

K.KosonenEuropean CommissionDG12200, Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumTel: +32 2 296 5675Email: katri.kosonen@dg12.cec.be

S.MorganEuropean CommissionDG12200, Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumTel: +32 2 299 4184Email: steve.morgan@dg12.cec.be

A.SorsEuropean CommissionDG12200, Rue de la LoiB-1049 BrusselsBelgiumTel: +32 2 295 7659Email: andrew.sors@dg12.cec

6. Regional Workshop for North America (September, 24-25, 1998, Boston, MA, USA)

Organisation and SupportThe meeting was organised by Drs. Cutler Cleveland (Boston University), David Angel (Clark University), and Robert Socolow (Princeton University), all members of the Industrial Transformation Scientific Planning Committee. The meeting was hosted by the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies at Boston University, and held at the Executive Leadership Center at Boston University. The workshop was supported by a grant from the US National Science Foundation (Grant No. OCE-9873569). There were 33 participants from the US and Canada.

Keynote PresentationsThe next presentation was by Dr. Billie Turner, Chair of the IHDP Scientific Planning Committee for the Land Use-Land Cover programme, the first and most well-established IHDP programme. The goal of Dr. Turner’s presentation was to provide an overview of the history of the Land Use-Land Cover programme, with emphasis on how scientists involved in the development of the IHDP-IT Programme might benefit from the experience of the Land Use-Land Cover programme. Dr. Turner presented an overview of the history of the development of the Science Plan and core projects, and the experience of trying to attract funding for selected projects.

The next two presentations were designed to provide examples of what possible core research projects might look like. Dr. David Angel presented a theme oriented around the Driving Forces of Industrial Transformation in Asia. Nowhere are transformative dynamics of greater importance than among the rapidly industrialising economies of Asia where the sheer size and rate of growth of economic activity within the region means that turning the trajectory of industrialisation in Asia will necessarily be central to global efforts to achieve the sustainability transition. Dr. Angel proposed as a core project for IHDP-IT a program of work that will examine the scope for, and likely drivers of, industrial transformation among the rapidly industrialising economies of Asia.

Dr. Cutler Cleveland presented a project oriented around the theme of An International Analysis of Materials Use and Economic Growth. Theories such as dematerialization and the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesise that that resource depletion and pollution increase in the initial stages of development, but then tend to fall as incomes rise, producing an inverted U-shape function. Empirical analysis suggests that the relationship holds for some air pollutants and deforestation. The assumed driving forces are technical improvements that decrease the quantity of materials used to produce a good or service, substitution of new materials with more desirable properties for older materials, changes in the structure of final demand, such as the rise of the service sector, and the saturation of bulk markets for basic materials. While there is some support for these arguments, there also is countervailing empirical evidence. More importantly, there are a number of outstanding issues such as the appropriate measurement of aggregate material use, the need for more explicit and rigorous hypothesis testing, and the extent to which these theories apply to developing nations.

Dr. Socolow presented an initial proposal that assigned participants to one of three groups: materials intensity, carbon management, and pollution. There was considerable discussion about what relevant topics were for the IT programme. What eventually emerged were five groups interested in the following topics: The Behavioural Dimensions of Material Intensity, Globalisation and Industrial Transformation, Comparative Analysis of Lifeways, Urbanisation and Industrial Transformation, and Business Strategy & Decision Making. Dr. Socolow charged the small groups with developing two page proposals that clearly identified how they fulfilled all the criteria for approval by IHDP-IT. What follows is a summary of the results of the small group discussions.

Small Group Discussions and Core Project Development

Group 1: Dematerialization and Material Flow AnalysisThis group was interested in the analysis of the efficiency of material use in economic systems and human participation in regional and global biogeochemical cycles. Three projects were proposed: Project 1: The Behavioural Dimensions of Material Intensity. One indicator of Industrial

Transformation is a dematerialization of economic activity, represented by a declining material intensity of use - or material consumption per unit of output. Efficiency improvements, recycling, remanufacturing, miniaturisation, and many other activities on the production side could account for this phenomenon. Household consumption bundles also may contain more services that are less material intensive. But empirical work on dematerialization frequently has lacked explicit and rigorous testing of hypotheses about the driving forces underlying the observed patterns of material use. Understanding the behavioural dimensions of these activities- broadly defined to include social, cultural, economic, and technological factors-is the goal of these project. This project would develop an international database and apply time series techniques to test for of a long-term relationship between material intensities, income, and other socio-economic factors at two stages of production: unfinished natural resource commodities and processed materials. It also would explore the role of public policies affecting material intensities, including recycling laws, taxes, and regulation.

Project 2: Industrial Transformation and the Grand Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon. Human industrial metabolism is tied to regional and global fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through natural systems. We may organise understanding of industrial transformation by asking: What are the implications for the transformation of industrial systems of actions to reduce human interference in the grand biogeochemical cycles? The focus here is on carbon, the link between energy use, climate, and global biological productivity.

Project 3: Industrial Transformation and the Grand Biogeochemical Cycles: Nitrogen. The eutrophication of many coastal waterways, the build-up in the atmosphere of nitrous oxide, a significant greenhouse gas., and the unhealthy concentration of nitrate ions in some municipal water supplies are all examples of human impacts on the nitrogen cycle that changing the cycle in significant ways at many spatial scales. The use of nitrogen fertiliser is a dominant effect. Thus, a study of human impacts on the nitrogen cycle leads to a consideration of the agriculture and food system. Crudely speaking, carbon leads to energy and nitrogen leads to food. A possible project area for IHDP would be to deepen our collective understanding of human impacts on the nitrogen cycle and to identify appropriate cautionary steps in a nitrogen management regime.

Group 2: GlobalisationThe increasing internationalisation or globalisation of economic processes is arguably the defining characteristics of industrial change today. What are the consequences of such processes of economic globalisation for industrial transformation and the environment? Tentatively, we hypothesise that globalisation acts as an accelerator of market, trade and governance effects. It is in itself neither universally good nor bad for industrial transformation and the environment. Rather, it serves to intensify processes of change, whether this be the sensitivity and volatility of investment decisions to environmental regulation and other factor costs, rapid spread of consumption patterns and lifestyles globally, diffusion of technology, resource use, reduced ability of national governments to regulate business directly, or other changes. Three illustrative lines of research are 1) An analysis of the environmental footprint of investment and technology decisions made by multinational corporations internationally; 2) Regulation and market preference. Industry both shapes and responds to market preference in processes of product and process development. Market conditions are also shaped by regulation, whether this be pricing (taxes) or product requirement (CFC free products); 3) What are the implications of globalisation for the NGOs and more generally civil society to shape patterns of industrial development? For some, globalisation has generated a profound weakening in the ability to regulate industry. For others, globalisation has ushered in a profound enhancement of civil society through accelerated information flow, and connections among previously fragmented networks.

Group 3: Comparative Analysis of Lifeways (CAL). The household is the nexus of many key consumption, production, transformation and waste disposal decisions and actions. Understanding these decisions and actions is essential to develop an ecological understanding of contemporary societies, to anticipate future trajectories, and to identify leverage points for change. A simple model provides a way to conceptualise household activities. We call this the "3C model." Household choices, like the options on which they are based, can be viewed as a function of the characteristics of the household and the constraints they face: Choices = f(Constraints, Characteristics). The CAL project would address the following kinds of questions: What are the flows of materials and energy through the household, and what transformations take

place there? How are these flows and transformations influenced by physical infrastructure, interactions with

other elements in society (i.e. governments, firms and social movements-social institutions), and the social, demographic, economic and psychological characteristics of the household?

Where are the leverage points for change? How do the answers to the above questions change across households within a community,

across communities within a society and across societies?Group 4: Urbanisation and Industrial Transformation. Industrial transformation has important and inextricable links to urban growth and form. Increasingly, urban settings are where human activity takes place. This proposal addresses the symmetrical problems of (1) how industrial transformation shapes cities and (2) how urbanisation shapes economic activity. The proposed research will adopt a multi-unit embedded case study format designed to maximise the benefits of comparative research. Independent research teams in different countries will work in parallel on identical topics and will meet to share results. Most teams will characterise specific urban areas in depth along several dimensions, but at least one team will perform a cross-cut that examines a single dimension across many cities. Tasks include: develop standard research protocol, identify cases, collect data for each case, analyse data for each case, compare findings across cases, perform cross-cut along a few keys dimensions, develop general models and apply test them against cases, produce an edited volume of results.

This is a proposal for descriptive, comparative research on environment-economy links in urban settings. It has an efficiency focus: It will map materials and energy flows, and ecological footprints, on a comparative basis, while also mapping the relevant decision-making structures. It will seek explanations for why efficiencies vary, and identify links to urban form. It will determine what are the common dimensions, flows, activities, and analytical paradigms across cities, while also specifying the extent to which cities in fully-industrialised and developing countries are different. It will create a uniform modelling framework for pieces of this complex puzzle, an example might be a model of land markets that accounts for irreversible land use decisions such as the development over time of brownfields.

Group 5: Business Strategy & Decision Making. This groups chose to outline a set of interconnected potential research programs in the general area of internal organisational decision making and external factors affecting business strategy in the context of global environmental change. The attempt was to generate a relatively comprehensive research agenda in this area, and also to take advantage of current research efforts known to the participants, of emerging knowledge bases, and of existing research networks. The following five areas were outlined: Research Program I. - Intrafirm Perspective. Research questions include what are the internal

and external drivers of the adoption of environmental Codes & Standards, Techniques & Practices by corporations? What, if any, changes in organisational process and / or strategy are associated with the adoption of such codes and standards? What is the impact of these process and strategic changes on corporate environmental performance, on financial performance and other performance indicators? What is the relationship between environmental and financial performance?

Research Program II. - Individual/Organisation Perspective. What is the impact of the "professionalization" of managers on their decision-making? What is the impact of large-scale, relatively homogeneous (i.e., North American) professional training of future corporate decision makers on - their values; - their financial and operational orientation, etc.? And what is the impact of exporting that model to the rest of the world?

Research Program III. - Interfirm Perspective. How are industries' structures (i.e., relationships between firms and between firms and other organisations) changing as a result of information technology, globalisation, institutional & market pressures, technology, etc.? What is the impact of such changes on the nature an intensity of competition between firms? On firm- and industry-level environmental impact?

Research Program IV. - Types of Firms & Organisation. What are major dividing lines / distinguishing criteria between types of firms? Is the distinction between SMEs and MNCs qualitatively real? And what is the role of supraorganizations (e.g., World Bank)? What kinds of environmental codes, standards, techniques are SMEs adopting? What type of environmental practices and environmental performance do SMEs exhibit? What are feasible and reasonable environmental practices to adopt? Can Small Businesses be environmentally sensitive or even sustainable, and if so what are supporting/inhibiting conditions?

Research Program V. - Intra-Organizational Relationships. What is the role of stakeholder management in the move toward Corp. Environmental Management, or Sustainable Development? Does, and if so, how does stakeholder consultation introduce a change in corporate decision making processes and more broadly, governance issues? What role does legislation and country specific institutional context play in the defining the type of stakeholder relationship between firms and third parties?

List of Participants

Anthony AmamtoBoston UniversityCenter For Energy & Environmental Studies675 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA 02215(617) 353-7556 , (617) 353-5986 (fax)aamato@bu.edu

Clint AndrewsRutgers UniversityUrban Planning, 33 Livingston AvenueSuite 302, New Brunswick, NJ 08903(732) 932-3822 x721, (732) 932-2253 (fax)cja1@rci.rutgers.edu

David Angel Clark UniversityGraduate School Of Geography950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610(508) 793-7388, (508) 793-8881 (fax)angel@clarku.edu

Julia Gamas Buentello Boston University Department Of Geography675 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA 02215(617) 353-2525, (617) 353-8399 (fax)ardilla@bu.edu

Cutler ClevelandBoston UniversityCenter For Energy & Environmental Studies675 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA 02215(617) 353-7552, (617) 353-5986 (fax)cutler@bu.edu

Timothy ConsidineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityDept. Of Energy, Environmental & Mineral Economics203 Walker BuildingUniversity Park, PA 16802(814) 863-0810, (814) 863-7433 (fax)cpw@psu.edu

John DeYoungUS Geological SurveyGEO-ERG-MIT988 National CenterReston, VA 20192(703) 648-6140, (703) 648-4995 (fax)jdeyoung@usgs.gov

Tom DietzGeorge Mason University300 Route 2, Grand Isle, VT 05458(802) 372-4389, TDietzVT@aol.com

Faye DuchinRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteSchool Of Humanities And Social Science110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180-3590518-276-6575, 518-276-4871 (fax)duchin@rpi.edu

John EhrenfeldMITTechnology, Business & Environment ProgramE40-242-BCambridge, MA 02139-1309(617) 253-1694, jehren@MIT.EDU

Thomas GraedelYale UniversityYale School Of Forestry & Environmental StudiesSage Hall, 205 Prospect StreetNew Haven, CT 06511(203) 432-9733, (203) 432-5556 (fax)thomas.graedel@yale.edu

George HeatonWorcester Polytechnic Institute739 Commonwealth AvenueNewton, MA 02159(617) 965-2841, (617) 244-2505 (fax)grheaton@aol.com

Andrew HoffmanBoston UniversitySchool Of ManagementOrganizational Behavior Dept.595 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA 02215(617) 353-4287, (617) 353-5244 (fax)ahoffman@bu.edu

Maria IbarraranBoston UniversityGeography Department675 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA 02215(617)3535-2525, (617) 353-8399 (fax)maru@bu.edu

Barbara KarnUS Environmental Protection AgencyNCERQA, 401 M Street, 8722RWashington, DC 20460(202) 564-6824, (202) 564-2446 (fax)karn.barbara@epamail.epa.gov

David KeithHarvard UniversityAtmospheric Research Project12 Oxford Street, Link Bldg.Cambridge, MA O2138(617) 495-5922, (617) 495-4902 (fax)keith@huarp.harvard.edu

Peter LevinBoston UniversityCollege Of Engineering44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215(617) 353-2800, (617) 353-5929 (fax)pllevin@bu.edu

Reid LifsetJournal Of Industrial EcologyYale School Of Forestry & Environmental Studies205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511-2189(203) 432-6949, (203) 432-5912 (fax)reid.lifset@yale.edu

Emily MatthewsWorld Resources Institute1709 New York Ave., N.W, Suite 200Washington, DC 20006(202) 662-3482(202) 628-0878 (fax)reip1@wri.org

William MoomawTufts UniversityFletcher School Of DiplomacyCabot Center, Medford, MA 02155(617) 628-5000x2732wmoomaw@emerald.tufts.edu

Vicki Norberg-BohmMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyEnvironmental Policy & Planning9-328, Cambridge, MA 02139(617) 253-5196(617) 253-7402 (fax)vnb@mit.edu

Michael RockWinrock International Institute For Agricultural DevelopmentSuite 6001611 North Kent StreetArlington, VA 22209(703) 525-9430 x625(703) 525-1744 (fax)mtr@winrock.org

Eric RodenburgWorld Resources Institute1709 New York Ave., N.WWashington, DC 20006(202) 662-2575(202) 628-0878 (fax)eric@wri.org

Don Rogich8024 Washington Rd.Alexandria, VA 22302(703) 768-4878floman@erols.com

Eugene RosaWashington State UniversityDepartment Of SociologyPullman, WA 99164-4020(509) 335-4163(509) 335-6419 (fax)rosa@wsu.edu

Matthias RuthBoston UniversityCenter For Energy & Environmental Studies675 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA 02215(617) 353-5741(617) 353-5986 (fax)mruth@bu.edu

Robert SocolowPrinceton UniversityCenter For Energy And Environmental StudiesH-104 Engineering QuadranglePrinceton, NJ 08544(609) 258-5446socolow@princeton.edu

Valerie ThomasPrinceton UniversityCenter For Energy & Environmental StudiesEngineering QuadrangleP.O. Box CN5268Princeton, NJ 08544(609) 258-4665(609) 258-3661 (fax)vmthomas@princeton.edu

Billie TurnerClark UniversityDepartment Of Geography950 Main StreetWorcester, MA 01610(508) 793-8881bturner@vax.clarku.edu

Peter VictorFaculty Of Environmental StudiesYork University4700 Keele StreetTorontoONTARIO M3J 1P3pvictor@yorku.ca

Iddo WernickColumbia UniversityColumbia Earth Institute405 Low Library535 West 116th StreetNew York, NY 10027(212) 854-9462iw4@columbia.edu

Monica WinnUniversity Of VictoriaFaculty Of BusinessPO Box 1700 STN CSCVictoria, B.C.V8W 2Y2(250) 721-6071(250) 721-6067 (fax)miwinn@business.uvic.ca

Christine WoerlenBoston UniversityCenter For Energy & Environmental Studies675 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA 02215(617) 353-7556(617) 353-5986 (fax)woerlen@bu.edu

7. Regional Workshop for Latin America (November 12-13, 1998, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil)

Keynote Presentations

Macro Systems and Incentive Structure in Latin AmericaIn his keynote presentation on Industrial Transformation and Macro-Systems and Incentives Structures in Latin America, Jorge Katz (CEPAL, Chile) stressed the structural heterogeneity of the Latin American region. However, common features of Latin American economies are, among others, import-substitution, disequilibrium and disturbances and the transition towards deregulation of economic activities. Furthermore he mentioned that significant differences exist between looking at economic performance at the macro level on the one hand and at the micro-level on the other hand. While at the macro level, the economic performance of a number of Latin American countries, for example Chile, seem to be quite well, serious problems exist at the micro level. Examples of the latter are job creation and destruction, the growth of multinational corporations focusing primarily on the international market and firm-demography, i.e. the rise and fall of SME’s. Much research is needed on understanding the dynamics of firm-demography and the impact of investment and technological change on the macro-economic structure.

In addition, Raul O’Ryan (University of Chile) presented some lessons from environmental policy in Latin America for the three research fields that are distinguished within the IHDP-IT framework. An important issues at the level of Macro-Systems and Incentive Structure is that macro-economic decision-making and sectoral policies do effect the environment contrary to what is aimed for by environmental policies. He stressed that policy-principles and the regulatory framework matter. It is important to design the incentive structure in such a way that different incentives works in the same direction and that environmental institutions build up a certain level of credibility. At the level of the production system, O’Ryan mentioned that much work has to be done on identifying win-win options and the disclosure of relevant information for business. Furthermore he argued that international pressure hurts and that fair deregulation is required. A key issue concerning consumption is to promote good design capacities and to co-ordinate emerging initiatives. A general conclusion of his presentation was that for Latin America environmental management is more important than environmental technology as such.

Material/Energy and Technology in Latin America: The next keynote presentation, titled ‘Material/Energy and Technology in Latin America – The Experience of the Mexican Maquiladoras in the USA-Mexico border’ was given by Alfonso Mercado from Colegio de la Frontera, Mexico and focussed on industrial activities and their environmental impact in Latin America. Maquilladoras are industrial plants in the USA-Mexico border under an international sub-contracting scheme. They are set free from domestic taxes but are not allowed to produce for the domestic market. The maquiladora industry in Mexico has been growing rapidly and more dynamically than the manufacturing sector, creating a lot of employment. As an unfortunate side effect of this expansion, the volume of industrial pollution has been increasing. The maquiladoras sector is in general not ’hampered’ by environmental regulation. This lack of environmental regulation stems from the absence of a well-defined incentive structure, high costs of industrial equipment and the fact that the environmental impact of industrial activities is not integrated in the policies of the management. An additional problem with respect to design environmental policy is the monopoly power of some industries. The petro-chemical industry for example, is because of its monopoly power ‘out of environmental law’.

Agro-Industry Scenarios for Latin America: The next presentation was given by Luis Fernando Vieira, EMBRAPA, Brazil. He presented recent developments in the Latin-American agro-industry, focussing on consumers and consumption trends, technological status and demands, and environmental impacts. Over the last decade the agro-industry has become one of the most important sector in Latin America. Vieira argued that the behaviour of food consumers in Latin America is becoming highly sophisticated and demanding following international trends. This implies that the demand for convenience, nutritional value, safety and good taste grows rapidly and steadily, boosted by an increase of imported products and the marketing strategy of trans-national companies. The food retailing sector is becoming more important in passing on to the production sector information on (changes in) consumer demand and -behaviour. Furthermore, Vieira stressed the fact that while the agro-industrial system has been going through processes of deep organisational and technological changes, important environmental issues related to the agro-industry still need to be addressed. Among these issues are: soil losses, misuse of agrochemicals, loss of genetic variability and diversity, water bodies contamination, excessive use of water and the use of environmental hazardous substances. These environmental impacts are related to both the processing as the agricultural sector. Moreover, these problems have been in the Center of the environmental debate and has a lot in common to modern agricultural problems elsewhere.

IHDP-IT and LUCC: The Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) Program is an IHDP-sponsored project that is five years ahead, and for this reason LUCC might lights the way in which the IHDP-IT project can be developed. Thelma Krug of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil, and working in the LUCC project presented the IHDP-LUCC initiative to the meeting. The very reason to start the LUCC project was the fact that land use and land cover change are central to the interest of the science of global environmental change. Furthermore, they are a significant agent of global change which both influences and is affected by climate change, loss of biodiversity and the sustainability of human-environment interactions. Aims of the LUCC project are a) to create a transdisciplinary approach in dealing with the above mentioned issues b) to build on existing loci of excellence in the field and c) to engage regional communities.

IHDP-IT and IPCC: Bert Metz, vice-chair of Working Group III (‘Mitigation’) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), gave a keynote presentation on the research needs as identified by the IPCC. The IPCC is a scientific platform that serves as an interface between policy and science in the field of climate change. Metz argued that streamlining, focusing and co-ordination of research helps to influence the policy community. Therefore, the IHDP-IT project is a valuable initiative. With respect to the relation between IPCC and IHDP-IT: in fact all the questions IPCC is addressing, except from Land Use - which is addressed by LUCC-, are questions that drive the IHDP-IT initiative. For example, the field of IPCC Working Group II, adaptation to climate change, is obviously of relevance to IHDP-IT since human dimension of climate change can be interpreted as just an other word for adaptation to climate change. An important issue IPCC is dealing with is the issue of technology transfer for sustainable development. What is needed here, is an overall picture of how transformations to environmental beneficial technologies occur. Technology transfer is a very complicated field to study: it includes, inter alia, the role of governments, private industry and NGOs as well as barriers, opportunities and market potential of technologies and practices. IHDP-IT can play an important role here, for example through the development of socio-economic scenarios. Finally Metz evoked social scientists to contribute to the 3rd IPCC Assessment Report, to be finalised in 2001.

Key Issues for IT in the Latin American Region1) EnergyThis group was interested by developments in the energy sector in Latin America. The proposed project consists of two steps. First, to make a diagnosis of the actual energy sector in Latin America and second to develop alternative energy scenarios for Latin America.

Concerning the first, particular interest is demonstrated in the driving forces behind changes in the energy production and consumption. 2) Governability and AccountabilityThis topic concerns the idea that society must design and implement the mechanisms that ensure that industrial transformation advances towards sustainability. To achieve governability and accountability there is need for applied work on: defining criteria to prioritise environmental action; concepts and methodologies to promote participation; understanding the relation between international environmental and trade agreements , macro level decisions and sectoral and local level actions; the design and implementation of effective policies; the design and implementation of effective monitoring and enforcement strategies; and the definition of specific processes that could promote accountability by the public sector to environmental objectives. Initially the following projects have been identified for Latin America, however it is possible that in many cases Asian countries could be considered:(1) Environmental Priority Setting: Concepts, Methodology and Case Studies in Three

Developing Countries.(2) Effects of Increasing Global Interdependence of Economic Systems and Governing

Structure on the Ability of Local Areas to manage the Use of Natural Resources and Impacts on the Local and Global Environment.

(3) Urbanisation, Social Participation and Sustainability of Industrial Transformation in the Metropolitan Areas of Latin America : the Cases of Sao Paulo, Santiago and Mexico City.

(4) Designing Optimal Intervention Strategies and Instruments to Improve Environmental Quality in Developing Country Cities : Case Studies for Santiago, Mexico City and Sao Paulo.

(5) Governability and Legitimacy for a Sustainable Society.(6) Strategies for Public Participation in the Local Management of Socio-Environmental

Policy in the Framework of International Economic and Environmental Agreements.(7) Redirecting Environmental Public Policies to achieve Compliance of Existing National

Regulations and International Agreements3) Natural ResourcesThis group was interested in the analysis of the driving forces and environmental impacts of the natural resources management. Two projects were proposed and discussed.(1). Driving Forces and Environmental Impacts of the Agro-industrial System. During recent years the food sector has become one of the most important economic sub-sectors of Chile, Brazil and other Latin-American countries. Therefore it is important to:

a) Assess the environmental impacts of the agro-industrial activity through the life cycle perspective. b) Describe the agro-industrial system and its driving forces, i.e. international and national commodity markets, consumer behaviour and consumption patterns, property rights, food processing and distributing standards and public policy.

(2). Driving Forces of Water management and Use in Big Cities. Water is becoming a key environmental issue in the big cities. In recognition of this it was proposed to study: a) the way in which global and regional environmental and social forces drive and interact with the water public management and the patterns of water use at the level of a city’s basin; b) how public policies and institutional nets shape social patterns of water use in the city and how effective they manage the stresses and vulnerabilities associated to the environmental changes.4) Production structureThis topic is about the relationship between changes in the production structure and the environment in Latin America. The main objective of this proposal is to examine this relationship at three levels of analysis in a selected group of Latin American countries. Such levels are: macro, meso and micro. That is to say, at the level of aggregate variables in the economy, in specific sectors and factor markets, and in the sphere of individual economic agents.

List of Participants

ARGENTINADr. Osvaldo GirardinEconomics, Energy Fundación BarilocheIDEEPiedras 482, 2o. PisoDepartamento H1070 Buenos Airesphone: +54.1.331.1816/1649fax: +54.1.334.4717email: ideefb@mbox.servicenet.com.ar

Dr.Luis Fernando Vieira EMBRAPAAv. das Américas, 29.501.Pedra de GuaratibaRio de Janeiro-RJPhone: +55.21.410.7400fax: +55.21.410.1090email: lfvieira@cnps.embrapa.br

BRAZILDr. Eduardo J. ViolaUniversidade de BrasíliaDepto. de Relações Internacionais, IPRC.P. 04561Brasília, DF 70919-970phone: +55.61.348.2426/344.2669(home)fax: +55.61.273.3930/344.5684email: eduviola@linkexpress.com.br

Prof. Dr. Manuel CesarioUniversidade Católica de BrasíliaCentre for Studies on Environment Sciences and TechnologiesSMPW 15 Cj. 6 Cs. 10Park Way, Brasília 71.745.150phone: +55.61.972.3243fax: +55.61.365.3353email: cesario@pos.ucb.br

Dr. Francisco Galrão CarneiroRegional development, Applied EconomicsUniversidade Católica de BrasíliaMestrado em Economia de EmpresasPro-Reitoria de Pos-Graduacao e PesquisaSGAN 916 - Modulo B70.390-045 Brasilia –DF

email: carneiro@pos.ucb.br

Dr. Ualfrido de CarloArchitecture,Environmental Urbanism, EnergyUSP, Rua General Vitorino Monteiro, 11205053-060 – São Paulo, SPphone/fax: +55.11.262.1979email: ealfrido@uol.com.br

Prof. Lúcio GrinoverArchitecture,Environmental Urbanism, EnergyUSP_Universidade de São PauloRua Tabapuã, 821 conj. 86Itaim-Bibi, 04533-013-SPphone: +55.11.829.9977fax: +55.11.829.9437

Dr. Jean-Louis Le GuerroueAgroindustry, Food productionUniversidade Católica de BrasíliaSQN 209, BL D, Apto 50570854-040 Brasília- DFphone: +55.61 340 55 50(off.)/349 01 50(home)e-mail guerroue@pos.ucb.br

Prof. Rebeca SchererUniversidade de São PauloFaculdade de Arquitetura e UrbanismoRua Angelina Maffrei Vita 370 apto. 11São Paulo 01455-070-SPphone:+55.11.212.0703fax: +55.11.211.5999email: rscherer@usp.br

Dr. Telma KrugMember of LUCC-SSCINPER-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisAv. dos Astronautas, 1758Jd da Granja, 12227-010São José dos Campos-SPphone: +55.12.345.6450fax:+55.12.345.6460email: telma@ltid.inpe.br

Professor Doutor Henrique RattnerABDL-Associação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento de LiderançasCoordenador de Projetos Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532 Prédio 56Cidade Universitária/USP05508-901-São Paulo/SPphone: +55.11.819.1532/869.5662/3766.2682fax+55.11.869.4222e-mail: rattner@nhi.lead.org.br

CHILEMr. Raul O’RyanUniversidad de ChileDepartamento de Ingenieria Industrial;República 701, Casilla 2777, Santiagophone: +56.2.6784524/678.4053fax: +56.2.689.7895email: roryan@dii.uchile.cl

Dr. Alejandro LeonUniversidad de Chile1955 E 6th St.Tucson, AZ 85719 USAphone: +1.520.881.3967fax: +1.520.621.3816email: alexleon@ag.arizona.edu

COSTA RICAMr. Victor Eduardo Montero DienUniversidad de Costa RicaVice Presidency of Social Extension & Faculty of EducationAve. 4, rua 1 y 3, # 162Guadalupe, Goicochea, San Joséphone: +506.207.4287/4170/4001fax: +506.225.3749email: vemonter@cariari.ucr.ac.cr

CUBADr. Barbara Garea Ministerio de Ciência, Tecnologia y Medio AmbienteAgencia de Ciências y TecnologiaCalle 20 esq. 18A. MiramarCiudad de la Habanaphone: +53.7.229.372fax: +53.7.249.460email: acyt@ceniai.inf.cu or dcicitma@ceniai.inf.cu

ECUADORMr. Fausto Peñafiel Corporation OIKOSLuxemburgo 172 y HolandaQuitoTel/fax: +593.2.590.382email: gateway@britcoun.org.ec

Dr. Juan Carlos BlumEnergy and Environmental Efficiency – Efficácitas Consulting Ltd.Co., Riobamba 607PO Box 10009, Guayaquilphone: +593.4.386.572/308-087fax: +593.4.381.496email: jcblum@gye.satnet.net

MEXICODr. Patricia Romero LankaoUniversidad Autonoma Metropolitana-XochimilcoDept. de Política y CulturaCalzada del Hueso 1100, Villa QuietudMexico City, 04960phone: +52.5.724.5110fax: +52.5.594.9100email: rolp7543@cueyatl.mx

Dr. Alfonso MercadoColegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF)Depto. de Estudios EconómicosTijuana, B. C.phone: +52.66.31.3535fax: +52.66.31.2048email: amercado@colef.mx

URUGUAYMr. Alfredo AlbinINIA-Instituto Nacional de Investigación AgropecuáriaLas Brujas-Ruta 48 Km.10Rincon del ColoradoC.Correo 33085 Las Piedrasphone: +598. 367.641fax: +598.367.609email: aalbin@inia.org.uy

Mr. Carlos NegroINIA-Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuária.Andes 1365 piso 12C. P. 11100-Montevideophone: +598.2.902.0550/908.5752(home)fax: +598.2.902.3633email: charlie@inia.org.uy

UNITED STATESDr. Dale RothmanColumbia UniversityBiosphere 2 Center32540 S. Biosphere RoadPO Box 689, Oracle AZ 85623phone: +1.520.896.6420fax: +1.520.896.6214email: drothman@bio2.edu

OTHER ORGANIZATIONSDr. Jorge Katz CEPAL (Headquarters Chile)Division of Products & Entrepreneurship DevelopmentCasilla 179D. SantiagoChilephone:+56.2.210.2646/2651email:jkatz@eclac.cl

Dr. Bert MetzRIVM/MNVP.O. Box 13720 BA BILTHOVENThe NetherlandsTel. +31 30 2743990Fax. +31 30 2744435Email: bert.metz@rivm.nl

STEERING COMMITTEDr. Robert SocolowPrinceton Universityemail: socolow@princeton.edu

Dr. Mauricio TolmasquimUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroDepto. de Planejamento EnergéticoCentro de Tecnologia Bl. GC.P. 68501Rio de Janeiro 21945-970 – RJphone: +55.21.560.8995/8852fax: +55.21.560.8995email: tolmasquim@ppe.ufrj.br

Dr. Armando Rabuffetti-DirectorIAI-Inter-American Insitute for Global Change Researchc/o INPE Av. dos Astronautas, 175812227-010, São José dos Campos-SPBrazilphone: +55.12.345.6854/55/56fax: +55.12.341.4410email: armando@dir.iai.int

Mr. Peter MulderInstitute for Environmental Studies (IVM)Vrije UniversiteitDe Boelelaan 1115The Netherlandsphone: +31.20.4449 515, fax: +31.20.4449 553email: peter.mulder@ivm.vu.nl

Ms. Marcella OhiraIAI-Inter-American Institute for Global Change Researchemail: marcella@dir.iai.int

8. Regional Workshop for Africa (November 16-17, 1998, Nairobi, Kenya)

Organisation and SupportThe Workshop was opened by Professor Eric Odada, Programme Director of the Pan African START Secretariat who welcomed the participants and indicated START's gratitude for the support from UNEP and IHDP for hosting and organising this workshop. The Representative of the UNEP Executive Director, Mr. Donald Kaniaru, Director of Environmental Law and Policy welcomed the participants to UNEP. He stressed that industrial development was central to the structural transformation of African economies to increase income and employment and to diversify exports. In Africa, there was a growing consensus that accelerated economic transformation would depend on the synergies between industrial and agricultural development. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) have placed African industrialisation high on their agendas--and UNEP was focusing its efforts on how to integrate environmental issues within this process. He drew attention to the many opportunities for future collaboration between UNEP, OAU, ECA, START and the IHDP to promote research and capacity building in Africa related to Industrial Transformation issues. Dr. H.L. Kaane, Director, Kenya Industrial Research & Development Institute (KIRDI) was invited to serve as the Chairman of the Workshop.

Key Issues for IT in the African RegionIt is impossible to reflect fully the very rich and dynamic discussion which took place throughout the workshop. This debate was greatly facilitated by the excellent opening presentation and paper by D. Titus Adeboye, Executive Director of the African Technology Development Link entitled: "Comments and Suggestion on Industrial Transformation Research in Africa". His review of potential research priorities stimulated a very active exchange among the participants. That discussion identified several priority issues and factors which may have a significant influence on industrial transformation in Africa, including:Industry and Poverty Alleviation; Technology, including traditional technologies and innovation and access to "appropriate" technology which produces goods and services for the African market; Infrastructure and Industrial Transformation; Education and Capacity Building; Agriculture/Food: a)crops and b)grazing; Energy for industry and rural development; Cities and Industrial Transformation; Governance/institutional aspects, including failures of environmental policy; Informal Sector/Micro-enterprises; Maintenance and Repair; Trade and Industrial Transformation: Local, regional and global; Social attitudes and culture; and Africa's debt burden.

There was a clear consensus that Poverty Alleviation and the Promotion of Prosperity was the major overriding theme for industrial transformation in Africa. The harsh economic, social and institutional realities of Africa, made industrial development an urgent requirement. For Africa, Industrial Transformation implied a strategy which would achieve both Africa's immediate economic and social needs as well as its future environmental objectives.

Following very extensive discussions with a view to narrowing and integrating the list of issues and setting a few priorities for possible future research, the participants agreed with the following set of priority themes under the overarching theme of Poverty Alleviation which fit within the present "core" categories which had been recently proposed by the Scientific Planning Committee of the IHDP-IT: Cities and Industrial Transformation: the provision of environmental services in cities,

the role of industrial transformation on rural/urban/global migration Energy: sustainable energy systems for rural development Food (Agriculture): ways to improve agriculture production and processing in Africa

Transformation Tools: the role of informal sector/micro-enterprises in industrial transformation of Africa

At the end of the discussion of priorities, various participants volunteered to prepare short project ideas which would set out the justification, key research questions, and general outline of potential project activities for each of the priority areas. At the same time, the participants indicated that they would collaborate together to develop an informal research network related to each of these questions which would begin to pull together researchers from all around Africa and possibly other regions working in these fields. START indicated its willingness to provide support for developing these initiatives and UNEP and IHDP also noted their readiness to assist.

Throughout the meeting, in both formal and informal sessions, there was a very positive atmosphere regarding the need to follow-up this workshop and to try to pursue these critical research questions and policy issues in a more co-ordinated and integrated fashion than in the past. The need for broad interdisciplinary and international collaboration in this effort was recognised. A number of suggestions were made about how OAU, UNEP and ECA and other relevant organisation in Africa (e.g. AMCEN) might be able to promote and facilitate research in these areas in future. Several participants, including those representing UNEP, START, and IHDP stressed their readiness to help facilitate the follow-up process from this Workshop.

Concluding RemarksEric Odada, on behalf of START, Workshop Chairman Dr. Kaane, and Mr. Cheikh O. Sow, Deputy Director of the UNEP Regional Office for Africa, all indicated their appreciation for the active and constructive input of all the participants.

List of Participants

TELEPHONE: (267) 355 2515E-MAIL: Chipanshi@noka.ub.bw

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

TELEPHONE: (251 1) 613215TELEFAX (251 1) 611 892

E-MAIL: J.Kagwanja@cgiar.org

GERMANYDr. Larry R. KohlerExecutive Director

International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)

TELEPHONE: (49-0) 228 73 90 50TELEFAX: (49-0) 228 73 90 54

INDIAMrs. Dr. Leena Srivastava

TELEPONE: (91-11) 462 2246TELEFAX: (91-11) 462 1770

University of Nairobi, Department of Geology

TELEPONE: (254 2) 447 740TELEFAX: (254 2) 449 539

TELEPONE:(254 2) 713039TELEFAX: (254 2) 713039

E-MAIL: maggie@swiftkenya.com

Moi University, Department of Chemistry

TELEPONE: (254 0321) 43042TELEFAX: (254 0321) 43047

TELEPONE: (254 2) 442 534TELEFAX: (254 2) 442 841

E-MAIL: Dmakawiti@kenhealthnet.org

African Technology Development Link

TELEPONE: (254 2) 712 556TELEFAX: (254 2) 710 654

TELEPONE: (254 2) 541 288/555579/556943TELEFAX: (254 2) 555513

E-MAIL: awn@liion.meteo.go.ke

Kenya Industrial Research & Development

TELEPONE: (254 2) 556 362

Dr. Ben OkechSenior Research FellowInstitute of Development Studies (IDS)P.O. Box 30197

TELEPHONE:(254 2) 334 244 Ext.28519/337436TELEFAX: (254 2) 22 036

TELEPHONE: (254 2) 712271TELEFAX: (254 2) 712 490

TELEPONE: (254 2) 556 591

TELEPHONE: (221) 824 6370 Ext.138

TELEPONE: (27 11) 629 5060

TELEPONE: (254 2) 623916