Upload
eldora
View
59
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
I. Previously on IET. Basic Blocks of Digital Communications. Analog-to-Digital Converter. Source of continuous-time (i.e., analog) message signal. Encoder. Band Pass Modulated Signal. Quantizer. Sampler. Low pass Filter. Modulation. Transmitting Filter. m-ary Symbol Encoder. T S. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
I. Previously on IET
Introduction to Digital Modulation: Pulse Code Modulation
© Tallal Elshabrawy 3
Digital Communication Systems
Source of Information
User of Information
Source Encoder
Channel Encoder
Modulator
Source Decoder
Channel Decoder
De-Modulator
Channel
© Tallal Elshabrawy 4
Pulse Code Modulation An analog message signal is converted to discrete
form in both time and amplitude and then represented by a sequence of coded pulses
© Tallal Elshabrawy 5
Source of continuous-time (i.e., analog) message signal
Low pass Filter
Sampler Quantizer Encoder
Pulse Code Modulation
PCM Signal
Low Pass Filter Confining the frequency content of the message signal
Sampling To ensure perfect reconstruction of message signal at the receiver, the
sampling rate must exceed twice the highest frequency component of the message signal (Sampling Theorem)
Quantization Converting of analog samples to a set of discrete amplitudes
Encoding Translating the discrete set of samples in a form suitable for digital
transmission
Analog-to-Digital Converter
© Tallal Elshabrawy 6
Sampling Process: Introductory Note
Periodic signal in the time domain
Sampling of the signal spectrum in the frequency domain
By Duality
Sampling of the signal in the time domain
Making the spectrum of the signal periodic in the frequency domain
© Tallal Elshabrawy 7
Sampling Process Basic operation for digital communications
Converts an analog signal into a corresponding sequence of samples (usually spaced uniformly in time)
Questions What should be the sampling rate? Can we reconstruct the original signal after the
sampling process?
© Tallal Elshabrawy 8
Effect of Sampling on Frequency Content of Signals
m(t)
t (sec.)Representation of analog signal m(t) in time domain
f (Hz)
M(f)
W-W
Let assume that the frequency content of analog signal in the frequency domain is confined with W
Define TS as the sampling interval Define fS as the sampling frequency
© Tallal Elshabrawy 9
fS>2W
m(t)
f (Hz)
M(f)
W-W
TS=1/fSt (sec)
0 fS-fS fS-W fS+W-fS+W-fS-W
By using a LPF with W<fcutoff<fS-W at the receiver, it is possible to reconstruct the original signal from received samples
LPF
fcutoff
© Tallal Elshabrawy 10
fS=2W
m(t)
f (Hz)
M(f)
W-W
TS=1/fSt (sec)
0 fS=2W-fS=-2W 3W-3W
By using a LPF with fcutoff=W at the receiver, it is possible to reconstruct the original signal from received samples
LPF
fcutoff
© Tallal Elshabrawy 11
fS<2W
m(t)
f (Hz)
M(f)
W-W
TS=1/fSt (sec)
0 fS-fS fS+W-fS-W
It is no longer possible to reconstruct the original signal from received samples
-fS+W fS-W
© Tallal Elshabrawy 12
Sampling Theorem Sampling Theorem states that
A band-limited signal of finite energy which has no frequency components higher than W Hz is completely described by specifying the values of the signal at instants of time separated by 1/2W seconds
A band-limited signal of finite energy which has no frequency components higher than W Hz may be completely recovered from knowledge of its samples taken at the rate of 2W samples per second
fS=2W is called the Nyquist Rate
tS=1/2W is called the Nyquist interval
© Tallal Elshabrawy 13
Pulse Code Modulation Revisited
Source of continuous-time (i.e., analog) message signal
Low pass Filter
Sampler Quantizer Encoder PCM Signal
Analog-to-Digital Converter
Let TQ represent the time interval between two consecutive quantized representation levels
Let TS represent the time interval between two consecutive m-ary encoded symbols
Representation Levels (vj)j=1,2,…,L
m-ary SymbolEncoder
Transmitting Filter
PCM Signalsk(t)
(uk)k=1,2,…,logmL
© Tallal Elshabrawy 14
M-ary Encoder Examples
Binary SymbolEncoder
Binary Code ukk=1,2Symbol Rate = 1/TS=6/TQ
64 Quantized representation levels vkk=1,2,…,64Sampling Rate = 1/TQ
4-ary SymbolEncoder
4-ary Code ukk=1,2,3,4Symbol Rate = 1/TS=3/TQ
64 Quantized representation levels vkk=1,2,…,64Sampling Rate = 1/TQ
© Tallal Elshabrawy 15
Transmitting Filter The output from the m-ary encoder is still a logical variable rather than an actual signal The transmitting filter converts the output of the m-ary encoder to a pulse signal Example:
Square pulse transmitting filter
1
TS
ku 1, 1
Binary Code
0
PCM SignalTS TS TS
t=0t=TSt=2TSt=3TSt=0t=TSt=2TSt=3TSt=4TS
1
TS
ku 3, 1, 1, 3 4-ary Code
0
PCM Signal
TS TS TS
t=0t=TSt=2TSt=3TS
t=0t=TSt=2TSt=3TSt=4TS
+1 -1 +1 +1
+3 -3 +1 +3
© Tallal Elshabrawy 16
Optimal Receiving Filter
k k k S
k k k S
k k k S
k k k k
x t =s t +w t ,0 t T
y t =s t *h t +w t *h t ,0 t T
y t =r t +n t ,0 t T
r t s t h t , n t w t h t
Transmitting Filter g(t)
sk(t)+
wk(t)
Receiving Filter h(t)
xk(t) yk(t) yk(TS)ku
Sample at t=TS
Optimality At sampling Instantt=TS
2
k
2k
r Tη=
E n t
is maximized
© Tallal Elshabrawy 17
Matched Filter
Objective: Design the optimal receiving filter to minimize the
effects of AWGN
Matched Filter1. h(t)=g(TS-t), i.e., H(f)=G*(f )2. Sample the output of receiving filter every TS
Transmitting Filter g(t)
sk(t)+
wk(t)
Receiving Filter h(t)
xk(t) yk(t) yk(TS)Sample at t=TS
PCM Signal
© Tallal Elshabrawy 18
xk(t)
t=0t=TSt=2TSt=3TSt=4TS
Assume AWGN Noise wk(t) is negligible, binary symbols +1,+1,-1,+11
TS0Transmitting Filter g(t)
sk(t)+wk(t)
xk(t)
1
TS0Matched Filter g(TS-t)
yk(t)
yk(TS)
Sample at t=TS
yk(t)
t=0t=TSt=2TSt=3TSt=4TS
TSTS
-TS
TS
yk(iTS)
t=0t=TSt=2TSt=3TSt=4TS
TSTS
-TS
TS
Matched Filter: Square Pulse Transmitting Filter
© Tallal Elshabrawy 19
Basic Blocks of Digital Communications
Source of continuous-time
(i.e., analog) message signal
Low pass Filter
Sampler Quantizer Encoder Band Pass Modulated Signal
Analog-to-Digital Converter
m-ary SymbolEncoder
Transmitting Filter Modulation
© Tallal Elshabrawy 20
Time-Limited Signal = Frequency Unlimited Spectrum
TS0
Fourier Transfor
m
It is desirable for transmitted signals to
be band-limited (limited frequency
spectrum)
Guarantee completely
orthogonal channels for pass-band signals
WHY?
Square Pulse is a Time-Limited Signal
1/TS 2/TS 3/TS-1/TS-2/TS-3/TS
0
© Tallal Elshabrawy 21
Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)
Sampling Instants
yk(t) yk(iTS)
Frequency Limited Spectrum=Time-Unlimited Signals
A time unlimited signal means inter-symbol interference (ISI)
Neighboring symbols affect the measured value and the corresponding decision at sampling instants
© Tallal Elshabrawy 22
Nyquist Criterion for No ISI For a given symbol
transmitted at iTS
S
A k=1z kT
0 o/w
Transmitting Filter g(t)
sk(t)+
wk(t)
Receiving Filter g (TS-
t)
xk(t)yk(t) yk(TS)
kuSample at t=TS
Assume AWGN Noise wk(t) is negligible
Transmitting Filter g(t)
Receiving Filter g (TS-
t)
yk(t) yk(TS)Sample at t=TS
z(t)=g(t)* g(TS-t)
ku
© Tallal Elshabrawy 23
z(t): Impulse
Response
Z(f): Spectrum(Transfer Function)
T: symbol interval
RS: symbol rater: roll-off factor
Z(f)
Raised Cosine Filter Bandwidth = RS(1+r)/2
Pulse-shaping with Raised-Cosine Filter
© Tallal Elshabrawy 24
Examples An analog signal of bandwidth 100 KHz is sampled
according to the Nyquist sampling and then quantized and represented by 64 quantization levels. A 4-ary encoder is adopted and a Raised cosine filter is used with roll off factor of 0.5 for base band transmission. Calculate the minimum channel bandwidth to transfer the PCM wave
An analog signal of bandwidth 56 KHz is sampled, quantized and encoded using a quaternary PCM system with raised-cosine spectrum. The rolloff factor is 0.6. If the total available channel bandwidth is 2048 KHz and the channel can support up to 10 users, calculate the number of representation levels of the Quantizer.