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MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance04/038 13 LZU 113 302 B 1

Basic IP Addressing


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Basic IP AddressingModule objective, Agenda

To provide knowledge in standard

IP addressing

IP address structure IP v.4

IP Net and Sub-net Routing


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Basic IP AddressingGeneral about IP addresses

192.168.128.100

255.255.255.255

2

4

8

1

6

3

2

6

4

1

28

1

0.0000011

Bit value:

Each decimal is digitally represented by one byte.

Gives that an address consists of 32bit. (IP v.4)

Expressed as four decimals.

Every Host in a DCN is assigned an IP address

0.0010101 0.0000001 001001102

4

8

1

6

3

2

6

4

1

28

1

2

4

8

1

6

3

2

6

4

1

28

1

2

4

8

1

6

3

2

6

4

1

28

1

1.1111111 1.1111111 1.1111111 11111111


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Basic IP AddressingGeneral about IP addresses

Five different classes

Each class has a certain series of consecutive

addresses assigned

- Class A, B and C for different network sizes

- Class D for multicast

- Class E for experiment

Two different types- Public addresses, for exclusive use on the Internet.

- Private addresses, for free use in isolated networks

- Class A, B, and C have all a series of Private addresses

- MINI-LINK default IP addresses are Private addresses


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Basic IP AddressingIP Data Communication Network

Every IP based DCN (Internet, Corporate LAN, MINI-LINK O&M DCN) is dividedinto a number of Networks (Nets) or even divided into sub-networks (Sub-nets).

The IP Networks helps organize the addressing structure of the DCN as each Network

is assigned a certain IP address range.

The routing (switching in telecom language) of data packages towards their

destination Network is performed by Routers.

IP NetworkRouter

IP Network

IP NetworkIP Network

IP NetworkRouter

IP DCN


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Basic IP AddressingIP Networks

Every IP Network (Net) has: A Netmask, defining the maximum number of Host addresses (number of

connectable ports) in the Network and the assigned address range.

A Net address, which is the lowestaddress of the assignedaddress range, the address of the Network itself.

A number ofHost addresses, how many is defined by the Netmask

A Broadcast address, which is the highestaddress inthe assigned address range, used for calls to all Hosts

All addresses associated with the Network form a consecutive series.

IP address

Router

IP address

Router

Host Host

IP Network

IP addressHost

IP addressHost

Host


7/26MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance04/038 13 LZU 113 302 B 7


Net address

Broadcast addressHost addresses

Size defined by the Netmask

Host addresses

Host addresses



Basic IP AddressingRouters

Devices used to connect data communication networks.

Equipped with a number of network ports, where each will be a Host in a Network.

All ports of the Router have to be connected to different IP networks. Routes IP addressed data packages to their destination.

Uses static (manually set-up) or dynamic routing (automatic) to rout packages correctly.

With dynamic routing the best path can be automatically chosen when

multiple paths are available.

Routers in general:

Router

IP Network



Netmask

Basic IP AddressingIP Networks, Netmask

The Netmask is built-up by four bytes

A digital 1 represents a bit defining the Net adress.

A digital 0 represents a bit (Host adresses)

Netmask: 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

255 255 0 0

Net address Host address

Example of: Net address: 172.128.0.0

Broadcast address: 172.128.255.255

10101100.10000000.00000000.00000000

10101100.10000000.11111111.11111111

Netmask

Larger, fewer Nets Smaller, more Nets



Basic IP AddressingClass A Net (Huge Nets)

Class A Netmask: 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

255 0 0 0


Example of Host address: 123.128.222.67

Example of Net address: 123.0.0.0


01111011.10000000.11011110.01000011

01111011.00000000.00000000.00000000

01111011.11111111.11111111.11111111

Uses the first byte for the net number Netmask: 255.0.0.0

Nets from 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 (in total 126 Nets)

Private Net: 10.0.0.0 (1 Net)

Maximum number of Hosts per Net: approx.16,7 million

Used by very large companies and institutions

Class A Net



Basic IP AddressingClass B Net (Large Nets)

Class B Netmask: 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

255 255 0 0





10101100.10000000.11011110.01000011

10101100.10000000.00000000.00000000

10101100.10000000.11111111.11111111

Uses the 2 first bytes for the net number Netmask: 255.255.0.0

Nets from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 (in total 16,384 Nets)

Private Nets 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0 (16 Nets)

Maximum number of Hosts per Net: 65,534

Used by large companies and institutions.

Class B Net



Basic IP AddressingClass C Net (Small Nets)

Class C Netmask: 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

255 255 255 0





11001000.10000000.11011110.01000011

11001000.10000000.11011110.00000000

11001000.10000000.11011110.11111111

Uses the 3 first bytes for the Net number Netmask: 255.255.255.0

Nets from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 (approx. 2 million. Nets)

Private Nets 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 (256 Nets)

Maximum number of Hosts per Net: 254

Used for smaller nets

Class C Net




IP

Host

IP

Host

IP

Host

Router RouterIPIPIP

NetworkNetwork

Net address: 192.168.129.0

Net mask: 255.255.255.0

Host addresses:

192.168.129.1

192.168.129.2192.168.129.3

192.168.129.4

192.168.129.254


Net address: 192.168.128.0

Net mask: 255.255.255.0

Host addresses:

192.168.128.1

192.168.128.2192.168.128.3

192.168.128.4

192.168.128.254



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Sub-netting, Class C Network

Basic IP Addressing

= 4 addressesNetmask 255.255.255.

.252248

4 8 12

16

20

24

28

32

36

44

48

52

56

40

64

68

72

76

84

88

92

96

80

60

100

104

108

112

116

120

124

128

132

136

140

144

148

152

156

160

164

168

172

176

180

184

188

192

196

200

204

208

212

216

220

224

228

232

236

240

244

252

0

0 248

8 16

24

32

48

56

40

64

72

88

96

80

104

112

120

128

136

144

152

160

168

176

184

192

200

208

216

224

232

240

.248

0 16

32

48

64

96

80

112

128

144

160

176

192

208

224

240.240

0 32

64

96

128

160

192

224

.224

0 64

128

192

.192

0 128

.128

0.0


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Sub-netting, Class C Network example

Basic IP Addressing

192.168.1.1/28 = Indicates IP address 192.168.1.1 with sub-net mask 255.255.255.240

Subnet HostsClass C Net

Net mask:No offSubnets:

No off

Hosts perSubnets:

255.255.255.252 64 2

255.255.255.248 32 6

255.255.255.240 SSSSHHHH 16 14

255.255.255.0 0 254NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH

NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN.

SSSSSHHHNNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN.

SSSSSSHHNNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN.

192.168.128.100

xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx. x2

4

8

16

32

64

128

1

xxxxxxx


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Sub-netting, Class C Network example

Basic IP Addressing

192.168.128.100

xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx. x2

4

8

16

32

64

128

1

xxxxxxx

255.255.255.2522 Hosts

255.255.255.2486 Hosts

Net mask:

192.168.1.0Net address: 192.168.1.0

192.168.1.1 - 2Host addresses: 192.168.1.1 - 6

192.168.1.3Broadcast address: 192.168.1.7

Net address: 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.8

Host addresses: 192.168.1.5 - 6 192.168.1.9 - 14

Broadcast address: 192.168.1.7 192.168.1.15

Net address: 192.168.1.8 192.168.1.16


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Basic IP Addressing

Class D Net

Used for Multicast

For sending information to groups or routers

Addresses from 224. to 239.

Used for experimental addresses

Addresses from 240. to 255.

Class E Net

Used for internal use inside the computers

Cant be used for IP addresses in

networks

Addresses starting with 127.

Special addresses


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Basic IP AddressingProtocols, Ethernet

Ethernet protocol: Connection between several equal hosts.

Used for example in Local Area Network, LAN.

Each Host has a unique IP address and is belonging to a certain Net.

Host or Net addresses to be used as Routing destination

Router Server Client Router

PPP protocol

Server

ClientPPP protocol

Ethernet protocol LAN Ethernet protocol LAN

Router


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Basic IP AddressingStatic Routing

I II III

Net: A.0 Net: B.0 Net: C.0 Net: D.0

A.1

A.2

B.1

B.2 B.5

B.6 C.1

C.2C.4

C.5 D.1

D.1

I Destination Mask Gateway

Fixed A.0 255.255.255.0 A.1

Fixed B.0 255.255.255.0 B.1

Static C.0 255.255.255.0 B.6

Static D.0 255.255.255.0 B.6

II Destination Mask Gateway

Fixed B.0 255.255.255.0 B.6

Fixed C.0 255.255.255.0 C.1

Static D.0 255.255.255.0 C.5

Static A.0 255.255.255.0 B.1

III Destination Mask Gateway

Fixed D.0 255.255.255.0 D.1

Fixed C.0 255.255.255.0 C.5

Static B.0 255.255.255.0 C.1

Static A.0 255.255.255.0 C.1

Fixed routes are automatically found by the Router

Static and Default routes are manually specified


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I II III

Net: A.0 Net: B.0 Net: C.0 Net: D.0

A.1

A.2

B.1

B.2 B.5

B.6 C.1

C.2C.4

C.5 D.1

D.1


Fixed A.0 255.255.255.0 A.1

Fixed B.0 255.255.255.0 B.1

Static C.0 255.255.255.0 B.6

Static D.0 255.255.255.0 B.6

II Destination Mask Gateway

Fixed B.0 255.255.255.0 B.6

Fixed C.0 255.255.255.0 C.1

Static D.0 255.255.255.0 C.5

Default 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 B.1


Fixed D.0 255.255.255.0 D.1

Fixed C.0 255.255.255.0 C.5

Default 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 C.1



Static Routing

Default Gateway


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Basic IP AddressingProtocols, Peer to Peer, PPP

PPP protocol (Peer to peer):

Connection between one Server and one Client. Not an IP Network, no Netmask, just any two IP addresses.

To bridge between Ethernet LANs.

If not used as routing destination the same IP addresses

can be repeated for several PPP connections.

Router Server Client Router Router

PPP protocol

Server

ClientPPP protocol

Ethernet protocol LAN Ethernet protocol LAN


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I II III

PPP PPP PPP PPP

Client1 Server2

B.3

Client2 Server3

C.2

Client3 Server4

D.1



Static Routing

Default Gateway

B.1

C.3

C.1

B.2D.2


Fixed Server1 0.0.0.0 Client1

Fixed Client2 0.0.0.0 Server2

Fixed B.0 255.255.255.0 B.1

Static C.0 255.255.255.0 Client2

Static D.0 255.255.255.0 Client2Default 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Server1

II Destination M ask Gateway



Fixed C.0 255.255.255.0 C.1

Static D.0 255.255.255.0 Client3

Default 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Server2




Fixed D.0 255.255.255.0 D.1

Default 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Server3

LAN LAN LAN

Server1

Client4


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Basic IP AddressingOSPF Routing, Open Shortest Path First

=Router

Dynamic self learning routing protocol.

Routers communicates with Hello packagesabout

- the cheapest (fastest) path to each other

- what nets are connected to what Routers. A database common to all Routers keeps

track of the data

If a link goes down the traffic can be reroutedvia an alternative path.


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Stub Areas

Each Router is given an exclusive Identity,- similar to an IP address (for example

192.168.10.1)

- no technical demand for any specific address

- a practical approach is to have a logical

connection to one port address of the

Router

The Routers are organized in Areas- maximum usable Area size is in general 40-

50 routers- each Area is given an Identity (like an IP

address)

- in a Network with several connected areas

Area 0.0.0.0 is mandatory as Master Area

- each Router Port is assigned to bebelonging to an Area

Area 0.0.0.0

Identity

Area 0.0.0.1

Area 0.0.0.2


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Other routing protocol

ABR Router

Intra Area Router A Router with all ports belonging to the sameOSPF Area is named Intra Area Router

A Router with its ports belonging to different

OSPF Areas is named Area Border Router,

ABR

A Router with its ports belonging to different

dynamic routing protocols is calledAutonomous System Border Router, ASBR

ASBR Router


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MINI LINK HC Operation & Maintenance04/038 13 LZU 113 302 B 26

Basic IP AddressingRouting Decision

Is there a Static Route

to the Destination?

YES!Go for it!

NO

OK, but

is there a Dynamic Route

to the Destination?

YES!Go for it!

OK, then lets go for

the Default Gateway!

NO

Where to send thisdata package?

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