I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Department of Animal Science Three Primary Pork Industry Organizations u National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) u National Pork

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science

Three Primary Pork Industry Organizations

National Pork Producers Council (NPPC)

National Pork Board (NPB)

U.S. Meat Export Federation (USMEF)


National Pork Producers Council National Swine Growers Council - voluntary

organization organized in mid 1950s

Name changed to National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) in 1964

Voluntary market deduction - checkoff

1966 NHF articles - “Blueprint for Decision”

1968 - 16 state associations organized

“Nickels for Profit” - nationwide checkoff program


National Pork Producers Council Largest commodity organization in the U.S.

44 state associations - 85,000 members

Producer-run organization - grassroots involvement

Headquartered in Des Moines, IA

Branch office in Washington, D.C.


National Pork Board (NPB) 15 members appointed by Secretary of

Agriculture

Set national checkoff rate and determine % of funds returned to state producer organizations

Collect, distribute, and account for all checkoff funds

Develop budgets, award contracts, evaluate all checkoff-funded programs


National Legislative Pork Checkoff

Approved by Congress in December 1985

Purpose is to provide funds for pork promotion, research, consumer information

All producers and importers of pork products contribute portion of sales

Current checkoff rate is 0.45% of value

Referendum vote - September 2000

Mandatory checkoff was defeated

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science 6

NPPC & NPB


U.S. Meat Export Federation (USMEF) Works with nation’s meat and livestock industry to

identify and develop overseas markets for U.S. beef, pork, and lamb

Based in Denver, Colorado

International offices - Tokyo, Singapore, Hamburg, Hong Kong, Taipei, Osaka, Mexico City, Shanghai, Seoul, Moscow, Beirut

Works to increase meat exports by creating visibility of demand for U.S. meat products


National Swine Improvement Federation (NSIF)

National testing organization - 35 years

Representatives of all facets of the industry - producers, universities, seedstock companies

Guidelines for Uniform Swine Improvement Programs

Real-time ultrasound certification


Purpose of NSIF Uniform testing procedures

Develop individual testing programs

Cooperation among segments of the industry

Education programs for the industry

Confidence in performance testing


History -- Where have we been?1950s -- Fat-Type Hog

1960s -- Meat-Type Hog

1970s -- Large Framed,

Flat Muscled Hog

1980s -- Wide Bodied, Fast

Growing Hog

1990s -- Lean-Type Hog

2000s -- Lean-Type Hog with

Quality Emphasis????


Early Attempts to Evaluate Genetics -- 1950s-1960s

Live animal shows - carcass contests

Meat type hog standards

Certification program - PR litters - Certified Meat Sires

Backfat probe

Central testing stations

Genetically correlated problems with selection for meat type hogs


Certification Standards -- 1953 Must meet P.R. requirements - 8 pigs weaned

Litter weight at 56 days (Sows - 320#, Gilts - 275#)

Weigh 200 lbs. In 180 days

Weigh between 180 – 230 lbs. At slaughter

Three weight categories

Live weight Length Backfat Loineye

180 – 199 28.5 – 31.5 1.1 – 1.6 3.50

200 – 214 29.0 – 32.0 1.2 – 1.7 3.75

215 – 230 29.5 – 32.5 1.3 – 1.8 4.00


Seedstock Production: 1960s -1970s

Seedstock industry dominated by purebred breeders Each farm had only one breed Individual breed identity Few crossbreds sold Production sales Shows and carcass contests Central testing stations


Pork Production: 1960s - 1970s Large number of small diversified operations

Rotational crossbreeding systems

Most time spent breeding sows, grinding feed, loading hogs, etc.

Numerous packer buying stations

Little grade and yield, contracting

Little attention to meat quality

Seedstock industry dominated by purebred breeders


Industry Transition: 1980s - 1990s Larger and fewer production units

Intensive management - specialization

Terminal crossbreeding systems

Technology - AI, SEW, nutrition, etc.

Plant delivery of hogs

Corporate breeding companies

On farm testing - BLUP technology

Environmental concerns

Production shift away from Cornbelt


Industry in 2010 Continued

consolidation of production systems Vertical integration and coordination Lower profit margins

Especially throughout 2008 – 2009 Loss of producer equity

Consumer-driven industry Continued focus on consumer food demand Increased interest in consumer interest in animal welfare

and environment Emergence of welfare and environmentally based marketing of

pork to producers. More organic, antibiotic free, etc. programs because consumers

want them


Industry in 2010 Emphasis on feed efficiency and growth rate

Importance of throughput in grow – finish

Continued move to wean - to – finish for grow – finish facilities

Continued emphasis on lean

Focus on carcass size ultimately impacting primal cut size Improves throughput of the packing secgtor

Emphasis on meat and eating quality

Supply of genetics dominated by breeding companies


Enhancements to Genetic Evaluation

Computer technology

Larger, intensive seedstock

production units

Data management systems

Artificial insemination - connectedness

Real-Time ultrasound - accuracy of evaluation


Products of Seedstock Suppliers

Genetics - genetic merit of the pigs

System - terminal crossbreeding system, specialized lines, etc.

Service - recommendations, consultation, records, etc.


Structure of the Seedstock Industry

Independent seedstock producers

Corporate breeding companies


Independent Seedstock Producers Purebred based, most have 2+ breeds

Herd size varies, multipliers, networks

Purebred & F1 boars, F1 & 3-way cross gilts

Extensive on-farm testing - individual records

Genetic variation - breed is one large herd through national testing program - STAGES


Berkshire One of the oldest breeds

(1823 in the U.S.)

Imported from England - counties of Berkshire and Wiltshire

American Berkshire Association established in 1875 - first swine registry in the world

Original Berkshire - reddish or sandy color - crossed with Siamese and Chinese pigs


Berkshires, cont. Chester and Delaware counties in PN (near

Lancaster County)

Dominated market shows in 1940s and 1950s

Black with six white points and erect ears

Confinement adaptability, aggressive breeders

Superior muscle quality

Export marketing programs


Chester White Early 19th century - Chester County, PA

Yorkshire and Lincolnshire breeds from UK, Chester breed in NY

Several early associations - combined starting 1911

Solid white with drooping ears

Large litters, mothering ability

Little use outside of U.S.

Good meat quality


Duroc First called Duroc-Jersey

(Association established in 1883)

Started from Jersey Reds of New Jersey, red Durocs of New York

Originally from Spain and Portugal, also Guinea coast of Africa

Reddish-brown strain of Berks


Duroc, cont. Influenced by Danish and

Canadian imports

Reddish color with drooping ears

Fast growth, feed efficiency, rugged, durable

Superior muscle quality - intramuscular fat

Terminal sire used widely throughout the world


Hampshire One of oldest American breeds

Boone Co., KY - imported from Hampshire County in England - 1825-1835

From “Old English Breed” from Scotland and Saddleback

Association established in 1893 - American Thin Rind Association

Black with white belt, erect ears

Leanness, carcass desirability


Landrace Descendents of Danish Landrace

Imported from Denmark by USDA in 1934, others from Norway and Sweden

Association established in 1950, known as bacon type hog

Solid white with large, floppy ears - long-bodied

Mothering ability, survival rate


Poland Originated from more different

breeds than any other breed of livestock

Warren and Butler Counties in Ohio (1800-1850)

Wide swings in popularity

Black with six white points and drooping ears

Meaty carcasses, large loin eyes


Spotted Descended from original

Poland China in Ohio

Developed in Indiana, association established in 1914

First known as Spotted Poland China

Opened herdbook to Poland China in 1970s and Pietrain in 1990s

White with black spots and drooping ears

Fast growth rate, aggressive males


Yorkshire Imported from northern

England in York County around 1830

Known as Large White in Europe, "Mother breed"

Heavily influenced by recent importations from Sweden, England, Canada

White with erect ears - long, big frame

Have led in use of STAGES program


Litter Recordings by Breed

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

BerkshireChesterSpottedPoland


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Duroc

Hampshire

Yorkshire

Landrace

Litter Recordings By Breed


Litter Recordings - All Breeds

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

All Breeds


Pietrain

From village of Pietrain, Belgium

Exported to France and Germany

Medium size - white with black spots

Shorter legs, stocky, bulging hams

Extreme muscle, high lean%

Used by breeding companies to increase lean%

HAL gene - poor meat quality


USA Breeding Companies Trained geneticists

Elaborate, large scale testing programs

Tightly controlled health program

Large scale, national advertisement

Large volume suppliers

Complete control of germplasm

Numerous companies originated in England, Holland, Belgium


Babcock Genetics First called Midwest Swine, mainly in WI and

MN - target small - medium size herds

Nucleus herd located in Wisconsin

Uses sales staff and contract production herds

Closed Herd System – rotaterminal on-site gilt replacement

Have eliminated the stress gene - first company to certify breeding stock free of the HAL gene


Farmers Hybrid Founded in 1938 as seed corn company

Swine breeding company started near Hampton, IA (1941)

Purchased by Monsanto in 1969

Early history was rotational scheme with synthetic breeds

First company to hire Ph.D. geneticist (Dr. Earl Lasley)

No longer in business


PIC International Founded in 1962 by group of

commercial producers in England

Purchased by Dalgety corporation

Came to U.S. about 25 years ago

Original elite herds in Kentucky and Wisconsin

Nucleus herd in Oklahoma


PIC International Female program based on

Camborough female (LW x Swed. Land.)

27 pure lines at nucleus level

Largest company in the world (30+ countries)

Licensed for Hal 1843* test

Licensed the ESR gene test

Several multiplier programs -- AI studs


Newsham Genetics Initially a merger of Newsham & Segher companies

More recently merged with Mosanto Choice Genetics

Based in Des Moines, IA. parent company in U.K. Office in St. Louis, MO

Started in 1990

Balanced terminal and maternal lines

Three site production

Emphasis on health

Gentel selection - stress


Newsham Choice Genetics The Monsanto portion of the company consists of :

Formerly Dekalb Swine, started from purchase of Lubbock Swine Breeders in 1970 - now owned by Monsanto

Genepacker maternal lines - have added NE Index line EBX terminal sires Meat Quality Initiative


Genetipork USA U.S. franchise of Genetiporc

Canada (largest seedstock company in Canada) Breton family in Canada (grain & poultry) Originally chosen to supply needs of producers -- Morris

Swine Health Center Daughter nucleus herds in MN -- genetic control in Canada Three site production - high health standards

Free of PRRS (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Free of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae


Based on Danish Pig Breeding Program - linked directly to Danish system

Started by Sid Burkey, NE and others

Terminal line based on Duroc and Hamp x Duroc cross lines (Danish lines)

BoarNet semen distribution network – 1,200 sires in AI centers

Maternal line based on Danish Large White and Landrace


Nebraska SPF Organization of SPF purebred breeders - most

located in Nebraska

Started in 1959 with 10 herds

Whole herd testing -- work done by fieldmen

Pro-Elite gilts and terminal boars

Waldo Farms is main herd in system


Hermitage NGT Merger of two companies

National Genetic Technologies Hermitage Pedigree Pigs

Hermitage Pedigree Pigs Ltd. In business since 1958. Operating from our base in Kilkenny, Ireland, The Hermitage ‘Maternal Line Program’ focuses on producing

our female line. These animals are bred and selected for female line traits.

Numbers Born Alive, Feed Intake, Growth Rate, Milking Ability and Weaning to Service Interval. In addition, all our lines are intensively selected for overall conformation

(feet, legs, teats, and general body conformation).


Hermitage NGT The Hermitage ‘Terminal Line Program’ focuses on producing

our ‘Hylean’ lines. Our ‘Hylean’ indices focus on

Growth Rate, Feed Conversion, Feed intake, Lean Meat %, Muscle Depth and Area, Meat Quality and overall body conformation.


Fast Genetics Canadian company based in Saskatchewan Began in 1982 as a family-owned company with Dr. Harold Fast and

his wife Marjorie as the sole owners and operators. Fast Genetics owns 3700 sows in genetic nucleus and multiplication

production in Saskatchewan. In 2001 the Fast family sold part of its interest in the business to

Hytek Ltd. of LaBroquerie, Manitoba. From the onset, Fast Genetics has paid particular attention to the

health and vigor of their nucleus herd. The herd’s origin is from cesarean derived piglets reared on

evaporated milk. Maintained outstanding health status with records which indicate an

absence of the major health concerns since 1982. Fast Genetics' nucleus herds, located in northern Saskatchewan,

continue to maintain closed herds in isolation from other intensive hog production units. The


National Swine Registry

Located in West Lafayette, IN

Formed by Duroc, Hampshire, and Yorkshire breeds in 1994

Joined by Landrace in 1998

National across-herd sire summaries - performance pedigrees

Litter registrations, breed promotion, marketing assistance, educational materials


Hypor Is a part of Hendrix Genetics

European firm Have other breeding activities

Pig Broiler Layer

Formerly known as Genex Largely known for their Dam Lines Recently purchased Duroc lines

Shade Oak Designed Genetics (Paul Reese family)


Genesus

Canadian based companyJim Long CEOHas a widely based blog and weekly newsletter

Maintain 3 pure linesDurocYorkshireLandraceClaim to be the largest recorder in CanadaMany Hutterite colony customers


Topigs North America Daughter company of TOPIGS,

Subsidiary of Pigture Group Based in The Netherlands.

Four TOPIGS international genetic improvement centers. North American site is in Saskatchewan, Canada

TOPIGS North America consists of both nucleus and multiplication units located throughout the continent.

Company had its beginnings when a group of purebred breeders organized to form and “act” more like a company

Lines are purebred based Yorkshire Landrace Duroc


Topigs North America Daughter company of TOPIGS,

Subsidiary of Pigture Group Based in The Netherlands.

Four TOPIGS international genetic improvement centers. North American site is in Saskatchewan, Canada

TOPIGS North America consists of both nucleus and multiplication units located throughout the continent.

Company had its beginnings when a group of purebred breeders organized to form and “act” more like a company

Lines are purebred based Yorkshire Landrace Duroc


Topigs North America Maintain a research arm called Institute for Pig Genetics

Conduct research using the data generated from their business Purebred data Commercial data


Other breeding stock entities Norsvin

Based in Norway Just beginning to get business started in Canada and the U.S. Known for their Landrace line

PureTek U.S. Purebred breeders forming business

Tempel Genetics, Gentryville, IN Whiteshire Hamroc, Albion, IN Cedar Ridge Farms, Red Bud,IL Waldo Farms, DeWitt, NE Shaffer Superior Genetics, Albany, IN Northern Genetic Management, (Dr. Neil DeBuse), MN*** Firm is responsible for 98% of swine breeding stock exported from the

U.S.


Other breeding stock entities Others

Independent purebred breeders Many reasons for the decline of this sector

Some are real Some are misconceptions


AI Boar Studs Swine Genetics International (SGI), IA

International Boar Semen (IBS), IA

United Swine Genetics, IL

Top Cut Sires, OH

Lean Value Sires, OH

Highpoint Swine Genetics, IL

Prairie States Semen Supply, IL

Regional Commercial Studs


Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS) Malignant hyperthermia - increase in body

temperature, muscle rigidity, increase in metabolism, sudden death

Triggered by minor stress - loading, mixing, transport, high temperatures

Rapid decline in pH after slaughter - results in PSE pork

Single point mutation (C to T) at nucleotide 1843 on chromosome 6


Inheritance of PSS Single recessive gene (Christian - early 1970s)

First identification - visual appraisal

Halothane gas screening

Measurement of blood enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Blood typing

DNA test - Fujii et al. (1991)


Halothane Gene Effects on Loin Quality

Normal versus Carrier Advantage

NGEP NBS QLGM Loin Muscle Area, sq in - .29 - .35 - .27Ultimate pH -- -- --Drip Loss, % .48 .69 1.13INSTRON, Kg .50 .26 .34Tenderness Score .28 .34 .39Intramuscular Fat, % .33 .27 .25Cooking Loss, % -- .47 .50Hunter Color 1.7 1.5 1.9


Pork Loins Failing Minimum Quality Standards in the NGEP

Normal (NN) Carrier (Nn)2,863 Pigs 391 Pigs

Criteria % %Very Pale Color 4.2 15.9Very Dark Color 10.6 7.7Devoid Marbling 1.3 4.6Firmness (Soft) 10.4 27.9Drip Loss (Exudative) 2.9 6.9Overall Rating * 22.5 36.8

*Overall rating includes each pig only once


Abnormalities - Inherited Disorders Due to a single gene

Combined action of many genes and the environment

May run in families but inconclusive whether due to one or many genes

Recessive or dominant

Molecular genetics may help to identify

Evaluate economic importance and frequency of disorder


Disorders and/or Traits

Osteochondrosis - abnormal differentiation of growth cartilage - runs in families

Arthritis - joint inflammation - low h2 - more common in some families or lines

Shaker pig syndrome - tremors of head and legs - various causes and not fully known

Splay legs - rear legs on newborn pigs spread apart - genetics, viral infection, nutrition


Disorders and/or Traits Cryptorchidism - one or both testes retained in

abdomen - at least two gene pairs

Scrotal hernia - intestines come down through inguinal canal into scrotum - two pairs of recessive genes

Umbilical hernia - part of intestine through the abdominal wall at the umbilicus - occurs in families, infections?

Inverted nipples - more common in anterior region - several genes - h2 approx. 20%


NPPC Pork Challenge Started at World Pork Expo in 1988, three tests

Used central test facility to compare industry breeding programs - “system” philosophy

Benchmark of market hog performance

Breed/sire line progeny test results

First large test that measured quality traits and potential consumer acceptance

2,416 pigs in 303 entry groups


National Barrow Show Progeny Test Sponsored by Hormel Foods Corp.

Sire progeny test - 8 pigs/sire

Tested at New Hampton Testing Station and Minnesota Testing Station

Over 4,000 pigs tested

Performance and muscle quality evaluation

Breed differences for quality traits


National Genetic Evaluation Program (NGEP)

Provide unbiased, highly accurate sire line data for numerous traits never before evaluated, and to compare seedstock populations for crossbreeding use.


National Genetic Evaluation Program

Conducted by NPPC

Results released in 1995

Terminal sire line comparison for 40 traits

Heritabilities and genetic correlations among all traits

Effect of HAL gene on all traits

Consumer preference study

“Spin-off” benefits - SEW, AI


Features of NGEP Cooperating commercial producers

40 production and quality traits

9 sire lines completed program

795 sires collected

9,000 doses of semen

1,780 litters tested

3,261 pigs tested


Maternal Line Genetic Evaluation Program

Conducted by NPPC

Started in 1997, results released in 2000

Six maternal lines evaluated

Evaluated lifetime reproductive performance of maternal genetic lines through 4 parities

Evaluated maternal contribution to progeny performance


Quality Lean Growth Modeling Project

6 genetic lines, 4 diets, 3 endpoint weights

1600 pigs, 3 test groups

Feed intake, growth curves, lean:fat deposition rates using RTU

Ham, loin, belly quality

Carcass separation data used for Fat-Free Lean Prediction Equations

Two symposiums held to present results


Genetics of Quality Lean Efficiency Project

Started in July 1999

SEW pigs at Minnesota Swine Testing Station

Two reps, 500 head each

Purebred Yorkshires and Durocs

Individual feed intake and efficiency

Serial scans for intramuscular fat

Carcass dissection work


STAGES -- Swine Testing And Genetic Evaluation System

Initiated in “stages”

Multi-trait animal model

Daily across-herd EPDs on association computer

Across-herd summaries published semi-annually

Breed specific variance components and adjustments

www.ansc.purdue.edu/stages/


Structure of the Swine Industry

Nucleus

Multiplier

Commercial


Sources of Replacement Females

Purchase Supplier is responsible for genetic improvement

program Substitute capital for management

Raising your own seedstock You are responsible for genetic improvement Substitute labor and management for capital


Sources of Replacement Females

Purchase -- must fit your system and environment

Gilt multiplication systems Grandparent or great-grandparent Rotaterminal system AI is important tool to access superior maternal

genetics


Terminal Cross -- Industry Standard

Larger units -- within-herd gilt replacement

Larger seedstock suppliers and networks

High herd health advancements

Highly selected AI sires


Example of Terminal Crossbreeding System


Terminal Crossbreeding System Heterosis is maximized

Greater product consistency

Easier to implement and manage

Allows best use of specialized sire and dam lines

Repeated use of superior terminal sires


Terminal Crossbred Female Goal is to maximize reproduction

Maximize heterosis -- crossbred females

Maternal traits -- low h2, respond to crossbreeding

Contributes half of genes for growth and composition to the offspring

Consider facilities and environment Outdoor/large groups -- 25-50% color Inside/crated/small groups -- 0-25% color


Within-Herd Multiplication Systems

Lower health risks

Potential cost savings More control of your genetics Requires more management to be successful Reduces terminal production AI improves efficiency of system Computer tools aid in implementation


Traditional Genetic Pyramid

Parent

Multiplier

1200 York sows x Land boars ==> LY parent stock

8500 LY sows x Duroc boars ==> market hogs

200 York sows x York boars --> Yorkshire animals 50 Land sows x Land boars ---> Landrace boars 50 Duroc sows x Duroc boars --> Terminal boars

Nucleus


Within-Herd Grandparent Program

15% of herd

85% of herd

Line B

Market Hogs

Line A

Line C AxB Female

X

X


Within-Herd Great-Grandparent Program

15% of herd

82.5% of herd

Hamp x Landrace

Market Hogs

Yorkshire

Duroc 3-Way Cross

X

LandraceHampshire

X

X 2.5% of herd


Rotaterminal Crossbreeding System(2 Breed)

15% of herd 85% of herd

Crossbredfemales

Crossbredfemales

Crossbredfemales

TerminalBoars

Breed B

Breed A

All pigsgo tomarket


Rotaterminal Crossbreeding System(3 Breed)

Breed B

15% of herd 85% of herd

Breed A

Crossbredfemales

Crossbredfemales

Crossbredfemales

Breed C

Crossbredfemales

TerminalBoars

All pigsgo tomarket


Rotaterminal Crossbreeding System

Home-raised Females

Best Females (15%) Other Females (85%)

SlaughterReplacement Gilts

Pigs

Maternal Sires Terminal Sires

Barrows


Advantages of Rotaterminal System Can purchase startup females once Reduced health risk Suitable for AI Maternal heterosis is 86% (3-breed maternal cross) 100% heterosis in market pig Use of indigenous breeds is possible

Adaptability –heat tolerant Disease resistance


Genetic Importation Considerations Identify the populations (breeds), herds, and

individuals that will improve the traits of interest.

Use Swine Testing and Genetic Evaluation System (STAGES) data Do not require the top 1% of animals to improve your herd


Take Home Messages The genetic system and improvement will

dictate the operation maximum production trait performance

Heterosis should be maximized Which Mating System is Best?

Management ability Herd size Availability of replacements Genetic cost, extra facility capital outlay,

seedstock purchase expense Best does not always equal optimal nor feasible


Heterosis percentage in rotational crosses

Crossbreeding systemGeneration number Equi-

librium1 2 3 4 5 6

Two-breed rotation 100.0 50.0 75.0 62.5 68.9 67.2 66.7

Three-breed rotation 100.0 100.0 75.0 87.5 87.5 84.4 85.7

Four-breed rotation 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.5 93.8 93.8 93.3

Documents

I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Department of Animal Science Three Primary Pork Industry Organizations u National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) u National Pork