I OF’SIMPLE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES: CRKI(ING,. · 2006-04-27 · (Proiect SR-118) on OF’SIMPLE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES: ... metal at th faired terminationshad heat effects of both

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, SERIAL ,NO. SSC.57,, 1’

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,,,,,” Second ,,

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PROGRESS RwoRT

(Proiect SR-1 18)

on

OF’ SIMPLE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES:

Investigation of Welded Ship Details,.’ ‘1.

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!“, ! ‘ by,.. , ,,

S. T. Carpenter and R. ‘F. Linsenmeyer,, ’,’ : ,’‘1

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Under

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SWARTHMORE COLLEGE ‘“,’

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Bureau of Ships Contract NObs-50250 “

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SHIP

(BuS~ps Proiect NS-731 -034).,,

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for,,

STRUCTURECOMMITTEE

Convened by

The Secretary .of the Treasury

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i’ttember,Age*cies—Sl@ Structure

Bureau of Ships; Dept. of Navy

Com”nsittee,.

‘,Military S-m Transportation Service, Dept. of Navy

United St&es Coast Guard, Treasury Dept.“1

Maritime Administration, Dept. o~ Commerce,,

American. Bureau of”$hipping . .

‘1 ‘, 1“ ,,

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,,,! JUNE 15, 1953

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Address Correspo&erwe

Secretary

Skip Structure Committee

U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters

Washington 25, b. C.

,,

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To:

SHIP STRUCI’”LJRE COMMITTEE

MEMBER AGENCIES:

BURIAU OF SHIPS, DEPT. or NAVY

MILITARY SEA TRANSPORTATION SERVICE. Dwr. S5P NAVY

UNITED STATES COAST GUARD, TRGA6URY DWT.

MARITIME AD MINIWRATIOPJ. DEPT. OF GOMUCRCE

AMERICAN BUREAU OF 5HIPPIW

1 June 1953

ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO:

SCCRCTARV

SHIP 5TRuc7u RE COMhII’tTItl

U. S. COAST GUARD HEADOUARTER9

WASHINGTON 28, D. C.

Dear Sir:

As part of its research program related tothe improvement of hull structures of ships, theShip Structure Committee is sponsoring an investi-gation on the “Cracking of Simple Structural Geome-tries” at Swarthmore College. Herewith is a copyof the Second Progress Report, SSC-57, of the inves-tigation entitled l’Crackingof Simple StructuralGeometries; Investigation of Welded Ship Detailsf’by S. T. Carpenter and R. F. Linsermeyer.

Any questions, commentsy criticism or othermatters pertaining to the Report should be addressedto the Secretary, Ship Structure Committee.

This Report is being distributed to thoseindividuals and agencies associated with and in-terested in the work of the Ship Structure Committee.

Yours sincerely,

K. K. COWART \Rear AdmiralT U. S. Coast GuardChairman, Ship Structure

Committee

Second

PROGRESS REPORT(Project SR-118)

on

CRACKING OF SIMPLE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES:

Investigation of’Welded Ship Details

by

S. T. Carpenter and R. F. Linsenmeyer

under

Department of the NavyBureau of””Ships

Contract lWbs-50250

with

Swarthmore College

Bureau of

SHIP

Ships Project IW-731-034-

for

STRUCTURE COMMITTEE

.— .—

TABLE OF CONTENTS

. .

Abstract . <). .

List of Figures

List of’Tables

Introduction . .

General ProgramType YW SpecimensType Z Specimens

Materials . . . .

Imtmmerlta,tim .

Test Data e ‘.e i)

Discuss3.onof TestUltimate Load .

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Results7 W Specimens

Energy to Maximum Load . .Energy to Fracture Load . .Transition Temperatures . .

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Discussion of Test Results, Type Z SpecimensTypeZ-s . e a m m o * O*9

Flat l%r Stresses, TypeTypeZ-E’. ..o.O.Type z-13Me o “ c G . 0Trees Z-Cl and Z-C2 . .Tj@TypeType

Overall

summary

Z-D o 0 * o e. *

Z-E . . . . . . 0Z-T . . . . a . .

Discussicm9 Type Z

Statements . . . .

Bibliography . . . . . 0 0

Acknowledgments . . . . .

Z-3 eS*

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0.7

Specimens

Appendix A - Tables of Basic Data

Appendix B!- Load Elongation Diagrams

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57

Appendix C - Specimens and Specimen Fabrication

ABSTRACT

This progress report presents the results of an investi-

gation of the effect of geometry on strength and transition

temperature of certain structural details found in welded ships.

The detail geometries investigated were those which are current-

ly used in ship structural design, or certain proposed modifica-

tions to existing design. These include the structural geometries

found at the ends of welded, free ended stiffeners and longitudinal,

and the transition details between the sheer strake and fasb.ion

plate. The specimens were of S/\-inch thick project steel DN or

ABS class B ste~lo

For the tests in which free end stiffeners and Iongitudinals

were involved, variations in the contour of the free end were in-

vestigatedi It was found that cutting the end of a stiffener or

a longitudinal to a radius was definitely beneficial. The chief

benefits were in the lowering of transition temperature when the

ends of these structural members were cut back from a square

ended condition. Strength was not affected to any critical ex-

tent by varying the end geometry. The results emphasize the im-

portance of avoiding abrupt structural transitions from one com-

ponent to another, As smooth a transition as may be practicable

gives the best results.

LIST OF FIGURES

4 Side Ear Ed D~$ail va~~at~on~t DN st~@l L= ● ● ● ● 3

~ Side Bar End Detail Variations, ABS-B Steel . . . . 7

12 Plate J. A5S-B Steell Layout . . . .:. . . . . . . 14

13 Photograph of Clip Gages and Spool ExtensometerInstallation . * o ● o 0 ● ● s ● 00 ● o 16

14 Photograph of Specimen in Temperature ControlChamber. a . . a o 0 0 0 0 0 ~ Q o 0 0 0 18

lJ SR-4 Strain Gage Locations . . 0 0 *,Q,D 0 0 * ● m 19

16 Summary M~imum Loads and Energies vs. Temperaturesfor Types Y and W Specimens . * o 0 0 0 21

17 Scaling Pattern of Specimen XZ-3 . . . . . . . . . 28

18 Scaling Pattern of Specimen X2-B . . . . . . . . . 28

19 Scaling pattern of Specimen XZ-C1 . 0 0 a a . 0 ~ Q 28

20 Scaling pattern of specimen XZ-C2 . . . . . . . . . 28

21 Scaling Pattern of Specimen XZ-D . . . . . 0 0 * o 29

ii

LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

~ Title

22 Scaling Pattern,of Specimen XZ-E . . . . . . . . . .

23 Scaling Pattern of S}lecimenX2-EM . . . . . . . . .

2% Summary, Type Z-3 Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . .

2J Shear Fractur”eat Toe of End Fillet Weld . . . . . .

26 Cleavage Fracture at Toe of End Fillet Weld. . . . .

27 Cleavage Fracture through End Fillet Weld . . . . .

28 Cleavage Fracture at Flat Ear Surface. . . . . . . .

29 Principle Stresses at lsOkl Type Z-3 Specimen. . . .

SO Principle Stresses at 350k, Type Z-3 Specimen. . . .

31 Stress Components at lrOk, Type Z-3 Specimen . . . .

32 Stress Components at 350k, Type Z-3 Specimen . . . .

33 Distance from Free End of Side Bars vs. Percent ofTotal Load Carried by Side Bars3 Type Z-3 Specimen .

34 Summary

35 Summary

36 Summary

37 Summary

38 Summary

39 Summary

40 Summary

41 iWlmnaTY

%2 Summary

. 29

● 30

. 31

● 31

. 32

. 32

● 35

● 35

● 35

, 35

● 37

Maximum Loads and Energies, Type Z-B Specimens 37

Maximum Loads and Energies, Type Z-BMSpecimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 39

Maximum Loads and Energies, Type Z-C2Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Maximum Loads and Energies, Type Z-DSpecimens . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 43

Maximum Loads and Energies, Type Z-ESpecimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Maximum Loads of Type Z Specimens of DNSteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Maximum Loads of Type ABS-B Steel . . . . . . 49

EnergiesType Z

EnergiesType Z

to Maximum Load and Fracture ofSpecimens of DN Steel . . . . . . . . 51

to Maximum Loads and Fracture ofSpecimens of ABS-B Steel. . . . . . . 51

iii

-.

LIST OF TABLES

~ Title Page

1. Combinations of Types of’Steels . . . . . . . . . 10

11. Transition TemperaturesSpecimens ~

111. Transition Temperatures

IV. Transition TemperaturesSpecimens

l-. $mary of Test Results

Y7 YW-lj YW-2, YW-3 . . 26

Type Z-3 Specimens. . . . 33

Types Z-Cl and Z-C2 . . . 41

of Type Z Specimens . . . 45

CRACKING OF SIMPLE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIESINVESTIGATION OF WELDED SHIP DETAILS

INTRODUCTION

A Tepd+) of fractures in welded ships indicated that over

half of the fracture o~igins were in the immediate vicinity of

welded structural discontinuities. Classifications of these

welded discontinuities have included abrupt termination of stif-

feners~ Iongitudinals, bilge keelsl and the geomet~y at the junc-

tion of fashion plate and the sheer strake. Fractures have been

initiated by notch effects attributed to structural geonetryt

welding defects9 or a combination of the two,

The purpose of the program outlined in this report has been

to evaluate the efficacy of certain welded structural details as

to tensile strengthj energy absorption, and transition tem~era-

ture. The welded specimens were intended to simulate existing

ship details or possible modifications of present practice,

The fabricated specimens simulate certain types of welded,

details. Specimens of Tvne ~, Fig. 1, were intended to repre-

sent details similar to the transition details often found a.t

the faired termination of the fashion plate at the sheer strake.

Specimens of Type 23 Fig. 4, represent details similar,to those

found at the free ends of welded components, such as stiffeners,

interrupted Iongitudinalsa and bilge keel endings.

-2.

NOTE :

ALL EDGES FLAME.CUT

wELDS MADE USING

E-11010 ROD

—-

~ o k2”——13 !’2—

.

9 FILLET WELD(4-ACES)

SIDE PLATES BEVELED BEVELED

TYPE YW-I TYPE YW-2,

FIG. I SPECIMENS WITH LONGITUDINAL WELOMENT

BEVELED

TYPE YW-3

SWARTHBAORE COLLEGE

f’/+=- ‘LATEP ‘LA-$)

546”“LLET‘ELDJ L E4UTT WELD

Ft== SECTION A-A

FIG.2

TYPE DN - 23

SPECIMEN ARRANGEMENT

SwA~Ht40RE COLLEGE

.1

..

-3-

,4“X If SPLICE PMTE (4 PLACES)

‘*+ 4

L!

5{{ FILLET WELD -Y L ❑ uTT WELD

FIG. 3

NOTE! TYPE ABS-B-Z3ALL EDGES FLAME–CUT

WELDS MADE USING E–0010 RODSPECIMEN ARRANGEMENT

SCALE: ~z” = 1-, SWAmHMORE COLLEGE

5<&’ FILLET WELO

f— > 4 — J — ——

IITYPE ZCI

NOTE: ALL EDGES FLAME-CUT. .WELD5 MADE USING E- IJoIO ROO

FIG. 4 END18211

DETAIL vARIATIONS FOR TYPE

SPECIMENS

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

-4-

The specimens were prepared by

by welding. Both the flame cutting

flame cutting and connected

and

Iized in specimen fabrical:ionrepresent

ship to be expected in averageishipyard

welding techniques uti-

the quality of worlanan-

practice. Machine

guided flame cutting was employed cm all straight cuts’while

radius cuts were hand guiaed. All welds were made manually

using E601O electrodes.

GENERAL PROGRAM

The specimens9 while intended to simulate ship details,

were of necessity simplified to a symmetrical form convenient

for tensile testing. This procedure has probably tended to

oversimplify the general conditions found on ships but the

specimens are thought to duplicate the critical conditions

representing structural.and welding notch effectsz

The fabricated specimens are of two general types described

below:

- M:

The particular “objectiveof the Type YW series was to in-

vestigate the effects on fracture of welding and plate fairing

at the termination of a fashion plate where it fairs into the

sheer strake. The Type YW specimens were tested with three

variations as shown in Fig. 1. The side plates were assumed to

simulate the fashion plates and the main plate assumed to simu-

late the sheer strake.

Typa YW-i7 with both the side and main plates beveled in

prepara~ion for Welding$ represents the original specimen design.

Type YW-2~ where orfiythe side plates were beveled$ was a modi-

fication of Type YW-I and may be more representative ofstand.ard

practice. For both ‘typesthe wdds were made using run-off plates.

The side plates were faired by flame cutting after welding with

the cuts intersecting the butt w@lds. Thus$ tha plate and weld

metal at th faired terminations had heat effects of both welding

and flame cutting~ as well as tha surface roughness associated

with cutting.

Typ~ W-3 had the side plates beveled9 but instead of fairi~g

the side plates into the main plates a square 3/%hI. end offset

of sida plates from the main plate was established. A 3/8-in.

fillet weld was mada across this offset. This specimen was de-

signed to compare ‘theeffects of an abrupt transition of the side

and main plates with the f%ired transitions of Types Y’W-land W-2.

All specimens of the Type YW series were fabricated using

3/+-in. thick DN steel. The main plates of the specimens were

10~ in, wide and 40 in, long. Each of the four side plates was

3-h. wide and 12+ in. long before flame cutting to the final con-

tours as previously described and shown in Fig. 1. The specimens

were fabricated using E6010 welding rod.

ZXR9 2$

Tho purpose of’tests of Type Z specimens was to ascertain

the effects on fracture of certain details and geometry occurring

-6-

at the ends of abruptly t~rminated welded structural members.

Specimens in this categor:,veprasmt frm ended stiffeners, inter- ‘

rupted Iongitudinals, anclLilge keel em.dings. The scope of the

Type Z specimens was lim~mi to end variations found either to ba

actually ifiservice OT to certain variations which htld promism

of practical adaptability for modifying ships now in service or in

new designs.

The ganeral design of tho Type Z specimens finally adopted is

given in FigsO 2 to 59 inclusive. Figs. 2 and 3 signify the typi-

cal specimen

specifically

and loading arrangements for all end variations but

show the flat bar md condition termed Type Z-3? wher~

the flat bars are square ended. The tensile loading was applied

through the flat bars at one end and through the main plates at the

other end. Tha tap~red 3/4-in* thick main

width and area to assur~ that a large part

through the flat bars would ba retained by

ends, thus p~oviding for a localization of

plate provided a reduced

of tho load introduced

ths bars until the frea

strain on the end weld.

A

detail

single specimen intended to simulate a bilge keel ending

was designed as shown in Fig. 6. The 3/4-in. main plate of

ABS-33steel was cut to the same geometry as the main plates of the

Type Z specimens as previously dascribedz The l/2-in. side barsl ~

howevery were replaced by structural Tee sections which w=~ modi-

fied as shown in Fig. 6 to meet the requirements of the specimen

design. The Tee sections were cut from a standard 12-in. I-beam

weighing 50 lbs. PEW ft. The resulting Tea sections had flange

TTYPE ZE -~

BURN AND REAM TO 2,8 D

~+

—

NOTE: ALL EDGES FLAME–CUT ,., WELDS MADE USING E.6010 Ron

FIG. 5 END DETAIL vARIATIONS FOR TYPE

“Z” SPECIMENS

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

+

L MADE FROM STANDARD 121,X5~ ( 513 LB) T BEAMCUT IN HALF ALoNG THE WEB

FIG.13NOTE:

TYPE ABS-E-ZT~ALL EDGEs rLAME-~uT

SPECIMEN ARRANGEMENTWELDS MADE U$,NG E-~o, o ROD

SCALE: 3~21~ = I ‘,SWART14MORE COLLEGE

-8-

widths of 5.477 in. and denths of 6 in.

Tees were reduced to 4 in., and the ends

radius.

The flange widths of the

were cut back on a ~-in.

Specimens of Type Z Frogra)nwere fabricated using a tapered

3/4-ine thick main plate of either ‘N PrQj@ct steel O; ABS grade B ~

steel. The flat bars were of l/2-in. thick DN project steel or D

project steel which was subsequently normalized. The tapered main

plates maintained a 1(1~-in.width at the intersection with the flat ~

bars and were 40 in. long for DN steel or 36 in. long for ABS-B

steel as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The flat bars were J&in. wide

and 24$n. long$ with 20 in. of the total length being attached to

the main plates with j/16-in. fillet welds. The flat bars were re--,

inforced over an n-in. length to avoid the possibility of fracture

at the ends of the tapered main plates (see Figs. 2 and 3). 1-

The flat bars were cut to the end contours shown in Figs. 4

and J after the specimens had been fabricated. Specimens of type

Z-3 are those which had no further change of end contour and were

tested in the square ended conditi+n.

Specimens of Type ~ are th~se which had the flat bar end

contours flame cut to a ~-in. radius. (he modification, Type ZB,

placed the center of the radius

the other, Type ZBM, placed’the

the end of the flat bar. These

Specimms of Type ZC-1 are

hole flame cut in the flat bars

at the end of the flat bary while

center of the radius l/2-in. from .

end details are shown in Fig. 4.

those which had a 2-in. diameter “

near the juncture with the tapered

to the free ends

diameter of the

Type ~ sP@cimens have the flat bars cut back at & 45”’

angle as shown”in Fig. ~.

The combinations of steel used in the fabrication of speci-

mens are tabulatefiin Table I and discussed in greater detail

in Appendix C.

A subse~uent section of the report is devoted to the un-

loading characteristics of’the flat bars, but it is sufficient

to state that about ~OfiOF th~ I:otalload is retained at a sec-

tion K in. from the free cuds. The criiical section of the

main plate at the ends of the flat bars is 10~ in. wide and is3

of course~ subjected.to the total load.

MATERIALS

Insufficient ste~l of any given grade was available to

carry out all phas=s of the test program. All Type YW specimens

were fabricated from ‘BDN’**Steel. The Type Z specimens were

*Code designation of ‘~~~‘~identifies this steel as a fullykilled normalized steel and as one of the”original pedigreedsteels which has h.eenused in many other investigations. Refer torefererma No. 3 in Bibliography for complete description of thepedigreed steels.

TABLEI .—.,----

C_l~s5~icationof TestSpecimens----- ---- ---

TypeofSpecimen

w-lY-w?YW-3

Z-3Z-3Z-3Z-3

Z-BZ-EZ-BZ-BM

z-cl

Z.4%Z-+2X2Z-C2

2-DZ-D

Z-E2-E

Z-T

SpecimenGeorII.ShowninFigure

111

2233

3 and~sands

6

CombinationsofNo. Of Typesof SteelSpecimensMainPlate FlatBarsTested.3/4“ thick l/2tithick

6 DN none2 m none3 m none

3 % %3 A13S-13 %1 hBs-B 11~~5 MN-B D!lj

3 MS-B %2 ADS-B DIN

ABS-B tee.barASTM-A7

Remerks

SimulatingfashionplateSimulatingfashicmplateSimulatingfashionplate

Squareendedcut-offsonSquareendedcut-offsonSquareendedcut-offsonSquareendedcut-offson

weldingweldingwelding

flat6arsflatb~sflatbarsflatbars .1

Py

End of flatbarscutto ~’~radiusEnd of flatbarscutto 5“ radiusEnd of flatbarscutto 5!1radiusModifiedtypeZ-II(seesketch)

Squareflatbarcutoff>211burnedholeSquareflatbar cutoff,211burnedholewithrelielSquareflatbarcutoff$211burnedholewithreliefSquareflatbarcutoffs2~~btcmedholewithrelief

b~” CU_h off on flatbars450cutoffm flatbars

U-shapedcutout(seesketch)U-shapedcutout.(seesketch)

Simulatingbilgekeelending

first

. steel

-u-’

made using fWN~~steely and when the supply was exhausted,

of Ameriean ,BureauQ,fShipping Grade B (to be designated as

ABS-B) was used. All or the above ste~l was of nominal 3/4-in.

thickness an,dused for main plates. For the Type Z specimens the

l/2-in. thick flat,bars were made of *’DN”and of “DIN’tsteels.

The latter steel will be d~scribed subsequently. The structural

tees used in the simulated ‘bilgekeel tests were of the ASTM-A7

“type,while the main plates for these specimens were of ABS-B steel.

The steel designated as ItDIN”represents the steel obtained

by normalizing a li2-in. thick plate of ‘~D1fsteel.. This steel was

normaliz~d by Lukens Ste&l at a temperature of 16S0 “F. Although

standard riormalizingprocedures were used at the mi119 the physi-

cal tests indicate that “D~N11iS different from the Original “DN”

steel. The chemical composition of the ~lD’lplate used in ob-

taining ‘~D’N’tsteel was assumed.to be close to the standard of

The cherniealcomposition of’the various steels used is given

in tabular forms

Ghemica~ C9Qml)ositi0% %

Type or steel c Itn Si Al Iii s

pN and DIN 0.19 0.J54 0.19 0.019 0.15 --

ABS-E 0.L6 0,67 0.02 -- 0.05 0.027

-12-

The physical properties, as determined using tensile tests~

are as follows:.!

~~ ~ro~ertiesSpecimen (i:a~~ng d~ir;;ion)

Type of Steel crass-.!,. Section Strength strqngth Elongation ~

wSi Dsi, in 2“. J

DN (3/4’1thick) .505” dia. IDN (1/2’1thick)

62,600 36,3oo $;.?l/2~’square 59,300 37,100

37:5 ~DIN (1/2” thick) 1/2” square 65,800 475200

AiS-B (3/4’1thick) .~Oj” dia. 60,300 3LF9300 40.0

The type or combinations of the various types of steel used in

a given specimen is shown in Table I and is discussed in APPendix .

11~11 .

. .

The notch sensitive uniformity of 6-ft. by 10-ft. plates of-1

steel was checked by using l-in. by 3/h-in. edge notched specimens I

as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. A series of these specimens was made

from the remnants of each of the plates used in the program and as

tested in tension in a temperature range of -50°F to +1300F. The

specimens were loaded to 159000 lbs. in one minute and.the tempera-

tmre read at that load. The reduction in specimen thickness at the

notch was measured after fracture. These reductions plotted as

ordinates with temperatures as abscissas are shown in Figs. 7 and 8.

With due allowance for scatter, the plates of ABS-B steel appear to

be similar in notch sensitive characteristics, and the plates of “

DN steel also appear to be similar in notch sensitivity.

.200

.100 –

.!80 —

.170 –u)Idx; .160 -

T

.150 —

.140 -

.13o—

.12 o—

,11o—

,10 o—0

,09o—AO

.0 ao —

.0 70 —

D C!o —-50 -4

/ FULL SIZE

PLATE ‘A’ : 0 PLATE ‘H’: +

PLATE IW : A~

i-

I“

,

FIG.7

CONTROL TESTS

DN STEEL

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

c

B ~/HACKSAW CUT

+ ~dL+

/’” FULL SIZE

A

PLATE ‘I’ 0

PLATE ‘J’ : Ao

A

ii

<1

*

0 —

0 A

0 A~o A

—

A

A A

FIG. 6

CONTROL TESTS

AEIS-B STEEL

SWARTHMORE cOLLEGE

I I I I

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 so 00 70 . ao 90 100 110 I 20 130

TE$T TEMPERATURE ‘F

*

~’

PLATE ‘G”

FIG. Q 3/4” ON PLATE LAYOUT

CODEC.G,

b .,

,.

~

PLATE “I”

NOTE: ALLOW AFFRO?.. & BETWEEU FIG.11 3,4 uSPEC1MEN5 FOR BURN WASTE

_,w _

$ii

.ETYPE .yw3~

2* YW3-H4

TYPE .Z3”

% Z3 -!+5

TYPE .Z.3.

~ Z3-h’6

1t

TYPE UZ B.

rYPE .Zn.ZB-H14 +

ZB-H9 i 1

I TYPE.ZC.?- -bTYPE.ZCI,ZC2-H15

Zcl-1-llo+

TYPE-z3~TYPE .zc2~ G ~ Z3-H16 L :

ZC2-H II1 1

3

PLATE ‘,Hrl

FIG.10 3/4” 0!4 PLATE LAYOUT

< 410.4 36, 38. 2-6.

i - – “

TYPE ‘ZDU rvPc ‘ZB-MP TYPE%W-M.

-:ZO-JI L ZB-M-J7 za-M-Ji3

iTYPE ’23. TTPE.ZE, TYPE. z3~

: Z3-J2 ~ ZE-J8 Z3-J14

TYPE .23. TYPE ‘ZW TrPc .23”

_\ Z3-J3 & ZB-J9n

Z3-J[5

Tv’PE.ZD.~-

}

SPARE & : ZD-JIO ;*SPARE 3

--

L -

TYPE .ZD1 TYPE ‘ZB-M.TYPE ,ZB-M -

:\* ZO-J4 L \* 2B-M-J IIZB-M-J16

-~ L

+ TYpE.zc2.zc2_J5 p >@ TYPE .ZT-1”

SPARE 2 m ZTI-J17

1-TTPE ‘ZC2V TYPE .XW50. TYPE<,ZO-MU

-.* ZC2-J6 ~ XW50-J12 ~ ZB-M-J185

J

PLATE “J”

ABS-B PLATE LAYOUT NOTE : ALLOW APPROX. & BETw EEN FtG.12 3&” ABSSPECIMENS FOR BURN wA5TE.

-B PLATE LAYOUT

D!MEUSIONS OF PLATES IN THIRD COLUMNARC THE 5AME ANDA REIU THE SAMEoRDER AS THOSE!N FIR5T COLUMN.

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

1

should be as follows: tensile

sq. in.; yield point--* ,000

-on in 2.in●--22 to 30$.

measured with increasing

spool type extensometerq

this purpose with the

The ~~~mgatian of each specimen w’as

load over the ent~re specimen length. A

sensitive to O.00~ in..,was employed for

terminal p~~intsof the extensometer located on the pulling beads.

Since the pulling heads had a much greater cross-sectional area

than the specimen~ the elongations registered on the extensaneter

entirety to

series were

gage over a

the elongation of the specimen.

further instrumented by using

16-in. gage length spanning

were attributed in their

tip~otaensof the YW

the Swarthmore SRJ+ clip

the reduced width portion of the specimen, Four such gages were

attached cm one face of the plate. Fig. 13 is a photograph of a

typical installation of l%ja,rthmoreclip gages and spool extensonet+e~.

The specimens wGre surrounded.by an insulated tampe~ature con-

trol chanber wh~.cbhad double glazed plexiglass windws. The spec-

imn y:a~f~e= to e~~rigate~~~th~ut~~in.g rest+rainkd by the chamber.

Fig, 13 - Clip Gages and Spool Exten~cmeter In~tallati~n

The Specimms WG37P waled. to the testing tempemtme by air which

was circulatd through a closed system consisting of the chamber?

insulated h.os=emnectionsq and an insulated box containing dry

ice. The specimen temperature at the beginning of each test was

maintained until fracture. Fig. ,14i’sa photog~aph of a Type Z,n

specimen in the temperature control chamber.

The tcxupere.turesof the specimens were determi~ed by the use

of copper-constantan thermocouples inserted into holes drilled

with a ?%0 drill l/8.in. into the plate and were located in the

$min plate and the flat bars. The thermocouples were insulated

from the air in the chamber by a plastic asphaltic cement.

The specimens were tes{’ed.in”a600qO00-lb,‘capacityBaldwin

%uthwark testing machine.

The first specimen of Type Z-3 was tested with SR-4 electric

strain gages cemented to one flat bar to determine the elastic

stress distribution within the plate and the direction of the ‘

principal stresses. The gages were located in the positions shown

in Fig. Ij.

TEST DATA— ——

The tesk data are recorded in the tables of Appendix A. The

data include test temperatures, maximum and fracture Ioadsq char-

acter of”~raet<ures~total specimen elongation.sat maximum and

fracture loads$ and.energy absorption to maximum and fracture loads.

-L3-

Fig. 14 - Specimen in Temperature Ccntrol Chamber

..

I

1T

:

.-

m

-20-

The energies to maximum and fracture loads were computed from

the areas under the load vs. elongation curves shown in Appendix B. ,~

The character of the fracture is given in terms of the per-1

centage of the fracture surface exhibiting a shear type of frac-

ture. The remainder of the fracture

type● The shear type Qf fracture is

grained appearance with all fracture

surface was of the cleavage

characterized by a silky~ fineI

surfaces being inclined at ap-

proximately ~~~ to the plane of the plate.

.DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS

TYPE YW~P~~NS——

Ultimate Load

Welded specimens of Types Y_W-land YW-2 had the same external

geometry as the specimens of the unwelded Type Y series previously

reported.(2) The r~sults of the Type Y series, unwelded and un-

notched specimens, were used as a base of comparison for previously

made edge notched specimens$ and hence are useful here for com-

parative purposes. The results for Type Y are plotted on Figs. 16A

and 16B* The maxiraumloads for specimens of the Types YW-1 and YW-2

series appear to be directly comparable to the maximum loads ex-

hibited by specimens of the Type Y series at the same test tempera-

tures. The maximum tensile loads for speoimens of each of these

three series are plotted in Fig. 16. Plate beveling and longitudi-

nal welding had little effect on strength when compared with the

Type Y series which had no weldment.

h ,, ‘,

600

n0

I~,

1

500I I /, ,

~k

Jf400

*

mgx1

a: ~~o

2

~ TYPE Y o

z TYPE YW-I U

% TYPE YVJ-2 A! < TYPE YV.I-3 *

z 200

!

1

1

I 00

II

o-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

TEMPERATURE *F

100

~ “ ‘]--m 50

$ FOR LEGEND SEE ABOVE

*

-040v

m i I

-20 20 40 60 80

TEMPERATURE ‘F

FIG.16A SUMMARY- MAXIMUM LOAD AND PERCENT’ SHEAR

VS. TEMPERATURE

TYPE Y SPECIMENS

4000

35004k

h ‘

@ m1

~3000 ch ?

G)2s00 1 i

di1

I1-0zuJ 2000 r n E.TO M.L.

@‘ 4’

E. TOFR. _wo TYPE Y 0<

●

mTYPE YW-I ❑ I

*0

TYPE YW-2 A A

*;:

TYPE YW-3 +\

x2 1500

z

&uz

1

z1000

muzu +“

500

~E *

-040 -20 0 20 40 60 00TEMPERATURE ‘F

FIG.16B SUMMARY- ENERGIES TO MAXIMUM LOAD AND

FRACTURE VS. TEMPERATURE

TYPE Y SPECIMENS

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE SWARTHMORC COLLEGE

-22-

$pecimens of the Y’W-land YW-2 series exhibited the trend

shown by the Type Y

mum loads generally

An exception to the

series with respect to maximum loads. Maxi-

increased as test temperatures’werelowered.

gmeral increase in maximum load values for

the Type YW-1 specimens appears to occur around ths transition

temperature where a lower maximum load was noted than at higher

and lower temperatures. The

with decreasing temperatures

tensile coupons;(21 however7

tendency toward increasing loads

was noted in 3/k-in. square unnotched

the 3/%-in. square coupons did not

exhibit a drop off in load value, nor did they show a transition

from shear to cleavage modes of fracture in the range of test

temperatures.

The 5\16-irL.fillet welds and the S/h-in. offsets at the ends

of the side platas of the YW-3 specimens had decidedly detrimental

effects 011 strength. Two specimens tested at O°F and +15°F ex-

hibited maximum loads which were approximately 100 kips lower than

the YW-1 and YW-2 specimens tested at about the same temperatures.

The effects of plate beveling, which established the cross-

sectional form of the longitudinal weldmentz were apparently of

little significance in limiting values of maximum load. Abrupt

changes in external specimen geometry, however, combined with

fillet welds at the point of offset, appeared to be more important

factors in limiting the maximum load.

.,

~~~~ g“~ “t@ k’IMimuqQ22CL

Relationshil:sbetween energy to maximum loadt measured over

the S~~CiKlfX.i length of k-in. ~ and test temperature for specimens

CJfTypes Y’ii-ly“YW-27and YW-~ are shown in Fig. 16B. The results

for unwelded speciw~ms of Type Y$(2) having the same geometry as

Types 33/-1and YW-2:,are also plotted.in Fig. 16B. The scatter

of the limited data makes the inte~pretation of the results diffi-

cult.

The energy to maximum load for welded specimens of Types 3%--1

and YW-2 generally have slig”htlylower values at most test tempera-

tures than the energies reported for unwelded Type Y. The exceptions

occur a,t0“ J?and at -35°F, where a single specimen of Type W-l

with a cleavage fracture, had.an energy to maximum load which was

higher than that for any other specimen. The phenomenon of high

energy values at low temperatures accompanied by cleavage fracture

has previous~y been reported by the investigators.‘2] A close

grouping of the energy val.u~sfor the three geometrically similar

types occurs at the approxiuata transition temperature +20QF, and

the great~st dispersion of er~ergyvalues occurs just below the

transi-tiontempera-burezone at 00F.

Due to limited tests of Type W-2, no conclusive comparisons

can be made with Type 13&l. It appears9 h.oweverythat the effects

of welding and plate beveling reduces the energy absorbing capacity

by only a small amount when results are compared with unwelded

specimens of the same external geometry.

The three specmens of Type YW-3, with a ~/16-in. fillet

weld and a 3/h-in. offset at the end of the side platesy had

values of energy to maximum load which fell far below the energy

values for the Types YW-1, YW-29 and Y at the same test tempera-

tures. The energy absorbing capacity of specimens of Type X%3

appears to be about X3z of that of YW-1 and W-2.

It is therefore apparent$ given a free choice of details?

that an abrupt change in geometry as exemplified by the details

of Type YW-3 should be avoided. Type YW-3 is definitely inferior

in both load and energy capacity.

Ener~y ~ Fracture

A graphical representation of values of energy to fracture

of specimens of Types YW-19 YW-23

Energy to fracture values for the

tally similar series of Type Y is

Values of energy to fracture

and YT?-3is given in Fig. 16B.

previously reported geometri-

also shown.I

must be viewed considering the

type of fracture, i.e., shear

always attain a higher energy

maximum load! while specimens

sumed to have the same energy

the shear type of fracture is

exemplifies this feature.

or cleavage. Specimens in shear

value at fracture load than that at

failing in complete cleavage are as-

as at maximum load. The tenacity of ~

well known$ and energy to fracture

For Types YW13 YW-2~ and Y9 it would appear that the energies “

to fracture are roughly equivalent at all test temperatures. In

contrast9 specimens “cfType YW-3 exhibited energies to fracture

..2~-

“q~ rl~ the mergy “valuesfor speclmenS Ofwt~ichwere less tl-a:”j.<~,~.

~ ‘YT1-1and Yki-2.Type. As was the case with maximum load and

ellerg’yto maximum loadl external specimen gecmetrj~again seens to

be the more important parameter ir~limiting the amount of energy

absorbed tm fracture.

Transition -eratua~r

The criteria used to evaluate transition temperature for

specimms of the YW series were based on fracture appearance,

energy to ~axiD=uBIaad.,and energy to fractu”eo The estimated

transition temperatu~ws for each of the criteria a~e shown in

Table 11.

The transition temperatures as represented by fracture ap-

pearance are the temperatures taken fron sketched curves (not

shown) of per cent shear vs. temperature based on data as shown

in Fig. 16 and represent the temperature at which a “50~shear

mum

vs.

Transition temperatures based on values of energy to maxi-

Ioad or to fracture were taken from sketched curves of energies

ten~eratums based on da.tashown in Figs. 16A and.16EI. Transi-

tion tempsratuu~s represant the temperatures at the points on the

.sketch=dcurves where the mdinates approximately represented the

average of high and low values of energy.

The two t~sts of specinens of Type YW-2 at OaF and.+20QF

indicated IOC)Zstmar fractures thus making it impossible to

evaluate the transition temperatru% for Type YW-2 except to state

..~~,-

that it is lower than OCF, ‘ypeYW-1 sp~cim~ns indicated a transi-=’

tian temperature at about ,V~”F based on fracture appearance and

+lO°F based on energy.

The

buted to

the butt

the main

Otiy the

created.

the weld

fracture

higher transitim csmperature for TlypeYW-1 may be attri-

a difference in severity of the weld notch at the end of

weld. For Type YW-1 the part of the butt weld lying in

plate groove ends abruptly~ whereas for Type YW-2 where

side plate was beveled a less severe weld notch was

The fracture in all Ill-lspecimens initiated through

termination; but for the two specimens of Type YW-2$

occurred above the termination for the test at +20Q)Fand

in the main plate, several inches below the termination for the

test at O“F. This change in location of fracture$ coupled with

the fact that both fractures were of the shear typej lends confir-

mation to the lesser severity of localized effects for 3%T-2.

Specimens of Type YW-~7 due to the increased severity of

localized effects at the offset$ show a higher transition temper-

ature than for YW-1 or YW..2. With only three t&sts of Type YW-3~

it is possible to establish only an approximate value of the

transition temperature at about 35°F.

TABLE 11.

Transition TemperatumsType YW and Y Specimens

DN Steel

Transition Temperature, OFType of Based on Based on Based onS~ecimen Fracture A~~earance Ener~Y to max. -1gad Energy to Fracture

2!jQ indeterwinate indeterminateYw:l 250 100 lljoYW-2 lower than 0° lower than 0° lower than OaYW-3 35’ indeterminate 35“

I

I

Thislar~e number of variations of end details for the Type

z specimens? with different materials, makes It advisable first

to discuss each type separately before a general cor~parisunis

made. It is realized that specimen notation is complex? hence

an effort has been made to make this section as explanatory as

possible.

Type Z-3 specinens7 with sciu::reGnded flat bars? wem tes-~ed

with fou~ variations in materialt (See Table 1) i More tests were

made of this type than any other3 due to the desire to make this

type a firm base for comparing other types. The two primary bass

series used main pSates c)f~N and ABS-,Bsteels with flat bars of

~N ~tee~i To effect a tie=in with subsequent dat%7 the same main

plate material was used with D]W flat bars for a small number ofA

specimens.

The data are given in the ‘Tablesof Appendix A and summarized

in Fig? 29+,

The specimens generally fractured at the toe of the fillet

weld in either the shear or cleavage mode. For several specimens

fai~~re in~tiat.edthrough the end fillet welds exposing the end Gf

the flat bar to full view, These typical fractures are shown in

Figs, 25 to 281 inclusive,

The maximum load, for specimens failing in

fractured cross-section 30 1/2 in. in width and

-28-

,,, .!

Fig. 17 - Scaling Pattern of Specimen XZ-3 Fig. 18 - ScaLh~ Pattern of S~ecimen Z-E

,, .,,,

!>,,

!.%,.,, !,.”,,“, ,

“ “<

,, ,,,

Fig. 20 - Scaiing Pa~tmvl or Specimen XZ-C2

-29.

Fie. 17

,.,‘,,, , a!

~,,,..,,....... ... ,,,, ,:,,.,...... ,..,,,—,,.,..,, b,,, ’,”,, ,,, ,,, , ,1’ +,,, ,,

w

. ,

,,

.. .r;

Fig. 21 - Scaling Pattern of Specimen U-E

‘<,,!,,,, ,,. . 1 .,6,,

‘, ;,,.,,, ,. .,!

,,

‘,

,,!

‘)’

X2-B

Fig. 22 - Scaling Pattern GI SFscimen X2-E Fig, 23 - Scalin~ Pattern of Specimen X2-EM

bAAX.LOAD

vs. TEMP.

ENERGY

vs.TEMR

PERCENT

SHEAR

VS. TEMP.

550

5004k Ak

450A

400

DN STEEL e!30

ABS-B STEEL A

I I10 20 30 4~ 5~ GO

TEMPERATURE ‘F

DN STEEL

MAX. LOAD

1

●

40U G.L.FRACT. LOAD ~

ABS-B STEEL

36’’ G.L.MAX. LOAD A

— FRACT. LOAD A

+

-%0 -40 “30 - m -10 0 10 20 30 40 so GOTEMPERATuRE ‘F

100A A A

150 ‘

ON STEEL 0—

$0 ABS - B STEEL A

A 1 I Iw

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 so @oTEMPERATURE ‘F

--”FIG. 24

SUMMARY

TYPE 23 SPECIMENS

SWARTH MORE COLLEGE

31-

rdl-la).>..

.P(’u

vcd

2

‘%0

a)

r..-Pcd

al

2-Pc.)

:t%

I

Fig. 27 - Cleavage.FracturethroughIMd FilletWeld

k

Fig. 28 - CleavageFractureat Flat Ba~ Surface

-33-

thichess, averaged 517 kips for the DN steel and 485 kips for

ABS-lTsteel with DN flat bars. These maximum loads bear essen-

tj.all,ythe same ratio to one another as the tensile strength

ratio for two steels found by tests on 0.~05-in. diameter bars.

The maximum loads for the DN steel were fairly uniform with

varying temperature, whereas the maximum load for ABS-E steel

was not. For this steel, for temperatures about 40 to jO” below

the transition temperature, the maximum loads were about 10f

less for cleavage fracture than for shear fractures.

With respect to energy to maximum load and fractures, speci-

KHLS d? DN steel are slightly better, although not significantly

so if’differences in gage lengths are reconciled. (40 in= for

DN and 36 in. for ABS-B plates]. The energy remains at a high

level for the ABS-E steel for cleavage fracture until the

temperate Is about @ below the transition temperature based

on appearance. (See Fig. 2~E).

The single

by the criteria

for Type Z-3:

Type of SteelMain Plate——

point transition temperatures, in ~F, determined

expressed heretofore on page 17, are as follows

TABLE 111

Transition Temperatures--Type Z-3

Based on Based onAppearance Energy toof Fracture” Maximum Load

DNABS-B’

~o”F -40F

+300 -80

-34-

The transition temperatures for DN steel by the two criteria

are consistent; however, since energy remained high for a few

tests using ABS-B steel where cleavage fractures occurred, the two

criteria establish widely different transition temperatures for

ABS-B steel.

Type Z-3--Flat Bar Stresses—.

In an effort to evaluate the stress distribution in the flat

barsy one specimen of Type Z-3 was instrumented with SR-4 strain

gages. The gage locations are shown in Fig. 15.

From the strain gage readings, the magnitudes and directions

of the principal stresses at each of the gage locations were com-

puted and are shown in Figs. 29 and 30 for the total loads on the

specimen of 1S0 kips and 350 kips.

From the principal stresses of Figs. 29 and 30, the stress

components parallel to the main plate and normal to the main

plate were calculated and are shown in Figs. 31 and 32. From

these data the total load carried by the flat bars for specimen

loads of 150 kips and 350 kips were computed.and are shown as

percentages of the total specimen load on the ordinate of the

curves of Fig. 33. Distance from the free end was plotted as

the absissa.

For a total specimen load of 150 kips in the elastic range

of loading the percentage of the total load carried by the flat

bars is directly proportional to the distance from the free ends.

When this curve is extended to the 100% of total specimen load

r,,,

-,500 +4500 ~

$

#

.55°*8.J

FIG. 29 PRINCI%L STRESSES AT !50 KIPS

SPECIMEN DN-Z3-H0

:

-1-Q

‘ ‘7000

r=-:500

FIG,3! STRESS COMPONENTS AT 150 KIPS

5PEC{MEM ON- Z3-H6

FIG, 30 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AT 350 KIPS

SPECIMEN DN-Z3-H0

-1500 ,12300 +20400—

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

-+I

FIG.32 STRESS COMPONENTS AT 350 KIPS

SPECIMEN DN-Z3-HU

-y5-

ValUR9 the distance frcm the free ends as shown by the absissa

is 20 irlchesawhich is to be expected since tb.emain plate

t~rminates 20 j.neh~sfrom the free ends of the flat bars. (See

Fig. 2]. TIE transfer of load from

plate is accomplished through shear

either side of”the flat bars. From

it would ap~ear that these shearing

the flat bars to the main

along the fillet welds on

the 150-kip curve of Fig. 33~

stresses are uniformly dis-

tributed along the side fillet welds to the main plate in the

elastic range of loading.

At a total specimen load of 350 kips, parts of the main

plate have reached yield point stresses,and the percentages of

the total load carried by the flat bars as computed from the

strasses of Fig. 32 are as shown by the 3~0-kip curve of Fig. 33.

The shearing stressesa rather than ‘beinguniformly distributed as

in”the elastic range of loading, tend to increase in intensity

near the end fillet weld at the free ends of the flat bars.

Tv~e Z-B

The flat bars of the Type Z-B specimens had their free ends

flam~ cut to a ~-in. radius in contrast to the square cut-offs

of Type z-3. The data are given in the Tables of Appendix Ay

and the summary of all data is shown graphically in Fig. 34.

The tests are few in number and permit only ~eneral observa-

tion and inferences to be made. Howeverp the few tests give a

background to compare results with Type Z-3. Quantitatively

—..-

(, ,,

MAX. LOAD

VS. TEMP.

.-.Iuv

//

80

/

60 /

40

7

20 +

o0 2 4 e 8 10 12 M 16 18 20 22

DISTAFJCE FROM FREE END OF LO NGITUDI!4ALS IN INCHES

FIG. 33 UNLOADING CHARACTERISTICS OF LONGITUD-

INAL

SPECIMIEN ON-Z3-H6

.$WAl?THMORE COLLEGE

ENERGY

VS. TEM R

PERCENT

SHEAR

VS. TEMF?

!350

ab4I

525 —

Ab

500$5 A,a A,

z475

4 ON STEEL *

4Y3 ABS-B STEEL A

~ ~

o ——-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 ~fl 50 eio

TEMPERATURE ‘F-.

1600 —

c5

14004I

I 200

d hii

1000Ah

w& 4 h

:aoo

@A~

xuz ON STEEL-800

MAX. LOAD ●40 UG, L.

f RACT. LOAD o

4oa Am

AES-B STEEL

200 36U G,L.MAX, LOAD A

FRACT. LOAD A

-% o

1

-40 -30 -20 -10 -o 10 20 30 40 50 eo

TEMPERATURE ‘F

100

K~

x 50WI

AOS-B STEEL A*\O

10 20 30 40 50 60

TEMPERATURE ‘F

,~ FIG. 34-

--%5– SUMMARY

TYPE ZB SPECIMENS

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

them appears to be a small imp~avemeritin average load capacity

fcl’rboth D~ and ABS”13steel. EnergyWise an overall improvement

or increas% is noted compared with Type Z-37 with high energy

far fraature in the claavags mode for ABS-B steel when tempera-

tures are 10 to ~u“T ~t,=~wawtransition temperature determined

from appearance of fracture.

Transition temperatures show the most significant chang~

of any plmysical prop=rty relative to Type Z-3* Due to l~mited

data$ the transition temperature was established on the basis

of fracture appearanc~ on~y. The transition temperatures ares

for DN ~tee~~ -soT; and for ABS-B steelg +lO°FO These t~mperatures =

are 30~and 20°~ respectively below the Type Z-3 results. Since

one expects transition temperature to be affected by localization

of strains in the region of the end weld~ it appears that the end

relief afforded by Type Z-B is effective in reducing local

triaxiality.

~

Type Z-EM is a modification of Type Z-B. (See Fig. h). It

was suggested that this detail would be a better detail for mod-

ifying existiEg ships than Type Z-B.

As will be seen by reference to the data in Table VI--Aof

Appendix A and Fig. 35 summar~zfng these data? no significant

changes are noted in comparison with Type Z-B except that the

transition temperature is approximately 250F9 a rise of 25~F

compared.with Type Z-B; but since the data reports only one

MAX. LOAD ~

VS. TEMP. :

ENERGY

VS. TEME

,. ,

575-

550

523

hd

Jhi L

500 i ,

475

:50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40TEMPERATURE %

50 80 70

1800

1400di

1200

1 4i,

*E1000x ./i&g 800-- ! h .!Jh

000 CUERGY TO MAE, LOAD 2—

EMERGY TO FRACTURE A

400

20 0

-050 -40 -30 -20 -lo 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7(TEMPERATURE ‘F

100

PERCENT {

SHEAR $ 50

VS. TEMF 0’0

-050 -40 -30 -20 -lo 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7(TEMPERATURE ‘F

-e”

FIG.35 SUMMARY

TYPE ZBM SPECIMENS

ABS-B STEEL

SWART 14MORE COLLEGE

14

MAX, LOAD

VS TEMP.

ENERGY

VS. TEMP.

,,

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50TEMFZRATUflE ‘F

1600

4> k

Iw —

4I1200 - #b

:b

; Iom m J ~

I i L

s

zu aoo —z- -

/ h

600 . —.

400 OH STEEL

40U G.L. TO MAX, LOAD ●

TO FRAC7. LOAD 0

200 I—AB S-B STEEL

SaII G. I-. To ~~Ax. LoAO ATO FRACT. LO&O A

o — I

- so -40 -30 -20 20 30 40 50TZ’MOPERA?U R E ‘°F

PERCENTSHEAR

1004)

a

VS. TEMP.; so 1m DN STEEL ●

ABS-B STEEL A~$~ o A L & I

-50 -40 -30 -20 –lo o lo_ 20 30 40 50

sWARTHMORE COLLEGE

-4fJ-

warranted.

~

Figs. ~-and 5 show the end details for Types Z-Cl and Z-C2.

Each type had a 2-in. diameter hole burned in the flat bar at

the square end. For Z-C2 a straight flame cut was made from

the free end ~f bar to intersect the hole. Thus two degrees

of end restraint are introduced with Type Z-C2 expected to

place less load on the end weld, as is clearly indicated in

the photographs of l?igs.19and 20. The data for Type Z-Cl

and Z.C2 are given in Table III-A of App~ndix A. Fig. 36

summarizes these data for Type Z-C2. No plot is presented for

Type Z-Cl since only two tests were made.

It is belie~ed that the two typesa Z-Cl and Z-C2$ are

about equal in load capacity for a given steel. With respect

to energy to maximum load, Type Z==C1is slightly inferior to

Type Z-C2. In any event$ the absorbed energies are in the

same range as that found for Type Z-3.

In view of the slight differences noted above in strength

and energy absorption, it is of the utmost significance to not=

that the transition temperatures show wide differences. They

are summarized in Table IV.

&Q

*R3Sed on only

With D.Nmain plates

%

‘NT

AB&”Ei

z-cl and Z-C2 Specimens

one specimen failing in more t?canOX shear

Type Z-C2 has the lower transition tam-

p~~~~~~~. This is aI-I imdjkCatiCYJ that,less Ioealizaticm or tri-

axiality exists at the WLldweld, apparently due to the destroying

of the ~Ontinuity of metal aroumd. the hole. Observat:icnsrelated

to this? for the exploratory Z series specimnsz ~ollfirmthe

present findings. Type Z-C2 with main plates of ABS-B steel has

‘higherthan

follows the

Finally, the comparison of transition temperatures with the

base series of Type Z-s indicates an expectailcyof lower transi-

tion 4Lempsratures for D~ steel plates. For ABS-B steel nothing

pcsitive can he reported about the relief afforded by the end

d~tails af Type ZI&2 SirLCe the transition temperature based on

limited tests was approximately equal to that of Typ9 Z-3C

TTIDeZ-D

Tlw mds of the flat bars for Type Z-D specimens were cut

-k2-

off an a b5° angle. The data for five tests? all exhibiting

cleavage fraeture$ are given in Appendix A and plotted in

Figure 370

The average maximum load of Type Z-D for cleavage fracture,

with main plates of ABfi-Bsteel~ was slightly lower than the

maximum load for Type Z-3 for cleavage fracture. Energy absorp-

tion of the plates is slightly lower for Z-D than for Z-3.

The transition temperature could not be determined from the

limited data but is above +kO”F. With this temperature unknown

it is difficult to assess the value of cutting off the end bars

cm the 45°’angle. This end modification is apparently poorer in

this respect than the end variations discussed before. This

statement mustq howevery be qualified by pointing out that

several specimens had D’N

steel flat bars. The D1N

steel had.a

higher yield stress than DN steel; consequently? the test made

at +~GF and showing cleavage fracture may be misleading.

-e Z-E

The Type Z-E specimen was introduced into the program

the results of Types Z-Cl and Z-C2 had indicated that Z-C2

after

had.a

lower transition temperature apparently due to the destroying of

continuity of the 2-in. diameter hole. This led to investigating

the effects of a U-shaped cut-out, which was expected to possess

the same characteristics as z-C2, Refer to Fig, 5 for the end

details. The data are given in Appendix A and also plotted in

Fig. 38. It should.be noted that the main plates were of AES-B

steel.

1

: MAX, LOAD

‘ VS. TEMP.

, ENERGYVS. TEMP.

PERCENT

SHEAR

VS, TEMP.

. .TEMPERATURE ‘F

800

i h500

* I!k Lka 6h A~4001ru~ 300

200 .ABS - B STEEL

too 34” CL.MAX. LOAD A

FRACT. LOAD a

40 -40 -30 -20 -10I

& . 10 go 30 40 30

TEMPERATURE ‘f

NOTE : TYPE ZD SPECtMI?NSWERE MOT TESTED FIG. 37USING DFJ STEEL

-e––

SUMMARYTYPE 20 SPECIMENS

MAX. LOAD

VS, TEME

ENERGY

VS. TEMP.

ma.x

TEMPERATURE ‘F

1600

1400

i h1200

1000 -AL d 4

~I

000

000 dL A

400, ADS-U STEEL

200se. = ~, MAX. LOAD b

FRACT. LOAO A

%0 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 46 so ao

TEMPERATURE *F

100

PERCENT :

SHEAR :~VS. TEM P. ~“

A A-%0 -4% -30 -2% -10 0 10 20 30 40 so 60

TEMPERATURE ‘F

NoTE: TYPE ZE SPECIMENSt wERE NOT TESTED FIG.38

‘s’ SUMMARY

TYPE ZE SPECIMENS

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

-44-

Type Z-E has approximately the

energy absorbing capacity as Z-C2.

temperature, based on appearance of

a transition temperature of +lOQF.

same load resisting and

With respect to transition

the fracture, Type Z-E has

This disregards the one test

at +30QF using D!,N

flat bars. The temperature of +1OOF is 20~F

lower than that obtained for Type Z-C2. With the evidence at

hand the investigators can only conclude that the overall char-

act~ristics of Type Z-E are certainly as good as for Z-C2, and

may be better with respect to transition temperature.

T~~e Z-T

The Type Z-T specimen, designed to simulate a bilge keel

ending detail, was tested at -40~F.

a cleavage fracture which initiated

fillet welds at the ends of the Tee

The specimen exhibited

through the toes of the

sections at a load of

%65 kips. The energy absorbed by the specimen to the fracture

load was 397 inch-kips. The maximum load and energy absorption

were of approximately the same order of magnitude as the Type

Z-B specimen with main plate of ABS-B at the same test tem-

perature.

Qmh&LDIscu=I~N

To assist in giving an overall view of the physical response

of the Type Z specimens, Table V provides in summary form values

of average maximum load7 average energies to maximum loadl and

transition temperature. The average loads and energies are given

separately for specimens failing in 100~~shear and Ox shear. The

—

-k5-

Oa

1 )

o0

08+

#-. -n,-.I-If-loll+

w“ w

nNN

5’ l-l

-k6-

given are “based’almost entirely on

For

from

most types the establishment of

energy curves was limited by too

Transition temperature is the most discriminating char-

acteristic for evaluating the geometry of the flat bar end

conditions. The ~ange of transition temperatures summarized

i~ Thble V emphasizes the importance of choosing the most

favorable end contour on the fZat bars~ which were intended

to simulate interrupted longitudinal and stiffeners.

The exploratory program, which disclosed strain pat-

terns and stress directions indicates that through changing

the end geometry, the direction of stress on the end weld

relative to the main plate can be altered. The endings in-

vestigated disclosed that the direction of principal stress

can be changed from approximately a right angle to the face

of the main plate in the case of’the square cut-off, to 45°

for the %5” crrt-o-ff,and to a direction parallel to the main

plate with a curved ending. It is thought that this change

i“ndirection 1s one factor in establishing conditions for

fracture in the weld and the plate directly beneath the weld.

end

the

Simultaneously with the limiting of stress direction, the

c~ntour~ of the flat bars limit the total force acting on

end welds. The cutting away of material reduces the load

carrying ability of the flat bar in the critical region at -the

f“mc’kuredmmss-s+ctim.o This second effect is integrated with

tlw Stl%s!sdirecEiQll;i.e.y with a reduced flat bar cross-section

cd?a given Contm’tirtstress direction and nagnitude may be con-

tPollGdo A favorable Combination will lower transition tempera-

tqme~ as evidenced by tileresults for Type Z-BY and increase the

exp~ctarmy af’ductile ac”bionIn the main plate. Test results

roughly follow t“hismasmi~g but do n,otp:ecisely confirm it.

For reawns stated beforeq the Type Z-3 (square cut-off

flat bars) was made t~~ebase for comparison purposes. For2-,/..

nain plates af DN

st~~lt snd modi~ications of types Z-13~Z-Cl

and X-W resulted in lower transition temperatures than for Z-3.

The radius contour cL’Type Z-B depressed the transition tempera-

ture by tk.egreatest anounto Although the radius contour of

Type Z-B was the most ben~ficial~ the Type Z-C2 flat bar

termination with flame cut,hole was essentially equal to Type

Z-B in depressing transition temperature.

For specimens using main plates of ABS-B steelz benefits

of IOWRT transition temperature are shown for Types Z-B and

Z-Eo Type Z-C2 was equal to Type Z-~v whereas Type Z-BM was

only slightly beneficial in lowering transition temp~rature.

Type Z.Da with flat bars cut off at 45az had a higher transition

temperature than the square cut-off of series Z-SO It should

temperatures of all specimens

than those of DN steel for all end

tests were made.

-48--

The Type Z-BM specimens, with end contour cut to a radius

with a slightly ~lpt~~nedend? ~=’e exPected to be as good! ~el-

ative to transition temperature, as Type Z-B, where the up-

turned end was eliminated. Limited tests did not ccnfirrnthis

opinion, However, the differences in transition temperature

may be due to the DtN flat bars used in all Z-BM specimens.

In comparing the transition temperatures of Types Z-Cl

and Z-C2 with 2-in. diameter burned holes, having main plates

of DN stee13 the straight cut from end of flat bar to the

circular hole as in Type Z-C2 was beneficial in lowering

transition temperature.

comparisons between the

of tests of Type Z-Cl.

For ABS-B steel plates no direct

two types were possible due to lack

Comparing the

Type Z-3, with ABS-B steel it appears

accrue, Thus for DN steel the detail

and for ABS-B steel it does not.

results of Z–C2 with

that no definite benefits

of Z-C2 appears beneficial,

The effects of various flat bar endings on maximum load

(see Table V) and the graphical summaries of Figs, 39 and 40

permit certain generalizations to be made.

First, the maximum load, within the limits of reliability

of test results, does not appear to be significantly affected

by the end contours, although there is an indication that the

end radius of Type Z-B is better than square cut-offs in this

respect. Since Type Z-B is definitely preferential to Z-3

with respect to transition temperature, its improved load

.49.

—

wa

?u5n

—

ti>

ill

—

I I1 —

L-uuN

Id

lda0z

vId0.mN

0

0%’

SdlM - avol “Xvw

-50-

performance also provides a sound reason for favoring this detail.

Second, the average maximum loads, in general, are nearly

s-likefor either cleavage failures or shear failures for a given

type of specimen and kind of steel. Average loads as high, or

often higher, for cleavage failure than for shear failure are

not a new finding and have been reported before by this lab-

oratory.(2) A close examination of the maximum load tabulations

for varying temperatures (plotted in Figs. 39 and 40)”revals

much scatter in loads for both the shear and cleavage modes.

In general, the low load values for the cleavage mode occurred

at a temperature 20 to 30°F lower than the transition.

The energies to maximum load are summarized in Table V

and shown in Figs. 41 and 42. For DN steel plates, Type Z-B

(radius cut ending) shows the highest energy values. This,

along with the favorable tre~ds in transition temperature

and load capacity, adds further evidence to the suitability

of the Z-B form. Again Z-C2 runs a close second to Z-B.

Energies to maximum load remain high for cleavage

fractures at 20°F to 30QF below the transition from shear

to cleavage fracture. Evidence of this may be noted for

each type of specimen. The average energies for the cleav-

age mode are perhaps meaningless unless each test is viewed

separately. As a practical matter of selecting a transition

temperature based on energy, one finds that these high values

act to lower the transition temperature from that based on

-50 -40 -30 -20 -lo 0 10 20 30 40 50

TEMPERATURE-°F

FIGAI sUMMARY- ENERGY TO MAXIMUM LOAD

VS. TEMPERATURE

TYPE Z SPECIMENS -ON STEEL

GAGE LENGTH 40”

23

+za

ko0Zcl

ZC2TYPE zaw ■

200

0 I I-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 80

TEMPERATURE ‘F

FIG.42 SUMMARY - ENERGY TO MAXIMUM LOAD VS.

TEMPERATURE

TYPE Z SPECIMENS - ABS-6 STEEL

GAGE LENGTH 36U

Z3

Y

+ZB

+ZBM

SWARTHMORE COLLEGESWARTHMOR E COLLEGE

-52-

fracture appearance For the square ended TYPe Z-3 of DN steel?

the transition lxam;wratureso determined is 4QF lower and for

the ABS-B steel$ 38@F lower than values based on fracture ap-

pearance. Thusa on an energy basis, the ABS-J3steel would have

a @F lower transition temperature than the DN steel, whereas

the ABS-13steel had a transition temperature 30QF higher than

DN steel based on fracture appearance+ This 1S an an~malY

that cannot be further investigated for other types because

of limited data.

-..

-53-

~ STATE~NTs

It cftea appears warranted to limit the reliability and

applicability of test results by qualifying statements. If

that were to be done here, it would be essential to notes (a)

that the main plates of all specimens were narrow relative to

tiheilet,ails;(b] that the edges of the nain plate, represent-

ing a hull or bulkhead plate w~re free from lateral restraint;

and (c) that limited tests were made as dictated by economy and,.

available steel. All of these reservations would make certain

conclusions relatiV~ to full-size Ship detaiis un~ertain. Howeverl

since all of these conditions were appropriately noted when es-

tablishing this investigation it is hoped that this work may

point out the direction that future work should take or that the

present data may be utilized in at l~ast a qualitative manner

for guiding immediate practical considerations where geometrical

notches are involved.

(1) Test results confim the long standing “beliefthat abrupt

changes in structural geometry can only have detrimental effects.

While abrupt changes in structural geometry are critical, as has

been clearly demonstrated by a large number of actual casualties,

little has been known about the actual relief that could be

furnished by modifications

that anything short of the

ition, from one structural

in geometry. The test results indicate

most practical smooth structural trans-

component to another, impairs load

-5+

capacity~ energy absorption, and raises transition temperature*

(2] The structural notch effect of abrupt or gradually

faired terminations of structural components, as exemplified by

free ended longitudinal or stiffeners, is a result of the com-

pounding of concentrations of stress and the direction of that

stress at the termination Favorable combinations of this com-

pound effect tend to eliminate the structural notch. A favorable

combination of the compounding effects can be attained when the

stress direction at the free end of a longitudinal is as nearly

parallel to the hull or bulkhead plating as possible, in con-

j~ction with a decrease in the magnitude of this stress. The

direction may be controlled by smooth contour endings and the

stress magnitude reduced by a reduction in end cross-sectional

area. It has been found that the most favorable combination

results when the end contour of a longitudinal is cut to a

radius.

(3) Transition temperature was the most important char-

acteristic in comparing the results of variable end geometry

of t~.eType Z specimens. Load and energy absorption were

less critically affected by changes in type of endings.

(4) The study reported herein does not lend itself to a

critical separation of geometrical and welding notch effects.

It is essential to keep in mi~ that the most favorable g@ometric

condition would be nullified by a weld of poor penetration.

(~) While it was not the overall purpose of this program to

“55-

compare the notch sensitivity of DN and AM-B steels? such a

comparison can be made. The ABS-B steel used was definitely

inferior to DN steel on a transition temperature basis. The

other characteristics of ABS-B compared with DNq such as load

capacity and energy absorption, is more favorabl~.

.56.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Progress Summary~ “Investigation of Fractured Steel Plates

Removed from Welded Ships“ SSC Report, Serial No. NBS-31

Dated June ,1~1951$ Williams, M. L., Myerson, M. R.,

Klugej G. L.~ and Dale, L. R.

2. First Progress Report, “Cracking of Simple Structural

Geometries~ The Effects of Edge Notch Geometry on Flat

Steel Plates’~zSSC Report, Serial No. SSC-51, Dated May 12,

1952~ Carpenter, S. T., and Linsenmeyer, R. F., Swarthmore

college.

3. Progress Report on Correlation of Laboratory Tests with

Full Scale Ship Plate Fracture Tests, Pennsylvania State

Collegea Research Project SR-96, SSC Report, Serial No.

SSC-9, March 19, 1947, by M. Gensamer, E. P. JSlier,

T. A. Praterq F. C. Wagner, J. O. Mack, and J. L. Fisher

—,

-57-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The investigation and report were ~d@r the direct

supervision of Samuel T. Carpenter, Chairman of the I)apartment

of Civil Engineering, Swarthmore College, with Professor

Roy F. Linsenmeyer as an investigator and collaborator.

Tests were conducted under the supervision of R. F. Linsenmeyer

and E. Kasten.

Theodore Bartholomew and Eugene Urban hav~ prepared all

test specimens and assisted in testing. Drawings of the report

were made by John Calvin. Frances M. Wills has performed all

the stenographic duties.

The investigators are deeply indebted to Mr. James B.

Robertson, Jr., and to the members of the Advisory Committee

representing the Ship Structure Committee, for their many

contributions.

APPENDIX A

Tables of Basic Data

TABLE I-A

DLTA SLWUHY - TYFE 2-3 Specimens

Steel Specimen Test S Shear X3xil,,w. Fracture ‘merz.yto EnerLy tcNo. Temp. FractLre Loaci Load :=.. Load FractureLozd

‘F Surfaces Kius :ics Inch-,Kips Inch-.(ips..~,

~l~,~,afiti~~ to !lOn@. ion t0%x. Lo:-d Fracture

_ Inches Load

2.75 2.90

.?.55 3.2

2.y3 2.65

1,08 1.08

1.240 1.2/+0

2.370 2.37(3

2.MO 2.180

0.(375 0.5’75

2.100 2.835

2.15 2.890

0.935 0.935

1,305 1.305

1.555 1.555

0.865 0.s65

%

%

2:<

%

%

ASS-B

ABS-B

ABS-B

AM-B

ADS-B

AES-B

AN-B

AN-B

ASS-B

Steel

H-6

G14

G-13

H-5

w-16

1-1

I-2

1-3

I-4

I-5

J-2

J-3

:,J-14

x-J-15

m

20

0

-/+0

-20

100

100

50

0

0

515.2

51?

515

522

U35

510

205

325

522

485

1,245.0

1,141.0

1,007.0

517.5

500.5

1,323.5

1.3453.5

1,172.0

517.5

500.5

1,012.5

930.0

322.5

1,070.0

1,04.4.0

332.5

500.0

626.0

303.5

0

+20

-40

+40

+50

-20

-38

0

-15

0

~,

o

100

100

0

0

0

0

5r)Q

L99

446

W.5

481.5

w+

483

490

L37.5

502

/+99

446

50

40

w+

W3

490

1,37.5

1,012.5

930.0

322.5

832.5

8:;1.5

332.5

5!)0.0

626.0

303.5

TABLE II-A

DATA sOZWIY - TY?E Z-B Specimens

Specimen Test ;;Shear ;~w Fracture ‘?mer~vto Energy t 0 Elongationto Elongationto

No. TeJ#J. Fracture Load Load Max, Load FractureLead Ik.x.Load Fracture

Surfaces Kips I(ips Inch-Kips Inch-Kits Inches Load

q~ H-9 o 109 526 519 1375 1490 3.00 3.22

‘N H-U+ -2C 100 539.5 534 1330 1331 3.m 3.03

% H-13 -40 0 529 529 390 890 2.035 2.035

ABS-B 1-12 +20 100 492.0 85.0 9Q5.O 1170.0 2.375 3.000

ABS-B I-6 o 0 L96.0 /+96.0 9+5.0 %5.0 2.265 2.265

ASS-B I-7 -20 0 511.5 511.5 Im6.o 1136.0 2.605 2.6o5

ABS-3 *I-9 -40 0 463.0 !+63.0 392.5 392.5 1.055 1.055

TABLE III-A

DATA SIJl!l.”A?I- TYFE .Z-C1,%ecimens

Steel Specimen Test ~ Shear :!’&&lwn Fracture Enerr~,t0 :ner~y toNo.

FJonqationto ElongationtoTemp. Fracture Load Load &x. Load FractureLoadOF

Xax. LoadSurfaces r~ps

FractureKips Inch-Kips Inch-l(ips Inches Load

180 1,165 1,f+40

503.5 728 72s

2.6

1.72

3.25

1.72

%

‘JN

%qi

%

ABS-B

AF3S-B

ABS-B

ABS-B

ASS-B

ti-7 o 100

H-10 -20 0

523.6

503.5

TYFE Z,-C2Specimens

515 1,255 1,515

220 1,215 1,412

536.5 995 995

H-8 o 100

H-15 -20 90

H-n -35 0

523

533.5

536.5

2.75

2.65

2,20

3.25

3.075

2.20

1-14 +20 o

1-15 0 0

1-16 -20 0

~fJ-5 -!.!0 o

<J-6 +29 50

490 1,080 l,ogo

5(X) 915 915

/+91.5 685 685

477.0 482.5 482.5

280 997.5 1,155

2.550

2.135

1.685

1.260

2.375

2.550

2.135

1,685

1.260

2.790

490

500

491,5

477.0

492,0

:’DINSteel Side Sars

TABLE WA

DATA SLMW!RY - TYPE Z-D Specimens

Steel Specimen Test % Sheax Maximum Fracture Energy to Ehergy to Elongation to Elongation to

No. Temp. Fracture Load Load Max. Load Fracture Load Max. Load Fracture

OF Surfaces Kips Kips Inch-Kips Inch-Kips Inches Load

lW)-B 1-9 +20 o L’75 475 555.0 555*O 1.425 1.425

AM-B I-Q o 0 459 L59 .!470.0 L70.0 1.250 1.250

AR-B J-1 -20 0 1+61 461 1+75.0 475.0 1.275 1.275

l.Bs-B ;,J-4 -Lo o 4$X 489 @7.5 1+67.5 1.195 1.195

ABS-3 ;~J-10 +40 o 455 455 455.0 k55.o 1.215 1.215

TABLEV-A

DATA somA.1.lY- TYPE 2-E Specimens

Steel Specimen Test $ shear Maximum Fr~cture ~ergy to Energy to Elongation to Elongation toNo. Temp. Fracture Load Load lIkx.load Fracture Load Max. Load Fracture

OF Surfaces Kips Kips Inch-KiDs Inch-Kius Inch&s Load

ABS-B 1-10 +20 100 49Q 75 1N32.5 L247.5 2.l@o 3.100

AES-B 1-13 -20 0 k77 479 615. 615. 1.565 1.565

ME-B 1-17 -40 0 485.5 485.5 626. 626. 1.520 1.5<30

ABS-B I-H o 5 500.5 500.5 920. 921.5 2.165 2.200

ABS-B 1-18 0 0 L92 492. .832.5 832.5 2.025 2.025

A.Bs-B +J_8 +30 5 500 L99 1,0!!+0.0 1,040.0 2.390 2 .L20

TABLE VI-A

DATA SWLARY - TYPE Z--W!Snecimens

Stsel Spectien Test $ Shear Maximum Fracture Energy to Ener&y to Elongation toNo. Temp. Fracture

Elongation toLoad Load Uax. bad Fracture Load Max. Load

oF Surfaces Kips KipsFracture

Inch-Kips Inch.Kips Inches Load

AE,s-B .+*J-YJ -20 0 504 7W.O [email protected] 1.770 1.770

MS-B W-7 o 0 510.5 I,U6.O I,U6.O 2.570 2.570

AES-B +:J-lS -m o 510. 7%2.5 782.5 1.885 1.885

ABS-B w-13 +20 o 498 957*5 957*5 2.300 2.30

LES-B {*J-16 +9 90 505 1,195.0 1,400.0 2.750 .3.450

*D~N Steel Side Bars

spec.NO.

G-5

G5

G-7

M

C-4

F-10

Tg;p. % Shear. Fracture

Surfaces

40 100

30 100

20 0

15 100

0 0

-35 0

:.

Spec. Tsmp. % ShearNo. ‘F. Fracture

!- Surfaces

H-1 m 90

H-2 0 100

Spec. T~p. % ShearNo. Fracture

Surfaces

H-IL 15 0

H-3 o 0

FLU +50 100

Loada in Kips l%er~ in Inch Kipa EloMation ifiInches+Visible Ma. Fract. Tc Vis. Crack ?0 !Ioxim<.nLoad To Fracture Max. Load Fracture

Crack 1~+,, &()!1 @,$ 40” 1.6JDJ 40 15+” w 16}’I ~ot,

500.5 230.0 - - 1,480.0 2,329,0 1,760.0 2,625.0 3,243 5.135 3.890 5.875

507.0 U+o.o - l,4~o.o 2,353.0 2,160.0 3,118.0 3.250 5.2255.040 6.935

519.0 519.0 - - 1,525.0 2,430.0 1,525.0 2,430.0 3.270 5.275 3.27 5.275

525.0 /+58.0 - - 1,.525.0 2,3L5.o 2,5/40.0 3,165.0 3.260 5.100 5.250 6.700

515.5 515.5 - - 1,205.0 S,?95.0 1,205.0 1,995.0 2.675 L.370 2.675 14.370

554.5 554.5 - - 1,$ ’10.0 3,05L.O 1, O1O.O 3,050.0 3.65o 6.150 3.&50 6.150

TABLE VIII-A

D?iSteel - Type W 2 Specimens

Flat Plate Tests - Size: 13$” tide x 3/4f~ thick x LO’t long

Loads in KipsVisible Max. Fract.Crack

516.2 221

52.5 23>

Longitudiml Weldment

Enerm in Inch Kips Elongation in Inches-=To Vis. Crack To Maximum Load To Fracture Max. Load Fracture16JJN ~olt 165” ~ofl 16$,1 &o t, 16iII 40” lb ~n ~~11

l,LX.O 2,285.0 1,570.0 2,915.0 3.13 5.02 3.26 6.50

1,580.0 2,390.0 2,725.0 3,475.0 3.36 5.16 5.6G 7.95

TABLE IX-A

DN Steel - Type W 3 Scecimens

Flat Plate Tests - Size: 13~,,tide x 3/L” thick x 40” hw

Long?t udinal Keldment

Loads in Kips Enerfl in Inch KiPsVisible Max.

ElonEatioc in IEChCS~-Fract. TO Vis. Crack To Maxinzm Load To Fracture M=. Load Fracture

Crack 16$” $01! 16#! @,t 16$” &oll @, ko,, 16$1, ~ott

410 /!10 - 279.0 369.1+ 279.0 369.L 0.79 1.045 C.79 1.olb5

111o Llo - - 221.0 339.4 221.0 339.k 0.6L 0.955 o.61+ C.955

445 334 - - 395.0 737.5 692.0 1020.0 1..L5 1.72 1.79 2.6L

*Energy and elon.gation given for 16~r1and 45‘lOagc Lengths

APPENDIX B——

LOAD ELONGATION DIAGRAMS

I,—. -..

0 ,0 20 30 40 50 00ELOMGAT,ON IN INCHES

LEGEND. FIG. I-BSPECIMENS,ZE. 131$,,X 40” X+,,, LOAD- ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE YWI SPECIMEN

DN-YWI-G6 40” F

000

,00

400

; =Oox

200

100

0 I o 2.0 ,0 40 50 8.0 70ELONGATION IN INCHES

LEGLND: FIG. 11-BSPECIMENSIZE. 13$2-x 40,, X 34,, LOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE YWI SPECIMEN

DN-YWI-G5 30”F

600

I 1 I I I I I I

400

.! 300f

200

100

0 ,0 >0 30 40 5,0 0.0ELOMGAT,ON IN INCHES

L: Gc.b, FIG, III-BSPECIMENSIZE 13b2,,Y 40,,x~~,, LOAD -E LOld GATION DIAGRAM

TYPE YWI SPECIMEN

ON-YWI-G7 20*F

WJARTHIAORECOLLEGE

2x

0 !0 2.0 +0 50 e .0 70

ELO%ON IN INCHES

LEGEND FIG, Iv-BSPECIMEMSIZE, !9!2,, X 40<nX+4u LOAO ‘ELONGATION OIAGRAM

TYPE YWI SPECIMEN

DN-YWI-GS 15*F

9WAFITHMORE COLLEGE

Eoo

*OO

400

.! 300*

200

100

0 ,.0 20 30 4,0 5.0CL0NGbT80N tti INCHES

000

500

,00

aoo

200

100

0 ,,0 2 D 50 t.o 70CLO::ATION IN I::HE5

LCGCND FIG. V-B LEGEND FIG. vi-B

SPECIMLN 51ZE: ,2!2,,x 40,, + LOAD - ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE YWI SPECIMEN

DN-YWI -G4 o*F

5PECIMEN 51Zt: 19$2>,X 40” X~4- LOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE YWI SPECIMEN

DN-YWI-FIO -35” F

m o

500

..0

m:.

300

:z

zoo

,00

ELONGATION!, I“G.ICS 0

FIG,VI I-B10 20 3.0 .0

CLOMCATION ,!4 ,MCHE5LOAO-ELONGATION DIAGRAM FIG, vI1l. B

,.0 ..0 ,. a.

TYPE YW2 SPECIMEN0N–YW2– HI 20” F

SWAPTHUORCCOLLtGl

LOAD-ELONGATION CURVETYPE YW2 SPEC[M ENDN-YW2-H2 O“F

,WARTHMORC.oLLtGt

000

500 --—

400

f ~oo ?

zi

.200

100

0 .5 I ,0 !$ 20 2,5 3.0ELONGATION (N INCHES

LEGEUD FIG, IX-B5FECIMEN SIZE: !31/2,,X 40,’X 3,4’, LOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE YW3 SPECIMEN

DN-Yw3-H12 50” F

500

●OO

300

:z

200

100

02 .4 e a I ,0 1,2

ELONGATION IN tNCMPS

FIG. XI-B

LOAD- ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE Yw3 5PECIM EN

DN-YW3-H3 O*F

Soo

400

300

200

100

0,2 ,4 .0 .8 1.0 1,2

ELOUCAVON IN !MCME3

FIG. X-B


TYPE YW3 SPECIMEN

ON- YW3-ti4 15” F

500—- A—b

400

300

200

100

0 .5 !,0 15 2.0 2s 3.0 3.5ELONGATION IN IN C14ES

FIG. XI I-B

LOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE Z3 SPECIMEN

DN-Z3-H6 40” F

SWARTHMOFIE COLLEGE

—b-

!.00I I dk---

40” GAGE LENGTH.A

r’---

? ‘\

400/x

/ ~

A\

300 ~

2z

;

*

~

200 ~

II

100

00,8 1.0 ,.5 2,0 25 3.0 3.5

ELONGATION IN INCHES

FIG. XIII-B

SooAA- \

\ ,

/ f-s-~

\400 dr

n’0.G6 GE u NG1’H

/ < IA

300 — - 1

:;

200

100

Io

05 10 1,5 2.0 2.5 S.O

ELONGATION IN tNCHE9

FIG. XI V-B

LOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRAM LOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE 23 SPECIMEN TYPE 23 SPECIMEN

DN-z3-G14 20” F DN-z3-G13 O-F

.

~ —~ -f500, —

I I I I L--t- 7 I I I

r-“400

I

300

2?

200

}

100 I

I

I0

2 ,4 .e .8 1,0 1.2

ELOUGATION IN INLHE3

FIG. xV-B

..9 1,0 1.s 2,0 2,5


FIG. XVI-B

LOAO-ELONGATION

3,0

DIAGRAM

LOAO-ELONGATION DIAGRAM TYPE 23 SPECIMEN

TYPE 23 SPECIMEN ABs-B-Z3-15 50*F 1007. SHEAR

DN-Z3-H5 -40” F

2,WARTHUORE COLLEGE

500A ,&--+

a,/

J-- >~% “T

A>

400 / .,

/ \1,

J ‘1

d- - 36= GAGE LENGTH

300 / ‘

m kf \ ,gx b

20 0’ ‘\

\10 0

\

I

o.5 1,0 1.5 2.0 2,5 3,0


FIG. XVII-B


TYPE 23 5PEC1MEN

AB5-B-Z3-14 40”F 100% SHEAR

500~- . i I

/ ->--

d J“_?,

400/ ]

/ ‘‘36,> GAGE LEHGT H

/A

300 /

~*

:

20 0

100

0 .5 1.0 I .5 20 2.$

EL0NG4T10N IN !NcHE3

FIG. XI X-B


TYPE Z3 SPECIMEN

AB5-B-Z3-11 CfF O?, SHEAR

500

II <. =---’ b-‘- “~ -qA

#-I

400

) ~

/? :

~ 36i)GAGE LENGTH I

j’ I300 .—

fII

i200

100

..,5 10 1.5 20 25


FIG, xv III-B

LOAO-Elongation DIAGRAM

TYPEZ3SPECIMEN

ABS-EI-Z3-12 zO”F 0% SHEAR

500@

/-1 ,

400 / F

/ ‘<

308) GAGE LE NGTH

d-

300 P d

f~

t

:

200

/

100I

I

o1

,5 1.0 1,5 2,0ELONGATION IN INCHES

FIG.xx-B

LOAD-ELONGATION OIAGRAM

TYPE 23 SPECIMEN

AB5-B-Z3-J14 O-F O% SHEAR

$wAWHMOPC COLLEGESWARTHM08E COLLEGE

500

1

.——

#

400 ~f

1

I

—36” GAGE

30 0 / A LENGTH _

~ /’n

z4

20 +

[

L

100

I

o .5 1.0

ELoNGATION IN lNCHEs

FIG. XXI-6

LoAD - ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYpE Z3 sPECIMEN

ABS-B-Z3-J15 -15*F 0% SHEAR

500

,,/ “‘fA“

400 Y !

IhT

/II

# ~=36- GAGE LENGTH

300 I

cf

:

.20 0I

I4

4

10Oi

0“ .5 1.0 I .5 2.0


FIG. XX III-B


TYPE Z3 SPECIMEN

ABS-B-Z3-J3 -38*F 0~, SH EAR

>“”——..

-.—

i J ‘:@il

4007

L,

~i

/ I

/+---1

’36* GAGE LIZMGT H

300

1

200 -

>

100

0 ,5 I ,0 1.5 2.0

ELONGATION IN INCHLS

FIG. XX II-B

LOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRA

TYPE 23 SPECIMEN

ABS-E-Z3-J2 -20e F 0%

500-

N 2400 1

d p/

?- .36s8 GAGE LENGTHb’

300 I

I200

100

“,5 1,0 1.5 2.0


FIG. XXIV-B

LOAD-ELONGATION D[

TYPE Z3 SPECIMEN

ABS-B-Z3-13 -40”F

M

SHEAR

AGRAM

0% sHEAR

SWARTHMORC COLLEGE $WARTHMORE COLLEGE

50

40

30

i’2

20

10

5


FIG: XXV-B


TYPE ZB sPECIMEN

DN-ZB-HQ O*F

600

aoo

400

“: aoox

200

100

0 s 10 ,5 2.0 25CLONC+TION IN INCHES

FIG, XXVI I-B

LOAO-ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE ZB SPECIMEN

ON- ZB-H[3 -40” F O% SHEAR

SWA~THtiORE COLLEGE

500

+00

300

i’:

200

100

0 . 10 !.5 2.0 23 30 3,5ELONGATION IN INCHES

FIG. XXV I-B

LOAO-ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE ZB SPECIMEN

DNUZB-H!4 -20”F

500

400

300

?~

200

100

.9 10 1,5 20 25 3,0 3.5

CLONGAT,ON IN INCHES

FIG.XXVIII-S


TYPE ZB SPECIMEN

AB$-B. zB-112 20”F IOOY. SHEAR

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

500.& 4- -~’

.9- ‘+

F

400 a

x -t

b ’38” GAGE LENGTH!

300 &

:

:

zoo

100

0 ,5 1.0 1.5 20 2.5ELOMGATION IN INCHES

FIG. XXIX-B


TYPE zBSPECI MEN

ABs-B-Z6-16 o*F 0% SHEAR

500

a

/ I

400 P

+~

f

@ 2

L ’36. G4GE LENGTH

300 I

t{ I 2

:

/

1 E

200

100

0 ,5 1,0 1.5ELONGATION IN ItKHES

FIG. XX XI-B


TYPE ZB SPECIMEN

AES-B-ZB - 19 -40-F O~. SHEAR

500~_c-A.A

I

I >.~+“ ‘“-l/ ’36.GAG E LEFJGTH

4004“

f/

w

.300 / ~

[

zoo I

!I

100 — — — — — — — — — — - —

05 !0 i .5 2.0 2.5 3.0

ELONGATION IN IFJCHES

FIG. XX X-B

LOAD-ELONGATION DI

TYPE ZB SPECIMEN

ABs-B-ZB-17 -20”F

AGRAM

0% SHEAR

n-”N400 / \

if+

J ‘— 36. GA(3E LENGTH

f

k

b2?00 M

t

\

200 . , \\

A\

100b

o.3 Lo 1,3 2,0 25 3.0 35

ELONGATION IN IUCHES

FIG. xx XII-B


TYPE Z9M SPECIMEN

ABs-B-zBM-J16 3&F 90% SHEAR

SWARTHMORE COLLEGESWARTHMORE COLLEGE

500 A~’

+ +-

i*--J+“

1,

400 —— /

b“‘3 fl” GAGE LENGTH

.. ) L — — — — — — - —

300 /

(f—. . —... -

2 tz

!200

—

100

I

I0 .5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,3


FIG. XX XIII-B


TYPE ZBM SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZBM-J13 20”F O% SHEAR

500A

.~”- -1.A@

a

400 +

) t

6

*P-

’38” GAGE LENGTH

300 H’@

~

z

i200

I

100

0 ,5 1,0 1.5 2,0

LLONGATION IN INCHES

FIG. XX XV-B


TYPE Z-BM SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZB-M-JII -20”F 0% SHEAR

500 .,,. — d++

/ “A

/w

I400

—30,, GAGE LCNGTH

300 0

f

~ dx

200 ~

L

100

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2,5 3.0

ELONGhTION IN lNCHEs

FIG. XX XIV-6


TYPE zBM sPECIMEN

AB5-B-ZBM-J7 O-F 0% SHEAR.

500@

n .n-

>d F

b

400

-32$,, GAGE LENGTH

/ I

b1

300

fa

%z

1

200 . .

100

0 .5 1,0 1,5 2.0

ELONGATION III INCHES

FIG. XX XVI-6


TYPE ZBM SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZOM-J18 -40*F 0% SHEAR

SWAF!THMORE COLLEGE5WARTHMORC COLLEGE

..-

:.

5


FIG. XX XVII-B

LOAD - ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE ZCI SPECIMEN

DN-ZC1-H7 o*F

.. ,.ELONiATl ON IN (.cu~~

FIG, xX XIX -B


TYPE ZC2 SPECIMEN

DN-ZC2-Ha O-F

FIG. XX XVIII-B


TYPE ZCI SPECIMEN

DN-ZCI-HIO -20” F

500

.00

300

:;

zoo

,00

0., ,0 I 5 2,0 2.5 >.0 3.9

LLONG.T, ON IN !NCHCS

FIG. XL-B


TYPE ZC2 SPECIMEN

DN-ZC2-H15 -20” F

$WARTHMOflE COLLEGE

600

500/ ‘--T

> -----

/-’ ~

0--

/

400 I

I

.s 300i

,.-.

I200 - I

III00

III

0.5 10 1.5 2,0 2,3


FIG. XL I-B


TYPE ZC2 SPECIMEN

DN-ZC2-HII -35-F 0“/. 5H EAR

?z

0 ,5 1,0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3,0

ELONGATION IN IPJCHE5

FIG. XL III-B1


TYPE ZC2 SpEc[MEN

ABS-B-ZC2-114 20”F 0% SHEAR

ELONCATIO”N IN INCHES

FIG. XL II-B


TYPE ZC2 SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZC2-J6 29-F 507. SHEAR

/4’” 1

300

f

dI

“1;

I

200

100

I

10 ,5 1.0 1.5 2,0 2,5


FIG. XL IV-B


TYPE ZC2 SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZC2- 115 O-F O~SHEAR

sWARTHMORE COLLEGE

500+~-”

,+-i‘1r

1

400I

/ y%

~3131S GflGE LENG TH

300 2a

03& 1x

200I

1

100

Io

.s 1.0 !,s 2.0


FIG. xLV-B


TYPE ZC2 SPECIMEN

ABs-B-ZC2-116 -20”F O~. SHEAR

500

r~A

400 / i

i

2

\ I‘3ei, GAGE LENGTH

300

#

b

a& f

z

200

4

d,

100 #

o,5 Lo 1.5


FIG. XLVII-B

LOAD-ELONGATION D[AGRAM

TYPE ZD SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZD-JIO 40”F 0~0 SHEAR

900

n

-“”””-:7’“ ;4bo -

d

d

dP

300 k’

~36” GAGE LENGTH

2 IE

200

I1

100

0I

.5 1.0 1,5ELONGATION IN INCHES

FIG. XLVI - B


TYPE ZC2 SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZC2-J5 -40*F 0% SHEAR

500-

A

/ ‘1

I400

I

/’ ~- ‘30,, GAGE LENGTH

300 d ~

2E

200

100

0.5 I ,0 1.5 2.0


FIG. XL VIII-B


TYPE ZD SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZD-T9 20”F 0% S!i EAR

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

500500

-—.—

A .I

A

,2 “> P400

400 — -—

/ I/

%

Pf 3 6“ GAGE LEN GTH --30” GAGE LENGTH

300 - J, I300

&

n : &m

4 ::

200 f

20 0 ~

J

100100

00 ,5 1,0 1,s .5 10 1,5 2.0

ELONGATION IN INcHLs~LONGATION IN INCHES

FIG. L - BFIG. XL IX-S

LOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRAMLOAD-ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE ZD SPECIMENTYPE ZD SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZD -18 O*F 0%% SHEARABS-B-ZD-JI -20” F 0~. SHEAR

500

I

#’A*

400 — — “

f eI

36,, GAGE LENGTH

(

300

r& ?x

A

20 0-

,5

100

I

0 ,5 I ,0 1.5 2,0

ELONGATION IN lNCHEs

FIG. LI-B


TYpE 20 SPECIMEN

AB5-B-ZD-J4 -4o”F 0% SHEAR

500

/b> ,+ -’ ‘-A--+ +-~

5

/ ~

I

4

400 / ‘P-

t, ~36,, GAGE LENCT H

/

300 /

tz A

200

100

0 .5 I ,0 1,5 20 2.5ELONGATION IN INCHES

FIG. LII-B


TYPE ZE SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZE-J8 30” F 5% SHEAR

5wARTHMORE COLLEGE

.-

300 .A J -a-’ ‘ \

.4 ~a--“

,,/-’‘“ \400

/\

>30,, GAGE LLNGT H \

\

30 0 /

\

20 0

— I

\

, 00h

.- —

I

0 !.5 2.0 2,5 30 3.5.5 1.0

ELONGATl ON IN INc HL$

FIG. LIII-B


TYPE ZE SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZE-110 20”F 100% SHEAR

900 &/’ ‘-4 I

7’ ‘r-4 I

400 (b ]

f’d

w~38q, GAGE LENGTH

300

f*

d

200

\

100

0 .5 1,0 1.5 2.0 2,5


FIG. LV-B


TYPE ZE SPECIMEN

ABs-B-ZE-118 O*F 07, SHEAR

5C0-J- A

4-- A

A---<‘

/’ ‘ -400 /’ I

,/ ‘[( “f-‘ 3.5° GAGE LENGTH

300 —

f o

1—x

200

1003

010 15 20 25

ELONGhTlON IN INCHES

FIG. LIV-B

LOAD ELONGATION DIAGRAM

TYPE ZE SPECIMEN

ABs-B-z E-111 O*F 5% SHEAR

500

-A ~

,, / ‘

4 -A

400

/’ ~36” GAGE LENG TM

/’

1

30o I

~x

zoo

P

100I

II

0.9 1,0 1,5 20

ELONGATiON (N INCHES

F[G. LVI-B


TYPE ZE SPECIMEN

ABS-B-ZE-113 -2o”F 0~. S HEAR

500 “

4r A

A-1th

400 1I

)=360 GAGE LENGTH

I

300 n‘

m&z b

200a

I

100

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0


FIG. LVII-B

LOAD-ELONGATION DIAG

TYPE ZE SPECIMEN

ABS-B” ZE-1[7 -40”F

RAM●

O% SHEAR

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

APPENDIX C——

SPECIMENS AND SPECIMEN.— — FABRICATION

The general specimen Types, YW and Z, have been described

before and drawings have been presented wlnichshow the geometry

involved. However, due to the great number of variations in

geometry and materials used, Table I classifies the test speci-

mens in a more explicit manner.

Specimens of the YW series were fabricated by flame cutting

the main platel 10 l~f2in. by 4-0in. by 3/k in.~ and four side

plates$ 1 li2 in. by 12 1/2 in. by 3/4 in. Specimens of the

YM-1 series were further prepared by flame cutting double bevels

on the 10 li2-in. by 40-in. plate from the end for a distance of

12 1/2 in. along the sides$ and flame cutting double bevels on

one edge of each of the side plates; while specimens of the YW-2

and YW-3 series had only the side plates beveled. The side plates

were then welded to the main plate! a.n.dthe specimen faired by

flame cutting tangent to the nain plate. The side plates of

specimens of Type YW-3 were cut tangent to the main plate~ but

a 3/4-in. shoulder remained between the side plate and the main

plate. Fig. 1 shows the specimen geometries and fabrication

technique.

Specimens of Type Z-3 (See Figs. 2 and 3) were designed to

represent a square cut-off of an interrupted longitudinal or

stiffener. It was thought that the restraint at the ends of the

.- —,

-c2-

flat bars would rep~esent the most severe end conditions possible.

Other specimens of the Z series attempted to relieve the end re-

straint through changing the geometry at the ends of the flat bars.

Type Z-3 specimens were fabricated with fou~ combinations of steel

plates. (Refer to Table I). The first series of Type Z-3 speci-

mens used 3\\-in. thtck DN steel for the main plates and l/2-in.

thick DN steel for the flat bars. The main plates were %0 in.

long and 10 1/2 in. wide at the ends of the flat bars. (See Fig 2.) ~I

The second combination tested incorporated 3/4-in. thick ABS-B

steel for the main plates and l/2-in. thick DN steel for the flat

bars. The main plates were 36 in. long and were 10 1/2 in. wideI

at the ends of the flat bars. (See Fig. 3.) The third combination;

used 3/%in. thick ABS-B steel of the same dimensions as the pre- .-

eeding variation for the main plates with flat bars of D’N steel

rather than DN steel. A single specimen using a !lDN~l,‘lD~N1icom- 1

bination was also made.

Specimens of Type Z-B and Type Z-C2 (See Figs. k and 5) were

fabricated using 3/4-in. thick DN steel for the main plates with

40-in. lengths and 10 l/2-in. widths at the ends of the flat bars,

and a second variation using ~/4-in. thick ABS-B steel for the

main plates with lengths of 36 in. with 10 l/2-in. widths at the

ends of the flat ba~s. The flat bars were of l/2-in. thick DN

steel or D’N steel. ..

Specimens of Type Z-Cl (See Fig. 4) were tested using 3/%-in.

—._

thick DN steel -mainpIat~s~ and ~/2-ine thick DITsteel side plates.

The main plates were hO in. long and 10 1/2 in. wide at the ends

of the flat bars.

Specimens o??Type Z-DY Z-E, and Z-BM (See Fig. 5) were fab-

ricated with 3/]+-in.thick ABS-B main Plates.36 in. long with

10 l/.2-in.widths at the ends of the flat barsl and lf12-in.thick

DN steel or D~q steel for the flat bars..L

The Type Z specimens were fabricat~d by first rein~orcing the

~\2_in0 thick flat b?.rswith additional l/2-in. pb.te. (See Figs.

2 and 3.) The ~einf~rcing plates wer@ weld@d ‘hothe flat bars

with a 3/8-in. fillet around the perimeter of the reinforcing

plates. The reinforc@ flat bars were then welded to the 3/4-in.

main plate with a 5/16-in. fillet along the edges and around the

ends Or the flat bars. After this procedure the end modifications

for types other than Z-s were then flame cut and rough gro~de

The 3\4-in. main plates were cut from 6-ft. by ~0-ft. plates

with axis of loading in the direction of rolling. The plate layouts

are shown in Figs. 9 to 12~ inclusive The specimens were given

designations which identify them with regard to specimen type~

and detail~ the plate from which the main plate was cut? and the

position within the plate.

For example, the specimen designated as ‘12X2-116119 means a

Type Z specimen with flat bars bearing the C2 ending, w’herethe

main plate was cut from position 16 in Plate 10

Those specimens using D’l~~tee~ for the flat bal-~are

“c4-

identified by an asterisk :n the tables of Appe.nd.ixA.

In addition to the specimens described above and listed

in Table 17 certain specimens

program dealing with the Type

l\2 the scale shown in Fig. 2

thick hot rolled steel plates

thick hot rolled steel plates

were made for an exploratory

Z endings. The specimens were

and were fabricated using 3\8-in.

for the main plates and l/2-in.

for the side bars. one speci-

men was made of each of the end detail variations shown in

Figs. 27 4, and 5.

...

—-, ._._. _

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I OF’SIMPLE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES: CRKI(ING,. · 2006-04-27 · (Proiect SR-118) on OF’SIMPLE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES: ... metal at th faired terminationshad heat effects of both