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LCA/LCM 2004 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LCA AND LCM. APPLYING LIFE CYCLE TOOLS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TO DETERMINE THE MOST ADEQUATE TREATMENT PROCESS CONDITIONS. A TOOL IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. Dr. Omar Romero-Hernandez [email protected]. I nstituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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APPLYING LIFE CYCLE TOOLS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TO DETERMINE THE MOST
ADEQUATE TREATMENT PROCESS CONDITIONS.
A TOOL IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY.
Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de MéxicoDepartment of Industrial Engineering and Operations
México D.F., MEXICO
LCA/LCM 2004INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LCA AND LCM
Dr. Omar Romero-Hernandez [email protected]
CONTENTS
1.- BACKGROUND
2.- PROBLEM
3.- FRAMEWORK
4.- CASE STUDYWastewater Technology (Activated Carbon)
5.- CONCLUSIONS
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
BACKGROUNDProcess Design and Discharge Regulations
ProcessSystem
AbatementTechnology
Product
Waste Stream
Raw Materials
Discharge !
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
PROBLEM STATEMENTEconomic and Environmental Impact of
Wastewater Technologies
HOW TO DECIDE BETWEEN DIFFERENT OPERATING
CONDITIONS ON A GIVEN TECHNOLOGY, IN ORDER
TO:
MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT?
AVOID EXCESIVE TREATMENT COSTS?
HOW TO INCORPORATE THIS INSIGHT AS A TOOL
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ?
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
FRAMEWORKAnalysis of Abatement Technologies
WASTE STREAM
INPUTSTechnology
NOxSOxCO2
CO• • •
Xout
GWP
POC
CAV
Hazard
• • •
TECHNOLOGY FUNCTION ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION
•Electricity•Steam•Steel
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
FRAMEWORKTechnology Function:
WASTE STREAM
INPUTSTechnology
NOxSOxCO 2CO
• • •
X out
GWP
POC
CAV
Hazard
• • •
TECHNOLOGY FUNCTION ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION
•Electricity•Steam•Steel
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
Technology Function:
Mass and Energy BalancesEquipment SizeOperating conditionsInputs RequirementsCost Estimation
Environmental Impact (EI):
= EHC
ENO
.
.
.
EIHC , EINO . . .
Metrics:• Photochemical Ozone • Global Warming • Ozone Depletion, etc.
EI
FRAMEWORKEnvironmental Function
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
FRAMEWORKTraditional Analysis of Abatement Technologies
Steel
Electricity
Steam
Abatement Technology To
tal
Em
issi
on
s
Nat
ura
l So
urc
es
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
FRAMEWORKLife Cycle Analysis for Abatement Technologies
Steel
Electricity
Steam
Abatement Technology To
tal
Em
issi
on
s
Nat
ura
l So
urc
es
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
CASE STUDY
2 WASTEWATER STREAMS:
- 10 m3/hr and 1,000 ppm of 1-2 Dichloroethane (DCE) - 10 m3/hr and 1,000 ppm of Bencene
1 TECHNOLOGY:
- Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption (GAC)
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
CASE STUDYMathematical Model
Min Cost (x,z)s.t. h(x,z)=0 g(x,z)<0
Optimum, x
Removal Efficiencies,
Impact
CO2 (x,)NO2 (x,)CO (x,)HC (x,)VOC (x,)
Parameters, z
Inlet Streams
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON (GAC)
Fresh GAC
Clean Water
Spent GAC
Wastewaterwith VOC
Water
Water
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
0.0
0.5
1.0
0 20 40 60
Time (h)
Co
ut/
Cin
80 120 160 200 240
Column 1 Column 1Column 2
0.0
0.5
1.0
Co
ut/
Cin
0 40 80 160 240
GAC Process
a a’
Time (h)
0.0
0.5
1.0
0 20 40 60
Time (h)
Co
ut/
Cin
80 100 120 140
Column 1 Column 2 Column 1
60
0.0
0.5
1.0
Co
ut/
Cin
0 40 80 100 140
Time (h)
GAC Process
b b’LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
PROCESS ENGINEERING: MODELLING AND SIMULATING GAC PERFORMANCE
Benzene
DCE
Total Cost (£/yr) 459,120 511,470Capital Cost (£/yr) 103,550 100,730Operating Cost (£/yr) 355,560 410,740
Cost of Adsorbers (£/yr) 30,640 27,235 Height (m) 2.617 2.267
Diameter (m) 1.614 1.614
Cost of Storage Tanks (£/yr) 57,198 58,947Cost of Feed Pump and Eductors (£/yr) 6,825 6,646
Cost of GAC (£/yr) 352,580 407,500 GAC (kg/yr) 248,296 286,971
Load Ratio kgVOC/kgGAC 0.328 0.284
Cost of Electricity (£/yr) 2,721 2,852 Electricity (kw.hr/yr) 54,420 57,040
Cost of Water (£/yr) 260 384
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
Benzene DCE
PROCESS ENGINEERING: COST MODEL OF THE GAC PROCESS
H2OCoalWoodCoke
GAC GAC + VOC GAC
A. Raw Materials B. Production C. Use D. Regeneration
CO2, CO, NO2, SO2, H2O, H2S
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
LCA AND PROCESS ENGINEERING: GENERATING INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS FROM THE
GAC PROCESS MODEL
0.5g H2O0.3g Coal0.1g Wood0.1g Coke
H1
25°C
0.5g H2O0.3g Coal0.1g Wood0.1g Coke
H2
100°C
0.3g Coal0.1g Wood0.1g Coke
H3
100°C
0.3g Coal0.1g Wood0.1g Coke
H4
600°C
0.2g Coal0.05g Wood0.05g Coke
600°C
H2Ovap
CO2+H2O
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
LCA AND PROCESS ENGINEERING: PRODUCTION OF GAC AT 30% CONVERSION OF RAW MATERIALS
- MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES -
1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08
GAC (Raw Mat.)
GAC (Production)
GAC (Use)
GAC (Regeneration)
mg Pollutant / kg GAC
H2S
CO2
CO
N2O
NO2
HC
SO2
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS
1.E+00
1.E+02
1.E+04
1.E+06
1.E+08
1.E+10
1.E+12
1.E+14
0 25 50 75 100
% GAC re-used
PO
C (
mg
Eth
ylen
e-eq
./yr
)
Benzene
DCE
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
Environmental Impact POC as a function of % of re-used carbon (GAC)
1.E+00
1.E+02
1.E+04
1.E+06
1.E+08
1.E+10
1.E+12
0 25 50 75 100
% GAC re-used
GW
P (
mg
CO
2-eq
./yr
)
Benzene
DCE
c
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
Environmental Impact GWP as a function of % of re-used carbon (GAC)
1.E+00
1.E+08
1.E+10
1.E+12
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000
Total Cost (£/yr)
PO
C (
mg
Eth
ylen
e-eq
./yr
).
Untreated DCE Discharge
1.E+11
1.E+13
1.E+09 GAC: 100%
Untreated Benzene Discharge
GAC: 100%
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT POC as a function of process cost
1.E+00
1.E+09
1.E+10
1.E+11
1.E+12
1.E+13
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000
Total Cost (£/yr)
GW
P (
mg
CO
2-eq
./yr
) GAC: 100%
Untreated Benzene Discharge
Untreated DCE Discharge GAC: 100%
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT GWP as a function of process cost
DISCUSSION FRAMEWORK
It is very case specific Assumes a linear relationship between
emissions and environmental impact PROCESS ENGINEERING?
A powerful tool to design cost effective and environmental concious processes
Comproimise between industry and legislators HOW TO DECIDE ON BEST OPERATING
CONDITIONS? Capital and Operating Costs Environmental Impact Simulation and case scenario analyses
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Financial support from CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA y TECNOLOGÍA (CONACyT - MEXICO) through completion of this work is highly appreciated. Comments and feedback from
Prof. Andrew G. Livingston and Prof. Efstratios Pistikopoulos
from the Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK through this research are highly appreciated.
LCA/LCM 2004
Seattle, USA
Dr. Omar Romero
APPLYING LIFE CYCLE TOOLS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TO DETERMINE THE MOST
ADEQUATE TREATMENT PROCESS CONDITIONS.
A TOOL IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY.
Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de MéxicoDepartment of Industrial Engineering and Operations
México D.F., MEXICO
LCA/LCM 2004INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LCA AND LCM
Dr. Omar Romero-Hernandez [email protected]