I not only use all the brains that I have, but all that I can borrow. — Woodrow Wilson

I not only use all the brains that I have, but all that I can borrow.

—Woodrow Wilson

An Introduction toAn Introduction toDocumentation,Documentation,

In-text Citations, In-text Citations,and Framingand Framing

ENL 111, Dr. VavraENL 111, Dr. Vavra

What IS “Documentation”?What IS “Documentation”?

““Documentation” denotes various Documentation” denotes various formats for indicating in your writing where formats for indicating in your writing where your source materials (articles, books, your source materials (articles, books, interviews, web pages, etc.) come from. In interviews, web pages, etc.) come from. In other words, “documentation” enables other words, “documentation” enables readers of your writing to find your readers of your writing to find your sources.sources.

The Purposes of DocumentationThe Purposes of Documentation

Documentation has four primary purposes, Documentation has four primary purposes, one negativeone negative, and , and three positivethree positive::

To avoid plagiarism,To avoid plagiarism,To give credit where it is due,To give credit where it is due,To enable readers to find your To enable readers to find your

sources, andsources, andTo add to your own credibility.To add to your own credibility.

The Formats of DocumentationThe Formats of Documentation

We live in a free country. As a result, We live in a free country. As a result, there is no one who can tell us the one there is no one who can tell us the one right way to format documentation. As a right way to format documentation. As a result, there are several different formats result, there are several different formats for documenting sources. for documenting sources.

(Don’t complain. If we want freedom, (Don’t complain. If we want freedom, we need to pay for it.)we need to pay for it.)

Formats for Documentation - 1Formats for Documentation - 1

MLA (from the Modern Language MLA (from the Modern Language Association)Association)

APA (from the American Psychological APA (from the American Psychological Association)Association)

Various formats in databasesVarious formats in databases

Formats for Documentation - 2Formats for Documentation - 2

We will be using the MLA format. In We will be using the MLA format. In some courses you will be expected to use some courses you will be expected to use APA, but the differences between the two APA, but the differences between the two are mainly questions of what information are mainly questions of what information goes where in the format. (We may look at goes where in the format. (We may look at the differences in a later class.)the differences in a later class.)

The Three Parts of DocumentationThe Three Parts of Documentation

Works Cited (and/or) BibliographyWorks Cited (and/or) Bibliography In-text citationsIn-text citations FramingFraming

Works Cited or Bibliography?Works Cited or Bibliography?

A “Works Cited” is an alphabetical list of all A “Works Cited” is an alphabetical list of all the sources (works) that you cited (used) the sources (works) that you cited (used) in your paper.in your paper.

A “Bibliography” usually includes A “Bibliography” usually includes everything in the Works Cited, but also everything in the Works Cited, but also includes other sources that the writer includes other sources that the writer believes are relevant to the topic.believes are relevant to the topic.

Your “Works Cited” ListYour “Works Cited” ListFor Major Paper 2, I have given you the For Major Paper 2, I have given you the

citations for your MLA “Works Cited” list in the citations for your MLA “Works Cited” list in the notes to each of the four essays. Two of those notes to each of the four essays. Two of those entries are:entries are:

Perry, William G. “Examsmanship and the Liberal Perry, William G. “Examsmanship and the Liberal Arts.” Harvard University/Samuel Lipoff. n.d. Arts.” Harvard University/Samuel Lipoff. n.d. Web. 23 June 2012.Web. 23 June 2012.

Twain, Mark. “Corn-pone Opinions.” Twain, Mark. “Corn-pone Opinions.” Famous Famous American EssaysAmerican Essays. Ed. John J. Public. New York: . Ed. John J. Public. New York: Classic Books, Inc., 1954. 154-157. Print.Classic Books, Inc., 1954. 154-157. Print.

Your “Works Cited” ListYour “Works Cited” List

Note that a “Works Cited” list should Note that a “Works Cited” list should be in alphabetical order. If a source has no be in alphabetical order. If a source has no author, use the first words in the entry author, use the first words in the entry (such as the title of the article). Do NOT (such as the title of the article). Do NOT use “Anonymous.”use “Anonymous.”

If an entry begins with “A,” “An,” or If an entry begins with “A,” “An,” or “The,” ignore these words and use the “The,” ignore these words and use the second word in the entry.second word in the entry.

The Parts of a Works Cited CitationThe Parts of a Works Cited Citation

We will be working on making “Works We will be working on making “Works Cited” lists later in this course. For this paper, Cited” lists later in this course. For this paper, you already have what you need. Here we will you already have what you need. Here we will concentrate on in-text citations and framing.concentrate on in-text citations and framing.

In-text CitationsIn-text Citations

Your Works Cited tells your readers what Your Works Cited tells your readers what sources you used, but it does not tell them sources you used, but it does not tell them where specific information in your paper where specific information in your paper came from.came from.

To do that, you need to include citations in To do that, you need to include citations in your text – they are called “in-text” your text – they are called “in-text” citations.citations.

An In-text CitationAn In-text Citation

Suppose that the following were in a Suppose that the following were in a paragraph in a paper:paragraph in a paper:

Jennifer Crocker, a professor of psychology at Michigan, Jennifer Crocker, a professor of psychology at Michigan, suggested that “In some cases, having an incremental theory suggested that “In some cases, having an incremental theory might actually lead to dysfunctional behavior.” (Glenn 7).might actually lead to dysfunctional behavior.” (Glenn 7).

In-text citations go in parentheses right In-text citations go in parentheses right after the end of the source material. after the end of the source material.

An In-text CitationAn In-text Citation

Jennifer Crocker, a professor of psychology at Michigan, suggested Jennifer Crocker, a professor of psychology at Michigan, suggested that “In some cases, having an incremental theory might actually lead that “In some cases, having an incremental theory might actually lead to dysfunctional behavior.” (Glenn 7).to dysfunctional behavior.” (Glenn 7).

In-text citations should include just In-text citations should include just enough information to find the source in enough information to find the source in your Works Cited list, plus the page your Works Cited list, plus the page number on which that information is number on which that information is located.located. [Memorize this!][Memorize this!] Thus, this citation Thus, this citation directs us to find the source by Glenn in the directs us to find the source by Glenn in the Works Cited list. It also tells us that once we find Works Cited list. It also tells us that once we find that source, the given information is on page that source, the given information is on page seven. seven.

Page Numbers in In-text CitationPage Numbers in In-text Citation

The only cases in which you do not The only cases in which you do not need a page number are those in which need a page number are those in which the source is entirely on one page. (That the source is entirely on one page. (That information will be on the Works Cited list.)information will be on the Works Cited list.)

For our purposes, if any other source For our purposes, if any other source does not have page numbers (such as does not have page numbers (such as web pages) number the pages of your web pages) number the pages of your print-out and use those page numbers.print-out and use those page numbers.

Source Markers in In-text CitationsSource Markers in In-text Citations

If it is not indicated by a voice If it is not indicated by a voice marker (which we will get to), the marker (which we will get to), the in-text citation should include the in-text citation should include the first words of the “Works Cited” first words of the “Works Cited” entry for that source, plus the page entry for that source, plus the page number on which that information number on which that information is found. For example – is found. For example – (Perry 36)(Perry 36)..

Source Markers in In-text CitationsSource Markers in In-text Citations

A “voice marker” is a word or phrase that A “voice marker” is a word or phrase that indicates the source of the information. If you use indicates the source of the information. If you use one, you just need the page number. For example:one, you just need the page number. For example:

According to William Perry, a “cow” is a person who According to William Perry, a “cow” is a person who just spits back facts. (36)just spits back facts. (36)

This format means that there is a source in the This format means that there is a source in the “Works Cited” that starts with “Perry.” Thus “Perry” “Works Cited” that starts with “Perry.” Thus “Perry” does not need to be repeated in the in-text citation.does not need to be repeated in the in-text citation.

Paraphrasing vs. QuotingParaphrasing vs. Quoting

Note, by the way, that you Note, by the way, that you need documentation for ideas, etc., need documentation for ideas, etc., not just for material that you quote. not just for material that you quote. As far as documentation is As far as documentation is concerned paraphrases and concerned paraphrases and quotations are treated in the same quotations are treated in the same way.way.

Framing SourcesFraming Sources

You will be learning more You will be learning more about framing sources in the about framing sources in the chapters that will be assigned from chapters that will be assigned from They Say / I SayThey Say / I Say. The following is a . The following is a preview. preview. It is called “framing” It is called “framing” because it consists of putting two because it consists of putting two pieces of information before, and pieces of information before, and two after, any source materials that two after, any source materials that you use.you use.

Framing SourcesFraming Sources

Four things are involved in framing: Four things are involved in framing:

1. Voice Marker1. Voice Marker2. Credibility Marker2. Credibility Marker

<source material (quoted or paraphrased)><source material (quoted or paraphrased)>

3. In-text Citation3. In-text Citation4. Metacommentary4. Metacommentary

Voice Markers - 1Voice Markers - 1

We have already briefly We have already briefly discussed voice markers. Graff discussed voice markers. Graff and Birkenstein give a number of and Birkenstein give a number of good templates for them, and they good templates for them, and they also provide a nice list of verbs also provide a nice list of verbs that can be used in place of “said.”that can be used in place of “said.”

Voice Markers - 2Voice Markers - 2

Remember that the first time Remember that the first time you name a source, use their first you name a source, use their first and last name. and last name. After that, use only After that, use only their last name. their last name. The first time you The first time you mention him, use “Mark Twain.” mention him, use “Mark Twain.” After that, use “Twain.”After that, use “Twain.” (I do NOT (I do NOT want to see “Mark” unless you want to see “Mark” unless you want a big hole in your gas tank.)want a big hole in your gas tank.)

Credibility Markers - 1Credibility Markers - 1

As their name suggests, credibility As their name suggests, credibility markers provide information about the markers provide information about the credibility of the source. This may be credibility of the source. This may be biographical information, such as:biographical information, such as:

The famous philosopherThe famous philosopher William James William James claims that . . . .claims that . . . .Dr. Mark Noe, Dr. Mark Noe, an English professor at an English professor at Penn CollegePenn College, has written that . . . ., has written that . . . .


In other cases, you can use In other cases, you can use the place of publication as a the place of publication as a credibility marker:credibility marker:

In an article in the National Review online, Rich Lowry claims that . . . .

“Dirty Laundry Reloaded into your washing-machine,” a feature story on the Greenpeace International web site, argues that . . . .


Later in the course, you Later in the course, you may find that if you examine may find that if you examine your sources, they will give you your sources, they will give you information about the author, information about the author, either before or after the article either before or after the article itself.itself.


For MP # 2, you can get two For MP # 2, you can get two bonus point for including bonus point for including credibility markers for each of the credibility markers for each of the three authors that you use, for a three authors that you use, for a total of six points. Note that you total of six points. Note that you only include the credibility marker only include the credibility marker in the frame the first time that you in the frame the first time that you use the source.use the source.

In-text Citations as Voice MarkersIn-text Citations as Voice Markers

In-text citations also serve In-text citations also serve the purpose of voice markers. the purpose of voice markers. They indicate the end of the They indicate the end of the “voice” of the source, thereby “voice” of the source, thereby returning responsibility for the returning responsibility for the ideas to the writer (you).ideas to the writer (you).

Metacommentary - 1Metacommentary - 1

You will already have read You will already have read and discussed all four essays and discussed all four essays before the Chapter Ten on before the Chapter Ten on metacommentary is assigned, metacommentary is assigned, but you might want to browse it but you might want to browse it sooner. (It’s eight pages, but sooner. (It’s eight pages, but very important.)very important.)


Metacommentary comes after Metacommentary comes after the in-text citation. As Graff and the in-text citation. As Graff and Birkenstein nicely explain, Birkenstein nicely explain, metacommentary can do many metacommentary can do many things. The most important thing things. The most important thing that it does, however, is to show that it does, however, is to show that you (the writer) are thinking.that you (the writer) are thinking.


Metacommentary can, among Metacommentary can, among other things:other things:

Explain what you think the source Explain what you think the source material means.material means.

Explain how it relates to your thesis.Explain how it relates to your thesis.Explain why you agree, disagree, or Explain why you agree, disagree, or

both with the ideas expressed by both with the ideas expressed by the source. the source.


For MP # 2, you can get For MP # 2, you can get two bonus point for including two bonus point for including metacommentary for each of metacommentary for each of the three authors that you use, the three authors that you use, for a total of six points. See for a total of six points. See Graff and Birkenstein for Graff and Birkenstein for templates on how to introduce templates on how to introduce metacommentary.metacommentary.

A Suggestion (1)A Suggestion (1)

Always make your Works Cited list Always make your Works Cited list before you begin to draft a paper. That before you begin to draft a paper. That way you will know exactly what you are way you will know exactly what you are going to cite. As you write your draft of a going to cite. As you write your draft of a paper, include the in-text citations in the paper, include the in-text citations in the draft. draft.

A Suggestion (2)A Suggestion (2)

Far too many students do not do this. Far too many students do not do this. Then they can’t find the sources when Then they can’t find the sources when they go back to “revise” the paper. The they go back to “revise” the paper. The result is that they end up with a serious result is that they end up with a serious plagiarism problem. (Remember that part plagiarism problem. (Remember that part of my job is to check your citations against of my job is to check your citations against the copies of your sources that you will be the copies of your sources that you will be giving me.)giving me.)

Quiz (You can use your notes.)Quiz (You can use your notes.)

1.1. What are the four purposes of What are the four purposes of documentation? (10 each)documentation? (10 each)

2.2. What are the two purposes of an in-text What are the two purposes of an in-text citation? (10 each)citation? (10 each)

3.3. In MLA format, what is the general rule In MLA format, what is the general rule for what goes in the in-text citations? (40)for what goes in the in-text citations? (40)

A noted psychiatrist was a guest at a National Organization A noted psychiatrist was a guest at a National Organization for Women gathering, and his hostess naturally broached the subject for Women gathering, and his hostess naturally broached the subject in which the doctor was most at ease. in which the doctor was most at ease.

"Would you mind telling me, Doctor," she asked, "how you "Would you mind telling me, Doctor," she asked, "how you detect whether or not an individual is mentally challenged who detect whether or not an individual is mentally challenged who appears to be completely normal?" appears to be completely normal?"

"Nothing is easier," he replied. "You ask them a simple "Nothing is easier," he replied. "You ask them a simple question which everyone should answer with no trouble. If they question which everyone should answer with no trouble. If they hesitate, that puts you on the track." hesitate, that puts you on the track."

"What sort of question?" "What sort of question?"

"Well, you might ask them, 'Captain Cook made three trips "Well, you might ask them, 'Captain Cook made three trips around the world and died during one of them. Which one?'" around the world and died during one of them. Which one?'"

The woman thought a moment, then said with a nervous The woman thought a moment, then said with a nervous laugh, "You wouldn't happen to have another example, would you? I laugh, "You wouldn't happen to have another example, would you? I must confess I don't know much about history." must confess I don't know much about history."

Documents

I not only use all the brains that I have, but all that I can borrow. — Woodrow Wilson