INDIAN REMOVAL PROGRAMS (1830-1900)By: Brooke Fuller and Breanne DePino

TECUMSEH WARS

War between the United States and an American Indian Confederacy led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh.

This was the final conflict of the 60 years war resulting in Europe’s conquest of the Great Lakes Region.

Continued into the war of 1812.

THE CREEK WARS (1813-1814)

Also known as the Red Stick War and The Creek Civil War.

Began as a civil war within the Creek Nation and America was pulled into it when American soldiers stopped and looted a party of Red Sticks. The Red Sticks realized they were being looted and came back with a surprise attack which is known today as The Battle of Burnt Corn.

CREEK WARS CONTINUED

America’s federal forces were busy fighting in Britain, so the southern states in the U.S. had to call up their militias to deal with the threat.

After a few small battles, all resulting in American victory, Andrew Jackson forced the Creeks to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

The Creek ceded over 23 million acres to the United States government.

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT

US was expanding south Settlers ran into obstacles…. The natives Settlers pressured the government to forcibly

remove the natives because they needed the land for growing cotton

Jackson wrote treaties for the natives to sign to move west of Mississippi; some signed, those who didn’t were forced to move

Led to the Seminole Wars Jackson saw the natives as “children in need

of guidance”

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (CONTINUED)

In 1832, the government tried to get the natives to sign a treaty that claimed that the government would supply the natives with suitable land and protection

Most of the natives agreed, the Cherokee did not

Jackson sent 7,000 troops to force the Cherokees to move, most died of cold, hunger, and disease

Trail named the trail of tears

THE TRAIL OF TEARS A trail that was used to relocate Indian tribes into

reservations that were located in present day Oklahoma.

This trail is mostly remembered for the Cherokee tribe.

This was considered an act of genocide by many people, including some of the soldiers who were involved.

The main tribes that were moved on this trail were the Choctaws, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaw, and the Cherokee.

It was called the Trail of Tears, because of the death and misery of the tribes who were forced to leave their homes.

THE FIRST SEMINOLE WAR (1817-1818)

Began over attempts by the United States authorities to recapture runaway slaves living among Seminole tribes.

Andrew Jackson was a general during this war and led U.S. military forces to invade the Seminoles in Florida and South Georgia.

After the U.S. defeated the Seminoles, Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in 1821.

Now that America had Florida, it began urging Indians who lived there to leave their lands and relocate with other tribes in southeastern Indian territory.

FIRST SEMINOLE WAR (CONTINUED)

Some of the Seminole tribe leaders signed a treaty in 1832. This allowed some of the tribe to be able to stay there and some to relocate.

Seminoles who refused to sign and recognize the treaty fled into the Florida Everglades.

SECOND SEMINOLE WAR

AKA Florida War 1835-1842 Most expensive Indian war Alabamas, Choctaws, Yamasees, Yuchis, and

Creek vs. US Group named Seminoles

SECOND SEMINOLE WAR (CONTINUED) Treaty of Payne’s Landing: Negotiated for the Seminoles to move west

of Mississippi Were given 3 years Some disagreed Whites assaulted remaining natives 3 whites killed, one Indian injured, another

killed 550 soldiers stationed in Florida Seminoles ambushed soldiers, only two lived Army retreats In 1837, US captured 40 Seminoles, but still

unsuccessful

SECOND SEMINOLE WAR (CONTINUED) Army brought in bloodhounds Indians went through water so hounds

couldn’t track 18 soldiers followed but 6 were killed Went to Indian Key Indian Key became a base Indians stole and burnt down buildings 1842: decided remaining Seminoles be left

alone if they stayed in Southern Florida Cost up to $40 million 1,466 died, mostly from disease or infected

injuries

SECOND SEMINOLE WAR (CONTINUED)

Only 3,136 Seminoles remained Peace came to Florida for a little while Disputes began again Started Third Seminole War

THIRD SEMINOLE WAR

1855-1858 AKA Billy Bowlegs War Last Florida War Mostly guerilla warfare US tried to remove Indians and force them to

move west of Mississippi Leader of Seminoles: Billy Bowlegs who

refused to move At end: Bowlegs agreed to leave for money

WORKS CITED

www.wikipedia.org www.pbs.org