I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Lecture Topics

• Cases & Form Factors

• Power Supplies

• Motherboards

• Processors

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Hardware Part 1

Unit 3

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Computer Components

• Hardware - part of the computer you can pick up,

move around, open, and close

• Software - provides the instructions that tell

hardware what to do

• Software Types - operating systems, application

programs, and utility programs

• Application programs are used to create, store,

modify, and view information you create, also

called data such as Microsoft Office, OpenOffice,

Adobe Creative Suite, etc.

• Firmware - “software on a chip,” and the

software’s job is to control the device to which

the chip is connected

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Types of Computers

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Embedded Computers

• An embedded computer is a tiny computer embedded

into a product designed to perform specific tasks or

functions for that product.

• Examples include:

– Dishwashers

– Microwaves

– Ovens

– Coffee makers

– Thermostats

– Answering machines

– Treadmills

– Sewing machines

– DVD players

– TVs

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Mainframe Computers

• A powerful

computer

used in

many large

organization

s that need

to manage

large

amounts of

centralized

data

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Supercomputers

• supercomputers are often built by connecting

hundreds of smaller and less expensive

computers into a supercomputing cluster

that acts as a single supercomputer

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Types of Personal Computers

Laptop

Tablet Smart Phone

Desktop

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Computer Cases

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Computer Cases

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Components Inside the Case

• Power Supply

• Systemboard or Motherboard

• Central Processor Unit (CPU)

• Memory, such as SIMMs and DIMMs

• Interface Cards for monitors, scanners

• Hard drives

• Floppy drives

• CD-ROM Drives

• Network interface cards (NICs)

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Typical Laptop Ports

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Power Supply

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Power Supply• Uses an AC/DC converter

and a step down transformer

to provide either 3.3, 5 or 12

volts DC to the system

• Runs a cooling fan when the

computer is on

Voltage SelectionSwitch

External

Power SourceCooling Fan

• Has connectors for the

motherboard and various other

devices

• The computer receives the 3.3,

5 or12 DC volts

• The monitor receives the full

110 volts of AC current

• Note: Power supply can

contain lethal voltage even

when turned off

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Open Power Supply

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Power Supply Test• Put the black lead

onto any black wire

connection

• Put the red lead

onto colored wire

• 12 V ± 10%

• 10.8 to 13.2 V

• If readings are outside tolerance and symptoms exist, replace power supply

• 5V ± 10%

– 4.5 to 5.5 V

• 3.3 V ± 10%

– 2.97 to 3.63 V

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Power Supply Test

• Power supplies need a

load

– Plug into

motherboard

– Plug into tester

• Check power switches

– If faulty, can turn on

with motherboard

jumper

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Power Supplies Problems

• Intermittent problems

– Sometimes occur, sometimes don’t

– You could measure voltage now and it’s

good; 10 minutes later, system crashes

• A dying power supply can cause

– Random lockups and reboots

– Sporadic boot-up difficulties

• When you encounter intermittent

symptoms, consider replacing the

power supply

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Fuses and Fire

• Circuit breakers are heat-sensitive

– Sense when amperage exceeds

threshold

– Breaks the circuit to stop flow of

electricity

• Fuses blow for a reason

– Power supply is malfunctioning

– As a designed safety precaution,

fuses blow (break) to stop circuit

• Alternative is a possible fire

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Power Supplies Death

• Power supplies fail in two ways:

– Sudden death

• When the fan doesn’t turn and no

voltage is present

• Computer simply stops working

– Slowly over time

• Intermittent errors

• Output voltages may exceed specs

(± 10%)

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Cooling

• The power supply fan

provides basic cooling for

the PC

• Fan keeps the voltage

regulators cool and

provides a constant flow of

cool air through the

computer

• If power supply fan stops, replace power

supply

• Many fans have sensors to detect when they

should run quicker

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Cooling

• Case fan provides extra cooling for PC

– Most modern computers have case

fans

– Often plug into a Molex connector

– Connector adapters can be used

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Maintaining Airflow

• Keep case closed

– Keep covers on case

– If an expansion card is

removed from the PC,

be sure to cover the

hole with a slot cover

– Without proper airflow,

the

CPU can overheat and

destroy itself

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Reducing Fan Noise

• Some fans can be adjusted

– Manually adjustable with knob

– Software adjustable by sensing heat

• Larger fans that spin slower are quieter

• Higher-end fans are quieter

– Use better bearings

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CMOS Fan Options

• Can monitor PC’s health by showing

temperatures

– Doesn’t control fans

– Can set fan thresholds for alarms

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Form Factors

• ATX

• Micro ATX

• Mini ITX

• Nano ITX

• Micro ITX

• BATX

• NLTX – riser cards

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Associated chip sets

• Real time clock

• CMOS and its battery

• ROM BIOS

• ROM

• RAM

• CACHE Memory

Motherboard Components

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Motherboard Components• CPU or microprocessor

• Math Coprocessor

– In older machines a separate processor that

speeds up performance

– Built into CPUs since the 486 DX

• ROM - (Read-Only Memory)

– Holds programs or instructions that tell the CPU

how to perform many tasks

• Data Buses - Paths along

which data is passed

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Motherboard Components

• RAM - (Random-Access Memory)

– Individual chips or banks of chips such as

SIMMs or DIMMs

• System clock - Times the activities of the chips

on the Motherboard

• CMOS configuration chip

– System chip that contains

setup information such as

time, date, and drive size

and type

• Expansion Slots - slots for the

interface cards to plug into

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Central Processing Unit

• CPU also called a microprocessor• Manufacturers

– IBM– Motorola– Digital

• Rated by chip number/type and speed • CPU Speed is measured in MHz

(Megahertz)– Equate chip type to a type of engine in a

car– Equate speed to horsepower of the car’s

engine

– Intel

– AMD

– Cyrix

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPU Instruction Sets• Each CPU is designed with an Instruction Set

containing the list of all operations a CPU can perform

• Two Classifications of CPU, based on instruction set:

– CISC

• Complex Instruction Set Code

• Used in Intel Processors

– RISC

• Reduced Instruction Set Code

• Used in Motorola, PowerPC and DEC Alpha processors, 64 bit Intel processors

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Machine Cycle

• The system clock

is used to

synchronize

processing the

instructions

• A single piece of

microcode is

referred to as a

machine cycle

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

The Chip Set

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPUArchitecture

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Quad Core Processor

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPU Register

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Multi Core Performance

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPU Components

• ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit

– A set of high-speed bit registers used for algebraic functions and system addressing

– Integer math

• CU - Control Unit

– Manages flow of CPU processing

– Schedules and tracks which instructions get executed

• FPU - Floating Point Unit

– Also known as a Math Co-Processor

– Floating Point (decimal/fractional) math

– Integrated into the processor today

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPU Properties

• Bus speed

– The speed at which data on the motherboard

is moving

• Clock speed

– The speed at which the CPU is operating

internally

• Memory cache

– A small amount of internal RAM that is much

faster than the rest of the RAM

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

64 vs 32 bit processors

• More bits means that data can be

processed in larger chunks which also

means more accurately

• 32 bits can only address 4GB of

memory

• 64 bits can address 1.8x1019 bytes of

memory

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

What happens if a CPU overheats?

• An overheating CPU can damage the

motherboard and/or nearby components

over time.

• Most have automatic shutoff if the

temperature gets to high

• . Otherwise it will crash

• Cleaning out dust from heat sinks

solves most cooling issues

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

How the CPU Works

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPUs Ratings

• Processor core speed (measured in gigahertz)

• Word size and data path

• Efficiency/special functionality of programming

code

• System bus speeds the processor supports

• Amount of memory included with the CPU

(internal and external cache)

• Type of RAM, motherboard, and chip set the

processor supports

• Multiprocessor ability

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

The Pentiums

• Two ALUs (a true multiprocessor)

• 64-bit external path size and two 32-bit

internal paths (one for each ALU)

• Terminology

– Bus speed

– Processor speed

– Multiplier

– Memory cache

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Memory Cache

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

AMD Processors

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

VIA Processors

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

64-bit Processors

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPU Heat Sinks and Cooling

Fans

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPU Slots and Sockets

• Motherboard and processor must

match

• Slots 1 and 2 are proprietary Intel slots

• Slot A and Socket A are proprietary

AMD connectors

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPU Slots and Sockets

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Hub Architecture

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

CPU Voltage Regulator

Dual-voltage CPUs & Single-voltage CPUs

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

Summary

• We looked at the various components

that make up a computer

– Cases & Form Factors

– Power Supplies

– Motherboards

– Processorsg

I

N

T

R

O

I

N

F

O

R

M

A

T

I

O

N

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

O

G

YDPW© 2005-2010

DPW© Donna Warren

In-Class Discussion

• What functions does the BIOS perform

for the computer?

• Do you think all computing devices

need to have a BIOS? Why or Why

not?