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LAPRONUNCIACIÓN

I. LASVOCALES:

VowelsoundsinSpanisharepronouncedaspuresounds,short induration,unlikevowelsinEnglishthatoftenchangeastheyarepronounced.

a(ah)e(Aoreh)i(ee)o(oh)u(oo)

Yotedaré

Tedaré,niñahermosa

Tedaréunacosa

Unacosaqueyosólosé:

¡CAFÉ!

Thevowelsu&iareweak,anda,e,&oarestrong.Thecombinationofastrongandaweakvowelformsadiphthong.Twoweakvowelsalsoformonesound,buttwostrongvowels, suchas those in thewords “crear”and “leer” arebothpronounced. Practicediphthongsasyoucountfromonetoten:uno (1),dos (2), tres (3), cuatro (4), cinco (5), seis (6), siete (7),ocho (8),nueve (9),diez(10)Aweakvowelbecomesstrongwhenanaccentmarkisplacedoverit:

Compare:Buenosdías,María.Hola,Mario.

II. LASCONSONANTES:

ThefollowingconsonantsresembletheirEnglishcounterparts:

c: Theletter“c”producesbotha“k”soundandan“s”,asitdoesinEnglish. casa(k) cena(s) cine(s) CocaCola(k) cuna(k) house supper movietheater CocaCola cradle

ch: champaña cheque chico chocolate chubasco champagne check boy chocolate downpour

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d: “D”isliketheEnglish“d”exceptwhenitisbetweentwovowelsorattheendofaword,whereitispronouncedlikeavoiced“th”,asintheword“the”:

LiketheEnglish“d”: Daniel de Diana dónde dulce Daniel of,from Diana where sweet UnliketheEnglish“d”: nada idea pediatra adónde educación nothing idea pediatrician towhere education

f: familia feliz fiesta folklórico fumar family happy party folkloric tosmoke

k: “K”isusedinwordsofforeignoriginbutisnotaletteroftheSpanishalphabet:

kayak kilo

l: lana lema Lima loco luna wool motto Lima crazy moon

m: mamá mesa mito moneda música mom table myth coin music

n: nana nene nido no nunca grandma baby nest no never

p: TheSpanish“p”doesnotproduceair,likeitdoesinEnglish.Topracticethissound,placeyourhandinfrontofyourmouthorwatchtheflameofacandleasyoulearntostoptheflowofairfromyourmouthasyoupronounce“p”:PapápreparapapasparaelPapa.

papá película Pilar poema puma dad film Pilar poem puma

s: Samuel sección sí sol Susana Samuel section yes sun Susan

t: Pushthetipofyourtongueagainstthebackofyourfrontteethtosay“t”: tata tema tío tonto tú grandpa theme uncle fool you

y: yanqui yeso yi yoga Yankee plaster “y” yoga

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TheremainingconsonantsdiffermorefromthoseinEnglish:

bandvarebothpronouncedlike“b”inEnglishwhentheyarenotbetweenvowels:

banana beneficio bicicleta bonito butaca banana benefit bicycle pretty armchair vacío vena vino voto vudú empty vain wine vote voodoo

Bypronouncing“b”withoutpressingyourlipsastightlytogetheryoucansoftenboththe“b”and“v”whentheyoccurbetweenvowels:abanico ave evidente Iván abundantefan bird evident Ivan abundant

g: “G”beforea,o,anduisliketheEnglish“g”intheword“go”.Before“e”or“i” itislikean“h”soundthatisproducedfurtherbackinthethroat: gasolina general gimnasio golf gusto gas general gymnasium golf pleasure

j: “J”ispronouncedliketheSpanish“g”before“e”or“i”: jajaja jefe jipijapa jovial justicia hahaha! Boss Panamahat jovial justice

h: “H”isalwayssilent: habla helado hilo honesto humano speaks icecream thread honest human

ll: Double“l”soundslike“y”: llama lleno capillita llorar lluvia flame full smallchapel tocry rain

ñ: “ny”intheEnglishword“canyon”isequalto“ñ”: ñandú niñez niño rhea childhood boy

qu: “qu”makesa“k”soundbefore“e”and“i”: ¿qué? ¿quién? what who

r: “R”isarticulatedlikethe“tt”in“butter”or“better”orthe“dd”intheword “ladder”unlessitisthefirstletteroftheword:

cara quiere iris Euro Uruguay face wants iris Euro Uruguay

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rr: Double“r”and“r”asthefirstletterofawordarebothtrilled: carro recibo río churro rumor car receipt river churro murmurRconrbarril,rconrcarril,rápidocorrenloscarros,loscarrosdelferrocarril.

x: “X”in“México”and“Texas”ispronouncedliketheletter“h”,but“x”in mostcasesissimilartotheEnglish“x”: excelente extra existir expedición exuberante

excellent extra toexist expedition exuberant

z: “Z”islike“s”: zapato zigzag zoológico zumbido shoe zigzag zoo buzzing

III.ELALFABETO:

a–a j–jota r–ereb–be(begrande) (k–ka) rr–errec–ce l–ele s–esech–che ll–elle t–ted–de m–eme u–ue–e n–ene v–uve(bechica)f–efe ñ–enye (w–doblev)g–ge o–o x–equish–hache p–pe y–igriega,yii–i q–cu z–zeta

IV.LOSACENTOS:DancingLadiesRideZebras.

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ThesecondtothelastsyllableofaSpanishwordisstressed,ifthewordendsinanyletterotherthan–d,–l,–r,or–z,inwhichcase,thelastsyllableisstressed.Writtenaccentsmarksareusedinwordsthatdonotfollowthisrule.

Pronouncethefollowingwords: señora señorita moreno inteligente nosotros

compañero mariposas escuchamos cantante hermosa

Endingind,l,r,orz:

sensacional jaguar feliz porfavor español

Wordsrequiringaccentmarks:

emoción fácil inglés azulturquí bebés

Another functionof anaccentmark is todistinguishwords that are spelled the samebuthavedifferentmeanings:

si=if el=the(masc) solo=alone te=you

sí=yes él=he sólo=only té=tea

Theweakvowelsuandi,requireaccentmarksiftheyaretobepronouncedasaseparatesyllable.Otherwise,theyformadiphthong: iglesia María Mario río

Interrogativewordsareaccented:

¿Cómo? ¿Qué? ¿Adónde? ¿Quién?

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Preludio

Un paseo en la se lva

Gramáticasimplificada:

Studyingaforeignlanguageisagoodwaytolearnortoreviewthegrammarofyournativelanguage. The introduction to the grammatical concepts in Spanish includes a briefexplanationinEnglishofthepartsofspeech.

1.NOUNS–Lossustantivos

a.GENDEROFNOUNS–ElgénerodelossustantivosAnounisaperson,placeorthingandapropernounisaname.IntheSpanishlanguage,all nouns are categorized according to gender. A noun is either mascline or feminine,usuallywithoutanylogicalconnectiontowhatoneusuallyassociateswiththemasculineorfemininegender.Asyoumemorizevocabulary,youwillbeexpectedtoknowthegenderofeachwordinordertoproperlyuseitinwrittenandspokenSpanish.

Masculinenounsusuallyendin-o: crepúsculo(twilight)Femininenounsusuallyendin-a: selva(jungle)ortheyendin-dad,-tad,-ión: verdad(truth),libertad(liberty),civilización,información…

Excepciones:

1. Manywordsthatendin–ma aremasculine: problema,sistema,drama,idioma(language),telegrama

2. Masculinenounsendingin–a:eldía(day),elmapa(map)

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3. Manywordsendinginthesuffix–ista canbeeithermasculineorfeminineasintheprofessionsartistaoreconomista.“El”artistaand“el”economistaareamaleartistandeconomist,while“la”artistaand“la”economistarefertoafemaleartistandeconomist.

4. Femininenounsendingin–o:lamano(hand)

GREETINGS: Hola Hello Buenosdías(m.) Goodmorning,goodday Buenastardes(f.) Goodafternoon,evening Buenasnoches(f.) Goodnight

¿Cómoestáusted? Howareyou? ¿Quétal? Howisitgoing?

Estoy: Iam: (muy)bien,gracias (very)well,thankyou asíasí/másomenos so‐so

(muy)mal (very)bad(ly) Adiós Good‐bye

Chao Bye Hastaluego Seeyoulater

Hastalavista “UntilIseeyouagain” Hastamañana Seeyoutomorrow.

Quelevayabien “Iwishyouwell”/”Goodluck”

To learn Spanish you can use your imagination to develop a new “persona”, creatingwhatever nationality, age, profession, personality and interests that you wish. This willallow you to associate with a specific Spanish‐speaking country and will open wide thedoors to your creativity, making class time more interesting. Your first step will be tochooseafirstnameandtwosurnames fromtheNAMESLISTSintheMini­diccionariossection, beginning on page 170 of the play La gira de Verónica y Los Latinos. ThecategoriesarealphabetizedinEnglishatthetopofeachpageforeasyaccess.Thereisalsoanindexofallcategoriesonpage212.

b.PROPERNOUNS: Namesofpeopleandplacesarecapitalized inSpanish,butnationalities,daysof theweekandmonthsoftheyeararenot.

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¿Cómosellamausted? “Howdoyoucallyourself?”or ¿Cuálessunombre? Whatisyourname?

Mellamo_________________________. Mynameis_____.Muchogusto. Gladtomeetyou.Muchísimogusto. Verygladtomeetyou.Encantado/adeconocerlo/la. Glad(enchanted)tomeetyou.Igualmente. Thesameforme.

¿Cuálessonsusapellidos? Whatareyoursurnames?

Son____________________________________y____________________________________. Theyare andChooseacountryfromthelistofSpanish‐speakingcountriesandfillinthefollowingblanks.Make sure that your nationalitymatches your gender and that it is not capitalized. Thenlookatthelistofprofessionsandchooseaninterestingroletoplay.

País(country):

¿Dedóndeesusted? Whereareyoufrom? Ejemplo:SoydeNicaragua. Example:IamfromNicaragua. Soyde______________________________. Iamfrom______________________________.

Nacionalidad:¿Cuálessunacionalidad? Whatisyournationality?Ejemplo:Soynicaragüense. Example:IamNicaraguan.Soy_______________________________. Iam___________________________________.

Profesión: ¿Cuálessuprofesión? Whatisyourprofession?

Ejemplo:Soypianista. I’m(a)pianist. Soy______________________________. Iam(a)______________________________.

Apracticar:

ConsultingtheCOUNTRIESandPROFESSIONSLISTS intheMini­diccionarios, movearoundtheclassroom,introducingyourselftoatleastthreepeople.Practicegreetingeachotherandaskforthefollowinginformation:theirname,countrywheretheyarefrom,nationality,andprofession.

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c.PLURALFORMS–Lasformasplurales

To form plural nouns add –s to vowels and –es to consonants. If aword ends in –z, thepluralendingis–ces.Pleasebeginusingthesewordsinclass.

libro: libros(books)cuaderno: cuadernos(notebooks)bolígrafo: bolígrafos(ballpointpens)pluma: plumas(pens)papel(m.): papeles(papers)lápiz(m.): lápices(pencils)computadora: computadoras(computers)ordinador(m.): ordinadores(computers)

Tarea:Writethepluralformofeachofthefollowingnouns:cuaderno___________________________________ bolígrafo__________________________________ordinador___________________________________ puma_______________________________________ jaguar_______________________________________ mono_______________________________________perro________________________________________ árbol_______________________________________ iguana_______________________________________ flor_________________________________________codorniz____________________________________ *joven_____________________________________ pluralquail youngpeople*Inordertomaintainthesecondtolastsyllablestressofjoven,youwillneedtoplaceanaccentmarkoverthe“o”:jóvenes.Thisgenerallyapplieswhenaddingsyllablestowords.

d.COGNATES–LoscognadosAsyouhavenoticed,therearemanySpanishwordsthataresimilartoEnglish,orcognates.The two languages shareLatin roots thatwillmake learningmucheasier. A few suffixeswillhelpyouwithnewvocabulary.¡Ojo!(Watchout!)Somewordsaremisleadingandarecalledfalsecognatesorfalsosamigos.

­ción(f)=tion nación/nation

­al(adj)=‐al nacional/national

­idad(f)=‐ity nacionalidad/nationality

­mente(adv)=‐ly tranquilamente/tranquilly

­or(m)­ora(f)=er diseñador(m),diseñadora(f)/designer

­ista(f,m)=‐ist laartista/elartista

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Tarea:LookthroughthePreludioandmakealistofothercognatesthatyoufind:____________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.ARTICLES–Losartículos

a. DEFINITEARTICLES–Losartículosdefinidos

Adefinitearticlemeans“the”. InSpanish, thereare fourdefinitearticlescategorizedbygenderandnumber.Feminine‐pluralnounsareanexclusivegroup,butmasculine‐pluralscanincludebothgenders.Masculine: Masculinepl: Feminine: Femininepl:

el los la las elamigo losamigos laamiga lasamigasthefriend(m) thefriends(mpl) thefriend(f) thefriends(fpl)Tarea:Writetheappropriateformoftheword“the”ineachblank.Beawareoftheexceptions:________extinción _______anaconda ________fenómenos ________plantas________problemas ________animal ________manos ________flor________hombres ________pelo ________ecosistema ________mapa________mujer ________libertad ________guanacos ________llama

WritethesingularandpluralofsomewordsfromyourNATURELISTS,withtheirappropriatearticles.Findexamplesthathaven’tbeenusedabove.Ejemplos: elárbol,losárboles,lahoja,lashojas…

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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b.INDEFINITEARTICLES–Losartículosindefinidos

Theindefinitearticleis“a”or“an”.InSpanish,therearefourindefinitearticlesaccordingtothenoun’sgenderandnumber.“Un”and“una”canalsomean“one”andthepluralforms“unos”and“unas”mean“some”.Note:“uno”isusedasapronounorincounting.Masculine: Masculinepl: Feminine: Femininepl:

un unos una unas unamigo unosamigos unaamiga unasamigasafriend(m) somefriends(m) afriend(f) somefriends(f)

Apracticar:

UsingyourNATURELIST,imaginethatyouareinoneofthefollowingplaces:elbosque,lacimadeunamontaña,unacueva,eldesierto,laplaya,orlaselva.Askyourpartnerthefollowingquestions: ¿Dóndeestás? (Whereareyou?) ¿Quépuedesver?(Whatcanyousee?¿Quépuedesoír?(Whatcanyouhear?)¿Quépuedessentir?(Whatcanyoufeel?)

¿Dóndeestás?Whereareyou?Estoyen______________________________________________.Ejemplos: Puedoverunárbol,unasflores,unospétalos,unamariposa,y(and)una unaspiedras.

Puedooírunospájarosyunjaguar.Puedosentirunabrisa.

3.ADJECTIVES–Losadjetivos

a.DESCRIPTIVEADJECTIVES–AdjetivosdescriptivosAnadjectiveisawordthatdescribesanounorapronoun.Spanishadjectivesmustagreewiththenounthatitdescribesinbothgenderandnumberandarelikelytofollowthenoun.Adjectivesthatendin–owillchangeto–awhendescribingafemininenounandwilladdan–swhenthenounisplural.Seethefourformsofrojobelow.Thoseendinginotherletterssuchaseoraconsonantwillremainthesameforbothgendersasinverdeandazul.Somecolors such as café, crema, and rosa do not change because they relate to “coffee color”,“creamcolor”and“rosecolor”(pink).

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Loscolores: rojo,rojos,roja,rojas red

verde,verdes green

azul,azules blue

decolorcafé brown

Tarea:Animalesfantásticos

Adjective agreement: Consulting your ANIMALS and COLOR LISTS, use yourimaginationandwriteunusualcolorstodescribeeachnoun.Then,translateeachoneintoEnglish.Makeupyourownexamplesforthelastthree.Ejemplo:elhipopótamoverde thegreenhippopotamus

1. laiguana_____________________________ __________________________________________________

2. elpato________________________________ __________________________________________________

3. losvenados___________________________ __________________________________________________

4. lasvacas_______________________________ __________________________________________________

5. losperezosos__________________________ __________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________ __________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________ __________________________________________________

8. ________________________________________ __________________________________________________

b.ADJECTIVESOFQUANTITY–AdjetivosdecantidadAdjectivesofquantityareplacedbeforethenoun.Numbersdonotreflectgenderexceptuno/una(andthe“hundreds”,tobestudiedlater). Muchoszapatosfeos Manyuglyshoes Pocagente Fewpeople Variosanimales Severalanimals Ochofaldas Eightskirts

c.PLACEMENTOFADJECTIVES:Althoughmostadjectivesfollowthenoun,somewillbeusedappropriatelyeitherbeforeorafter thenoun. The followingexamples take the “o”offof themasculine formwhen theyprecedethenoun: unzorrobueno=unbuenzorro agoodfox

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unsapomalo=unmalsapo abadtoad unaanacondabuena=unabuenaanaconda agoodanacondaAnadjectivecanalsohavaadifferentmeaning,dependingonwhereitisplaced: unhombregrande alargeman ungranhombre agreatman

Tarea:

CLOTHING and COLOR LISTS: Imagine that you arewearing a fantastic outfit ofthreeextraordinarythings.Describethemwithadefinitearticleandacolor.Remembertoputthecolorafterthenoun.WritetheEnglishforyouroutfit.(Daretowearsomethingjustasincredibletoclass!)Ejemplo:Estoyusandounchalecomorado,pantalonesamarillos,yzapatosverdes.

I’mwearingapurplevest,yellowpantsandgreenshoes.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d.NUMBERS0to20–Losnúmerosde0a200=cero1=uno(whencounting),un(infrontofamasculinenoun),oruna(infrontofafemininenoun)Becauseallnumbersareadjectivesofquantity,theyprecedethenounthattheymodify.

uno,dos,tres 1,2,3cuatro,cinco,seis 4,5,6siete,ocho 7,8nueve,diez 9,10once,doce,trece 11,12,13catorce,quince 14,15¡quincemargaritasparati! 15daisiesforyou?

quinceranasazules fifteenbluefrogsunplanetaverde onegreenplanetunamoscablanca onewhitefly

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PracticewritingthefollowingnumbersinSpanish,referringtotheNUMBERSLIST:

4____________________ 7____________________ 14____________________

16____________________ 19____________________ 20____________________

Apracticar:Describe in Spanish the clothing that you and your compañero/a de clase are wearingtoday.Then,worktogetherandfill inthesurveybelowabouthowmanymenandwomenarewearingtheitemsbelow. Useyourimaginationandchangesomestudents’“shoes”tobe“slippers”andsome“clothes”tobe“pajamas”.Please,spellouteachnumber.

camisablanca ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

gorra ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

pantalonesazules ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

botas ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

pantuflas ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

vestido ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

zapatosdecolorcafé____________________mujeres____________________hombres

chaquetanegra ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

unpijamarojo ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

ropamulticolor ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

calcetinesrosados ____________________mujeres____________________hombres

e.POSSESSIVEADJECTIVES–adjetivosposesivosTheformsof“my”and“your”(familiar),agreeinnumberwiththenouninSpanish.Youwilllearntheotherpossessiveadjectivesinthenextlesson.

mi, mis tu, tusmiabuelo miabuela misabuelosmygrandfather mygrandmother mygrandparentstuhermano tuhermana tushermanosyourbrother yoursister yoursiblings

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FAMILYLIST:Writethepossessiveadjctivefor“my”nexttoeachfamilymemberbelowthatwillappearinyourSpanishfamilyalbum:

_______padre _______madre __________padres_______hermano _______hermana __________hermanos/as_______tío _______tía __________tíos/as_______primo _______prima __________primos/as_______hijo _______hija __________hijos/as_______nieto _______nieta __________nietos/as_______novio _______novia __________novios/as

Álbumdefamilia:Bringpicturesofsomeofyourimaginaryfamilymembersandfriends,fromthelifeofyourSpanish‐speakingpersona.Useyourimaginationandcutsomepicturesfrommagazinesorfindthemon‐line,butfeelfreetomixinsomepicturesofyourrealfamily.

Apracticar:Show your “family pictures” to your compañero/a, using es (“he/she is”) or son (“theyare”)toidentifyeachpersonorgroup:Ejemplos:Esmimamá.Sonmishijos.

Then,describeeachother’sfamilymembers,includingwhateachoneiswearing:FAMILY,CHARACTERISTICS,CLOTHING,andCOLORSLISTS.

4.CONTRACTIONS–contraccionesdel&al

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ThereareonlytwocontractionsinSpanish:bothwiththemasc.,singularwordfor“the”:1.de(of,from)+el(m.the)=del(oforfromthe)2.a(to)+el(m.the)=al(tothe)‘sdoesnotexistinSpanishtoshowthepossessive.Instead,possessionisexpressedbytheitem+“of”:theiguana’seyes=“theeyesoftheiguana”(losojosdelaiguana)Losojosdelaiguanasonrojos. Theeyesoftheiguanaarered.Losojosdeltigresonazules. Theeyesofthetigerareblue.

ANIMALSLIST:Makeuponemasculineandonefeminineexample:Losojosdela____________________________son_____________________________.

Losojosdel_____________________________son______________________________.NATURELIST:Makeuponepluralandonemasculinesingularexample:Vamosalascuevas. We’regoingtothecaves.Vamosalvolcán. We’regoingtothevolcano.Vamosalos(orlas)______________________________________________________.

Vamosal__________________________________________________________________.

WritethefollowinginSpanish:

1.Mysister’sboyfriend. ____________________________________________________.

2.Myfather’smotherismygrandmother. ____________________________________________________.

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5.SUBJECTPRONOUNS–Pronombrespersonales_________________________________________________________________________________________________________A pronoun takes the place of a noun. Subject pronouns are used as subjects ofverbs(actions or states of being). Unlike English, the pronoun is not necessary in Spanishsentences,unlessthesubjectisunclearasinthethirdpersonsingularandpluralforms.

There are two forms of “you” in Spanish. Tú is used to address familymembers, peers,children, and friends. You can usually use tú if you address the person by his/her firstname.Usted(Ud.)isthebestchoice,ifyoudonotknowhowtoaddresssomeone,orifyouuse a title like señor, señorita, señora, don,or doña. Usted shows respect and is usedwhen speaking to an older person, in business situations, and in all other formalrelationships.TheuseoftúandUd.willvaryamongHispaniccountries,anditisbesttoerrbychosingthemoreformalmeansofaddress.VosotrosisusedonlyinSpainforthepluraloftú.Inothercountries,thepluralyouisustedes(Uds.).Writethebestchoicefor“you”,ifyouweretospeaktothefollowing:

EldoctorGómez________ doñaInés________ elPresidente________

Unamigo________ donAntonio________ elabuelodeunamigo________

LaSrta.Valdez________ unarquitecto________ mama________elperro________

ElSr.Martín________ unaniña________ Pepe________Dios________

6.TOBE–SeroEstar–Therearetwoverbsmeaning“tobe”inSpanish.

a. Ser

P–1 SUBJECTPRONOUNS

1.yo(I) 4.nosotros/as(we)

2.tú(youfamiliar) (vosotros/asyoufampl) 3.usted(Ud.youformal) 5.ustedes(Uds.youpl) él(he) ellos(they,m,pl) ella(she) ellas(they,f,pl)

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Sermeans“tobe”inthefollowingcases(itisusuallywhatsomethingis).

Linkingverb/definition: ¿Quéesesto? Whatisthis?

Meaning“toexist” ¿Seronoser? Tobeornottobe…

Characteristics: ¿Cómoestuamiga? Whatisyourfriendlike?

Miamigaesalta. Myfriendistall.

Occupations: Sonbomberos. Theyarefirefighters.

Origins: EulaliaesdeChile. EulaliaisfromChile.

Whatsomethingismadeof: Lasfloressondepapel. Theflowersareofpaper.

Thetimeofday: ¿Quéhoraes? Whattimeisit?

ELMARINERO EvelinaGateva1.Soyel(la)marinero/a,jovenyfeliz 4.Somostresamigos,siempremuyfieles

2.Mar,túerestodo,todoparamí

2.Ymibarcoblancoeselmáshermoso 5.Sonlosmarinerosniñosdeverdad

Apracticar:Describeyour familymembersand friends toyourcompañero/a,using theverbser andadjectivesfromtheCHARACTERISTICSLISTS.

V–1 IRREGULARVERBS

SER–TOBE

1.soy(Iam) 4.somos(weare)2.eres(youare) (soisyouare)3.es(you,he,she,is) 5.son(you,theyare)

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¡Ojo!(Watchout):Wheny(“and”)comesbeforeawordbeginningwith“i”itbecomese.Thewordfor“or”,o,changessimilarly,wheneveritprecedesawordbeginningwiththeletter“o”.Itbecomesu.Ejemplos: Mitíoesextravagante,generosoymuytranquilo.

Misamigossonconfidentes,honestos,inteligenteseidealistas.Mihermanoespesimistauoptimista,dependedeldía.

b.Estar

Estarmeans“tobe”inthefollowingcases(usuallyhoworwheresomethingis):

Condition: ¿Cómoestátufamilia? Howisyourfamily?Location: EulaliaestáenChile. EulaliaisinChile.Temporarycharacteristics: ¡Hijo,estásmuyalto! Son,youareverytall!

Estarcanbeusedasacomplimentwhennoticinghowsomeonelooksatthemoment,howsomethingtastes,whatsomethingsoundslike…Ejemplos: Lostacosestánbuenísimos. Thetacosareverygood. Estásmuyelegante. Youlooksoelegant. Lamúsicaestáextraña. Themusicisstrange.Makeupsomeexamplesofusing“estar”toshowthatyou’venoticedhowsomeoneisatthemoment.Placethecorrectformofestarinthefirstblankandanadjectiveinthesecond:Misamigos_______________muy____________________hoy.Tú_______________absolutamente____________________. El/laprofessor/a_______________extremadamente___________________.

V–2 IRREGULARVERBS

ESTAR–TOBE 1.estoy(Iam) 4.estamos(weare) 2.estás(youare) (estáisyouare) 3.está(you,he,sheis) 5.están(you,theyare)

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Micompañero/a_______________muy_________________________.

Apracticar:

PracticeusingtheverbestarwithyourFEELINGS&EMOTIONSLISTS: Move around the classroom, asking your compañeros/as, ¿Cómo estás? How are you?(thefamiliarform)Ejemplo:Estoycansado/aynervioso/a.

Someadverbscanmakeyourconversationsmoreinteresting: muy(contento/a) very(happy)

bastante(cansado/a) quite(tired)

unpoco(triste) alittle(sad)

completamente(aburrido/a) completely(bored)

absolutamente(hermoso/a) absolutelybeautiful

siempre always

ESTOYMUYCONTENTO/A

EvelinaGateva

Estoymuycontento/a,contento/adelavidaEstás,mivida,cerca,teadmiro,teadoroEstámividallenadesol,dealegríaEstamosjuntossiempre,túyyoConmigolosamigosestánalegres

Tarea:Drawafaceineachoftheshapesandgivethemsomehair,consultingyourFEELINGS&

EMOTIONSLIST:

Estámuycontento. Estámuyaburrido. Estáasustado.

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Estátriste. Estáenamorado. Estásorprendido.

c.ES(itis)&HAY(thereis,thereare):ThereisnosubjectpronouninSpanishfor“it”.Herearesomeusefulimpersonalexpressionswithes(“itis”):

Esmuyinteresante. It’sveryinteresting.Eshorrible. It’shorrible.

More choices: Es importante, necesario, increíble (unbelievable), normal, anormal,excelente,agradable,bueno,fascinante,sorprendente(surprising),malo,terrible,abominable,fabuloso,maravilloso,razonable(reasonable),lógico.

Haymeans“thereis”and“thereare”:

Haymuchospájarosenlaselva. Therearemanybirdsinthejungle. Hayunaiguanaenmimochila. Thereisaniguanainmybackpack.

Apracticar:

ChooseaninterestinganimalfromyourANIMALSLIST andtellyourcompañero/athat there isoneor that therearemany(hay) in theclassroom.Reactwithan impersonalexpression.Ejemplos: Compañero/a1:Hayunrinoceronteenelsalóndeclase. Compañero/a2:Esfascinante.

Compañero/a2:Haymuchasculebrasenelsalóndeclase.Compañero/a1:¡Esrazonable!

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WRITINGTarea:Describe at least five members of your family, friends, and pets, using ser withcharacteristics:Ejemplos:¿Cómoestuhermana? Whatisyoursisterlike?Mihermanaessinceraytrabajadora Mysisterissincereandhard‐working.Mimejoramigoescómicoytravieso. Mybestfriendisfunnyandmischievous.Misgatossonbonitos,gordosyperezosos. Mycatsarepretty,fatandlazy._________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Describeyourself:Soy_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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¿CómosonVerónicayLosLatinos? WhatareVeronicaandtheLatinslike?Circlethecharacteristicsthatdescribeeachofthecharacters,accordingtotheinformationgiveninthePreludio:1.DonAntonio:generosojovenpelomorenodébiltraviesorobusto

2.Verónica:hermosapelocortoligeragordaantipáticapesimista

3.Músculos:feofuertepelirrojochilenollevacamisaojosazules

4.Pepe:altotalentosorubioojosrománticosguitarristagordito

5.Gloria:grandecostarricenseojosnegrosfamiliapequeñabonita

6.Eulalia:flautistapelocanosoojosgrisestímidapeloturquezaperlas

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AnswerKey–PRELUDIOWritethecorrectanswersforeachmistakeinadifferentcolor.p.9:cuadernos,ordinadores,jaguares,perros,iguanas,codonices,bolígrafos,pumas,monos,árboles,flores,jóvenes(accenton“o”)p.10:(correctbymovingdowneachrow)la,los,los,la,la,el,el,la,los,las,el,los,las,la,el,lap.14:cuatro,dieciséis(ordiezyseis),siete,diecinueve(diezynueve),catorce,veintep.15:rows1and2:mi;row3:misp.16:1.Elnoviodemihermana,2.Lamadredemipadreesmiabuela.p.17:Ud.(orusted),tú,Ud.,Ud.,Ud.,Ud.,Ud.,túUd.,Ud.,tú,tú

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Lanaturaleza:ColorthefollowingandwriteeachNATUREwordwiththecorrespondingcolor:mariposas,uncolibrí(ahummingbird),abejas,flores,hojas,lahierba:

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Laropa:

Coloreachitemofclothing,andwritetheSpanishwordforboththeclothesandtheircolorsonthelinesbelow:Ejemplo:(Ifyoucolorthepantsblue:lospantalonesazules)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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