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THIS DISSERTATION LA THESE A-ET€ H A S BEEN MICROFILMED " MICROFILMEE TELLE QUE EXACTLY AS RECEIVED NOUS L'AVONS RECUE

, ' Ottawa, Canada , K I A ON4

- OH L E A R N I N G , MEMORY, AND EEIOTTON D U R I P G A N

OPEBABT I N H I B I T O R Y TASK OB YOUNG AID OLD RATS

D o u q l a s Baymond Swanson .

A THESES SUBIUTTED IN PARTIAL FULFXLLHENT OF

THE REQUIRE4ENTS FOR THE DBGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS I

t

in t h e Department

\

Psycho loqy

@ Douqlas Raymond Swanson 1980

SIRON FRISER U I I V B R S I T Y \

December t 9 8 b

A 1 1 riqhts r_e~i~r~esL T h j s t h e s i s - m a y n o t he - -- - - - - - -

reproduced i n whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, vithout p e r m i s s i g n of t h e a u t h o r . --

Approval - - - - - - - -- .

'-r ' i

&pe: Douglas Raymond Swanson

Degree: Master of Arts 9. y . t r-

Title of ~hesisi The Effect of A 0.5 Hz Electromagnetic Field '

i- d=

-=&

r , on Learning, Memory, and Emotion During an -. --

- -

'I

Operant - Inhibitory Task on Young and Old Rats ,-

A - - - - " - - - - - A

C -- -

Chairperson: Dr ,' ~en&)ebs , -

Department of Biology Simon Fraser University

Date Approved : D ) , q 80

hereby grant t o Simon Prarer Univerrlty the r i ~ h t to lend

my thee l* or d h r e r t a t l o n (the t i t l e of which t i r *.Iar) lo

of the Simon Frascr University Library, and to mekt part181 or #inale

u l t i p l c copying of t h i a theair lor scholarly purpose8 w y be @ranted 6

t by lad or the Wan of Graduate Stud l e e . I t l a under8 to& th.t topy i iq .

or publication of th ir theeir for f inanc ia l gain aha l l not be r l t o w d

without my written perwlrrion,

\ t i t l e of f i e r i r / ~ i s . r t r tat ion 8

Author : - " 7 ,

(r igna turt )

I

A b s t r a c t

B r p o s u r e t o a n e x t r e ~ e l p lor e g u e n c y '(.01 Hz to 100

Hz) e l e c t r o a a g p e t i c f i e l d h a s been shown t o cause c h a n q e s

i n i n s t r a a e n t a l a n d o p e n f i e l d b e h a v i o u r , T h e s e chanqes

c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d b y a1 t e r a t i o n s i n e m o t i o n a l l a b i l i t y ,

memory, o r l e a r n i n q processes, D i f f e r e n t effects h a v e been

shown for a n i s l a l s e x p o s e d a t d i f f e r e n t aqes- t h r e e B

possible e.xplpnationa a n d t h e aqe ef f ecFt we e i a ves t iqated 6 by e x p o s i n q t u o ape groups of 'rats t o a 0.5 kz f l u c t u a t i n g

a n d rotatinq m a q n e t i c field. T h i r t y younq male (250 qa)

rats a n d t h i r t y o l d ( r e t i r e d breeder) rats, a t 80% a d lib.

ueiqht were p r e - t r a i n e d - f ~ r t w o s e s k i o n s on s e p a r a t e days

i n ap i n h i b i t ~ r y {DRL 6 second) operant tpsk ( p l u s one day .

$ magaz ine t r a i n i n g ) and then exposed t o e i t h e r t h e m a q n e t i c

e l d q e n e r a t e d by r o t a t i n q - horseshoe magnets , or to a

k s h a s n f i e l d a s i n q l e a d s l u q s i n t h e place o f , t h e maqnets .

Except when t e s t i n q o p e r a n t responses, t h e a n i m a l s were I

kept i n t h e field c o n d i t i o n . After 7 2 h o u r s i n t h e f i e l d

awaylf.ro~ t h e o p e r a n t task, the a n i m a l s were a l l o w e d f i v e

d a i l y s e s s i o n s u n t i l 100 r e i n f o r c e m e n t s 1 each d a y were

e a r n e d . B e a s a r e s were t a k e n of t h e number of fecal b o l u s e s -

produced lah erat iondity m e a s u r e , , the tile taken ta earn

t h e reinforcements, a n d t h e r e s p o n s e l a t e n c i e s uhi$e

iii *

uorkinq for re inforcement . If memory was affected,

differences would show on early re-test d a y s , and if

l e a r n i n g was affec ed,_differences would show on later F

In f a c t , differences bet ween exper iaenta l and coatrof

qronps on learning, aeaory, and emo.tional l a b i l i t y were in . ,

the predicted d i r e c t i o n , but failed to reach stastical

s i q n i f i c a n c e ( p > . M ) . SoBe of t h e possible interveniaq '

var iab les that miqht account for t h i s f a i l u r e a& d i s c u s s e d . , -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title paqe - * 2 ..

iii

T a b l e of c o n t e n t s

Jist of tables

L i s t of f i g u r e s vii

INTRODUCTION Electroma q n e t i c phenomena

- Elec tro~aqne t i c v a r i a b l e s

Charqed part ic les

~ l e c t r oma q n e t i c s

Response t o maqhet i c f i e l d s

P h y s i o l o g i c a l effects

B e h a v i o u r a l effects A qqression

Open f i e l d a c t i v i t y

L e a r n i n q I 14

HETHOD 1. s u b j e c t s 2 0

2 , Apparatus

A . Haqnetic f i e l d a p p a r a t u s 22

s. B, Operant control , apparatus 23

3 3. E x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i q n 26

4. Procedure 27

5. ~nalvses L 2 9

RESULTS Heans 6 F tests 3 t

BPP E.NDTX

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

L i s t of ~ a b l e s

T a b l e 1 Electrorsaqnetic frequenciies 4- -

J

Table 2 !leans 32

Table 3 ~ u u i ~ & y of P Table -for,- f e d a l b o l u s e s , 5 d a y s \ 3 3

Table 4 Summary of F Table f o r . fecal boluses, d a y s 3 & 4 - , 3 4

Table 5 Summary of P Table for fecal b o l u s e s , d a y s '6 E 7 35

Table 6 Summary o f F Table f o r J: R T . 5 days 36

T a b l e 7 Summary of F Table for f R T , 'days 3 s 4 3 3 .

i

T a b l e 8 Summaf y of P Table f qr - I R T , d i y s 6 6 7 40

" * .

Table 9 Summary of F Table for T i m e / R e s p , d a y s 3 & 4 4 1

T a b l e '10 Summary of F Table for T i a e / R e s p , days 6 E 7 4 2 -

L i s t of F i q u r e s

' P i q u e 1 Hametic f i e l d apparaiu; 23

F i g u r e 2 Uaqnet ic field r o t a t i o n 2Y %

. E l e c t r o m a q n e t i c Phenomena

T h e b io loqica l o s q a n i s m .is a n e l e d t r i c a l l y a c t i v e

c r e a t u r e . All cells s e n e r a te e lec t r ic potentials, w i t h a

d i f f e r e n c e i n c h a r q e across t h e i r c e l l walls due t o ion

c o n c e n t r a t i o n differences. The c e n t r a l n e r v o u s systsa i n --

a n i m a l s c o n t r o l s much o f the body with s i q n a l s t r a n s m i ya * b y means of this e l e c t r o c h e a i s t r y . T h i s i s the quickest

7 -

messenqar s y s t e i i n the body, b e i n q a l m o s t i n s t a n t a n e o u s i n

comparison t o t h e h o r m o n a l / c a r d i o v a s c u l a r s y s t e m . Electric

1 t e m a q n e t i c fields, th,e s t r e n q t h of which f

h a t e d w i t h the f laxwell e q u a t i o n s (Koniq, 1 1974) . Flith s h i e l d i n g of ' ambien t maqnetic f i e l d s , the

body's m a q n e t i c s i q n a l s a r e measurable a t a d i s t a n c e w i t h a

maqne toencepha loq ram, or t4EG ( W i l l i a m s o n &. Kauf man, t-978) . ii

An a c t i v e human b r a i n q e n e r a t e s e l e c t r o m a q o e t i c s i q e a l s i n , 4

the 40 Hz r a n g e (beta a c t i v i t y ) , t h e relaxed human produces

s i q n a l s i n t h e 8 t o 12 Hz r a n b e ( a l p h a rhythm) , and the d&p

sleeping- p e r s o n s h o u s e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t k i n the 4 Hz and

lower - i reqnency ranqe (delta - -- a c t i v i t y ) . Even - - lower ---

fregu&ies are qeneratdd b y qlial ce l l s of t h e nerv;us

s y s t e m . , A These s i q n a l s are i n the 0 , (D,C,) t o 1 Hz r a n q e ,

Charged Part icles + .

I // i

~ b & air c o n t a i n s thousands of ions i n e v e r y cubdc - I

centiseter. The&? i o n s - c a n be either p o s i . t i v e l y c h a r s e d or

n e q a t i v e l y c har'ged. The p r o p o r t i o n s and concentrations of ' r

the s m a l l e r o f these i o n s map. a f f e c t our general h e a l t h and

p s y c h o l o q i c a l states (Soyka, 197U) . S i n c e the metabolism

u s e s larqe ly t h e i o n i c form of most minerals (e.q.. sodium, - potas s ium, c a l c i u m , etc.) and other body c h e m i w l s , a

p o t e n t i a l connect i o n betveen a i r

(Kreuqer, 197?).

Electromagnetic s

i o n s ,and p h y s i o l o q y exists

AJ T h e e l e c t r o m a q n e t i c spectrum ranges from pure D. C.

I

(constant) f i e l d s , t o f i e l d s which f l u c t u a t e a t frequencies

b i l i i o n s of k p c l e s . p e r second. Physicists br ak these 7 frequencies down i n t o band ranqes a s shouh i n Table 1.. or-.

I

the purposes -of t h i s paper, ELF will be d e f i n e d a s

FREQUENCY RANGE b

Extremely low frequency (ELPI 5

Super low f reguenc y (S LF)

Ultra low f r e q u e n c y WLP) .-

\

4 Very low f r e q u e n c y ( V W

' 1

-- Low - f r e q u e n c y . U P ) \

Medium f r e q u e n c y ( a p t

V e r T hiqh f r e g u e n c y d ( V flP) 30 HeqaHz t o 300 HeqaHz'

300 UeqaHz 'to 3 GiqaHz

super h igh frequGncg p w Extrem&y h i g h f reqnency (E mf P

The wavefor.& of r a d i a t i o n p i n these b a n d s may t a k e many

s h a p e s , s u c h a s s i n u s o i d a l , peaked, square wave, or

i r r e q n l a r , These forms may be mixed and k o d u l a t e d a t

different frequencies, The m o d u l a t i o n may be i n a m p l i t u d e ,

frequency, or p u l s e d .

+ A t m o s p h e r i c s consist of a l l f r e q u e n c i e s of C

e L e c t r o n a q n e t i c waves, b u t q e o p h y s i c a l phenomena serve to

a t t e n u a t e some frequencies and a c c e n t u a t e others: N o t a b l y ,

e l e c t r o m a q n e t i c phenomena i n two ELF f r e q u e n c i e s , a b o u t 10

Hz and about 0 ,5 Hz, follow distinct d a i l y r h y t h m s . The 10

Hz fields are a s s o c i a t e d with t h e wavequide c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

of the ionosphere and ground and are c a l l e d "Shumann ' i L

I r e s o n a n c e w waves ( ~ o n i c p - 1 9 7 4 ) . ?ag 0 . 5 Hz waves h a v e as

y e t n o identified r e s o n a t o r , t h o u q h t h i s frequency would

g e n e r a t e a wavelength a b o u t equal t o t h e l u n a r d i s t a n c e .

The r e f a t i o n s h i p of lunar d i s t a n c e t o 0.5 Hz fields w i l l b e

d i s c u s s e d la ter .

The p r e s e n c e of r e g u l a r aaqnet ic or electric waves i n

t h e frequencies a p p r o x i n a i i n q many rhythms of bioloqical

phenomena a t t h e m o l e c u l a r , c e l l u l a r , o r g a n , and organismic

l e v e l s suqqests t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of an i n t e r a c t i o n between

t h e phenomena t h a t c o u l d affect t h e o r q a n i s m (Persinqer,

1 9 7 4 ) . Host orqanisms h a v e a s p e c i f i c m e c h a n i s a , the v i s u a l h

system, capable o f d i r e c t r e s p o n s e - o a l i a i t e d r a n q e of t h e

. e l e c t r o m a q n e t ic s p e c t r u m ca l l ed v i s i b l e l i q h t f 400-700 nP!) . I n d i r e c t response t o e l e c t r o p a q n e t i c phenomena i s possible,

snch a s v a r n i n q from i n f r a r e d and m i c r o w a v e , e r v t h e m a from

7 u l t r a v i o l e t , and chromosomal c h a n q e s from x- r a y a n d hiqher

f r e q u e n c y r a d i a t i o n . The p h y s i c s of t h e n t e c h a n i s m s

u n d e r l y i n q these r e s p o n s e s i s well u n d e r s t o o d . However, 4

r e s p o n s e t o t h e lower frequency e l e c t r o m a q n e t i c phenomena, Q

which i s n o r m a l l y of much l o v e r i n t e n s i t y , i s n o t well

u n d e r s t o o d . A l t h o u q h a t t e n t u a t i o n of ELF radiation is low

{Taylor 6 -Sao, 1 9 7 0 ) , and p e n e t r a b i l i t y is h i q h , it seelas

i m p l a u s a b l e a prviori t h a t an e n e r q y source i n the m V / m ranqe

could s i q n i f i c a n t l y affect phenomena snch a s cell wall*

p o t e n t i a l s i n the K V / m ranqe. However , a q r o v i n q b o d y of

d a t a suqqests s u c h effects do i n d e e d ' occur t h o u q h the

m e c h a n i s m s r e m a i n , f o r the most part , to be elucidated.

Some of - t h e effects of D.C. and ELF m a q n e t i c s w i l l now be

considered. O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t are those

electromaqnetic field frequencies a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b i o l o q i c a l

p h e m m e n a , especially those of the b r a i n . ,Koniq (1362 , 197 1)

mentions t h e s i m i l a r i t y between t h e ambient 1OHz maqnetic

&ves and a l p h a EEG p a t t e r n s , a n d between 3 t o 5 Hz waves

and del - ta wave EEG patterns. At the same tine there is a

r

marked s i a i l a r i t y between t h e under 1 Hz maqnetic waves and b qlial cell "D.C. rr potential f l n c t o a t i o a s . Rowland f 1 968) bas

correlated this slow brain q l i a l cell p o t e n t i a l sys tem with

l e a r n i n g and s t o r a g e of i n f o r m a t i o n . Hyden and Lanqe (1970)

, r e p o r t t h a t the amount of S100 p r o t e i n i n the b r a i n

increases i h t r a i n e d anima 1s and is speec i f i c a l l y c o r r e l a t e d

with l e a r n i n q . The SlOO protein is a a i n l y a g l i a l cell

p r o t e i n , -but a l s o occurs i n neurons (Hydee E HcEwen, 1966).

A link between qlial p r o t e i n s i n cells a c t i v e at frequencies

below l O O H z s u q q e s t s a p o s s i b l e link t o t h e . e f f e c t s bf

e l e c t r o m a q n e t i c fields o f s i m i l a r 1 ow f r e q u e n c i e s .

Response t o Hagnet i c F i e l d s >

B i r d s h a v e been shown t o u s e m a g n e t i c fields f o r ,

n a v i q a t i o a ( s o u t h e r n , 1974; s l i l t s c h k o & . Y i l t s c t t k o , 1975) .

I n some a n i m a l s , the r e s p o n s e t o t h e maqnetic fieid took

precedence over t h e p o s i t i o n s o f s t a r s f o r d i r e c t i o n

control, T h i s response d e m o n s t r a t e s an immedia te

s e n s i t i v i t y t o the earth's normal field, Reille (1966) .

showed i n c r e a s e d h e a r t rate in p i q e o n s i n r e s p o n s e t o a 5

secoqij 0.15 gauss f i e l d a c t i n q as a c o n d i t i o n e d s t i m u l u s for

a 0.5 second shock. T h e effect vas absent i n 300 t o 500 Hz -1

/ fields, weak i n a D.C. f i e l d , and s t r o n q e r i n 0 .2 t o 0.5 Hz

A t m o s p h e r i c s a r e e l e c t r o a a q n e t i c waves c a u s e d b y

2 geophysical, phenomena s u c h a s weather, s e a s o n , and s u n s p o t '

1, k. a c t i v i t y . Type I a t n o s h e r i c s a r e reqolag s i n e uare signals

of about 9 Hz, and , t y p e 11 atmospherics are i r r e g u l a r sine &

r a v e - s h a p e d signals of 3 to 5 Hz. ~ o n i q y ~ ) t e s t e d human

reaction times of thousands of s u b j e c t s dsrinb t h e 1 3 5 3

Mtukich t r a n s p o r t e x h i b i t i o n v h i l e a e a s u r i n q t y p e I and 11 -. a t m o s p h e r i c s . R e a c t i o n times i n c r e a s e d d u r i n q type I1

4 - ..

s i q n a l s and decreased d u r i n q t y p e I activity. Usinq

a r t i f i c i a l l y created f i e l d s of similar frequencies, the same

r e s u l t s were found in t h e l ab , These i n c r e a s e d r e a c t i o n

t i n e s d u r i n q periods o f greater t'ype X (3-5 Hz) a c t i v i t y are *

c o n c u r r e n t w i t h the findings o f ' i i i lson (1971s). Be e x p o s e d

humans to D. C, fields of 5 t o 17 qiiuss, a n d to d i f f e r e n t

p a i r s of frequencies betveen 2 and 12 Hz. No d i f f e r e n c e s

(from c o n t r o l s ) were found in the D , C , f i e l d , b u t w i t h each

case "the h i g h e r f r e q u e n c y i n e a c h p a i r i n q p r o d u c i n q slower

r eac t i on timesn. Xaner ( 1 9 6 9 ) c o n f i r m e d t h e inver"&

r e l a t i o n s h i p between f r e q u e n c y a n d reaction time usinq

e l e ~ t r i c fields as low as 0.002 V ( r m s ) a c r o s s plates 50 cm

apart. J

~ h y s i b l o g i c a l E f f e c t s ' - -i.

- *' 4' Dubrov (1974 ) n o t e d a c lose r e l a t i o n s h i p (rib..

1

c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l c u l a t e d due t o the n a t u r e of t h e d a t a ) 4 . .

hetween weiqht c h a n q e or l e t h a l i t y from sxpos&r& ,to i o n i z i n q - - m. -

r a d i a t i o n and meawres of t h e q e o m a W e t i c field s u ~ h a s . d e c l i n a t i o n , h o r i z o n t a l s t r e n q t h and c h a n q e i n t h e v e r t i c a l

compdnent of t h e f i e l d * str-mqth. Tsoeyeva et al. ( 1 9 7 4 ) < $

found s i g n i f i c a n t l y extended l i f e s p a n and i n c r e a s e d oxygen 4

5 u p t a k e during o v e r h e a t i n q and s u b c o o l i n q i n c r u s t a c e a n s

tar-trenia s a l i n a ) e x p o s e d to a 1050 Oe. m a q h e t i c f i e l d .

T h e y also found increased r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e l e t h a l effects

of a r s e n i c (1.0% s o l u t i o n ) a n d s t r y c h i n e (0.1% s o l u t i o n ) \

P e r s z n q e r , C a r r e y , L a f r e n i e r e , a n d , B a z z u c h i n (1 3 7 8 )

obtained 38 t i s s u e a n d consumptive measures of rats e x p o s e d

to ELF ( 0 . 5 Hz) r o t a t i n g magnetic f i e l d s (RHPs) and to

different c a q i n q [p re -exposu re , post v e a n i n q ) c o n d i t i o n s .

These s u b j e c t s had a l s o been e x p o s e d .for 3 d a y s p r e n a t a l l y

and for 3 d a y s p o s t n a t a l l y t o either a 0 . 5 Hz r o t a t i n q

n a q n e t i c f i e l d o r a *shamw field u s i n g the n a q n e t i c f i e l d

qeneratint) a p p a r a t u s ,witboat nraqnetics. Z n t e r e s t i n d y , the

different caging -conditions; (plastic fteddiaq vs . wire caws above b e d d i n q ) produced s i q n i f i c a n t i f f e r e n c e s P

t

o n more roosure; than d i d the%aqnel. ic f ields. However, ,

sernn t e s t s showed s i g n i f 2 c a n t . d i f f e r e n c e s in b l o o d sodium * - 9

chloride (not c o n S i s t e n t l y i n a l l e x p e r i m e n t s ) a n d c a l c i u m

chanqes i n a a q n e t i c .field e x p o s e d ra t s ( a s a d u l t s ) c o a p a r e d -8

t o c o n t r o l s (sham g r o u p ) , - ~ e t 3 e e n t h e '10 T ( T e s l a ,

I Gamma= 10 Gauss= 10 _ T e s l a ) and 19 T g r o n p s , p o s t hoc - 1

analysis shoved a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , i n d i c a t i n q a dowse

relationship. F o r serum GOT ( q l o t a m a t e o x a l o a c e t i c

transaainase) measares a stronq i n t e r a c t i o n bet ween

p o s t w e a n i n g c a g i n g conditions a n d f i e l d intensity was shown,

. Serum GOT l e v e l s Z > v e r the 4 field.intensities plotted for

the 2 c a q i n g c o n d i t i o n s were a mirror i n a q e of each o t h e r ,

Thus c a g i n q conditions produced the enact o p p o s i t e e f f e c t

for the f i e l d i n t e n s i t y i n two c a q i n q c o n d i t i o n s . A

t r a n s a a i n a s e t r a n s f e r s a n amino q r o u p f rom an a a i m o a c i d t o

a k e t o acid to form anothPer (different) amino a c i d , Since

a k n o a c i d s form p r o t e i n s , and p r o t e i n f o r a a t i o n is

a s s o c i a t e d with learninq, a p o t e n t i a l mechanism for

i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h l e a r n i n g o r memory is suqges ted .

Greater differences were seen i n a n i m a l s e x p o s e d

p e r i n a t a l l y t o t h e 0.5 Hz f i e l d (relative to the sham f i e l d

c o n t r o l s ) , These measures were taken ro-re t h a n 190 d a y s

12

~ - , -

after t h e 6 dak exposore. Alterations were seen i n t h y n u s 1

u e i q h a s , testicle w e i g h t s , 6021, LDR ( l a c t a s e dehvdroqenase ) , and Urea nitrogen suqqestinq widespread m e t a b o l i c effects of

I

treataent. I n b r e v i o u s experiments with rats maintained a t

80% free f e e d i n g v e i q b t s (Ossenkopp, Koltek, and P e r s i n q e r , -

19721, using a different strain of r a g s , 8 '- 10 % increases

i n testicle w e i q h t vere seen compared to 4% i n t h i s

experiment, Thus greater and more numerous effects ate s e e n

i n a n i m a l s exposed p e r i n a t a l l y t h a n i n a n i m a l s exposed a s

a d u l t s . No perinatal e x p o s u r e / a d u l t exposure condition

interactions were foun d .

-+

Behavioural Effects .

Bqqression'

P e r s i n q e r ( 1 9 7 4 ) . afte; e x p o s i n g ra t s for 300 days t o

0.5 Hz raqnetic f i e l d s , measured a q q r e s s i v e a c t i v i t y . All

23 instances of the p r e s e n c e of b l o o d and loss of hair

(called n a g q r e s s i v e attacksn) seen d u r i n g f i v e d a i l y f e e d i n q

Sessions were i n the qronp. of 8 e x p o s e d animals. The rats

exposed to a wshamw f i e l d showed none of these a t t a c k s .

* c. # A Open F i e l d Activity .

Normal rats p l a c e d into a n o p e n f i e l d a r e a - s h o w initial a .

fear r e a c t i o n s ( c o w e r i n q , d e f e c a t i n q ) f o l l o w e d b y

e x p l o r a t o r y b e h a v i o u r , U i t h f u r t h e r daily e x p o s a c e s t o the - .A a

open f i e l d , a a b u l a t i o n ( e x p l o r a t o r y b e h a v i o u r ) b e q i n s t o

d e c l i n e a s f a m i l i a r i t y u i t h t h e area d e v e l o p s , T h i s

response d e e r e w n t w i t h repeated e x p o s u r e t o n o v e l s t i m u l i > i s called h a b i t u a t i o n ( r e f e r e n c e ) and is considered t o be a

1 - . I

r u d i m e n t a r y form of l e a r n i n q . R a t s p r e n a t a l l y exposed t o

0.5 Hz m a g n e t i c f i e l d s (Ossenkopp , 1372 and P e r s i n q e r , 1969)

showed qreater d e l e c a t i o n a n d less a n b u l a t o r y b e h a v i o u r a t

2 1 t o 2 5 days df age i n e a c h d a i l y session i n $he open f i e l d

than d i d t h e c o n t r o l s . The d i f f e r e n c e s , i n b o t h s t u d i e s ,

,were q r e a t e r f o r male r a t s than for females, P e r s i n q e r

(197P) found a d u l t rats exposed t o t h e 0 .5 Hz m a q n e t i c f i e l d

showed less h a b i t u a t i o n t o a n open f i e l d ( d e c r e a s e i n

a a b u l a t i o n over sessions) than controls, b u t t h e effect was a

s e e n a n l y i n males. The d i f f e r e n c e s shown i n the younq rats

were i n t e r p f e t e d as the result of increased fear o f the d

I

n a v e l e n v i r o n a e n t , whereas t h e effect of f i e l d e x p o s u r e in

t h e older animals c-ould B e seen as a fai-fure to beconre

f a m i l i a r u i t h t h e o p e n f i e l d whi le re p e a tedly e x p l o r i n q it. ., Thus, in p n n q animals ELF w a g n e t i c field e x p o s u r e may

p r i m a r i l y effect e m o t i o n a l response w h i l e t h e e f f e c t on

m a t u r e a n i m a l s may a l s o b e a . l e a r n i n g

P e r s i n g e r ( 197 1) n o t i c e d t h a t rats exposed p e r i n a t a l l p -,

Hz maqnetic f i e l d

f i e l d anbulatory behaviour

d i s p l a y e d more variance in open

t h an c o n t r o l s . He t e s t e d this

c o r r e l a t i n q a r a b u l a t i o n v i t h Bang G n r i o r n m e n t a l f a c t o r s t h a t

v a r i e d dur inq or a f t e r the time of e x p o s u r e . The ldrqest

( s i q n i f i c a n t ) c o r r e l a t i a n was w i t h l u n a r distance. No @ Yq

4

s i q n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s were found Bor c . o n t r o l animals.

. B r e e d i n q a n i a a l s f o r parturition a t s p e c i f i c l u n a r d i s t a n c e , b

h e f o u n d a s i c j n i f i c a n t (t.7.66, pC. 00 1.) c o r r e l a t i o n (r=.8771 - between a e d i a n squares t r a v e r s e d a n d l u n a r d i s t a n c e a t -

b i r t h , . i n t h e exposed lifters. Rats born closest t o p e r i q e e

s h o r e d less a m b u l a t i o n t h a n c o n t r o l s o r those born c l o s e r t o '

, apogee. T h i s c o r r e l a t i o n d & m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e effect bf -

exPosure t o m a g n e t i c fielqs aay be dependent on other

( s u b t l e or u n e x p e c t e d ) e n r i o r n m e n t a l i n f l u e n c e s .

L e a r n i n g may be defined as a c h a n g e i n b e h a v i o u r which

r e s u l t s f rom e x p e r i e n c e . Hemory c o u l d b e d e f i n e d a s the

r e t e n t i o n of a l e a r n e d r e s p o n s e from o n e time . to another as -

e v i d e n c e d by t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of that r e s p o n s e . Y i t h each

daily p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e t a s k , both memory (since the l a s t

perforaance) and learning are important determinants of

pe r fo rmanee . Y i t h s h o r t ( 2 4 Eir*) periods b e t w e e n

p e r f o r m a n c e s , memory is less a f f e c t e d b y decay o r

knterference than with l o n q e r (72 h o u r ) periods. Some some

b i o c h e m i c a l chanqes i n t h e brain a s s o c i a ' t e d w i t h memory

c o n s o l i d a t i o n take p lace between 24 and 72 h o u r s after

l e a r n i n q (Geller and J a r v i k , 1970) . I f memory c o o s o l i d a t i q n

, r e t e i n t e r f e r e d w i t h b y the a a q n e t i c f i e l d , d i f f e r e n c e s

would be evident on first p e r f o r m a n c e a f t e r tTe 72 h o u r s

away frcm a l e a r n i n q task. If l earninq were af fectedc.

effects would show a p on all days a s f a i l u r e to improve

( r e l a t i v e t o c o n t r o l s ) over t h e p r e v i o u s d a y a n d e s p e c i a l l y / -.

b y t h e f i f t h d a y i n the D . R . L . t a s k (see p. 16 f o r a

d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e ) b e q i n n i n q e x p o s u r e t o the

f i e l d .

L a f o t q e ( u n p u b l i s h e d , 1473) t r a i n e d r a t s t o presp a 3 .

lever f o r a rater reinforcer. then e x p o s e d them fbr 4 5

m i n u t e s p e r day for 2 d a y s t o a n 800 qquss field of 2 Hz or

0.2 Hz, o r t o a c o n s t a n t field. When r e t e s t e d , t h e 2 Hz TJ

a n d the 0.2 Hz exposed r a t s s h o v e d fewer lever p r e s s e s . He

s a q q e s t s a d e c r e m e n t i n learning, w h i l e ~ e r s i n q e r , l u d r i q .

a d ossenkopp (7973) s u q q e s t t h a t the increased icon p e t i n q )

a c t i v i t y a s f c u n d b y persinper. Ossenkopp , qnd G l a v i n (1972)

c o u l d account f o r t h e decrement i n l e v e r p r e s s i n q .

e

a v o i d a n c e s i t u a t i o n (Sidman a v o i d a n c e

exposed a d u l t rats showed

fewer r e s p o n s e s ( t h a n c o n t r o l s ) , b u t r e c e i v e d t h e same

number of s h o c k s ( P e r s i n q e r E Foster, 1970) . Because ELF

: e x p o s e d r a t s showed i n c r e a s e d e a o t i o n a l behavionr i n the

open f ie ld wexper iment E, t h e authors s n q q e s t e d t h e lower . -

s i q n a 1 . This was tested (Persinqer G P e a r , 1 9 7 2 ) ' w i t h a , . . -

c o n d i t i o n e d ; u p p r e s s i o n task (on a d - u l t r i t ~ exposed

. - n e o n a t a l l y t o the 0.5 flz f ie ld) . I n i t i a l r e s p o n d i n g showed

m o r e ' c o q d i t i , o n e d s u p p r e s s i o n i n t h e C S (tone) - U C S

(unavo idab le shock) int'erral, but s&segtien t p a i r i n q s

r e s u l t e d i n similar s u p p r e s s i o n i n c o n t r d l s , T h e 'C,

e x p e r i m e n t a l q r o n p showed less r e s p o n s e bnrstinq f o l l o u i n q d

t h e U C S ( shock ) t h a n c o n t r o l s a c c o u n t i n q fo r most'of t h e - ,

,,@'

d i f f e r e n c e s in t o t a l responses between the q r o u p s . Similar . bl

b e h a v i o u r patterns a r e seen i n r a t s Y i t h h y p o t h y r o i d like.

symptoms (e. q., Feuer & B r o a d h u r s t , 1962; Jeakel 6 Rhodes , *

190 1) a n d increased relative t h y r o i d veic jhts ( a n d testicle

u e i p h t s ) . were found in' t h e zats i n the experiments d i s c u s g e d -

a b o v e {Ossenkopp, Kol t ek , and P e r s i n q e r * 19721, -

-. /

When t e s t i n g l e a ~ n i n q b e h a v i o u r under d i f f ereat d

schedules o f r e i n f o r c e n e n t , most s d k e d u l r o d u c e t y p i c a l

' r e s p o n s e patterns mostly dependent on t h e r e i n f o r c e e e n t

c o n t i n g e n c i e s . These s c h e d u l e s - are: f i x e d r a y o , (P.R.) and

v a r k a b l e r a t i o (V.R.), which reward a p r o p o r t i o n of the . responses, and f i n e d interval (P. I, ) and v a r i a b l e - i n t e r v a l

(V. I.), u h i h revard as a f u n c t i o n of t i n e , a h m i x t u r e s and .r

c o @ b i n a t i o e s of these [~ers ter 6 Skinner , 1 9 .) . In a D.R .l. [ d i f f e r e n t i a l l y r e i n f o r c e d low repodse r a t e ) t a s k .

a v a i l a b i l i t y of the reli.nforcer is ui-thheld fbr a set time

p e r i o a from t h e p r e v i o u s response. ,-For example, in 3 D,.R .I. - .

6 seco,nd s c h e d u l e , i f the animal waits., 6 s e c o n d s before

r e s p o n d i n g , h e is' r e i n f o r c e d , b u t i f he , r e s p o n d s " before 6

seconds. h e must v a i t another 6 s e c o n d s from t h e time 6f t h a t '

response before the response i s a v a i l a b l e .

The D.'R.L. 6 second s c h e d u l e is a d i f f i c u l t t a s k for a r a t * 6 4

to master. I n t h e i n t e r v a l between r e s p o n s e s (I .ROTe), the

r a t p r o d u c e s many r e s p o n s e d e l a y i n q b e h a v i o u r s which gre n o t

p r i m a r i 3 y r e i n f o r c e d and s o are eas i ly d i s r u p t e d , L a t r i s ,

U e i s s , C l a r k , and R e y n o l d s 41965) discuss t h e s e n s i t i v i t y .of /

t h e D.B .L . s c h e d u l i t o s e v e r a l i n f l a e n c e s ( s t i m u l a n t s ,

i g t r o d u c t i o n of - o t h e r - - - schGdules, ---- and - othez -- - - - fac tors ) - - - . - T h i s - - -

author ( u n p u b l i s h e d h o n o r s t h e s i s , 1974, c i t e d by P e r s i n q e r ,

197U) trained a d u l t r a t s briefly (two 30 m i n u t e s e s s i o n s ) on

, .

\

a D,R.L. 6 second or 4 s e c o n d t a s k , exposed them t o a 0.5 Hz A

L magnetic f i e l d for 7 2 hours a n d then s . e t e s t e d them d a i l y on

t h e D.B.L. task for .5 d a y s , Except durinq the D . R , L . tasks .

430 minutes daily) a n d * u e i q h i n q and feeding (3 m i n u t e s

d a i l y ) t h e r a t s were m a i n t a i n e d i n the m a g n e t i c field area,

.an i n i t i a l r e t u r n t o the Dm%*L* task, m a q n e t i c f i e l d exposed Y 6

r a t s s h o v e d poorest perforaance (measu red by t h e r a t i o o f

* total responses / reinforcements earned)* A control qzoup i

- b

placed abay from t h e n a q n e t s i n the same room showed a n ' g

intermediate a b i l i t y (field was t o o veak t o be

t h e a v a i l a b l e equipmefit; i, e. ,+,less t h a n 0.05

q r o u p exposed t o a "shamn f i e l d (same equipment withoutd t h e

n a g n e t s ) a n d their control q r o u p ( i n the same rooas away from -*-

t h e sham maqnets) showed the b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e on the D.R, L. *

task. There w&e no s i q n i f - i c a n t differences between t h e

' l a t t e r t w o groups, U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e desiqn o f t h e

e x p e r i m e n t was not balanced, a n d younger animals used i n

l a te r e x p e r i s e n t a l r u n s shoved completely d i f f e r e n t response i

p a t terns, compared to controPs, snqgestf nq a d e f i n i t e

7 a q e - d e p e n d e n t effect. The p r e s e n t s t u d y . i s a n a t t e m p t t o --

\ L replicate a n d e k e r i d the f i n d i n q s oatlined 'above .

- -

\ Because o f previous research showinq d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e

. effects f rom e x p o s u r e to 0 - 5 Hz m a g n e t i c fields i n adult

male rats (th y r o i a, testicle weight ) exposed perinatally

4 - .compared to t h o s e exposed a s a d u l t s s e e n i n t h e exper iaents

b y Persinger, and t h e ' s u g g e s t i o n of an a g e - i n t e r a c t i o n

effect seen i n t h i s a u t h o r 8 s r e s e a r c h , i t was d e c i d e d t o

test for t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n o n a l e a r n i n q task i n t h e p r e s e n t

s t u d y .

A 0 . 5 Hz r o t a t i n g maqnet ic f i e l d was c h o s e n b e c a u s e of

t b e large number of p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s showinq e m o t i o n a l ,

p h y s i o l o c f i c a l ; aad b e h a v i o u r a l effects w i t h c a t s a t

d i f f e r e n t ages, and b e c a u s e of the r e g u l a r o c c u r

c a t u r a l (and a r t i f i c i a l ) fields i n t h i s f r e q u e n c y ,

T o test for d i ' s rnpt ion of memory c o n s o l i d a t i o n a s $ .

opposed t o decreased l e a r n h q , a period away from t h e

learning task is n e c e s s a r y . The 7 2 hour p e r i o d vas c h o s e n

tb be c e r t a i n t o exceed t h e 48 hour l a t e n c y of memory

c o n s o l i d a t i o n d i s c u s s e d by Geller a n d J a r v i k ( 1 970).

Fecal b o l u s e s produced dur inq a n a p e r a n t s e s s i o n

represents t h e amount of e m o t i o n a l reponse i n t h a t i n t e r v a l , 4

Pear, anqer, f r u s t r a t i o n and other e b o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n s

result i n i n c r e a s e d d e f e c a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , fecal boluses

1, S u b j e c t s

S e v e n t y t u o male Vistar a l b i n o r a t s were o b t a i n e d fron

t h e U n i v e r s i t y of British Columbia b s e e d i n q c o l o n y , Half of

t h e s e (36 rats) were o b t a i n e d i n one batch, a n d were retired

b r e e d i n q stock ( a q e ) e s t i m a t e d t o be 50 - 150 weeks), The

other 36 animals were o b t a i n e d i n q r o u p s of 6 l i t t e r m a tes a t

2 1 d a y s of age, These a n i m a l s were m a i n t a i i e d on a d - ' i i b i t u n

feedinq u n t i l the i n d i v i d u a l s i n the g r o u p v e i q h e d 250 t o

300 qrams. S i x o l d e r a n i m a l s were t h e n selected kn a 1

s t r a t i f i e d sample (the h e a v i e s t a n i m a l from e a c h of t h e six

w e i p h t r a n q e s ) a n d p l a c e d o n a w e i g h t - l o s s feedinq schedule, 3

Each a n i m a l was t h e n ,weighed d a i l y , until t h e e n d of t h e

experiment, and f e d a d a i l y food r a t i o n (4 - 10 q r ams )

d u r i n g weiqht loss (except d a y 1 of the f o o d d e p r i v a t i o n

s c h e d u l e ) , Two days after t h e o l d e r a n i l a a l s were bequn on

t h i s s c h e d u l e , t h e y o u n q e r r a t s were a l s o p l a c e d on a I

s i m i l a r d e p r i v a t i o n schedule, The f e e d i n q s c h e d u l e was

d e s i q n e d t o q e t e a c h a n i m a l t o 80% of, t h e ad-libiturn f e e d i n g

veiqht a t the same time, F o r the o l d e r rats, L t h i s was 80%

of t h e i r u e i q h t a t t h e b e q i n n i n q of t h e d e p r i v a t i o n , For

the y o u n q e r aniaals , a l l o w a n c e was made for g r o w t h b a s e d on

growth c u r v e s * e x t r a p o l a t e d for e a c h a n i a a l and from previous

normative d a t a c o l l e c t e d by this author, For example , one

rat beqan d e p r i v a t i o n a t a welqht o f 286 qrams, and 80% of . this is 2 2 9 qrarrs. A f t e l : sixteen days, qrowth would

normally be expected to change t b i s , a n i m a l ' s w e i g h t , ' r i t h o u t

food d e p r i v a t i o n , to 355 qrams, and 80% of t h i s is 2 8 4

qrams, Thus t h e a n i m a l would v e i q h e s s e n t i a l l y the same a s

he d i d a t the b e q i n n i n q , but would sti -4 deprived to '

a deqree similar to t h e older rats, (See Appendix 111 for

f o o d d e p r i v a t i o n f i q u r e s , ) A l l a n i m a l s c o u l d then b e trained

with a food reward,

Prior to d e p r i v a t i o n , a l l animals were h o u s e d in

q a l v a n i z e d wire- bottomed caqes, After the b e q i n n i n q of

d e p r i v a t i o n , animals were kept in p l a s t i c tubs (29 x 18 x 13

CP) w i t h wire t o p s h e l d i n place wi th co i l sprinqs. Each of .

t h e s e p l a s t i c caqes was surrounded by v h i t e cardboard

barriers so that t h e a n i n a l s c o u l d n o t see the maqnet ic

' f i e l d a p p a r a t n s . Altbouqh the d e p r i v a t i o n schedule was mild

compared t q t h a t u s e d i n p r e v i o u s e x p e r i ~ e n t s , i n 3 c a s e s %

one of t h e old animals d ied , shortly after b e q i n n i n q , from

a p p a r e n t d i g e s t i v e t r a c t d i s o r d e r s , When there were six

survivors of each a g e qroup , 5 were chosen a t random from

these e x c e p t .when one animal s h o i e d an unusual inability t o

l e a r n the instrumental task. A l l a n i a a l s proved to be .

r e l a t i v e 1 7 slow t o l earn t h e b a r p r e s s response compared to

animals o&d i n t h e author's p r e v i o u s research. Thus of 7 2

rats o b t a i n e d , 6 0 were u s e d i n the elPperiment.

2. appara tus

a, ~ a q n e t i c F i e l d Apparatus

A pair of horseshoe i n s t r u m e n t s magnets ( w e s t i n s h o u s e

USAP-624311) were mounted h o r i z o n t a l l y . on top of a t a b l e ,

w i t h t h e p o l e surfaces fac ing 20 -cn a p a r t . These were

turned by a single 6 0 : 1 r e d u c i n q g e a r motor (Bodine n o d e 1

RSI-IZR) mounted beneath the t a b l e . The ~ a q n e t s were turned - i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s by toothed b e l t s , (see ~ i q . 1 ) . The

maqnets t u r n e d a t 30 r.p.n. u i t h each pole a l t e r n a t e l y

f a c i n g a like pole, then an o p p o s i t e pole. T h i s q e n e r a t e d a

horizontally r o t a t i n g e l e c t r a m a q n e t i c f i e l d (see P i q . 2) . which t u r n e d and f l u c t u a t e d a t 0 . 5 Hz. A 10 f& board was

mounted a b o v e the t a b l e between t h e magnets w i t h s u p p o r t s a t

the end separate from the t a b l e , (Fig. 1). Thus, motor

vibrations in the taqle nere sot t r a n s w i t t e d to thks board

which was used to h o l d rat caqas dur inq the e x p e r i m e n t a l

phase of t h e research. The s t r e n q t h of t h e mapoetic f i e l d

1-- , . Toothed b e l t

- R e v e r s i n g g e a r

30 RPM g e a r motor-

Horseshoe magnet

Figure 1 Magnet ic f i e l d a p p a r a t u s

F i g u r e 2 Magnet r o t a t i o n produces r o t a t i n g magnet ic f i e l d .

a t the various d i s t a n c e s ranged from 5 .0 q a u s s (peak

peak) t o 0 .05 m u s s ,

be .Operant 'Control Apparatus

ZLutomatic control equi p e n t was proqrammed to d e l i v e r

either a CBf (continuous reinforcement) or a D . R . L .

( d i f f e r e n t i a l l y r e i n f o r c e d low response r a t e ) 6 second P

s c h e d u l e of r e i n f o r c e m e n t f o r lever p r e s s i n q i n a s t a n d a r d

S k i n n e r Box. Reinforcers could a l s o be delivered manually

from a hand h e l d switch for shapinq t h e l e v e r - p r e s s . ' 1 I . .

r e s p o n s e . The operant chamber (Sk inner box) was fitted w i t h

a n o n - r e c e s s e d food d e l i v e r y c u p so t h a t t h e r a t couZd see

t h e 0.25 qram f o o d p e l l e t when it was delivered a s a *

r e i n f o r c e r . Secondary reinforceaent came from the sound of

t h e f w d d e l i v e r y solenoid. T h i s 10 i n c h by 15 inch chamber - .

was enclosed i n a sound a t t e n u a t i n q case which was fitted

with a v e n t i l a t i o n fan . Prom i n s i d e t h e chamber t h e sound

- of the o p e r a n t c o n t r o l proqramrninq equipment c o u l d n o t b e ,:.,,

heard.

Automatic r e c o r d i n g equipment ppaduced a count of*:

(a) total reinforcers d e l i v e r e d (animals uere

removed when 100 reinforcers uere o b t a i n e d ) , v

(b) t o t a l responses occurinq between 0 and 1

second a f t e r the p r e v i o u s r e s p o n s e , .

fc) between 1 and 2 seconds,

* (d) between 2 and 3 s e c o n d s ,

(e) between 3 and 4 s e c o n d s , a

(f), between 4 and 5 s e c o n d s ,

(Q) b e t w e e n 5 and 6 .seconds, and

(h) responses wcnrrinq more than 6 s e c o n d s - after the last r e s p o n s e ,

(i) the qrand total of all responses made, and

( j j t h e elapsed time needed to earn the 100

r e i n f o r c e r s . A cumulative r e s p o n s e chart recorder was

a l s o used to make a running r e c o r d of response p a t terns

throuqhont t h e interval each r a t was in the chamber, This

r e c o r d uas useful i n d e t e c t i n g episodes of "response

burstinqR described earlier,

S i x t y rats were i n t h e d e s i q n , 3 0 younq (250 - 300

qraa) ra t s a n d 30 old ( 550 - 995 qram) r a t s . Half qf e a c h

The rats were v e i q h e d and fed daily several hours after

be inq i n the o p e r a n t chamber, On t h e fol lowinq two d a y s ,

t h e rats were exposed to the operant chanbpr o n a D . R . L . 6

second schedule until t h e y earned 100 r e i n f o r c e r s , and t h e n

returned to the colony area. '~espohses made d u r i n q these P

tuo 'days would Cohstitu* a pre-exposure '(to the n a q n e t i c

field) level, and c o u l d be used a s a c o v a r i a t e t o control

for t h e i h d i v i d u a l d i f f erences i n the a n i m a l s 1 response "

lmmediaq)tly after the s e c o n d t r i a l on the D . R . L . task,

t h e animals were p l a c e d i n t o the lsaqnetic f i e l d apparatus.

A d i s t a n c e from t h e maqnets was selected so t h a t the o r d e r

t h a t the an imal was. tested i n the o p e r a n t chamber was

m i n i m a l l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h the. d i s t a n c e , The r a t s Mere l e f t

in t h e maqnetic field e q u i p s e n t for 7 2 lhonrs e x c e p t for

d a i l y v e i q h i n g ( a b o u t 3 m i n u t e s ) , Then t h e a n i m a l s were,

r e t u r n e d to t h e o p e r a n t c b a a b e r for 5 more d a i l y s e s s i o n s o n

the D e R e L * task, Each session l a s t e d u n t i l 100 r e i n f o r c e r s

-were earned . ~ a c a l bolu'ses uere c o u n t e d a f t e r e a c h session,

The rats were returned to t h e i r c a q e s ahd t o t h e maqnet ic

field apparatus i m m e d i a t e l y after e a c h session.

A desiqn w i t h 2b t r e a t m e n t f a c t o r s (control and

e x p e r i m e n t a l ) , 2 aqes lyonnq and o l d ) , and 5 maqnet ic f i e l d *

exposure levels, a 3 1 crossed f a c t o r s , with 3 subjects p e r

cell (nested) vas produced, Response totals for s e v e n

i n t e r - r e s p o n s e time intervals (0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4 -5 , 5-6, P

over 6 s e c o n d s ) , t o t a l time, and number of f e c a l b o l u s e s per

session were t h e f i r s t measures, T y p i c a l inter-response

l a t e n c i e s were calculated b y the fornula

------------ R t o t a l

where R = number of responses i n t h e interval , -

and ' t = m i d d l e of t h e time i n t e r v a l

( i . e . , i n t h e interval 5-6 s e c o n d s ,

T h i s formula was selected even though the t intervals

were n o t e q u a l ratio (Le., 6+ i n t e r v a l i n c l u d e d r e s p o n s e s

i n an i n t e r v a l of more than one second while the o t h e r E

intervals were of o n e s e c o n d ) , Since all r e s p o n s e s lonqer

than 6 s e c o n d s produced t h e sane result, andf very l o n g I R T

i n t e r v a l s were o c c a s i o n a l l y made which c o u l d qive a f a l s e

3

picture of tpi) dnima19s a b i l i t y t o r i t h o l d responding for i

the appropriate time. The formula g i v e s a number closer to

the nedran IRT than t h e mean IRT. (which would b e c a l c 2 n l a t e d

b y d i r i d i n q <he total , responses b y the time to earn the 100

reinforcers) . The a n a l ~ s i s called for is a multivariate

analysis of c o v a r i a n c e with responses on -the f irs t 2 d a y s

( p r e exposure) a s predictors for the responses on the l a s t

5 davs, the l a s t 2 d a y s , and for d a y s 3 and 4, These

c o v a r i a t e s are useful i n reducinq error due to i n d i v i d u a l c+

d i f f e r e n c e s in the rats which are p r e s e n t prior to exposure ,

BBD 12lkco.poter s t a s t i c a l . packaqe was used in a l l t h e

a n a l y s e s . -*

f

RESULTS

- The" complete set of means and d e v i a t i o n s i s shown i n

Appendix I. No significant d i f f e r e n c e s were found i n any of * the a n a l y s e s between t h e 5 d i s t a n c e s , but s i q n i f i c a n t . 1

+

differences *were seen i n some cases f o r o t h e r f a c t o r s ,

Table 2 (a) shows cell means for each of t h e s e v e n d a y s of

t e s t i n q for t h e number of fecal b o l u s e s produced-bv the two

I aqe qronps i n the e x p e r i m e n t a l and control condition. The F

v a l u e (Table 3) for t h e t r e a t m e n t X aqe i n t e r a c t i o n u s i n q

d a t a for all 5 days is 0 , 8 7 9 9 (non s i q n i f i c a n t ) . Greater E'

, . e m o t i o n a l response (more fecal b o l u s e s ) is seen i n the, o l d e r d

e x p e r i m e n t a l group after expoijure, but t h e h i q h v a l u e s for

this sroor, p r i o r t o exppslrre eliminate,^ any chance of i

finding t h i s difference s i g n i f i c a n t . The v a l u e s of t h e

c o v a r i a t e s for days 1 and 2 are s i q n i , f i c a n t (F = 2.33 for

day 1 and P = 1 . 4 2 for day 2) p r e d i c t o r s of measures o n

later d a y s , Separate a n a l y s e s for the first 2 post-

exposure days and for t h e l a s t 2 p o s t - e x p o s u r e d a y s d i d n o t

change the s i g n i f i c a n c e (see T a b l e s 3 , 4, and 5 ) .

TABLE 2

HEANS

dean i n t e r - r e s p o n s e time latencies f rota t h e c a l c u l a t e d formula.

%

D A Y EXPER. GPm CONTROL GP. L'

OLD BATS POURG RATS OLD RATS YOUNG RATS

aean number of fecal boluses produced d u r i n g e a c h s e s s i o n

D A Y EXPER. GPe COITBOL GP, OLD RATS YOURCRATS OLD R ~ T S POUBG RATS

1 6 .267 2.200 1.867 1,533 2 3,667 1,533 2 .667 . 08P33 3 2 .667 1 1.467 2.734 1,067, 4 2.867 0,867 1.667 1 a667 5 2 . 7 3 3 1.467 2,333 1.933

SUMHARY OP P TABLE FOR PECAL BOLUSES

DEPENDENT VARIABLES A R E THE HEASORES ON EACB,QP THE 5 POST-EXPOSURE DAYS

COVABIATES BBE THE HEASUBES TAKEN 01 TEE 2 PRE-EXPOSURE DAYS

L SOURCE

4 TREATflENT A G E CLOSENESS T b TC AC TAC C O V A R I A T E 1 COVARIATE 3

* R tTAC)

A P P B O X I H ATE DEGREES OF F- STATISTIC FREEDOM

It is assumed that this table shows the effects of t r e a t n e n t (magnetic 4f ield or sham field exposure) age (old or yonnq rats), and closeness to2 t h e f i e l d apparatus on emotion for t h e 5 post-exposure days. Note t h a t ' there are n o siqhificant effects, The larqe d i f f e r e n c e s i n group means p o s t - e x p o s u r e is predicted by pre-exposure n e a n s .

3 4 TABLE 4

SUHBARY OF F T A B L E FOR FECAL BOLUSES

, DEPENDEBT V A R I A B L E S ARE THE EEASURES O N EACH OP THE PLBST 2 PBE-EXPOSURE DAYS

COVARIBTES ARE T H E HEASURES TAKEN O N THE 2 PRE-EXPOSURE DAYS

SCURCB A P P R O X I H A T E DEGRqES OF F- STATISTIC FREEDOH

V

TREAT8ENT 0. 5 7 1 5 2 3 7 . 0 0 AGE 0 . 7 5 5 7 2 37.tOO CLOSENESS 0 .7 692 8 7 4 . 0 0 T A 0 . 3 5 0 4 , 2 3 7 . 0 0 T C 1.'0579 8 7 4 . 0 0 A C 0 . 5 846 8 7 4 . 0 0 T AC 0 , 2 9 9 3 8 7 4 . 0 0 COVABIATE 1 4 . 7 4 97 2 37 .00 COVARIATE 3 2 . 5 0 19 2 3 7 . 0 0 R {TAC)

It i s assumed t h a t t h i s table shows the effects of t r e a t a e n t (magnetic field or sham f i e l d exposure) age ( o l d or youpq r a t s ) , a n d closeness t o t h e f i e l d a p p a r a t u s o n e m o t i o n for t h e first 2 p o s t - e x p o s u r e days .

-Note t h a t there are n o significant effects. The larqe differences i n qroup means p o s t - e x p o s u r e i s predicted by pre -exposure means.

3 f TABLE 5

SUBRARY OF F TABLE FOR FECAL BOLUSES

DEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE T H E PIEASURES O N '

Z A C W O F THE LAST 2 P O S T - E X P O S U R E DAYS .-

COVABIATES A R E T H E ~ E A S U R E S TAKEN \

O N THE 2 P R E - E X P O S U R E D A Y S .

P R E A T M E N T A G E CLOSENESS T B TC - AC T AC COVARIBTE C O V A R I A T E R (TIC)

A P P R O X I H A T E DEGREES O F = P'- S T A T I S T I C FREED01

It i s a s s u m e d that t h i s table s h o v s the effects of treatment (naqne tic f i e l d or sham f i e l d exposure) aqe (old or younq rats), a n d closeness to the field apparatus on emotion for the first 2 post-exposure days . Note that there are no significant effects.

S U M f • ÷ A R Y OF f TABLE FOR INTER-RESPONSE T I H E LATENCY (calculated)

DEPENDENT V A R I A B L E S ARE THE REASURES OW EACH OF THE 5 POST-EXPOSURE DAYS

COVABIBTES ON EACH Of

SOURCE

T REATHENT AGE CLO SEWESS T A TC AC T BC C O V A R I A T E COV&RIAT E R (TAC)

ARE THE EEASURES TAKEN T H E 2 P R E - E X P O S U R E DAYS

APPROXX HATE DEGREES OF P- STATISTIC FREED04

It i s a s s u a e d that t h i s t a b l e shows the effects of t r e a t m e n t { n a q n e t i c field or sham f g e l d e x p o s u r e ) age ( o l d or younq r a t s ) , and closeness t o the f i e l d on l earninq and memory d u r i n q the 5 p a s t - e x p o s u r e days of retestinq of the task learned in the 2 pre-ex posure days.

-

Yhen the i n t e r - r e s p o n s e latency m e a s u r e s c a l c u l a t e d

from r e s p o n s e f r e q u e n c y i n Bach time i n t e r v a l w&e u s e d a s a'

J- m e a s u r e , s i q n i f i c a n t pas f o u n d , Usinq days 1 and 2 as

c o v a r i a t e s ~ a n d t h e 5 p o s t e x p o s u r e d a y s as t h e d e p e n d e n t

v a r i a b l e s , s i q n i f i c a n c e was see0 o n t h e t r e a t m e n t v a r i a b l e

( P = 3.0876. p less than .02-5) but n o t for- t r e a t m e n t 'by aqe

i n t e r a c t i o n (F = 2.3 182, p :less t h a n . 10) ; see f a b l e 6 ,

S e p a a a t e a n a l y s e s d o n 9 u s i n d the d a t a from the f irst 2 p a s t 4

e x p o s u r e d a y s a n d t h e 1as-t- 2 pos t e x p o s u r e d a y s (Tables 7

and 8 ) f o n n d . n o siqnificance for t h e t r e a t m e n t -effect o n

d a y s i n q e d i a t e l y after e x p o s u r e {F = 0.4815) but

s i g n i f i c a n c e for t h e T X A i n t e r a c t i o n (F = 5,0621, p less

t h a n , 0 2 5 ) . U s i n q d a t a fron o n l i t h e l a s t 2 days qets a

larqe f v a l u e for the treqtment effect (F = 7.7632, p less /

g / ~ t h a n , 0 0 5 ) , a n d loss of s i g n i f i c a n c e for the T X A

i n t e r a c t i o n (F = 2.1868, p less t h a n . 2 0 ) .

I n f u r t h e r t e s t i n q of e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e , t h e number of

r e s p o n s e s i n t h e 0-1 s e c o n d r a n g e , r e p r e s e n t i n q e m o t i o n a l

response b s r s t i n q t o some d e g r e e , was used w i t h t h e measure

obtained by c o u n t i n g fecal b o l u s e s . his' c ~ m b i n a t i o n mas

u s e d i a a m u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s and n o s i q n i f i c a n t effects - - -

were s e e n . f o ~ e x a m p l e , the T X A effect usinq the 2

variables on d a y s 3 and 4 a s d e p e n d e n t variables a n d days ,I

,

and 2 a s c o v a r i a t e s , F =

freedom, -For the l a s t 2 1

. . 1.1205 v i t h 4 and 33 degrees of

d a y s , F = 0.9793.' U s i n q the c r u d e r

measure of average response latency o b t a i n e d by dividinq

elapsed time i n seconds b y the total number of responses,. we

obtain siqnificance p a t t e r n s similar t o those usinq t h e more

complex formula for a v e r a q e inter-response l a t e n c y , (compare

T a b l e s 9 and 10 t o Tables 7 and 8 ) .

%

TBBLE 7

SUWYABS! OF F TABLE POEf INTER-RESPONSE T I f l E LATENCY (calculated)

DEPEBDENT VARIABLES A R E THE REASURES ON ' OH EACH OF THE FIRST 2 POST-EXPOSURE DAYS

C O V A ~ I A T E S A R E THE HEASURES TAKEN ON EACH OF THE 2 PRE-EXPOSURE D A Y S ,

sou acE

?BEATMELIT A G E CLOSENESS T A T C AC T AC COV A E U AT E C O V A R I A T E R (T AC)

APPROXIflATE F- STATISTIC

'DEGREES Of

-. F R ' E E D O ~ I

'7 2 2 8 @ 2 37.00 ~ K . 0 5 8 74,OQ 8 74.00 8 74,OO 2 37.00 2 37.00

TABLE 8 '

SURBABY OF F TABLE F O R I H T E R - R E S P O N S E TIME LATENCP (calculated) A

3

DEPENDENT V A R I A B L E S A R E THE HEASUBES O N Oil EACH OF THE LAST 2 POST-EXWSUBE D A Y S

COVABIATES A R E THE FIEASUBES TAKEN O N EACH O F THE 2 PRE-EXPOSURE D A Y S

SOURCE

T R E A T ~ E N T AGE CLOSENESS TA TC 'A c T AC C O V A R I A T E 2 COVARIATE 4 R (T AC)

APPROXIHATE DEGREES OF P- S T A T I S T ~ C F R E E D O H

?

SU.!!HARY Of F TABLE FOR TIME TO E A R N 100 REINFORCERS / TOTAL RESPONSES

DEP~NDEEIT U+RIABLES ARE THE HEASURES ON O N EACH OF THE FIRST 2 POST-EXPOSURE DAYS

C O V A R I A T E S A R E THE HEASURES T A K E N ON EACH OF THE 2 P R E - E X P O S U R E DAYS

SOURCE

TREa THENT AGE CLOSENESS T A T C AC T AC COVARIATE 2 C O V A R I A T E 4

4

APPROXIHATE P- STATISTIC

R (T AC) 4

DEGREES O F , FREEDOH

. TABLE 10

SUllMARY OF F TABLE FOR TOTBL T I B E TO EARN I 0 0 REINFORCERS / TOTAL RESPONSES .

*

DEPENDENT V A R I A B L E S ARE T H E HEASURES OH O N EACH OP aTHE LAST 2 POST-EXPOSURE D A Y S

C O V A R I A T E S ON EACH OF

SOURCE

TREATRENT AGE CLOSENESS TA TC A C ,

TAC COVABIBTE C O V A R I A T E R (TAC)

A R E THE n E A S U 8 E S TAKEN THE 2 P R E - E X P O S U R E D A Y S

A P P R O X I t l A T E D E G R E E S OF -.

F- S T A T I S T I C F R E E D O H

. L - -

DISCUSSIOI

a major weakness i n t h e a n a l y s e s performed is the l a c k

of u t i l i z a t i o n o f d a t a from e a c h of t h e 5 d a y s a f t e r

e x p o s u r e . A n i a a l s e x p o s e d repeatedly t o t h e same s i t u a t i o n

would b e e x p e c t e d t o c h a n q e t h e i r b e h a v i o u r , o v e r t h e s e

exposures, i n a systematic way. An example of t h i s type of

c h a n g e is c a l l e d a l e a r n i n q curve. .The analyses d i d -not

stu* the shapes of these l e a r n i n q c u r v e s , b u t t r e a t e d t h e

data from a l l days or from t h e first 2 a n d the last 2 d a y s

after e x p o s u r e t o t h e f i e l d a s i n d e p e n d e n t data,

E x p e c t a t i o n s were for a t r e a t m e n t " e f f e c t which aay b e

obscured by a treatment by aqe i n t e r a c t i o n . I n the

l e a ~ n i n q / m e m o r y measure of inter-response l a t e n c y , the first

, 2 days in " t h e D, R . L task a f t e r e x p o s u r e shoved a T X A

i n t e r a c t i o n with no T main effect. These iirst days b a c k t o \

the task after 72 hours i n t h e eaqnetic field. i&asure

r e t e n t i o n of t h e l e a r n i n g which t o o k place p r i o r t o

erposare. T h e effect on t h e 2 a q e qroups is t h e opposi te ;

yaunq a n i m a l s q e n e r a l l y had l o n g e r IRT's (relative t o their

controls)' and t h e old a n i m a l s had shorter IRTws. L o n q e r

IRT's s i q n i f y b e t t e r performance o n t h e D.B. L s c h e d u l e .

T h i s suqqests t h a t l e a r n i e q or memory say be i n t e r f e t e d w i t h - -- - - - - - -- - - -

i n some way i n the o l d e r rats, w h i l e younq r a t s may have

, - -

been f a c i l i t a t e d i n the a b i l i t y t o i n h i b i t r e s p o n d i n q .

The last d a y s show t h e result of 5 d a i l y t r i a l s o f

learning. By t h e n any effect on l e a r n i n q ( i f it exists)

should be s t r o n q e r t h a n a n effect o n n e s o r y c o n s o l i d a t i o n

d u r i n q the 7 2 h o u r s i n t h e 6.5 Hz f i e l d and away f ro& t h e

D.R.L. t a s k . T h i s e f f e c t was n o t d e m o n s t r a t e d .

The e f f e c t o f t h e / i a q n e t i c f i e l d on t h e m e a s u r e s af

e m o t i o n t a k e n ( t h e number of fecal boluses, r e s p o n s e s w i t h

I B T ' s below 1 second) d i d n o t show s i g n i f i c a n c e , T h i s

f i n d i n q i s a t o d d s w i t h t h e a u t h o r 8 - s p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h which

i n d i c a t e d a s t r o n g effect o n emotion, bas measured b& f e c a l

bolus p r o d u c t i o n . No e x p l a n a t i o n i s offered f o r this r e s u l t

e x c e p t t h a t the d a t a H a s i n t h e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n of a T X

A i n t e r a c t i o n on t h e l a s t 3 d a v s b u t was n o t c o n s i s t e n t -

enough t o show s t a s t i c a l siqnificance.

The effects which were r e c o r d e d oh response i n h i b i t i o n

and e m o t i o n h a v e s e v e r a l possible e t i o l o q i e s . Chanqes i n

hormone l e v e l s , e s p e c i a l l y t e s t o s t e r o n e , may a f f e c t q e n e r a l

a c t i v i t y l e v e l s c a u s i n q more c o m p e t i n q r e s p o n s e s s u c h a s

I-- - - -- -- - - - - -- - - -- -- - - - - - - -

q f o o i n g , l o o k i n q f o r escape routes, etc. , o r c o u l d l e a d t o

chanqes i n a l e r t n e s s o r m o t i v a t i o n , o r i n p e r c e p t i o n of

t h e bar- p r e s s r e s p o n s e d e l a y i n q b e h a v i o u r s or, more

likely, b a r press response behaviour .

-. The effects seen are a r e s u l t of a c u t e exposure t o v e r y P

lw l e v e l s of m a q n e t i c ' d e l d s . since t h e c l o s e n e s s of the

n a g n e t s had no s i q n i f i c a n t effect on a n y o f the aeasures, i t

would a p p e a r t h a t e v e n short term, low dose e x p o s u r e s t o

t h i s t y p e of field can hawe effects w h i c h aay be s e a s u r i l b l e

with-crude l e a r n i n q tasks s u c h a s Dm R. L. respondinq .

Whether the determinant of t h e effect i s d i r e c t action on

t h e b r a i n (and vhich part of t h e b r a i n ) or t h e endrocrine

sZystem remains to be tested. The p o t e n t i a l mechanisms for a

weak maqnetic f i e l d many o r d e r s be low t h e electric f i e l d s

measured across

s p i t e n h a v e no;

cell

been

walls ( i n volts/~~) and i n t h e nervous

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-

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D=2 is d a y 2 { second pce -exposure day)

D-3 is day 3 (first pos&erposure day)

D=7 is day 7 (last post-exposure day)

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I 1 I t O O O Q O

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I 1 I 1 0 0 0 0 0 ..... 0 0 d O O W 4 0 z l u a D W d O b J W W C P l r W W C N O O

I I O O Q O O ..... OOOOOQI N O C U h , J = U V \ c l - . ( D J 4 A W W O D N 4 J .

00000cn O O O O O Q I W O F l u h , w 0 f bhr & * m d d S C ~ ~ ~ W - ~ - . & W S ~ Q \ W O U I W 4 N 4 4 Q ) + d b L U

- - - - -

u l w . W J C '

q r W VI\D NVI -0,

0

O O E OIOI + 0 0 N 4'

Mi - . h a

A

0

l f O Q - 0 .

ooul W N

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T ,= 2

C =

1

2 I

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-0

. osooe 2

'

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t I I * I t I I 6 I ooppp . 0 0 0 0 0 . . .* . oopoo 0 . .. o o p o o .. - 0

- - -- -- -

I * B i b l i o g r a p h y

P e r s t e r , C. B, G Sk inner , Be Pe &- Pf x- New Pork: hppleton-Century-Crofts , 1357. * Peaer, G,,& Broadhurst , P e t . , Thyroid f u n c t i o n i n rats s e l e c t i v e l y bred for e m o t i o n a l e l i m i n a t i o n : 11.. Differences i n thyroid activity. @ u r U Pf - r 1362, 24, 293-262

Barer, J. R e Effects of b w level, low f r e q u e n c y electric f i e l d s on human tiie jndqements. Liffh

m w - - --

- ~ ~ a - , S f

Hyden, E., 6 Lanqe, P,V. C o r r e l a t i o n of t h e S I O O b r a i ~ 1

p r o t e i n w i t h behav ior . I n R. E. Bovmn, G 5. P.- Datta, .- (Ms. ) . & & ~ ~ h e m & & = qf k a a 8 -&J. eeu ~ork: ~ l e n a m . 1970,

Byden, El*,, 6 HcEwen, B I A q l i a l p r o t e i n specific for t h e nervous system.

- nf &Be ea2iioPal4ssmBX nf

1966, 55 , 354-358,

X o a i q , R. t, itrospherits of t i a l t a l f r e q u e n c i e s . 1359, 1 1 ( 7 ) .

v u -. rn

Ueber den e inf l u s s besonders n i e d e r f r e q u e n t e r vorgaenqe i n d e r atmosphere auf d i e uffwel t . . - 1962, 9 , 481-501.

Koniq. E w I. ~ i o l o q i c a l effects of ext~re.ell&or f ~ c j u e n c v ' electrical phenomena i n the atmosphere. Jouraal .pf

m h , 1971, 2. 317-323., , '4 +

Konig, A. I. ELF and VLF s i p n a l p r o p e r t i e s : physical - - -

cbarikcteristics. En ti 1. Fersinqer W c T , 7 . ~ - ~ - & 4 - ~ - 4 + e b s c m fL8U ~~~~. mew Y O S ~ : Plena. press. 1974

- --

- --

* . " - * - - * - - - - " . , - - . . ?

" V

I

87 L -

-s

-- --- A- - -

- ~ a t i e s , V. G., ~ e i s s i K C l a ~ k e , R, L., 6 Reyn- iH .+ I). O v e r t w d i a tinqw behavior d u r h q t e s p o r a l l t spaced

Bl@smmamwPf <

a

respondinq. GZ && ,_F3ebav_is, 1965, 8, ,107-116.

, . I

Ossenkopp, K-P. flataration aria '"open field b e h a v i o r i n rats exposed .prenatal1 y t o an -ELF 1 0 4 - i n t e n s i t y . r o t a t i n q magnetic ffeld. ,gg~eologi~& Jte~~g3& 1972, 3, * 371-374.

&senkopp, K-P,, Koltek, U. Ti,' a d ~ets inqer, H. A. p r e n a t a l expoknre t o a n e x t r e a e l y low frequency - -low intensity r o t a t u q maqnetic f i e l d and increase in thyroid

I ,an&- testicle veixghtL im -rxts.--- m c h o < b&&ggx, 1972, 5 , 2 7 5 2 8 5 . .

" P ~ r ~ i n q e ~ ~ - 8.1 A. .dpen l i e l d % b e h a r i o r i n rats exposed, prenatally tg a 1 o w . i n t e n s i t y - loy frequency,~rptatinq%

- t a - e c - f TeH. - w e s o w me*. , -+96'+, '2 ,*-- . &-

-

168-371 , = . . - 7

Per~-ingBr; I,. A . . prenatai exposqre t o a n ELF r o t a t i n g , . ~aqne-tic. f i e l Q , a ~ b u l d t o t y bejmvior , *and l u n a r distadce a t ,

birth: ~'correlatiun, ~-uiC& -, 1971, 2 8 , + 435-938. . , -

f - >

pe;sinqer; H r b (Ed. ) - tromaanei~ 'w ' , ,

b r? r . - . , Carzey, ' H. E. ,' &a$ reniete,. & F., , -

I) - lazrac i n , I . % b i r t y - e i q h t blood, . t i s s u e anda,cohsn.bp&re ' - fa , - measures from %rats expased p e r i n a t a l l y , p a n d a s adults %to - =

03Hz sacmetic f i e l d s , fat%saati9anl Jsureal e.,' .. & & w a r 22 ( 3 ) . S q t $978, 213-364, = -

* Pers inper , B.+ A. , * b e ~ o s t a r , ' V. S. - ELF r o t a t i n e mahetic . -fields: p r e n a t a l exposure .land a d u l t behav ior . W v e s f92 . - . B e h , $ Enssm-~ 4 B+Pf12..tO1=1 . - 3$Z*.B. r . lgTO., 18n 363-369 d

I

~ersinqer, 8, A. ; Luduiq, 8. I., E Qssenkopp, K-Po , *

P s ~ c B o p ~ h ~ s i o : l a q i q a l ef f'ects* of extremely low frequency t

electromaqhetic f geld& i - review.- w c e ~ t u a & BJ@ g9-x. ;j , u p , 1973, 36, 1136-1159. ' * 7

P e r s i n g e r , I. A. ,0ssenkopb, K-Pa, G G l a ~ i n , G . 0 . &a~&or& - -4tawps ia-afte--ezpes&- &aas A--

: - -1 w a n f nf P--, 16, 155-162. " -4d

w

4?e~shq et , & - * . - r - ~ 4 U e ~ G a 1 1 e ~ - ~ ~ ~ - r d a t i n q maqnetic field and s u b s e q u e n t increase i n conditioned s u p p r e s s i o n . Qg-.g~&& m - ~ l o ~ p r 1972, 5 , 269-274.

Pobk, C., S o u r c e s , P r o p a , q a t i o n , ~mhitude and T e m p o r a l . ~ a r i , a f i o n of Extremely Cow Frequency (0-100 Hz) Electro- maqnetic Fields. I n J. G, L l a n r a d o , A, S a n c e s Jr., and J, 'H. -3allocletti. ( ~ d s . ) . , Blulgsic C l i n i ~ d 8f & w - ~ e a u g ~ lJ~m&&* 399 &&G&& w. S p r i n q f i e l d ,

4 , Ill.: Charles-6. Thoaas , 1974. f-9

b B'eille, A, Essai de mkse e n evidence d'une s e n s s i i b i l i t e du A

p i q e o n a n champ maqnetique a l ' a i d e d 'un c o n d i o n n e m e n t e

n o c i c e p t i f . J o n r n & & gus%oIoq& (Paris) ,' 1968, 60, 85- 3 2 . '

Roamel, S, A. Jr., & HcCleave, J. D. Sensitivity of A&erican Eels i n g u i l l a rostcataI a n d AtIap_tfc S a l s n ( ~ a l f s o

- - -- -

salar) t o weak eleckric and rnaqne t i c f i e l d s . P i s h e q j , ~ Resea- gq& 9f mpada, 1973, 3 0 ( 5 ) , -657-663.

I *-

Rowland, V, - C o r t i c a l steady p o t e n t i a l i n reinforcement a n d learnirrq, I n E. S t e l l a r , & 3. -Spraq'ue, (Eds. ) , Proses in p h ~ s i o - a S o l g q y . N e w Pork: Academic P r e s s , 1968. -

. . Southern, W. E. The nef fects of s u p e r i m p o s e d m a q n e t i c f i e l d s on q u l l o r i e n t a t i o n ; ms~g a n l ; t e t i n , 1974, 86, (31 , 256-271.

sogkg,F., with Edmonds, A. 292- &g Effect* bow & el-tr ic~tf . . y o u e Rev York: D u t t o n , 1976.

T a y l o r ? I?. L.; 6 Sao, K. ELF a t t e n u a t i o n rates and phase v e l o c i t i e s observed from slow-tail c o m p o n e n t s o f a t m o s p h e t i c s , Badip w, 1370, 5, 1453- 1460.

fever, R, E L F - E f f e c t s on Human C i r c a d i a n Rhy ths s . Tn )I. A. P e r s i n q e r , (Ed,) , & VLE Electromqqnetic_ -44 U ~ S . ' New Pork: Plenun, 1974.

s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ a ~ ~ d = , I ~ - ~ - ~ ~ & f e n ~ ~ ~ & B ~ ~ B B L-p-- I --

detectors in bionaqnetisa. 1n' ii, 8. ~obb ' & . H. Van Dui jn, . + (Eds,) , ~ o n t e m p ~ x a r y C l i n i c a l J & ~ o P ~ ~ s i o l o u y (EEG S uppl . no, 34) . Amsterdaa: E l s e v i e r Pub. Co., 1978.

Wilson, A, S . Psychological Effects of Magnetic and Electric Fields. I n 3; G, tlaurado, A. Sances Jr.. . and 3. I. ~ a l l o c l e t t i ,\ ( a d s . ) , j&Q&gg& a i c a l ~!Xfec*s sf

- Xc ow- f ig&& E&=&E E M & . S p r i a q f i e l d . lllL,: Charles C. Th3as, 1974.

" V i l t s c h k o , U. &. W i l t s c h k o , R. Interaction of stars and ;agnetic f i e l d i n L t h & a b e n t a t i o n system of n i q h t l i q r a $ i n q b - b i r d s . ggitscbr&ff; 211s. Tier~s~cholocriq, 3975, 37 t41. 337- 3 55 ,

/

P e a k e l , 8. H., & Rhoades, R, P. A comparison of the body - - -

and e n d o c r i n e - g land - - - - (Bdrena1,t - - hyroid, p i t u i t a r y ) weights , o f -

e i o t i o d a l -and non eniotional rats. gndocrwqgy, 194 1. 28, 337-340.