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I. Introduction
Protein Synthesis
A. History
a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules
b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins as all having the same formula
c. F. Sanger – sequenced insulin
d. T. Svedberg – proposed that proteins had conformation
e. Armour Hot Dog Co. – purified pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A
1. Protein Structure
a. J. von Liebig – started physiological chemistryb. E. Buchner – started Bio-chemistryc. W. Rontgen – discovered value of x-rays, led to X-ray crystallography
d. L. Pauling – discovered H-bonding in proteine. G. Beadle & E. Tatum – relationship of gene to protein
2. From Gene to Protein
B. The Code
1. Central Dogmaa. DNA RNA Protein
(Product)
Figure 17.3
2. Triplet Code
Figure 17.4
3. Code Dictionary Figure
17.5
a. Special Codes
II. TranscriptionA.
DefinitionB. Process
1. Overview
Figure 17.7
1. Overview & Players
Figure 17.7
2. Initiation == transcription factors, attach, unwind, & orient RNA polymerase
Figure 10.13Figure 17.8
3. Elongation == RNA polymerase reads and lays down bases
4. Termination == factors recognize and release the RNA polymerase
5. Modification == pre-mRNA to mRNA
Figure 17.10
5. Modification == pre-mRNA to mRNA
Figure 17.11
5. Modification == pre-mRNA to mRNA
Figure 17.12
III. TranslationA.
DefinitionB. Process
1. Overview & Players
Figure 17.13
Figure 17.14
tRNA
Figure 17.15
Figure 17.16
rRNA & mRNA
2. Initiation
Figure 17.17
3. Elongation
Figure 17.18
Figure 17.5
4. Terminatio
n
Figure 17.19
Figure 17.20
5. Modification
Figure 17.21
IV. Gene ExpressionA.
StrategiesB. Organelles
What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be used by the cell? Ribosome
s!
What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be put into vacuoles for shipping or retention?
Ribosomes, rER, and Golgi!
1. Intracellular
2. Extracellular
VI. MutationsA.
DefinitionB. Point
1. Base Pair Substitutions
Figure 17.23
2. Frame Shift
Figure 17.25
Meaning comes with effort.