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I. Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Where two molecules add together and all the atoms of both molecules end up in the product.
II. Addition of hydrogen halides
In the addition of HX to an alkene, the H goes to the carbon with more H’s.
H2
Pt
HBr HBrperoxides
H2OH2SO4
Br2
CCl4
Br2
H2O1) B2H6
2) H2O2, OH-
mCPBA
Draw the structures of the products in the following reactions.
Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst to produce the ester, ethyl ethanoate.
Produced by a reaction between an _______ and an _________.
• Polymers are giant molecules that are made up of many, many smaller molecules.
• Building blocks for polymers are called monomers.
• Examples: plastics, DNA, proteins, rubber etc.
• Carbon compounds have an unusual ability to form polymers.
Example: ethylene H2C=CH2, can polymerize by opening the C=C bond to form C-C bonds with adjacent ethylene molecules. The result: polyethylene.
monomer polymer
H2C CH2 CH2 CH2n
nCH2 CH
CH3
H2C CHCH3
H2C CHCl CH2 CH
Cln
nCH2 CHH2C CHPh
polyethylene
polypropylene (“poly”)
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC, “vinyl”)
polystyrene
People in China discovered more than 4,500 years ago that they could unravel silk, a polymer, from a worms’ cocoons and weave it into soft fabrics. Incredibly, a single cocoon yields 300 m to 900 m of silk. For centuries, silk was so prized that exporting mulberry seeds or silkworm eggs from China was punished by death.
Turtles and tortoises never stray far from home since they carry it around on their backs. The largest which reach 2.4 m in length and weigh nearly 900 kilograms. Plates made of bone and encased in horn—both constructed of polymers—form the turtle’s tough shell. People once used the hawksbill turtle’s shell to make hair combs and eyeglass frames.
Polystyrene foam can be made into cartons to protect eggs. It insulates, so folks put drinks in foam cups and coolers to keep the warm ones warm and the cold ones cold. Placed behind walls and ceilings in homes, polystyrene foam helps keep the weather outside at bay.
In 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered that latex heated with sulfur—or “vulcanized”—would remain elastic at a wide range of temperatures. The sulfur made bridges between the long chain polymers in rubber to keep them from sliding past one another or contracting into knots. Cars, trucks, and buses have traveled billions of miles on tires made from vulcanized rubber.