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DEC 5 1991CSB Working Paper MAPSi

MAP MAKER

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FOR PUB3LIC RELEASV61

B. K. McMILLAN

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ABSTRACT

Described is application of the MAP MAKERprogram for PCs to produce maps of userdefined areas and projections, for insertionin word processor documents. A graphicspackage can be used as an intermediateprocess, with all the advantages so implied.Options include map delimitation by latitudeand longitude, level of detail, creation ofreduced data set files to speed mapproduction, some point annotation capabilityand gridding. A number of data sets providedwith the program are also described.

INDEX

Introduction 1Preamble 2System Overview 4

Projections 4Output 4Input 6Setting Up 7Running Map Maker 8

Options 9Presets File Identification iiPixel Aspect Ratio 12Presets File Modifier 12Directing Output 13Resolution R 14Small Object Resolution S 15Equivalent Screen Size 15Metafile Name for Map Output 15Screen File Name for Map Output 16Raw Data File Name for Map Output 16Map Projection Type 16Map Area Selection Type 21The Centre Point of the Map 22Range 22The Focal Point of the Map 22Map Corners or Bounds 22Simple Conic Standard Parallels 23Grid Lines Option 24Grid Start Values and Increments 25Map Data Files to Use 25Terminate or Re-run MAP MAKER 26Presets Files 27Map Data Files 28

MPI Files 28

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The World Data Files 30The Lines of an MP1 file 31City Files 32Kamaria. 33Other Files. 35New MPI files. 35

PNT Files 36RDF Files 37SCN Files 39

Selection of Files 41File Cyphers 41File Names 43

Map Presentation 43Locating Ships and Other Features 46Difficulties 47Acknowledgements 48

Annex AImprovements of Version 2 Over Version 1

Annex BPresets File Layout

Annex CFiles Supplied

TABLES

1. MPl File Name Structure 312. PNT File Name Structure 373. File Name Cypher Creation 42

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FIGURES

1. The Plate Carree Projection (ANZ) 172. The Azimuthal Equidistant Projection 183. The Mercator Projection 194. The Simple Conic Projection 205. Australian Cities 336. KAMARIA 347. Australasia and SE Asia RDF data. 398. An SCN Special Effect. 409. Using Graphics Package Features. 4410. Mainland Australia and UK Area. 4511. Ship Tracks. 46

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INTRODUCTION

In late 1990 a need was demonstrated forcomputer generated maps that could be insertedinto word processor documents. Although anumber of mapping programs were available,none seemed able to produce output for a wordprocessor or graphics package of user selectedareas and projections. Consequently, a simplesystem was produced to create maps from anexisting database, with output primarily for agraphics package of the type to provide linksto word processors. Many graphics packagescan provide that link, and some wordprocessors can read the mapping program outputdirectly. Although limited, this systemworked, provided professional editing andannotating facilities and was popular with itsusers.

Following requests from DGMSC, the JEPSand DCOORD areas, as well as other comments,it was decided to improve the mapping program.This working paper gives details of theenhanced package and its use. Annex A liststhe enhancements from version 1 to 2.Altogether the system represents nearly threemonths programming effort.

So that they may be used as a reference,the options and file selection sections havebeen organized primarily to coincide with theprogram.

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PREAMBLE

Like the original, the upgraded programis called MAP MAKER, and is accessed throughthe file PHYSMAP.EXE. Provision of a suitablegraphics package and word processing packageare the responsibility of the user. Suitablegraphics packages include Harvard Graphics,Draw Gallery, Applause and Corel Draw.Suitable word processors include MicrosoftWord version 5 or later and Word Perfect.Neither list is complete, and users shouldcheck their own packages. To make use of MAPMAKER output, a package should either to beable to accept CGM metafiles directly, or havea linked utility program that will convertsuch files to its own format. The graphicspackages mentioned and both Word for Windowsand Word Perfect will accept CGM metafiles inone of these ways. This document was producedusing Word 5 with illustrations in HPGL formatfiles from Draw Gallery, originally producedusing MAP MAKER mostly at resolution 2.

Commonly, computer pictures are storedand manipulated using either a pixel based ora vector based methodology. Within each aremany variants, but essentially pixel basedforms simply work with the status of eachpixel on the screen - its colour, brightnessand so on. Vector based pictures define aform of line (straight, curved, closed etc),and points that define important features ofthe line such as the ends. The quality ofoutput generally depends on the output devicewith vector pictures, but on the screen in use

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at the time of production for pixel pictures.MAP MAKER uses the vector form with straightlines between points. This includes outputfor the graphics program, so pixel basedpackages (Paintbrush etc) are not appropriate.

In general MAP MAKER has been written tobe user friendly, and can be run with minimalbackground knowledge or preparation.Nevertheless it has its limitations because ofthe time and resources available for itsproduction. Particularly included in thelimitations of the system provided is theaccuracy of the database for very small areasand for fine details. For example Australianrivers include only the Murray-Darlingcomplex. MAP MAKER itself is not restrictedin this way, and users may choose to provide amore detailed database.

The system used for transferring datafrom MAP MAKER to the Graphics package is anevolving standard and is not totally defined.Because of this there can be some variationsbetween packages text size and colour whichcan create output problems. In particularusers should be aware that they may need tomodify background and line colours to obtain asuitable output. Generally black lines on awhite background will be satisfactory.

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SYSTEM OVERVIEW

MAP MAKER is a program written in TurboPascal for the PC. It produces maps from datafiles and may output them in several ways.Output options include CGM metafiles for inputto a graphics program, which in turn canproduce files to be read by a word processor.It is not intended to be an alternative toconventional cartographics for other purposes.

Geographic locations demanded by MAPMAKER from text based files are representedusing degrees and decimal fractions of adegree rather than minutes and seconds.Latitudes south of the equator and longitudeswest of Greenwich are expressed as negativenumbers.

PROJECTIONS

Four projections have been included.Some reasons for choosing a particularprojection are in the options section, andinclude computing time, ability to map thepoles, common practice and reasonable accuracywith respect to distances.

OUTPUT

Maps can be produced for any area, in oneof four projections, and with or without agrid. They can be output to any combinationof the screen, a metafile, and two types of

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disk file (types RDF and SCN). Importantfeatures are:-

(a) from the screen the map can be output toa printer via the Print Scrn key providedthat this facility has been enabled on thecomputer. Although not necessary, it isrecommended that output to the screenalways be selected, allowing immediateconfirmation of correct selections etc.

(b) Metafile output can be read by a graphicspackage and treated as a normal graphicspicture. This includes alteration of themap, annotation and addition of othermaps, symbols etc.

(c) One type of disk file (RDF) is for use atanother time by MAP MAKER. It holds mapdata specifically tailored by and for tneuser, generally of a particular area. Itspurpose is to reduce computing time anduser inputs.

(d) Another type of disk file (SCN) may beused to reproduce Lhe screen at anothertime. This is without regard to the newchoices of geographical location, scalingor projection. It may be used as a basemap to which other elements may be added,or to produce some special effects. Itcan also save time.

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INPUT

Input is needed by MAP MAKER both as mapdata and to define various options. Theoptions may be read from a file of presetvalues or entered from the keyboard.

Map data may be read from files holdingdata in one of three forms for geographiclocations, or holding screen locazions.Geographic points are identified by theirlatitudes and longitudes in files that have:

(a) ASCII format (MPI files);

(b) binary format (PNT files) with the databased on a large CIA data base;

(c) binary format (RDF files), being reduceddata form files created by MAP MAKER.

Files with screen points (SCN files) identifycomputer screen positions in binary format.Several files and file types can be used inone application of MAP MAKER to produce thedesired output.

Data in ASCII format can be read andmodified by most word processors, but binaryforms require a computer program. Thedifferent file types are identified by theirfile name extent (MP1, PNT etc).

The contents of each file is indicated byits name, but general organization depends onfile type. Mostly the PNT database is morecomplete and reliable, but is slower because

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'I

its files are less well organized than the MP1database and it has more points. Users maywish to create their own RDF files from thesupplied material, to save time when producingseveral maps from one general area. RDF filesfor the Australia-SE Asia region and for theworld at lesser levels of detail are supplied.

Options include selection of the area tobe mapped, the resolution of the mapping (thatis, what minimum spacing is required betweenplotted points) the resolution below whichislands will not be plotted, map projectionand whether grid lines are required. To savethe labour of retyping entries that do notchange, almost all options can be preset inPRESETS.MAP or some other presets file.Presets files can be manipulated by MAP MAKERor by a word processor.

SETTING UP

The programs and data files are providedin a compressed form on floppy disks. Thesystem will run from floppies or a hard drive,but there may be space problems running from360K floppies only.

First set up the directory for the systemif required; \MAPS on C: or D: is suggested.Copy the compressed files into the directoryor floppy and then execute thew from thatdirectory by typing their names. They willde-compress themselves, after which thecompressed files can be deleted to save space.

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Because of differing standards (e.g. EGA,VGA), screen representations of maps may bedistorted. This can be corrected by the firstparameter in the PRESETS file, the pixelaspect ratio (PXLASPRAT). For a VGA screenthe value 1.0 is probably appropriate, and foran EGA screen 1.25. The value can be adjustedon a tridl. and error basis using the fileCIRCLE.MP1 which draws a circle around thenorth pole. It can be used with the azimuthalequidistant projection centred at 90N and anylongitude, using a range of 60 nmiles.PXLASPRAT cannot be altered from MAP MAKER andmust be modified in the presets file using aneditor or word processor. It should be usedin all presets files. If the Print Scrn keyis to be used, a different PXLASPRAT value maybe needed. These changes have no effect onthe data written to the CGM file for thegraphics program.

RUNNING MAP MAKER

From the directory where MAP MAKER isstored, on the DOS prompt type PHYSMAP tobegin. Alternatively use an applicationsmanager or a utilities shell such as PCTOOLS,XTREE, or the DOS shell. Depending on thevalues in the presets file and the optionsselected, MAP MAKER will ask a number ofquestions. The last of these will always bethe data files to be used. Any files enteredwill be added to the list started in thepresets file, but if no file is selected (i.e.the 'enter' key pressed with nothing on the

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line), the mapping process then will begin.

When mapping has finished a copy can besent to the printer and MAP MAKER then re-runor stopped. To obtain a hard copy of thescreen on the printer, the 'Print scrn' keycan be pressed. To re-run type r then Enter,and to terminate just press Enter.

To stop MAP MAKER while choosing options,before mapping has begun the control key and cshould be pressed (together).

All latitudes and longitudes enteredshould be in degrees and decimal degrees,South and West being negative, while North andEast are positive.

OPTIONS

With three exceptions, individual optionscan be selected from either the keyboard orthe presets file. The exceptions are thechoice of presets file, the pixel aspect ratiomentioned in the setting up section and there-run facility. Mostly MAP MAKER only asksfor a keyboard response for options that arerelevant (through previous choices). In theoptions description, an indication as towhether the information must be supplied (M)or is dependant on other choices (D) is given.Options are detailed in the same order as MAPMAKER asks for them and as in the presetsfile. In summary they are:

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(a) presets file identification;

(b) pixel aspect ratio;

(c) presets file modifier;

(d) output form(s) required;

(e) resolution;

(f) small object relative resolution;

(g) equivalent screen size;

(h) metafile name for map output;

(i) screen file name for map output;

(j) raw data file name for map output;

(k) map projection type;

(1) map area selection type;

(m) the point about which the map should becentred;

(n) the range from the centre to thenorthernmost map limit;

(o) the focal point of the map;

(p) the four corners or else the bounds ofthe map;

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(q) standard parallels for the simple conic

projection;

(r) grid lines option;

(s) first grid latitude and longitude, andincrements;

(t) map data files to use;

(u) terminate or re-run MAP MAKER options.

When MAP MAKER starts, it first asks forthe essential identification elements of thepresets file, which is immediately read. Wheninformation is needed about an option it onlyasks for a keyboard input if the preset valueis 0 (or null for file names).

Presets File Identification (M)

An entry of the form X.XXX or no entry atall (followed by the return key) is expected.Any of the Xs may be omitted but not the dot,although on a null entry '.MAP' is assumed.The file name read by MAP MAKER begins with'PRESETS' and has the entry added to it. Thusfiles such as PRESETS.NUL (enter .NUL) can bereadily accessed. Note that using the .NULfile will allow it to be overwritten shouldpresets file modification be selected.

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Pixel Aspect Ratio (M)

This depends on the screen attached tothe computer, and must be correct forundistorted pictures to appear on the screen(and printer via the Print Scrn key). It maynot be input from the keyboard but must bemodified in the presets file using a text fileeditor. For an EGA screen a typical valuewould be 1.25, and for a VGA screen 1.0.

Presets file modifier ()

The presets file can be modified from MAPMAKER, although in general it is best to use aword processor. When it has been modified bythe program, the old set of choices are keptin the file PRESETS.OLD (accomplished byrenaming the .MAP file). The choicesavailable in the presets file are:

0 - keyboard entry;

m - all relevant presets file entries may bemodified, according to the values typed infrom the keyboard;

d - no modifications, and do not ask for thisoption from the keyboard;

From the keyboard there are the followingadditional options:

y - yes modify all presets file entriesrelevant to the range of choices made, butleave a 0 in this option (i.e. ask thisquestion again on the next run);

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1 - limited modification - modify thoseentries that currently have a 0 in them,apart from this option (i.e. ask thisquestion again on the next run);

n - no do not modify the presets file at all;

d - as for d above - that is, do not modifyany of the presets file except for thisoption (i.e. do not ask this questionagain);

a - yes, modify all relevant presets fileentries - do not ask this question again;

s - as for 1 above, but do not ask thisquestion again.

Directing output (M)

The choices are not mutually exclusive,and they indicate that output should bedirected to:

1 - the screen;

2 - a metafile;

4 - a disk file (SCN file) that can be usedby a later run of MAP MAKER to reconstructthe screen;

8 - a disk file (RDF file) that will hold areduced data set;

To choose more than one, the relevant valuesshould be added - for example 15 will choose

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all four (15=1+2+4+8), and 3 will choose thescreen and a metafile. It is recomendedthat:

(a) the screen always be included so that animmediate visual check of the map can bemade (choice 1); and

(b) RDF files be created (choice 8) from theCIA based data (the PNT files) covering alittle more than the area of mostinterest. This will save considerableamounts of computing time as the basic PNTfiles are usually world wide, and MAPMAKER has to reject data outside the areaof interest. If special runs are done tocreate RDF files, the lat-long option withfinest relevant resolutions should bechosen. RDF files of Australia and SEAsia are provided with the system.

Resolution R (M)

This is the plotting accuracy of mapdata. Essentially MAP MAKER estimates thedistance on the screen from the last pointplotted to the current one, and plots only ifit is greater than the resolution value. Theresolution value can range from negativevalues upwards, and can be fractional.Negative values and 0 will include every pointin the data set, 0.1 gives a high resolutionmap, and 5 is coarse but adequate. Valuesover 30 usually produce recognizable if crudeoutlines. In the presets file, a negativevalue such as -1 can be used to include allpoints. When producing metafiles and other

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disk files, larger resolutions generatesmaller files. This is important if a

metafile is too large to be read in to a

graphics program, when a coarser resolutionshould be tried.

Small object resolution S (MI

MAP MAKER will only plot small objects(islands or short line segments) if there is a

point estimated to be distant at least R/S

from the first point. That is, this parameter4 gives the relative resolution of small

objects. It allows reduction in delays due to

many small islands being plotted with coarser

resolutions. When S is 0 or less all small

objects will be plotted. A generallyacceptable value is 10, and will normallyinclude most objects that are not singlepoints. It has no effect when resolution R is

0 or less.

Equivalent screen size (D)

If the output screen is not selected,maximum x and y values are needed. Typicalvalues for an EGA screen are 511 and 349.

Metafile name for map output (D)

Once metafile output has been selectedMAP MAKER needs to know where to store the

output data in graphics package readable form.

This file is the crucial link between MAP

MAKER and the graphics package. The name has

.CGM automatically added to it. If a path is

not included then the file is put in the same

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directory as MAP MAKER. As an example, a:mapwill put the CGM output into the file MAP.CGMon a floppy disk on the a: drive.

Screen file name for man output (D)

If screen file output has been selectedthis option is needed. The form is as formetafiles, but .SCN is automatically added tothe name. Thus MAP will produce MAP.SCN.

Raw data file name for ma) output (D)

If the culled raw data option has beenselected the name of the RDF output file isneeded. MAP MAKER automatically adds .RDF tothe name you choose. Only the data that areused to create plot points on the screen aresent to this file. That is area selected,files used and resolution values all affectthe contents of this file.

Map projection type (M)

Because the world is curved, nearly as asphere, it is necessary to distort the map ofan area for it to be flat. The distortionsavailable are called projections, and thereare many of them to cover the various uses ofmaps. MAP MAKER provides four projectionsthat cover most requirements for illustrativemaps, and they are:

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1 - the Plate Carrie projection, producing amap with latitudes in the y direction andlongitudes in the x direction. It is thefastest to compute, and so is often bestwhen producing RDF files. However withcoarser resolutions another projection maybe more appropriate if the differencebetween this and the chosen projection issignificant at the edges of the map. Atand near the equator Plate Carrie is verylittle different to most of the otherprojections, but is not a goodrepresentation beyond 30 or 40 degreesfrom the equator. Figure 1 illustratesthis projection.

. . . . .------ -50

------ --- ---- -30

-50

120 '130 :140 :150 ,160 170

FIGURE 1. THE PLATE CARREE PROJECTION (ANZ)

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2 - The azimuthal equidistant projection, inwhich distances from a focal point are allproportional to the shortest (greatcircle) distance. Angles about the focusalso represent the direction of the greatcircle between the focus and any point onthe map. It is good for looking ataircraft and radio wave situations forexample. It is the only projection formaps involving polar regions. In all butone of the map area selection choices, thefocus is assumed to be at the centre ofthe map. Figure 2 illustrates thisprojection.

-- - - -- -- - - -- - -

-6, -20

. ---.....-................. [°° -.. 50

12013014615Q160170

FIGURE 2. THE AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION

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3 - The Mercator projection - a map that issimilar to the Plate Carrie, except thatlongitudes are stretched with increasingdistance from the equator. It is acommonly used projection in atlases andshows small shapes accurately. It canalso be used for rhumb line navigation.Figure 3 illustrates this projection.

7-- -10

* * * 20

----- - -- .- ------ --------- --50

120 1130 1140 1150 1160 170

FIGURE 3. THE MERCATOR PROJECTION

4 - The simple conic or equidistant conicprojection - a map in which lines oflongitude draw closer together toward thepoles, and lines of latitude are arcs ofcircles. With this projection distances

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are usually only a few percent in error,depending on the area covered and thelocation of the parallels at which thereis no error. There may be distortions ofshape for larger area maps. It is afairly common projection and isrecommended for general purposes,particularly for smaller areas, but notfor those that cross the equator. Itrequires two standard parallels to bedefined (below). MAP MAKER will makerecommendations, but any reasonable valuescan be chosen - even both the same.Figure 4 illustrates this projection.

- -20

-- 30

- ~-40

. .. . . . . - -

12 130140:150:160 i70

FIGURE 4. THE SIMPLE CONIC PROJECTION

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Map area selection type (M)

This option defines how the mapped areais to be described - details of the areaitself are demanded later. As a general ruleit is best to expect a little imprecision inthe limits of the map - for example mappingmay not extend all the way to all corners. Alarger area than is actually needed should bedefined when creating RDF (user defined)files.

Care should be taken for maps that haveboundaries near a pole. In particular theConic and Mercator projections will cause MAPMAKER to fail with centre and range selection(option 3) if the upper or lower limit crossesitself (i.e. parts of the world are mappedtwice). Choices allow the region mapped to bedefined by:

1 - the lines of limiting latitude andlongitude. In the simple conic projectionthese bounds will probably leave unmappedareas in the upper or lower corners.

2 - The four corners of a box.

3 - A centre point and a range from it to thenorthernmost boundary. The otherboundaries, to the S, E and W aredetermined by the screen dimensions andthe projection selected. For mapsincluding polar regions this option or thenext one is required, in conjunction withthe equidistant azimuthal projection.

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4 - This choice is only available in theazimuthal equidistant projection and issimilar to 3 but with the focus offsetfrom the centre.

The centre point of the map (D)

Used with map area selection choice 3 or4, the latitude and longitude of the centrepoint of the map should be given using degreesand decimals of a degree. a dot marks thispoint both on the screen and in metafiles.

Range (D).

This is the distance in nautical milesfrom the centre point to the northernmostlimit of the map. MAP MAKER assumes that onedegree of latitude is 60 nmiles.

The focal point of the map (D)

Only demanded with map area selectionchoice 4, it is the point from which all mapdistances are proportional to grounddistances. Its latitude and longitude shouldbe given using degrees and decimals of adegree. A dot marks this point.

Map corners or bounds (D)

This information is demanded followingmap area selection options 1 and 2. In thecorners case (option 2) it is assumed thatfour are given as latitude and longitude pairsin clockwise order starting at the top left.(i.e. TL, TR, BR, BL). In the bounds case

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(option 1), input from the presets file usesthe top left and bottom right corners, andignores the other two corners. For keyboardentry of the bounds, input should benorthernmost, southernmost latitudes thenleftmost and rightmost longitudes.

As usual, input should be in degrees anddecimals of a degree. For the four cornersoption, there is no requirement to keep thecorners regular. It is even possible todefine a triangle by allowing two adjacentcorners to cross over. In box and boundscases, the maximum right bound may be lessthan the minimum left bound, in which case therest of the world will be mapped. Bounds of-30 and -30.1 will map all longitudes otherthan those between -30.1 and -30 for example.

Simple Conic standard parallels (D)

Simple Conic projections use two standardparallels where mapping error is zero. Theerror increases with distance from them (notuniformly). Typically, errors should be nomore than a few percent. Professionalcartographers sometimes use set values forstandard parallels, depending on nationalityand area. MAP MAKER will recommend valuesbased on the bounds of the map that will keepthe maximum error fairly small. To acceptthese values simply press Enter, otherwise useyour own - either through the presets file orthe keyboard. A single standard parallel maybe chosen by using the same value twice.

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If the map crosses the equator (notrecommended) it is possible for the bestparallels to be the same magnitude, but onopposite sides of the equator. In thisinstance the program will fail to produce areliable result. Thus different parallelsthat are the same distance from the equatormust not be used.

Grid lines option (M)

Dashed grid lines can be superimposed onthe map. Each dash is a line or object in theoutput, so graphics programs with a limit tothe number of objects may have a problem withthis option. The choices are:

y - yes, grid the map and use computergenerated positions for the latitudes andlongitudes. This is not the best optionsince the computer can fail to select goodgrid values of latitude and longitude.

c - yes, grid the map, but choose the firstline position and the interval betweengrid lines. This is the recommendedoption because it most accurately reflectsuser needs.

0 - presets file only, call for a keyboardentry.

all other choices - no gridding.

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Grid start values and increments (D)

When the c gridding option is selectedMAP MAKER needs a starting latitude andlongitude and their increments. If the firstlatitude and longitude are outside the maplimits MAP MAKER adds increments to theinitial value until a line lies inside the mapboundaries. The increments operate in anEasterly and a Southerly direction. As usualuse degrees and decimals.

Map data files to use (M)

There can be any number of files chosenas source files for the mapping data. Afterone has been processed, MAP MAKER looks forthe next and so on until there are no more.It stores the list of files to be used beforeit starts processing so some can be input fromthe presets file and more from the keyboard.Non-existent files are ignored, and eitherfile names or built-in cyphers can be used.Only one file name or one cypher is allowedper line, and the last line must be empty tofor MAP MAKER to stop asking for file names.There are several ways of specifying files:

(a) A built in identification system of a twoor three digit cypher, used to give accessto files provided with the system. Itcomprises a number, a letter and possiblya number. Details are in the fileselection section.

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(b) File names may be typed but must includeany paths required and the extent .MPl,.PNT, .RDF or .SCN. If none is specified,.RDF is assumed. Files with any otherextent are expected to have the MPl filestructure and naming convention.

(c) The double quote or ditto cypher (") canbe used to repeat the last fully typedkeyboard entry. Because MAP MAKER ignoresfiles that it cannot find, an entry can beany convenient sequence, and subsequententries can then use the ditto. It canonly be used as the first character on aline. For example data files abcO.mpl,abcl.mpl etc could be entered as:abc"O.mpl"l.mplThat is, the first line puts abc into theditto cypher and the following lines useit. The file entry is repeated in fullalong with the number of files input, soif there is any doubt about the contentsof the cypher it can be readily reviewed.

Terminate or re-run MAP MAKER (MI

If the presets file has been modified andsaved, MAP MAKER says so and allows a restart,(hit the r key), a stop (use Control C) or acontinuation (any other key).

After the maps have been drawn, MAP MAKERwaits for input, but does not indicate that itis finished (so that the Print Scrn key willproduce a clean copy). At this point typing

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an r followed by the Enter key will cause arestart, while just the Enter key willterminate the run.

PRESETS FILES

The presets file must be in the samedirectory as MAP MAKER, and have the formPRESETSX.XXX (X is any letter or number, ormay be omitted). It is identified at thefirst option. Provided with the program filesare the presets files .NUL, .MAP and .OLD(i.e. PRESETS.NUL etc). To avoid its possiblecorruption, it is recommended that the .NULfile be used as a master reference, and copiedto a new file name. When no file isidentified, .MAP is used.

If the option to replace values in thefile is chosen, then the old file has itsextent changed to 'OLD'. For examplePRESETSG.ULF would become PRESETSG.OLD withthe new presets in the .ULF file.

The contents and structure of these filesis generally as in the options section.Modification using a word processor isrecommended, but it can be done using MAPMAKER options. A zero entry (or a null onefor file names) will require a keyboard entryif the option is relevant. A typical file isshown in Appendix B.

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MAP DATA FILES

There are a number of different datasources acceptable to MAP MAKER. The oldestand probably least accurate are files endingin .MP1. They are also the easiest to access(since they are in ASCII) and are the bestorganized. The newest are the .PNT files, andare the most accurate and comprehensive buthave the poorest organization. Neither sourcecan be considered totally complete and fullyaccurate, although they are reasonable formapping at national levels.

Other files (.RDF and .SCN) are takenfrom these data sources. The RDF files can beused to save time when producing many mapsfrom one general area, or when producing verylarge area maps. The SCN files can be usedfor producing base maps to which othermaterial is added at a later time.

MP1 FILES

These files mostly come from the computershareware "The World Digitized", copyright1986 John B. Allison. Not all the material inthe shareware has been reproduced, and theoriginal material can be obtained from the ACTPC Users Group or John B. Allison. Copying isauthorized by including the COPYING file(located with the MP1 files) as indicated inthe following abstract:

28

"Making Backups:

You are encouraged to make backup copiesof any and all the material you received withThe World Digitized. You are even encouragedto make copies for -your friends as long as youinclude the COPYING file and inform them oftheir obligation to obtain a product license.They can be both licensed and put on a listfor possible future product announcements bysending $20 to:

The World Digitized

Dept. PC SIG

166 Shady Lane

Apollo, PA 15613

User Supported Software benefitseverybody concerned.

Your license extends to your personal useof The World Digitized. Both it and itsderivatives are Copyright 1986 by John B.Allison."

The world is represented by perhaps100,000 points. In addition to this database,there are files for Kamaria, some Australianislands and some territorial baselines thatwere created either by scanning an outline, ora document holding a list of points. There isalso one small file holding a few Australiancity names and locations which is used toidenzify specific points with a mark and

29

identifying text. They can all be read and

edited, using a word processor.

The World Data Files

They are in a number of categories in twoprincipal divisions. One class of division isthe continent or major land mass, and theother is type of feature - coastlines,islands, lakes, national boundaries andcities. File names reflect these divisions,and comprise a 1 to 3 letter sequenceidentifying the continent, followed by a digitfor the feature type, then .MP1 to completethe name. Table 1 illustrates the file namingstructure, but N America essentially meansCanada, and S America includes Mexico. As anexample, the Australian coastline file name isAU0.MP1. Not all areas have all features - inparticular, only Australia has a city file,and the Pacific has only an island file. TheEEZ files (including territorial baselines)have been numbered 6 rather than 5 to allowroom for any river files that might becreated. At the moment EEZ files only coverAustralian and Vietnamese territorial limits,and may not be perfectly accurate.

30

TABLE 1,. MP1 FILE NAME STRUCTURE

Area Name Feature IdentNo

Africa AF Coastlines 0Antarctica AN Islands 1Asia AS Lakes 2Australia AU NationalEurope E boundaries 3Greenland GR Cities 4N. America NA EEZs etc 6Pacific PAS. America SAUSA USAKamaria KAM

The lines of an MP1 file

They are latitude and longitude asdegrees and decimals of a degree, separated bya space and then comments (or more data in acity file). Empty lines signify the end ofsome sort of object (an island, a lake, astretch of coastline etc). MAP MAKER willgenerally attempt to close objects fromcoastline, island and lake files if the startpoint is close to the finish point and thewhole of the object is in the map. Nationalboundary, city and EEZ files (with namesending in 3, 4 and 6) are not so treated.

31

City files

They are used to mark points on the mapwith crosses and optionally some text -usually one or two letters per point. A Cityfile should not be used as the first file readbecause it will annotate the centre point.The very first line indicates the size of themark locating the exact point and may take anyvalue. Otherwise, each line has a location,the letter 1, r or n to indicate whether thetext should be to the left or right of thelocation point or whether there should be notext, then a short abbreviation of the cityname (usually one or two letters) and finallythe full name. Elements on one line need aspace to separate them. A typical line is:

-35.33 149.1 1 C Canberra

Figure 5 shows the current City file, combinedwith the mainland and islands RDF files forAustralasia and SE Asia, bounded for ourregion. City files may also be used formarking tracks, as shown in figure 11 in thesection on marking ship tracks.

32

b

A C.SM

FIGURE 5. AUSTRALIAN CITIES

Kamaria

Files are divided into the main island (acoastline file) and the other principalislands (an islands file) and are illustratedin figure 6. Because it is a fictionalnation, its 'true' location can vary. Thereare two ways to handle relocation:

(a) produce a metafile with the islands intheir current locations, and then use thegraphics package to move them as required;

33

(b) run a separate program that will producenew files with the required location.

Program NEWKAM.EXE has been included forsolution (b). It asks for the name of thefile (symbolized by -), (no extent) and adds'.MPI'. It also asks for the new location,which it assumes to be the position of thefirst point in the file. It renames theexisting file to be -.OLD and leaves the newfile in -.MPl.

...... .. ------ ---

120 130 140 150 160 170

FIGURE 6. KAMARIA

34

Other files

Files have been produced for Christmas,Cocos and Keeling islands, because they arenot included in the PNT database. Originallythey were not in the MPI database but wereadded some months ago at a low level ofdetail. Very detailed versions have beencombined into one file named XCK.MP1.

New MPI files

These can be produced by

(a) typing a list of latitudes and longitudesusing a word processor and saving as anunformatted file with line feeds.

(b) Using a scanner to read a printed list oflatitudes and longitudes. It may benecessary to edit the file to removeextraneous material, and it may benecessary to convert minutes and secondsto decimal degrees with a small program.

(c) Using a scanner to copy a map or mapoutline. The result can then be putthrough the Corel Draw trace facility (orsimilar) which will convert it to a seriesof line segments. These in turn can beoutput in HPGL form. Included in thesystem is HP2LL.EXE which will convert anHPGL file to MP1 form. It uses the firstpair of points to define latitudes andlongitudes, so the original map mustinclude two known points. A line must bedrawn between them in Corel Draw and then

35

the original points deleted. This linemust be the first thing to be output so itmust be at the back of the Corel drawpicture. Experience indicates that somecleaning up of the original scanned imagemay well be necessary before satisfactorytrace results can occur.

PNT FILES

These files are copies of the FredPospeschil data base Plot Micro World DataBank. If copied they need an acknowledgement(such as this) and may be given but not sold.They have been extracted from a CIA data baseof around 6 million points, and hold about180,000 points. Ultimately it is hoped thatthe whole of the original database will becomeavailable, although no time frame has beenindicated.

Data are organized into features only, somuch time can be spent in rejecting unwantedpoints when mapping small areas. This problemcan be reduced when a variety of maps from ageneral area are needed, by creating an RDFfile for the region of interest. Table 2lists the file names and area. File contentsare in binary, and can be read by a Pascal orFortran program, but not a text editor. Eachdatum consists of a code number, a latitudeand a longitude. The three numbers are 16 bitsigned integers, with locations in wholeminutes. There is no line feed separating onedatum from the next.

36

TABLE 2. PNT FILE NAME STRUCTURE

File Name Comments

COAST1.PNT Coastline of Europe & Asia.COAST2.PNT Remaining world coastlineISLAND.PNTLAKE.PNTCOUNTRY.PNT National Boundaries.RIVER.PNT Only the Murray-Darling for

Australia.

In contrast to MP1 files, outlines arenot normally complete units, but are linesegments that happen to have coincident ends.In some cases adjoining segments come fromwell separated parts of the file.

RDF FILES

The acronym RDF stands for 'reduced dataform'. Created by abstraction from MP1, PNTand RDF files, this type of file can reducethe time and effort needed to produce maps.They hold a record of those points that werechosen for plotting to the screen, so dependon resolution, area selected, projection andspecific mapping files used, but not the typeof source files (except type SCN which areexcluded).

37

Each datum is stored in binary andconsists of a latitude and a longitude inwhole minutes, as 16 bit signed integers. Thestart of each object or line segment isidentified by having 10800 added to thelatitude. This number is twice the minutes ofpolar latitudes, so is always identifiable.No line feed separates one datum from thenext. This form was chosen to minimizecomputing time and file space occupied. Atext editor can not be used with these files.

Files of SE Asia and Australia have beenprovided with the system. They were createdfrom PNT files plus the Christmas Cocos andKeeling islands MP1 file, and are bounded by30N, 60S, 60E and 180W. They can be accessedthrough the cypher system (area u) and arecalled AUSEAn.RDF where n is a digit in therange 0 to 6 (not 4) and follows the featurenumbering system of MPI files (table 1).Figure 7 illustrates the complete set of thesefiles except for the EEZ file drawn on onemap.

Also provided are two sets of the World,produced using resolutions of 0.5 and 2. Theycontain about 15% and 5% of the original PNTfiles respectively. As with the AUSEA filesthey are named WMHn.RDF and WM2n.RDF and canbe accessed using cyphers v and w.

38

---- - - -- J~ -- --- 3

60 :80 100 :120 140 1. . 180

FIGURE 7. AUSTRALASIA AND SE ASIA RDF DATA.

SCN FILES

These files hold the screen location ofeach plotted point and reproduce material veryquickly. To be accurate, the originalconditions of map area and projection must berepeated. The resolution parameter affectstheir output.

39

An SCN file might be used when a base mapis needed to which a variety of other elementscan be added. Special effects may be createdby varying conditions from the original - forexample outlines within outlines asillustrated in figure 8. Metafiles producedby MAP MAKER will include input from thesefiles.

FIGURE 8. AN SCN SPECIAL EFFECT.

40

SELECTION OF FILES

Both to keep the system as accessible aspossible, and to save the author learningtime, neither the Windows nor the Turbo Visionoperating systems were used. Access to basicfiles has been built in using a cypher system,and users can also enter file names directly.There can be any number of files specified assource files for the mapping data. Files canbe identified from both the presets file andthe keyboard. Non-existent files are ignored,and only one file name or one cypher isallowed per line. THE LAST LINE MUST BEEMPTY. That is, following the last file theEnter key must be pressed again.

FILE CYPHERS

The built in identification system allowsa two or three digit cypher to be used for MP1and PNT files. It is made up as a number, aletter and possibly a number. Table 3 showsthe range of choices that can be made. Thefirst digit, (from the first column),identifies the feature. Next a letter (fromcolumn two) specifies the continental regionfor MP1 files, or that it is a PNT or RDFfile. The final digit (from column three)identifies the path to the file. A choice ofzero or the omission of the digit selects the'current' directory where MAP MAKER is held.For example the coastline of Australia can beselected by ld if it is in the currentdirectory. There are two coastline features

41

because of the PNT file structure. SELECTINGCOASTLINE 1 FOR MP1 FILES WILL NOT GIVE AN MPICOASTLINE FILE. Selecting 9 or s will giveall the features files or all the areas files,or both (Kamaria excluded).

TABLE 3. FILE NAME CYPHER CREATION

Number-Feature Letter - Area Path- Path

0 Coastline 1 a Africa none none1 Coastline 2 b Antarctica 0 none2 Islands c Asia 1 a:3 Lakes d Australia 2 b:4 Nat.onUl e Europe 3 c:\maps\

boun:ariez f Greenland 4 d:\maps\5 Cities g N. America6 Rivers h Pacific7 EEZs etc. i S. America

j USAk Kamaria

9 ALL OF 0-6 s ALL OF a-j(MP1 files)

t PNT filesu Australia &

SE Asia(RDF)v World res .5w World res 2

42

FILE NAMES

Names may be typed in and may include anypath required. The extender (.MP1, .PNT, .RDFor .SCN) should be included, but MAP MAKERwill add '.RDF' if it is omitted (dot aswell). Other extenders are acceptable andwill be treated as .MP1 files. MAP MAKER alsoallows the use of the double quote or dittocypher (") to repeat the last fully typedentry. Because files that can't be found areignored, an entry can be any convenientsequence, and subsequent entries can then usethe ditto. The ditto can only be used as thefirst character of a name. An example isgiven in the options, map data files section.The contents of the ditto will be replacedwhenever the first character on the line isnot a digit or a ditto.

MAP PRESENTATION

When there are many features on a map itmay be desirable to differentiate betweenthem. This can be achieved in the graphicspackage using the various line typesavailable. To simplify this process the usermay choose to produce a different map for eachfeature, then modify all elements inindividual maps and superimpose them in thegraphics package. To help with registration,a small dot has been put at the centre of themap, and at the focus if it is different. Thegraphics package may also be used to convertlines into outlines which can then be shaded

43

or coloured internally. Figure 9 illustratesa few of the things that can be done, but isin no way comprehensive.13

tI

FIGURE 9. USING GRAPHICS PACKAGE FEATURES.

Sometimes it is useful to show one areaof the world alongside another with which thereader is likely to be familiar. This can bedone by using the graphics package facilities,and 'towing' one to the other, but it may bedifficult if the areas are a long way apart,or very different in size etc. Using MAPMAKER it can be achieved in a number of ways.For example, produce separate RDF files of theareas, then use one of them to generate an SCN

44

file which can then be used with the other RDFfile. The map centre and range method fordefining areas to be plotted can be used forthe last two runs of MAP MAKER keeping thesame range value so that the scales are thesame. Alternatively, the same latitude rangecan be used with a bounds defined area.Figure 10 illustrates this.

FIGURE 10. MAINLAND AUSTRALIA AND UK AREA.

45

LOCATING SHIPS AND OTHER FEATURES

The facilities for cities can also beused to locate ships etc (see Map Data Files -

MP1 files - City files section). One line inthe file is needed per mark, and if only apoint is to be marked the 'n' option should beused. The size of the marking point iscontrolled by the first line of the file, butcan be varied or replaced in the graphicspackage. Figure 11 illustrates two tracks, Ahaving all points labelled and marker size 2while B only has the first and last pointslabelled, and uses a marker size 1.

~AAAA

FIGURE 11. SHIP TRACKS.

46

DIFFICULTIES

Common sources of difficulty are due to:

(a) not having the map data file available -e.g. still compressed, in the wrongdirectory, etc;

(b) not putting a '.' when identifying thepresets file;

(c) using a City file as the first to beplotted;

(d) failing to finish an MPI file with ablank line;

(e) failing to put something in every elementof a City file line;

(f) not using map definition options 1 or 2(bounds or box corners) when close to apole;

(g) using standard parallels for a simpleconic projection that are of similarmagnitude;

(h) wrong choice of options such as line andbackground colours in the graphicspackage, so that the lines do not print orare faint;

(i) using too fine a resolution for thecapabilities of the graphics package - forexample in total points that it can read,

47

or the number of points that it can acceptin a feature that needs to be treated asone objects;

(j) program failures - try again with someother range of choices, file contents,file order ... or as an last resortcontact the author who will probably be ata loss as to what to do next as well!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. Plot Micro World Data Bank II Data,(PLOTMWDB). Fred Pospeschil, 3108 Jackson St,Bellevue, NE 68005, USA.

2. "The World Digitized", copyright 1986John B. Allison. Dept. PC SIG, 166 Shady Lane,Apollo, PA 15613.

3. Map Projections:- A Working Manual. JohnP Snyder. U.S. Geological Survey ProfessionalPaper 1395; U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, 1987.

48

ANNEX A

IMPROVEMENTS OF VERSION 2 OVER VERSION 1

1. Ability to select the presets file(option a).

2. Ability to modify the presets file

through the program (option c).

3. Addition of Screen Files (options d, i).

4. Resolution methodology - smaller numbersare now required to achieve a similarresult (option e).

5. Ability to reject small objects andlines, using the resolution reductionfactor (option f).

6. Change in format of the reduced datafiles to the RDF structure.

7. Addition of the no annotation feature (n)to city files.

8. Addition of marker size control to cityfiles.

9. Addition of the Mercator and Simple Conicprojections (options k and others).

Al

10. Addition of Bounds to the map limits(options 1 and others).

11. Improved handling of map limits - thinwide maps and narrow tall maps can now bespecified, as can triangular and irregularquadrilateral limits (options 1 andothers).

12. Gridding can be put on the maps (optionsr, s).

13. A better database is available (.PNT

files).

14. A marked improvement in production speed.

15. The program re-start facility (option u).

16. Provision of Australia-SE Asia regionaldata files.

17. Provision of coarser resolution maps.

18. Provision of Kamaria etc.

A2

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FILES SUPPLIED

The system is provided on a number ofdisks containing compressed (archived) files.They are self-unarchiving, and are activatedby executing them. Archive files have beenkept small enough to fit on to 360K disks, butwill expand by a factor of up to three, so thetotal space occupied including the originalfile will increase substantially. Many userswill not need all files, and it is notnecessary to expand all files. The followingtables identify the archive files, approximatesizes and summarize their contents. Thecompressed files occupy just over 2Mbytes, andwhen fully expanded fill about 6.5Mbytes(including the original files).

- C1 -

TABLE C-I. ARCHIVE FILES

Name Size Comments

AEMP1.EXE 346,518 MP1 files begin-ning in A and E

XMP1.EXE 308,425 Other MP1 filesCOUIRPNT.EXE 329,580 Country, Island

& River PNT filesCSTLSPNT.EXE 342,214 Coast, Lake &

State PNT filesRDF.EXE 245,355 RDF files AUSEA,WMMAPFXES.EXE 169,517 EXE, TPU etcMAPPROGS.COM 31,294 Source programsMAPDOC.EXE 285,861 Documentation

TABLE C-2. TOTAL SPACE USED BY FILES

Type of file Size

Archive 2,058,764MP1 1,794,250PNT 1,068,408RDF 290,258EXE, TPU etc 310,909Program 88,977Documentation 882,659& figures

- C2 -

TABLE C-3. MP1 FILES

Name Ext Size Name Ext Size

AFO MPI 38,857 KAMI MPI 55,954AFI MPI 30,009 EO MP1 117,029AF2 MPI 18,157 El MPl 102,572AF3 MPI 70,086 E2 MPI 33,773ANO MPI 43,909 E3 MPI 27,150

AN1 MPI 8,019 GRO MPI 86,013

ASO MPI 121,197 GRI MPI 33,846ASl MPI 137,894 NAO MPI 126,967AS2 MPI 17,587 NAl MP1 284,124AS3 MPI 42,449 SAO MPI 86,135AS6 MPI 234 SAl MPI 66,126AUO MPI 34,360 SA2 MPI 2,142AU MPI 27,552 SA3 MPI 28,440AU2 MPI 10,235 USAO MPI 24,425AU4 MPI 328 USA1 MPI 3,605AU6 MPI 10,137 XCK1 MPI 23,096KAMO MPI 64,332 PAl MPI 17,511

TABLE C-4. PNT FILES

Name Ext Size Name Ext Size

COAST1 PNT 192,000 LAKE PNT 90,708

COAST2 PNT 257,802 RIVER PNT 169,164COUNTRY PNT 134,154 STATE PNT 13,554

ISLAND PNT 211,026

- C3 -

TABLE C-5. RDF FILES

Name Ext Size Name Ext Size

AUSEAO RDF 37,704 WMH2 RDF 11,188AUSEAl RDF 59,700 WMH3 RDF 19,388AUSEA2 RDF 8 WMH5 RDF 24,360AUSEA3 RDF 13,448 WM20 RDF 12,052AUSEA5 RDF 14,512 WM21 RDF 7,548AUSEA6 RDF 2,768 WM22 RDF 2,856WMHO RDF 50,292 WM23 RDF 6 876WMHI RDF 26,440 WM25 RDF 7,112

TABLE C-6. EXE. TPU ETC FILES

Name Ext Size Name Ext Size

BSLNCNV EXE 6,112 PHMRV TPU 4,960EGAVGA BGI 5,554 PHMSEL TPU 31,168GRAPH TPU 32,336 PHMUBL TPU 8,160HP2LL EXE 45,072 PHYSMAP EXE 70,896MATHFUNC TPU 5,600 PRESETS BAK 1,066METAHEAD CGM 513 PRESETS MAP 1,063NEWKAM EXE 7,216 PRESETS NUL 1,029PHMCNV TPU 5,040 PRESETS OLD 946PHMINP TPU 15,888 TURBO TPL 45,344PHMOP TPU 22,944

- C4 -

TABLE C-7. PROGRAM FILES

Name Ext Size Name Ext Size

BSLNCNV PAS 1,607 PHMOP PAS 18,854MATHFUNC PAS 3,369 PHMRV PAS 3,810NEWKAM PAS 1,762 PHMSEL PAS 18,727PHYSMAP PAS 1,597 PHMUBL PAS 5,920PHMAPIDS PAS 2,963 CLEANMP1 PAS 1,984PHMCNV PAS 4,215 HP2LL FOR 8,562PHMINP PAS 15,607

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