I. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP

A. How do organisms get energy?1) Chemical reactions break down molecules to give us a

usable form of energy called ATP.2) ATP: adenosine triphosphate

a) A molecule that transfers energy from food to your cells.

b) “Wallet filled with money”

B. How do organisms get energy from ATP?

1) Energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed.

2) ADP is changed back into ATP when a phosphate group is added

3) ATP(-) phosphate group=energy + ADP

phosphate removed

C. Where does ATP come from?

1) Organisms break down carbon-based molecules (carbohydrates and lipids) to produce ATP.

2) Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.

a) not stored in large amounts

b) up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule

triphosphateadenosine

adenosine diphosphate

tri=3

di=2

3)Fats store most of the energy in your body.

a) 80 percent of your energy is stored as fat

b) about 146 ATP from a triglyceride

4)) Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.

a) amino acids not usually needed for energy

b) about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

II. ENERGY SOURCES

A. Chemosynthesis

1) A process in which organisms that never get sunlight make their own food.

2) Organisms live in very hot water near hydrothermal vents. (usually archaebacteria)

3) In chemosynthesis, chemical

energy, like sulfur, is used to make food.

B. Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis is a process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy (ATP).

2. Organisms that can make their own food are called autotrophs or producers.

3. Examples of producers are plants, some bacteria, and some protists.

4) It occurs in the chloroplast that are found in the leaves of plants.

5) Chlorophyll is the green pigment in chloroplast that absorbs energy from the sun.

6) Chemical equation:6CO2 + 6 H20-----------------C6H1206 + 602

CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER PRODUCE GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN

light

7) Importance of Photosynthesis:Makes sugars for plants food sourcePlant growth and developmentRemoves carbon dioxide from the atmosphereGives us oxygen!

C. Cellular Respiration

1. A heterotroph, or consumer, is an organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by eating other organisms.

2. All organisms, whether a heterotroph or a autotroph, use cellular respiration to get ATP from food.

3. Cellular Respiration is a process that releases chemical energy from sugars to make ATP when oxygen is present.

4. Any process that requires oxygen is aerobic.5. CR takes place in the mitochondria

• 6) CR is a mirror process of photosynthesis.– Equation:

• C6H12O6 + 602 6CO2 + 6 H20 + ENERGY

• Glucose and oxygen produce carbon dioxide and water and energy

Essential Question: How is food broken down when

oxygen is not available?

D. Fermentation

1) Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue.

2) *Anaerobic -no oxygen

*Glycolysis-breaking down of glucose

3) It does not produce ATP.

.

4) Types of Fermentationa) Lactic acid fermentation-

-produces lactic acid in your muscle cells, the cells of other vertebrates, and in some microorganisms

-makes your muscles sore

b) Alcoholic fermentation-

-used by yeasts and some plants

-produces alcohol and carbon dioxide

5) Importance of Fermentation:a) Food production– yogurt, cheese, & bread

b) Bacteria that rely on fermentation aid in digestion in animals

c) Used to make alcoholic beverages like beer and wine