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/·,IGRAPHI~/S·u~MA·Rl:, I " ' 4
i OF T~E 1951. ;"). C'ENSUS OF GOV.£RNM(NT~
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Number ·4 ,ofI'
'v.ol.N.(Topicdl ~1udies)I'
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,-B:'!t;:,~~~.Cf. THE CEfiSUS .
LffiRARY
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, \ Pr.ared u-;er the IlUperYi.ion 01, AU-EN '0. ~VEL" •. Chi_t, Go.. i-.... nt. Ohi.ion
'll Btar•• u of'the Cera.'b •,.
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U. S. D'part_nt of Comm.rc.Frederick H., Mueller,' Secretary1 -,
Bureau of the (Inlul' e
\ Robert W. turg ... , Dintcfor~' .
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1957·," ' .....
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'Censu~ I
of. '
/Governmenfs·"
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:). 9 I , , BuREAu OF,'Tlii"CENSDS
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ROBERT W. BURGESS, Director
"A. ROSS ECKLER, Deputy. Director /'HOWARD C. ~RIEVES, Assist~nt Director r .CONRAD ',TAEU,8ER.A8sist~nt Direotor ,I'" \ '
MORRIS H. HANSEN, Assistont Director for,Statistical '5ta~dardsJULIUS SHISKIN. Chl.f Economic StaUaUcian' .,JOSEPH F. DALY, Chl.f Math,.m&tical StatiaUcianCURENCE E.'B.\ISCHELET, Ge09raphi~ Advl .. r ,
LOWEll. T. GALT, Assistantbirector for OperationsWALTER L. KEHRES,Assistant Director for Administration.CALVERT L DEDRICK,Chief, Int~niation~l Statistical PrQgra,ms OfficeA. W. VON STRUVE. ActinQ Public Inform~tion Office~ I'
Go,.m •• nta Di"iaion- ALLJN D. IlANV.... Ch,let'~ J98IPH P. AlBINA, , .. ·1atant a.lef .
Data Coll~~loD ..ettiOCl.-1,cob... ,JaffeDl.lslon 1aD~ .. eftt Branch--... dl«ft L~t. ChiefPiDanci~. CoIIPUation and AnalJ.l. arancb-LJnd~ Mannen,~iefOo.ernaen'tal Un\t. aranch--Gerti'ude A. Whitehouse, ChiefPrhpert, Value. ,Branch.,.Iilli .. I,'J DQ. Chlefaur.'lB arach-,Joupb P. Arbena",Actinl Chief.' ,
lW.i"i,trati"~I~riC' Dl"ilion-EVERE'IT H. BURKE, ~I.fApiculture Di"iaion-MY.JiURLEY, Clii.! 'hel,.t anel Mlna,.'-~nt Di"ilion-CHARLfS H. ALEXANDER,Chl.fBUlin.al Di"illon-HARVEY UlLIN, Chl.f 'Econo.ic Op.r~tion~ Di"iaion-M. D. BINGHAM",Chi.fEl.ctronic 8,at •• 1Di"iliol\-ROBERT F. PRl}RY, Chi.fFi.l. DlIrilion-ROBERT B. VOIGHT, ei\l.f :. v'/\
. FONitn ,or,~. I?iyiaion-J. E£lWARD ELY, Chief", Chopaph, 1X~lion-WILLIAM T. FAY,'Chl.ef
HO\llin, tn"ilion':"'WAYNE F. DAUGHERTY, Chl.fInel\ll~ Di~'ol\-MAXWELL R. CONKLIN, Chi.fMa~hil\. TabYl.tion I;)iyi.ion-:<:. F. VAN' AIEN, Chl.fP.noNl.l Di"ill~I\-HORACE' Hr CARROLL, Chl.f .- ..
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Populltion DI"i4aion-HOW ~RD G. BRUNSMAN, CM.f ,Stallitrait R.po~ D.ifiaion ~~DWIN D. GOLDFIE~D, Chl.t:.StaHltical ft•••• rch Divllion~WILL1AM N. HURWITZ, Chief'rlanaporlallon Diyi.ion-DONALD E. OfibRCH, Chl.f
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SU\3GEST~D IDENTIFICATION~ , u. S. Bureau of the aehlua. U. S. Census of Governments: 1957
VOL. I V, NO': 4, GRAPH I C SUMMARY OF' 'THE 1957 CENSUS OF GOVERNMENTSU. S, Gov.mment Printing ,Olllce,Warhingto,n,D. C., 1959 \ r:
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For 1.1e by the SuperiJflendent of Documents,U. S. Goven:u'hentPrinting Ollice, .wa8~inglorl25. '0. C., or apy of the. . r "lo ' • ~ FI.ld om!;:el of the Department of Commerce.-Prlce 85 centll ,11
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PREFACE
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}' This publication' is the finl 1 report in Volume IV, Topical Studies, of',' the IP.7.fen.su. of GoveJPment , • .- J
';l'his cen~UI haa been conduc edin accordan~e with the'Act ~ E::o,pgreas, 'approved SepternPJllr 7, 1950, lito ~rovide for the. conduct of a periC)diccenaue of gov~rnmte~nt." ,(Title 1 , Section 16~, Unped Stat~a ~~de).
Planl a'ld Ipecificationl .f9r th, 1957 Gen.u. of Governmentl were de-veloped by the Governmenta Div lion of the Bureau of the Cenlul, in con-lultat~on _With", ~ther ,~rta, 0 the ,Bureau. other Federal Gove;nmeh.tasencle •• and the standln.rCen.u Advllory Committee on State and Local'G,ove~nment Statiitici. ' '
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The present, report is limit d {o the presentation C)fchartl based ons\atistical £indil1g~ that appear;' I;)ther pUblication. from the cen.us, 'atliated on the insidl!: of the front to er , Some of the chf,rt. here'were firstblued in those other reporta., while, some appear h~11! for the fiut ti'me.,. .
, " "The g~ouping of the chart. reflecta the I«;veral lubject matter fields
covered, in th~ 1957 Cen.u. of Governmenta: (1) governmentalorganiza-tio!)., which mamly dealt with numberl and characteriitici of local govern-menta a. of the beginning of 1957: (2) publi(n~tnp"loymeJlt. in terms of datafor. the mo~ of April 1957i,f6) 'g9"erngH;n~l firaneel, with statiltic'm!olnly covermg government~~~' 1'yean t~t 'ended in 1957; and (4) tax-able propet;tv values, deallfl'g w' aluations.offieially'.et in 1~56 and thusrepresenti,ng .ub.tantially the ase (O~.p'toperty tax revenue in gdverp-mental (ilc.l yearl of 1957. ) ,~.. {! , ,
Jr The content.' and layout of'tbia report were p~anned !P6inly by WilliamL. Day and Lynden Mannen 'of the Government. Divi.t'On. and the c;hartawere drawn by Ha~\d J. ~erg,«;r and Qther ..taff C!f the C\lart Unit of tbe"GeograOhy Divi.ion, Bureau of the Census ~ f , , • ,. /' "
~ , ,August 1959 iii
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CONT~NTS . '
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SO\lrc:~ References •.• , ' ..• n •........ I ••••••••••••••••• 1;1,. •••• ••••••
, ........fir 2Governmental Or gani zati.on •••••••••. ,.•.•• , ••.• : •.••.•••.• : ••••.• • •••..•• • •.••. '
,,-Pul:Hic Employment
r n•••••••• "•• '••••••••• : ••••••••••••••• , '(.'. a-a' ••••••••
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\ r . ,Gove.rnmental'Finances •.••••• ; · ••.• ••• .,_••.••••.••••
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-e-'I'axable P'roper ty Valuesr. • fI! ~ ••••••••••• • -- ••••••••• " •••• ,. ••••••• , .\ -/. •• , ••
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6
12
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SOURCi ' .~JtENCU , ' ,·i .,~~l
~
e charts s~own in thi. r;po'1't are based ~I) data .. , listin8'~elow ind~cates ~articulal' report(or reports)apPea ing in other pubUcations. of the}9S7 Cen_lis of' , where;he nguru ,that ~ underly each chfrt may beGover 'Int•• , A complete Ust of the census/ publica- (pulld,_tOBether w.f.fbrelated .tatisti~s anclln(ormatlon.tions a pears Oil the inside of the front C,over. The on data 1II0urees, concepts, and cla .. ,mc!lUon.
123-
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Page Ohart- Souroe '(PublioatIon'of the. , nhart Souroe (Publication~1' rthePage r' . )number 1957 Qensu~ of Governments) • , ,number 1957 Oensus o~ Gove~ments
2
3
4
5
6
7,
8'
101
11
12
13
14
1516
17
1:a,
'1.9
20
202122,2324252627. 282930
456
Vol. I, No. 1Vol. I, No. 1YOH I, ~o. 1
Vol. I, No.1Vol. I, No.1Vol. I, ,No.1V9:J..I, No.1Vol. I, No.1ver,Vol.Vol.
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I~
23
24
25
26\
• 28
29
30
31
32
33
·34
35
36
37
38
39
40
6970
71,- 72
73'747576 •
: 77787980818283848586·87
;.,46 "Vol, Ill, No.547 Vol. IV, No.2, /.48 Vol. IV, No. 249 Vol. IV, NO,.?
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5051
Vol. III, No. 5Vol'."III, No. ')78 •
91011
I, No. 4I,' No •.4I, No.4. \
ii', No. 1 and No. 2II." No. ,1 and 'No. 2
52 Vol.~?II, No. s •53 Vol, III, No. ~; Vol. IV, No. 154 Vol. I~I, No. 555./ Vf31. IV, No. 32
56 Vol. IV, No. ~257 (2)58 Vol. IV, No. 32
59 / Vol. III, NQ. 560 :V01.III, No. 5
.'.,~12
·1,3·
1415'/16I
Vol,Vol.
,Vol. II, No. 1 and No. 2Vol. II, ijo.1and No. -2 .,.Vol. II, No.1 and No.2 .. '
..6162636465
J
Vol. III, No.4Vo1.IIIII, No. 1+Vol. .III, N~. 4 . /
I
171819
..~~~ .
Vol. II, No. 1 and No.2 ,\
V9l'.III, NG....101: III, No.4'
,/' •Vol. II, No. '2Vol. II, No. 2f~l. II, No.1 and No.2'Vol. II;'NO. 1 and No.2Vol. II,·No. 1 and No.2
1' 6667 '68,
.,Vol. III, No. 4Yolo III, No. I.Vol. III, No. 4
Vol. III, No.5Vol. III, No. ,5
Vol. III, No.5Vol. III, No. 5Vol. III, No. 5Vol. I~I, No.5
~~l.sz": v~l.~ v~?,.34 ~.35 Vol.36 Vol.37 Vol.
,38 Vol.
III, No.5,1,11, No. 5
,/
IV, No.3"
IV, No.3'IV, No.3IV, No. :3 ' •IV, No. 3 r
",;.IV, No. 3
/
Vol. III, No• .3Vol. rn, No. ~ ,Vol. III, No. 3Vol. III, No. 3Vol. III, No. 3
~ )",.' \Vol. III, No• .3Vol. III, 'No• .3VOl. III, No, 3
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Vol. IV, No.3
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-.Vol. III, No. :;Vol. III, No. 5Vol. III, No. 5vei , IIIi No. 5Vol. III" No.5Vol. IU, No.5 '.,
Vol. III, No. l'VQ1.III, NP. 1Vol. III, NIi!.1Vol. III NO. 1Vol. III; N¢'.1Vol. III, No. 1
('/..
flo'Vol. III, No. 2Vol. III, No. 2Vol. III, No. 2Vol. III, No.,2Vol. III, No.2
8889
Vol: VVol. V ,~ .r :,/'
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909192
Vol. VVol. VVol. V
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lIn oharts 17 ~~ 18; the 19~7 data are from Yolo II, No~ 1 end No. 2 oC the 1957 oepsus oC Governments, while prior-year dat, ar~ Cro~annual Oensus Bureau reports on publio employment. "
" 2All data ~or ohart S7, and 1951 data 'Cor oharts 55, 56, and s8, are Crom annua\ Oensua Bureau rePorts on state ~governme,ntfinapqes•. See pUblioationa list on ina1~e oC C~ oo~e~.
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NlHBER OF LOCAL GOVERNME,.TS, BY STATES;'I9S7
HElft.ILL.
/MIHH. ',KANS.WIS.
/MO.MICH.PA.IOWAS.DAK.N. Y.N.DA\(.
CALIF.OHIOrEX,'NO.OKLA.
, COLO.WASH.
ORE~.MONT.
H,".ARK.GA.
IDAHOKY.FLA.MISS ••
MAINE
N.O.ALA.LA.MASS.TENN'.N ....S.C.wYO.VT.UT~Hct(fNN.VA,.ARIZ.W.VA.MD.
, N.MU.
DEL.NEV.ft.l.
(
.,-'0 1000
;11
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'1000
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Then were ioa, Z38 goV'ernmental un~t... in theUnited States in January '1957. Local school districtsptade up nearlf one-half of thia total. More than5,000 local goyernmelits were found in each or 8 State.,whia.h have numerous townships and school dlatrlc~governments. In one-fiaH of the litates, howeve~. therewere (ewer than 1,000 local gove.'hments.
A striking reduction in aahoQ.l dls,triata resulted ina nU dearead of lZ percent in the number of govern-mental \lnUa between 1952. and 1957, and an overall
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GOV~RNMENT~L ORGANIZATIONv
NUMBER OF SP~IAL olSTRICTS. BY FUNCTION: 19S7" . ,
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NUMBEROF LOCAL ~RNMENTS I.N TH,E UNITED STATES,BY TYPE: 1942.19S2, AND 19S7 ,
TttOUlMIJI • \II I'
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2&
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTY GOVERNt.1ENT~AND THEIR (POPULATION, BY SIZE: f,9~7 ~ I
~ 19~ POPULATIONOF AA£AS HAVINGCOUNTY GOVERNME;NTS r OOUNTY GOV~"N"'ENT "
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H~CIMT'
POPULATION °r-_.,'rO_-,20_-r:-3,-0_-,"o..SIZE GIICU'
12&
4d1, '30 10 (I
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:::.:.:.~~:.:.~::"...,:+-------t>:~::~::~~::....,.....w.....M'
;t---~--til 11100
15
&0
• 0
SCHOOLDISTRICTS
~,OO0-9,999
LESS THAN &,000
~ -- BUREAU OF THE CENSUS11(' , .
2 -; BUREAU OF tHE CENIUS
or ,
FIRE PROTEGTION
• SOIL CON./iltVATlON,
DRAINAGE
CE'''II'I'EIUESI
HOUSING
URIAN WATEft)"PPLY
A'flGHWAYS.~,;'ftIlATIOII ANIi WATER
OONSERVATION......SANldTION
HOSPITALS
LlaftARIES'
PAIIKS AND RECREATION
HEALTH"IIO,ELLANEOUSNATURAL ftESOURCES~ 00 CO"TIIOI.1ft SINGLE - fUNCTIONDISTRI"Ul.TII'I.E-F
2 00 3
PEROENT DISTRIBUTION OF MUNICIPALITIES AND THE!@POPULATION!, 8,' 51,ZEI '~;i7
.-19&0 PoPuLAT\Otf 01' AREAS,
_ PO!'IJLA",Qtj HAVING MUNIOIML GqVEftNMEffI',SIZE 0II0llI' HJIClMT'o 0 '20 '4010
MUNICIPALITIES
10'l~CIMT •
'4Q 20
100,000OR MORE
150,000-99,999
25,000-'49,999
10,000-,,999
5,000-9,99t
2,500-4,999
,\000-.-'!,.99_. 'tHAN
1,000
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5 -- BUREAU OF THE CFNSUI
,,NUMBER OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS PER OOUNTY AREA, BY STATES: 1957
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.50 ORMORE'
.~16 TO 49
. ...+.w:.:,115 oR LESS
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s ~- BUREAU OF THE CENIUI. .decrease of one-third du 'ng the IS-year interval fromthe 194Z Cenaus of Gover ents. This decline, re'-(lecting school rArganization.' haa overshadowed therise in numbers of s~cia1distrlc and D)un.lCipalitles/
, "<. 'lMtrsf special c,liatriata are estabU.atr~o pe~foftn a
single function, but aQine are authorized to provideseveral kinds of service. Nearly h.lC of all'pecialdlstritlta are concerned either w,th~lre protecU'oli. aoilconaer.vation, ~~ drainage.
Of tile 3 j 047, countw governments in the Unit'edStates, 9'ne-fourth each serve less than lQ,OOO Inhabt-ta,Ilts. At ·~he other extreme,' ~he 77 ~ost populouscountie. accountfor more than one-third of aU personsresiding' in areas served by QOUrity,govern~e,nta.
, Municipalities d'umbered 17,183 in 195 • This typeof gove.rnment consists of cities" boro~, ao villages"and--except those in. New England, ~,w ~k, andWilconsin--townll. "l'wo-thirds of the eople'in ther •
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,- BUREAU OF fH~ CtNIOI
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United Stat~i. live in municIpalities. and half of these'persons resnie in the ios cities that have over 100,000inhabitants. About three-fifth., o'f al-l municipalitiesuah have leas than 1,000 inhabitant.s. , •
. In 1957, the average number of aU local g.overn-menta per Gounty" area ranged 'from IS or less in 17States ,up to SO or mo}'e per Cl'ounty in 14 St~tes. Theper county avyage was only 3 in Virginia as against81 in Wisconsin. •
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I, P,UBl,IO SOHQ,QL SYSTEMS AND NUMB~R~' -, ,
OF SOHOOLS OPEI\ATED, BY SIZE Of SYSTEM: 1957
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SYSTEMS... THOUSAMOI
• 20 IS
SCHOel.,S
30
2 /'
10 OR MORE
3 TO 9
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" NONE
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SCHOOL SYS-TEt,IIS, IN TERMS OF ENROLLM~NT, B'f STATES: 1957 "
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ENROl.L.MENT~ 3,000 OR MORE ,..
'm 390 to 2:,999
c ~ 60 TO 299" em LESS TH~ 50,
.(
8 -- BUREAU 0' THE ENi•..There were 5Z,913 public schcct systems in 1957,
. ,ipcludinll Z,467 sy"tem. Il'dministered by Go[ntiea,municlpa1itie.~. township., or .l'tate lovernments, aswell as the 50,446 school district gdvernments'. Theaesyste,ms altogetlier operated 1H(OOO school.. Nearly9,000 sohool 'lIy.tems did not directly operate any.chool but •. rather, provided for their pupU. to.attel)slseliool., elsewhere, A,ltollether, mo·1Iethan oQe:.third of .all pubti~· 'J.chools Were adminia~red by the 1,7'(5
•chool Iystema ttiat each operated 10 01'.mcre lohoQls,,A-lm,oat ollel'foullith oC the 3'J...milliollpublio lot(001·
pupils in the 'NatioQ in 1't57 ~ere enrolled in the 106" largest schoo! .,y.tema. ,Only about 3 percen.t of the
'pupn. were lerved by school sy.teml havins fewer'thaD 150 puplts , ' .
In 191)7, the median lize !school/.ystem, in term.of e~rollment, ~d 3,000 pupil._ or more in 8 Statu,but fewer than 5Q pupils i~,eaoh of,13 Statd.
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GOVERN·MIENTAL
I ... ... 10. • ~.
ELECTIVE LOCAL OFFICIALS, BY TYPE OF GOVERNMENTANO .PAY STATUS: 1957
I'.it\lIl.I~ I1MIMI.. " .. '
IDO
COUNTIES
MUNICIPALITIES
TOWNSHIPS
SCHOOLofSTRICTS , •
SPECIALDISTRICTS
<,•
PA,Y STATUS I(>'
P41D P~~T' TINE
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, -- BUftEAU OF THE E"SUS
IQO
5.
, ...' r .,
PERCE-N'{ OF Et.tPLOYt.£NT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTSREPRESENTED BY PAID ELEC"IV~ OFFICIALS, •
BY TYPE .OF GOVERNt.£NT: 19S7I' -..
,-C~TIES
MUNIC;) -PALITIES F=~==~~
SCHOOLOISTRICTS F=~
SPECIAL """=""""'''''''''''~",",,~..+m,.,;DISTRICTS F=""¥'~=':;i='~"""""
I ,SO 6
1"
, PAY STA'PUS , '"~P~ID FUl.l..Tll"E ~,b Po\rtr-TIME ', .
ELECTly~ l;,09AL OFFIOI'ALS PER 10,000 ,POPUl.ATIQN,. BY GEOGRAPHIC "REGION: 1957
70
. -../'
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NUMBE'.RP.ER (0.000
[ill 10' OR Lsss~ 10 TO"19
.m 20 To 99
~ 100 dR MORE./
ElectiVe 100a1 officiall in the United States num-bered, more than olie-half mlllion in. 1957. School di••tJ'icta accounjed for over one-third of the total.municipalities and townlhips eac'll fbr over one-fifth.~d.county governments lor abQ.none-;'eillbth. .Alino.t
fralfof alt,.elective official. were'unpaid"(malnly adhooloard membera) and only 1 in 7 eleot(ve looal of£icials
!.Va,pa~don a full-time bui:'." ~'E11l1ltlve,o££ioiats made up only Z peroent of all full,..
ae paid employme\t of lacalliovernmenb in 1957,, v.I _
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~,
II -- BUR~U bF THE ENIUI
but the ratio for counUe, and to..;;o.hlpa W&$ 6 percent, •About one-fourth of a11paid part.1time. employment oflooal governments wal accounted lor by,eleative olfi-eial., with proporij.on. rang,ms from 55 percent fortown.hlpa down to 11 peroent lor school di.triota. /
There were 3,0 electj:d local, officia" for each10.000inhabltant. in the United S~te. in' 1957. rangAlgfrom over ·100 per 10,000 population in We.t NorthCentral States down to 10 per 10,000 inhabl&nta In theSouth Atlantic State •• ' ~ . . , '""..
' ...
.. /'y-
I,
!II· t.
,
i'!
I,
, I
,I'
i'lII,rI:
,i
() '47 '4. '$1 ·u"T. tOIl GeTOU". UGIOT n. ItI' DATA.WHtGH UI '0' .~"L
. ,.
" ,
S'TATE AftDI.,OCAI.' •
'\,'f '; ( ...~.".t#'"II~--~~~~~--~~~~--~~--~
,(, I, .,', '"
.,
, , .4
l
"""'" ., ....i\
e , • ...
0' .~
, .
" r
, '.
!2 -- 8\1 tAU, 01' TtiE 01111.,
.1
STATE toYEllllMEliTISTATE,GOVERNMENTS
OO!*TIEI
COUNTIES
MUNICIPALITIES'\ ,. ..MUNICIPALITlES
TOWNSHIPSSCHOOl. DISTIIICTS
SPEOIAL 01""10\1SCIfPOLDtSTIIIClTS
\ .SPECIALDlSTftlOTS
'\ -- BUIIEAU 0' THE OEIIIUI,.EMPLonts(ThOlltand,1~ ~ --~---- ~ -- ~~
"
GOVERNMENTAL 'PAVROL~S-FEDERAL,STATE: AN~ LOO~L~ B~ FUN?TIONI APRil '1951'
FEDEJtA~ PA'tROl.L '• Iii MILLION
.STATE M'fROl.LS• 311' MIL.LIOM
, LOCAL PAVROtLS• 1,221 MILLION, ... ,
;
NATURAl,RESOUROES
.,YUtlllt"" ,I,. prOtlC;lon,.anltatlall,pafk. and '"f.HIIon,ond 1IoII11",..id _It; r~
,State and local pUbl1f:!employment has moved up
steacu.ty in uoe,nt ye.,.s, from about 3.8 million pet' ..SOil'S tn 1947 to 5,6 mUllon in A~rU '1'57. RelatedmOlltb:l-ypayroll. have l:rown f,rom $0,.7 bl~U()ntQ $1.6bL1Hon'du~"l!n.thl. interval. Fede-ral alvlllan employ-ment a'lld payroll •••• \thollih htlhe'Z' in 1957 than 10,ye•• bjtoi'e, ehall'let\'relative,ly Un\. ,durLna 1951-57.
Publlc payroll. for tb. month of Ap:tll 1957, totaledOYer $Z.& 'bUtton. LOGaI.foYe'rll'Qlentpayrolls repr'e ..
\ •
... nted alrn'bst half QftWi. surn, "Ed_ral c'ivma, pa1'311 about one:o.thlrd, .nd State;$o'V.rnment payroabo t one-.lxth. :,. .. :
duclJllon ac.counted for 3Qp:e~~.nt of total pubipayroll-s' taktnl over half ot ,10-9'"~ayro11s'arrd ovol.le-fourth of State payrolls':: ~ tb;i Fedenl elvi\!payroll, national de,fen.e a4lCOlint"dlO*,half alid po..uviae for one-sbeth. H"lt~ 'and ho.pltals lnvol,a sub.,tantlalJ&moulit fctr all 3 levels of lovernment..... . "l \( , 1, \ . ~~
•d
..EIiPLOYE~t1TMII,ond.1.OOr--- .....~---- ..........------~----~*.....~ _
I .
FULt,.-'FI,ME,PUBLIO EMPLOYEES. BY ANNUAl- RATE OF PAYi APRIL 1951, \
~.IIIISTA. ANDLOOAI.E"'I.("(IIS
~~{;w,JFEDERAL EMPLQYEES 'ICIV1LIA'h E~OLujjE' THOlE OYEII!IEM,.oo~--~~----------.....__
----------------------------------------~. 100
400400
y f
•200200
o ,
,- ,'UlltA~ 0' THE C£IIIUI.• Public employment in the United State. tptaled ov~rmUllon persons in Al'rU 19~1, Clomprlsinl 6.9 mil-
lon full-time and more than 1. I mUllon part-tlmemployee~. C;:ountlnl pa,d'..'\ime per,sbnne,l at fUll-tittle..y rat .. , tb.e 1957 plabUc .mployme~tltotal w.. 7.1lUlon, persons. On. thls f.\l11-ttrneecvnvalent basl.,
,cal lovenIPents, employed, 3. fI mllUQnper''bn., theederal Oovernment Z.3 rpllllon, and.the Stat.. 1.Z1lllbnpersons. 'Aver"l. earninl. of full-tlme-'lfmployee. of State.
and loull()Vernment. for April 1 amounted to $336, •ranlinl from $Z83 for county lov~l'nmente to $358 forschool district.. /" •
.'. ?I'Only 1 ~n Z,O lull ..time Pllb~i e,mployeee was beingpaid a. muoh b' $7, ~OO a ye r in 1957, while 1 in 5was reGelvln.1le .. than S3, QOO a year. An annlUllra~eb"tween ,3,000 and ,., 800 &p ned to about 57 puoent
I. of Fed,ral clvman ~mp'loy.. ~ and ~o·n perce~or thefllll:time e~plo~ee •. of state a~d localloVernnient~.
\
I- 4_-
k.' , Of~r:1I\I "
""Jt . I ,
!.':"tI,
f'
I' ...,,~',''. 400i
r:'j
100
-~
0 'I.
-COUNTIES
'" ...
TOWNS!S AND SPEOIA&. oiSTRIG,!!
" 'a7
DA,il "'" D~'O'U. I.CI"
<,f"r~;~D'~-'-~ r- '-~ __~ ~ __~~r- __--'
STAT£ GOVERNMENTS
OOUNTIES
.~- -
~~ ....... ~ ......r~~ .....--..-~ .. ,...,. "~""""""-,r-~~,~~,,~,"'~."'r--::---- --:- ~~ ~ .....--r-V" ................,.....~-;'('".-.-• 't. ~
" ,
ENIUI 20 -- BUREAU OF THE CE"IU.
!IOO ," .......
TOWNSHIP-S AND SPEOIAL OISTiuOTS
\ --
, r
SCHOOL SYSTEM ENPLOYMENT (F.U~L· TIME EQUWALENr ,NUMBER) BY 'SIZE OF' SYSTEM,·FOR SOHOOL DISTRIOTS AND OTHE R SCHOOl. $YSTE'MS: APRI.. 1951' (.
SCHOOL OISTI'IOTSlOl'LOflll." "" 100 ,ij"LI I_LID6' SIZ£ BY' NO, OF
PUPI LS t:NRbLLED,
3,000 OR\ MORE
OTHER SCHOOL SYSTEMS1Il'\.0'l..... '!II 100 """ ... ' ~""DLUD
\
DAYA'0" "octoll"_ r.lItC;I" "" DA'A, WHit" .". '0" .'fliL, ,
18 -- BUREAU OF THE GEN •.
9
1,200 TO 2,'1111
600 TO I,.n
, 300~O '1199
Ll!10 TO 299
110 TO I~9
LESS THAN 110
i'~', "
·SCHOOI. OlST-RICTS
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION, BY MA~OR FUNCTION. Of.!. EMPLOYMENT (FUl.L-TIME EQUIVALENT)OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, BY TYPE OF GOVERNMENT: "APRIL 1957
STATES
COUNTIES
MUNICIPlLITIES
TOWNSHIPS ANDSPECIAL DISTRICTS
.;
, ..
S6hool dl.tt'iot'a, ~ut1'~~k th-. Statea and eaoh othermajor ot... of 100al government. in num!ler ot ,m-ployee•. and amount of payroll.. ~'
'Th, ~tat~. anel aU typea 9( local gov ~~.nt. -ex..p~rl.nG.el a ,con.l,at.nt Ifowtb 111e,~ploy .nt b.tw.en1951 and 1957, a~d ail eve~ .ha.rper ri.e ill monthlypayroll... Durin. the 5.I/Z y.ar_ period from Ootober1951 to Ap'l'li 1957, 'State .mpioyment (on a full-tlmeequl..al~nt baala) rba' Z'4percelit. and 10oalgovel'l1ment
employment Z6 peJ'oent. Monthly State payroll. we:up 58 percent, local government, payroll. 61 peroentt, Almo.t two-third. ot State alld looal pubUc empla
ment l. for educ~tlon. hiiW&.v" 01'he~lth al,ldhp'ttal.. At the 100.\ level. e~ion aoo~nta fol'the employeea,. health a1\•. I'b.pftal. i"equiu 8 p.oent, and blghway. take 7rpercent.· Of all State gel'nmeilt employee., education en.agea 26 per~'health and no~pltal. 'Illploy ¥ percent. and hlgb,.-aocount tor 17 percellt. '
"
OTHER SOHOOL SYSTEMS
AVERAGE MONTH~Y EARNINGS OF FUbL-TIME EMPLOYEES OF SCHOOL SYSTEMS; BY SIZE OF SYSTEM,FOR SOHOOL DISTRIOTS AND OTHER SCHOOL SYSTEMS: ,APRIL' 1957
~ore than 98 peroent of ,aUpubllo .chool enrollmentin 1957 wal in ,chool .y.tem. enrolllllg 50 PIlPU~ormore .....ome ZO,57Z .y.tem. op.rated by ind'pe,ndentIchool dlatrict governm.nt. and 1,849 Operated byother government., ,uo'h a. oounll•• or muniolpaUtle••
The numb.r of .ohool .y.t.m .mployee. in relatlqnto puph•• nrolled WAI con.idel'ably lea" in a,bhooldi.-triot .y.t.m. having"a lal1'ge.nrollment than'ill thOlewith fewer pupil.. However, the averag •. rillaUon'ahip
I,
SCHOOL DISTR.CTS ..,~ ~~ ~~~ ~,.~~ --;O p~~~sBI~~L~~D
3,000 OR MQRE
1,200 TO 2,'"
100 TO 1,lt9
300 TO 1199
110, TO I~9
LUf THAN 10
\
. "
'-
21 -- IUWEAU OF THE GENIUI, \
of employment to enrollment wa. falrly uniform ~mongvariou. alae group. of the .chool .y.tem. operated byother gover~ent.. , '
For both kind. of .chQol .y.tem., 'mployee eal'l1-ini' ran oon.iderabl, higher amonl tho.e with a rela ..tlvely large enrollm.nt than 'ln .choot .y.tem. withf.wer pupil•• III April 1957, average e.'I'nin•• of full-time .e'hool .y.te.m .mployeet. were n.arly $400 in the.y.tem. wlth 3, 000 pu~li. or mou, but 1••• than $300in .y.t.m' with rewer than 600 pupil••
I,
.,~.i __
-,""~.,~.,"",~~,"~,ry,-.,.-~~,--\,,,,,~~~ ,-' ~-,-~. ".'-',~'¥ff'!',~;n'V' \:-:;~:7", ',,' , " v":;;'tr:;;:~~··\',I~~~.. ~1,1, ~ ,~, ~.
,.'~:"-: ,-: '. - p.uBUC, BMPLO'-. -NT", 1!"l;[."l Ii" . I
,:f~ n=-,...,.".. .........''''''.''--;-:-.~; -=-:":":':::-:-::,::::-:-:.--==~=:'=~;;--;-~'-=.'~.:r,- ~-:;;:;:-;;;mi"':-::rm~;:n.iiVj~;u,;--;iIilliDi:;;;-DC:;-~\n;;-I-'l ~,,:"-1~5~, - 'STATE AND'LOOAL. GOVERNMENT EMPL.OYMENT- (FUL.L.-TIME EQUIVAL.ENT NUMBER) P~R ,lb,OOO 11.';t~'1t'.', " -. . POPUL.ATION, BY STATES: APRIL. 1,51' \, , '~:,:,~,Z~\!.' BY ~EVEL OF GOVERNMENT BY' FUNCTIONAL CI,.ASS·f ~'.~.,,0.0 300 200 100 0 0 100 200. ,:"',, 1'1 liM II ALABAMA
~. . ',,: " A .. IZONAi .. -, • .. tt~::!:.:t! t"H ~
t . "', ~, I·U!!!: 1'1t'l • ARKANSASI," t~': Htim;t.ld h~.lt CALIFORNtA \r ..;.J1I W;h!!mh! ~1 • ~ f COLORADO
CONNECTICUTDEl.AWARE·-
DISTRICT OF COl.ut.lBIAFl.ORI!)AGEORGIA
IDAHOIl.LINOIS
. INDIANA,.IOWA
KANSASKENTUCKY
l.OUISIANAMAINE
MARVLANDMASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA,MISSISSIPPI
MISSoulli_MONTAN~NEBRASKA
NEVADA, NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JER~EYNEW MEXICONEW YORK
-Nd!,TH CAROtlNANORTH DAKOTA
OHIOOKl.AHOMA
OREGO~; ,
PENNS"l.IJA~'A• ..HODE ISl.AND
SOUTH. C~.~NASOUTH ~A.i:tp.TA
TENNESS.EETExdUTAH
VERMONtVIRGINIA
WASHINGTONWEST 'VIRGINIA
WISCONSINWVOMING
l' , • > :
,
r ,
, ~fl'it 1 tfiHiUUl: :.~ f'ti.:lJH.Jl'H,\ M~\.,Hirn .." N
I
30
\,
_ t;'. ,~
~ill' UlIl 11ilK :" .. ~11 ~t
-I It 1:S
HntUmlmn: Jt. :
:lIIUllll!\ ,ill:11
II' .111:111
I
~LOClAL
tH :·&.1Um'tl t t: l
Fh!lt :,.-!-t I t l
I
~. I :
j . -
1
1,fijl;!WJ STATE
I~ EOUOATION .,
'1
IZZia ALL OTHI'R
2\ -. Bu~EAU OF THE CE~'UI• In relation to. population. State and local sovern-menhmployel. in 1957numbered Z81for every 10,000persons il\ the United Stat... The extreme l'anse forState are .. was trom ZZ7up to 368 per 1.0,000, withZO of the States falUna in the range of Z60to 3,00em- •ployees per 10,000 inl1abi~nts.: The rel.tionsb1p forthe me-dian State w.. 273 per lOt000 person.. In 1"State's, the ratio was Ius than Zf)Oper 10,000 and in15S'tatesthere were 300 or more employees per 10,000populatipn.
. .
• In every State, ed,!cation, includl.ns pub.lie institu-tions of bisher education as well as pubhe schools,accounted for more State and local sovernment employ- .ees than any other function. In half the State., 'between j117and 146emp~oye.. per 10,,000inhabitants were en- ~sased in thl.s function; the remainlns States ranked ~equally above and below th1ls l'anse. The extreme ~l'anse amons the States for education was {rom 89 up to i176 employees p~r 1'0,000inhabitant.., .~. . t
: Av.erale eat~ins. oHull-time public schoolemploy-eu f~r the ,month of AprU 1957 ranled from mQl'ethan$450 ir. Z Stat.. dOWilto $215 Or Ie.. in Z!\ates.Aver~.a.emonthly'earhinSs of $400 or more were founnfor 8 stat ... and t&.. District of Columbia Ihalf the Stateswere iil tile $ 300to $400 'l'anse, and in 16Stat .. month-ly earninls of public .chool employees averased le..thap $300.' ",
"
"~'-~-.-- <~J- .-. '~--"~·~r~- .. '~"-"~~~~·--- :--~- ~-=-'-:-'"7"~ ;\~---~--.. --:' ..~. -. - .•~ "T~- •...,...~.-;-r
PUBUC EMPfuYMENT " .
400 .
..1
>
.j,
.. :
...
~ .... ft' ,I
..-."
',~: :lo' .... ,\, .... :..-,
"...... \ ~. ", ,i
.:.. .j..\
.....,0° \-... , f:1J
I'
..-, ','-.'-,
'.., ......, ....,
,,"t\
\ "
",-.
, '.oUNDER $3,200
\. ;:; $3'ar- $3,5~') IULJ '3i6~ - $3,$99
.888 $4,OOOAN O\l.ER'~"
..e , ..
" ., - .. . , .. '..
~ ,
,"'"
...
fm$400 OR MORE
fZ22J hso TO • 400
&$:·;,;·11$ 300 to. 3110
D LESS THAN .300
."
"The mecUanannualpay rate for full-time employeesf State and local governmenta, in April 1957, rangedrom OVer $4.400 in 1 S~te down to te .. than $Z,800n 5 Stat... In lZ States, mainly in the South', theedian p,y l'ate was under $3,2qO. A median annual
ate of $4,000 or more. was fOllodfor 11States--5 inhe Far Weat, 3 in the Midwest, and 3 'in the Ea.t-- 0nd allo for the District of Columbia.
. '" ,
_ .. _- . J
"
i" '.', ",, .
..Olsi~lqYl'!q~,oF.TQT~L RE\,ENUE' ~y MAJOR, fINANCIAl SE.QTO,RS.,FQft THE FEDERAL
GOV~~NM~NT AND FOR STATE AND'LOCA'l. GOVERNMENTS,:1957 ",
"
/> "/
STATE ANll LOCAL GOVERNMENT I"EVENUE$46 BI,LLION
, INSURANOE TRUST:.-._...--_.REVENUE,
..
Federal taxea yielded $70 bUlion in 1957, or four-fifth. of. all Federal.Government revenue. The re.mainder, $ 11 billion, wu .uppUed ,about eqnUy byother generil revenue ,ource. andby "contribution.1I
collected for in.urance tru.t program ••Of the $"t6billion total of state and 10calgoy'bnment
itevenue; in 1957, $Z8.8 bi.IUon, or 63 percent, wuprovided by taxea, lncludins $IZ. 9 bllll,on..-bomprop- 'erty taxe •..
".
t
DISTRIBUTIO'" OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE BY MAJORFlt-IANCIAL. SECTORS,FOR ~HE FEDERAL GOV'ERN-
MENT AND FOR STATE, AND LOCAL. •GOVERN~ENtSI 1957
.. :. ~..STATE AND LO<tlL GOVERNMENT E)(PENDIT'URE
$48 BILLION... ~, ",
IN$URANa TRUST EMPENOITURE ~..
• •, r ,
, '.
It,
2' -- BUREAU ,Of' THE OE,N~ "\ " 'f!
,F.eder.l ex:pendlture' in fi.cal 1957 included,abo,$4 biUi6n paid to State and locat 80vernment., .:direot expenditure of $78'bilUg,n. About 56 percent_an Federal' .pendi.pg· wa' for national defenae ainternational relation.,
or tbe .48 bmi:9n .pent by State and local gor~r.. menta in ,19~. ctillCat.iona~counted for $14 bUllon,, abollt 30 percen~, ind aU o*her aeneral e-xpen~iture fq:, about $Z6 bmion, Qr 55 pe;cent. l
4 .,: .. •
"
/v
-, \
\
••J'
.". '
'.f
~ii!
TAX REVENUE, BY TYPE OF TAX 'AND LEVEL?~GOVER~"'ENT: 1957
INDIVIDUAl- INCDM~ TAK
CORPORATION INCOME TAX
SALES ANII GRQSS RECEIPTTAXES
PROPERTY TAXES
ALL OTHER
,"EOEMI- STATE (OCAL
~~m@:n;lml
" .GENERAL REVENUg OF THE FEDERAL:.· GOVERNMENT
'FROM 'CHARGES AND" ~ISCElLANEOUS, " NONTAX S9URCES:1957 "
I, ..LIO., d"OOL(tlllllCURRENT CHARGES 0 2' 5 4IS'",lc .. 1!lId""ductl): r---~--.,....-;,-.-.---4 ......._--'1
N...TUR.I- ~£sqURCES.!I
post ...L SERVICE
HOUSING
OTHER QuII'RENTOHARGES - •
QTHER ~ISCELLANEOUS"EVENUE -, ,
2 -- UREAU~' THE GENIUS
.: Federal, State, and l~al tax: revenue in (i.bal 1957"totaled nearly ,$99 billion. Individual lnco e taxeaproduced wen'over,one-third, corporation Inee e taxe.and .ale. and recei.pt. taxe. each .uppUed 0 er one-
'fifth and property taxea more than one-eigh h of thetota,l.
I
Federal payment. ~o State and local'gove nrhentaar~, mainly for public welfar~', liighway., anct;educa-
I
\ ~\
o
. .F,EQERA\. INTERGCNERNMENTAL'MYME..NTS.lO stATE AND
.. I LOCAL: GOVERNMENTS.BY FUNCTiON:1957 . ,4 ' \.\-;.
0'Q ~
PuaL!O WEl~ARE
HIGHWAYS/
EDUCATION.J
" IEMPlOYMENT SECURITY..
• ADMINISTRATION I!"NATURAL RESOURCES .I
\ ' ' ioI •
r-IHOUSING AND REDEvtl~NT
I t , I iHEALTH "-NO HOSPlT.,LS
j" iI
OTHER I·~ I
, :1~. > 1",
\ " iI
I
i
\ ~r~,yt~,. ,
,,~ .
., ,
'28 -- BUREAU OF THE CEN'USr--- ~__~ ~.~t__ ~~
.G~NERALt REVENUE; OF ST~TE AND .LOCAL GOVERNMENTSFijOM CHARGEs AND MISCiELLANEOUS'
NONTAX SOURCES: 1957
,HIGHWAYS
CURRENT CHARGES (Servlcel and O~;;;;;;;;t~;;;;;;;;;;;;;.;;;;-41.5'productl). ~EOUOATION
SANITATION' •
HDUSING
NOHHIGHWAV TRANSPOftTIITION
OTHEI! CU""EMT OHARGES
SPECIAL ASSESSMENTS
INTEREST EARNINGS I, '
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE
'~,STATE GOVERNMENTS ..k.!·:··.~3 LOOAU OOII£IINMEMTS
80 -- IUREAU OF 'HE CENiuI
tion purpo.e.. Altosether, about one-twelfth of aU •State and local government revenue in 1957Wa. fromFederal p.ymenb. ,
Federal revenue from current Charge. amounted to:$6.8 billion, in 1957, maioly from po.tal aervicea andfro.m .. lea of com~odltie •. Currentcharsu revenueof Sta~e an,dl04algoverninent. totaled $3,. ~ billioii, ornearly 10 percent 'of their gener,l revenue trom all.ource., including taxe.. I
•
.~.'t<. ' i·.'
12
8
4'
'. )IJ~~ ~ ~ ~_.~. ~~~~~ ~~--J~
,81 --, BpRUU OF THI Cr"IU.
o
I '
GOVERN~ENTAL.DIREOT EXPENDITURE,BY. cHARAOTER AND ~JEOT: 1957
\0'
OURAt"NT OPERATION
OAPITAL OUTLAY
ASSISTANCE AND SUBSiDIES..
.:
., INTEREST ON DEeTfl' '
INSURANCE 8ENEFITS ..AND, . REP.AYMEN'rS
t ,..
I t:j : ..~~Ft:OE"A",. . Iimi~Hili!JstATE .ANI! LOOAL
12 ..- IURIAU OF THE G•• lui
, ,
J)xcl~d\nl amol1nt8 for delen,.e •. cUteel leneral e,x..peftdit~re. o~ an !ove ..nment. hi the Nation. in 1957.,amounted ~ $6. billion. S~endlnl' for edllcat,on(m.i~ly t9r lqo.l ~1l~UQ .choot.:, td\jLled$15. 1 billion.Amonl the' tnuce,uaneoui lunc,tiona-that eac,h involvedtotahp.il~iq'l, otl~.'_ thall $'1,0 bUlion we:r~(in de-.d.niHn. at..e ordeT): wa,te'r trj.n.~ortat~on, hpuIln8rlogat,p,tk. and'-rec;.re.Uon. aL'l"£.... n.po.~tatlon. cor1'ec-tl:onj aOcial.ecIlHtyadmlni.traUon, and local Ubr"rl ...
1 \ I' "~ ,
Total I.overnmental expend.tuu in 195'7. incilldln. in.llra~ce trll.t. liqllQr .tor ... and loca~ utitity amollnt.•• ~.1l a. 1.........a.1expenditllre. tota~ed.over $U~ bi1;
llol.l. ,C;:Il~rentoperation ac.collnted for lbe major pbr-tion, c.ompdatnli abollt "I billion of Federal and $lbUllon ot Sta,i' ahd looal expenditllre. or the $29 b.nHObo( capita:lolltlay, FederallllDlCJllnbwere ma,lnty fod.,fen.e. equl~.nen~.nd State ..1Qoalamount. were lilrle"11.tor con.truotlon. ~' ., '.
. I.(..,
.., ,
~..•
.'\
•TR,ENDS I" SEL'ECTED MAIIOR CLASSES. OF GOVERNMENT~L REVENUE -AND E~PENDITURE:
.. 1952' TO 1957 . " :• 'k
-rPER CAPITA REVENUE
" ,,~ .. , ,I, ,
\. .. .,,--INDIVIDUAL. INCOME' TAXE;S L----
100- ~
~-----.-.._-- ...... ,CORP.ORATION INCD,MET~ES
SALES AND G"DSS ,~",- I "t---- ~...-(~ .... .,.-' t;RECEIPTS TAl(ES ~, ......> .1---"..~.--- ----. ~ ..,..,."... ..-..-- '
"
••• ~.~•••i' ••• ••••
...:...,...........r PROPERT~ ••~!~~!~...........···
l----- ~ii ••••...·~ r--------. 1-._- -----......... :....... ..
".. ,
1--.
,,,
I.
--,.~
,
I
Y
P£ft CAPITA EXPENDITURE$400 .-----r-:...:.:.., :,-=r,,:,:,:,,-=,:,::..=r=.:.:~=-.,------,
$.200
.....-...--.,.- ---
11115 1157 $10 1I~5~2----- ...I!I~5~a----~I~'~54-------1J.!I5-5------1IJ.5-.-----...JIIS71952 1154
'. ... f
..,Du~in8 the period 1951 to 1957. 80verilmental
revenue (1'0111mo.t major, .ollrce. increa.eq at a con-lide,rably (utu rate than poplliation. Expr ... ed in p,rcaplta amollnt,. individual lncome tax revenlle moved{rom $184 lip to $U9i'revenlle (rom .al .. a.d 11'0"recelp~. taxe.. and (rom property taxe., 111.0moveaup markedly. Corporation income tax yield., however.dropped oft fTom $141 to $130 per capita.I Governmental expenditure for major fllnctlon. in-
'I
\ ,
"..
$100 II
$80
$SO
• _.I~-/ I. r: t;DUCAT!,D!!.. .............. ,I_1'-,1-"--- Ii, 'II
_... • ...._-\-..----1-----1
! I' : .I I,
I ..f-.... +N_AT~U_"_AL._"_E~SOURCESl I • .-...-"" ...... ...r::; ..
.... I •••••••• ~ ... ~,.••••r"~ ,••-" L---- '--
.. ~.-:::-... HIGHWAYS
1----.... I.',/$~_,""'HOI." ... I·~)_.-·i--.- ....~.~.~..... 'T" .
x.L PUBLIC WE~FA"E r
$40'
$20
.8 -- BUREAU OF THE Gt:NIUI
'.
..
crea.eel alao rather e'on.latently from 195ZtQ 1957.with the notable exception of deten.e 'pendin8. Percapita pllblic .pendin8 for edllcation, natllralre.ollrce.,and, hl8hway. all' moved' lip .harply OVeT the '5-year.pan. The upward trend wa'•• omewhat Ie•• pronollncedfor' health and hi8hway. and for public welfare. Percapita .pendin8 for defen.e flllctuated' dllrinl the peri-od. b~t dropped overall from $307 in 195Zto $Z69 in1957. .
'. '':;
•1.,1.~.. '
'j
FOfl SELEOTED YEARS, 1932 TO 1~57,..
,.
CHARGE!! AND M'SC~L.L.ANEbUS.GENERAL. REVENUE
FEDERAL. tAXES ~
:STATE ANO LOCAL T.x~S..
\ .
...200f--------
, .,~. a.. -- BUIlEAU o~ T"E CEIlIUI
, ./ . .PER CAPITA GENERAL' GOVERNMENT EXP!NDITURE IN THE UNITED STATES FOA SELECTED. YEARS; ~32' TO 1957 '
" ~ I • ~ ,'.$~O~--------------------------------------------------------------~--~~---------''IO<FEN" ... ' '::!!;:! INTERNATIONAL. REL.ATIONS
. OTHER DIRECT FEDE~AI: EXPENDITURE __ . _
• STAT~ AND LOCAL GOVERNr.lENTS, ....
, ... "
$600'..
'.\. .. .~'.400 1----..:........- ----. ---------.:.;.-.-- - ~
$~~--~--------. __--------~---1I
'48 '50 '52 '54 'S8 '51'38 ' '40 '42 '46,, 1932\
. .'Trel\ds in governmental final\cea since 193Zhave
been influenced bY.major economic and social changlea,.Per capita ann\lal ta:lt'revelfue rose about ninefold overthe Z5-year.-span, and.,per capfUl total 'general' revenUe,roSe almo,t as sharply, to $66Z in 1957~ Total percapita geneTal expenditu,re of, aU governments in theNaij.fJn inoreased almost sevenffJlcfo,from $!''' in 19Uto $6.5 in 1957. ' .
A major .fraction of this governmental expansionreflects costs ~f World War II and subsequent national
defense programs. Over the period 1940to 1957, in1
perl capita- amounts, Fedel'al defense cOllts rose fro~,$IZ to $Z69; other Federal general spendint moved}fl'om $55 up to $1391 and State-local gener..,. expendi4!ture increased fl'om $70 to SZ37• , ~
D~Tin8.this "~5-year period, gross nation~l producalso rose sharply--from abqut $59 billion in 193Zt1$440, billion in 19.57--and national income increasealmost ninefold. •
J'
~"~~ ~ -~ .,~ -r, ~ r-- r, ~'""" -':"""",'-, "'!:.,jl "'" p7:""" ... '!'f.\'. ~\~;"1l'f''i''"l ...~ ll' ~.""' .•':'''':!,~..,..,.,~ >.1t"iW:': ;;:<' ,~,"'r,;l mC4Fl Ina"- PIn:» ,.' ~ , ~. ~ .. ~. r>, ,~""'"\ i . .f':!-~"\ ".'\~~, .. 1. '.7 -:"l'l' ."'!J\~~:~ r> ~:'\:':~":'\f,,:-:.~~~,{~,.k,
.." ' .o(JV~I(NMEmAI/i;';'fiNANCES .' .. { " " " "c', -r ' 1,f~':;{r<, , ." r "'-..,.'/ '" ..tt~,', .I ,<"\ ,·~Ir-~----~~----~------~----~--~----~--~----~~----------~------~------~----------------~'--~\\ .~~. '. . " ~ . '",t,
RELATION BETWEEN GENERAL REVENUE AND GENERALIIEXP.ENDITUR~ OF'~H~ FEOERAL"GOVERNMENT A~9 OF STA~E ...~, AND LOCAL GOYER~NT~~ ,FO~, S~LECT~D ¥E~fS' 19~ 1'0, 1~?7 ,~ ,. , '::
.r .' , t" ... ~ t,. ",.;
c ~ ~~...,'')i
~,i. ,;
....~I. v. ;
. ,::'i
:..BILLIONS. $6
LIIsLII
~ $4It:
~.'1/) '" $213
~0
,ll! ~ 0;:)'...'I $2
~,,;!~
I&.0 '4m~'",
'\
$.6,
.~ ,
.PER ~P.ITA 'GOVERNMENTAL:DEB~ IN THE 'U' .I'TED STATtES FOr(.:SE~ECTED ~EARS, 1932 TO 19~7~ .... ; ' .. "':. ~ , ~"",
.$2.5oor---~--~----~------~·~~------~~--~------~·~~--------~~----------~~------~--------~·~1:~ .. . ~\ \
$1,500t-----:;---~----~---------.j
'$ 1.000 t--~---~------+---~----
$5001----..,-----.....----------:
$2,000
fEDERAL GOIIERNI!ENT
IF~OERAL GOVE'w.MENT • •, ,STATE ~L.OCAL. GOVE~NM~NTS --------------
'"
o '50 '54 • '511 . 'M '51".87 -- BUREAU ., T"E CENIUI
.-In' much of the past' ql.lllrter ce,ntury, revenue-
expendlture relation~hlps .for State and local gO\'ern- ,menta have' been the ,reverse 'of those for the Fe'deralGovernment. Durins and before World War II, whenthe national government had considerably greater ex-penditure than reVe1llle,the State and local governmentssho:wed some excess of lelteral revenue over gener,lexpendi~ure. In the perlod ·slnce World War 11, ~thextensive S~te-local capital olltlay. incl~dinl .consider-
, , .able amobnta flna)~ed by,borro\"in8, aeneral revenue ofthese sovernmenU '11... been materially' Ins than theirgeneral expenditure. • ' ,
•. A1thO~lhInilebtednea.,bfState .ndlo~al 8o~ernmentsis far leas than that.'of the Federal Government, 'lfbasshown marked change 's(nce World War II--rising from$15.9 bllllon or $113 pel' capita in 19"ltto $53.0 bU-lion or $311 per capita at the end of f,scalI957.
.'
•
..'
"
.,
'"
/
'.
<J "
'.
!lII!I!I~_ R1't:H"~rn'!"'I'In-r:1&l".,i":""""'~1,m)~:'V~~"oo~~:-.; ~~;;::;"'~'....' .. , ...". ...tI , .. I
~, 0'
r.'fo' ,t, 'f •,. ,~ .v •I.I,
f fl',,..
, I
\..~o.~ '. ',.,.
Ittit.
.'
,• 0
;'
I'I
..
'.
$0 '. 10 10
so
Tile, ntattve depend41nceof 'State and local iovern-menta on proper\y taxation declineeJ, between ,t932an~ 195Z, wUh the portion of all their leneral revenueobtained £rom thla aource droppilll £1'011\ 62'percentdown to approximately one-third.
Moat of thia ahift reaulted from lhe rapid apr.ead ofState "eneral, aale,~ taxation durinl the 193~'a. but apart reflecta addltloaal State incoine taxation and theeap&Da'lOftof..f'ederal~to-State panla--tn particular fO'rpbbUC as~ia~qoe prolrama' tha~. were aet up in the
I'
I:.IiI
i," )Il.,~ ~_,
'LO
Itu" - ......... :-.-
lnt
I''',I,U
ItI'
IU'
;, SAI.£S ..At(D Oft,OSS ftlCEIPT.S TAXES.nA~lO'
1010
1102, ItI)
lUI
Inl'lilliiliiiii~ii~_I,SI
lUIl
1.44
1'$1
.... ,'Itn
ft'E'iENUE FROM FEDEftAI,. OOVEftNMEN
to10
r •
ItS2
, ,
"
.-INCOME TAXES
10 o
MISCELLANEOUS TAXES
,."UM'10
o
CH4ftGES AND MISC'II.I."NEOUS GENERAL REVE~l/~• , 'IAC •• T
10 10 so
.'
,
-, ,
10
10
40
1930'a. However; the percentale of State -lo<:alle~~eral nvenue received, from tbe Feder.l Qovernmen~waa about the aame in 1957aa in 1952.
, ."
~ The relative 'importance ot major revenue com'PQnent. haa been fairly' atable since World War ndespite a dramatic ri.e in the total amount ot',eller.revenue of State an!! 10c_180Vel'''nments that h~taken place durin.. thi. perlQd--from ·$IZ.4 billion 11,1946to $38. Zbllllon in 195;-'
) '.
.'«
! ": \ ..... , ,~::1~:. '.. r. " '., Al : ,,, , ..,--- ,PERCENT' OF GENERAL EXPENDITURE Of STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Sp'~;Jt'FOR, 'LEADING FUNCT,IONS
IN SELEC:rE~ YEA~S. 1902 TO 1951 ''':, .'
. ,
ID 15o
EDUCATION
\ 25
.20 25
"
..3D
.'
40
'I,
," '
ItIS
1111
IIU
lUI
'l'41
1~4,'
1152,19$1
" , 1i~,,-:~
:- .~,~~,-" ~ ~~~ x.-.;~
.. ~,
-
, "
INTEftE;6T ON GENERAL DEBT
DPUlCIJiIT
5
.,
"', I
.HIGHWAYS
PUBLIC WELFARE • HEALTH ANO HOSPiTALS
.... ,
10
'lfllet'",0 I ~
"
I ~ , H
10"Uti,,' ..-,,, '
,~"~~. ,;
'88 -- lIIIIlEAU OF TilE CIIIIUI t
oI9Dl. .1113,
IU2
, 1.5'1
1942
'1141
,.- ~
, ..
,0 l=g:ill5r----:-lIO~-~--:-1'r5..IID~
I"~ "1~22liiii'IIS2_~113f § ~
1142 ;-
'1;"1 ~. 6 ..
I,nIIt&T
~
'.Two major. functiona--~.ucation and highway.--tOlethe.- accounted fdr mor,"than "-If 'of all 8enerale~penditure of Stat~. and local 80vernme'nt. in 1957.Slnce World War II, expenditure for tbde 'f\Fcllon.(lncludlns capl\al outlay .. well .. \3urrent operation)baa been rialn8 at a:more l'aJld pace than Stak-lonlseneral expenditure a a whol'" ,~
PubUc welfare .re reaente '. conaiderahly amallerfraction of. a1\ leneral expe'ndlture of'State and local80vernme:~". In 1957 tun in the 1930'. and 1940,;/,
.... 1 -N.· .
\"Tbe clecrea'jilll relative acale of thi_,C!pmponenti-partly a result of the estahUabment and growth ofcheFederal .yatem"of Old AReand Survivors Ina,llrance.
"
Althoughintereat repruenta only a amall percentaseof an State..~ocal leneral expendl!ure, I t' baa been!Jrowlnl tn amount, in reaponae to the 'rapid upwardgend in debt. State-1QQalexpenditure fQr lnteteat onlene ..al -debt was $1. 1 bUlion in 1957, or twice the195Z~mount. "'
/
,POl.lOE :~D FIR!rPROTirION'Iflce., ..
o 5 ID
'"
,.. '
.. .'
it'!r
I
I' ,
-.-..IulllAu Of THE C NlUI
GltERAL. REVENUE OF STATE AND L,OOAL. GOVERN~ENTS PER .$1,000'-.~ , "-:"rr- __ .I \ ---.-. __.
-- / ~J' ., ( &"
, .- .......~-~....-.-.."'""jGlI......119-,NO.iu,.....
' ..
." .'. ·':."-::-~,~~--~~--~~1
r I l \,...--..,.-.~...-=--~_.~ I , -c , _ I ~~~•., _W~t~, --....,-. _1 )- -r-_~ ~.. .. .10'-, ) ,,,a.
\, ,,\'./;.~'" 11)1;1. "• f Y'. II • : ....
I.. , .~, 01'"
r
,. ,,'... ... :
'\' \
• >'.:;."1
. \....._n'"t '" """....,.\I.I
\1.11
,"-\. r::....... ...
\
'" ..\.'\
I...... --
",
"
..\1 -- IURIAU O~.T"t Cl.IUI\. '
S'tat.. dlller widely in tbeir nl.tive ~'fi.oal e£fort, "a. '. mea.ured by th. ..ltlatton .td p,rlonal inoome of.moltnt. ootl.oted throll.h ta~.. ,and oth.r I.n.ral r.v-.,nu. .'ouroeIi of' Stat. and 1:ocfal·aovernment.. Thl.ratio rana.d. in 1957, ,from ne.rly $1G.q peT $1;.000 ofinoome in on. Stat. dowllto about $70 per" 1, OlUtiii a
·s'tat. at tht J)tbei' .xtr.m.. 1. re'tat1olito inc)om.,\Federalln:iltl wete a..nerally--blJt not illaU.ln.ta~ ......\ilOme\OlhatIreater ~r "bllh-aUart"· tban for 'low-effort" stat .. , ~. <, ,
"n-'00 a per ,oapit•. b,.l., State-Iooal t.x reV.~u.
r.nled in..,19111 from over $ZOOdn5 State. down to .p,:,proximately $100 in .everal' otl\er Stat .. " In mo.\.p.rt. o( the oountry, property tax••• uppll.d about halfor nearly h.ll o( an Stat. and 100.1tax revenu." Inne.l-ly aU Southern Stat.. , hqwever, other typ.. oftaOCeiaccounted (or a'pr,domlRiLht part of the taxtotal.The property tax yietd ranled!irom $110 01'mol'e peroapita in eaoh of" stat .. down to te.. than .$30 per'-n.plta in Ii other Stat.. , . ., '
'.
'. , ...
••
.~
• I
.. GOVERN_ENTAL FINANCES-,
..
..•·m U"",ORMORE
'~1515""'TOU"""
J@.;.3 415% TO 515%o L.ESS THAN 415"'" ,
~2--8UftEAU OF THE CENIUI
, 'PER CAPITA GENERAL EXPENDITURE OF STATE AND LOCAL GOYERNMEt.lTS, BY STATES! 1957---T~__ e- .. ~ y l-hI I --._.-.-. t~=r-":I !II
" • I \ I:':... I \~----- I .. I'" V"""\ ~ fftt.. ;
I' I... ~J. I
/ \ , ':.:.. ' I.-.........~I--- 1"· ~JI'I . -
[:, I,
"'---'--'-~<.:--..,- __--,-_..J ,\\r1- ---,I- ---\ --.,
,. -- .URIAU OF THI CINI~•
There .re. mtlrked relional differencea in the rel.-t\'VereU.noe, fOr the "fin.ncinl of State and 100a110V",rnments, upon State-impo.ed ver.u. 100.l1y b'npo.edtaxe.. In 1957) the State portion of the Sta-te-local t.xtotal w.. over b5 percent in nearly .li Southern.stat .. ,but in only Z States el.ewhere. TypioaUy, the Stateportion w•• ·rel.tively low In the Midwest and in theNorthea'.t, .', Revenue from S~te ta'K" i. n~t limited to fin.noln'lot St,ate lovernmenl operation.. A bllb peroentale for
1\.
State-impoled ta'i,es i!l often ."ocia.ted with .izea.bleIrant. to 100al lovernment., or exten.ive revenue.harinl with them. •
Gener.l expehditure of State and 10c.l lovernments(includinl oapit&loutl.y a. wella. current expenditure)ranled in 1957 from 'over $300 per c.pita in" St.t ......1. in the Northek.t and 3 in ",e w.. t- -down to le.. than$160 per oapita in IiSouthern Stat... Education wa. animport.nt expenditure componenl in all area.. .
•.~.- - - ~.-~- -~ --~---
,", "
'4
. , I~- ~ .... '-~-..- ':- - ." - - I ' .PER 94PITAc EXPENDI'TURE Of STATE AND L.OCAL GOVERNMENTS FOR HIGHWAYS, B\' STATES: 1957
,
~.toq~ 'I.IOftE~.50 TO Ho&:;:;1$40. TO ho,0 1-111 TIIAII $40
i:,f
'\'t'l
_~ .- &UREAU OF THE CENIUI ~
EXPENDITURE PER PUPIL ENROLLED FOR CURRENT OPERATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, BY STATES: 1957
~ S 320 OR MORE
~ S28C TO $320
!·..·:......t $ 220 TO l280o l.ESS THA~ h20
\ .
"l> •I'Ir.... __
, ..
';.~.' •~., ~
•
Among ,the (uncQ£ormed by state and 10c~laovernmenta, tile provi.ion and maintenance ofhighwayfaalUtiu l' found to rank', in every S~te •• econd onlyto edue..tt~n i'namount of annual expendl.ture. I~ 1957,State and \boa\ aover'llment. expended $7. 8 bUUonforthi. function (includin. clty at,eeta .. well ~. rll!JUroada] blah.aya. and brldaea),' or a national aver",.eof ,.,,'per capita.
rft.hway expenditure ranl4',d {'rom Over $7& perga'Ptfa in 6 ~t .. do_n to Ie.. than $35 pel" capita in 9
~ \5 -- BUREAU OF TH~,CE"IUI ,
~Stat... Of total State-local hi~hway apendlns. a major ':portion ($5.Z bilUon ~n '1957) is £01'newcona.tructionand other capital outlay.
Current operation expenditure in 1957 for public,achoo1a. ~r, pupil enrolled. dltfered wlde\y from onearea to another. In mo.t Southern state. the averaaew.. below $ZZOper pupU, wh~leellewhere itin ma-terially hilher--up to $350 dr more per pUplll, ebof" Stat..., ..
" \,.., !
LOCAL GOVEl'NMENT PERCENTAGE Of ALL DIRE~T GENERAL EXPENDITURE OF STA~E AND LOCAL GOVERNMEtds, BY STATES: 1957
"
o,c,
, .m 70"1. "" MOREWJ 10"1. TO 70"1.
f»WJ 50"1. TO 10%o l.ElS THAN 110%
tu. -- BUR'tAU OF THE CENIUI
"STATE INT.ERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCtiON: AS f:lERCENT OF lOTAL STATE GENERAL
EXPEND!TURE: SELECTED YEARS, 1902 -1957
PEAOENT50.0
20,0
.ED A~~ OTIIER .~ GENERA~ ~OOA~ GOYERNMENT SUPPORT 1\1~ PUBLIO WELFAAE ..,~HIGHWAYS ~ ,) ;1i1 , .,.!2'2l EDUCATION· :;..
,.' , ~ ~. , ,
I , ,._.-._- ,- ,.~
~ ""I
; .- ), .- .-~ ., I,
,-f',. ,
,.
40,0
10,0
oInt Inl \ .....1113 \Itt 1127 t.40 ""IIOZ tllZ
~7--BUREAU OF THE CENIUI
Direct, g,neral expenditure' of le\al government. in'the United Stat.. totaled $26.6· titlUon In 1{157orpractically two-third. olthe State-local total of gen~ralexpenditure. In a few Statea, however, local Seneralexpenditure w.. Ie.. than one-half of the combinedState-1o<:atamount. ,;
Marked reliona1 differencea in the relative finan-eial acale of .state and lQCalgovernme.ntBpartlY're-elect differencu {npopulation denalty. with a high localgovernment fracUon 8erieraUy found in the more urban
Statea. However. :variation re.ulb abo "becauae aomeStates directly p...uvide (tertatn .ervic .. (eapet!iaUy ...to public a.. l.tance, health" ho.pitab, and road.) thatin other States are provided by local 80ver-nment.--often with State 'financial participation.
Payment. to focal lovernme'nt. bave con.tl.tutedabout one-third of total State aeneral expenditure dur-ina recent year., with 8rant. for education making upabo~t one-half of uch db,trl.butive paymenta.
"
J10(,
.'"
t
STATE INTERG~ERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE FORMAJOR FUNoTIONS, AS PERQENT Of LOOAL
EXPENDI"IlR~ F'~ TI:iOS~ FUNOTIONS;SELEOTED YEARS, 1902 -1957
HIGHWAYS
.~~.~Tr-__---------- ---- ------ -- --,
~:.:::::.:
211.0,....--------------f.'::.~.::::Co:I:::Hll
~..II..ll.]. ,0,:.::
..=r,:::r;;
IIo -
IIO.O'r--..".....----------....--------,
25,0,'--------------t~:· ~ I· ~.:.:..:.;:..~.:~...:~.:~..:.::::~::~::~:~,,:II IfI :.:.:'.;.'.:.f.;.",: :;::~:::: :;:::::;; ~.•.::::...:.::::::::.:.:.:,.::...:..:.:::::::::.:':::: :::::::::
r.w;o • = i:::::::: ,':~•••::.•:.,.:••••,.::':••\i·~~•••::••••:.':••:••:~••••,:~•••:.:~:•••:' ,;::::;::;.v.'* _ ::~:5:: t'i::~ :::.,::~::..:•.::,.::,:::::,.,..:':'~::..:',:" ."'" <::::::."':<', [f~:'.':. ~ ••••••••~ ,.\\'i t':':',': .:.:.•~~•••:••:.:::••:••.~•.:.:::•••~:.•:::;:.::.::.....:.:~...:.:.,....:.:...,.:..:: :..~.::: 1'\\'" :.;::.:.: ,'.;.;.:.; ·::\t,.: \.;.::.:
.... ••••• .... .,.:'•••:.:.:•••:•••:•••::,:•••:••••:. I''!>.' ......0~·~~~N~;~n~~~~~tt~~~i~~~}~~~i~!~~~~~~~l~~~]~·~~~j~t~~uc
PUBLIC WE~fARE
'. 1110.01---------:-----1:1·211.0t---------------t;
~8 --' BUREAU OF THE CENIUI
In 1957, local lovernment' e!Xpenditurefor hil'~waypurposes totaled $2.9·billion and State payments ~ 10..cal governments for this function amounted to. arly$ 1. 1 billion, or 36 percent of the loaal expe~tux:eamount. . .
A similar relationship. (35 percent) appUed to theeducation function, but involving considerably larger.ums··$1l.7 billion pf direct local exp~nditure, and$4.1 billion of State payment. to local government..
The, far higher proportion ot State financing for 10-
~,
.1
STATE ItITE"GOVEftNMEMTALElIPENOITUftE IN RE,loATION TO '
• TOTAL STATE GENEIIAL EKPENDITUftE
eo <IQ ' ....... ~ 0
, .RELATIONSHIP OF STATE-LOOAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL'
TRANSACTIONS TO STATE ,GENERAL EXPENDITUREAND LOCAL GENERAL REVENUE,
• FOR STATES: 1957
LOOAL INTEIIGOVERNIIIENTALREVENUE F_ STATE IN IIELATIONTO TOTAL LOCAL GENERAL REVENUE
STATE 0 ZOPl"(('" 40 60
ALABAMA .....
ARIZONA
MIIAN5AS
CALIFORNIA
COLOfIAOO
OONNECTIGUTDELAWARE
FUlIIIDA
GEOIIGIAIDAHO
ILLINOIS
INOI""'AIOWA
K""'SASKENTUCKY
UlUISIANA
IIIAINE
l~i~111MAIIYLAND
MASSACHUsETTSMICHIGAIII
MINNESOTAMISSI~IPPI
MISSOLIIIIMQirIlNA
NEBRASKA
NEVADANEW HAMflSlllRIi
NEW JE"SEYNEW MEXICO
NEW 'I'0Il1(NOfITH CAROLINANOftTH DAKOTA •
0Il10o\(LAHOMA '
OII£OONPENNSYLVANIAIIt10IiE I!l.AIIID
SOUTH CAROLINA ~~rn~~~$ll!lilSOUTH DAKOTA
'INNESSEE
TEltASUtAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON.WEST VIRGINIA
WlsaONSINWYOMING
,- ,
• \, -- BUREAU OF THE E"aU'1
cal pub1i~welfare expenditure mainly reflects cooper-ative Fed~ral·State ..loca1 arrangements for categoricalprograms ot I,lublic assistancer' witb much of the Stateintergovernmental e:xpenditure finanaep from FeCteral
, grants for theseoprograms.There i. marked inte'utat',ivarlation in the propor-
tion of all State general exp~nditure represented by- payment. tq local government,. In 1957, thls relation-
s"hipranged frC\mover 50 percent in 1 State to le.. than10 perce~t in each of 3 others. ~ :
I \
:~,"
~-.-:>~~~\ ' ,',I
• J
,;'PER CAPITA INDEBTEDNESS' or( STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS I BY STATES' 1957
..
mhZO.OR MORE
f22&l$ 240 TO $ 320
1;:UiiH 2~0 TO $240o LE~S lHAN $100( , . .
50 -- BUIIEAU OF THE CENaul
-
~OR' MORE
~ 9% TO 11.9%
ms::::J 6 % TO 8 9"1.
\0 LESS lHAN 0-4
.)
, ,
UfttAU OF THE CENIU.
Indebtedne.. of State and tocal governments at theclose of their 1957nSGal years totaled $53 billion ora nationwide average of $311 pel' capita: About ~l1e-fourth of thb w.. Gwedby State.., .and the other th'ree- •fourths by local governments.
In each of 15Statu (an4 the District of Columbia)..the per aapi~ amount of State and focal governmentdeb~.w.. le.. than $200 per capita, while in 2. States
\,at th,e other 'extreme the average was more than $500per capita. ,
State-local borrowing of $7.2 billion and debt re-demptiontotaUng,$3.1 billion resulted in an increa.e of$4.1 billion, or 8.5 peroent, in total debt of State andlocal governments during the nscal yen 1957. Therate of increase was 12 percent or more in each of 11States. The. rise in total State-local debt W&l at least$200 mUllon in each of 5 States. .
-,
.'
,'.
1.QNG-"rERM DE~T OF STATE··AND LOCAl.. GOVERNMENTS,•BY PURPOSE: 1957
.ILLIONS 0' OOLLA'"r-~~~ ~6r-~ __ T9 ~12~ __ ~I~ ,
HIGIIWA~S
20
OTIIER. EDUCATION
WATER. SUPPl,Y
OTHER LOCAL UTILITIES·
SEWERS .J
!lOUSING ANO COMMUNITYREDEVELOPMENT
ALL OTIIER
BV I +VPE
• OTHER DEPOSITS AND CASH
I l"nUNEMPLOVMENT O'oMPENSATIOt.4,
BALANCES IN U.S.TREASURV:, I:
'" I":
FEpERAl. ·S.EOURITIES • (
~TATE A.J LOCAL GOVERNMENT'lECURITIES •
OTHER SECURITIES
Of the $50.8 billion of lons-term debt of State andlopal governmenta at the end of fiscal 1957. $lZ.5billion. or nearly one-fourth. h..d been issued for localschool purposes, and $10.8 billion. or Zl percent. forhilhw~ys •. One-fourth of' the total ~onsisted of localdebUo,,".ewers andfoll'water .upplyandother utility sys-tem. of local aovernmenta. ..
Financial a.seta of employee-fetirement systemsmake up a con.iderable fraotion of all cas,h and aecu-rity holdinss of 5.tate and lC;lcalsovernments. Such
" .CASH AND SECURITY'HOLDINGS OF EMPLOYE~·RETIREMENT
SYSTEMS OF STATE AND LOCAL GQVERNMENTS:1957
STATE-ADMINISTEREP SYSTEMS(TOTAL HOI-DINGS ",050 MILLION)
. LOCALLY ADMINISTERED SYSTEMS(TOTAL HOLDINGS $",7711 MILLION)
-, !. I , I I
o W ~ ~ ~ ~PE~CENT OF HOLDINGS
~ STATE AIID WeAL . mOTHER mm i~~HI@ ~~MI~rlsN m SECURITIES Iliill DEPOSITS...
iii fEDERAl.IRS SECURITIES
53 .- BUREAU OF THE CENIU5
EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPEIIlSATION
BOND FUNDS'
OFFSETS T() DEBT
OTHER
5~ -- BUREAU 0' THE eEN.UI
system s, aUhe end of nscal 1957. held a.. ets'of $IZ.8 ,bUUon. or an averase of nearly $3. ZOO for each of ~'their 4 million members. Recurrent benefit paynunta lof $60 million were made by thoe systems to 5ZZ \thou.and beneficial'ies intheJ_Jllon'th of £iscal 1957-- :~an averase of $116 per be~y, - 1:. i'
tFed)eral sec$urltie. made up ~ore than hal( ($ 17.i,
bi lion of the 28. 7 bmi~n of 'f:curitles held by State ~and 10.«1&1 Bovernmel\ta ·at the end of fiscal 1957.
• L
... ~ ---~- .........~---: -~---~-----;::,----rJ - - -....-~--~~ .......,....-~~ --~..".- ~-~.~- .....-- '. ----~.--~ --,--: ........-; --: ~~;""-"""'7--.--~ .......;--\7' .....7Y~ ~.."...-;:~
GOVE~MENTAL FINANCES:' !1lI~' . /:.~__ ~IIl:"OI,!'Il, ~'~~1,,7"':'!";n.::--~"7';\"-7:~~r~"''''~-of''~~,'V~~ ~-.-- ...........--:----"- ..............~..~-F--:~.,-~-;~ _~~r_.._ - ~- ...~__--r-~",,- ~
'~"" '~J!#'of,',' l"" -.GOV'BRNMENTAL ~'::n~:A~~' '-'
~~{;: ':.f.\~;..f"~...,...'.... --:----------------,,-----..., \ \ \
'~~f~'.:»:,t .:L~ ),
t':.:. "','
""pi.~~.r,f. •,I,i
I"~ ,.' ;,;/ I. if\. ",j;\ .,/
CASH ~ND ~ECU~ITv HOLDINGS OF STATI! AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS,BY TYPE- ANDI:6~'PURPOSE: 1957• • " '1
I£, • .'
GENERAL REVENUE OF STATE· GOVERNMeNts FROMSELEOTED MAJOR SOUROES. 1950 TO 1957
BiLLIQNSOF DOl-LARS"r---~----II----r----r----~---T--~~
"
3r--------------------
2
INTER'GoV"ERNMt;NTAL. IIEVIiNUEFROM FEDE~IIL. GOVERNMENT ••' ._.-'........~.....J
L__ -- ......_~ •••••••••••••~;~I.ft,.... .;
. •••••" ,,~\..t51 ,""'" ~•••••····~(.II(.""'\. ., -' r;~(.!1,,,,'/.f; "'"
••••• .-'.- fut\.. """•••• __ • .. v.o'tO ~- ~ ---...... ,..". ......"..----..,~• • - '"". INOOME TAMES/" .;II.". .- . -- I---MOTOR VEtflOLE LIOEtiSE5:::::::..
\ ;,.-;;;;;;;;:;a~------- _ op...-- ,
55 -- BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
STATE GOVERNMENT CASH AND SECURITY HOLDINq,SAT END OF PlSCAL YEARS. 1951. TO 1957
IILLIONSOF DOLLARS
12r-----~-----._-------r-----_T--~~----~
.-.IOr-~----------------------~'£·~~------~
FEDERAL , ..",..SECURITIES -----.... • ~.
~ I
./UNEMPLOYMENT FUND BALANCE
,t: IN u. S. TREASURY;"
"","<.. " OTHER
.. ~ SECURITIES~-CASH AND DEPOSITS
~9~1I~1'''''''''1~9~1I~2''''''''~19~S~3---'''''~19~1I-''''''''''-19~5~1I''''''''''''19~S-8''''....1..J9111
57 -- BUREAU of THE OtNIU.. Total ~neral reveRut:''orState sover,nments was 81percilnt ;ore in 1957 ($ZO.4 billion) than in 1950($11.3 bilbon). Allm.jor revenue .ources contributedto this, increase. A particularly marked rlse appearedfor Beneral sa lea taxes. whfch doubled in yield, from$1.7 bllllon In 1950to $3.4 bUlion in 19~7.
Revenue from the Federal Government ro.e rela-tively less--54 percent durinl the 7-year perlod--thanamounts from other major .ources of State leneralrevenue. Since much of this intersovernrnental reve-
l1Sr,•
GENERAL EXP£tibITURE OF STATE GOVERNMENTS FOR'SELECTED FUNCTIONS, 1950 TO 1957
':~7r----r---.----.---~----T--- __--~
fi -------------~---i-----~-.....'...'5 \------ --------_~.----- ••..'.
.41------.....,.H-I8<11!!HI::..W
l\YS-..., •• •••••..'.'...,.... . ,
3 - .... .!.....--- ------------ --~---.•••• pUBLIC Yi£LfAft[ "'-....: '
v: .-.-.-.~.-.-.- ..._._.--.,--~ULTH ANO-;;;;;;;.:5 ...........-~ ... - '..--~
. _-.....:;.-..-1--------- .
°l'~.ft~~~---~---~------~.------~----L---~"" 54 'SI '51
56 --'BUREAU OF THE CEN.US
~TATE GOVERN~ENT LONG-TERM- DEBT OUTSTANDINGAT END OF FISCAL YEARS, 1950 TO 19157 .
• J
IILLIONSOF DOLLARS8r-----r-----r----.----~---T----~--~
. .
I '/NONGUARANTEED --....,/,/
",
'112 'S8 I .'111
58 -. BUREAU OF THE GENIUS
nue is the Federal share of £inancinlior pubUc .. sist-ance; this tren~ is related to the limited sro~inState expenditurt: for public welfare, which was nly,17 per~ent Breater in 1957than 7 years b~fo e. S teexpenditure f~r other major £:unctionswas up far m reIhealth and hospitals. 83 percent; education. 92 percent;hlshways. lZ3 percent.
Nearly three-fourths of the $8.4 billion ri.e inIons-term indebtedne.s o{State I()vernmenb betweeb1950and 1957involved nonluaranteed debt.
_'t. _
,I
r
. __.. _ _ _.J
, '
GENERAL 'REVEN~E OF S'fATE 'GOVERNMENTS" BY MAJOR SOUROES:1951~ \
•~,{,II •
,OTHER T~lIU
, t. ~
'"0''' LOCAL GOVUNMtNTSINTUG-OVERNMf:NTAL "EVENUE, )
CHARGES AND MISCELL.ANEOUS
v
II
.. 5' --,BUREAU OF THE CENIUI
./GENERAL EXPENDITURE OF STATE GOVERNMENTS, B'( FUNCTION AND BY CHARACTER:' 1951. ,
1'1.\,10.' Of' DOL\,.'"4
( ,
HIGHWAYS
~I~EL"ARE:: -,' :'l\£ALTH A*>HOSPITALS
NATUftAL ,RESOURCES
OIlI£eT 1'lIi't:NDITUIlI
~ "U~fO'U'MI".~'" .. UllIM O'MI~ .. , ... nyu
AU. OTHER
e-
'0 -- lURE AU OF TMt: ENIUI
/ Geaeral a~lea alld I~O" receipts tax.. , impoaed b~33 States ill 1957, a'llPpliedoae--aixtb o( aU State jell-era;} reyeallfl that year. ~ __ 0" .ale. o( motor (uel,aacl motor :nhic,le li!Ce,ate"';-eaeb impoa~~ by aU theStaftea..-re1tpectivoly ,ielded 11.'~percellt a"d 6.3 per,-ceDt of the leIlenl re.Due total. •
T:ate.a OIl illcU:ri*1IIUand oorporatiQll illcome, impo.edb., &boIit. two-thirds "Of the State•• provided U.5 p,r-cellt ,or aU State leaeral revelllle ill 1951. N'eartyPll~r-eellt of tile total was £,romaeledive .. lea taxes 011
liquor, tobaoc,o produGt., and other commoditlea or" 'aerVlcea., , "
State revenue Cromthe Feeleral Ciovernment 1Il 195,1amounted to $3.5 billion, or 11~~ peTcent o£.a11 .1101.eral revenue. About $ I. 5 billion of the Feder ..amount wa. fior public welfare and nearly $1 bUU~iwa.a for hiahwa, purpose ...
or the $Z1. 1 billio" of State aelleral expellditure i"naoal1951, nearly·one-thil'dIJ(31 percellt~ was for ed~,cation,
..
'..
- r
______ --'_'T' ~ ~~/""r ... ...-,--~ ~ ...-_ ...~........,'~,
.; 1
.~. 29-''it
., ~ ~
RE~ENUE OF-COUNTY GOVERN,.,ENTS. BY SOURCE,1952 TO, \957 ' •. EXPENOITURE OF OO\,INTY GOVERNMENTS, BY MAJOR
PURPOSES, 1952 TO 19~1- ."~I.IONS
Of DOLLARSer------.-------r------~~----r---~~BILLIONS
Of DOLLARSer-~--------~----~--~~------------~I"::::ALI. OTHER~u I\£ALTIi AND HOSPITALS
PUBLIC WtVARE!), • HIGHWAYS------i
..'
. ,
,~ , . ,J 2
o" 19112 19113 19114.'. 19l1e'lI6 ' '117
-- BURt:AU OF THE CENIUI '2 -- BURE~U OF THE eENIUS.:,
GENERAL EXPENDITURE OF' COU~TY GOVERNMENTS BY FUNC'ION AN,D BY CHARACTER AND OBJECT: 1957
.. PEACt:"'10
IjIGIiWAVS
\ PUBLIC WELFARE
HEALTH AND HOSPITALS
EDUCATION
GENERAL CONTROL
ALL QTHER FUNCTIONS
~~LLOT"ER,
, '3 --,BUR&AU OF THE CEHIUI",
Spen~in8 for the 3 leading ~ounty functions--high';"ay.,• 4 public welfare, allli health alld hospital.--ro.e only'~ about three-tenth. dUl'ingthe 5-year peripd. .
Of to~l county ,pc;nding ill 1957, current operationaccoullted (or three-fifth. ($3.5 billion), capitaloutlay'for .18 percent ($1.1 bUllon), a .. latance and lubsidi ..('under public welfare programs) {or 14 percent, andillteraovernmental payment. (mainly int'lI'lvinaamount.
e", di.tributed (or l()cal .ehool~ (!lr 7 perd!nt. .
Between 19SZand 1957, both t tal revenue and totalexpenditure of, county aovernm t. rose i3 percent,frOmabout $4 bUllon to appra.chi a $6 billion. Moat ofthe revenue inerea.e was 1'1'0 property ~xel (up 41-percent) and revenUe bom St te lovernments (up 3'Spercent], although receipts fr m other source .. ro.emore .harply. .
A major part of the arow h ill coullty expellditurewas for pollee, education, ."d arioua minor pllrpo.ea.
I
...- ..
"
,!'
,
I' --'iP
"
'-.; .. '
DETAIL 01' '''cHAIIGES AND MISCELLANEOUS GENERAL REVENUE",
HOSPITAL CHA"OES
OTH\E~ CHARGES
, ,SPqEOIAL ASSES~MENTS
• 'INTEREST EARN1NGS
SALE; OF PROPERTY
OTHER ANO UNALLOCABLE ~..
400
)
"
&\ ._ 8URE~U'OF THE CENIUI
.. "
GENERAL EXPENDITURE OF COUNTY GOVERNMENTS, BY FUNCTION.,:1957, ":0 , •
"TOTAL, $6 BILLI!>N
POLICE
GENE"AL POLIC IUll.DINGS. ,COMECTION
"NATURAL, RESOURCES
SANITATION
INTEREST, ON GENEIlAL DEBT
... t(KS AND RE~EATiqN
LIBRARIES
FIRE PROTECTION
OTHER AND UNALLOCABLE
DETAIL OF "ALL OTHER"
o"'LLI .... Q+' DOI.L'~'
100 200 500 400
,.
v
Nearly half (46 percent). of aU county governmefltreveflue in 1957was provided by county property taxes.,Intergovernmental revenue, nearly all from State gov-ernment., supplied' 37 percent 'o( the county revenue to-tal. The remainder, le.. than $1 billioti, or 17 percento( the total; was PJ'oduc;.edmilinly by current chal"ges(or servicell and commod\ties ($0.5 billion).
Highway. and' public weUare services each ac-counted (or about one-fifth of total ~ner.1 expenditut:e
?
•• 11-.
r:
&5 •• BUREAU, OF THE CENIUI,1 ,
of county governments in 1957. The next three rankins'(unctions were health and hospl.tala, education, and lgeneral contr'bl. Spending (or these 5 leadins functions'
......mounted to $•• 6 billion, 'or nearly four-flUhs of all,general exp,ndlture of counties. About 98 percent of"county expend}.ture faUs within the general governmentsector, with only very minor a~ounts applying to watersupply utlHUes, liquor s~res, aljdemployee-retirement:systems. ",
..... '
FINANCES
---.-'l"~~ -r"""''''''-~~_""",,_ "---;.~n:T"4"r7,~~.v. , ':\
, '31 ,\~~•• .GOVERNMENTAL"./ . .'.
CASH ANO SECURITY HOLDINGS OF C NTYGOVERNMENTS,BY TYPE AND PURPOSE
OF HOLDING: 1957
BV TYPE'OF HOLDING,
CASH AND DEPOSITS
FEDERAL SECURITIES
QTHER GOVERNMENTAL'SECURITIES •
NONGOVJ;RNMENTALSECURITIES
!IV PURPOSE OF HOLDING
BOND FUNDS
E"'P~OYEE.RETIReMENTF'UNDS '
OFFS£TS TO DEBT(
ALL OTHER
of .HE CENIUI
"COUNTV PROPERTY TAX REV. -~UE AS PERCE~T
•, "
meO"l'.~tlo ..!·.....·:·340"l'.o LESS
OR MOllE
TO 10"1'.
TO 50"1'.
THAN 40"1'.
All 'county government funds combined, at the endof fiscal yeara ended in 1957. held about $1. 7 billionlncasnand deposits, $0. S Slillionin Federal aecaritiesand $0.4 billion in other ~ecuriti ... Of the $Z.6 bU:Hon ot combined holdings, employee ..retirement andbt,nd funds each held Ie.. than one-Clfth. ••
From i95Z to 1951, total oubtahdins d.bt of countygovernments rose 7S perceltt, (rom $Z billion up to \over $3.5 _bUUon.' Aft~r allowance for outstandingahort-term debt and for offsets to Ions-term debt, net
...~-
. ,
2,0
INDE¥EDt.iESS OF COUNTY GQV~RNMENTS~'", BY T,ERM,'195? TO 1957
81LLIONSOF DOLLARS4r---~----~-----------------------., . ,
SHOIIT - TERM DEBT
LONG - TERM DEiT
o1952 19114 \9116 \957 •
BURE~U OF THE CENIUI.. ' ..> r'
COUNTY GENERAL REVENUE, BY STATES: 1957.. -
.,
, , "long'-term debt of countv vernmenta,totaled~. Zbillion in 1957as against ab ut $1. 8 i.1Honil)'.95 •
Titere are marked geogra I.cva iatibn.ain r.att nl"of C'Od~tygovernment financi' he ratio 0'1 COil typroperty tax revenue to total S'8nera1reven\cleof Goun,tysovel'nment~" h1 1957, ransed from OVfl.l' 80·peroent \11Z States ,dpwn to t.. s,than 30 perq.'&ntin 3 Souther'~Stat... The naUonwide average was ..bout 47 peroent
, Property tax' .. lupplied (rom 40 to60 percent of count~general rllVenUI!in about half the States., . I'" . \.. ,..
I
"
, t
I, ,
I
I \
..
I
•
otTA.L or ·OTHt .. TA)(E;S~ AItD"CHAIIGES AND' -,MISCELLANEOUS GE.... AL REVENUE"
r-----~~----~----~~----~----~~.
In 1957, 're'"ttull! o{ all municipal ioverrhnenta in .the N.,tioa &lnOuftted to $1~ b{lUon. Half or thi •• wn .""a,. 'r&i.aei!.by mu6-iGi.1»&1t:axe.. Interlovernme!,1atrevea:Qe~-lIlTllely from State I.overnmelit, - -.uppU&d15 pe.toe:o,t, a.nd G~'1"Ie. ,atld l'niaoelllia'ileou,leneratS'DiIi'OC' pl"~'I1eed 13..5 PFrce'1l~~To!! lell~'r:&\tev-e,-1l'Ue, .,0011'r0'«l,. allto,letbe:r p'J'ovtded ercreftt of tota>l~idpa,l reyetllle. The t"etQAt"der \Ptdented 'al ...reft'alle ofut;Uitiecs a.Ddt'iqilol' .fol'U (~ •• blllibn) andliftlhr.. o:e 'tru,t rne.aue (,$3,23 mllt1.on)\ Of'tQtal rqli-
, . --" \
\ ,
, ,
'.
....
..
10 -- UIIEAO OF, THE CENius
, ' . ..,~
~ TAIL OF ~ALL OTltt .. ~. '
.~ ~~ __ ~~ ~~ __ ~O,~8.~, ~I.O.
/
H£ALTH ."0HOt!'T A\.I .'
PAIIKS ANDII[OIiUtlON
- .
; .Cil!N£IIAL. OONTIIOl.. ,
IlIrE1~'t ottIlENt".AL .bf!eT _
O~~L~III.E
..
, i" ,.-
".'~ERAL R£VENUE OF MtJNICIPAL GOVERNM~NTS, "
, BY MA.JOR S9~RCE, 1152 TO 1957 \ ~.. -,.. _ . .-
IILLIONS I' • ' ' -;DOe(~I\S I .', ,
10,0 '
•"52 11151
, .
..
.~ 71 -- BUIIEAU OF THE "CEItIUI
GENERAL EXPENDITURE .OF MU~CIPALGOVERNMENTS,FOR SELECTED
FUNCTIONS, 195~ TO 19157 \IILLIONS
OFbOLLA'"
1.5.--::::---.......---- ......---,---- ......;-.__ ---.
.......
'.
• •
~~52~-----~~3~~--~------~~-----1,1~58~-----1~,157
72 -- BUII£AU OF THE CENIUI
[. , . ,NOS IN REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, AND LpNG-IfERM DEBT OF MUNICI'PALGOVERNMENTS
" • 19152 TO 19157 - \. " 'I ,
d"~lfL~lI15r---r ........--r--r---.---,
•REVENUE ExpkNDITURE
•.,"
, 10' ,..-
....-,,-..... ~ ......... ,-
, 'GENE .. AI,. EXPENDI1.'URE
..
i
\\'
.w
,,
nloipal taxes i$}, Cj bUUon), pro~erty taxes provided', 4.3 bilUon n peroent), ":fe*- and reG~ipts taxes '1934 million 1& perc.~nt), aile}'other mURlcipal,taxe .. '$676 i1\l1lion(I~ pere,nt). . .' .:-- . '~
. GcneT&l expenditure rept"e~ted th'r~e-fou.rths o( ~an munlclpal speniHna In i9S7, ~ith \,lll.Hty amollhts t{akinl, mess! of the rert)alddet;;, 'thtee-Jitths of ri\u,,: ''I\,icl-pal•• n.eralspendlnl '1\' •• tor 5'(UMtlonil--educlaUoll" 1-lalahw"YI. sanitation, ~I~ce, a~d fire prot.ection. '
.' .
..-~ __ -M ...... __ .... ~ ~ L __
I,
joj
~
r- \
, ,:' ..0
'&2 '53 '!l4'1 '55,
'58 '117 '112 ~!13 '!l4 '115 '116 . '57
.... ",,:.. ~-<.." ,
~ENERAC REVENUEII ~ __'--__-4 ~'\~ __
r.
....
~etween 195Z and 195'7, trendl in nnances of mu-nicipal aoverntnentl were ,.ae.nerally upward, wlth\ltp'enc;iltures rislnl somewhat faster 'than revenues.General reve,nue l'QI'e 46 percent, {rom $~.4 bUUon in19!iZ.up' to $9.3 billion in 1957. The ~a\te o( 8rowthl~81eCl somewhat for' property taxes and for revenuefrom state aovernmenta.' while relatively sharp in:'creas ..l appUed£Qr nQnpropertytaxes, currenhhar8es,and ,everal rnlno1\._ouI'Ges. "•• General expenttlt~re o~muniGipaUties rose 54 pel'-, ,
-~ I , ~
..\
----- - \" - -- -----
7l -- 'UII~A~ OF THE CtNIUI
. Gel)t between ,195Z and 'i957, from $.6.3 bi11ion.u.p(0$~. 7 blllion. Most f.Ilnctionlishowed a riae of ~etween
'45 and ,60 percent. Hawev.er. fire grotection qOlt. in:'l:r'n~ed only; 41 peroent and "municipf.l spendin8 {eJ,'pubUc welfare rO'e only 13 percent.
Lonl-term debtofm~nlGlpal iover~ments at the .end~O((i~a1'l957 totaled:-$18. Z billion, or 50 percent more'than the i95Z {{lure. of ·$l~. ~bUlion. Full faith andcred ,t debt ro*e 30 percent, While non8uaranteed debtmore than doubled.. '.\ .
'\d .(, . ...
)
\ e-
.' .
"
Ir.
, ,
REV£Nue; ~NP' 6X"~NP'TURI OF: UTJLITYSYST.~MS OPEftATED BV MUNtOIPAI::- '
, .' GsvERN:MENT$t;BY TY'~E OF ,. ,SYSTEM: 1957 .
~EVENUE • EXPENDITURE'
AU. OTHER
- ~-----~.
, ,
LONG-TERM DEBT OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTSAT END OF FISCAL YEAR, BY TYPE, -
AND BY PURPOSE OF ,ISSUE: 1957
fULl. fAITHAND QllflDl!
NOMUARANTEED
UTILITIES
LOc;AL SCHOO~~
.,,
f
12.5' rr---~---r--~~--~--IBV T¥PE OF' OBLIGATION
BY PURPOSE OF ISSUE
___. .,...."1r-.-------~_:~---~ -~- ...................-........,......-;~-~-..,.,~ -....,.....:;,;Jf--.,....--.......,......~ :--------,..-- ..~ ............~'-. ~~~ -rr .....----~..--~- ..---~-~ ......-~-;~~~: r:::ry~~• •• 1 h.
,G.Ci)VERNMENTAL FINANCES as ' ':~~,~
IIL~_ 01' DOI.L....~r---------------------~------,
r
: GENERAL REVENUE OF SCHOOL DIST'RIOTS,BY SOURCE: 1957. '
I
r---~~~--==~------~--~--~--~-----'~r-------------------------~--------~----,
, I
~ or tICIUMS •
" o f, 2 5 4 I
, r1' .:cSCHOOL. OISlft,ICT toTAI(£S .. :
;IIQM STATE'j
GCM:1INMEtU'S
"CHAIIGES ANDMlSCEIJ.ANEoUl
fROM OTHER LOCAL• GOVEIINMENT$
FIIOM fEDEIIAl.8QVEIINMENT
- "" 1<'
tlilifl
1,1'",L"111 ., ...... U
t.O 0.1 o
\ 77 •• 8URE~U OF THE OIKIUI7\1 -. BUREAU ·OF THE ClEJlI~1 " 75 '-- BUREAU OF THE CE"~U'
J too""-.. ... r: - I, ~ .Ir------.A-----:---------.:....:---...-.:....------...-..,--- ......-----------------,~--------r_--~~~------------~--_f~--------------~-r------------_.,~------_,
"
, '
..
_,,
CASH AND SECURITY HOLDINGS OF MUNICIPAL GOVE~~MENTS, BY.TYPE\ " _ . .' ANp PURPpSE OF:' HQLQING:'1957: ".
CASH ~ND !)EPDSIT6
SECURITIES• to , "
lSY PUR,tlOSE..
EMPLOYEE-IIErIRbiENT FUNDS
, . .AMOUNTS PER PUP..I.L....OF SCHOOL .DISTRICT PROPERTY TA.,X REVENUE' AND REVENUE FAoM STATES,
..."r fI BY .SIZ'E OF DISTRICT: t957 .
PROPERTY TAl(· R[VENUE,• 50 $'00' '\$150,
6,000 OR MORE
7110 1'Q I,""
1110' TO 749
'.
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FEDE8AL GOVERNMENT: ~ ,STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
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NONGOVE~~M~TAl. SECURITIES.
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S.lea revenue of municipally '0p,e'uted utilitie~--water .uppl~, eleotric, tra,nait. and aa.•• upply .YI.'tem.--tot.led $2 •• billion in 1957. Utility expenditurewal over $Z.7 bllUon. Qomprl.in8 $1. 5 ,bUn. forellrrent bpera.tlon, OVer$1 bUlion for'capitallmprove-mentl, and $Z07 mUllon {or interut on utptty clebt.
,OHhe $18. Z~Ullon lonl-tum debt of mlinicipaUt,~~1.
,out.-ndina at £lie end of tilcal t957. 68 pel'cent,' Or'$13.. bUUon, was backed by inU raith and credit of
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OFFSEtS TO DEBT
ALL OTHEIILIiSS THAN 1110 •
$200R,EVEMUE FROM STATES '.
• $50 $100 $1110
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Revenue of aU Ichool di.trict aovern.mentl in theUnlted.Stat.. totaled $8.9 bllU'dnbl 11)511,or 75 per-aellt mOre than in 195Z. Durlna (hil &-Y4llarinterval,.aha.l •di.trlc~ ta1Cu rOle 69 percen:t~ inte:raovern-mental revenue of '.chool diltrictl lncrea.eil '73per- •'Oellt. and theLr revenue f'rom charael and tniicellaneoullou,rcu ,nQre than doubled, rr;lovlnafrom $Z'6SmUllonupta $630 mUlloll. Of the,19S7 nvenue total, propertytaxes provided half and ,'interltwerllmenW revellue{rom Stat.. ilupplled 38 pe,..oent. MOlt of the ire-
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7' -- 8UREAU ot TH~ GENIUS.I ~ ~ ..
the iuuing 'jfvernments,~and $5.8 bUlibn ~all non-'au.rant.ed • ..:If all munlo."al lona·term deUl, •$7.1 .billion, or about two-fifth., was for municlpal ut\.litiea, '
• '$1.4 billion wa,s fQr, looal sci)ools,ancJih...remaining :,$9.6 bHUollwas Co,rother 'puzopolea. I
At the 'end oCnleal 1917,'munlCllpalitiea held $a.7 'bilLlCmill c"h and depolitillan~ $7.5 billion 1.11 .. eu; ,ritlea--mainly Federal and/other aovernlllent&l.aeGu- ~:
. ~ltiea., Of'the $10. Z billion total ot munioipal flnanelal."eta" 'employee -retirement furt;dahe ld Over one·third.
malnd• .r came ,from .chool lUn(fhlal.1 and pther our-rent ohftau.
, In r~latio~ to' p.Up~ll'erili'~ll-:d. i'e~enue received by..chool diatrftltl from S~e aovel'rtrnentl tend. to belomewhat lell (or dlltr!.atl with a larae ent-ollmentthan fo;r dil'tricta with fe,wer pupll•• ~-1951, avnaaeper -pu,,"Ure.enue [rom tbe state r'anaed from $146 for.dhool-cllltr!.ctl havlna 150to 749 pup!.,lldown to $lZ~for dlltY!.otl with 6,000 or more pupill •. '
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COLORADO
QftEG0f4
KANSAS
IDAHO
MISSOURI
ARIZONA
UTAti
PENNSYLVANIA
OAL\'~NIA
M0f4TANA
MICHIGAN'
NOftTH DAKOTA
.WYOMlltG
ARKANSAS
KENTUCKY
TEXAS
OKLAHOMA
NEVADA
FLORIDA
WEST V,IRGI....
WASHINGT0f4
~TH CAIfOLINA
GEORGIA
LOUISIANA
.NEW MEXiCO tAL~BAMA
_ ~ Dl$TIltGT TA)(£S ~ FftOM STATE GOVE~NlltNTS I!!ii!illALL QTHER •
"AI TO',".T.., ;_.111 TlJCT
80 -- BUREAU 0; THE EN UI
Data for the 3Z States in which school distriot gov-ernments aQ~ount for virtually aU looal publio schooloperations s:how that tf\e proportions oCschool districtleneral revenue derived from' major lources differIr .. t1y from S'tate to State,. The share provided byschool diltriot taxes ranled u9m about 75 per'oent in Za.lthe 32 Stat .. down to lell thah ZQpercent in 3 Stat ...State payments suppUe4 1e.. than one-sixth of'all aen-e.r'a1 revenue of .ohoot diltl'lcts in Z of the 3Z State ••but over 60 ~uoent.in" States.
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EXPENDITURE OF SCHQOL' DISTRIC":S, 1952. TO 19157
111.1.1_ 01' DOI.L""IIOr---~------------------------- __~
I'Al.LOTMl"·..-NItYIOI.
CAPITAl. OIlTLAY~ r , ...,
s
ENI
SCHOOL DISTRICT INDEBTEDNESS,1952 TO 1957
BILLIONS OF DOLL"'"lOr-----------~----------------------,
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2
82 -- BUREAU OF THE CEN'l.,.. ,.,
~xpenditure o( all school district gQv'~rrtments tttaled $9.6 bilJion in 1957a.against$5.4bilUon,195Z. Within thil 5-year period. current bperaUexpenditU1'e of school distric,ta rOle 7Z peroent, capiout1.y lOZp'e:rcent. and interest on debt 149 percent.
Totallchooldl.ltrictdebtoutltand.inlrose Crom $~billion atthe end of.!rllcal l~Z to nearly $9.1 billionthe end of fl.scal 1957. Nea y aU of the 1957 sum reresented Ions-term bbliga ionl, with Ihort-term de,amountinl to only $Z1.ltmUlion. l
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!GOVERNMENTAL FINANCES. .
REVENUE AND £~PENDITURE OF SPECIAL.DISTRICTS, BY SI~E: 1957
MILLIONS 01'OOL.L'-"S1,5DO ".,..---------~---------,
1,000 1---,---
EXPENDITORE OF SPECIAL DISTRICTS, BYCHARACTER AND OBJECTt 1957
IIIU10111 " oou._°r6- ~T50---~-5Too-~---1150--_---,I,~
I~INTEREST ON DEBT
•
5001-----
8~ -- BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
0 ......--
&8 -- BUREAU o~ lflE ENIUI
TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF SPECIAL DISTRICTS, BY STATES:- 19'57-
MILLIONS OFDOl.LARS
88m 100 O'~'MORE
./ ~50 TO 99.9
~'O TO 49.9
t·:·:·::;~:)LUS THAN 10
Leu than 5' perc.ent of all special dbtrl.cta--the660 ~ith at least $1 mlUlon of debt olltstandiPg--accounted fol' nine-tenths of all Ipecial distr~ct debtand for more than three-fourthl of all revenue and ex-penditure of Ipecial districts in 1957. •
Of total Ipeclal district spendins that yea:r. currentope,ration took $886 mUllon, capital outtay $7U rril-lion (malnly $697 million for construction), and inter-eat on debt $16Z milllon. Many Ipecial dlltTicts arecreated til. £inance construction of pubUc facmUei by
85 -- 8UREAU OF TH£ OENIUS
bor rowlng outside' ~tablis~d debt limit.. This ex-pl. ina the relatively larse pl'oportions of theil' spending.applied to capital outlay and interest payment ...
There are wide variations amons States as to num-bers of special district governments and scale of theiractivities. , In 1957, special dlatl'icts spent more than$100 mllUon in each of 5 States, and between $SOmil-Hon and $100 milllon in 4 Statel. ' At the lowel' range,expendlture of I,peciat diltricts Wal 1ell than $10 mil-lion in ZOStates and in the Diltrict of COlumbia.
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,GENERAL REVENUE FROM CURRENT 6HARGES AND GENERAL EXPENDITURE OF SPECIAL DISTRICTS,
FOR SE,LECTED FUNCTIONS: 1957
,..1OURRENt OHAIIGES
200
WATEft TftANSPORTATIONAND TERMINALS,
EICPENDITUR'£
MILLION' 0' DOLL .... '
I~::::::JC."TAL OUTL....,
~ !:U .... IMT OpeRATION
HOUSING
HOSPITALS'
NATURAL RESOURCES
SEWERS
HIGHWAVS
-86 --
300
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UTILITY REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE OF SPECIAL DISTRICTS, BY TYPE OF UTILITY: 1957
REVENUE
200
GAS SUPPLY
EXPENDIT!lRE
MILLIONS" DOLLAIt'~ ~~ ~~2~OO~ ~ __ ~300 ~
~ CUUIN' O'I."".N
~ Col"T." Dun.".,Il!ID!iD 'NTI",IT
WATER SUPPLY
',ELECTRIC POWER
,TRANSIT
Special district governments in 1957 had revenue of$1.5' bUlion and expenditure totaling $1.8 billion. Ofeaah of theae totals, the general government portionrepreaented about two-thirds and the utility portionabout one-third. ".
Unlike ofher looal governments, special diitriots asa alass do not rely heavily on taxation. Their tax rev-enue in 1957 totaled $Z85 million, equalUng on'lyZ9percent of t~ir general revenue or 19 percent or
speoial di.trict revenue from aU souroes.The bulk of special distTict revenue in 1957 wa.r
from oharges fox-aeneral government servicea (alto-"lIether. $.86 million) and from salea of utility servioe.'.($-&93 million). - . ',(
One leneralgovernmentfunqtion(housinl). and tbre,;utlUty oateloriea--1I1eotric pbwex-,water .upply. an!lJ1transitY systems--togethetr aocounted for nearly half ot~alt special district expenditure in, 1957. "
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TAXABLE PROPERTY VALUES/ .
L~C· Q',SSESSEO REAL PROPERTY IN THE UNITED STATES, BY T~PE OF' PRO~ERTY: 1956~LY 2\ .' . .
NUMBER Of PROPERTIES GROSS ASSESSED,'JALUE"'IL~LIO"S •
2040 TVIIEOf PROP~RTV 120~~'_---.
~RES IDENTIAL
•VACANT LOTS
COMMERCIAL ANDINDUSTRIAL
OTHER ANDUNALLOCABLE
88 -- BURE~U OF THE CE~SUI
AVERAGE ASSESSMENT RATIOS FOR LOCALLY (ASSESSE!) 'REAL PROPERTY, AS INDICATED ~BYMEASURABL..E SALE$. DURING A SIX-MONTH PERIOD OF 1956. BY STATES
I
PERC~NTt·;::::1 L.ESS THAN isWJj 16 'rc 24.9
m 2.5 TO 39.9
I8Ha 4.0 OR MORE
8' ~- 8URE~U OF THE CENSUS
Locally assessed real property makes up aboutthree-foux-th. of the base for local general property·taxes in the Unltc,d~tates. The remainder is locallyauessed personal,pr~erty, which makes up about.one-shethof the total, an State-a .. ened property, whichrepresents one-tweUt of the tax base.
Of the 61 million ieces of realty on local asae .. -ment rolla in 1956) residential properties made upmore than half and accol1nted for 5. percent of allallleued valuea on the roll.. Commercial and indus-
trial properties numbered Ie.. than 4 percent of all thelocally assessed realty, b\lt accounted for more thanone-fourth of the value total for taxable r'ealtY.
The relation between assessed and sales value oftaxable real property differs wid~ly{rom State to State.A nationwide average of about 30 percent was indicatedby sample sales in 1956, with statewide averagesranging from leu thah 7 percent to Over 60 percent.An average of .0 peroent or more was found in only 10States (and.the District of Columbia).,
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OlL.P~.MASS.
N.H.\l,T.D.C,WIS.MAINEit:l•.cOHN-.MICH.MINN.TEIC.N.~.FLA.N.Y.N.C.NEBR.S.DAK.ILL,WASH.VA.IOWA
,MOo.~OLO......-#bflEG.
OHI9 "CALIF.IND.N.DAK.GA.TENN.ALA.I<AN5.MD.ARK ••MONT.W.VA.KY.IDAHOOI<LA.S.C.LA.NEV.MISS.ARIZ.UTAHW'YO.N.MEIC.
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State-set valuation pr~ncipally applylna to utilityp-roperty.. make .uP part of the base for local aeneralproperty, taxation in all except 10State.. In the other38 States, the f'raction of tlfe tax base represented bylooal valuations ranlles (rom 99 peroent down to 49peroent. Locally assessed .real estate is the majoroompf?nent of the property tax base in most areas, butmakes up ll .. than 40 peloent of the total in 4 states.
R,!!sidenUatproperty sales in 6 months of 1956, asmea"ured to ascertatn as.essment ratios. involved Z.Z
~, .Wltt'1
ttt::'rm~::ttt}hl:
'0 -- BURE~U DF THE CENIUI
100TYPt; Of PftOP£flTY 4.
20
RESU':NTIAL
VACANT LOTS
COMMERCIAL ANDINDUSTRIAL
" -- BUREAU OF THE CENsul
DISTRIBUT,ION OF 1,263 SELECTED LOCALAREAS BY' CO~FFICIENT OF DISPERSION OFASSESSMBNT RATIOS FOR TRANSFERRED
NONFARM HOUSE&-:1956
OOEFFICIENT OFDIS,ERSIONIPEIIOENT)
LESS THAN. 1&
. ,1& TO I •••
20TO 24.'
2& TO 2•• '
30TO 34,"
3&103 •• '
40 TO 4!U
110 OR MORE
~2 ... BUREAU OF' THE ElilUI
'percent of .11 taxable residential propertie's and Z.Zperoent of all aases.ed value of tbis cia .. of proper~y,Thus, resld!!ntia.l properties ohanaina hands had thesame averaae' value as aU such property assessed.S'imilarly compared. turnover percentaaes tor acreaaland farma aridtor commercial and industrial propertif'indii!ale that sold properUu or theae types averltlleIe.. in a.. essed value than theae property ~lasse •••a whole. The opposite was foundifor vacant lots.-i. e"those sold had a hiahe.r.than-averaae value~
• u.s. GOVERNMIlNT PIIINTIHO OFFICE 11959 0 • 51.,S7t,
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