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BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IMPLEMENTATION MODEL
FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT DESIGN STAGE
SUZILA BINTI MOHD
A thesis submitted in
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of Master of Science in Technology Management
Faculty of Technology Management and Business
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
SEPTEMBER 2015
v
ABSTRACT
Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides significant benefits to construction
players. However, BIM in construction projects seem not fully been implemented. This
is due to lack effective strategy of implementing BIM in project design stage. Added
to the matters, most of the construction players fail to get benefits using BIM because
they are facing difficulty to implement BIM. This research aims to assist construction
players to implement BIM in construction project design stage. Literature review was
carried out to discover BIM implementation in construction project design stage and
examples of models in construction field, which the research model has similar
purposes with the models. Semi-structured interviews have been done with design
team, which currently involved and have been involved in projects using BIM for
residential and commercial projects in Malaysia. All data obtained from the interviews
were analysed using content analysis technique. The findings from the interviews
revealed that, construction players need an assistance in a form of model to implement
BIM in construction project design stage. Therefore, both data from literature review
and the interviews were used to develop a model, which has been named as ‘BIM
Implementation Model for design team’. The model is one of the ways to assist design
team to implement BIM in construction project design stage. Apart from that, the
model would assist design team a place to start and follow with several elements in
each level of the model. Thus, the model could increase BIM implementation in project
design stage.
vi
ABSTRAK
Pemodelan Maklumat Bangunan (Building Information Modelling (BIM)) memberi
manfaat dan kebaikan kepada pemain industri pembinaan. Walau bagaimanapun,
pelaksanaannya di dalam projek-projek pembinaan tidak dilaksanakan secara
menyeluruh. Perkara ini berlaku disebabkan oleh kekurangan strategi yang berkesan
untuk melaksanakan BIM di peringkat reka bentuk projek pembinaan. Disebabkan
oleh perkara tersebut, kebanyakan pemain industri pembinaan gagal untuk
mendapatkan manfaat dari BIM. Penyelidikan ini dijalankan untuk membantu pasukan
reka bentuk projek pembinaan melaksanakan BIM di peringkat reka bentuk projek
pembinaan. Kajian literatur dilaksanakan untuk memperolehi maklumat mengenai
penggunaan BIM di peringkat reka bentuk projek pembinaan dan contoh-contoh
model yang berkaitan bidang pembinaan, di mana model penyelidikan mempunyai
tujuan yang sama dengan contoh-contoh model tersebut. Tambahan pula, temubual
secara separa struktur telah dilakukan ke atas pasukan reka bentuk projek pembinaan
yang telah menggunakan dan sedang menggunakan BIM dalam projek-projek
kediaman dan komersial di Malaysia. Data yang diperolehi daripada temubual tersebut
telah dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis kandungan. Hasil daripada temubual
mendapati bahawa, pasukan reka bentuk projek pembinaan memerlukan bantuan
dalam bentuk model untuk melaksanakan BIM di peringkat reka bentuk projek
pembinaan. Oleh itu, kedua-dua data dari kajian literatur dan temubual telah digunakan
untuk membangunkan sebuah model yang dinamakan sebagai Model Pelaksanaan
BIM untuk pasukan reka bentuk projek pembinaan. Model ini merupakan salah satu
cara untuk membantu pasukan reka bentuk projek pembinaan melaksanakan BIM di
peringkat reka bentuk projek pembinaan. Selain itu, model ini juga menyediakan
langkah-langkah yang jelas serta beberapa elemen untuk melaksanakan BIM di
peringkat reka bentuk projek pembinaan. Oleh itu, model ini dapat meningkatkan
pelaksanaan BIM pada peringkat reka bentuk projek pembinaan.
vii
CONTENTS
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES xx
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research Background 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.5 Research Aim and Objectives 7
1.6 Scope of Research 7
1.7 Significant of Research 8
1.8 Research Methodology 8
1.9 Research Organisation 10
1.10 Summary 12
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Construction Project Design Stage 13
2.3 Building Information Modelling (BIM) 24
viii
2.3.1 BIM in the Malaysian Construction Industry 25
2.3.2 Definition of BIM 26
2.4 BIM Application in Project Design Stage 29
2.4.1 Visualise Project Models 29
2.4.2 Generate Fabrication or Shop Drawing for Various
Building Systems
32
2.4.3 Utilise Project Model Parameters by Using Code
Review
34
2.4.4 Preview Design Clashes Analysis 35
2.4.5 Assist in Preparing Cost Estimating 35
2.4.6 Assist in Preparing Project Scheduling 36
2.5 BIM Adaptation in Project Design Stage 37
2.6 BIM Tools in Design Stage 38
2.7 Benefits of Implementing BIM in Project Design
Stage
41
2.8 Challenges in Implementing BIM 42
2.8.1 Legal or Contractual Issues Relating to BIM 43
2.8.2 Cost Issues 43
2.8.3 Skill and Knowledge Issues 44
2.8.4 Lack of Effective Strategy to Implement BIM 44
2.9 Potential Improvement of BIM Implementation in
the Construction Industry
45
2.10 Model Related to BIM and Construction Field 46
2.10.1 Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for Software 46
2.10.2 The Business Process Operation (BPO) Maturity
Model
48
2.10.3 The STEPS Model 49
2.10.4 The People Capability Maturity Model
(People CMM)
49
2.10.5 The Bew-Richards BIM Maturity Model 51
2.10.6 BIM Maturity Matrix (BIm3) 52
2.10.7 Performance Measurement (PM) Migration Path
Model
53
ix
2.10.8 Similarities Between the Models 54
2.10.9 Selection of Maturity Levels for the Research
Model
55
2.11 Theoretical Framework 59
2.12 Summary 61
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Research Purposes 62
3.3 Research Approaches 64
3.4 Research Strategies 67
3.5 Data Collection 71
3.5.1 Literature Review Related to BIM, Project
Design Stage and Model Related to BIM and
Construction Field
75
3.5.2 Semi-Structured Interview with Design Team 76
3.5.2.1 Respondent Selection 77
3.5.2.2 Development of Interview Questions 77
3.5.2.3 Pilot Study 78
3.6 Data Analysis Technique 80
3.6.1 Development of BIM Implementation Model for
Design Team
81
3.6.2 Evaluation of Research Model 82
3.7 Summary 83
CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Objectives of Interviews 84
4.3 Discussion on the Data from Interviews 85
4.3.1 Respondent’s Background 85
4.3.2 Current Practices of BIM Implementation in
Project Design Stage
87
4.3.2.1 Understanding on BIM 88
4.3.2.2 Design Process for Construction Projects 93
x
4.3.2.3 Design Process for Construction Project Using
BIM
98
4.3.3 The Effects of BIM Implementation in Project
Design Stage
106
4.3.3.1 Issues Related to Project Design 106
4.3.3.2 Benefits of BIM Implementation in Project
Design Stage
110
4.3.4 Challenges of BIM Implementation in Project
Design Stage
114
4.3.4.1 Challenges Faced by Design Team
to Implement in Project Design Stage
114
4.3.4.2 Potential Improvement on BIM Implementation 120
4.4 Key Finding From Interviews 125
4.5 Summary 128
CHAPTER 5 BIM IMPLEMENTATION MODEL FOR DESIGN
TEAM
129
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 The Model: BIM Implementation for Design
Team
129
5.3 Model Development Process 130
5.3.1 Step 1: Research Model Purposes 131
5.3.2 Step 2: Concept of Research Model 132
5.3.3 Step 3: Procedure of Research Model
Development
132
5.3.4 Step 4: Details of the Model Elements 133
5.4 Evaluation of the Research Model 140
5.4.2 Evaluator’s Background 141
5.4.2 Evaluation on BIM Implementation Model for
Design Team Model Elements
142
5.4.3 Benefits of Using BIM Implementation Model for
Design Team
145
5.4.4 Barriers to Use BIM Implementation Model for
Design Team
146
xi
5.4.5 Improvements of BIM Implementation Model for
Design Team
147
5.5 Summary 149
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 150
6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 Research Overview 150
6.3 Conclusion 154
6.4 Contribution of Research 155
6.5 Limitations of Research 156
6.6 Recommendations for Further Research 157
6.7 Concluding Remark 157
REFERENCES 158
APPENDICES
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
VITA
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Definition of BIM. 26
2.2 Types of BIM Tools in Project Design Stage. 41
2.3 Summary of Models Similarities 55
2.4 Selection of Maturity Levels for Research Model. 56
3.1 Respondents Feedback on Interview Questions. 79
4.1 Respondents’ Backgrounds. 86
4.2 Understanding on BIM. 88
4.3 Purpose of BIM Implementation in Project Design. 90
4.4 Design Stage Activities. 94
4.5 Construction Players Involved in Project Design Stage. 95
4.6 Design Process for Project Using BIM. 98
4.7 Level of Development (LOD). 102
4.8 The use of LOD. 104
4.9 Types of BIM Tools. 104
4.10 Summary of the BIM Tools Used by Respondents. 106
4.11 Project Design Issues. 107
4.12 Benefits of BIM Implementation in Project Design Stage. 110
4.13 ‘People’ Factor. 115
4.14 ‘Process’ Factor. 117
4.15 ‘Technology’ Factor. 118
4.16 Potential Improvement to Increase BIM Implementation in
Project Design Stage.
121
5.1 Details of Key Aspects of BIM Implementation Model for
Design Team.
135
5.2 Evaluator’s Information. 141
5.3 Model Contents. 142
xv
5.4 Model Capability. 143
5.5 Model Usability. 144
5.6 Summary of Model Elements Evaluation. 145
5.7 Benefits of Using BIM Implementation Model for Design Team. 146
5.8 Benefits of Using the Model 146
5.9 Barriers to Use the BIM Implementation Model for Design
Team.
147
5.10 Barriers of Using the Model 147
5.11 Potential Improvements to Improve BIM Implementation Model
for Design Team.
148
5.12 Summary of Potential Improvements to Improve the Model 148
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Research Methodology Process. 9
2.1 Construction Project Process (Adopted from: Cooper et al.,
2005; Kazi, 2005; NCCER, 2008; CIOB, 2010).
14
2.2 Activities in Project Design Stage 14
2.3 Design Team (Adopted from: Klinger and Susong, 2006;
Winch, 2010; Levy, 2010).
17
2.4 Project Design Issues (Adopted from: Sambasivan and
Soon, 2007; Forbes and Ahmed, 2011; Kikwasi, 2013).
22
2.5 Example of 2D Design and 3D Model. 30
2.6 Visual simulation of 4D Model for Scheduling (HSE
Contractor Inc, 2013).
31
2.7 Example of 5D Model for Project Estimating (Construction
Management Software (CMS), 2008).
32
2.8 General Instruction of Structural Steel Connections
(Autodesk, 2007).
33
2.9 4D Structure Steel Design (Cadalyst, 2013). 34
2.10 Example of Design Clashes (Logiseek, 2013). 35
2.11 BIM Throughout a Building Life-cycle (PWD, 2011). 37
2.12 Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for Software (Paulk et
al., 1993).
47
2.13 The BPO Maturity Model (Lockamy III and McCormack,
2004).
48
2.14 The STEPS Model (Robinson et al., 2005). 49
2.15 The People Capability Maturity Model (Curtis et al., 2009). 50
2.16 The Bew-Richards BIM Maturity Model (Jayasena and
Chitra, 2013).
51
xvii
2.17 Performance Measurement Migration Path Model (Ahmad
Latiffi et al., 2012).
53
2.18 Suggestion of Research Model 59
2.19 Theoretical Framework. 60
3.1 Research Approaches (Creswell, 2003). 64
3.2 Types of Research Strategies (Adopted from: Creswell,
2007; Saunders et al., 2007).
68
3.3 Data Collection Methods (Adopted from: Fellows and Lui,
2008; Athanasiou et al., 2010).
72
3.4 Steps of Research Model Development 82
4.1 The Sequences of Project Design Stage Activities. 95
4.2 Challenges to Implementing BIM in Project Design Stage. 120
5.1 BIM Implementation Model for Design Team. 134
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
USA - United States of America
UK - United Kingdom
ICT - Information and Communication Technology
RFI - Request for Information
PWD - Public Work of Department
BIM - Building Information Modelling
AEC - Architecture, Engineering and Construction
FM - Facilities Management
HK - Hong Kong
UTHM - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
NCI - National Cancer Institute
O&M - Operations and Maintenance
2D - 2-dimensional
3D - 3-dimensional
4D - 4-dimensional
5D - 5-dimensional
6D - 6-dimensional
7D - 7-dimensional
n-D - n dimensional
M&E - Mechanical and Electrical
ROI - Return on Investment
MEP - Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing
QS - Quantity Surveyor
MoE - Ministry of Education
CIDB - Construction Industry Development Board
BOE - Board of Engineers
xix
HVAC - Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
CAD - Computer Aided Design
BDS - Building Description System
GLIDE - Graphical Language for Interactive Design
AEC-FM - Architectural, Engineering and Construction-Facilities
Management
IBC - International Building Code
ADA - America with Disabilities Act guideline
IT - Information Technology
BOA - Board of Architect
CMM - Capability Maturity Model
BPO - Business Process Operation
BIm3 - BIM Maturity Model
SEI - Software Engineering Institute
KM - Knowledge Management
IPD - Integrated Project Delivery
PM - Performance Measurement
SWOT - Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
xx
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
A BIM Maturity Matrix Model
B Interview Questions
C Evaluation Questions
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Construction industry is one of the contributor to the economy of Malaysia. It has
contributed a total worth of MYR 194 billion to the Malaysian gross domestic product
in year 2011 to 2015 (Unit Perancang Ekonomi, 2015). Other than that, it is also
important in supporting social development through the provision of basic
infrastructure in Malaysia (Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), 2007).
According to Unit Perancangan Ekonomi (2015), the uses of technology in the
construction industry has increased the rate of Malaysia economy.
In order to manage the construction industry efficiently, information and
communication technology (ICT) has provided better management solution to the
construction industry. The implementation of ICT in the construction industry has
become a norm since year 1990 (Forbes and Ahmed, 2011). Moreover, Forbes and
Ahmed (2011) stated that ICT is a technology that encompasses computer hardware,
software and communication devices of sharing and accessing information
conveniently. It has been used widely to avoid construction project problems such as
low productivity of construction projects, low quality of end projects, project delaying,
construction cost overrun and disputes among construction players (Kadir et al., 2005;
Arayici et al., 2009; Khosnava et al., 2012; Haron, 2013).
Thus, ICT has introduced a new technology, namely building information
modelling (BIM) in order to overcome the construction problems (CIDB, 2007; Forbes
and Ahmed, 2011; Public Work Department (PWD), 2013). The implementation of
2
new technology such as BIM in construction projects has reduced issues on project
delay, construction cost overrun, disputes among construction players; and it has
increased project quality as well as productivity of construction projects (Azhar, 2011;
Eastman et al., 2011; Zakaria et al., 2013).
BIM has been used widely by the architecture, engineering, construction and
facilities management (AEC-FM) industry for the purpose of managing construction
project life-cycle (Levy, 2010). It has also been introduced to the construction industry
in many countries such as United States of America (USA), Australia, Hong Kong
(HK) (Monteiro and Martins, 2013; Ahmad Latiffi and Mohd, 2014), Finland,
Denmark and Norway (Eastman et al., 2011; Crotty, 2012). In Malaysia, the idea to
implement BIM was introduced by the Director of Public Works of Department
(PWD) in year 2007. The idea was proposed when Malaysian government are aware
about the potential of BIM in avoiding construction cost overrun and project delay as
well as to avoid design problems at early stage of construction project (PWD, 2013;
Ahmad Latiffi et al., 2013; Zakaria et al., 2013). Since then, PWD has encouraged all
construction players to implement BIM in construction projects (PWD, 2013).
Correspondingly, the implementation of BIM in construction projects need to be
explored in order to identify the capabilities of BIM in managing construction projects
effectively.
1.2 Research Background
Adaptation of technology in the construction industry is moving rapidly towards the
era of modernisation and globalisation. ICT has played a significant role in this
transformation. The use of ICT permeates in various industries including in the
construction industry and it is seen as a major driver for improving performance of the
industry (CIDB, 2007; Eastman et al., 2011; Hosseini et al., 2012; Zhang, 2013).
According to Forbes and Ahmed (2011), ICT has introduced BIM as a tool to manage
construction projects effectively by reducing construction problems such as project
delay, construction cost overrun and disputes among construction players.
BIM is seen as a concerted action to ensure collaboration among construction
players such as architect, engineers, project manager and contractors (Furneaux and
Kivvits, 2008; PWD, 2013). The positive effects from the implementation of BIM in
3
construction projects have been highlighted by many construction players as a need in
managing construction projects in order to reduce construction problems (Bryde,
Broquetas and Volm, 2013). According to Bryde et al. (2013), there are thirty five (35)
examples of BIM projects in USA, UK and France, which had been contributed
positive effects to construction projects. The positive effects can be traced in terms of
construction cost, project duration, project quality, communication and collaboration
among construction players (Bryde et al., 2013).
Moreover, the successful of BIM in managing construction projects can be seen
through several successful erected projects. These projects are the Freedom Tower in
New York City, USA; Birmingham City University in UK; One Island East project in
HK, and Sydney Opera House in Australia (Furneaux and Kivvits, 2008; Winch, 2010;
Royal Institution of Charted Surveyor (RICS), 2013). Apart from that, there are also
several construction projects in the construction industry of Malaysia were identified
to be employing BIM. These projects are Sultan Ibrahim Hall (formerly known as
Multipurpose Hall of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, UTHM) in Batu Pahat,
Johor (Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM), 2012; Mohd and
Ahmad Latiffi, 2013); National Cancer Institute (NCI) of Malaysia in Putrajaya
(Ahmad Latiffi, Mohd and Brahim, 2014); Educity Sports Complex in Nusajaya,
Johor; and Ancasa Hotel in Pekan, Pahang (PWD, 2011; Ahmad Latiffi et al., 2013;
Mohd and Ahmad Latiffi, 2013).
BIM has capabilities in managing construction projects starting from pre-
construction stage to post-construction stage (Levy, 2010; Eastman et al., 2011;
Crotty, 2012). It has to be implemented in each of the stages in order to manage all
activities in construction projects especially in project design (Yan and Damian, 2008;
Weygant, 2011; Newman, 2013). Project design has been considered as an important
activity in construction projects (Eastman et al., 2011; Memon et al., 2011) because
other activities such as cost estimating and project scheduling can only be started and
refined after the completion of project design (Eastman et al., 2011; Memon et al.,
2011). Therefore, it is crucial to implement BIM in the stage of project design in order
to increase accuracy in preparing cost estimating, project scheduling, site analysis, and
project productivity (Fallon and Palmer, 2007; Eastman et al., 2011). The ability of
BIM in visualising project design and detect design clashes during design stage can
reduce request for information (RFI), design changes and incomplete design
specification during construction stage. The possibilities of those problems occur
4
during construction stage can be avoided earlier in pre-construction stage (Kymmell,
2008; NCCER, 2008).
Moreover, BIM can also be integrated with post-construction activities such as
facilities management (FM), operations and maintenance (O&M) (Newman, 2013;
Abdullah et al., 2014). The implementation of BIM in project design helps facility
manager to manage FM by visualising all information in 3D model. In addition, all
information in the model can be easily shared and to be used by the contractor (Sabol,
2008; Abdullah et al., 2014). BIM can also improve space management, where facility
managers can use the 3D model to visualise project plan and configure space more
efficiently (Sabol, 2008; Abdullah et al., 2014).
Correspondingly, the main importance of BIM implementation in project design
stage lies on the use of three dimensional (3D) parametric authoring tools as object
based modelling software (Mohamad Kamar, 2012). There are several types of
modelling software or also known as BIM tools are used to manage project design in
construction projects. These tools are such as Revit (architecture, structural,
mechanical and electrical (M&E)), Bentley System (architecture, structural and M&E)
and Tekla structure. The tools are capable to visualise project model, preview design
clashes and generate fabrication drawing for various building systems (Azhar, 2011;
Eastman et al., 2011; Ahmad Latiffi et al., 2013; Monteiro and Martins, 2013; PWD,
2013).
Utilising BIM technology allows effective and better plan for construction
projects activities, which can overcome the potential errors in design, disputes among
construction players, construction cost overrun and project delay (Eastman et al.,
2011). BIM also has potential for improving communication, collaboration between
construction players, reducing cost at every stage in construction projects and reduce
safety issues in construction projects (Smith and Tardif, 2009; Cheng and Ma, 2012;
Sunindijo and Zou, 2013).
1.3 Problem Statement
Low productivity of construction projects, low quality of end projects, project delay
and construction cost overrun are the four main construction problems lead to
construction project failure (Arayici et al., 2009; Forbes and Ahmed, 2011; Khosnava
5
et al., 2012 and Haron, 2013). Most of the problems that were identified by Arayici et
al. (2009), Forbes and Ahmed (2011), Khosnava et al. (2012) and Haron (2013)
occurred due to weakness in managing project design. This shows that, project design
is one of important element lead to the success of managing construction projects
(Eastman et al., 2011; Memon et al., 2011). Therefore, many attempts were done by
construction players especially by the design team (client, architect, structural
engineer, M & E engineer and contractor) to improve quality of project design by
implementing BIM (Kymmell, 2008: Forbes and Ahmed, 2011).
Nowadays, the implementation of BIM in project design stage is seen as one of
the effective ways to reduce construction problems. Even though BIM implementation
gives positive effects to construction projects, most of the design team is facing
difficulty to implement BIM. In addition to that, some were failed to obtain the benefits
of using BIM (Cheung et al., 2012; CREAM, 2014). According to Zakaria et al.
(2013), most of the construction players are having difficulty to implement BIM as
they do not know what, how, where, who and when to begin with BIM in construction
projects especially in the Malaysia construction industry. This matters happened due
to several factors, such as lack of knowledge as well as skill on BIM; cost to adopt
BIM tools as well as training are expensive and lack of effective strategy to implement
BIM (Furneaux and Kivvits, 2008; Arayici et al., 2012, Zakaria et al., 2013).
One of the main setbacks for the implementation of BIM in construction projects
is due to lack of knowledge and skill on BIM. Construction players are required to
dominate knowledge and skill on BIM before deciding to implement BIM (Eastman
et al., 2011: Azhar, 2011; Ahmad Latiffi et al., 2013). Apparently, possessing relevant
knowledge on BIM is important to lead construction players to the right way of
implementing BIM. It will also increase awareness among construction players
regarding the benefits of implementing in construction projects (Gu and London, 2010;
MH Government, 2012; Zakaria et al., 2013). Meanwhile, possessing relevant skill on
BIM will also guide construction players on how to manage project design, cost
estimating, project scheduling, site coordination and facilities management by using
BIM tools such as Revit families (Azhar, 2011; Newman, 2013).
The second factor that explained about the slow adoption of BIM in construction
projects is due to cost of implementing BIM tools (revit families), new hardware
(computer) and BIM training. The cost for these tools are expensive and it could be a
barrier for small and medium construction companies to implement BIM in their work
6
(Furneaux and Kivvits, 2008; Eastman et al., 2011; Forbes and Ahmed, 2011).
Therefore, in order to manage construction projects using BIM, construction players
must ensure to gain benefits from using BIM or else all the investment on BIM will be
wasted and useless.
Another factor that lead to slow adoption of BIM among construction players is
due to lack of effective strategy of implementing BIM in an organisation (Arayici et
al., 2012); for example: absent of a comprehensive BIM standard guideline (Zakaria
et al., 2013; CREAM, 2014) and adoption model to implement BIM (Zakaria et al.,
2013). Literally, there is no clear consensus on how to implement BIM in construction
projects (Azhar, 2011). On top of this, there is no single BIM document that provides
instruction on its application and implementation (Azhar, 2011; Zakaria et al., 2013).
Continuation from the matters, many construction players have developed their own
version of BIM implementation guideline. However, the informal guideline somehow
has resulted in confusion among construction players, which render the construction
players to feel doubted to implement BIM (Zakaria et al., 2013; CREAM, 2014).
Additionally, the role of effective strategy such as BIM standard guideline and
adoption model is important to answer all questions and enquiries from the
construction players, which are where they to start, how is the BIM process work, what
can BIM produces and who are responsible towards the process (Arayici et al., 2012;
Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2013). The guideline will help
construction players to achieve all benefits of BIM implementation in construction
project in a right way. Since BIM implementation in project design could reduce
construction problems during construction stage, this research has develop a model
that could assist design team to implement BIM in project design stage. The model
could assist design team in a proper way to implement BIM, so they could gain all
benefits of using BIM and increase efficiency in managing construction project life-
cycle.
7
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions are as follows:
(i) To what extent did construction players use BIM in project design stage?
(ii) How BIM implementation in project design stage gives effect to construction
players?
(iii) What are challenges of BIM implementation in project design stage?
(iv) How to assist construction players to implement BIM in project design stage?
1.5 Research Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to assist construction players to implement BIM in project
design stage. In order to achieve the aim, the following research objectives are
established:
(i) To determine the extent to which construction players use BIM in project design
stage.
(ii) To identify the effects cause from BIM implementation in project design stage
to construction players.
(iii) To identify the challenges of BIM implementation in project design stage.
(iv) To develop a model that could assist construction players to implement BIM in
project design stage.
1.6 Scope of Research
The scope of this research is focused on construction projects in Malaysia, which have
used and currently using BIM. The projects are residential and commercial projects.
Therefore, all information regarding implementing BIM in design stage were obtained
from design team, which are client, architect, structural engineer, Mechanical,
Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) engineers as well as contractors. The contractor are
involved in this research because most of the projects using BIM in Malaysia is using
design and build (D&B) as project delivery method. According to Chappell (2007),
contractor is involved in managing project design in design and build project.
8
Moreover, all respondents involved in this research must have been involved and
currently involved in projects using BIM. This is important in order to gain their
understanding and experiences in managing projects using BIM. Moreover, the
information also important to discover current BIM practices in Malaysian
construction projects. The information is very useful to identify level of BIM
implementation in Malaysian construction projects.
1.7 Significance of Research
This research is expected to contribute to design team and the construction industry
with:
(i) giving recommendation to design team on how to implement BIM in project
design stage in a construction project. This could increase BIM implementation
in construction projects.
(ii) producing a model that could assist design team to implement BIM and get
benefits of using BIM in managing construction projects.
1.8 Research Methodology
Research methodology is one of the approaches in doing research. It is an approach to
plan, to review and to control research process (Fellows and Liu, 2008). Figure 1.1
shows research methodology process for this research in order to achieve research aim
and objectives.
9
Formulation of
Problem Statement
Determine Research
Aim and Objectives
Identification of
Research Scope
Identifying Types of Research Strategy and
Data Collection Technique:
1) Research Strategy:
Survey
2) Data Collection Technique:
i) Literature Review:
Books, journal articles, international
conference papers, and materials available
on the internet.
ii) Semi-structured interview:
Semi-structured interviews with design team
(client, architect, structural engineer, MEP
engineer and contractor)
Data Analysis:
Content analysis
Results and Findings
Conclusion and
Recommendations
Model Development
First StageSecond
StageThird Stage
Figure 1.1: Research Methodology Process
Based on Figure 1.1, the research methodology process is divided into three (3)
stages. The first stage is the process to identify research issues, topic selection, problem
statement and research objectives. The researcher had brainstormed for research topic
and had identified current issues on BIM implementation in construction projects.
Moreover, the researcher has identified which construction projects in Malaysia are
using BIM for the purpose of data collection.
The second stage shows types of research strategy and data collection technique
used in this research. Survey is adopted in this study as the research strategy.
Meanwhile, literature review and semi-structured interview were used in this study as
data collection technique. The literature review is made to gain information on BIM
implementation in project design stage and types of model, which related to BIM and
construction field. All information on BIM and project design stage was gathered from
books, journal articles, international conference papers, and materials available on the
internet. Moreover, semi-structured interviews are conducted as data collection in this
study to gain information from the design team on current BIM implementation in
project design stage.
The final stage, stage three is divided into four (4), which are data analysis,
results and findings, model development, conclusion and recommendations. All data
gained from semi-structured interviews with design team are analysed using content
10
analysis. Both data from literature review and semi-structured interview were used for
the purpose of model development. The content analysis view data representation
through texts, images and expressions (Krippendorff, 2012).
Microsoft excel is used to assist researchers in analysing all the data.
Conclusion and recommendation are the last chapter in this thesis. The conclusion
summarised all chapters in this thesis. Meanwhile, recommendations are produced
based on limitation to fulfil this study and recommendations made by the researcher
in order to improve this research in the future. Details of research methodology process
were discussed in Chapter 3.
1.9 Research Organisation
The research consists of six (6) main chapters. The chapters are as follows:
(i) Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter consisted of introduction to research, background of research,
problem statement, research questions, research objectives, scope of research,
significance of research, research methodology, research organisation and
summary of the chapter.
(ii) Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 2 contained of literature reviews on construction project design stage
and BIM. All information in this chapter consisted of introduction to
construction project design stage; construction players in project design stage
and issues on project design. This chapter also discussed on BIM in construction
projects; definitions of BIM; implementation of BIM in the Malaysia
construction industry; application of BIM in project design; tools; benefits;
challenges to implementing BIM; future development of BIM in the construction
industry and BIM adaptation in project design stage. Apart from that, this chapter
also discussed about model development technique, which are related to BIM
and construction field. The discussion contained of examples of model related
to research model, similarities between the model and selection of maturity level
11
for the research model. This chapter end with explanations on theoretical
framework and summary.
(iii) Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Chapter 3 discussed on research approaches, research strategies and data
collection method. This is followed by methodology adopted for the research
and discussion on each adopted approaches, methods used for data collection
and data analysis.
(iv) Chapter 4: Results and Findings
This chapter consisted of findings from semi-structured interviews with the
design team. Moreover, this chapter focused on current BIM practices in project
design stage among design team. The trends of BIM implementation in project
design stage are explored, which include BIM implementation in project design
stage, effects of BIM implementation in project design stage, challenges of BIM
implementation in project design stage and potential improvements of BIM
implementation in project design stage.
(v) Chapter 5: BIM Implementation Model For Design Team
This chapter presented the establishment of the proposed model for this research.
The establishment of the model was developed based on data gained from
literature review and semi-structured interviews with design team. It discussed
the model development process, starting from its design and followed by a
description of the model. This chapter also explained the main features and
content of the model.
(vi) Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations
The main conclusion is drawn out in this chapter and the limitations of the
research are highlighted. It revealed the finding and suggested recommendations
for future research and it ended with a concluding remark.
12
1.10 Summary
This chapter has presented the main issues of BIM implementation in project design
stage and justification for the need of research on BIM in project design stage. The
aim and objectives of the research are stated in this chapter. This chapter also explored
about the research planning and methodology used in this study. The structure of this
study is presented at the end of the chapter.
The next chapter focused on literature review related to project design stage,
BIM and model related to BIM and construction field.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter discussed on application of BIM in project design stage. It consisted of
introduction to construction project design stage, BIM in construction projects; its
definitions, history and the implementation in the Malaysia construction industry.
Furthermore, this chapter also explained on BIM application, BIM tools, it benefits to
construction projects, challenges to implementing BIM, future of BIM in the
construction industry and adaptation of BIM in project design stage. Moreover, models
development technique, which related to BIM and construction field are also discussed
in this chapter. Discussion on those elements is important to identify current practices
of BIM implementation in project design stage and development of model that could
assist construction players to implement BIM in project design stage.
2.2 Construction Project Design Stage
Construction project is symbolising social, cultural and technological development. It
consists of numerous people, activities and requirements to fulfil client goals (NCCER,
2008; Jackson, 2010). A construction project can be divided into three (3) main stages,
which are pre-construction, construction and post-construction (Cooper et al., 2005;
Kazi, 2005; NCCER, 2008; Charted Institute of Building (CIOB), 2010). Figure 2.1
shows the construction project process.
14
Pre-construction StageConstruction
Project Stage
Activity
· Project Design
· Project scheduling
· Cost Estimating
· Site Coordination
· Managing Materials
and Machineries
Construction Stage
· Excavation of
Foundation
· Framing
· Roofing and Siding
· Plumbing and
Heating
· Electrical Work
· Interior Finishes
Post-construction Stage
· Final Inspection and
Acceptance
· Project Close Out
· Owner Move In
· Warranty
· Project Evaluation
Figure 2.1: Construction Project Process (Adopted from: Cooper et al., 2005; Kazi,
2005; NCCER, 2008; CIOB, 2010)
Based on the figure, project design is the first activity in pre-construction stage.
According to Eastman et al. (2011) and Memon et al. (2011), project design is
considered as an important activity in construction projects. Project design has been
produced by construction players in project design stage. Eastman et al., (2011) also
mentioned that, project design is an activity, which consists of all information
regarding a construction project. The information are such as project size, cost and
building elements. Figure 2.2 shows the main activities in project design stage.
Figure 2.2: Activities in Project Design Stage (Adopted from: Klinger and Susong,
2006; Autodesk, 2008; Jackson, 2010; Crotty, 2012)
There are four (4) main activities in project design stage shown in Figure 2.2,
which are programming and feasibility which also known as conceptual design,
schematic design, design development as well as construction document or also known
as detail design (Klinger and Susong, 2006; Autodesk, 2008; Jackson, 2010; Crotty,
2012). Details on each activity are as follows:
(i) Programming and Feasibility Study
Programming and feasibility study are usually done prior to the design process. It also
known as conceptual design process (Weiler and Scholz-Barth, 2009). The
Programming and Feasibility
Study
Schematic Design
Design Development
Construction Document
15
information that comes out during this stage is the project size, number of rooms, the
use of each space and requirement for each function (Autodesk, 2008; Jackson, 2010).
According to Jackson (2010), client is responsible to brief the architect regarding his
or her needs and expectation to the project. Moreover, client also needs to clarify about
his or her project’s budget to architect (Autodesk, 2008; Jackson, 2010). The
information on project budget is important because architect is responsible to carry out
the project design based on client needs and budget (McCarthy, 2007; Jackson, 2010).
(ii) Schematic Design
Schematic design also called as preliminary design, serves to establish the general
scope of project, conceptual design, scale and relationships among the component of
a project (Klinger and Susong, 2006; American Institute of Architect (AIA), 2009).
Moreover, the objective of schematic design is to arrive at a clearly defined, feasible
concept and to present all the information in a form that achieve client understanding
and acceptance (Hess et al., 2007; AIA, 2009; Autodesk, 2008).
Furthermore, schematic design information can be used to demonstrate basic
spaces, scale and relationship of each building components (AIA, 2009; Autodesk,
2008). Typically documentation at the end of schematic design will include several
important items such as site plan, plans for each level, all elevations, key sections,
outline specification, statistical summary of design area as well as other characteristics
in comparison to the programme, a preliminary construction cost estimate, and
illustrative of materials (Hess et al., 2007; AIA, 2009; Autodesk, 2008).
An architect will develop project design, which consist of several information
such as a preliminary site plan, exterior elevation, floor plan and building sections
(Klinger and Susong, 2006; Hess et al., 2007). The project design will contain only
approximate dimensions. As part of schematic design process, architect may agree to
provide services such as lifecycle cost analysis, energy studies, economic feasibilities
studies, special rendering, models, brochures and promotional materials for the client.
However, it is depends on client-architect agreement on ‘additional services’ where
stated in American Institute of Architects (AIA) B201 form client-architect agreement
form (AIA, 2009). AIA B201 is a document, which defines the architect’s traditional
scope of services for design and construction contract administration in a standard
form that client and architect can modify to suit the needs of the projects (AIA, 2009).
16
According to Klinger and Susong (2006), schematic design is only present 20
per cent of design effort. Client has to review and leave comments toward the design
produced by architect after completion of this stage. The architect needs to obtain
formal client approval in writing as prove or evidence that the client had agreed with
the design (AIA, 2009).
(iii) Design Development
Design development is a third activity in design stage. The main objective in design
development is to provide final design of project together with building systems in the
project (AIA, 2009; Autodesk, 2008). Basically, the design development activity will
be continued based on client comment and approval in schematic design. The architect
will develop a detailed site plans, floor plans and building sections. In this stage, others
design team which are structural and MEP engineers will collaborate to complete the
design development. Structural engineer will produce detail drawings regarding
building structural, building specifications, type of materials, and design sections.
Meanwhile, MEP engineer will produce detail drawing regarding electrical,
mechanical and plumbing system for a building. All the detailed drawing will be
referred to drawings, which have been produced by architect. The architect drawing is
the baseline to structural and MEP engineer detail drawings (Klinger and Susong,
2006; AIA, 2009).
The deliverables of the design development stage is similar to those of schematic
design (AIA, 2009). This stage is important to allow the preparation of a preliminary
construction estimate. Apart from that, the primary purposes of design development is
to further define and describe all important aspects of the project so that what remains
is the final step of creating construction documents (AIA, 2009). Klinger and Susong
(2006) stated that design development only present 50per cent of design effort. The
client will review and leave he or her comments regarding the project design (AIA,
2009).
(iv) Construction Document
Construction document stage starts after obtained the client approval on design
development. The approved design development will become a firm foundation for the
construction document stage (Reiling, 2007). Construction document stage is the stage
17
which the architect, structural and MEP engineers focus on the preparation of
throughout drawings and specifications that will issue for bidding and construction of
project (Reiling, 2007; AIA, 2009).
At this stage, design team has to finalise the project design (Hess et al., 2007;
AIA, 2009; Autodesk, 2008). A construction document consist a set of complete
drawing and accurate dimension of site plan, floor plan and elevations. The elevations
also include complete information regarding detail selection of materials, complete
mechanical, electrical, lighting, foundation, as well as structural drawings (Klinger and
Susong, 2006; AIA, 2009; Jackson, 2010).
The construction document also needs to be reviewed and approved by the client.
After obtained client’s approval, the bidding tender will begin. Construction document
is important to contractor in preparing accurate cost estimate for the project. Moreover,
construction project will be constructed by the contractor based on information in in
construction document. According to Klinger and Susong (2006), construction
documents are the 100 per cent drawings for a project.
Basically, there are several construction players involved in managing project
design, which are client, architect, structural engineer, MEP engineers and contractor.
They are also known as design team (Klinger and Susong, 2006; Winch, 2010; Levy,
2010). Figure 2.3 shows the design team.
Figure 2.3: Design Team (Adopted from: Klinger and Susong, 2006; Winch, 2010;
Levy, 2010)
According to Klinger and Susong (2006), Winch (2010) and Levy (2010), client
can be divided into two (2), which are public sector and private sector. Meanwhile,
Design Team
Client
Architect
Structural Engineer
Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) Engineers
Contractor
18
contractor consists of main contractor and sub-contractor. The design team is
responsible to manage project design in order to increase project quality and avoid
construction problems. Details on each design team are now discussed.
(i) Client
Client is the driving force behind the construction industry. According to Lock (2003)
and Winch (2010), client is a person who has capital and desire to execute a project.
Client is divided into two (2) different sectors, which are public and private sectors.
Public sector consists of ministries, local authorities and statutory boards. The
examples of ministries are Ministry of Education (MoE), and Ministry of Public Work.
Local authorities are Public Work Department (PWD), and Urban Utilities. Examples
of statutory board are Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), and Board
of Engineers (BOE). Public sector is responsible to provide free services to citizen.
The examples of free services are such as road, hospitals, post-offices and schools
(Kamara, Anumba and Evbuomwan, 2002; Winch, 2010).
Private sector or also known as non-government sector is a client that uses its
own capital to develop own projects (Jackson, 2010). Basically, this type of client will
rent their building to obtain capital and profits.
The roles of client in construction projects are to identify project needs, monitor
project progress and prepare project cost. Basically, client will appoint consultants
(architect, structural engineer and MEP engineer) to manage he or her construction
projects. However, client also deserves to monitor the entire project progress to ensure
the project runs smoothly (Abdullah, 2001; Winch, 2010).
(ii) Architect
Architect is a licensed professional trained in the art and science of project design. An
architect is responsible to transform client’s programme into concept and develop the
concept into building images and plans that can be constructed by contractor (Jackson,
2010). Architect also responsibles to prepare design documentations and monitor
design team works progress (Gahlot, 2002; Uher and Loosemore, 2004; Winkler and
Chiumento, 2009). An architect also serves as client representative to monitor
construction process during construction and post-construction stage (AIA, 2009).
Other roles of an architect are to:
19
(a) develop schematic, preliminary and final designs (Gahlot, 2002; Uher and
Loosemore, 2004; Winkler and Chiumento, 2009).
(b) coordinate design activities of other designers (structural engineer and MEP
engineers). (Gahlot, 2002; Uher and Loosemore, 2004; Winkler and
Chiumento, 2009).
(c) prepare tender documentation in the form of working drawings and
specification (AIA, 2009).
(d) revise contract documentation (AIA, 2009).
(e) assist in resolving design-related problems (AIA, 2009).
(f) assist in controlling quality of construction projects (AIA, 2009).
(iii) Structural Engineer
Structural engineer is responsible to plan and prepare structural design for a project
(Levy, 2010). Structural engineer is responsible to prepare structural working drawing
or details design based on architect drawing (Gahlot, 2002; Levy, 2010). The roles of
structural engineer are as follows:
(a) A design structure was created to withstand stresses and pressures such as
weather and human use. A structural engineer needs to ensure that building
structures are not bending, twist and collapse because it can cause to project
delay, increase construction cost, and accident on site (Gahlot, 2002; Levy,
2010).
(b) Choose the appropriate materials, such as bricks, concrete and steels to meet
the design specification (Gahlot, 2002; Levy, 2010).
(c) Collaborate with other construction players such as architect to discuss on
safety design and aesthetic concepts of construction (Gahlot, 2002; Levy,
2010).
(iv) Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) Engineers
MEP engineers are responsible to prepare mechanical, electrical and plumbing design.
However, MEP engineers will produce their design based on their discipline.
Mechanical engineer is responsible to design the heating, ventilation, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) system within a building (Gahlot, 2002; Jackson, 2010; Levy
20
2010). Other roles of mechanical engineer are as the following (Gahlot, 2002; Jackson,
2010; Levy 2010):
(a) Provide structural engineer with the layout of underground utilities, which
include pipe sizes, types and specifications.
(b) Confer with structural engineer to ensure that building structure and roof will
have sufficient structural integrity to support the weight of equipment being
designed.
(c) Confer with architect to ensure that sufficient spaces are allocated for
equipment installation and for routine maintenance to take place.
(d) Provide structural engineer with size and location of floor penetrations required
for HVAC, plumbing, electrical ductwork, and conduit that extends from floor
to floor.
An electrical engineer is in-charge to design and prepare working drawing or
details design for electrical power and distribution systems during and after
construction process (Gahlot, 2002; Levy 2010). Other roles of electrical engineer
mentioned by Gahlot (2002) and Levy (2010) are as follows:
(a) Supervise electrician in handling electrical works and considering the safety
and quality requirement.
(b) Involve in preparing electrical design starting from concept and detail design,
implementation, testing and handover.
(c) Researching suitable solutions for electrical ducting and estimating costs for
whole electrical projects and timescale of a project.
(d) Collaborate with other construction players such as clients, architect, QS and
contractor to detect design clashes between electrical, structural, and
mechanical designs.
A plumbing engineer is in-charge to perform calculations on each size of
plumbing equipment, prepare plumbing design, and construction document related to
plumbing installation (Gahlot, 2002; Levy 2010). A plumbing engineer works under
the supervision of mechanical, fire protection, and professional engineers. The role of
plumbing engineer is to design the building primary plumbing equipment such as water
tank, pumps, and fixtures (Boswell, 2013). According to Gahlot (2002), Levy (2010),
21
and Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) (2013), other roles of plumbing engineer
are as the following:
(a) Prepare design process of fluid flow system. The process is important to
facilitate piping installation during construction stage.
(b) Design plumbing system. Plumbing system requires proper design and follows
official plumbing code and ensuring code compliance.
(c) Advice on ideal location and capacity for treatment plan, septic tank, sump,
and general direction in which waste is to be disposed depending on
topography of the land, road and public sewer location.
(d) Prepare a schematic plumbing layout and details specification for the entire
plumbing works.
(v) Contractor
Contractor is a party who perform and complete a project based on tender contract. A
contractor is responsible to plan, control, manage, and coordinate construction works
to make sure that risks such as project delay and cost overrun could be avoided (Mosey,
2009; Health and Safety Execution (HSE), 2013). There are two (2) types of
contractor, which are main contractor and subcontractor. The role of main contractor
is to provide the total scope of works required in the contract. The main contractor
must also control and coordinate all necessary production activities during
construction stage. Subcontractor is responsible to manage tasks given by the main
contractor (Boyle, 2003; Towey, 2012). Other roles of contractor in a construction
project are as the following (Mosey, 2009; HSE, 2013):
(a) Plan, manage, and monitor the entire project process to avoid construction
problems during construction stage.
(b) Provide labours and subcontractors to accomplish construction works. Labour
need to accomplish construction works according to project drawing.
Subcontractors need to accomplish construction works according to main
contractor instruction.
(c) Supervise labours and provide materials and equipments for construction
works.
22
As a conclusion, design team are responsible to manage project design. The
cooperation among them is important in order to avoid construction problems.
According to Sambasivan and Soon (2007), Forbes and Ahmed (2011) and Kikwasi
(2013), low design constructability is one of factors contribute to several construction
problems such as low of construction productivity, low of project quality, project
delay, construction cost overrun and disputes among construction players (Sambasivan
and Soon, 2007; Forbes and Ahmed, 2011; Kikwasi, 2013). The factor contributes to
construction problems need to be explored in order to avoid it during managing
construction projects. Other factors contribute to construction problems, which are
related to project design, are specified in Figure 2.4.
Contribute to construction problems such as:
· Low of construction
productivity · Project delay
· Low of project
quality
· Construction cost
overrun
· Disputes among
construction players
Project Design Issues
· Design changes · Design clashes · Poor design constructability · Poor 2-dimensional (2D)
drawing
Solution
· Building Information Modelling (BIM) implementation in project design stage
Figure 2.4: Project Design Issues (Adopted from: Sambasivan and Soon, 2007;
Forbes and Ahmed, 2011; Kikwasi, 2013)
Based on Figure 2.4, there are four (4) factors that contribute to construction
problems which are changes in project design, design clashes, poor design
constructability and poor 2D drawings. Details on each factor are as follows:
(i) Changes in project design
(a) Changes mean modifications of an original contract that effectively change
the provision of contract, changes in design specifications, method of
performance, facilities, equipment, materials, site and completion of work.
All changes made must be recorded through letter confirming and
approved by client, architect as well as engineers. Any changes in design
during construction stage will effect to project delay, construction cost
23
overrun and disputes among construction players (Emmitt and Yeomans,
2008; Emmitt and Ruikar, 2013).
(ii) Design clashes
(a) Basically, design clashes occur between architectural, structural and MEP
designs. It happened when one of the designs has not been monitored
properly after the designs changes. The design errors or clashes were high
risk and only can be detected by contractor during the construction stage
of the project (Wang et al., 2013). The contractor will seek any solution,
direction and resolution from the architect or engineers with RFI. The
architect and engineer will provide a response that may or may not affect
the project cost or schedule (McCarthy, 2010). However, late respond to
RFI issues by contractor can cause to project delay.
(iii) Poor design constructability
(a) Constructability means prime use of construction knowledge and
experiences in planning, design, procurement and field operation in order
to achieve construction project objectives. Lack of design constructability
is caused to construction cost overrun and quality of end product issues
faced by the construction industry (Gambatese, Pocock and Dunston,
2007). Moreover, design clashes among the design disciplines (architect,
structural and MEP designs) are difficult to identify and analyse. This
problem can cause to low construction productivity and low of project
quality (Haron, 2013).
(iv) Poor of 2D drawing
(a) Traditionally, project design will be produced by using computer aided
design (CAD) system. The drawing will come out in 2D concept where the
use of 2D drawing was difficult to be understood (Lee et al., 2003; Haron,
2013). These problems also lead to insufficient drawing and specification.
In order to avoid all the construction problems, ICT has introduced building
information modelling (BIM) to overcome construction problems (Forbes and Ahmed,
2011; Crotty, 2012). BIM is an emerging technology, which can improve
24
performances and productivities of design, construction, operation and maintenance
process (Love et al., 2013). It can be applied in construction projects to manage
construction projects stages appropriately especially project design stage. Moreover,
the use of BIM in project design stage increases accuracy in preparing schematic
design, design development and construction documentation.
2.3 Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is used by construction players to increase
efficiency and effectiveness in managing construction projects. It is known as an
approach to manage construction projects with relief from several set of tools such as
Autodesk Revit, Tekla, Vico Office, ArchiCAD and Bentley System (Robinson, 2007:
Forbes and Ahmed, 2011; Monteiro and Martins, 2013). The used of the tools help
construction players to manage construction projects by detecting common problems
occur during construction stage such as design clashes, design changes and incomplete
design specifications (Kymmell, 2008).
BIM has been utilised in construction projects to manage the continuous and
availability of construction projects activities. The activities are design, cost
estimating, project scheduling, site coordination and facilities management
(Barrington, 2010; Eastman et al., 2011; Succar, 2013). Moreover, BIM
implementation in construction projects can avoid project delay, construction cost
overrun and disputes among construction players, which are client, consultants and
contractors (Smith and Tardif, 2009; Forbes and Ahmed, 2011).
The AEC industry in USA, Australia, Finland and HK have expressed their
interest in adopting BIM as a tool to manage construction projects (Azhar, 2011;
Forbes and Ahmed, 2011; Eastman et al., 2011; Levy, 201). The first impression of
BIM implementation can be seen through project design stage where BIM has
improved design management tools in the AEC industry from 2D to 3-dimensional
(3D) (Yan and Damian, 2008). Others than that, BIM provides many benefits to
construction players. The benefits are detecting design clashing, increases accuracy in
cost estimating, project scheduling, and improves communication as well as
collaboration between construction players (Forbes and Ahmed, 2011; Reddy, 2012).
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