H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma g mO {dkmZ republished - Kar textbooks/class9...BgHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ C_aeoI {_Om© Wm & Omo A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ N>moQ>o go naJZm Ho$ amOm Wo& {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX

$Page 1: H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma g mO {dkmZ republished - Kar textbooks/class9...BgHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ C_aeoI {_Om© Wm & Omo A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ N>moQ>o go naJZm Ho$ amOm Wo& {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX$
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g_mO {dkmZSocial Science

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Zm¡dt H$jm^mJ - II

Hindi MediumPart - II

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4 l_ VWm amoOJma 125

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AÜ`m` - 5

_wJb Am¡a _amR>m

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{X„r gwëVmZm| H$m dM©ñd H$_Omoa hmo OmZo na ~m~a Zo 1526 B©0 _| _wJb gm_«mÁ` H$s ñWmnZm H$s Wr &

^maV _| _wJbm| H$m emgZ (1526-1707)~m~a

~m~aZm_m (VwPwH$-B-~m~ar)

~m~a Zo AmË_M[aÌ H$mo VwH$s© ^mfm _o§ {bIm h¡& Bg nwñVH$ _| amOZr{VH {df`m| Ho$ Abmdm {d{dY àXoem| H$m àmH¥${VH$ ñdén gm¡X`©, dhm± Ho$ àmUr g§Hw$b, gñ`dJ, njr, CÚmZmo§ Ho$ ~mao _| dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& ~m~a ñd`§ H${d Am¡a CÎm_ {MÌH$ma Wo& AãXþb ahr_ ImZ Zo Bgo \$magr ^mfm _| AZwdmX {H$`m Wm&

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hþ_m`±y

~m~a H$m Áòð> nwÌ hþ_m`°y§ _wJb gm_«mÁ` H$m Xÿgam gwbVmZ Wm& hþ_m`y± Zo O~ A{YH$ma g±^mbm V~ Cgo H${R>Z MwZm¡{V`m± H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m Wm& CZ g~ _| g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr `h

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Wr {H$ CgH$m gm_«mÁ` ApñWa Am¡a Ag§J{R>V hmo J`m Wm& Bg g_ñ`m H$m {ZdmaU H¡$go {H$`m Omò & AÝ` H$maU h¢ - A\$Jm{Z`m| go naoem{Z`m±, JwOamV Ho$ ~hmXþaemh go d¡aËd, AnZo ^mB`m| go g_W©Z/gh`moJ Z {_bZm, H$mqbOa Am¡a MwZma Ho$ {H$bmo§ H$m Xm¡am, H$a, MT>mB©H$a Ag\$b hmoZo na ^r Om¡Znwa d _mS>ga na AnZm A{YH$ma O_m {b`m& hþ_m`y± eoaemh go `wÕ _| hma J`m Wm& hþ_m`y± H$mo {g§Y àm§V _| Aml` boZm n‹S>m Wm& eoaemh H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX hþ_m`y± Zo nwZ: àemgZ H$mo g^mbm &

eoaemh (1540-1545)

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eoaemh H$s àemg{ZH$ ì¶dñWm

eoaemh Zo àemg{ZH$ ì¶dñWm H$mo ‘O²~yV H$aZo na ~b {X¶m& dh Hw$b àemgZ H$m à‘wI Wm& Am¡a dh ‘§{Ì‘§S>b H$s ghm¶Vm go Hw$eb àemgZ Mbm ahm Wm& amO Zo ZmJ[aH$ VWm g¡Ý¶ XmoZm| joÌm| H$mo AnZo A{YH$ma ‘| H|$ÐrH¥$V aIm& BgZo nyao gm‘«mÁ¶ H$mo gaH$ma (àm§V) naJZm| ‘| {d^º$ {H$¶m Wm& BgH$s goZm ‘| n¡Xb {gnmhr, AídXb, {’$a§Jr Xb VWm JO Xb Wo& BZ‘| Aíd Xb AË¶{YH$ à~b Wm& goZm ‘| AZwemgZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE g¡{ZH$m| H$s hm{Oar nwpñVH$m, Kmo‹S>m| H$mo ‘wÐm (XmJ) bJmZo H$s nX²Y{V Omar H$s JB©& goZm H$mo AZoH$ ^mJm| Ho$ én ‘| {d^º$ H$a CZHo$ {ZarjU Ho$ {bE ’$m¡OXma (Xbn{V) H$mo {Z¶wº$ {H$¶m J¶m& g¡Ý¶ g§JR>Z, ¶wX²Y gm‘J«r VWm g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ AZwemgZ g§~§Yr H$m¶m] ‘| eoaemh ñd¶§ é{M boVm Wm&

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eoaemh Zo "Xm_' Zm_H$ Mm§Xr H$m Z`m {g¸$m Oma {H$`m& BgHo$ Ûmam Omar {H$`m J`m "EH$ én`m' Mm§Xr Ho$ {g¸o$ H$m ^ma 180 J«m_ Wm& g^r _wJb g_«mQ>m| Zo Bg nÕ{V H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m& Am¡a g^r Zo Bgo AmJo ~T>m`m&

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amï´>r` _mJ© Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa no‹S> bJmò JE& `m{Ì`m| H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bE 1700 {dlm§{V (Amam_ J¥h) gam` ~Zdmò JE&

AH$~a

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XrZ-E-Bbmhr : ~MnZ _| AH$~a CXma Zr{V`m| go gå~pÝYV na§namJV {gÕm§Vm| go à^m{dV Wm& Bg{bE CgZo g^r Y_m] Ho$ loð> {dMmam| H$mo AnZo OrdZ _| AnZm`m& 1582 B©0 _| XrZ-E-

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kmV aho

XrZ-E-Bbmhr - aº${nVnmgw O¡go _yb ^yV dJ© na {Z`§ÌU aIZm Bg ZE n§W H$s ñWmnZm H$m à_wI CÔoí`m| _| go EH$ Wm&

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AmnH$s OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma Ho$ Zdab :

Vmo‹S>a_b, A~wb \$Ob, \¡$Or, ~ra~b, VmZgoZ, AãXþñahr_ImZ, h_r_, hþ_m_, _w„m Xmo-\$`mO Am¡a _mVqgh&

AH$~a H$s àemg{ZH$ Zr{V : gwJ_Vm go àemgZ MbmZo H$s Ñ{ï> go AH$~a Zo AnZo gm_«mÁ` H$mo Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma, àm§Vr` gaH$ma Am¡a naJZm Am{X {d^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Wm& _Zg~Xmar nÕ{V AH$~a Ho$ àemgZ H$s à_wI {deofVm Wr& AH$~a {demb gm_«mÁ` H$m MH«$dVu, \$m¡µO H$m goZm{Yn{V, H$m`©nm{bH$m H$m à_wI A{YH$mar Am¡a Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$m àm{YH$mar Wm& AH$~a H$s gaH$ma _| àemgZ H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo Ho$ {bE dH$sb, XrdmZ, _ra~a³jr Am¡a _w»` gXa Zm_H$ Mma _§ÌrJU Wo& AH$~a Zo AnZo gm_«mÁ` H$mo AZoH$ àm§Vmo _| {d^mOZ {H$`m Wm& CÝh| gw^mJ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm Wm& gm_«mÁ` _| Bg àH$ma nÝÐh gw^mJ Wo& àËòH$ gw~m _| EH$ {gnhgmbma (gw~oXma), XrdmZ, gXa, H$mOr, H$moVdmb Am¡a dH$s`m Zdrg Wm& àËòH$ {Obo _| \$m¡µOXma, A_b JwOma, {~{Q>ŠMr Wo& naJZm Ho$ àemgZ H$s XoIaoI {eH$Xma, A_ra, nmoVXma, H$mZw§Jmo Am{X H$aVo Wo& AH$~a H$s goZm _| g¡{ZH$m| H$m XOm© hmoVm Wm& CÝh| "_Zg~' Zm_ go OmZm OmVm Wm& CZHo$ à_wI H$mo _Zg~Xma H$hm OmVm Wm& _wJbm| H$s goZm _| AœXb, n¡Xb goZm, VmonImZo H$m KQ>H$ Am¡a JOXb ^r Wo& Kmo‹S>m| H$s XoIaoI Ho$ {bE EH$ AbJ {d^mJ Wm&

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AH$~a Ho$ H$mb _| nw{bg (H$moVdmb) H$s ì`dñWm gwg§K{Q>V Am¡a gj_ Wr& {Obo _| \$m¡µOXma Am¡a naJZm _| amOñd A{YH$mar ghm`Vm H$aVo Wo& {Obo Ho$ amO_mJm] na gwaj H$s Ñ{ï>

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go H$‹S>m ~§Xmo~ñV H$aZm BZH$m H$V©ì` Wm& naJZm _| nw{bg WmZo H$s ì`dñWm Wr& Bg àH$ma nhbr ~ma _Ü`H$mbrZ B{Vhmg _| AH$~a Zo AË`§V gj_ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm H$mo Omar {H$`m Wm& AH$~a Zo H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën H$mo ^r àmoËgmhZ {X`m Wm& \$Vhnwa {gH$ar _| à_wI ñ_maH$m| Ho$ Zm_ Bg àH$ma go h¢& Xm¡bV ImZm, »dmOm-~mJ, XâVa ImZm, B~mXVImZm, _º$~ ImZm, OmoYm~mB© _hb, n§M_hb, ~ra~b _hb, H$~yVa ImZm Am{X Wo&

AŠ~a Ho$ ~mX CgHo ~S>o ~oQ>o Ohm±Jra Zo _wJb gm_«mÁ` H$m àemgZ CÎm_ T>§J go {H$`m& CgHo$ ~mX emhOhm± Zo emgZ Mbm`m& Ohm±Jra Zo AH$~a H$s Zr{V H$mo AmJo ~T>m¶m& amOnyV amOmAm| Ho$ gmW d¡¶{º$H$ VWm d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y ~ZmE& ‘odmS> Ho$ amOm na bJo Hw$N> {Z~©Ym| H$mo hQ>m¶m& Ohm±Jra Zo ñd¶§ ¶wÕ ‘| ^mJ boH$a gZ² 1613 ‘o ‘odmS> Ho$ amUm H$mo ham¶m& Bg n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| H$B© à{V~§Y bJmE JE& BgHo$ ~mX BgHo$ nwÌ emhOhm± Zo A{YH$ma J«hU {H$¶m&

emhOhm±

BgHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ Ohm±Jra Wm& {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX emhOhm± amOm ~Zm& BgZo ~hþ_yë` aËZm| go O‹S>o _`ya qghmgZ H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m& BgZo AnZo nwÌ Am¡a§JOo~ H$mo XŠIZ àXoe Ho amOà{V{Z{Y Ho$ én _| {Z`wº$ {H$`m Wm& BgZo 1636 B©0 _| nwV©Jm{b`m| H$mo hamH$a Ah_XZJa H$mo AnZo de _| H$a {b`m& ehOhm± Zo XŠIZ joÌ _| ^y_mnZ Am¡a _m¡ë`_mnZ nÕ{V H$mo Omar _| bm`m Wm& ~mX _| amOZr{VH$ CWb-nwWb hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Am¡a§JOo~ _wJb amÁ` H$m gwbVmZ ~Zm& BgHo$ H$m`© H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ ^maV Am¡a n{ü_ E{e`m, `yamon Ho$ Xoem| Ho$ ~rM _| ì`mnma Ho$ _m_bo _| AË`{YH$ CÞ{V hþB©& emhOhm± Zo AnZr {à` nËZr _w_VmO ~oJ_ Ho$ {bE AmJam _| VmO_hb H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m& {X„r H$m bmb {H$bm Am¡a Cg_| ~Zm`r J`r B_maV| emhOhm± H$s AØþV XoZ h¢& Bg{bE BgHo$ emgZ H$mb H$mo _wJbm| H$s H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën H$m ñdU©`wJ H$hm OmVm h¡& A§V _| emhOhm§ Ho$ nwÌm| _| {g§hmgZ H$mo boH$a Am§V[aH$ H$bh hþE {Oggo Am¡a§JOo~ _wJbm| H$m emgH$ ~Zm&

VmO_hb

VmO_hb… VmO_hb CÎma àXoe Ho$ AmJam ZJa _| h¡& `h `_wZm ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao pñWV h¡& Bgo _wJb g_«mQ> emhOhm± Zo AnZr nËZr _w_VmO H$s `mX _| ~Zdm`m Wm& BgH$m {Z_m©U H$m`© 1632 B©0 _| àma§^ hmoH$a 1653 B©0 _| nyU© hþAm& Bgo g\o$X g§J_a_a nËWa go ~Zdm`m J`m Wm& VmO_hb g§gma Ho$ à_wI ñ_maH$m| _| go EH$ h¡& `h ñ_maH$ `wZoñH$mo H$s A{^d¥{Õ gyMr _| gpå_{bV h¡&

\$Vhnwa grH$ar H$m n§M_hb

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Am¡a§JOo~ :

¶h AÀN>m g¡Ý` à{ejU nmH$a gj_ g¡{ZH$ ~Zm& BgZo AnZo {nVm emhOhm± H$mo H¡$X H$aHo$ ""Amb_ Jra'' nXdr àmá H$a BgHo$ àemgZ Ho$ {déÕ CÎmanyd© ‘| Ahmo‘, CÎmanpíM‘ ‘| ¶yg’$m¶r bmoJm| Zo {dÐmoh H$a {X¶m {Ogo VmËH$m{bH$ én go X~m¶m J¶m& ‘amR>m emgH$ {edmOr H$m An‘mZ H$a CÝh| ~§Xr ~Zm¶m Omo AmJo MbH$a ‘wJbm| Ho$ {déX²Y AmH«$‘U H$aZo H$m à‘wI H$maU ~Zm& CÎma ^maV ‘| ^r ‘odmS> Ho$ amOnyV, amR>m¡a, {g³I, OmQ>, ~w§Xob VWm gVZm{‘¶m| Ho$ {dÐmoh H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& BgZo {~Omnwa Ho$ Am{Xb emhr VWm JmobHw§$S>m Ho$ {ZOm‘ emhr Ho$ gmW g§Kf© H$a CÝh| AnZo amÁ¶ ‘| {dbrZ H$a {b¶m& qH$Vw A§V ‘| à~b e{º$ amOnyVm| Ho$ gmW BgH$s eÌwVm go ‘wJbm| H$s AdZ{V àma§^ hmo J¶r&

Am¡a§JOo~ Zo Hw$amZ Ho$ VËdm| H$mo H$Q²>Q>aVm nyd©H$ nmbZ H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& BgHo$ H$mb ‘| H$B© à{gÕ qhXÿ ‘§{Xa Zme {H$¶o JE& BgHo$ gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| gVràWm, g§JrV H$m¶©H«$‘, Owb²g, OwAm, ‘X²¶nmZ VWm Jm±Om CËnm{XV nXmW© Ho$ Cn¶moJ na {ZfoY bJm¶m J¶m& BgZo AmS>§~a H$mo ‘hËd {XE {~Zm gab-gmXm OrdZ {~Vm¶m& Bgo qOXm ’$H$sa ¶m gOrd, ’$H$sa H$hm OmVm Wm&

_wJbm| H$m `moJXmZ

àemgZ : _wJbm| H$s àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm d§e nma§n[aH$ Wr& {Za§Hw$e amOà^wËd H$s ì`dñWm _wJb gm_«mÁ` _| Wr& _wJbm| Zo ñd`§ H$mo g_«mQ> _mZH$a ~mXemh Zm_H$ Cnm{Y nm`r& àemgZ H$mo XjVm go MbmZo Ho$ {bE gm_«mÁ` H$mo àm§V, {Obm Am¡a ZJam| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m Wm& BZH$m {ZarjU H$aZo Ho$ {bE àemg{ZH$ A{YH$mar Wo& gwëVmZ Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$m _wpI`m Wm& _wJb ~mXemhm| Ho$ nmg goZmn{V H$mo ~Im©ñV H$aZm `m _§{Ì`m| H$s {Z`w{º$ H$aZm, Eogo g~ A{YH$ma Wo& _Zg~Xmam| H$s {Z`w{º$ H$aZm, OmJra àXmZ H$aZm, H$mZyZ ~ZmZm ~mXemhm| H$m H$V©ì` Wm& dH$sb, XrdmZ, _ra~jr Am¡a _w»` gXa, H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ à_wI _§ÌrJU Wo& àm§Vm| Ho$ àemgZ H$mo amÁ`nmb, XrdmZ, ~jr, dH$s`m Zdrg, H$moVdmb, \$m¡OXma, A_b JwOma Am¡a ~{VH${M Zm_H$ A{YH$mar XoI-aoI H$aVo Wo&

amOñd ì`dñWm : IoVr~m‹S>r H$aZm _wJb gm_«mÁ` Ho$ A{YH$m§e bmoJm| H$m à_wI CÚmoJ Wm& ^y{_ H$s CnOmD$ Ho$ pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na {H$gmZm| go bJmZ dgybm OmVm Wm& H¥${f ^y{_ H$m g§nyU© ^y_mnZ H$aHo$ bJmZ V` {H$`m OmVm Wm& AmO ^r h_mar amÁ` ì`dñWm àemgZ _| _wJbm| Ho$ H$mb _| Mb ahr amOñd ì`dñWm Ho$ àM{bV nX XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢&

gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm : VËH$mbrZ _wJb gm_«mÁ` _| amOm, _§ÌrJU, A{YH$mar dJ© Am¡a H$_©Mmar dJ© H$mo AmXaUr` ñWmZ àmá Wm& BZH$s nmofmH$ H$s_Vr hþAm H$aVr Wr& ò hrao, _moVr nÞm Am{X OS>o Am^yfU YmaU H$aVo Wo& Am¡a§JOo~ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ~mH$s g~ bmoJ g§JrV-g^mAm|, _Zmoa§OZ, _{Xam-nmZ Am¡a OwE _| AnZm g_` ì`VrV H$aVo Wo& H¥$fH$ A{YH$ ^y-amOñd VWm gaH$ma Ho$ AZw{MV Zr{V VWm {~Mm¡{b¶m| Ho$ AË¶mMma go V§J OrdZ ì¶VrV H$a aho Wo& H¥${f go AbJ dJ©

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‘| M‘S>o H$m H$m‘ H$aZo dmbo, Hw$åhma, ~T>B©, M‘ma, Ymo~r Am{X godH$ dJ© Wo& gVràWm, ~mb {ddmh, XhoOàWm, H$Ý¶mewëH$ Am{X àM{bV Wm&

Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm : CÎma ^maV Ho$ _¡XmZr BbmH$m| _| AZoH$ Z{X`m± ~hZo Ho$ H$maU H¥${f `mo½` CnOmD$ ^y{_ Wr& CÎma ^maV _| EH$ Vah go Z{X`m| H$m Omb hmoZo Ho$ H$maU qgMmB© H$mo ì`dñWm ~hþV AÀN>r Wr& H¥${f H$m {dH$mg AÀN>r Vah go hmoZo bJm Wm& V~ H$B© gaH$mar H$maImZo Wo&

bmhm¡a, AmJam, \$Vohnwa {gH«$s Am¡a Ah_Xm~mX _| gaH$ma Ho$ H$maImZo Wo& VËH$mbrZ dómoÚmoJ Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ Bg àH$ma go h¢ - ~Zmag, nQ>Zm, T>mH$m, emh~mOnwa, gmoZma, bmhm¡a, \$Vohnwa {gH«$s Am¡a AmJam Am{X& AH$~a Ho$ emgZ H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ em°b Am¡a Xar ~ZmZo Ho$ ~wZH$a Ho$ÝÐm| Zo Va¸$s H$s& H$í_ra Ho$ em°b V~ ^r ~hþV à{gÕ Wo& _wJbm| Ho$ H$mb _| E{e`m Am¡a `yamon go ^maV Ho$ dm{UpÁ`H$ gå~§Y Wo& H$ƒm aoe_, bm¡h nXmW©, Kmo‹S>o, gwJ§Y Ðì`, gmoZm Am¡a Mm±Xr O¡go nXmWm| H$m Am`mV {H$`m OmVm Wm& gyVr H$n‹S>o, H$mbr {_M©, Zrb, nm¡Yo H$m nXmW© A\$s_ Am¡a D$Zr dóm| H$m à_wI én go {Z`m©V {H$`m OmVm Wm&

bmb {H$bm

gm{hË` : _wJb H$mb _| \$magr, Aa~r, VwH$r©, {hÝXr Am¡a g§ñH¥$V ^mfmAm| _| aMZmE± {bIr JB©& ~m~a Am¡a OhJra {dÛmZ Wo & ~m~a Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm "~m~a-Zm_m' H$s aMZm H$s Wr& Ohm§Jra Zo "VwPwH$-B-Ohm±Jra' (AmË_H$Wm) H$s aMZm H$s Wr& AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma _| A~wb \$µOb Zm_H$ {dÛmZ Wo& BÝhm|Zo "AmBZo-AH$~ar' Am¡a AH$~a-Zm_m \$magr ^mfm _| {bIr Wr& ~Xm¡Zr Zo am_mÙ H$mo \$magr ^mfm _| AZwdmX {H$`m Wm& \¡$Or Zo brbmdVr Zm_H$ J{UV nwñVH$ H$mo \$magr ^mfm _| AZwdmX {H$`m Wm& amOm Vmo‹S>a_b Zo ^mJdV nwamU H$mo \$magr ^mfm _| AZwdmX {H$`m Wm& VwbgrXmg Zo _hmH$mì` "am_M[aV_mZg' H$s aMZm H$s Wr& gyaXmg Zo "gyagmJa' H$s aMZm H$s Wr& agImZ ^r gm{hË`H$ma Wo& ~ra~b Zo ^r CËH¥$ð> H¥${V`m| H$s aMZm H$s Wr&

H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën : _wJbm| Zo H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën Ho$ joÌ _| AnZm A^yVnyd© `moJXmZ {X`m Wm& AH$~a Am¡a emhOhm± Ûmam ~Zdmò JE ñ_maH$ \$Vhnwa {gH«$s {X„r Am¡a AmJam _| pñWV h¢& ò ñWmZ _wJbm| H$s amOYm[Z¶m± hþAm H$aVo Wo& à{gÕ AmJam H$m AH$~ar _hb, Ohm±Jra _hb Am¡a {H$bm| H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m Wm& \$Vohnwa grH$ar ({dO` H$m) _| n§M_hb, OmoYmda _hb ~ra~b _hb, B~mXV ImImZm, Om_m _pñOX, ~wb§X XadmOm emhOhm± Ho$ H$mb H$s _hËdnyU© XoZ h¢&

emhOhm± Zo {X„r _| bmb {H$bm ~Zdm`m Wm& XrdmZ-E-Img, a§J _hb, ^maV H$m g~go ~‹S>m _pñµOX Om{_`m _pñµOX Omo {X„r _| h¡ BgH$m {Z_m©U ^r emhOhm± Zo H$adm`m Wm& BgZo ‘w‘VmO

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‘hb Am{X B‘maVo§ {Z{_©V H$adm¶r§& ‘¶ya qghmgZ H$mo (gmV df© H$s Ad{Y ‘| CZ {XZm|-EH$ H$amoS> ì¶¶) ~Zdm¶m& Xoe H$s AË¶§V ~S>r ‘pñOX Om{‘¶m ‘pñOX Bg H$mb H$s XoZ h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ bmhm¡a, H$m~wb, H$í‘ra, H$§Xhma, AO‘oa, Ah‘Xm~mX Am{X joÌm| ‘| emhOhm± Ho$ H$mb Ho$ dmñVw{eën XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢&

{MÌH$bm : hþ_m y± Ho$ emgZH$mb _| _wJbm| H$s {MÌH$bm àma§ hþB©& n{e© m Ho$ _ra g¡æ`X Abr Am¡a AãXþg g_X Zo {MÌH$bm Ho$ joÌ _| hñVà{V H$s aMZm H$s Wr& AH$~ma Ho$ Xa~ma _| Hw$b gÌh {MÌH$ma Wo {OZ_| go Voah {hÝXÿ {MÌH$ma Wo& CZ_| à{gÕ {MÌH$ma Xñd§V, ~gdmZ, bmb, OJÞmW, _hoe Am¡a _wHw§$X à_wI Wo& qH$Vw emhOhm± VWm Am¡a§JOo~ H$mo {MÌH$bm _| é{M Zht Wr& Ohm±Jra Ho$ Xa~ma _| CñVmX _§gya Am¡a AãXþb hgZ Zm_H$ {MÌH$ma Wo& o {MÌH$ma _wJb ~mXemAm| Ho$ Am¡a am{Z`m| Ho$ ~¥hV AmH$ma Ho$ {MÌ ~ZmVo Wo& Bg àH$ma _wJbm| H$m {d{dY joÌm| _| `moJXmZ XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&

_amR>m amÁ`gÌhdt eVmãXr _| ^maV Ho$ XŠIZ àXoe _| _amR>m amÁ` H$m CX` hþAm& VËH$mbrZ g_` _|

A{YH$m§e ^maVr` ^y^mJ na _wJbm| H$m emgZ Wm& _amR>m| H$m amÁ` dV©_mZ H$Zm©Q>H$ Am¡a _hmamï´> Ho$ g_yMo àXoe _| ì`má Wm& gÌhdt eVmãXr _| _hmamï´> Ah_X ZJa Ho$ {ZOm_ emhr Am¡a {dO`mnwa Ho$ Am{Xbem{h`m| Ho$ AYrZ _| Wm& BZ gwëVmZm| Zo ñWmZr` _amR>r bmoJm| H$mo goZm _| ^Vu H$a {b`m& Xoenm§‹S>o Am¡a Xoe_wI ^y{_ H$a (Tax) H$m g§J«h H$aVo Wo& emhOr ^m|gbo {~Omnwa Ho$ gwëVmZm| Ho$ AYrZ àemg{ZH$ A{YH$mar Wm& BgZo AnZo gwëVmZ go Hw$N> OmJram| H$mo àmá {H$`m Wm&

{edmOr

{edmOr

_amR>m amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm go ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| ZE AÜ`m` H$m àma§^ hþAm& Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ emgZ H$mb VH$ _wJb gm_«mÁ` AdZV hmo ahm Wm& {nN>bo _wJb gm_«mQ>m| Ûmam ñWm{nV geº$ àemgZ A~ Xþ~©b hmo ahm Wm& amOYmZr go Xÿa pñWV àm§Vm| _| Xþ~©b hmoH$a dhm± AamOH$Vm H$s pñW{V n¡Xm hmoJ`r Wr& A{YH$mar g_«mQ>m| Ho$ AmXoe H$m nmbZ Zht H$aVo Wo& npíM_r ^mJ _| _wJb gm_«mÁ` Ho$ N>moa H$m _amR>dmS>m àm§V A{YH$m[a`m| Ûmam hmdt hmo J`m Wm& H¥$fH$, ì`mnmar VWm hñV{eënr AË`m{YH$ H$a Ho$ ^mJ go X~ JE Wo& A{YH$m[a`m| Ûmam {XE OmZo dmbo H$ï> go gm_m{OH$ OrdZ ^r AñVì`ñV hmo J`m Wm& ñdV§Ì ê$n go gm_m{OH$ VWm Ym{_©H$ g_mamoh Zht {H$E Om gH$Vo Wo& H$a MwH$mZm nS>Vm Wm& Eogr AamOH$Vm _| Y_© Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ~mao _| _amR>m| _| pñWV {Zð>mdmZ {edmOr Zo Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ {déÕ g§Kf© H$a _amR>m gm_«mÁ` ñWm{nV {H$`m& _amR>m| _| {edmOr loï> emgH$ Wo& amÁ` H$m {dñVma H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW EH$ AÀN>o àemgZ H$s ì`dñWm H$aZo _| g\$b hþE Wo& {edmOr Zo _hmamï´> Ho$ gwà{gÕ g§Vm| Ho$ CnXoe go ñ\y${V© nmH$a {hÝXÿ Y_© H$s ajm H$aZm Am¡a _amR>m amÁ` H$s ñWmZ H$mo à_wI _mZm&

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{edmOr nwUo {Obo Ho$ {edZoar Jm±d _| OÝ_o Wo& BZHo$ {nVm emhOr ^m|gbo Ah_XZJa, _wJb Am¡a {dO`mnwa Ho$ gwbVmZm| Ho$ `hm± Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo& BZH$s _mVm H$m Zm_ OrOm~mB© Wm& ò lÕm go âr gmpËdH$ _{hbm Wt& BÝhm|Zo AnZo nwÌ _| Ym{_©H$ lÕm Am¡a AmË_{dœmg, AmË_gå_mZ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| O¡go AÀN>o g§ñH$ma S>mbo& XmXmOrH$m|‹S>Xod {edmOr Ho$ Jwé Wo& BÝhm|Zo {edmOr H$mo emóm| H$m AÜ``Z H$admH$a gmW hr eómóm| H$mo MbmZo H$m à{ejU ^r {X`m Wm& {edmOr hr eómóm| H$mo MbmZo H$m à{ejU ^r {X`m Wm& {edmOr H$mo H$gaV H$aZm, Vbdma MbmZm, Kw‹S>gdmar H$aZm O¡go j{Ì`m| H$s H$bmAm| _| é{M`m± Wt& {edmOr Zo ~MnZ _| hr ñdV§Ì amÁ` {Z_m©U H$m gnZm XoIm Wm& Bg{bE nwUo H$mo Ho$ÝÐr` ñWmZ _mZH$a {edmOr Zo amÁ` H$m {dñVma Ho$ H$m_ _| ñd`§ H$mo bJm`m& Bg {Xem _| {edmOr Zo AnZo ñWmZr` {Zdm{g`m| `wdmdJ© (_mdbr) H$s Q>mobr H$mo g¡Ý` én _| g§K{Q>V {H$`m& {edmOr Zo AnZo _mdbr g¡{ZH$m| H$mo Jo[a„m `wÕ H$m à{ejU {X`m& {edmOr Zo {dO`mnwa Ho$ gwëVmZ go VmoaU {H$bm, nwa§Xa J‹T> H$m {H$bm, MH$Z {H$bm, qghJ‹T> Am¡a Odbr {H$bm, BZ g~ {H$bm| H$mo {edmOr Zo AnZo H$ãOo _| H$a {b`m& {edmOr Zo àVmnJ‹T> Zm_H$ Z`m {H$bm ~Zdm`m& {edmOr Zo {dO`mnwa Ho$ gwëVmZm| Ho$ {déÕ g§Kf© H$aZo Ho$ H$maU CgHo$ {nVm emhOr gwëVmZ H$mo H¡$X H$a {b`m& nwZ: Eogm g§Kf© Zht H$a|Jo Bg Vah H$m AmœmgZ nmH$a emhOr H$mo [ahm H$a {X`m J`m&

_wJbm| Am¡a {edmOr H$m g§~§Y

{edmOr Zo AZoH$ ~ma _wJb gwëVmZ Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ {déÕ b‹S>mB© H$s& X{jU ^maV _| emhr amÁ`m| H$mo hamZo Ho$ gmW-gmW _amR>m amÁ` H$mo g§nyU© én go hamZo H$m Am¡a§JOo~ Zo {Zü` {H$`m Wm& Bg CÔoí` H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE em{`ñVm ImZ Am¡a O`qgh H$mo {Z`wº$ {H$`m J`m& O`qgh Zo {edmOr H$mo hamH$a nwa§Xa _| {edmOr go g_Pm¡Vm H$a {b`m& Bg g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ AZwgma {edmOr H$mo AnZo 23 XþJ© Am¡a gmbmZm 16 bmI H$s Am_XZr àmá hmoZodmbo àXoe H$mo O`qgh H$mo gm¢nZm n‹S>m& _wJbm| Ho$ gmW {Zð>m go ahZo H$s gbmh {edmOr Zo AnZo nwÌ g§^mOr H$mo Xr& {edmOr Zo AnZo nwÌ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| 5000 AœXb Ho$ gmW {X„r ôOm& O`qgh Zo {edmOr H$mo Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ Xa~ma _| AmZo H$m Ý`m¡Vm {X`m& Am¡a§JOo~ Zo AnZo X~ma _| {edmOr H$m AmXa-gËH$ma Z H$aHo$ CZH$m An_mZ {H$`m& Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ Bg ì`dhma H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ H$maU Cgo Am¡a nwÌ g§^mOr H$mo AmJam Ho$ H$mamJ¥h _| ~§X H$a {X`m J`m& bo{H$Z Hw$N> hr {XZm| Ho$ ~mX {edmOr AnZo nwÌ Ho$ gmW {_R>mB© H$mo R>moH$ar _| ~¡R>H$a H$mamJ¥h go ~mha AmZo _| g\$b hmo JE Am¡a {H$gr Vah am`J‹T> nhþ±Mo& {edmOr Zo AnZr goZm H$mo _µO~yV pñW{V _| bmH$a Omo {H$bo nhbo CZHo$ hmW go Ny>Q> Jò Wo, goZm H$s ghm`Vm go {\$a EH$ ~ma CÝh| AnZo H$ãOo _| H$a {b`m& {edmOr _wJbm| Ho$ àXoe go Mm¡V (^y{_H$a H$m EH$ Mm¡WmB© ^mJ) Am¡a AnZo amÁ` _| gaXoe_wIr (^y{_H$a H$m 10 à{VeV ^mJ) g§J«h H$aVo Wo& 1674 B©0. _| am`J‹T> _| {edmOr H$m amÁ`m{^foH$ hþAm& Cgr g_` {edmOr H$mo "N>Ìn{V' Zm_H$ Cnm{Y go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m&

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_Xþa¡

{edmOr H$m àemgZ : {edmOr Zo AnZo {demb amÁ` _| loð> àemgZ H$s Ztd aIr Wr & gm_«mÁ` H$mo AZoH$ àm§Vm| _| ~m§Q>m J`m Wm& CÝh| ñdamÁ` Am¡a _wJb amÁ` Zm_ go OmZm OmVm Wm& _amR>r àemgZ H$mo _w»` ^mfm Wr& {edmOr Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma H$m à_wI _wpI`m Wm& BZH$s àemg{ZH$ ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE Að> àYmZ Zm_H$ _§ÌrJU Wo& gmW _| BZH$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE AÝ` A{YH$mar ^r Wo& àm§V, {Obm Am¡a J«m_ àemgZ H$s BH$mB© Wo&

amOñd ì`dñWm : {edmOr H$s amOñd ì`dñWm _| bMrbonZ H$m JwU Wm& CÝhm|Zo Bg Ñ{ï> go {H$gmZm| H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bE a¡Vdmar nÕ{V H$mo AnZm`m Wm& CÝhm|Zo OmJraXmar go g§~§{YV amOñd nÕ{V H$mo aÔ {H$`m Wm& H$a (Tax) H$mo n¡go `m dñVw Ho$ én _| XoZo H$s ì`dñWm Wr& Mm¡V Am¡a gaXoe_wIr Zm_H$ ^y-amOñd H$s ì`dñWm Wr &

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Jo[a„m `wÕ…

nhmS>m|, Q>rbm| Am¡a dÝ` àXoem| _| {N>nH$a AMmZH$ hr eÌwAm|na h_bm H$aZo H$s `wÕ H$bm&

Ý`m{`H$ ì`dñWm : {edmOr Ho$ àemgZ _| na§namJV Ý`m{`H$ ì`dñWm Omar _| Wr& J«m_rU joÌm| _| J«m_ n§Mm`V Ý`m` {H$`m H$aVo Wo& ~«m÷U Ý`m`mYre ñ_¥{V Ho$ AmYma na {ZU©` gwZmVo Wo&

g¡Ý` àUmbr : _amR>m amÁ` H$s goZm _| n¡Xb goZm, JOXb, AœXb Am¡a VmonImZo H$m KQ>H$ Wm& amOJ‹T>, amOJ‹T>, VmoaUJ‹T> Am¡a qghJ‹T> _| à_wI {H$bo Wo& hdbXma {H$bo H$m _w»` n`©dojH$ Wm& goZm _| AZoH$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o KQ>H$ Wo& Jo[a„m `wÕ H$s H$bm _| {edmOr Ho$ g¡{ZH$m| Zo _hmaV hm{gb H$s Wr&

{edmOr Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar : {edmOr Ho$ _¥Ë`w Ho$ g_` _| CZH$s gm¡Vobr _mVm gmB~mB© (g§^mOr H$s _m±) Ho$ ~rM _| Am§V[aH$ H$bh H$s pñW{V CËnÞ hþB© Wr& gm§Ôr Zo AnZr e{º$ go _amR>m amÁ` H$mo AnZo de _| H$maHo$ emgZ H$aZm ewé {H$`m Wm& Bg_| XÿaÑ{ï> Am¡a {ddoH$ H$m A^md Wm& BgHo$ Ûmam amÁ` H$m g§ajU Vmo hmo Zht nm`m, na Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ AmH«$_U Ho$ Xm¡amZ `wÕ _| _mam J`m& BgH$s nËZr Am¡a N>moQ>o ~oQ>o emhþ H$mo H¡$X H$a {b`m J`m& Bg pñW{V _o gm§^mOr H$m gm¡Vobm ^mB© amOmam_ emhþ (gm§^mOr H$m nwÌ) Zo amOà{V{Z{Y Ho$ én _| àemgZ H$s ~mJ‹S>moa g§^mbr& amOmam_ Zo nwZ: _wJbm| go `wÕ H$aHo$ JwOamV _mbdm, ImZXoe, ~oama Am¡a Hw$N> {H$bm| H$mo AnZo de _| H$a {b`m& 1700 B©0 amOmam_ H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX CgH$s nËZr Vmam~mB© _mo{hVo Zo AnZo Xg dfu` nwÌ {edmOr ({ÛVr`) H$mo amO qghmgZ na ~¡R>m`m Am¡a IwX àemgZ MbmZo bJr& BgZo 1700-1708 B©0 Ho$ ~rM amO à{V{Z{Y Ho$ Vm¡a na H$m`© {H$`m& BgZo ^r Am¡a§JOo~ H$s goZm go `wÕ {H$`m Wm& `wÕ Ho$ àma§^ _| Am¡a§JOo~ H$s goZm OrV H$s Amoa AJ«ga Wr qH$Vw `wÕ Ho$ A§{V_ g_` _| _amR>m| Zo dmngr H$s Am¡a `wÕ OrV {b`m& _amR>m| Zo Omo {H$bo nhbo Imo {Xò Wo ; CZna {\$a go AnZm A{YH$ma H$a {b`m& Am¡a§JOo~ H$m CÎmam{YH$mar ~hmXþaemh (àW_) Zo gm§^mOr Ho$ nwÌ emhþ H$mo H$mamJ¥h go [ahm H$a {X`m Am¡a Cgo V{jU _| pñWV _wJbm| Ho$ gw^mJ joÌ go Mm¡V Am¡a gaXoe_wIr g§J«h H$aZo H$m AZw_{V ^r {X`m& `h {df` Vmam~mB© Am¡a emhþ Ho$ ~rM _| Am§V[aH$ H$bh H$m H$maU ~Zm Am¡a Vmam~mB© nam{OV hmo JB©& bo{H$Z emhþ _| `mo½`Vm Zht Wr& Bg{bE AnZo àemgZ H$mo noedm (àYmZ_§Ìr) H$mo gm¢n {X`m& Bg àH$ma _amR>m amÁ` _| noedmAm| H$m àemgZ ewé hþAm&

noedm

~mbmOr {dœZmW (1713-1720) : ~mbmOr {dœZmW, emhþ H$m goZmn{V hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW à{gÕ _amR>m ZoVm Wm& dh {Zð>mdmZ Am¡a gj_Vm go H$m`© {Z^mZm OmZVm Wm& Bg{bE _amR>m| Zo ~mbmOr {dœZmW H$mo hr noedm Ho$ én _| {Z`wº$ {H$`m& BgZo emhþ Am¡a CgH$s _mVm H$mo _wJbm| Ho$ H¡$X go Nw>‹S>mZo _o ~‹S>r ^y{_H$m {Z^m`r Wr& gæ`X ~§Yw Omo {H$ _wJb Wo& CZgo XmoñVmZm Vm„þH$mV ~ZmH$a ~mbmOr {dœZmW Zo {edmOr Ho$ AYrZ Omo àXoe Wo& {OZ na _wJbm| H$m H$ãOm hmo MwH$m

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Wm& Eogo àXoem| go y{_H$a g§J«h H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma nm`m& _amR>m g§K Ho$ loð> ZoVmJU O¡go ^m|gbo, Jm`H$dm‹S>, hmoëH$a, qg{Y`m Am¡a noedmAm| H$mo EH$OwQ> H$aHo$ _amR>m| H$s H$s{V© H$mo nwZ: ñWm{nV {H$`m&

~mOramd (àW_) (1720-1740) : ~mbmOr {dœZmW H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX CZH$m Áòð> nwÌ ~mOramd (àW_) noedmAm| H$s JÔr na {Z`wº$ hþAm& Ho$db CÞrg df© H$s C_« _| hr dh AË`§V eyadra Wm& CÎma ^maV _| AnZo amÁ` H$m {dñVma H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go CgZo JwOamV Am¡a _mbdm Ho$ àXoem| na H$ãOm H$a {b`m Am¡a OrVo hþE àXoem| go Mm¡V Am¡a gaXoe_wIr g§J«h H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma ^r nm {b`m& BgZo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {MÌXþJ© Am¡a lra§JnÅ>>Z_ na ^r AmH«$_U {H$`m Wm& ~mOramd _wJa gm_«mQ> Ho$ {déÕ O~ `wÕ H$s KmofUm H$s V~ {ZOm_-Cb _wëH$ _wJbm| H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo Ho$ CÕoí` go AnZr goZm Ho$ gmW {X„r Ho$ _mJ© _| OmVo g_` ^monmb Ho$ nmb `wÕ _| _amR>m| go nam{OV hþAm& Bggo Z_©Xm M§~b ZXr Ho$ ~rM H$m {demb ^y{_ Am¡a nMmg bmI énò `wÕ CnMma Ho$ én _| ~mOramd H$mo àmá hþAm& nwV©Jm{b`m| go gmbgoQ>, ~o{gZ Am¡a {g{Õ`m| go O{Oam d§e _| H$a {b`m& nyZm H$mo AnZm àemgZ H|$Ð ~Zm`m& Bgr g_` na _amR>m g§K Ho$ ½dm{bà Ho$ qg{Y`m, B§Xm¡a Ho$ hmoëH$a, ZmJnwa Ho$ ^m|gbo, ~amoXm Ho$ Jm`H$dm‹S> BZ g~ Zo nañna ~mVMrV Ho$ O[aò ñdV§Ì hmo OmZo H$m \¡$gbm {H$`m& ~mOramd àW_ Zo Z {g\©$ XjVm go àemgZ Mbm`m ~pëH$ _amR>m amÁ` H$s H$mo{V© H$mo nwZ: ñWm{nV H$aZo _| g\$b ^r hþAm& Bg{bE Bgo "Xÿgam {edmOr' Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡&

~mbmOr ~mOramd (1740-1761) : BgZo ~rg df© Ho$ C_« _| amOJÔr g§^mbr Wr& BgZo àemgZ H$mo MbmZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a _mJ©Xe©Z nmZo Ho$ {bE AnZo {ZH$Q>V_ g§~§Yr gXm{ed ^mD$ H$mo gbmhH$ma Ho$ én _| {Z`wº$ {H$`m& BgZo _amR>m| H$s H$s{V© ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE àoaUm Xr Wr& ~mbmOr ~mOramd Zo amÁ` H$mo Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$mo gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE H$B© H$X_ CR>mò Wo& ~w§XobI§‹S> na AnZm gmd©^m¡_Ëd ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE 1742 B©0 _| hmobH$a Am¡a qg{Y`m H$s goZm H$s ghm`Vm go ~w§XobI§‹S> na AmH«$_U {H$`m& A\$Jm{ZñVmZ go Ah_Xemh AãXmbr Zo _wJb àXoem| na AmH«$_U H$aHo$ bmhm¡a, _wëVmZ, H$í_ra na H$ãOm H$a {b`m& Cg g_` _wJb ~mXemh g\$XaO§J Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mhar AmH«$_Um| H$m gm_Zm H$aZo Ho$ H$maU ~mXemh Zo _amR>m| go g_Pm¡Vm H$a {b`m& {Og àH$ma Anojm H$s Om ahr Wr& Cgr àH$ma Ah_Xemh AãXmbr Zo ^maV na h_bm {H$`m& Bg `wÕ Ho$ Xm¡amZ ~mbmOr ~mOramd goZm g{hV nmZrnV Ho$ _¡XmZ _| Xþe_Zm| Ho$ hmWm| _mam J`m&

_mYd amd (àW_) : ~mbmOr ~mOramd Ho$ Xÿgao nwÌ H$m Zm_ _mYd amd (àW_) Wm& {nVm H$mo _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX BgZo noedmAm| H$s amOJÔr g§^mbr& _mYdamd Zo Zm~m{bJ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AnZo MmMm H$mo amOà{V{Z{Y Ho$ én _| {Z`wº$ {H$`m& nmZrnV Ho$ Vrgao `wÕ _| ~war Vah go hma OmZo Ho$ ~mX Amü`©H$a ar{V go nwZ: CÞ{V H$aHo$ X{jU Am¡a CÎma ^maV _| à~be{º$ Ho$ én _| Câo& BgZo AÀN>o àemgZ Ho$ {bE AZoH$ ~Xbmd {H$ò& nmZrnV Ho$ `wÕ Ho$ hma H$m bm^ CR>mZo Ho$ {bE O~ {ZOm_ Zo à`ËZ H$aZo H$m {Zü` {H$`m& V~ Cgo Ah_XZJa Ho$ nmg hþE `wÕ _| ham`m& BgZo

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_¡gya Ho$ h¡Xa Abr H$mo ^r nam{OV {H$`m Wm& Xÿgar ~ma _¡gya na AmH«$_U H$aHo$ Am¡a `wÕ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX lr a§JnÅ>U na ^r {dO` nm br & BVZm hr Zht {edmOr Zo Omo nhbo àXoem| H$mo H$ãOm {H$`m Wm & CZna _mYd amd Zo CÝh| AnZo de _| bo {b`m& BgHo$ gmW-gmW _mYd amd Zo `wÕ Ho$ n[ahma Ho$ én _| Anma YZ g§n{Îm àmá H$s& CÎma ^maV _| amOnyV, OmQ> Am¡a amo{hbm| H$mo ^r `wÕ _| ham`m& _wJb ~mXemh emh Amb_ ({ÛVr`) ^Q>H$Vm Wm& Cgo {X„r Ho$ qghmgZ na ~¡R>mZo Ho$ {bE _mYd amd (àW_) Zo ghm`Vm H$s& Bg àH$ma _amR>m| H$s H$s{V© H$mo nwZ: ñWm{nV {H$`m& Vrgao Am§½bmo _amR>m `wÕ _| A§J«oOm| Zo _amR>m| H$mo ~war Vah go ham`m& Bg hma Ho$ ~mX _amR>m| H$m emgZ ^r g_má hmo J`m &

Aä¶mg

I. Imbr OJh _| Cn`wº$ eãX ^[aò&

1) _wJb gm_«mÁ` H$s ñWmnZm Zo H$s Wr&

2) _wJbm| _| à{gÕ ~mXemh H$m Zm_ Wm&

3) AmJam _| VmO_hb H$m {Z_m©U Zo H$adm`m Wm&

4) XrZ-E-Bbmhr Zm_H$ Zò n§W H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo dmbo H$m Zm_ Wm&

5) {edmOr H$s _mVm H$m Zm_ Wm&

II {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE&

1) ~m~a H$s g¡Ý` CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

2) eoaemh H$mo àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm Am¡a Cggo nhbo H$s àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm H$s VwbZm H$s{OE&

3) AH$~a Ho$ Ûmam OrVo JE àXoem| Ho$ Zm_ {bpIE&

4) emhOhm± H$mbrZ H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën Ho$ joÌ Ho$ `moJXmZ H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

5) {edmOr H$s àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _| {ddaU Xr{OE&

6) ~mOramd àW_ H$s CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| {ddaU Xr{OE&

III. J{V{d{Y`m±

1) ^maV Ho$ _mZ{MÌ _| AH$~a Ûmam OrVo JE joÌm| H$mo Xem©BE&

2) {edmOr Ho$ _Z _| Xoe^{º$ H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg hmoZo Ho$ {bE OrOm~mB© hr H$maU Wr& Bg Ho$ ~mao _| ì`m»`m H$s{OE&

IV. n[a`moOZm H$m`© :

AnZo ñWmZr` àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _| ã`m¡am {bpIE&

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AÜ`m` - 6

^{º$_mJ©Bg AÜ`m` _| {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo -

• am_mZÝX, M¡VÝ` Am¡a JwéZmZH$ Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar • H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ^{º$_mJ© • ^{º$_mJ© Ho$ n[aUm_ • ^{º$_mJ© Ho$ à_wI bjU

^{º$ Am§XmobZ H$m {dH$mg ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ ^maV H$s EH$ à‘wI {deofVm h¡& ‘w{º$ H$s H$ënZm ^maVr¶ Ym{‘©H$ VWm AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ na§nam ‘| H$m’$s ‘w»¶ ñWmZ nm MwH$s h¡& ^maV H$s AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ na§nam ‘| ‘w{º$ nmZo Ho$ {d{dY VarHo$ h¢& BgH$o n[aUm‘ ñdê$n kmZ ‘mJ©, ^{º$ ‘mJ©, H$‘© ‘mJ©, ¶k-¶mJ Am{X Ym{‘©H$ AmMaU H$m’$s à‘wI ‘mJ© Ho$ én ‘| »`m{V àmá hþE& BZ‘| ^{º$ ‘mJ© H$mo {deof ñWmZ {‘bm& {d{dY Y‘© gwYmaH$m| VWm Xme©{ZH$m| Zo CXma {º$ n§W H$m à{VnmXZ {H$¶m& {º$ H$m AW© h¡ B©ída ‘| n{dÌ {dídmg aIZm& B©ída ‘| ^{º$ VWm eaUmJV hmoZm "^{º$' H$hbm¶m& bmoJm| ‘| ^«mV¥Ëd H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m J¶m Am¡a gd©Y‘© g‘mZVm Ho$ VËd H$m à{VnmXZ {H$¶m J¶m& do {H$gr ^r {d{Y {dYmZ H$m AmMaU Zhr H$aVo Wo& do am_, H¥$îU Am¡a A„mh O¡go AZoH$ Zm_m| go nhMmZH$a ^JdmZ H$s AmamYZm H$aVo Wo& CÝhm|Zo _w{º$ nmZo Ho$ {bE ^{º$_mJ© H$m gwPmd {X`m& ewÕ-n{dÌ _Z go Am¡a ^JdmZ Ho$ eaU _| AmZm hr ^{º$_mJ© H$m _yb {gÕm§V h¡&

am_mZ§X

^{º$_mJ© Ho$ gmW-gmW Bñbm_ Y_© _| gy\$sg§àXm` H$m ^r {dH$mg hþAm& BZH$m nañMa à^md XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& ^{º$‘mJ©, g‘mO Ho$ g^r ñVam| Ho$ bmoJm| ‘| nhþ±Mm Am¡a A{YH$ g‘mOmoÝ‘wI hmoVo hr gmd©{ÌH$ hmo J¶m& Bg Ad{Y ‘| g‘mO Ho$ {d{dY g‘wXm¶m| go AmZodmbo ^º$ g§V AnZr ñWmZr¶ ^mfm ‘| hr ^{º$ nadeVm H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo hþE, ^{º$ H$s n[aH$ënZm H$mo A{YH$ g‘mOmoÝ‘wI én ‘| n[a{MV H$am¶m& BZ‘| CÎma ^maV Ho$ am‘mZ§X, Zm‘Xod, H$~ra, JwéZmZH$, ‘ramm~mB©, M¡VÝ¶, a{dXmg (a¡Xmg), gyaXmg à‘wI h¢& H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘| g‘mO Ho$ {d{dY ñVam| go AmE nwa§XaXmg, H$ZH$Xmg, {eewZmb ear’$ Am{X AZoH$ ^º$g§V XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢&

am_mZ§X : am_mZ§X H$m OÝ_ Bbmhm~mX Ho$ d«mh_U n[adma _| hþAm Wm& do am_mZwO Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| Ho$ AZw m`r Wo& CÝhm|Zo ^{º$ Am¡a ào_ Ho$ AmYma na d¡îUd Y_© H$s nmR>embm H$m àma§ {H$`m& CÎma ^maV Ho$ Hw$N> ñWmZm| _| `mÌm H$aHo$ am_ Am¡a grVm Ho$ nyOm-nmR> H$mo bmoH${à` {H$`m& dmaUmgr hr CZHo$ H$m ©joÌ H$m Ho$ÝÐ ñWmZ Wm& BÝhm|Zo OmV nmV H$m {damoY H$aVo hþE g^r Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo AnZo n§W _| em{_b H$a {b`m& BZ g~_| go H$~raXmg Zo AË`{YH$ »`m{V nm`r& BÝhm|Zo {hÝXr _| àdMZ {XE h¢&

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AmnH$mo `h kmV aho : am_mZ§X Zo bmoJm| H$mo {deof g§Xoe Bg Vah go {X`m

Om{V nm{V nyN>mo Zmo H$moB©h[a H$mo Ôo gmo h[a H$m hmoB©

Vw_ {H$g Om{V Ho$ hmo ? Eogm àý Zht nyN>Zm Mm{hE& Omo ì`{º$ h[a H$m ÔZ `m Zm_ñ_aU H$aVm h¡ ; h[a (^JdmZ) CÝh| Amerdm©X XoVo h¢&

H$~ra

H$~ra (1440-1510) : CÎma ^maV Ho$ _Ü` H$mb _| H$~ra à{gÕ g§V Wo& H$~ra am_mZ§X Ho$ {eî` Wo& BÝhm|Zo AnZm A{YH$V_ g_` dmaUmgr _| hr {~Vm`m& BÝhm|Zo bmoJm| H$mo AnZo ZE {gÕm§V Ho$ ~mao _| CnXoe {X`m& H$~ra Om{V-ì`dñWm H$m {damoY H$aVo Wo gmW hr ~hþ_y{V© nyOm Ho$ pIbm\$ Wo& do _mZVo Wo {H$ ^JdmZ EH$ h¡& ì`{º$ Mmho {hÝXÿ hmo `m _wgb_mZ, g~ Ho$ {bE ^JdmZ EH$ h¢& ^JdmZ EH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$m én a§J AbJ-AbJ Zht hmo gH$Vm h¡& H$~ra Zo BZ XmoZm| Y_m] Ho$ bmoJm| _| gm¡hmX©Vm Am¡a g{hîUwVm H$mo ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m Wm&

H$~ra Zo Xmohm| H$s aMZm H$s Wr& dV©_mZ g_` _| {hÝXÿ Am¡a _wgb_mZ CÎma-^maV _| H$~ra Ho$ Xmohm| H$m nR>Z H$aVo h¢& H$~ra Ho$ AZw m{``m| H$mo H$~ra-n§Wr Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& BgH$m AW© `h h¡ {H$ do H$~ra Ho$ AmXem| Ho$ _mJ© na MbVo h¢& H$~ra ^maV Ho$ à_wI Ym{_©H$ Am¡a g_mO gwYmaH$ Wo&

M¡VÝ`

M¡VÝ` (1486-1533) : ^{º$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ à{gÕ g§Vm| _| M¡VÝ` H$m Zm_ à_wI h¡& ì`{º$ Ho$ _Z _o lÕm hmo Vmo OmV-nmV H$m ôX ñd`§ hr Xÿa hmo OmVm h¡& ^{º$ go _Zwî` H$m M[aÌ n[aewÕ hmo OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma M¡VÝ` Zo bmoJm| H$mo CnXoe {X`m& BÝhm|Zo H¥$îU H$s AmamYZm H$mo bmoH${à` {H$`m& ^JdmZ lrH¥$îU Ho$ ~mao _| AZoH$ JrVm| H$s aMZm H$s& BÝhm|Zo OmVnmV H$m {damoY H$aHo$ ^mB©Mmao H$s ^mdZm H$m àMma {H$`m & M¡VÝ` Ho$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ qMVZ go gå~pÝYV CnXoem| H$mo "M¡VÝ` M[aVm_¥V' Zm_H$ J«§W _| g§J«h {H$`m J`m h¡&

JwéZmZH$ (1469-1539) : Bg H$mb Ho$ EH$ AÝ¶ ^{º$ n§W Ho$ à{VnmXH$ JwéZmZH$ H$m OÝ‘ nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Vbd§S>r J«m‘ ‘| hþAm& BÝhm|Zo XrK© H$mb VH$ Xoe H$m n¶©Q>Z H$aHo$ ~mX ‘| amdr ZXr Ho$ VQ>na H$V©amnwa ‘| ^{º$ H|$Ð ñWm{nV {H$¶m& CZHo$ AZw¶m¶r g^r Om{V ‘Vm| H$s gr‘m go nao, qbJ VmaVå¶Vm go Xÿa n§{º$ ‘| ^moOZ H$aVo Wo& ZmZH$ Zo ^r n§{º$

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JwéZmZH$

nmofH$ b§Ja Zm‘H$ ^moOZembm H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Bgr àH$ma ^º$ g§Vm| H$m ¶h n{dÌ ñWmZ Y‘©embm H$hbm¶m& Bgo AmO JwéÛmam H$hm OmVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo B©ída EH$ h¡, H$m CnXoe XoZo Ho$ A{V[aº$ ‘y{V© nyOm H$m {damoY ^r {H$¶m& gËH$m`©, n[aewÕ OrdZ Am¡a Zr{VJV OrdZ H$mo AË`{YH$ _hËd {X`m& JwéZmZH$ Ho$ AZoH$ {hÝXÿ Am¡a _wgb_mZ {eî` Wo& BÝhm|Zo {gŠI Y_© H$s ñWmnZm H$s Wr& BZHo$ {eî`m| H$mo "{gŠI' H$hm OmVm h¡& BZHo$ CnXoem| H$mo "Jwé J«§W gm{h~' _| g§J«h {H$`m J`m h¡& `h {gŠI Y_© H$m n{dÌ J«§W h¡&Bgo JwéÛmao ‘| aIH$a nyOm OmVm h¡ & `h {gŠIm| H$m Am{XJ«§W Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& Bgo JwéÛmao _| aIH$a nyOm H$s OmVr h¡&

_ram~mB© : _ram~mB© amOnyV amOd§er amOHw$_mar Wr& BgZo ‘odmS> Ho$ amOHw$‘ma H$m daU {H$¶m Wm& VËníMmV² bm¡{H$H$ OrdZ go Xÿa hmo JB©& V~ Añn¥í¶ Hw$b ‘| OÝ‘o ^{º$ g§V a{dXmg (a¡Xmg) H$s {eî` ~Zr& ‘ram~mB© Zo AnZm gånyU© OrdZ lrH¥$îU H$s AmamYZm ‘| bJm¶m& ^moJ {dbmg Ho$ OrdZ H$mo Ë`mJH$a H¥$îU H$s na_ ^º$ ~Zr & Am¡a H¥$îU H$s ^{º$ go gå~pÝYV _ram~mB© Zo H$sV©Zm| H$s aMZm H$s Wr& `hr H$sV©Z AmJo MbH$a ÔZ Zm_ go bmoH${à` ~Zo& g_ñV ^maV _| AmO ^r BZ ÔZm| H$s Jm`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a amOñWmZ VWm JwOamV amÁ`m| go A{YH$ »`mV hþAm h¡& ^maV Ho$ AZoH$ ^mJm| _| Y_© Am¡a Om{V Ho$ ~rM Ho$ A§Va H$_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ gwYmaH$m| Zo à`mg {H$`m h¡&

_hmamï´> H$s ^r_m ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao pñWV n§T>anwa _| {dR>modm H$m _pÝXa ^{º$n§W H$m Ho$ÝÐr` ñWmZ Wm& kmZoœa, Zm_Xod, EH$ZmW, VwH$mam_ Am¡a am_Xmg ZE n§W Ho$ g§Vm| _| {d»`mV hþE& nwa§XaXmg Am¡a H$ZH$Xmg H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ ^{º$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ à_wI aho& BZH$s ""Xmgna§anam'' à»`mV hþ`r&

gy\$sg§V : gy\$s g§V n{g©`m go ^maV _| AmH$a {d{dY ^mJm| _| ahZo bJo& CÝh| "nra' (Jwé) Zm_ go OmZm OmVm Wm& "gy\$' Zm_H$ gmXm D$Z H$m Hw$Vm© nhZmZodmbo _wpñb_ g§V H$mo "gy\$s' H$hm J`m& ào_ Am¡a ^{º$ go na_mË_m AWdm A„mh H$mo àmá {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, Bg ~mV na ~b XoVo hþE H$hm& g^r dJm] Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo AmXa H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIVo hþE OrZo Ho$ _hËd na ~b {X`m& ^{º$ go gå~pÝYV Z¥Ë` Am¡a g§JrV h_| B©œa VH$ nhþ±MZo H$m _mJ© {XImVo h¡; Eogm gy{\$`m| H$m {dœmg Wm& gy\$s g§Vm| Zo CXÿ© Ed§ {hÝXr ^mfm _| ^{º$ Ho$ _hËd H$mo bmoH${à` ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ H¥${V`m| H$s aMZm H$s& Hw$Vw~Z Zm_H$ gy\$s H${d Zo "_¥JmdVr' Am¡a _{bH$ _whå_X Om`gr Zo "nX_mdV' Zm_H$ H$mì` H$s aMZm H$s Wr& BZ_| gy\$s-{gÕm§Vm| Ho$ _hËd na dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡&

_ram~mB©

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gy’$s na§nam A{Ib ^maV ‘| ì¶má h¡& gy’$s n§W ‘| bJ^J 12 {d{dY àH$ma h¢& BZ‘| Mma AË¶§V à‘wI h¡& CÎma H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ ~rXa, H$b~waJr, {dO¶nwam Am{X Bg na§nam Ho$ à‘wI H|$Ð h¢& Cég AmMaU ‘| qhXÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ g‘wXm¶ XmoZm| ^{º$ go ^mJ boVo h¢& AmO ^r ¶h AmMaU hmoVm h¡&

{eewZmb ear’$ - (1819-1889)

{eewZmb ear’$

B‘m‘ - hOm‘m BZHo$ ‘mVm {nVm Wo& AmO Ho$ hmdoar {Obo Ho$ {e½Jmdr VmbwH$ Ho$ {eewZmb ‘| ear’$ H$m OÝ‘ 1819 ‘| hþAm& »dmOm H$s gbmh na {nVm B‘m‘ gmho~ Zo ~ƒo H$m Zm‘H$aU ‘whå‘X ear’$ go {H$¶m&

"ear’$' nmagr eãX h¡& ¶h CÔmV bú¶ Wm CÎm‘ erb ñd^mddmbo, AÝ¶ bmoJm| go "gpå‘{bV ì¶{º$' AW© aIVm h¡& Zm‘ Ho$ AZwén ear’$ H$m ì¶{º$Ëd {dH${gV hþAm&

{eewZmb ear’$ ~MnZ go hr Bñbm‘, drae¡d VWm d¡{XH$ VËd{gÕmÝVm| go à^m{dV aho& {ÌH$mb kmZr JmoqdX ^Q²>Q> BZHo$ Jwé Wo& {eewZmb Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE ear’$ Zo ñWmZr¶ M§Ðoída ‘§{Xa ‘| {dÚmb¶ ImobZo Ho$ Ûmam CZ‘| Ym{‘©H$ {demb ^mdZm Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ‘XX H$s&

g§K Ordr ear’$ Zo {eewZmb àXoe ‘| hmoZodmbo ‘obo, CËgd, ‘¡XmZr Iob, ‘moha©‘ CËgd Am{X ‘| g{H«$¶ ^mJ boH$a OZVm ‘| ñ\$y{V© CËnÞ H$s& ¶o ‘moha©‘ Ho$ Owbyg H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$ {df¶m| / KQ>ZmAm| H$m AZwgaU H$a [adm¶V Ûmam [adm¶V gm{hË¶ Ho$ »¶mV ì¶{º$ ~Zo&

nwa§XaXmg (1484-1564)

"Xmg H$m AW© h¡ - nwa§XaXmg&' ¶h H$WZ Jwé ì¶mgam¶ Ûmam CZH$s àe§gm ‘| H$hm J¶m Wm& nwa§XaXmg Zo d¡îUd ^{º$ Ho$ na‘ h[a H$sV©Z Ûmam H$ÞS> gm{hË¶, H$Zm©Q>H$ g§JrV H$mo ‘m¡{IH$ XoZo Ûmam "H$Zm©Q>H$ g§JrV {nVm‘h' Ho$ Zm‘ go »¶m{V nmB© h¡&

nwa§XaXmg H$m OÝ‘ AmO ‘hmamï´> Ho$ nwaZJT> Ho$ AmJ^© lr‘§V dV©H$ Ho$ n[adma ‘| hþAm& daXßnmZm¶H$ Am¡a bú‘rXodr BZHo$ ‘mVm-{nVm Wo& BZH$m nyd© Zm‘ {eZßnmZm¶H$ Wm Omo ñdU© ì¶mnmar Wo& {eZßnmZm¶H$ n¸o$ ì¶mnmar Wo, Omo AmJo MbH$a AnZr gVr gañdVr H$s BÀN>m go ‘Zn[adV©Z H$a nwa§XaXmg Ho$ én ‘| AÜ¶mË‘ H$s Amoa ~T>o&

‘Üd ‘V H$m àMma AnZo H$sV©Z Ûmam H$aZo Ho$ {bE nwa§XaXmg Zo AZoH$ n{dÌ joÌm| H$s ¶mÌm H$s& BZ‘| {Vén{V, lra§JnÅ>U, AéU{J[a, CSw>{n, H§$Mr, H$ZH$mMb, H$mer, Hw§$^H$moU_, Hy$S>brnwam, hpñV{J[a, H$mbhñVr, lre¡b_,

nwa§XaXmg

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K{Q>H$mMb, JXJ, n§T>anwa, ~obyé, ‘Þyé, ‘mbyé, ‘obwH$moQ>o, h§nr, h[aha Am{X à‘wI VrW© joÌ h¢& ¶hm± OmH$a nwa§XaXmg Zo OZgm‘mÝ¶ H$mo ^{º$‘mJ© H$m CnXoe {X¶m&

nwa§XaXmg Ho$ H$sV©Z ‘| à‘wI én go d¡îUd ^{º$ na ^{º$ Ho$ gmW-gmW gm‘m{OH$ OmJéH$Vm, AmS>å~anyU© ^{º$ H$s {dS>§~Zm, OrdZ VËd g§~§Yr A{^ì¶{º$ H$mo h‘ XoI gH$Vo h¢& CÝhm|Zo Om{V‘V H$m I§S>Z {H$¶m& ¶mJ ¶k {VañH¥$V H$a A§Y{dídmg H$m {damoY {H$¶m& {XImdQ>r ^{º$ H$m I§S>Z H$aHo$ BÝhm|Zo Am§V[aH$ ImoO, AmË_mÝdofU H$mo àYmZVm Xr& A§Va§J H$s ew{Õ Ho$ {~Zm ‘¡b YmoZo go ³¶m bm^ h¡? O¡go àíZ {H$¶m&

¶o nmZr ‘| ~¡R>H$a AmS>å~a¶wº$ Ü¶mZ H$aZo dmbm| H$s VwbZm ~H$ njr go H$aVo h¢& ‘Z ‘| Ñ‹T>^{º$ Ho$ {~Zm VZ H$mo nmZr ‘| Sw>~mZm ì¶W© h¡, Bgo ñnï> {H$¶m h¡&

"{O¶mo Am¡a OrVmo', "‘mZd H$m OÝ‘ ‘hmZ h¡& Bgo ZwH$gmZ ‘V nhþ±MmAmo, nmJbm|&' O¡go OrdZ VËd kmZ H$mo bmoJm| ‘| àgm[aV {H$¶m& Am¡a CZ‘| ^{º$ H$m {dH$mg {H$¶m& nwa§Xa Xmg H$m EH$ EH$ H$sV©Z ‘mZd Hw$b H$mo kmZXrn ~Z H$a ‘mZd OrdZ H$mo gmW©H$ H$aZo dmbm ñWb ~Zm h¡& CZHo$ kmZ H$m ¶h §S>ma H$ÞS> H$m nwa§Xa Cn{ZfX Ho$ én ‘o "Xmga|Xao nwa§Xa Xmgaæ¶m' Zm‘ go »¶mV h¡&

H$ZH$Xmg :

~raßnm Am¡a ~ƒå‘m H$ZH$ Ho$ ‘mVm-{nVm Wo& ¶o lr d¡îUd ‘V Ho$ AZw¶m¶r Wo& AnZo EH$‘mÌ nwÌ H$mo AnZo Hw$b XodVm d|H$Q>n{V H$m Zm‘ aIZo H$s BÀN>m go CÝhm|Zo CgH$m Zm‘H$aU "{Vå‘ßnm' {H$¶m&

EH$ ~ma {Vå‘ßnm H$mo ^y{‘JV Anma YZam{e àmá hþB© V~ go Cgo ^m½¶embr ‘mZH$a bmoJ Cgo H$ZH$ H$hZo bJo& H$ZH$ Zo ñd¶§ H$mo àmá YZ H$m Xþén¶moJ Z H$aHo$ Cg YZ go H$m{JZobo ‘| à{gX²Y Am{XHo$ed H$m ‘§{Xa ~Zdm¶m, Eogm ‘mZm OmVm h¡&

~mS> VWm ~§H$mnwa Ho$ ñWmZr¶ ZoVm aho H$ZH$ ~MnZ go hr ¶wÕ ‘| àdrU Wo& EH$ ~ma ¶wÕ y{‘ ‘| H$m’$s Km¶b hmoZo na do A{YH$ma VWm OrdZ Ho$ à{V A{ZpíMVVm Ho$ à{V {daº$ hmo JE& bm¡{H$H$ gwI H$mo Ë¶mJ H$a Xmg‘mJ© H$mo AnZm¶m Am¡a "H$ZH$Xmg' H$hbmZo H$s àVr{V h¡&

EH$ ^º$ g§V Ho$ én ‘| H$ZH$Xmg Zo Cg H$mb Ho$ g‘mO ‘| pñWV D±$M-ZrM, ~S>m-N>moQ>m, H$s ^mdZm H$mo {‘Q>mZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& ImoIbr ^{º$ H$s qZXm H$s& gƒr ^{º$ Ho$ ‘mJ© go bmoJm| H$mo B©ída H$m gm‘rß¶ nmZo H$m CnXoe {X¶m& ^{º$ ‘mJ© H$s gabVm H$mo Xem©¶m& à‘wI én go BZm|Zo B©ída Ho$ gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {bE CÎm‘ Om{V ‘| OÝ‘ boZm A{Zdm¶© ~VmZo dmbo nwamo{hVm| H$mo AnZo H$sV©Z Ûmam PyR>m gm{~V {H$¶m&

H$ZH$Xmg ^{º$‘mJ© Ho$ H${d ^r Wo VWm BÝhm|Zo Ag§»¶ H$sV©Zm| Ho$ gmW-gmW AZoH$ H$mì¶m| H$s aMZm ^r H$s h¡& CZ‘| "‘mohZ Va§{JUr', "ZbM[aÌ', "am‘YmÝ¶ M[aV' VWm "h[a^{º$gma' à‘wI h¡&

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^{º$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ n[aUm_

{hÝXÿ àWmAm| _| gwYma Am¡a {hÝXþ d _wgb_mZm| _| _Ywa gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aZm ^{º$dmX Ho$ Xmo _w»` CÔoí` Wo& {hÝXÿ g_mO _| ì`má AZoH$ Xmofm| H$mo gwYmaH$m| Zo {ZdmaU {H$`m& ^maV H$s àmXo{eH$ ^mfmAm| H$m {dH$mg hþAm& Y_©gwYmaH$m| Zo Xoer ^mfmAm| _| aMZmE± H$aHo$ CZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ghm`Vm H$s Wr& `h ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE H$maU ~Zm& ^maV _| H$B© g§ñH¥${V`m| H$m g§J_ ^maV Ho$ {bE Jd© H$s ~mV h¡&

AmnH$s OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE : ^{º$dmX _| g§Vm| Zo AnZr ^mfmAm| _| hr H$sV©Z Am¡a ÔZm| H$s aMZm H$s Wr & ^{º$dmX

go ^maVr` ^mfmAm| _| Xoer gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg hþAm& {hÝXr ^mfm _| gyaXmg Zo "gya-gmJa', VwbgrXmg Zo "am_M[aV _mZg' H$s aMZm H$s Wr& _amR>r _| A^§Jm H$sV©Zm| Ho$ gmW kmZXod H$mo kmZoœar O¡go H$mì`m| H$s aMZm hþB© Wr&

Aä¶mgI. [aº$ ñWmZ _| Cn`wº$ eãX ^[aE :

1) ^{º$ H$m AW© h¡ B©ída _| ewX²Y ............. aIZm& 2) am_mZÝX Ho$ g~go {à` {eî` H$m Zm_ ............. Wm & 3) H$~ra Ho$ AZw`m{``m| H$mo ............. H$h H$a nwH$mam OmVm h¡& 4) M¡VÝ` Ho$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ qMVZm| H$m g§J«h ............. _| h¡&

II. {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE : 1) am_-grVm H$s nyOm H$mo {H$gZo bmoH${à` {H$`m ? CZHo$ Om{V Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m {dMma Wo? 2) {gŠI H$m¡Z Wo ? CZHo$ n{dÌ J«§W H$m Zm_ {bpIE& 3) ^{º$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ n[aUm_ Š`m Wo?4) nwa§XaXmg Zo ^{º$ g§~§Yr {H$Z A§em| H$mo ~Vm`m h¡?

III. J{V{d{Y`m± : 1) ^{º$ gwYmaH$mo§ Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ H$mo Om{Zò& 2) AnZo AÜ`mnH$ go Y_©-gwYmaH$m| H$s nyU© OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

IV. n[a`moOZm H$m`© : 1) ^{º$dmX Ho$ gwYmaH$m| _| go {H$gr EH$ Ho$ ~mao _| n[a`moOZm H$m`© V¡`ma H$s{OE& 2) H$ZH$Xmg Am¡a nwa§XaXmg Ho$ H$sV©Zm| _| {N>no hþE _yë`m| Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo {ejH$ H$s

ghm`Vm go MMm© H$s{OE& 3) H$ZH$Xmg Am¡a nwa§XaXmg Ho$ H$sV©Zm| H$m Aä`mg H$s{OE&

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AÜ`m` - 7

_Ü``wJrZ `yamon


• ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ ¶yamon H$s n[apñW{V¶m± • Jwbm‘r / godm H$m¶© ì¶dñWm H$m AW© • Jwbm‘ ì¶dñWm Ho$ {d{dY én • Jwbm‘ ì¶dñWm Ho$ JwU-Xmof• Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm H$m nVZ

amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ H$m nVZ :

B©gm nyd© 395 VH$ EH$sH¥$V amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ Wm, VËníMmV² Xmo ^mJm| ‘| {d^º$ hmo J¶m& B©gm nyd© 395 go 476 ‘| amoå¶ybg AJñQ²>¶ybg Ho$ nXÀ¶wV hmoZo VH$ npíM‘r gm‘«mÁ¶ ApñVËd ‘| Wm& B©gm nyd© 395 go 1453 VH$ nydu amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ ApñVËd ‘| ahm& nydu amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ H$mo "~¡OÝQ>mBZ gm‘«mÁ¶' H$hm OmVm h¡& B©gm nyd© 5 dt eVmãXr go 15 hdt eVmãXr VH$ ¶yamon H$m ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& npíM‘r amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ Ho$ gmW hr ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ H$m àma§^ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& gm‘mÝ¶V… Q>{H©$`m| Zo H$m§ñQ>|{Q>Zmonwb H$mo B©gmnyd© 1453 ‘| AnZo de ‘| H$a {b¶m Wm Am¡a ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ H$m ¶h A§V ‘mZm J¶m&

àma§^ ‘| gånyU© ‘Ü¶¶wJ H$mo "A§YH$ma ¶wJ' H$hm OmVm Wm& dmñVd ‘| ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ H$mo VrZ ^mJm| Ama§{^H$, ‘Ü¶ VWm A§{V‘ MaUm| ‘| {d^º$ {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& VËníMmV² Ama§{^H$ MaU H$mo Bg àH$ma nhMmZm Om gH$Vm h¡&

¶yZm{Z¶m| Ho$ ZJa amÁ¶m| Ho$ AZwgma amo‘ ^r noQ´>r{f¶Z Zm‘H$ O‘tXmar dJ© Ho$ A{YH$ma ‘| Wm& BÝhm|Zo g^r amOZ¡{VH$ A{YH$ma H$mo "goZoQ>' Zm‘ go H|$ÐrH¥$V {H$¶m Wm& amo‘Z Jar~m| H$mo "ßbo{~¶Z' H$hm OmVm Wm& BÝh| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m amOZ¡{VH$ A{YH$ma Zht Wm ¶o Jwbm‘ Wo&

"Jwbm‘r' Ho$ Zm‘ na A{YH$ma MbmZo dmbo "Jwbm‘m| Ho$ A{YH$mar' CÝh| AnZr {ZOr Om¶XmX g‘PVo Wo& do Jwbm‘m| Ho$ l‘ H$m Xþén¶moJ H$aVo Wo& ¶o Jwbm‘ ^r EH$ {ZpíMV ‘m{bH$ H$s OmJra hmoVm Wm& Jwbm‘m| H$m H$m¶© AË¶§V {ZåZ ñVa H$m hmoVm Wm& Mm~wH$ Ho$ ^¶ ‘| hr H$m¶© H$aVo Wo& H$bm, g§ñH¥${V VWm VËd emó O¡go g^r H$m¶© Jwbm‘m| H$s ‘OXÿar go hr g§^d hþE, ³¶m|{H$ Jwbm‘ ‘OXÿar H$aVo Wo Am¡a CZHo$ ‘m{bH$ Imbr ’w$agV ‘| ahVo Wo&

amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ H$m nVZ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ¶yamon ‘| ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ H$m àma§^ hþAm& ¶yZmZ, amo‘ H$s gwgm§ñH¥${VH$ CnbpãY Ho$ ~mX EH$ hOma df© Ho$ ¶yamonr¶ B{Vhmg ‘| gm§ñH¥${VH$ ZragVm {XImB© Xr&

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Bgo "A§YH$ma ¶wJ' H$hm J¶m& ¶h {díd Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| ‘hËd nyU© n[adV©Z H$m H$mb Wm& Bg H$mb ‘| ~~©a Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| H$m CX¶ hþAm, gmW hr Jwbm‘r nÕ{V H$m OÝ‘ hþAm&

Jwbm‘r nÕ{V :

amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ Ho$ ~mX ¶yamon Ho$ H$B© Xoem| H$s amOZ¡{VH$ Am{W©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm AñV ì¶ñV hmo J¶r& amo‘Z MH«$dVu Mmb©‘Z H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ ~mX n[apñW{V Am¡a {~JS> J¶r& AamOH$Vm Aì¶dñWm Vm§S>d H$a ahr Wr& OmZ-‘mb H$s gwajm Zht ahr& Eogr g§{X½Y n[apñW{V ‘| ZdrZ amOZ¡{VH$ VWm Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm H$m CX¶ npíM‘r ¶yamon ‘| hþAm&

IoVr Ho$ {bE ¶mo½¶ ^y{‘ H$mo H¥$fH$m| H$mo XoH$a CÝho§ ~§YwAm ‘OXÿa ~Zm {b¶m J¶m& BZ na AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ {Z¶§ÌU bJmE JE& CÝh| n[al‘ do CËnmXZ Ho$ AZwHy$b à{V’$b Zht {‘bVm Wm& YZ Ho$ én ‘| ‘OXÿar XoVo g‘¶ ^r Jwbm‘r H$admZo dmbo AnZm Xn© {XImVo Wo& ¶h Jwbm‘r nÕ{V / ì¶dñWm Wr&

Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm ‘| amOZ¡{VH$ VWm Am{W©H$ AmYma na V¡¶ma ^y{‘ Ho$ ‘m{bº$d H$s ì¶dñWm Wr& ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ ‘| ¶yamon Ho$ EH$ ì¶{º$ H$m gå‘mZ CgH$s ^y{‘ H$s ‘mÌm na {ZYm©[aV {H$¶m OmVm Wm& CgHo$ {bE Ho$db ^y{‘ hr Am_XZr H$m gmYZ hmoVr Wr& ghO hr Bg g‘¶ amOm AnZo A{YH$ma joÌ H$s ^y{‘ H$m ‘m{bH$ hmoVm Wm& amOm Zmo~b (¶mo½¶) bmoJm| Ho$ ^y{‘ ~m±Q>Vm Wm& Zmo~b AnZo go {ZåZ ñVa Ho$ ì¶{º$¶m| H$mo ^y{‘ ~m±Q>Vm Wm& H$hm OmE Vmo ¶h Jwbm‘r nÕ{V {Z{X©ï> godm àm{á Ho$ {bE CËnÞ ì¶dñWm Wr&

"Jwbm‘r nÕ{V' ~bdmZ Am¡a ~bhrZm| Ho$ ~rM H$m g‘Pm¡Vm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& Omo ~bdmZ ì¶{º$ ^y{‘ H$m ‘m{bH$Ëd aIVm h¡ Cgo "‘m{bH$' (YUr) H$hm OmVm Wm& ^y{‘ H$mo {hñgo Ho$ én ‘| àmá H$aZo dmbm ~bhrZ ì¶{º$ OmJraXma H$hbmVm Wm& ~bdmZ ‘m{bH$ Aeº$ (~bhrZm|) H$s gwajm H$s {Oå‘oXmar Ho$ gmW gmW OmJraXmam| go {Z{X©ï> godmE± àmá H$aVm Wm&

à‘wI én go Jwbm‘r nÕ{V nañna boZ-XoZ H$s ì¶dñWm h¡& ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ ‘| ¶yamon Ho$ g^r dJm] ‘|, g§K g§ñWmAm| ‘| Bg ì¶dñWm H$m nmXmn©U hþAm& qH$Vw à{VHy$bVm ¶h Wr {H$ Bg ì¶dñWm H$m ñdén, àH$ma EH$ hr àH$ma H$m Zhr§ Wm&

¶yamon Ho$ Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm ‘| àma§{^H$ eVmpãX¶m| ‘| ^y{‘ H$s ‘§Oyar OrdZ nyU© Ho$ {bE àmá A{YH$ma hþAm H$aVm Wm& qH$Vw 8 dt eVmãXr Ho$ CÎmamY© VH$ amOm ^y{‘ na AnZo ‘m{bH$Ëd Ho$ A{YH$ma H$mo AnZo VH$ hr aIVo Wo Am¡a Cgo (^y{‘) Cn¶moJ$ H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma gm‘§V ¶m OmJraXmam| H$mo XoZo H$s nÕ{V Omar H$s JB©& Bgr àH$ma MM© ({J[aOmKa) H$s ^y{‘ ^r àXmZ H$s

{H«$¶m H$bmn

AnZo Jm±d Ho$ J«m‘{b{nH$/ A{^boImH$ma go {‘bH$a ^y{‘ ‘m{bH$Ëd àmá H$aZo Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

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JB©& Bgr àH$ma N>moQ>o amOm ^r BZH$m AZwgaU H$aZo bJo& 9dt eVmãXr Ho$ ~mX XmZ H$s A{O©V O‘rZ na§namJV én go CZ VH$ hr gr{‘V ahr& {J[aOmKa A{YH$Va Jwbm‘r nÕ{V Ho$ A§VJ©V Wm&

XmZ ‘| àmá O‘rZ na g‘mZ én go A{YH$ma H«$‘e… ~T>Vm J¶m& VWm ¶h AmZwd§{eH$ hmo J¶m& A{d^º$ A{O©V O‘rZ (nrT>r go) H$s ajm H$s n¥ð> y{‘ ‘| Á¶oð>nwÌ H$mo àYmZVm XoZm Omar {H$¶m J¶m& Bg ‘| H$m’$s n[adV©Z hþE& Am¡a Am§V[aH$ oQ> ÛmamA{O©V y{‘ ì¶dñWm Mb {ZH$br& AWm©V² amOm go |Q> àmá H$aZo dmbo gm‘§V ñd¶§ Xÿgam| H$mo |Q> XoZo ¶m g‘mÝVa {Z¶w{º$ H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma XoZo Ho$ ñVa VH$ n[adV©Z Am¶m& Eogr Am{W©H$Vm na nyU© AmYm[aV ~§YwAm ‘OXÿa Ho$ én ‘| H¥$fH$ Wo&

Jwbm‘r nÕ{V H$m ñdê$n Am¡a àH$ma (à^w{ZîR>mà{Vkm)

OmJraXma H$s y{‘ H$mo " |Q>' H$hm OmVm Wm& ¶h ì¶dñWm Xmo à‘wI gm§àXm{¶H$ {d{Y go nyU© Wr& àW‘ nXJ«hU - Bg {d{Y ‘| ‘m{bH$ (Y{U) OmJraXma H$mo y{‘ àXmZ H$aVo g‘¶ Ý¶m¶ VWm gwajm H$m {dídmg {XbmVm Wm& Xÿgam h¡ ^{º$^md& Bg‘| OmJraXma ñdm{‘{Zð>m VWm ñdm‘r godm H$m dMZ XoVm Wm& "Y{U' (‘m{bH$) dJ© ‘| AZoH$ ñVa Wo& CZ‘| à‘wI Wo - S²>¶yH$, Ab©, ã¶maÝg, VWm ZmB²Q>g& OmJraXma Jwbm‘m| H$s ghm¶Vm go H¥${f H$m¶© H$aVo Wo& ¶o BZ Jwbm‘m| H$mo OrdZ`mnZ Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ y{‘ CZHo$ H$m¶©aV ahZo VH$ XoVo Wo& CÝh| YZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| doVZ Zht XoVo Wo&

Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm Ho$ n[aUm‘

ñdV§Ì ahH$a {H$gmZ WmoS>r ^y{‘ na IoVr H$aVo Wo Am¡a dñVw Ho$ én ‘| CgH$m {H$am¶m ^r XoVo Wo& IoVr H$aZo dmbo h‘ {H$gmZm| H$mo AnZo OrdZ ¶mnZ Ho$ {bE N>moQ>r ‘mÌm ‘| ^y{‘ (O‘rZ) na H$m¶©aV ahVo hþE O‘tXma H$s O‘rZ na ‘wâV ‘OXÿar ^r H$aZm nS>Vm Wm& à^wËd H$m {hñgm aho emó ¶wº$ bmoJ A{YH$mar dJ© go AmVo Wo& g¡Ý¶ e{º$ ‘| CZH$m EH$ ñdm{‘Ëd hmoVm Wm& Bg àH$ma amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ e{º$ EH$ hr dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| ‘| Wr& (Jm±dm| ‘| Ý¶m¶ Am{X A{YH$Va bmS>©g H$s OmJra (‘oZmo[a¶b) H$moQ>© (Ý¶m¶mb¶) ‘| hmoVm Wm&

O‘rZ Ho$ ‘m{bH$ {‘{bQ>ar (g¡Ý¶) godm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| OmJraXmam| na Adb§{~V Wo& Bggo A{YH$mar dJ© AnZr BÀN>mZwgma AnZm A{YH$ma MbmZo na H$a bJm¶m J¶m& Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm ‘| ^r J‘Zr¶ {dH$mgmoÝ‘wI n[adV©Z ‘| Am¶m& ‘w»¶ én go ‘mZd AnZo A{YH$ma VWm H$V©ì¶ ^r Bg ì¶dñWm go grI gH$m& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ B§½b¡ÊS>, ’«$m§g VWm O‘©Zr ‘| gm{hpË¶H$ {dH$mg H$mo ^r Bg ì¶dñWm ‘| àmoËgmhZ {‘bm& Bg ì¶dñWm H$s {deof XoZ Wr {Z¶‘m| H$s aMZm& Bg {Z¶‘m| Ho$ Ûmam "Zmo~b' OZm| Zo à{ejU àmá {H$¶m& Bggo Zmo~b, ‘{hbmE±, Aeº$, B©gmB© Y‘© Ho$ ajH$ ~Zo& Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm ZdrZ ZJam| H$s ì¶dñWm H$mo Yrao-Yrao aMZm H$aZo bJr, ¶h ì¶mnma Am¡a hWH$aYm (Hw$Q>ra) H|$Ðm| Ho$ én ‘| ñWm{nV hþE& Z¶o ì¶mnmar g§K ApñVËd ‘| AmE& 14 hdt eVmãXr VH$ A{YH$ go A{YH$ {H$gmZ H¥${f joÌ go ~mha {ZH$mbo JE& B§½b¢S>, ’«$m§g, nwV©Jmb Am{X joÌm| ‘o ZJa amÁ¶ ñWm{nV hþE&

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Bg ì¶dñWm Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdén CÞV dJ© Ho$ à^wËd aIZo dmbo OmJraXma VWm Zmo~ob OZm| Ho$ ‘Ü¶ dmX-{ddmX Ama§^ hþAm& Bg n[apñW{V go Jwbm‘r g‘Pm¡Vo Qy>Q> JE& H$^r H$^r ‘m{bH$ bmoJ A{YH$mar emgH$m| Ho$ gmW ~am~ar H$aZo bJVo& H$B© amï´> Ðmohr bmoJ CËnÞ hmo JE {Oggo CZHo$ àm§Vm| H$s EH$Vm ^§J hmo J¶r& Ý¶m¶ g§~§Yr ì¶dñWm ^r Ag‘mZVm Ho$ H$maU XmofnyU© ahr& Bg g~go ~‹T>H$a MM© Am¡a amÁ¶m| Ho$ ~rb H$bh CËnÞ hmo JE&

Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm H$s AdZ{V :

14 dt eVmãXr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ ‘| gånyU© ¶yamon ‘| CËnÞ amoJ (g‘ñ¶mAm|) go 35 H$amoS> ¶m Hw$b OZg§»¶m H$m EH$ {VhmB© ^mJ ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ Hw$E± ‘| Om {Jam& Bgo B{Vhmg ‘| "ãboH$ S>oW' (H$mbr ‘m¡V) H$hm J¶m h¡& VËníMmV² ßboJ ~ma ~ma ’¡$bVm ahm Am¡a n[apñW{V VoOr go {~JS>Zo bJr& Bggo bJmZ H$‘ hmo J¶m& Am‘XZr H$‘ hmo J¶r& ImX²¶nXmWm] H$s ‘m±J H$‘ hmoZo go H¥${f Am¶ ^r H$‘ hmo J¶r& "ãboH$ S>oW' Ho$ ~mX ‘OXÿam| H$s H$‘r go {H$gmZ ~bembr hmo J¶o& BgHo$ à{VHy$b O‘rZXma nma§n[aH$ H$V©ì¶m| H$mo Am¡a H$R>moa ~Zm H$a {H$gmZm| na bmXZo H$m à¶mg H$aZo bJo& Bggo gm‘m{OH$ {dñ’$moQ> H$s pñW{V CËnÞ hþ¶r& gånyU© ¶yamon ‘| {dÐmoh ì¶mnH$ én go ’¡$b J¶m& Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm H$m nVZ ny±Orn{V dJ© ì¶dñWm H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo ‘| ghm¶H$ hþAm&

Aä¶mgI. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE&

1) ¶yamon H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ ZragVm H$mo ................. ¶wJ H$hm OmVm h¡&

2) ^y{‘ Ho$ ‘m{bH$Ëd H$m A{YH$mar ................ H$hm OmVm Wm&

3) OmJraXma Ûmam àmá ^y{‘ H$mo ................. H$hVo Wo&

4) ^y{‘ H$mo Om{JaXmar Ho$ {bE àmá H$aZodmbo ~bhrZ ì¶{º$ H$mo ............... H$hVo Wo&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE&

1) Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm go ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡ ?

2) Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm Ho$ JwU-Xmofm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

3) Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm Ho$ n[aUm‘m| H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

4) Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm Ho$ nVZ H$m H$maU {b{IE&

III. Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm Ho$ ~mao ‘| EH$ {Z~§Y à{V¶mo{JVm H$m Am¶moOZ H$s{OE&

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AÜ`m` - 8

AmYw{ZH$ `yamon


• nwZ…Om©JaU Ho$ H$maU Am¡a n[aUm_• ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AÝdofU Am¡a n[aUm_ • Y_© H$mo gwYmaZo Ho$ H$maU Am¡a n[aUm_ • AmoÚmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Am¡a n[aUm_

nwZOm©JaU

àmMrZ ¶yamon ‘| pñWV npíM‘r amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ 5 dt eVmãXr ‘| Agä¶OZm| Ho$ AmH«$‘U go

{dZï> hmo J¶m& Eogo AmH«$‘U go B©gmB© Y‘© H$s ajm Ho$ {bE amo‘Z H¡$Wmo{bH$ bmoJ nmon Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd

‘| g§J{R>V hþE& gmW hr AnZo {hVm| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE MM© Ho$ bmoJm| ‘| ‘yT>Vm-A§Y{dídmg âZo

H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m& ’$bñdén g^r joÌm| H$m {dH$mg Hw§${R>V hmo J¶m& Bgr n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| gånyU© ¶wJ H$mo

"A§YH$ma ¶wJ' H$hm J¶m& Xþ~©b amOmAm| Ho$ à^wËd Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdén Jwbm‘r emgH$ ‘wº$ hmo J¶o&

¶yamon Ho$ ‘Ü¶‘ VWm {ZåZ dJ© H$m g‘mO OO©a hmo J¶m& 15 dt eVmãXr Ho$ ‘Ü¶ ‘| ZdrZ ¶wJ

Ama§^ hþAm&

AW© - b¡{Q>Z ^mfm Ho$ "[aZogoao' eãX go "[aZogm§g' Zm‘H$ A§J«oOr eãX ~Zm h¡& [aZogm§g H$m

AW© h¡ - nwZO©Ý‘ ¶m nwZOm©JaU ¶m ZdmoX¶& àmMrZ ¶yZmZ Am¡a bm¡{Q>Z gm{hË¶ Ho$ nwZ… nR>Z go

CËnÞ ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mg H$mo nwZOudZ (nwZOm©JaU) H$hm OmVm h¡& Bg {dH$mg go ¶yamonr¶ bmoJm| Zo

gab, {dMmaerb, ‘mZdr¶ Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ qMVZ H$s {Xem ‘| àJ{V H$s Am¡a A§YH$ma ¶wJ H$m A§V

H$a AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$m àma§^ {H$¶m&

CX¶ - ‘Ü¶¶wJ Ho$ BQ>br H$s AnZr hr {d{eï> gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam Wr& BQ>br Ho$

g‘¥X²Y ZJa amo‘, do{Zg, O¡Zdm ‘| b¡{Q>Z gm{hË¶ Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b dmVmdaU

Wm& ¶yamon ‘| hþB© H«$m§{V VWm AmH«$‘U go ¶yamon Ho$ AÝ¶ ^mJm| ‘| ~w{Õ‘mZ bmoJ AWm©V

H${d, {MÌH$ma, d¡km{ZH$, ‘mZdVmdmXr, Xme©{ZH$ Am{X BQ>br Ho$ g‘¥X²Y Xoem| (ZJam|) H$mo

Mbo JE& Bggo nwZOm©JaU àW‘ ~ma BQ>br ‘| àma§^ hþAm VËníMmV² ¶yamon Ho$ AÝ¶ ^mJm| ‘|

{dñV[aV hþAm&

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H$maU

1) ¶yamon Ho$ ‘Ü¶ ¶wJ Ho$ A§V VH$ nrQ>a Ab~Q>©, amoOa ~oH$Z, Om°Z d¡p³bH$ Am{X Xme©{ZH$m| Zo amoOa ~oH$Z, Om°Z d¡p³bH$ Am{X Xme©{ZH$m| Zo H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© Ho$ A§Y{dídmgm| VWm Xþén¶moJ na àíZ CR>m¶m Am¡a AmJm‘r AmÝXmobZ H$m ‘mJ© àeñV {H$¶m&

2) gZ² 1453 ‘| AmQ>mo‘Z Zm‘H$ VwH$s© Zo amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ ‘hmÛma H$m§ñQ>|{Q>Zmonwb ZJa na AmH«$‘U {H$¶m& Vw{H©$¶m| H$m AË¶mMma AghZr¶ hmo J¶m Am¡a dhm± Ho$ ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© AnZo J«§Wm| g{hV BQ>br O¡go Xoem| H$mo Mbo JE& Am¡a nwZOm©JaU H$m H$maU ~Zo&

3) B©ñdr 1455 ‘| O‘©Zr Ho$ JwQ>ZdJ© Zo ‘wÐU ¶§Ì H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$¶m& Bggo gmao ¶yamon ‘| kmZ H$m àgma VoOr go hþAm&

4) ¶yamon ‘| pñWV ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© H$mo amOm, nmon, Y{ZH$ dJ© go Aml¶ {‘bm& V¥Vr¶ nmon {ZH$mobg, Xgd| nmon {b¶mo, âbmoa|g H$m ‘o{S>Zr n[adma, àW‘ amZr E{bOm~oW Am{X Zo kmZ H$s ~w{Õ H$m ‘mJ© àemñV {H$¶m&

5) ¶yamon ‘| àma§^ hþE ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Am{dîH$ma VWm Y‘© ¶wÕ go ¶yamonr¶ bmoJm| H$mo nydu Xoem| H$m n[aM¶ àmá hþAm& BZ ZdrZ àXoem| go kmZ VWm YZ àmáH$a CZ H$m nwZOm©JaU ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m&

nwZOm©JaU eãX H$m AW© h¡ nwZO©Ý_ `m nwZOm©J¥{V& `h `yamon Ho$ _Ü` `wJ Ho$ A§V _| hþE ~m¡{ÕH$ n[adV©Zm| H$mo Hw$b {_bmH$a gy{MV H$aZodmbm nX h¡ ; Eogm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& 14 dt Am¡a 15 dt eVmãXr _| n{ü_r `yamon H$s H$bm-, dmñVw{eën, Y_©, Xe©Zemó, {dkmZ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ {dMmam| Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡& kmZ nwZOm©JaU Am§XmobZ nhbo BQ>br Xoe _| àma§^ hþAm& BgHo$ ~mX `h Am§XmobZ `yamon Ho$ AÝ` joÌm| _| ^r \¡$b J`m& Bg{bE BQ>br H$mo "nwZOm©JaU H$s OZZr' H$hm J`m h¡&

nwZOm©JaU Ho$ bjU

1) nwZOm©JaU H$mb Ho$ bmoJm| H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU _Ü``wJ go {~ëHw$b {^Þ Wm& g§gma Am¡a _mZd Ho$ ~mao _| bmoJm| H$m A{^àm` ~Xb J`m& Bgo _mZdVmdmX H$s g§km Xr JB©& _mZdVmdm{X`m| Zo CËH¥$ï> gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| AnZr é{M H$mo ~‹T>m`m& _mZd OrdZ go gå~§{YV Zr{V Am¡a AZwemgZ na ~b XoZo Ho$ à`ËZ ~‹T>o&

2) nwZOm©JaU H$mb Ho$ boIH$m| go boH$a A§J«oOr, BQ>br VWm O_©Z ^mfm _| gm{hË`m| H$s g_¥{Õ hþ r&

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3) Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| n[adV©Z hþE& IoVr~‹S>r H$aZodmbm| H$m OrdZ dm{UÁ` Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ {H«$`H$bmnm| _| ~Xbmd hþAm& gm_m{OH$ gå~ÝYm| _| ^r _yb^yV n[adV©Z hþE&

4) nwZOm©JaU H$m _w»` bjU `h Wm {H$ loð> g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ~mao _| AnZr é{M Ho$ AmYma na OmZH$mar àmá H$aHo$ Omo ñd`§ H$mo loð> bJo, CgH$m AZwH$aU H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm bmoJm| _| Wr& Bgo "loð>mZwH$aU' Zm_ go nwH$mam OmVm h¡&

5) nwZOm©JaU Ho$ bjU g~go nhbo BQ>br Xoe _| {XImB© {Xò& BgH$m H$maU `h Wm {H$ J«rg Am¡a amo_ Ho$ {dÛmZ BQ>br _| AmH$a ahZo bJo Wo &

nwZOm©JaU H$m gm{hË`

noQ´>mH©$

BQ>br AZoH$ {X½JO gm{hË`H$mam| H$m Ho$ÝÐ ñWmZ Wm& \«$m§g, B§Jb¡ÊS>, O_©Zr Am¡a ñnoZ Xoe Zo gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| AnZm `moJXmZ {X`m Wm& Bg H$mb _| gm{hË` H$m gmam§e Ym{_©H$ Z hmoH$a gm§gm[aH$ OrdZ {Zdm©h H$aZo Ho$ ~mao _| Wm& _mZd H$m eara Am¡a A§J gm¡ð>>d O¡go {df`m| na gm{hË` {bIo OmVo Wo& b¡{Q>Z ^mfm Ho$ ñWmZ na yamon H$s àmXo{eH$ ^mfmAm| _| gm{hË` {bIo OmZo bJo Wo&

noQ´>mH©$ (1304 - 1374)

noQ´>mH©$ H$mo "nwZOm©JaU H$m OZH$' Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& BgZo bJ^J 200 b¡{Q>Z Am¡a J«rH$ hñVà{V`m| H$m g§J«h {H$`m Wm& noQ´>mH©$ Ho$ à{gÕ H$mì` H$m Zm_ "A\«$sH$m' Wm& BgH$s aMZm b¡{Q>Z ^mfm _| H$s JB© Wr& noQ´>mH©$ AZoH$ JrVm| Am¡a gm°ZoQ> H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE à»`mV Wm& _Zwî` Omo AnZo OrdZH$mb _| gwI-XþI ^moJVm h¡, Bg {df` na noQ´>mH©$ Zo AnZr Jhar gmoM H$mo H${dVmAm| _| ì`º$ {H$`m Wm&

~moH$m{f`mo Zo BQ>m{b`Z ^mfm _| "X So>H$m_oamZ' Zm_H$ gm¡ H$hm{Z`m| H$m g§J«h {bIm Wm& Xm§Vo (Dante) Zo "{‹S>dmBZ H$m°_oS>r H$s aMZm H$s Wr & Mmga Zo A§J«oOr ^mfm _| "H¢$Q>a~ar Q>oëg' Zm_H$ H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ g§J«h H$mo àH$m{eV {H$`m Wm & ñnoZ Ho$ gad|{Q>g Zo S>m°Z {ŠdJµOmoQ> Zm_H$ J«§W {bIm Wm& B§Jb¢‹S> Ho$ Wm_g _ya Zo "`wQ>mo{n`m' Zm_H$ nwñVH$ {bIr Wr& B§½b¢S> Ho$ eoŠg{nà _hmZ H${d Am¡a boIH$, ZmQ>H$H$ma ^r Wo& BÝhm|Zo AZoH$ à{gÕ gwIm§V Am¡a Xþ…Im§V ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s Wr& ZE kmZ H$mo grIZo Ho$ {bE b§XZ _| g|Q> nm°b ñHy$b H$s ñWmnZm H$s J`r Wr&

nwZOm©JaU H$mb _| H$bm (dmñVw{eën Am¡a {eënH$bm)

Bg H$mb H$s H$bm AË`§V gab Ed_² ñdm^m{dH$ ^r Wr& nm¡am{UH$ nmÌ, XodnwÌ, B©gm_grh Am¡a CZHo$ {eî`m| H$s ^mdZmAm| _| _¾ pñW{V _| H$bmH$mam| Am¡a {MÌH$mam| Zo AnZr H$bm H$m Z_yZm V¡`ma {H$`m Wm&

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16dt eVmãXr _| BQ>br _| AZoH$ H$bmH$ma Wo& _mBH$b E§Oobmo, am\o$b, {b`mZmS>m]-X-qdMr H$m "bmñQ> gßna' Am¡a "_moZm{bgm' a\o$b Ûmam {M{ÌV {gñQ>mBZ _o‹S>moZm' Am¡a {Q>{Q>`Z Ûmam {M{ÌV "Ag§ßeZ² Am°\$ Xr d{O©Z' à_wI dU©{MÌ Wo&

nwZOm©JaU H$mb _| {dkmZ : (AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ H$m OÝ_)

Ho$ßba

Jo{b{b`mo

nwZOm©JaU Ho$ H$mb go hr AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ H$m OÝ_ hþAm& {dkmZ Zo Ym{_©H$ {dœmgm| H$mo {H$Zmao H$a ZE AZwg§YmZm| na H$m_ H$aZm ewé {X`m Wm& "_mZd Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZo _| é{M' Bg H$mb Ho$ ZE Am{dîH$mam| H$m ewédmV Wr& _Ü`H$mb _| OZgm_mÝ` bmoJ {~Zm H$moB© àíZ {H$ò g~ Hw$N> _mZ boVo Wo& Amdí`H$Vm Am¡a àíZ H$aZo àd¥{Îm ~‹T>Zo go d¡km{ZH$ AZwg§YmZ ^r ~‹T>Zo bJo& \«$m§{gg ~oH$Z Ho$ AZwgma àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ ñnï>rH$aU dV©_mZ H$mb Ho$ AZwg§YmZ H$m à{V{Z{YËd Zht H$agH$Vo h¢& So>ñH$m{Q©>g Zo g§Xoh Ho$ _mJ© H$mo EH$ XoZ Xr BgHo$ AZwgma {H$gr {dMma H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZo go nhbo `{X g§Xoh hmo Vmo h_| àý H$aZm Mm{hE, Bg ~mV na ~b {X`m J`m Wm& J«rg Xoe Ho$ Q>më_r Zo _mZm Wm {H$ ^y{_ Ho$ Mmam| Amoa J«h n[a^«_U H$aVo h¢& Bg dmX H$mo PwR>bmVo hþE nmob¢‹S> Ho$ H$mona{ZH$g Zo H$hm {H$ - "gy`© Ho$ÝÐ _| pñWV h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ Mmam| Amoa ^y{_ g{hV AÝ` J«h n[a^«_U H$aVo h¢&

Ho$ßba : Ho$ßba O_©Zr H$m EH$ d¡km{ZH$ Wm& BgZo ~Vm`m Wm {H$ J«h gy`© Ho$ Mmam| Amoa AÊ‹S>mH$ma ê$n _| n[a^«_U H$aVo h¢&

Ý`yQ>Z

Jo{b{b`mo : Jo{b{b`mo Zo XÿaXe©H$ (Telescop) H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m Wm & BgZo H$mona {ZH$g H$s n[aH$ënZm H$mo ghr _mZm Wm& MM© Ho$ X~md na CgZo AnZo H$WZ H$mo dmng {b`m&

Ý`yQ>Z : Ý`yQ>Z Zo JwéËdmH$f©U Ho$ {gÕm§V H$m n[anmbZ {H$`m Wm& Ý`yQ>Z Zo `h ^r H$hm Wm {H$ g^r AmH$meH$m`m| H$m MbZ JwéËdmH$f©U Ho$ {Z`§ÌU _| em{_b h¢& agm`Zemó, {M{H$Ëgmemó, eara {dkmZ Ho$ ~mao _| em¡H$ go AÜ``Z d AZwg§YmZ {H$ò OmZo bJo& E§{S`mo dgm{b`g Zo eara H$s eó-{M{H$Ëgm H$a$ ApñWn§Oa, _m±g no{e`m|, _pñVîH$, nmMZ-V§Ì, OZZ-àUmbr (OZZopÝÐ`) BZ g~ Am§V[aH$ A§Jm| H$s à^mdembr VarHo$ go {M{H$Ëgm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡; à{Vnm{XV H$a eara emó {df` na BgZo d¡km{ZH$ J«§W ^r {bIm Wm&

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nwZOm©JaU Ho$ n[aUm_

1) nwZOm©JaU Ûmam `yamon Ho$ _Ü` `wJ Ho$ AkmZ énr A§YH$ma H$m A§V H$a AmYw{ZH$ kmZ H$m n[aM` hþAm&

2) nwZOm©JaU _V g§~§Yr gwYma H$m àma§^ Wm& H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© H$m A§Y{dídmg VWm hmdrnZ H$m A§V H$a _mZdr` VWm ì`{º$ H$s ñdV§ÌVm na ~b {X`m&

3) nwZOm©JaU H$mb H$s H$bm gm{hË` VWm d¡km{ZH$ àJ{V Zo {dñV¥V qMVZ Ho$ {dH$mg H$m _mJ© àeñV {H$`m&

4) nwZOm©JaU _mZd H$s ghO {Okmgm VWm kmZ {nnmgm H$mo ~T>m H$a ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AÝdofU H$m H$maU ~Zm&

5) `yamonr` Xoem| H$s ^mfm A§J«oOr, O_©Z, ñno{Ze, \«|$M, BQ>br`Z VWm AÝ` ^mfmE± ^r H$m\$s {dH${gV hþ`t&

^m¡Jmo{bH$ ImoO16 dt eVmãXr H$mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ kmZ ~hþV H$_ Wm& CgHo$ ~mX Ho$ dfm] _| `yamondm{g`m| Zo

AZoH$ g_wÐr _mJm] H$s ImoO H$s& ZE _hmÛrn O¡go CÎma-A_arH$m, X{jU A_arH$m Am¡a AmñQ´>o{b`m _mZ{MÌ _| {XImB© XoZo bJo Wo&

^m¡Jmo{bH$ ImoOm| H$mo CÎmo{OV H$aZodmbo H$maH$

1) 1453 B©0 VwH$m} Zo H$mÝñQ>m§{Q>Zmonb ZJa na H$ãOm H$aZo Ho$ \$bñdén nydu Xoem| Am¡a n{ü_r Xoem| Ho$ ~rM _| ì`mnma Ho$ XadmµOo Iwb JE& n[aUm_ ñdén ^maV go Am`mV {H$ò OmZodmbm _gmbo nXmWm] go VwH$m]| H$mo AË`{YH$ bm^ hmoZo bJm& Bg{bE `yamondm{g`m| H$mo ^maV VH$ nhþ±MZo Ho$ {bE ZE g_wÐr _mJ© H$s ImoO H$aZm AË`§V A{Zdm`© hmo J`m&

2) ñnoZ Am¡a nwV©Jmb Xoe, Aa~ g_wÐr ì`mnm[a`m| go dm{UÁ` joÌ _| à{V`mo{JVm H$s ^mdZm {bE hþE Wo&

3) B©gmB© {_eZ[a`m± AnZo Y_© H$m àMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZE Xoem| H$s ImoO _| bJr Wr&

4) nydu Xoem| H$s Va\$ g_wÐr `mÌm H$aZo H$m OmopI_ `yamondm{g`m| Zo CR>m`m Wm Am¡a CZ_| EH$ amo_m§M Ed_² Hw$Vyhb H$s ^mdZm OmJ¥V hmoZo bJr do _gmbo nXmW©, aoe_, H$nmg, _g{b Z dñV« Am{X bmH$a bm^ àmá H$aZo bJo&

5) nwZOm©JaU H$mb Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ à`moJm| go {gÕ hmo J`m {H$ n¥Ïdr Jmob h¡& Zm{dH$m| H$mo {Xem Xem©Zodmbo H§$nmg Am¡a EñQ´>mobmo~ CnH$aU CÝh| g_wÐ _| `mÌm H$aZo Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ {gÕ hmoZo bJr& {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ _mZ{MÌ Zm{dH$m| H$mo gabVm go CnbãY hmoZo bJo&

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6) à{gÕ n`©Q>H$ _mH$m} nmobmo Zo nydr Xoem| MrZ VWm ^maV OmH$a dhm± H$s g_¥{Õ H$m {ddaU AnZr à{gÕ aMZm ""Q´>mdb Am°\$ _mH$m}nmobmo'' _| {X`m h¡& Bggo `yamon Ho$ ì`mnm[a`m| Zo gmoMm Wm {H$ MrZ ì`mnm[aH$ Ñ{ï> go AË`§V g_¥Õembr Xoe h¡ ; `yamonr`m| H$mo Bg Xoe _| AmZo H$m àmoËgmhZ {_bm&

Zm{dH$ AnZo J§Vì` H$s Xÿar, {Xem Ed_² _mJ© H$m nVm bJmZo Ho$ {bE Bg

gmYZ H$m BñVo_mb H$aVo Wo&

ZE ñWmZm| H$s ImoO :

_Ü``wJ Ho$ ~mX _| ZE ñWmZm| H$s ImoO _| ñnoZ Am¡a nwV©Jmb Xoe à_wI Wo& nwV©Jmb Ho$ amOm hoZar Zo AZoH$ Zm{dH$m| H$mo Xÿa g_wÐ _| `mÌm H$aHo$ ZE _mJ© H$s ImoO Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`m Wm& \$bñdén Zm{dH$m| Zo A\«$sH$m Ho$ npíM_r VQ> go boH$a X{jUr N>moa VH$ H$m _mJ© ImoO {ZH$mbm&

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~mWm}bmoå`m S>`mµO Zm_H$ Zm{dH$ Zo A\«$sH$m Ho$ X{jUr N>moa na nhþ±MH$a Cg joÌ H$mo "Ho$n Am°\$ Jw‹S> hmon' Zm_ {X`m& 1498 B©0 _| dmñH$mo-S>Jm_m Zo Ho$n Am°\$ Jw‹S> hmon nhþ±MH$a AmJo {hÝX _hmgmJa H$mo nma H$aHo$ ^maV Ho$ H$m{bH$Q> (dV©_mZ Ho$ab H$m EH$ ñWmZ) nhþ±Mm Wm& g_wÐr _mJ© go ^maV _| nhþ±MZo H$m `yamondm{g`m| H$m gnZm nyam hmo J`m&

{OZodm ZJa H$m Zm{dH$ {H«$ñQ>mo\$a H$mob§~g ñnoZ Ho$ amOm H$s ghm`Vm go 1492 B©0 _| AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJa H$mo na H$aHo$ doñQ> B§‹S>rµO (Ho$ao{~ §g) ~hm_m Ûrn na nhþ±Mm& A_o[aJmo doñnwñgr BQ>br H$m {Zdmgr VWm dh yamon go npíM_ H$s Amoa ~T>m Am¡a BgZo A_o[aH$m H$s ImoO H$s&

H$~«mb EH$ nwV©Jmbr Zm{dH$ Wm& BgZo 1500 B©0 _| ~«mOrb Xoe _| nhþ±MH$a AnZo H$X_ aIo& ~b^modm ^r nwV©Jmbr Zm{dH$ Wm& BgZo nZm_m Obg§{Y H$m nVm bJm`m Wm& Bgr n{ü_ _| {demb _hmgmJa H$mo XoIm, {Ogo AmO àem§V _hmgmJa Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& \$S>uZm§S> _¡JobZ ^r nwV©Jmbr Zm{dH$ Wm& BgZo Hw$b nm±M _hrZo _| n¥Ïdr H$m nyam EH$ M¸$a bJm`m Wm& gZ² 1520_| dh X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$m nVm bJm`m dhm§ go qhX_hmgmJa go hmoVo hþE {\$brntg nhþ±Mm& CgH$m EH$ OhmO dV©_mZ Ho$ B§S>moZo{e`m Ûrn Ho$ _Ü` go hmoH$a JwOam Am¡a n¥Ïdr H$s àW_ n[aH«$`m H$s& Am¡a Ho$n Am°\$ JwS> hmon _mJ© go hmoVo hþE ñnoZ nhþ±Mm&

ZE ñWmZm| H$s ImoO Ho$ n[aUm‘

1) ¶yamo{n¶m| Zo A‘o[aH$m, A’«$sH$m VWm E{e¶m Ho$ gmW gånH©$ ~ZmH$a Anma YZ hr àmá Zht {H$¶m ~pëH$ kmZ H$s ^r d¥{Õ H$s&

2) ¶yamon H$s Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm H$m ñdén ~Xb J¶m& BQ>br Am¡a O‘©Zr H$s g‘¥{Õ H$m nVZ hþAm& B§½b¡ÊS> VWm ’«$m§g O¡go Xoem| Zo à~b gÑT> gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm H$s&

3) B§½b¡ÊS> Am¡a ’«$m§g Xoem| Zo A‘o[aH$m VWm ^maV ‘| (ì¶mnma) ~mOma ~T>m¶m Am¡a Cn{Zdmoem| H$s ñWmnZm H$a Am{W©H$ én go H$m’$s bm^ H$‘m¶m&

4) ZE ^y-àXoem| H$mo ñWmZm§V[aV hþE B©gmB© Y‘© àMmaH$m| Zo AnZo Y‘© H$m àMma Xÿgao Xoem| ‘| ^r {H$¶m&

5) Bg Am{dîH$ma (ImoO) go nydu VWm npíM‘r Xoem| Ho$ ~rM gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{Z‘¶ hmoZo bJo VWm ZdrZ kmZ àmá hþE&

6) ‘oJbZ Ho$ ¶mZ go ^y{‘ Ho$ MnQ>o Z hmoZo VWm Jmob hmoZo H$m nVm àm¶mo{JH$ én go à‘m{UV hmo J¶m&

7) CÎmar A‘o[aH$m H$s Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE A{’«$H$m Ho$ ZrJ«mo bmoJm| H$m Cn¶moJ {H$E OmZo Ho$ H$maU Jwbm‘r ì¶dñWm ApñVËd ‘| Am¶r&

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Y_© gwYma

16 dt eVmãXr _| `yamon _| g~go ~‹S>m Am§XmobZ Y_© gwYma H$mo boH$a hþAm Wm& amo_Z H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© Ho$ EH$m{YH$ma H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoVo hþE Y_© gwYma Ho$ _m_bo amO emgZ Ho$ {déÕ AmdmO| CR>Zo bJt& Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ _Ü``wJ _| g^r g§ñWmAm| _| MM© g~go àYmZ e{º$`wº$ H|$Ð Wt& Y_© gwYma go EH$ ZE `wJ H$m Ama§^ hþAm& nmon Ho$ AmS>§~a VWm MM© Ho$ hmdrnZ Ho$ {damoY _| _m{Q©>Z byWa Ûmam O_©Zr _| àma§^ {H$`m J`m Ym{_©H$ Am§XmobZ hr Y_© gwYma Zm_ go à{gÕ hþAm&

Bg Am§XmobZ go AmJo B©gmB© Y_© _| ôX^md CËnÞ hþE& \y$Q> n¡Xm hþB©& VWm H¡$Wmo{bH$ OZ H$mo ñd`§ {d_em© H$aZo Ho$ ñVa VH$ nhþ±Mo&

1) AZoH$ B©gmB© gÝ`mgr, nmon Am¡a nmXar n{dÌ Ym{_©H$ nÕ{V`m| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a bm¡{H$H$ Ed_² gm§gm[aH$ gwIm| H$mo ^moJZo _| ì`ñV Wo& AZoH$ nmXar AZ¡{VH$ OrdZ H$m {Zdm©h H$a aho Wo& nmon AnZo Xmào _| ahH$a Y_©gwYma H$aZo Ho$ ~Om` amOZr{V _| {XbMñnr bo aho Wo& BQ>br Ho$ ~moHo${e`m|, hm°b¢S> Ho$ Bamg_g Am¡a B§½b¢S> Ho$ Om°Z d¡pŠb\$ Zo BZ àWmAm| H$m {damoY {H$`m&

2) nwamo{hV dJ© _| g~ {dÛmZ Zht Wo& AZoH$ nwamo{hVm| Zo Ym{_©H$ à{ejU ^r Zht nm`m Wm& Omo bmoJ MM© Ho$ ~mao _| Q>rH$m {Q>ßnUr H$aVo Wo ; nwamo{hV bmoJ g_W© én go CÝh| àË`wVa Zht Xo nmVo Wo& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© h¡ {H$ Eogo nwamo{hVm| _| AkmZVm Ho$ H$maU CZ_| dmX-{ddmX H$aHo$ OrVZo H$m gm_ÏŒ` Zht Wm&

3) _Ü``wJ _| nmon Am¡a MH«$dVu amOm Ho$ ~rM _| H$bh H$s pñW{V CËnÞ hþB©& Bggo MH«$dVu amOm Ho$ ñdm{^_mZ Am¡a à{Vð>m H$mo R>og nhþ±Mm&

4) amï´>r` à^wËdm| H$s pñW{V AË`{YH$ gwÑ‹T> hmo JB©& AnZo amÁ` Ho$ Am§V[aH$ _m_bm| _| amo_Z H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© AWdm nmon H$m hñVjon do ng§X Zht H$aVo Wo&

5) `yamon Ho$ bmoJm| _| àý nyN>Zo H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg hþAm& gmW hr bmoJm| Zo gmoMm {H$ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo Ym{_©H$ _m_bm| _| Š`m| Z AnZm`m Omò&

6) ~mB~b H$s _yb ^mfm J«rH$ Wr& O~ ~mB~b H$m AZwdmX AZoH$ ^mfmAm| _| {H$`m OmZo bJm Vmo MM© Zo BgH$m {damoY {H$`m& ^mfm ê$nm§Va gm_mÝ` OZVm VH$ nhþ§Mm Am¡a _V gwYma Am§ÝXmobZ H$m\$s à^mdr ahm&

_m{Q©>Z byWa : (1483 - 1546)

_m{Q>©Z byWa Ym{_©H$ gwYma Ho$ à_wI ì`{º$ Wo& gZ² 1483, Zd§~a _oo§ hm§g Am¡a _maJ«oQ> X§n{V Ho$ nwÌ Ho$ én _| BZH$m OÝ_ Bgb~oZ _| hþAm& ò AmJo MbH$a g§V én _| AJñQ>g MM© _| ~B~b H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo bJo& VËníMmV² O_©Zr Ho$ {dQ²>gZ~J© {díd {Úmb` _| Y_©emó Ho$ àdº$m ~Zo& amo_ H$s ^ì` naånam dmbo MM© Am¡a nmon H$mo àË`j XoIZo H$s bmbgm go ò amo_ AmE& amo_ H$s

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g_¥{Õ, nmon H$m Eoíd`©nyU© OrdZ VWm AZ¡{VH$Vm XoIH$a byWa H$m _Z Xw…Ir hmo J`m& B©gmB© Y_© Ho$ gab VËdm| VWm nmon Ho$ ñd^md _| H$m\$s A§Va Wm&

_m{Q>Z© byWa

_m{Q>Z© byWa Ûmam Ama^§ {H$`m J`m Ym{_H© $AmX§mbZ "Y_© gYwma' Zm_ go {d»`mV hþAm& _m{Q©>Z byWa Zo H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© Ho$ CnXoem| Ed_² {ejmAm| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZo go B§H$ma {H$`m Am¡a CÝh| A_mÝ` _mZm& 1517 B©0 _| MM© Ho$ Ûmam nmnj_m Zm_H$ nÌm| Ho$ ~oMo OmZo Ho$ {déÕ _m{Q©>Z byWa Zo AnZr AmdmµO CR>mB© Wr& OZVm Ûmam {H$ò JE nmn Ho$ {bE {ZYm©[aV XÊ‹S> H$mo H$_ H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma nmon H$mo ^JdmZ go {_bm h¡& B©gm _grh Am¡a nmX[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam {H$E JE AÀN>o H$m`m] Ho$ {bE CÝh| Eogm A{YH$ma {_bm h¡, Eogm A{^àm` H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© Ho$ nmX[a`m| _| Wm& _m{Q©>Z byWa Ho$ AZwgma nmnm| H$s j_m Ho$ {bE `{º$ H$mo ñd`§ AÀN>o H$m`© H$aZm Mm{hE& qH$Vw H$B© g§X^m} _| Eogm Z H$a H$aHo$ MM© _| YZ O_m H$aZo H$m H$m_ H$a j_m `mMZm H$aVo Wo& _m{Q©>Z byWa Zo Eogo Y§Yo H$m Vrd« {damoY {H$`m& _m{Q©>Z byWa Ho$ AZw`m{``m| H$mo "àmQ>oñQ>|Q>' Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& Cg g_` O_©Zr _| AmYr go µÁ`mXm OZg§»`m àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> g_wXm`dmbm| H$s Wr&

Y_©gwYma Zo yamon _| Hw$N> AbJ hr _mJ© AnZm`m Am¡a Ym{_©H$ dmVmdaU H$bw{fV hmo J`m& gmao yamon _| bmoJm| H$mo Ym{_©H$ {dœmg Ho$ Zm_ na àmU Ë`mJZo n‹S>o& Hw$N> bmoJm| Ho$ A{YH$ma H$mo N>rZ {b`m

J`m& amo_Z H¡$Wmo{bH$ {OZ joÌm| _| ~hþVm`V g§»`m _| {Zdmg H$aVo Wo; dhm± _| Ym{_©H$ gwYmam| Ho$ {bE gaH$ma H$s Va\$ go Omo ghm`Vm {_bVr Wr ; CZ joÌm| _| àmßQ>oñQ>|Q> bmoJ H¡$Wmo{bH$ B©gmB`m| H$mo `mVZmE± XoVo Wo& H¡$Wmo{bH$ Am¡a àmßQ>oñQ>|Q> Ho$ ~rM _| Vrg df© VH$ nañna Ûof Am¡a g§Kf© MbVm ahm Wm &

Ym{_©H$ gwYma Ho$ n[aUm_ :

1) Ym{_©H$ gwYma Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdén B©gmB`m| H$mo Ym{_©H$ EH$Vm ^§J hmo JB©& BgmB© Y_© _w»` én go VrZ ^mJm| _| ~§Q> J`m& do Bg àH$ma go h¢ - H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM©, ê${T>dmXr MM© Am¡a àmoQ>oñQ|>Q> MM© &

2) `yamon Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| Ho$ amOm nmon Ho$ {Z`§ÌU go ñdV§Ì hmo JE&

3) Y_©gwYma go amï´>r` à^wËdm| H$m CX` hþAm&

4) MM© H$mo g§n{Îm na dhm± H$s gaH$mam| H$m A{YH$ma hmo J`m Wm& MM© H$s g§n{Îm H$m BñVo_mb Am{W©H$ àJ{V Ho$ {bE gw{Z{üV {H$`m J`m&

5) amï´>r`Vm H$s mdZm Am¡a r _µO~yV hmo J`r& yamon Ho$ amOmAm| Zo Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm H$s mdZm

H$mo AnZm`m &

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6) Bg Am§XmobZ go gm{hË` joÌ H$m {dH$mg hþAm& àmXo{eH$ ^mfmAm| Zo `yamondm{g`m| Ho$ _Z na à^md ‹S>mbm Wm&

7) H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© Ho$ A§VJ©V hr AZoH$ gwYma hþE, AmJo MbH$a `hr "à{VgwYma' Zm_ go Am§XmobZ ewé hþAm&

à{VgwYma Am§XmobZ

àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§W ~‹S>r VoµOr go bmoJm| na à^md ‹S>mbVo hþE gd©Ì \¡$b J`m& Bggo H¡$Wmo{bH$ n§W Ho$ g§ajH$ OmJ¥V hmoH$a AnZo n§W Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ CÔoí` go H¡$Wmo{bH$ n§W _| Amdí`H$ gwYma H$aZo H$s ~mV H$mo _hgyg {H$`m J`m& Bg {Xem _| ZoH$ gwYma ^r {H$ò JE& àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>dmbm| Ho$ dmX Am¡a VH©$ go gm_mÝ` bmoJ à^m{dV hþE& àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§W H$m ~‹T>Vm hþAm dM©ñd H¡$Wmo{bH$ Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo Sw>~m gH$Vm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go H¡$Wmo{bH$ n§W _| AZoH$ gH$mamË_H$ gwYma {H$ò JE& Eogo Amdí`H$ gwYma hr à{VgwYma Zm_ go Am§XmobZ ~Z J`m& àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§W H$mo CÞ{V H$mo amoH$H$a amo_Z MM© H$mo Omo CÔoí` Wm& Bg{bE {JaOmKam| _| Am§V[aH$ gwYma H$aHo$ g~ g_ñ`mAm| H$m {ZdmaU H$aZo H$m à`ËZ Mbm& A{YH$mam| Ho$ Xþén`moJ H$mo amoH$m J`m& MM© H$mo àemgZ ì`dñWm H$mo R>rH$ {H$`m J`m&

Bg à{V gwYma Am§XmobZ H$m ZoVm EH$ ñn¡{Ze YZdmZ, B¾o{e`g b`mobm Wm& BgZo 1540 B©0 _| Orgg gmogmBQ>r H$s ñWmnZm H$s Wr& BZH$m à_wI CÔoí` amo_Z H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© Ho$ A{YH$mam| Am¡a Imoò hþE dM©ñd H$mo nwZ: ñWm{nV H$aZm Wm& Bg g§K Ho$ AZw`m{``m| H$mo AÀN>r {ejm Am¡a à{ejU XoH$a g_mO H$s godm Ho$ {bE AnZo OrdZ H$mo g_n©U H$aZm hr g§K H$m CÔoí` Wm&

MM© Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m C„§KZ H$aZodmbm| Ho$ {déÕ AZwemg{ZH$ H$m`©dmhr Am¡a XÊ‹S> XoZo H$s ~mV "B§H${d{OeZ' Zm_H$ Ym{_©H$ nyN>nmN> H$s nÕ{V 1542 B©0 go Omar _| Am`r Wr& Bg nÕ{V Zo H¡$Wmo{bH$ go àmoQ>oñQ§oQ> n§W _| em{_b hmoZo H$s gmar Jw§OmBem| H$mo g_má H$a {X`m&

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V

dñVw CËnmXZ H$s {H«$¶m ‘| ‘mZd e{º$ Ho$ ñWmZ na ¶m§{ÌH$ e{º$ H$m Cn¶moJ hr "Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V' H$hm OmVm h¡& ¶h gmao {díd AË¶§V n[aUm‘H$mar H«$m§{V h¡& ¶h 18 dht eVmãXr ‘| B§½b¡ÊS> ‘| àma§^ hþ¶r Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX ¶yamon Ho$ AÝ¶ Xoem| ‘| ’¡$b H$a gmao {díd ‘| {dñV¥V hþ¶r&

Cn{Zdoem| H$s ñWmnZm go ì`mnma b| d¥{Õ hþ`r& CËnm{XV dñVwAm| (Ready made) H$s _m±J ~‹T> J`r & na§namJV VarHo$ H$s CËnmXZ {d{Y go A{YH$ _m±J H$s Amny{V© H$aZm Ag§^d Wm Bgr g_` ~m¡{ÕH$ OmJ¥{V ^r hþB©, gmW hr bm^ H$_mVo H$s Anojm ^r H$s OmZo bJr & CÚmoJn{V`m|

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pñnqZJOoÞr Zm_H$ `§Ì

H$mo AnZo CËnmXZ Ho$ VarH$m| H$mo ~ohVa ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m J`m& 18 dt eVmãXr Ho$ CÎmamY© _| ZE-ZE Am{dîH$mam| Zo Am¡Úmo{-JH$ Am¡a n[adhZ Ho$ joÌ _| AZoH$ ~Xbmd {H$E&

H$maU :

1) nwZOm©JaU Ho$ àma§^ go hr B§½b¡ÊS> ‘| d¡km{ZH$ A{dîH$ma hþE Omo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V H$m H$maU ~Zo&

2) ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Am{dîH$ma go ¶yamon Ho$ à~b amï´>m| Zo AnZo Cn{Zdoem| go àmá AË¶m{YH$ bm^ H$mo (ny±Or) Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| ‘| bJm¶m Am¡a Bg H«$m§{V Ho$ H$maU ~Zo&

3) ¶yamon ‘| OZg§»¶m VWm J«mhH$m| H$s A{^é{M Ho$ ~T>Vo hr Amdí¶H$ dñVwAm| H$s ‘m±J ^r ~T>r Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ AÝdofU A{Zdm¶© hmo JE&

4) B§½b¡ÊS> H$m amOZ¡{VH$ ñWm{¶Ëd, CÎm‘ Ob n[adhZ, àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ Am{X Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ H$maU aho&

5) ¶yamon Ho$ Y‘© ¶wÕ (‘Vr¶ g§Kf©) go D$~ MwHo$ d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s VWm Hw$eb H$m{‘©H$ B§½b¡ÊS> ‘| ñWmZm§V[aV hþE Am¡a Bg H«$m§{V Ho$ H$maU ~Zo&

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V gd©àW_ B§½b¡Ê‹S> _| àma§^ hþB©& BgHo$ ~mX `h H«$m§{V g§gma Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| _| \¡$b JB©& `hm± H«$m§{V go VmËn`© h¡ {H$ amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| hmoZodmbo erK« J{V Am¡a qhgmË_H$dmbo ^mar n[adV©Z& bo{H$Z B§½b¡Ê‹S> H$mo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V _| Eogr erK«J{Vdmbo Am¡a qhgmË_H$ n[adV©Z Zht hþE& n[adV©Z _§XJ{V go hmo aho Wo& bo{H$Z ò g~ n[adV©Z {Za§Va hmo aho Wo& do gmao n[adV©Z ì`mnH$ én go hmoZo bJo Wo &

1760 B©0 go nhbo B§½b¡Ê‹S> H¥${f-àYmZ Xoe Wm& H¥${f Ho$ Abmdm D$Zr H$n‹S>o Am¡a gyVr H$n‹S>m| H$m CÚmoJ Xoe _| {dH${gV Wm& B§½b¡ÊS> Ho$ ~mµOmam| _| V¡`ma {H$E hþE dñVwAm| H$s _m±J ~‹T> J`r& bo{H$Z _m±J Ho$ AZwén CËnmXZ Zht hmoVm Wm& Hw$N> ny§Orn{V Hw$eb H$m{_©H$m| H$mo H$m_ Ho$ {bE {Z`wº$ H$aHo$ CÝh| H$ƒm_mb H$s Amny{V© H$adm H$a H$maImZo Ho$ AmH$madmbo ~‹S>o-~‹S>o JmoX_m| _| H$m_ H$admVo Wo& `hr àUmbr AmJo MbH$a H$mæImZm nÕ{V Zm_ go à{gÕ hþB©& H$maImZm| Ho$ _m{bH$m| Ho$ Ûmam V¡`ma H$s JB© dñVwAm| H$mo ~oMH$a A{YH$ bm^ H$_mVo Wo& bo{H$Z Hw$eb-H$m{_©H$ Am¡a _µOXÿa Jar~ Ho$ Jar~ ah JE&

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1760 B©0 go boH$a 1830 B©0 Ho$ ~rM _| B½b¡Ê‹S> _| dómoÚmoJ Ho$ joÌ _| H$m\$s ~‹S>m ~Xbmd

hþAm& 1764 B©0 _| Ooåg hmaJ«r0g Zo "gnqZJ Ooar' `§Ì H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m& Hw$N> dfm] Ho$ ~mX

[aMS©> AmH©$amBQ> Zo pñnqZJ Ooar `§Ì _| ~ohVa gwYma {H$`m Am¡a 1769 B©0 _| CgZo nmZr Ho$ Mm¡H$Q>

H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m& Hw$N> dfm] Ho$ ~mX [aMS©> AmH©$amBQ> Zo pñnqZJ Ooar `§Ì _| ~ohVa gwYma {H$`m

Am¡a 1769 B©0 _| CgZo nmZr Ho$ Mm¡IQ> H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m &

1779 B©0 _| ñ`må`ydb H¢$nQ>Z Zo "å`yb' `§Ì H$m A{dîH$ma {H$`m Wm& Om°Z.Ho$.Zo. "âbmq`J

eQ>b' H$s ImoO H$s Wr& 1785 B©0 _| E‹S>_§S> H$mQ>©amBQ> Zo ~wZmB©`§Ì (nmda by_) H$m A{dîH$ma

{H$`m Wm & Bg Am{dîH$ma go A{YH$ dóm| H$mo H$_ g_` _| CËnmXZ H$aZm g§^d hmo nm`m &

1793 B©0 _| Ebr.{dQ²Zr Zo "H$m°Q>Z {OZ' Zm_H$ `§Ì H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m Wm& BZ g~

Am{dîH$mam| go YmJm ~ZmZm Am¡a éB© go ~rO AbJ H$aZo VWm VoOr go CËnmXZ H$m H$maU ~Zm&

dmîn Ho$ B§OZ H$m Am{dîH$ma Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ Xm¡amZ EH$ Am¡a _rb H$m nËWa Wm& 1705

B©0 _| Wm°_g Ý`yH$_a Zo ñQ>r_ B§OZ H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m Wm& 1774 B©0 _| OoågdmQ> Zo Bg dmîn

Ho$ B§OZ H$mo AnZo VarIm| go ~hþV hr ~ohVa ~Zm`m& 1801 B©0 _| [aMS©> Q´>oda{WH$ Zo OoågdmQ> Ho$

B§OZ H$mo Qy>H$ go Omo‹S> {X`m Am¡a Cgo g‹S>H$ na Xm¡S>Zo `mo½` ~Zm`m& CgHo$ ~mX Q´>oda{WH$ Zo nQ>[a`m|

na MbZodmbr ñd`§M{bV dmîn B§OZ H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m & Om°O© ñQ>r\$ZgZ Zo 1815 B©0 _|

gm_mZ² T>moZodmbo _mb Jm‹S>r H$mo ItMH$a AmJo boOmZo dmbo B§OZ H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m& B§Jb¢‹S> Ho$

ñdmH$Q>Z Am¡a S´>mqbJQ>Z ZJam| Ho$ ~rM _| `m{Ì`m| H$mo bo OmZodmbr aobJm‹S>r ~Zm`m J`m& brdanwb

Am¡a _¢MoñQ>a Ho$ ~rM _| Am¡Ü`mo{JH$ CËnmXZ H$s nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE aob_mJ© H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m&

1801 B©0 _| {d{b`_ {gq_JQ>Z Zm_H$ A_[aH$s {dÛmZ Zo Ooåg dmQ> Ho$ B§OZ H$mo Zmd go Omo‹S>

{X`m Am¡a Cgo nmZr _| MbZo `mo½` ~Zm`m& am~Q>© \w$ëQ>Z Zm_H$ A_arH$s {Zdmgr Zo Eogo hr dmîn

OhmO (ñQ>r_ ~moQ>) H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m &

n[aUm‘

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V go B§½b¡ÊS> H$s Am{W©H$Vm gwÑT> hþ¶r Am¡a B§½b¡ÊS> à~b amï´> Ho$ én ‘| ñWm{nV

hþAm&

2) ~¥hV² CÚmoJ Ho$ ~T>Zo go ‘OXÿam| H$m emofU ^r ~‹T>m& Am¡a g‘mOdmX H$m CX¶ hþAm&

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3) AmYw{ZH$Vm VoOr go àM{bV hþ¶r Am¡a OZ gm‘mÝ¶ H$m gm‘m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$ OrdZ ñVa

^r ~‹T> J¶m&

4) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ g§X^© ‘| n[adhZ joÌ ‘| hþE Am{dîH$ma Wm n[aîH$aU go gmam {díd EH$

Jm±d gm bJZo bJm&

5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V go AË¶{YH$ A{^d¥{Õ / {dH$mg Vmo hþAm, {’$a ^r OZg§»¶m H$s d¥{Õ go

Jar~r, ~oamoOJmar VWm ImÚ g§~Yr g‘ñ¶m OÝ_ bo ahr Wr&

6) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V go Y{ZH$ dJ© VWm Jar~m| ({ZY©Z) dJ© Ho$ ~rM A§Va ~T> J¶m Am¡a dJ©

g§Kf© H$m CX¶ hþAm&

Aä`mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZ _| Cn`wº$ eãX ^[aE :

1. nwZOm©JaU H$m AW© h¡&

2. nwZOm©JaU H$m OZH$ H$mo _mZm OmVm h¡&

3. _m{Q©>Z byWa Ho$ AZw`m{``m| H$m Zm_ &

4. à{V gwYma Am§XmobZ Ho$ Zm`H$ H$m Zm_ Wm &

5. pñnqZJ Oo{Þ `§Ì H$m Am{dîH$ma Zo {H$`m Wm&

II. {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE :

1. Y_© gwYma Am§XmobZ Ho$ Š`m n[aUm_ aho?

2. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ImoOm| H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aZodmbo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go H$maH$ Wo ?

3. {b`moZmS>m]-X-qdMr Ho$ _w»` dU© {MÌ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢ ?

4. nwZOm©JaU H$mb _| gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| CXmhaU g{hV {ddaU {bpIE&

5. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ n[aUm_m| Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

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III. J{V{d{Y`m± :

1. AnZo AÜ`mnH$ go nwZOm©JaU H$mb Ho$ d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar hm{gb H$s{OE&

2. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ Xm¡amZ Am{dîH$ma {H$E JE `§Ìm| Ho$ {MÌ g§J«h H$s{OE&


1. nwZOm©JaU H$mb Ho$ H$bmH$mam| ({MÌH$mam|) Ûmam ~Zmò JE {MÌm| H$mo g§J«h H$s{OE&

2. d¡km{ZH$m| Ûmam AZwg§YmZ {H$E JE {df`m| H$mo gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE&

3. AnZo {dÚmb` Ho$ {MÌH$bm {ejH$ go dV©_mZ à{gÕ {MÌH$mam| Ho$ OrdZr Ho$ ~mao _|

Om{ZE Am¡a g§J«h H$s{OE&

4. `yamon Ho$ d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ àmMrZ VWm ^maVr` _Ü`H$mbrZ d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ Zm_ Am¡a Am{dîH$mam|

H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE&

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AÜ`m` - 9

H«$m§{V Am¡a amï´>m| H$m CX`

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo H$s OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡ -

• amï´>r` à^wËd H$m CX` Am¡a {dH$mg• A_arH$m Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ H$maU Am¡a n[aUm_• \«$m§g H$s _hmH«$m§{V Ho$ H$maU• BQ>br Am¡a O_©Zr H$m EH$sH$aU

AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s àma§{^H$ pñW{V H$mo Xem©Zodmbm _w»` A§e amï´>r` à^wËd H$m CJ_& gm_mÝ`V: 15, 16 Am¡a 17 dr eVmãXr _| pñWV BZ amÁ`m| H$s aMZm VH©$g§JV Zht Wr & amÁ` MH«$m{YnË` go boH$a ZJa-amÁ`m| VH$ {d{dYVm Wr& amÁ`m| _| Omo bmoJ {Zdmg H$aVo Wo : do {d{dY Om{V, dU© Am¡a g§V{V go g§~§{YV Wo& BVZm hr Zht do AbJ-AbJ ^mfm ~mobVo Wo Am¡a CZH$s amï´>r`Vm ^r AbJ Wr& bmoJm| H$s g§ñH¥${V ^r {^Þ-{^Þ Wr&

gm_m§VdmX Ho$ AdZ{V Ho$ ~mX gm_§Vm| H$s amOZr{VH$ e{º$ ^r H$_ hmo JB©& `yamon Ho$ AZoH$ amOmAm| Zo gm_§Vm| na AnZm H$‹S>m {Z`§ÌU aIm Wm& bo{H$Z Hw$N> g_` ~mX amOm Omo gm_§Vm| na Adb§{~V Wo CÝhm|Zo AmË_{Z^©a hmoH$a g~ A{YH$ma AnZo nmg aIo& AZoH$ amOm àemgZ H$mo ^JdmZ go àmá A{YH$ma (Divine Right) _mZVo Wo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo _hgyg {H$`m {H$ àOm H$mo CÎma XoZm H$moB© Oê$ar Zht h¡&

_Ü`_ dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| Zo AnZo {hV H$s Ñ{ï> go amOm H$mo g_W©Z {X`m& BÝhm|Zo amï´>r` à^wËdm| Ho$ CX` Am¡a {dH$mg _| AnZm `moJXmZ {X`m& bmoJm| _| AnZo Xoe Ho$ à{V amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm AWdm AË`{YH$ Xoeào_ H$mo ^mdZm Wr& Bg ^mdZm Ho$ gmW hr Hw$N> AÀN>o Am¡a Hw$N> ~wao à^md ^r Ow‹S>o Wo& BZ amï´>m| Zo gm_§VdmX Ho$ H$mb H$m AamOH$Vm H$mo Xÿa {H$`m& amï´> à^wËdm| Zo EH$ hr Vah Ho$ g§ñH¥${V H$m nmbZ H$aZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo EH$ hr amOm Ho$ emgZ Ho$ AYrZ bmoJm| H$mo g§K{Q>V {H$`m& AË`{YH$ amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm go amï´>m| _| nañna g§Kf© Ed§ à{VñnYm© H$s ^mdZm OmJ CR>r&

A_o[aH$m Am¡a E{e`m _hmÛrn _| ì`mnma Am¡a Cn{Zdoem| na {Z`§ÌU aIZo Ho$ {bE g§Kf© VWm `wÕ hmoZo bJo&

A_o[aH$m H$m ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_

CÎma A_o[aH$m _hÛrn H$s ImoO Ho$ ~mX `yamon Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| Zo A_arH$m _| Cn{Zdoem| H$s

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CÎma A_arH$m _| 13 A§J«oOm| Ho$ Cn{Zdoe

1) Ý`y h¡åne¡a2) Ý`y`mH©$3) nopÝgbdo{Z`m4) _gmMwgoQ²g5) amoS²g Am`b¢S>6) H$ZopŠQ>H$Q>7) Ý`yOogr8) {Xbmdoa9) _¡arb¡Ê‹S>10) dOm|{Z`m11) CÎma Ho$amo{bZm12) X{jU Ho$amo{bZm13) Om°{O©`m

ñWmnZm H$aZm àma§^ H$a {X`m& CÎma A_arH$m _| \«$m§g, ñnoZ, hm°b¡Ê‹S> Am¡a B§½b¢S> Zo Cn{Zdoem| H$mo ñWmnZm H$s Wr & CÎma A_arH$m Ho$ nydu VQ>r` joÌ Omo {H$ AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJa go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡& Bg joÌ _| B§½b¡Ê‹S> Zo Voah Cn{Zdoem| H$mo ñWmnZm H$s Wr& BÝh| ""ZE A§J«Or Cn{Zdoe Zm_ go OmZm OmVm Wm& CÎma A_arH$m _| Cn{Zdoe'' H$mo ñWmnZm Ho$ {df` _| \«$m§g Am¡a B½b¢S> _| nañna à{VñnYm© H$s ^mdZm Wr& 13 Cn{Zdoem| Ho$ bmoJm| _| ñdV§Ì hmoZo H$mo à~b BÀN>m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝhm|Zo A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déÕ X§Jo H$aZo bJo&

H$maU: Cn{Zdoem| Ho$ ~mao _| _mV¥Xoe H$s YmaU Am¡a Cn{Zdoem| Ho$ bmoJm| _| ñdV§Ì hmoZo H$s BÀN>m, gádm{f© `wÕm| Ho$ n[aUm_, Zm¡g§MmbZ A{Y{Z`_, Wm_g noO, Om°Z E‹S>åg, g¡å`ydb E‹S>åg, Om°Z ES>d‹S>© H$moH$, ~o§O{_Z \«|$H${bZ, Am{X boIH$m| Ho$ à^md, Š`y~oH$ A{Y{Z`_, Q>mCZeo‹S> H$a (Tax) Am¡a ~moñQ>Z Mm` nmQ>u Am{X H$maUm| go A_arH$m _| H«$m§{V hþB© Wr&

AmnH$mo `h kmV aho:

gádm{f©H$ `wÕ (1756 - 63) \«$m§g Am¡a B§½b¡Ê‹S> Ho$ ~rM _| hþAm Wm& Zm¡g§MmbZ A{Y{Z`_ 1760 B©0 _| bmJy hþAm Wm& B§½b¡Ê‹S> Ho$ Cn{Zdoe Omo g_wÐ nmar` Wo dhm± ì`mnma _| B§½b¡ÊS> H$mo EH$m{YH$ma H$m _m¡H$m {_bm Wm& 1765 B©0 _| ñQ>m§n H$a XoZm Omar _| Am`m Wm& 1767 B©0 _| Mm` nÎmr, H$mJµO, H$m±M Am{X dñVwAm| na H$a ‹S>mbZm g§^d hmo nm`m&

~moñQ>Z Mm` nmQ>u (1773) : {damoY hmoZo Ho$ dmdOyX ^r {~«Q>oZ Zo Mm` nÎmr go âo OhmO H$mo ~moñQ>Z ~§XaJmh {Ôdm`m& Bggo Cn{Zdoem| _| ahZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo Jwñgm Am`m& ao‹S> BpÊS>`Ýg H$s dof^yfm _| 50 bmoJm| Ho$ g_yh Zo OhmO _| OmH$a Mm`n{Îm`m| go ao 340 ~Šgm| H$mo g_wÐ Ho$ nmZr _| \|$H$$ {X`m&

ñdV§ÌVm H$mo KmofUm : n[apñW{V na {dMma {d_e© H$aZo Ho$ {bE 1774 B©0 _| A_arH$m Ho$ 13 B§p½be Cn{Zdoem| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y {\${b‹S>opë\$`m ZJa Ho$ EH$ g^m _| Amò Wo& Cn{Zdoe _| b§~o g_` go ahZodmbo {Zdm{g`m| Zo AnZo Xoe H$mo ñdV§Ì H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§H$ën {H$`m& Xoedm{g`m| Zo ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE eómó H$m BñVo_mb H$aZo H$s ~mV ^r H$hr Wr& {~«Q>oZ Ho$ amOm Zo CZHo$ Bg H$ma©dmhr H$mo X§Km Kmo{fV {H$`m& {~«Q>oZ Ho$ amOm Zo A_arH$m _| AnZr g¡{ZH$ Qw>H${S>`m| H$mo ôOm& Cn{ZdoXm| H$mo goZm H$mo A§J«oOm| Ho$ gmW `wÕ H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm Xÿgam H$moB© _mJ© Zht Wm& Bg àH$ma Aà¡b 11, 1775 B©0 _| "bop½µOJQ>Z' _| Cn{Zdoem| H$s g¡Ý` Qw>H$‹S>r Zo A§J«oOm| na h_bm H$a {X`m& Bg àH$ma A_arH$m H$m ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ àma§^ hmo J`m Wm& {\${b‹S>opë\$`m g^m Zo V~ Om°O© dmqeJQ>Z H$s Cn{Zdoem| H$s goZm H$m _hm goZm{Yn{V Ho$ ñWmZ na {Z`wº$ {H$`m&

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Om°O© dm{e§JQ>Z: Om°O© dmqeJQ>Z amÁ` H$m ~mJdmZr H$m _m{bH$ Wm& BÝhm|Zo \«|$Mm| Ho$ {déÕ Mbo gßV dm{f©H$ `wÕ _| à_wI ^y{_H$m {Z^m`r Wr& _hm goZm{Yn{V H$mo h¡{g`V go H$s{V© A{O©V H$s Wr& BgZo A{e{jV Am¡a Aì`dpñWV Cn{Zdoem| Ho$ g¡{ZH$m| _| AmË_{dœmg Am¡a CËgmh H$mo ^mdZm H$mo âm Wm& g¡{ZH$m| H$mo A§J«oOr goZm Ho$ {déÕ {hå_V go bS>Zo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m Wm& 1776, 4 OwbmB© Ho$ {XZ {\${b‹S>opë\$`m H$mo amï´>r` g^m Zo 'ñdV§ÌVm H$s KmofUm' H$a Xr& Bg Xm¡amZ ~Vm`m J`m {H$ g^r 13 Cn{Zdoe {~«Q>oZ Ho$ M§Jwb go AmµOmX h¢& {~«Q>oZ go amOZr{VH$ gå~ÝY Vmo‹S> {bE JE h¢ d 13 Cn{Zdoe A~ go nyar Vah go ñdV§Ì h¢ Eogr KmofUm H$s JB©&

`wÕ : B§½b¡Ê‹S> Am¡a Cn{Zdoem| Ho$ ~rM _| nm±M df© VH$ `wÕ hþAm& `wÕ Ho$ àma§^ _| B§½b¡ÊS> H$m nb‹S>m ^mar Wm& Om°O© dmqeJQ>Z H$s AZoH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& bo{H$Z "gmaQ>moJm' `wÕ _| B§½b¡Ê‹S> H$s goZm hma JB©& \«$m§grgr goZm H$s ghm`Vm go Om°O© dmqeJQ>Z Zo `mH©$ Q>mD$Z `wÕ _| B§½b¡Ê‹S> H$s goZm H$mo nyar Vah go ham {X`m& {~«{Q>e goZm Ho$ OZab H$mZ©dm{bg Zo AnZr goZm g{hV Cn{Zdoem| H$s goZm Ho$ gm_Zo KwQ>Zo Q>oH$ {XE& 1783 B©0 _| n¡[ag Ho$ g_Pm¡Vo _| 13 Cn{Zdoem| H$mo ñdV§ÌVm H$s _mÝ`Vm Xo Xr& 4 OwbmB© Ho$ {XZ ñdV§ÌVm H$s KmofUm H$aZo Ho$ H$maU A_ar{H$`m| H$mo dh {XZ _hËdnyU© ~Z J`m& AmO ^r 4 OwbmB© Ho$ {XZ A_arH$s bmoJ ha gmb ñdV§ÌVm {Xdg _ZmVo h¢&

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢?

A_o[aH$m Ho$ V¥Vr` amï´>n{V Oo\$agZ H$m H$WZ h¡ - ""àËòH$ nrT>r EH$ Z`m amï´> h¡&''

1787 B©0 _| {\${b‹S>opë\$`m _| ñdV§ÌVm àmá H$aZodmbo g^r Voah Cn{Zdam| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| Zo g^m ~wbmH$a Om°O© dmqeJQ>Z H$mo g§`wº$ amÁ` A_arH$m H$m amï´>n{V MwZm& CÝhm|Zo EH$ g§{dYmZ H$s aMZm H$s Wr & `hr {dœ H$m nhbm {bpIV g§{dYmZ Wm&

A_arH$m Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ n[aUm_ : Bggo \«$m§g H$mo H«$m§{V H$mo àoaUm {_br& Cn{Zdoem| Ho$ nj _| AmH$a g§Kf© H$aZodmbo AZoH$ \«$m§{g{g`m| H$mo \«$m§g H$s _hmH«$m§{V _| ZoVm ~ZZo H$m _m¡H$m {_bm& A_arH$m _| hr AZoH$ ñnoZ Am¡a nwV©Jmb Ho$ Cn{Zdoe Wo& BZ Cn{Zdoe Ho$ bmoJm| Zo ^r AnZr ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE g§Kf© {H$`m Am¡a do ñdV§Ì hmo JE& EH$ Z o Zm_ Ho$ gmW `mZo {H$ g§ wº$ amÁ` A_arH$m H$m CX` hþAm&

\«$m§g H$s _hmH«$m§{V

\«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V H$m _w»` CÔoí` Xoe go {Za§Hw$e amO emgZ H$mo hQ>mH$a bmoH$V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm Wm& \«$m§grgr bmoJ MmhVo Wo {H$ Xoe _| g_mZVm Am¡a OZV§Ì Ho$ AmYma na ZB© gm_m{OH$ Am¡a

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AmnH$mo `h kmV aho

EV B{VhmgH$ma Ho$ AZwgma \«$m§g

H$s H«$m§{V KQ>Zo Ho$ gmW hr `yamon H$m

B{Vhmg, EH$ amï´>, EH$ KQ>Zm Am¡a

EH$ ì`{º$ go à^m{dV ahr& dh EH$

Xoe \«$m§g Wm& dh EH$ KQ>Zm \«$m§g

H$s H«$m§{V Wr& dh EH$ ì`{º$ hr

Zonmo{b`Z Wm&

amOZr{VH$ àUmbr ApñVËd _| Amò& \«$m§g H$mo H«$m§{V go {dœ Ho$ AZoH$ Xoer amOZr{VH$ Am§XmobZ na ^r Jham à^md n‹S>m& \«$m§g H$mo H«$m§{V Ho$ {bE {ZåZ{bpIV H$maU Wo&

gm_m{OH$ H$maU: \«$m§{ggr g_mO _| Ag_mZVm ha joÌ _| ì`má Wr& dh Ag_mZVm AghZr` Ed§ A_mZdr` Wr& Bg Ag_mZVm H$m XX© OZVm Ho$ öX` _| AmH«$moe ~ZH$a EH$ H«$m§{V H$m CX` hþAm& H«$m§{V hmoZo go nhbo \«$m§{ggr g_mO _| VrZ dJ© Wo& nhbo dJ© _| nmXar Wo& Xÿgao dJ© _| YZdmZ bmoJ Wo& Vrgao dJ© _| eof OZgm_mÝ` bmoJ Wo& nhbo Xmo dJ© Ho$ bmoJ g^r gw{dYmE± àmá H$aVo Wo& BZH$s g§»`m ^r H$_ Wr & BÝh| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m H$a Zht XoZm n‹S>Vm Wm VWm o bmoJ {dbmgr OrdZ ì`VrV H$aVo Wo &

Vrgao dJ© Ho$ bmoJ gw{dYmAm| go d§{MV Wo& Bg dJ© _| ~w{ÕOrdr, {H$gmZ, _OXÿa Am¡a Zm¡H$arnoeo H$aZodmbo bmoJ em{_b Wo& BZH$s Am_XZr ~hþV H$_ Wr na BÝh| A{YH$ H$a MwH$mZm n‹S>Vm Wm& BZH$m OrdZ emoMZr` Wm & BÝh| AmXa-gå_mZ go Zht XoIm OmVm Wm & BÝh| amOZr{VH$ hH$ ^r Zht Wo& BÝh| An_mZ OZH$ OrdZ ì`VrV H$aZm n‹S>Vm Wm& BÝho Ym{_©H$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ A{YH$ma àmá Zht Wo& Hw$b {_bmH$a `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Vrgao dJ© Ho$ bmoJ XþIr Ed§ Ag§Vwï> OrdZ ì`VrV H$a aho Wo& OZgm_mÝ` bmoJ Eogr Iam~ ì`dñWm H$mo hQ>mZo Ho$ {bE AÀN>o g_` H$m B§VOma H$a aho Wo&

Am{W©H$ H$maU : \«$m§g H¥${f àYmZ Xoe Wm& H¥${f nÕ{V _| {dH$mg hmoZo na ^r H¥${f {nN>‹S>r hþB© Wr& ^y{_ go CËn{V ~hþV H$_ Wr& {H$gmZm| H$s X`Zr` pñW{V Wr& ha gmb AH$mb AmZm gm_mÝ` ~mV Wr& Bggo ^moOZ nmZo Ho$ {bE X§Jo ^r hmoVo Wo& CÚmoJ d¥{Îm g§Km| Ho$ AYrZ Wo& CÚmoJm| _| Am§V[aH$ AS>MZ| Am¡a A{YH$m[a`m| Ûmam ~ma-~ma hñVjon go CZH$s àJ{V Hw§${R>V hmo JB© Wr& \$bñdén CËnmXZ ~hþV H$_ ahVm Wm&

amOZr{VH$ H$maU : \«$m§g _| ~ya~Z amOKamZo Ho$ bmoJ emgZ MbmVo Wo& 16 dm§ by`r Zo amO_hb _| emhr n[adma Ho$ gXñ`m| d Xa~m[a`m| Ho$ gmW ahVm Wm & dh {dbmgr OrdZ {~VmVm Wm Am¡a _wº$hñV hmoH$a IM© H$aVm Wm& gaH$mar amOH$mO Ho$ H$m_ _| by`r amOm {XbMñnr Zht boVm Wm& CgH$s nËZr (amZr) H$m Zm_ _oar A§Q>m{`ZoQ> Wm& dh AmpñQ´>`m H$mo amOHw$_mar Wr& by`rH$s nËZr AnZo gwI g§Vmof, Ë`mohma, ^moJ-{dbmg Ho$ {bE AZmdí`H$ IM© H$aVr Wr& bmoJm| H$mo naoem{Z`m|

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go amZr H$mo Hw$N> boZm XoZm Wm& amZr amOH$mO Ho$ H$m_ _| hñVjon H$aVr Wr& amZr {dXoer _yb H$s Wr & OZgm_mÝ` bmoJm| H$mo bJVm Wm {H$ amZr H$mo CZHo$ à{V H$moB© ñZoh Zht h¡& Bg H$maU go bmoJ CZgo Z\$aV H$aVo Wo& amOm Cgo AnZo {Z`§ÌU _| Zht bo gH$m& Yrao-Yrao n[apñW{V H$m\$s J§^ra hmo JB© Am¡a BgH$m n[aUm_ H«$m§{V Xoe _| \¡$b JB©&

\«$m§{ggr Xme©{ZH$mo§ H$m à^md : à{gÕ Xe©Zemór Am¡a {dÛmZ O¡go _mÝQ>oñŠ`y, égmo Am¡a dmëQ>oa Zo AnZr H«$m§{VH$mar boIZm| go H«$m§{V H$aZo dmbm| H$mo CÎmo{OV {H$`m &

_mÝQ>oñŠ`y : _mÝQ>oñŠ`y Zo AnZr "pñn[aQ> Am°\$ bm° (Spirit of laws)' Zm_H$ H¥${V _| amOmAm| H$mo ^JdmZ go àmá A{YH$ma (Divine Right of Kings) H$mo {ZamYma ~VmH$a Q>rH$m-{Q>ßnUr H$s& _mÝQ>oñŠ`y Zo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ amO à^wËd Ho$ {bE AnZm g_W©Z OVm`m&

égmo : égmo Zo AnZr aMZm "gm_m{OH$ g_Pm¡Vm' (Social contract) _| H$hm h¡ {H$ - ""_mZd ñdV§Ì én go OÝ_ boVm h¡ bo{H$Z dh ha OJh µOOram| go OH$S>m hþAm h¡&''

dmëQ>oà: dmëQ>oa Zo ’«$m§g _| ì`má Hw$àWmAm| Am¡a A§Y{dídmgm| H$m I§S>Z {H$`m& gmW hr CgZo amo_Z H¡$Wmo{bH$ MM© H$m ^r I§‹S>Z {H$`m&

A_arH$s ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ à^md : A_arH$m Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Zo ^r \«$m±{g{g`m| na Jham à^md S>mbm Wm& A_arH$m _| A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déÕ g§Kf© H$aZodmbo AZoH$ \«$m§{ggr g¡{ZH$ AnZr _mV¥^y{_ \«$m§g _| bm¡Q> Amò Wo& CÝhm|Zo H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| _| Amdí`H$ ~b Am¡a CËgmh H$s ^mdZm â H$a H«$m§{V Ho$ joÌ _| _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^m`r&

BZ g~ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ H$maU \«$m§{ggr amOm gmobhdo§ bwB© H$mo _O~ya hmoH$a "ñQ>oQ²g OZab' Zm_H$ \«$m§g H$s H$m`©nm{bH$m g^m ~wbmZr nS>r& ò g^m {nN>bo 175 df© Ho$ ~mX ~wbm`r JB© Wr& Vrgao dJ© Ho$ gXñ`m| Zo ñd`§ H$mo amï´>r` g^m H$m$ gXñ` Kmo{fV {H$`m& eof Xmo dJ© Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo AnZo g§K _| em{_b hmoZo Ho$ {bE Amˆm{ZV {H$`m&

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14 OwbmB© 1789 B©0 _| Vrgao dJ© Ho$ gXñ`m| Zo "~¡ñQ>mBb' Zm_H$ amÁ` Ho$ H$mamJ¥h na AmH«$_U H$aHo$ H¡${X`m| H$mo ñdV§Ì H$a {X`m Am¡a {Za§Hw$e amO à^wËd H$mo emgZ àUmbr H$mo A§V H$a {X`m& Yrao-Yrao `h H«$m§{V {dœ Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| _| \¡$bZo bJr& A~ amOm {g\©$ Zm_ Ho$ {bE hr amOm ah J`m Wm& amï´>r` g^m hr g^r H$mZyZm| H$s aMZm H$aHo$ Am¡a AmXoem| H$mo Omar H$aVr Wr& 27 AJñV 1789 B©0 _| _mZd Am¡a ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$mam| H$s KmofUm H$mo A§JrH¥$V {H$`m J`m& amOV§Ì ì`dñWm H$mo hQ>mH$a Xoe _| JUamÁ` H$s ñWmnZm H$s J`r&

\$bñdén \«$m§g _| qhgm hmoZo bJr& Vrd« J{V go gwYma H$aZo H$s MmhV aIZodmbo "O¡H$mo{~Ýg' Zm_H$ EH$ g_yh gÎmm _| Am`m& H«$m§{V H$s J{V{d{Y`m± IVao H$s pñW{V _| h¡, OmZH$a `h g_yh K~amH$a Am¡a Hw$N> ^` go ^r emgZ H$aZo bJm Wm& BgH$m Zm`H$ amo{~pñnà Wm& g§XohmñnX bmoJm| H$s hË`m H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am{dîH$¥V {Jbmo{Q>Z `§Ì Ûmam CZH$s ~{b bo br JB©&

\«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V Ho$ n[aUm_:

\«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V go à_wI KQ>ZmAm| H$s ewédmV hþB©& gm_§VdmX H$s nÕ{V H$m A§V hmo J`m& nmXar Am¡a YZdmZm| Ho$ nmg Omo {deof A{YH$ma Wo, do g~ aÔ hmo JE& gmhyH$mam| Ho$ nmg Omo y{_ Wr Cgo gaH$ma Zo bo {b`m& MM© A~ amÁ`m| Ho$ AYrZ hmo JE Wo& Xoeâ _| EH$ hr Vah H$s àemgZ ì`dñWm Omar Wr& bmoJm| H$mo ñdV§ÌVm, g_mZVm Am¡a ^mB©Mmao Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| H$mo bmJy H$aZo H$m AmœmgZ {X`m J`m&

EH$sH$aU Am§XmobZ

BQ>br H$m EH$sH$aU

àmMrZ H$mb _| amo_Z gm_«mÁ` H$m d¡ d ~wb§{X`m| na Wm& BQ>br Xoe _| EH$ hr ^mfm ~mobZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r Xoe pñdQ>Oab¢S> bm Wm& Xoe _| EH$ hr amï>r` amOV§Ì BQ>br H$m EH$sH$aU Zht hmo nm`m Wm&

CÞrgdt eVmãXr H$s ewédmV _| BQ>br AZoH$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o àXoem| _| ~§Q>m Wm& CZ_| bmoå~m‹S>u do{Z{e`m, {g{gbr Zonëg (Xmo {g{g{b`m| H$m amÁ`) nmon H$m amÁ`, Q>ñH$Zr, nm_© Am¡a _moS>oZm à_wI Wo& {\$S²>_§S>> amÁ` _| gm{‹S>©{Z`m, {\$S²>_§S> Am¡a {OZodm Wo&

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1815 B©0 go boH$a 1848 Ho$ ~rM _| BQ>br Xoe Ho$ AZoH$ amÁ`m| _| X§Jo hmoZo bJo Wo& BZ g~ X§Jm| H$m _w»` CÔoí` amï´> H$mo ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a EH$sH$aU Wm& Omog\$ _¡{OZr, H$m¢Q> Ho$dya Am¡a J¡ar ~më‹S>r BQ>br Ho$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ {eënr Wo&

_¡{µOZr

J¡ar~më‹S>r

_¡{µOZr à{gÕ H«$m§{VH$mar Xme©{ZH$ Am¡a boIH$ Wm & BgZo AnZo J«§W "BQ>br', "AmpñQ> m, n¡ngr' _| AnZo boIZ go wdH$m| H$mo CÎmo{OV {H$`m Wm& BgZo amï> Ho$ EH$sH$aU Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm Am{X H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmam| go CÎmo{OV

H$aHo$ VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ {déÕ X§Jo H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m& "VéU BQ>br' (Young Italy) Zm_H$ amOZr{VH$ Xb H$s ñWmnZm _¡{µOZr Zo H$s Wr& amï> H$s ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a BQ>br H$m EH$sH$aU BgH$m CÔoí` Wm&

J¡ar~më‹S>r EH$ `moÕm Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr Wm& BgZo "`§J BQ>br' Xb _| ^Vu hmoH$ma AZoH$ ~ma AnZr nmQ>u H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m Wm& VËníMmV bmb Hw$Vu Zm_H$ goZm H$mo ì`dpñWV H$a gm{S>©{Z`m amÁ` Ho$

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gmW {_bH$a AmpñQ´>`m Ho$ {déÕ g§Kf© {H$`m& gZ² 1860 _| Xmo {g{gbr amÁ` na AnZo bmbHw$Vu g¡Ý` Xb H$s ghm`Vm go AmH«$_U H$aHo$ BQ>br Xoe H$m EH$sH$aU H$aZo erK«J{V go H$m_ {X`m& J¡ar~më‹S>r Zo AnZo emgH$ go àOmVm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWm _| gwYma bmZo H$s _m±J H$s Wr&

BQ>br Xoe Ho$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ Xm¡amZ gmS}>p{Z`m H$m _w»`_§Ìr H$m¢Q> Ho$dya à^mdembr ì`{º$ Wm& dh ñd`§ EH$ nÌH$ma Am¡a g§nmXH$ Wm& BQ>br Xoe Ho$ gm{hË` Ho$ nwZOm©JaU Ho$ {bE [agm{O©_|Q>m| Zm_H$ n{ÌH$m H$m Amaå^ {H$`m Wm& AnZo à^mdr boIZ go bmoJm| Ho$ _Z H$mo Am¡a amOmAm| Ho$ _Z H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m&

H$m¢Q> Ho$dya

H$m¢Q> Ho$dya Zo BQ>br go AmpñQ´>`m H$mo Xÿa H$aHo$ gm{S©>{Z`m H$mo BQ>br H$m g~go ~‹S>m Am¡a AË`§V e{º$embr amÁ` ~ZmZo H$m {Zü` {H$`m & gm{‹S>m°Z`m H$m àYmZ_§Ìr H$m nX ñdrH$ma H$aVo hr VËjU AnZo CÔoí` H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$aZm ewé H$a {X`m& amÁ` _| H$m¢Q> Ho$dya Zo AZoH$ gwYmam| H$mo Omar H$aHo$ BQ>br Xoe H$mo AË`§V àJ{Verb amÁ` ~Zm {X`m&

H$m¢Q> Ho$dya Zo \«$m§g Ho$ gmW ahñ_` VarHo$ go g_Pm¡Vm {H$`m& AmpñQ´>`m H$mo `wÕ Ho$ {bE CH$gmH$a, \«$m§g Ho$ gmW {_bH$a AmpñQ´>`m H$mo ham`m& AmpñQ´>`m H$mo bmoå~m‹S>u go Xÿa H$aHo$, gm{‹S>©{Z`m Am¡a bmoå~mS>u H$mo AnZo amÁ` _| {_bm {b`m & Q>ñH$Zr, _moSo>Zm, nm_© Am¡a CÎmar nmon Ho$ amÁ`m| _| H«$m§{V`m± hmoZo Ho$ ~mX do amÁ` gm{‹S>©{Z`m Ho$ gmW EH$sH¥$V hmo JE&

H$m¢Q> Ho$dya Zo ahñ`_` VarHo$ go {g{gbr na AmH«$_U H$aZo Ho$ {bE J¡ar~më‹S>r H$mo àmoËgm{hV {H$`m& gZ² 1861 _| {dŠQ>a B_¡Ý`wdb H$mo BQ>br H$m amOm Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m& BQ>br H$mo AmpñQ´>`m go doZo{e`m {_bm& A~ Ho$db amo_ BQ>br Xoe go ~mha Wm& gZ² 1870 _| \«$m§g Am¡a àí`m Ho$ ~rM _| `wÕ Ama§^ hmoZo na \«$m§g H$mo AnZr goZm H$mo amo_ go dmng ~wbmZo Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` {H$`m J`m& {dŠQ>a B_¡Ý`wdb Zo AnZr goZm Ho$ gmW amo_ na AmH«$_U {H$`m& amo_ H$mo BQ>br Xoe _| {_bmH$a, amo_ H$mo hr BQ>br H$s amOYmZr ~Zm`m& Bg àH$ma BQ>br H$m EH$sH$aU nyU© hmo J`m&

O_©Zr H$m EH$sH$aU

CÞrgdt eVmãXr Ho$ ewéAmV _| O_©Zr AZoH$ ñdV§Ì amÁ`m| _| ~§Q>m hþAm Wm& CZ amÁ`m| _| dwQ>o_~J© g~go ~‹S>m Am¡a AË`§V e{º$embr amÁ` Wm& ~do[a`m, ~oS>Z Am¡a hoŠg Am{X à_wI amÁ` Wo& eof amÁ` ~hþV N>moQ>o Wo& àm`: do nañna b‹S>mB`m± H$aVo Wo& N>moQ>o amÁ` amOZr{VH$ Ñ{ï> go ~bhrZ Am¡a Am{W©H$ én go {nN>‹S>o Wo& Eogr n[apñW{V _| bmoJ Ag§Vwï> Wo; do Xoe _| gwYma Ho$ {bE ~oM¡Z Wo&

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\«$m§g H$s _hmH«$m§{V Zo O_©Zr Ho$ bmoJm| H$s amï´>r` MoVZm H$mo OJm`m& Bggo amÁ` Ho$ bmoJm| Zo amï´>r` EH$Vm Am¡a gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ gwYmam| Ho$ {bE AmJ«h {H$`m& AmpñQ´>`m Xoe Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| O_©Z amÁ`m| H$m EH$ g§KQ>Z ~Zm`m J`m & bo{H$Z amÁ`m| _| emgZ H$a aho ZoVm AnZr ñdV§ÌVm H$mo Am¡a _m¡OyXm amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ g§ajU Ho$ {bE à`ËZ H$a aho Wo&

O_©Z Xoe ^º$m| Am¡a amï´>dm{X`m| Zo àOmVm§{ÌH$ g§KQ>Zm| Ho$ {bE Am¡a O_©Zr Ho$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ {bE Am§XmobZ àma§^ {H$`m& bo{H$Z amOemgZ Ho$ {déÕ hmo aho Am§XmobZ H$mo X~m {X`m J`m Am¡a H«$m§{VH$mar Xoe N>mo‹S>H$a ^mJ JE& àí`m Zo BZ J{V{d{Y`m| _| EH$ _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^m`m gmW hr Am{W©H$ àJ{V Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$aU H$m {dH$mg hþAm&

{~ñ_mH©$ :

{~ñ_mH©$

O_©Zr Ho$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ àYmZ {eënr, àí`m amÁ` Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr Am°Q>modmZ {~ñ_mH©$ Wo& do gaH$mar Zm¡H$a Vmo Wo hr gmW hr O_©Zr Ho$ {dYmZ_§‹S>b S>`Q> Ho$ gXñ` ^r Wo& {~ñ_mH©$ Zo {dXoem| _| amOXÿV H$s h¡{g`V go AnZo Xoe H$m àma§^ {H$`m Wm& do AÀN>o amOZr{V {demaX ^r Wo& {dñ_mH©$ Zo {dXoem| _| amOXÿV H$s h¡{g`V go AnZo noeo H$m àma§^ {H$`m Wm& do AÀN>o amOZr{V-{demaX ^r Wo& AnZo {nN>bo AZw^d Ho$ H$maU {~ñ_mH©$ _| n[akmZ Wm& Bgr Xm¡amZ do AmpñQ´>`m Xoe Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| O_©Z amÁ`m| H$m g§KQ>Z Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$a aho Wo& do `hm± H$s Xþ~©bVm Ho$ ~mao _| AÀN>r Vah OmZVo Wo& do AmpñQ´>`m \«$m§g Am¡a ég _| amOXÿV Ho$ Vm¡a na H$m_ H$aHo$ dhm± H$s Xþ~©bVm Am¡a e{º$ H$mo AÀN>r Vah OmZVo Wo& O_©Zr H$m EH$sH$aU H$aZo Ho$ {bE àí`m AHo$bm hr gj_ h¡, Bg {dMma go {~ñ_mH©$ n[a{MV Wo& {~ñ_mH©$ Anojm H$aVo Wo {H$ àí`m Ho$ amOV§Ì Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| EH$sH$aU hmo& Bg CÔoí` H$s g\$bVm Ho$ {bE {~ñ_mH©$ Ho$ _H$gX (CÔoí`) Xmo àH$ma Ho$ Wo& nhbm _H$gX `h Wm {H$ AmpñQ´>`m H$mo O_©Z amÁ` Ho$ g§K go ~mha aIZm Xÿgam _H$gX `h Wm {H$ O_©Zr _| {_bH$a AnZr nhMmZ H$mo ImoZo Ho$ ~Om` O_©Zr H$mo hr àí`m O¡gm ~ZmZm& do MmhVo Wo {H$ àí`m H$s g§ñH¥${V, ar{V-[admO, àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm Am¡a g¡Ý` ~b H$mo nyao O_©Zr VH$ {dñVma {H$`m Omò&

{~ñ_mH©$ H$m {dMma Wm {H$ O_©Zr H$s g_ñ`m H$m n[ahma H$aZo Ho$ {bE "bhÿ Am¡a bmohm' H$mo Zr{V H$mo AnZm`m Omò& BgH$m AW© h¡ {H$ `wÕ Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hþAm Omò& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo EH$ e{º$embr goZm H$m JR>Z {H$`m& CZH$m AJbm CÔoí` AmpñQ´>`m H$mo O_©Z amÁ` Ho$ g§K go Xÿa H$aZm Wm&

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{~ñ_mH©$, eoëg{dJ Am¡a hmoëñQ>rZ Zm_H$ Xmo N>moQ>o amÁ`m| H$mo AnZo Xoe _| {_bmZm MmhVm Wm&

Omo {H$ do amÁ` So>Ý_mH©$ Ho$ AYrZ Wo& Bg{bE CgZo AmpñQ´>`m Ho$ gmW {_bH$a So>Ý_mH©$ go `wÕ

H$aHo$ CZ amÁ`m| na AnZm H$ãOm H$a {b`m &

{~ñ_mH©$ Zo BQ>br Ho$ gmW g_Pm¡Vm {H$`m, dh g_Pm¡Vm Bg àH$ma Wm {H$ `{X O_©Zr H$m

AmpñQ´>`m Ho$ gmW `wÕ hmo Vmo BQ>br AnZm g_W©Z Am¡a ghm`Vm Cgo Adí` Xo& gwgp‚mV O_©Zr Ho$

goZm Zo AmpñQ´>`m H$mo ham {X`m Am¡a 1866 _| 'CÎma O_©Z amÁ`m| H$m g§K' H$s ñWmnZm H$s& àí`m

Ho$ amÁ` H$s d§enma§n[aH$ Vm¡a na Bg amÁ` g§K H$m à_wI ~Zm`m J`m&

AmpñQ´>`m H$mo O_©Zr go AbJ H$aZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r O_©Zr H$m EH$sH$aU A~ ^r nyU© Zht hþAm

Wm& \«$m§g go gQ>o hþE X{jU _| pñWV 16 O_©Z amÁ` ; amÁ` g§K go AbJ hmo JE& O_©Zr H$mo Xþ~©b

amï´> ~ZmZm hr \«$m§g Ho$ amOm Zonmo{b`Z (V¥Vr`) H$s AmH$m§jm Wr& O_©Zr H$m EH$sH$aU nyU© hmoZm h¡

Vmo \«$m§g Ho$ gmW `wÕ A{Zdm`© h¡ Eogm {~ñ_mH©$ H$m {dMma Wm& \$bñdén {~ñ_mH©$ H$s Vo`mar _| OwQ>

J`m& wÕ Zonmo{b`Z Ûmam àí`m na MT>mB© {H$ò OmZo na V~ X{jU O_©Z amÁ`m| Zo Cgo ham {X`m& Am¡a

{~ñ_mH©$ Zo eof amÁ`m| H$mo O_©Z g§K _| {_bm {b`m& O_©Zr H$m EH$sH$aU nyam hmo J`m Wm& àí`m H$m

{d{b`_ (àW_) H$mo O_©Z g_«mQ> H$s Cnm{Y go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m& àí`m H$mo Aëgog Am¡a bmoaoZ

àm§V \«$m§g go {_bo& Bg àH$ma O_©Zr EH$sH¥$V amï´> Ho$ ê$n _| Câ H$a Am`m&

Aä¶mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| _| Cn`wº$ nX ^[aE :

1. B§½b¢‹S> Ho$ AQ>bm§{Q>H$ {H$Zmao ñWm{nV 13 Cn{Zdoem| H$mo Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡&

2. gZ² 1774 _| Voah Cn{Zdoe Ho$ à{V{Z{Y ZJa H$s g^m _| Amò Wo &

3. A_arH$m H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$s KmofUm _| hþB© Wr&

4. ""pñn[aQ> Am°\$ bmg²'' H$m aMZmH$ma Wm&

5. "VéU BQ>br' Zm_H$ Xb H$s ñWmnZm BQ>br _| Zo H$s Wr&

6. bhÿ Am¡a bmohm' Zr{V H$m à{VnmXZ Zo {H$`m Wm&

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II. {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE :

1. A_arH$m Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ H$maU {bpIE&

2. A_arH$m Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ _hËd Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

3. \«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V Ho$ {bE Am{W©H$ VÏ` {H$g àH$ma H$maU ~Zo ?

4. BQ>br Ho$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ Xm¡amZ J¡ar~më‹S>r H$s Š`m ^y{_H$m ahr ?

5. O_©Zr Ho$ EH$sH$aU H$m {eënH$ma {H$go _mZm OmVm h¡? CZHo$ ~mao _| {Q>ßnUr {bpIE&

III. J{V{d{Y`m±

1. \«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V Ho$ Xm¡amZ ^mJ boZodmbo Xme©{ZH$m| Ed_² {dÛmZm| Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo AÜ`mnH$m|

go MMm© H$s{OE&

2. BQ>br Ho$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ {bE Omo H$maU {Oå_oXma h¢ CZHo$ ~mao _| AnZo AÜ`mnH$ Ho$

O[aò g_yh _| MMm© H$s{OE&


1. \«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V _| ^mJ boZodmbo Xme©{ZH$m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar Ed§ N>m`m {MÌ H$m

BñVo_mb H$aVo hþE n[a`moOZm H$m`© V¡`ma H$s{OE&

2. BQ>br Ho$ EH$sH$aU _| ^mJ boZo dmbo H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ ~mao _| n[a`moOZm H$m`© V¡`ma

H$s{OE&

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amOZr{V emóAÜ`m` – 4

Ý`m`nm{bH$ ì`dñWm

Bg AÜ`m` _| {ZåZ{b{IV OmZH$mar àmá hmoJr-

· gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` H$s aMZm Am¡a A{YH$ma gr_m&

· Cƒ Ý`m`mb` H$s aMZm Am¡a A{YH$ma gr_m &

· AYrZ Ý`m`mb` &

· amOñd Ý`m`mb` &

h_mar Ý`m`nm{bH$m ì`dñWm EH$sH¥$V h¡& Am¡a A{YH$ _hËdnyU© ñWmZ aIVr h¡& AWm©V A_o[aH$m H$s Vah H|$Ð VWm àm±Vmo _| AbJ AbJ Ý`m`mb` Z hmoH$a g_ñV amï´> Ho$ {bE EH$ hr Ý`m`mnm{bH$m ì`dñWm bmJy H$s JB© h¡ & h_mar Ý`m`nm{bH$m àemgZ VWm H$m`©{Zd©hU go nyU© ñdV§Ì h¡ & Cƒ Ý`m`mb` VWm AYrZ Ý`m`mb` gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ {Z`§ÌU _| H$m`© H$aVo h¡§ & gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` hr amï´> H$m A{V CÞV Ý`m`mb` h¡ & BgH$m {ZU©` A§{V_ hmoVm h¡ &

gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`

g§{dYmZ Ûmam gy{MV g§gXr` emgZ go gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` H$s aMZm H$s J`r h¡& `h OZdar 28, 1950 H$mo ApñWËd _| Am`m& `h {X„r _| h¡& _w»` Ý`m`mYre VWm AÝ` Ý`m`mYrem| H$s {Z`w{ŠV amï´>n{V H$aVo h¡& AmO _w»` Ý`m`mYre g{hV Hw$b 31 Ý`m`mYre h¡& `m CgZo H$_ go H$_ Xg df© VH$ CÀM Ý`m`mb` _| dH$mbV H$s hmo& dh amï´>n{V H$s Ñ{ï> _| à{gÕ {d{YdoÎmm (H$mZyZ kmVm hmo)&

1. "gdm©oÀM Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Ý`m`mYrem| H$s {Z`w{ŠV H$s `mo½`VmE±'- `h ^maV H$m ZmJ[aH$ hmoVm h¡&

2. dh H$_ go H$_ nm±M df© {H$gr CÀM Ý`m`mb` H$m Ý`m`mYre ah MwH$m hmo& `m CgZo H$_ go H$m Xg df© VH$ Cƒ Ý`m`mb` _| dH$mbV H$s hmo& dh amï´>n{V H$s Ñ{ï> _| à{gÕ {d{Y doËVm hmo&

Ý`m`mYre H$s godm {Zd¥{Îm 65 df© H$s Am`w _| hmoVr h¡, Mmho Vmo do Bggo nhbo ^r Ë`mJnÌ Xo gH$Vo h¡& Ag_W©Vm `m H$V©ì`bmon hmoZo na g§gX Ho$ XmoZm| gXZm| _| {ZpíMV ~hþV Ho$ àmá hmoZo na g§gX CÝho nX go hQ>m`m Om gH$Vm h¡& gd}ÀM Ý`m`mbm` Ho$ Ý`m`mYre {Zd¥{V AWdm nX go hQ>mZo Ho$ níMmV Xoe Ho$ {H$gr ^r Ý`m`mb` _| dH$mbV H$m H$m_ Zhr H$a gH$Vm& BZH$m doVZ ^Îmm Am{X g§gX Ho$ H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgma hmoVm h¡&

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gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mbm` gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` Ho$ H$m`©

_yb A{YH$ma gr_m : gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mbm` H|$Ð VWm amÁ`, amÁ`m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ {ddmXm| na {dMma H$aVm h¡& OZVm Ho$ _yb^yV A{YH$mam| H$s ajm VWm ~§Yr àË`jrH$aU (ho{~`gH$mn©g) VWm AÝ` [aQ> Anrbm| Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>VmN> H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` H$mo h¡&

Anrb Am¡a gbmh A{YH$ma gr_m : AYrZ Ý`m`mb` go àXÎm {ZU©`m| Ho$ A{nb na gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` H$m_ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Anrbm| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ {dMma {d_e© H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma Bg Ý`m`mb` H$mo h¡Ÿ& Anrb H$aZo Ho$ {bE {deof AZw{V XoZo H$m A{YH$ma ^r Bgo h¡Ÿ&

gbmh A{YH$ma gr_m : amï´>n{V Ho$ _m±JZo na gVm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` gbmh XoVm h¡& g§{dYmZ Omar H$aZo go nyd© gaH$ma Ho$ g_Pm¡Vo Am{X {df`m| Ho$ {ddmX go g§~§{YV gbmh H$mo ^r amï´>n{V Ho$ _m±JZo na gdm©ÀM Ý`m`mb` gbmh XoVm h¡&

BZ A{YH$mam| Ho$ Abmdm gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` XñVmdoOm| H$s ajm H$aVm h¡& H|$Ð Am¡a amÁ`m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ gbmhmH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aVo hþE {deof [aQ> {ZH$mbZo go g~§{YV AmXoe ^r XoVm h¡&.

CÀM Ý`m`mb`

àËòH$ amÁ` _| CÀM Ý`m`mb` H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE g§{dYmZ _| Adga àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ amÁ`m| Ho$ {bE EH$ _mÌ Ý`m`mb` hmo gH$Vm h¡& CÀM Ý`m`mb` _| _w»` Ý`m`mYre Ho$ gmW AÝ` Ý`m`mYre ^r hmoVo h¡§& Ý``mYre| H$s g§»`m _| amÁ`- amÁ`mo§ Ho$ ~rM _| {^ÞVm hmoVr h¡&

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CÀM Ý`m`mb`

AmnH$mo BgH$s OmZH$mar aho:

1. ^maV _| g~go nhbo A§J«oOm| ‘| 1862 _| H$mobH$Îmm, _w~B©, _Ðmg (MoÞ¡) _§ VrZ CÀM Ý`m`mb`m| H$s ñWmnZm H$s¨ amÁ` _| àñVwV Hw$b 21 CÀM Ý`m`mb` h¢&

2. n§Om~ h[a`mU amÁ`m| Ho$ {bE M§S>rJT> _| EH$ _mÌ Ý`m`mb` h¡& Cgr n«H$ma Ag_, _{Unya, _oKmb`, {Ìnyam, ZmJmb¢S>, {_Omoam_ Am¡a Aê$UmMb àXoem| Ho$ {bE Ag_ H$s JmohmQ>r _| EH$ _mÌ Ý`m`mb` h¡

3. {\$bmhb H$Zm©Q>H$ ~|Jbya Ho$ CÀM Ý`m`mb` Ho$ gm^-gmW YmadmS Am¡a H$b~wJm} _| g§Mmar nrQ>m| H$s ñWmnZm H$s J`r h¡&

CÀM Ý`m`mbm` Ho$ Ý`m`mYre H$s Ah©Vm :

1. ^maV H$m ZmJ[aH$ hmoZm Mm{hE&

2. {ZåZV_, {H$gr ^r Ý`m`mb` _| 10 df© VH$ Ý`m`mYre Ho$ nX na H$m_ {H$`m hmo AWdm 10 df© VH$ CÀM Ý`m`mbm` _| dH$mbV H$a MwH$m hmo&

3. amï´>n{V H$s Ñ{ï> _| dh Ý`m`{ZnwU hmo& BZH$s {Zd¥{V H$s Am`w 62 df© H$s hmoVr h¡& BZHo$ doVZ g§gX Ho$ H$mZyZ Ho$ Ûmam {H$`m OmVm h¡& g§{dYmZ Ho$ 15 dr n[aîH$aU A{Y[Z`_ 1963 {Zd¥{V H$s Am`w H$mo 60 go 62 df© H$s Am_w VH$ ~T>m`m J`m h¡& `h Ho$§Ð _§{Ì_§S>b H$s AZw_{V àmá H$a OwbmB© 31 2010 Ho$ H$mZyZ Ûmam Omar {H$`m J`m h¡&

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H$m`© : CÀM Ý`m`mb` H$m A{YH$ma nyao amÁ` _| MbVm h¡& CgHo$ H$m`© Bg àH$ma h¡& 1. ZmJ[aH$ (Civil) Am¡a AnamY {ddmX, Zm¡H$m`mZ, d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y Ý`m{`H$ Adkm Am{X`m|

na {ZU©` XoZo H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡&. 2. AYrZ Ý`m`mbm` Ho$ {ZU©` na Anrb àmá H$aHo$ CZ na {ZU©` gwZmZo H$m A{YH$ma

CÀM Ý`m`mb` H$mo h¡& 3. loð> Ý`m`mb` H$s A{YH$ma gr_m _| AZodmbo Ý`m`mb`m| Ho$ _waX²X_m H$mo hñVm§V[aV H$aZo

Am¡a Hw$N> {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZo, Am¡a XñVmZoOmo H$s gwajm go g§~§{YV _mJ©Xe©Z CÀM Ý`m`mb` XoVm h¡& CZna {ZarjU H$aZo H$m H$m_ ^r H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ gmW H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s {Z`w{º$, _yb^yV A{YH$mam| H$s ajm, {d{dY n«H$ma Ho$ {aQ>, ñdrH$ma H$aHo CZ na Ý`m` {ZU©` gwZmZo H$m H$m`© CÀM Ý`m`mb` H$aVm h¡&$

gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mbm`

CÀM Ý`m`mb`

{Obm Am¡a {d^mJr` Ý`m`mbm`

d[að> ûm«oUr Ho$ Ý`m`mbm` ({g{db _wH$X²X_m)(ZmJ[aH$)

Mr\ Oy{S>{e`b _¡{OñQ´>oQ> ({H«${_Zb _wH$X²X_m)(AnamY)

AYrZ Ý`m`mb`

1948 _| Ý`m`mb`m| H$m gå_obZ hþAm& Bg_o AYrZ Ý`m`mb`m| H$s ñdm`yVVm Ho$ ~mao _| AmJ«h {H$`m J`m& n[aUm_ ñdê$n g§{dYmZ _| AYrZ Ý`m`mb` CZH$s aMZm Am¡a H$m`©joÌ H$mo bmJy {H$`m J`m& ò Ý`m`mbm` amÁ` go WmoSo> {^Þ hmoZo na ^r CZH$m _w»` bjU g_mÝ`V : EH$ O¡gm hr hmoVm h¡& Ý`m`mb`m| H$mo Xmo ^mJmo _| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡& do h¡&

1. Am_ ZmJ[aH$ Ý`m`mb`({g{db H$moQ>©) 2. AnamY g§~§Yr Ý`m`mb`({H«${_Zb H$moQ>©)

ZmJ[aH$ Ý`m`mb` : àËòH$ {Obm _| `h Ý`m`mb` hmoVm h¡& {Obm Ý`m`mYre BgHo$ _w»`

Ý`m`mYre ~ZVo h¡& amÁ`nmb Ho$ gmW nam_e© H$aHo$ Cƒ- Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Ý`m`mYre BZH$s {Z`w{º$

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H$aVo h¢& {OgZo amï´> AWdm amÁ` Ho$ {H$gr ^r Ý`m`mb` _| 7 df© H$mo godm dH$sb Ho$ ê$n _| H$mo hmo& dh Bg nX Ho$ {bE `mo½` h¡& AÝ` Ý`m`mYre à{V`mo{JVm narjm narj Ûmam {Z`wº$ hmoVo h¢&

Bg Ý`m`mb` _| ZmJ[aH$ {ddmX O¡go Om`XmX, ^y{_, {dÎmr` ì`dhma, emXr, {ddmh {dÀN>oXZ Am{X H$mo hb {H$`m OmVm h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm AYrZ Ý`m`b` Ho$ {ZU©`m| na Anrb ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ CZ {ZU©`m| H$m nwZ n[aerbZ H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma ^r BZ Ý`m`mb`m| H$s h¡& {Obo Ho$ A§VJ©V AmZodmbo g^r {g{db Ý`m`mb`m| na {Obm Ý`m`mYre {Z`§ÌU aIVo h¢&

Bg Ý`m`mb` Ho$ AYrZ {ZåZ{bpIb Ý`m`mb` h¡&:

1. AYrZ Ý`m`mYrem| Ho$ Ý`m`mb`

2. (A{V[aº$) Ana AYrZ Ý`m`mYrem| Ho$ Ý`m`mb`

3. _wpÝg\ Ý`m`mb`

4. Ana A{V[aº$ _w{Ýg\$ Ý`m`mbm`

AnamY Ý`m`mb` AWdm X§S>m{YH$ma Ý`m`mbm` : 1 Aà¡b 1974 H$mo AnamY Ý`m`mb` H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bgo {Obm X§S>m{YH$ar Ý`m`mb` ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& ò Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ AYrZ _| ahVo h¢& AnamY Ý`m`mb`m| _| {Obm ñVa na gÌ Ý`m`mb` H$m ñWmZ D$±Mm hmoVm h¡& {Obm Ý`m`mYre hr BgH$m ^r Ý`m`mYre Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aVm h¡& IyZ, byQ>_ma, S>H¡$Vr AmXr AnamYm| go g§~§{YV _wH$Ô_| H$mo gwZdmB© hmoVr h¡& Ý`m`mb` _| _¥Ë`wX§S> gm{hV AmOrdZ gOm Xr Om gH$Vr h¡& Eogo X§S> Cƒ Ý`m`mb` go g_{V© hmoZ Mm{hE& Bg Ý`m`mb`Ho$ {ZU©` na Cƒ Ý`m`mb` _| Anrb ^r {H$ Om gH$Vr h¡& BgHo$ AYrZ _| AÝ` AnamY Ý`m`mb` h¢&

_w»` X§S>m{YH$mar Ý`m`bm`: Bb Ý`m`mb`m| H$s _¥Ë`wX§S> AWdm AmOrdZ X§S> XoZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht h¡& _mÌ gmV df© VH$ H$s gOm gwZmB© Om gH$Vr h¡&

àW_ loUr XS>m{YH$mar Ý`m`mb`: Bg Ý`m`mb` H$mo Cƒ A{YH$ma àmá h¡ VrZ gmb AWdm 5000 ê$ VH$ H$m X§S> AWdm XmoZm| XoZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡& AYrZ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ {ZU©` Ho$ Anrbm| H$m {ZU©_ gwZmVm h¡&

{ÛVr` loUr Ho$ X§S>m{YH$mar Ý`m`mb`: Bg Ý`m`mb` H$mo Xmo df© go A{YH$ 1000 ê$ go A{YH$, Ow_m©Zm X§S> XoZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡& AWdm XmoZm| Xo gH$Vm h¡&

V¥Vr` loUr Ho$ X§S>m{YH$mar Ý`m`mb`: Bg Ý`m`mb` H$mo A{YH$ma gr_m H$_ h¡& EH$ _hrZo H$m ~§YrH$aU AWdm 50 ê$ VH$ H$m X§S> &AWdm XmoZm| X§S> EH$ gmW XoZo H$m A{YH$ma _mÌ Bg Ý`m`mb` H$s h¡& {ÛVr` Am¡a V¥Vr` lmoUr Ho$ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ {ZU©`m| H$s Anrbm| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma Bg H$moQ>© H$mo Zht h¡&

{Obm Am¡a gÌ Ý`m`mb` dmñVd _| EH$ hr h¡& XmoZm| Ho$Ý`m`mYre EH$ hr h¡& {g{db (ZmJm[aH$)

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{ddmXm| H$mo {ZU©` XoZo _| {Obm Ý`m`mb` Ho$ ê$n AnamY gå~Yr _wH$Ô_m| Ho$ {ZU©` H$aVo dº$ gÌ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aVm h¡&

^y{_H$a Ý`m`mb` : ha EH$ {Obo _| y{_H$a Ý`m`mb`hmoVm h¡& o y{_H$a go g§~§{YV _wH$Ô_m| H$m {ZU© gwZmZo h¡&

yXñVmdoO, y{_H$a, Am{X H$m {ZU© Bg Ý`m`mb`_| gwZm`m OmVm h¡& Bg Ý`m`mb` Ho$ AZoH$ àH$ma h¢&

VhgrbXma Ý`m`mb` : ^y{_H$a Ý`m`mb`m| _| `h {ZåZñVa H$m Ý`m`mbm` h¡& VhgrbXma AWdm (VmbyH$ X§S>m{YH$mar) BgHo$ Ý`m`mYre hmoVo h¢& Bg Ý`m`mb` H$mo VmbyH$ X§S>m{YH$mar Ý`m`mb` ^r H$hm OmVm h¡&

{Obm Cn{d^mJm{YH$mar Ý`m`mb`: Vh{gbXma Ý`m`mb` Ho$ {ZU©`Ho$ {dê$Ô ñdrH¥$V Anrbm| H$m {ZU©``h Ý`m`mb` gwZmVm h¡& ghm`H$ H${_ýa Bg Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Ý`m`mYre hmoVo h¢&

{Obm y{_H$a Ý`m`mb` AWdm {Obm gÌ Ý`m`mb`: Eogo Ý`m`mb` {Obm Ho$Ðmo _| hmoVo h¡& Cn{d^mJ A{YH$mar Am¡a Vhm{gdXma Ho$ {ZU©`m| na Anrbm| H$mo gwZdmB© `hm± hmoVr h¡& {Obm{YH$mar (Depty commissioner) BgHo$ Ý`m`mYre hmoVo h¡&

Am`wº$ Ý`m`mb`: Am`wº$ Ý`m`mb` {Obm gÌ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ {ZU©`m| Ho$ {dê$h Ho$ Anrbm| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ CZHo$ g§~Y _| AbmoMZm H$aHo$ {ZU©` gwZmVo h¡& BgHo$ Ý`m`mYre amÁ`ñVa Ho$ {d^mJm{YH$mar hmoVo h¡&

^y{_H$a g{_{V : (_§S>b) `h ^y{_H$a _wH$XX _m| go g§~{YV Cƒ Ý`m`mb` h¡& AYrZ ^y{_H$a Ý`m`mb` {ZU©`m| na Ho$ {dê$Ô Anrb H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ Cg na {ZU©` gwZmZo H$m A{YH$ma Bg Ý`m`mb` H$s h¡& Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| `h H$m_ H$aVm h¡&

OZVm Ý`m`mb` (bmoH$ AXmbV)

^maV _| Ý`m`m{dVaU {db§~ Am¡a IMubo h¡& BgH$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE _wH$Ô_m| H$mo erK«{VerK« Am¡a H$_ IM© _| Ý`m`, {ZU©` gwZmZo Ho$ {bE 1985 _| bmoH$ AXmbV H$s ñWmnZm H$s J`r& H$mB© EH$ {Z{X©ï> àH$aU _| ^mJrXma Xmo ì`m{º$`m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ {ddmXr na amOr H$amZo H$m H$m_ Eogo AXmbV H$aVo h¢&

Eogo Ý`m`mb` JwOamV, {X„r, H$Zm©Q>H$ Am{X amÁ`m| _| H$m`©aV h¡& gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Ý`m`mYre, gm_{OH$ H$m`©H$Vm© Am¡a `wdm H$mZyZ ñZmVH$ ì`{º$ BgH$mo ñWmnZm Ho$ gXñ` h¡& amÁ`Cƒ Ý`m`mb` AWdm {H$gr AÝ` Ý`m`mb` _| hb Z hþE _wH$Ô_m| H$mo Eogo Ý`m`mb`m| Ûmam {ZnQ>m {b`m OmVm h¡& BgHo$ VrZ à_wI JwU h¡&:

1. g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ {bE VËna ahZm&

2. `h A{V erK« Am¡a {_Vì``r hmoVm h¡&

3. AÝ` Ý`m`mb`m| Ho$ H$m`©-^ma Ho$ X~md H$mo H$_ H$aVm h¡&

AmnH$mo BgH$s OmZH$mar aho:àemg{ZH$ Ñ{îQ> go H$Zm©Q>H$ _| Mma {d^mJ ~Zm`J o h&¡ 1) ~o§Jbyé 2) _¡gyé 3) H$b~waJr 4) ~obJm±d

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Bg Ý`m`mb` _| dmhZ XþY©Q>Zm, y ñdmYrZVm, ~¢{H$J go g§~m§{YV àH$aU d¡dm{hH$ Am¡a OrdZm§e, H$m{_©H$ g_ñ`m Am{X g_ñ`mAm| H$m hb hmoVm h¡& `h Ý`m`mb` {Obm H$mZyZ godm àm{YH$ma AWdm VmbyH$ H$mZyZ godm g{_{V go ~Zm Ý`m`mb` h¡& Bg_| Xmo g_Pm¡Vm H$amZo dmbo hmoVo h¡&

Eogo bmoH$ AXmbV H$m {ZU©` A§{V_ hmoVm h¡ Cg na CƒV_ Ý`m`mb` _| Anrb Zhr H$a gH$Vo& Bg {ZU©` Ho$ {bE XmoZm| Amoa Ho$ gXñ` H$s CnpñW{V A{Zdm`© h¢& ZmJ[aH$ Ý`m`mb` {bU©` Ho$ ~am~a Bg Ý`m`mb` H$m {ZU©` hmoVm h¡&

Aä`mg

I. Imbr OJhmo§ H$mo C{MV eãXm| go ^[aE&

1. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` ___________| ApñVËd _| Am`m &

2. Ý`m`mYre H$s {Zd¥{Îm __________ Am`w hmoVr h¡ &

3. Ý`m`Yre H$s {Z`w{º$ __________ H$aVm h¡&

4. ^y_rH$a _§S>b H$m à_wI __________ hmoVm h¡ &

5. OZVm Ý`m`mb` __________ _| ApñVËd _| AmE&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZmo H$m CÎma g_yh MMm© H$aHo$ {b{IE

1. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m`m] Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

2. Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m`m} H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

3. ZmJ[aH$ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ A§VJ©V AYrZ Ý`m`mb` H$m¡Z H$m¡Z go h¡ ?

4. AnamY Ý`m`mb` Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

5. ^y{_H$a Ý`m`mb` Ho$ ~mao _| {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

6. OZVm Ý`m`mb` (bmoH$ AXmbV) H$s ñWmnZm H$m CÔoí` Š`m h¡?

III. {H«$`m H$bmn.

1. AnZo g_rn Ho$ dH$sb go {_bH$a Ý`m`mb` Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ OmZH$mar hm{gb H$s{OE&

2. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` _| H$Zm©Q>H$ go _w»` Ý`m`mYre Ho$ én _| godmaV bmoJmo§ H$s Vm{bH$m ~ZmBE&

3. AnZo {ZH$Q> Ho$ Ý`m`b` OmH$a Ý`m`mb` Ho$ H$m`© H$bmnmo na Ü`mZ XoH$a CgH$s anQ> V¡`ma H$s{OE&

4. gmám{hH$ n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ N>no Ý`m`mb` g§~§Yr boImo§ H$mo nT>o§ Am¡a BZH$m g§J«h H$a Ab~_ V¡`ma H$ao§&

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AÜ`m` – 5

^maV H$s {Zdm©MZ ì`dñWmBg AÜ`m` _| {ZåZ {b{IV OmZH$mar àmá hmoJr :

· {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ· {Zdm©MZ ì`dñWm H$s à{H«$`m· amOZ¡{VH$ nj (Xb)· g{_ûm« gaH$ma · _mÜ`_ Am¡a àOm à^yËd

^maV {díd H$m ~S>m àOmV§ÌmË_H$ amï´> h¡ & àOmV§ÌmË_H$ ì`dñWm H$s g\$bVm Ho$ {bE {ZînjnmV, {Z^©` MwZmd H$m hmoZm A{Zdm`© h¡ & MwZmd H$s XoI-aoI {ZX}eZ VWm {Z`§ÌU Ho$ {bE h_mao g§{dYmZ Ho$ XV (15) ^mJ _| 324 go 329 VO H$s {d{Y (A{Y{Z`_) _| ñdV§Ì MwZmd Am`moJ ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _§o ~Vm`m J`m h¡ & `h MwZmd Am`moJ A{Ib ^maV H$s g§ñWm h¡ & AWm©V `h H|$Ð VWm amÁ` MwZmd H$s {Oå_Xmar boVm h¡ & A{Y{Z`_ 324 K VWm ZA Ho$ AZwén amÁ` MwZmd Am`moJ ñWmZr` ñd`§ g§ñWmAmo§ H$m MwZmd MbmVm h¡ &

{Zdm©MZ Am`moJ H$s aMZm: gm§{dYmZ Ho$ 324 do A{Y{Z`_ _| MwZmd Am`moJ H$s aMZm Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m J`m h¡ & ^maV

H$m MwZmd Am`moJ OZdar 1950, 25 VmarI H$mo ñWm{nV hþAm & àma§^ _| EH$ à_wI MwZmd Am`wº$ _mÌ H$mo {b`m J`m& gZ² 1989 _| g§{dYmZ Ho$ 61 _| n[aîH$aU Ho$ AZwgma gmd©{ÌH$ d`ñH$ _VXmZ Ho$ {bE Am`w H$mo 21 df© go 18 df© (H$_) {H$`m J`m & Bggo {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ H$m H$m`© joÌ ~T>J`m& Bggo à_wI MwZmd Am`wº$ Ho$ gmW gmW AÝ` Xmo MwZmd Am`wº H$s {Z`w{ŠV H$s JB©& gZ² 1990 _| Xmo MwZmd Am`wŠV H$mo {ZH$mb {X`m J`m& gZ² 1993 go MwZmd Am`moJ EH$ à_wI MwZmd Am`wº$ VWm AÝ` Xmo MwZmd Am`wº & go `wº$ hþAm& VrZmo MwZmd Am`wº$ g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá hmooVo h§¡ & MwZmd Am`wŠVmo _| {^Þ _V CËnÞ hmoZona ~hþ_V Ûmam {ZU©` {b`m OmVm h¡ &

amï´>n{V MwZmd Am`wŠVm| H$mo {Z`wŠV H$aVm h¡& BZH$s A{YH$ma Ad{Y 6 df© AWdm CZHo$ 65 do Am`w VH$ hmoVr h¡ & BÝ_o go Omo nhbo Amò. Cgo bmJy H$aVo h¡§ & ò {H$gr ^r g_` amï´>n{V H$mo BñVr\$m (Ë`mJnÌ) Xo gH$Vo h¡§ & g§gX Ag_W©Vm VWm ~wao ì`dhma Ho$ AmYma na BÝh| nXÀ`wV H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma aIVm h¡ &

MwZmd Am`moJ amï´>n{V, Cnamï´>n{V, amÁ`g^m, bmoH$g^m, {dYmZ n[afX VWm {dYmZ g^m Ho$ MwZmdmo H$mo Am`mo{OV H$aVm h¡§ & MwZmd H$s VmarI {ZpíMV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ZVrOm / n[aUm_ àH$Q> H$aZo VH$ H$s Ad{Y gånyU© Ad{Y hmoVr h¡ & Bg Ad{Y H$mo Zr{V g§{hVm Ad{Y H$hm OmVm h¡ & MwZmd H$aZo Ho$ {bE MwZmd Am`moJ Ho$ AnZo hr H$_©Mmar Zht hmoVo & MwZmd Am`moJ amï´>n{V H$s AZw_{V àmá H$a amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ H$_©Mm[a`m| H$mo AnZo MwZmd H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ én _| {Z`wŠV H$aVm h¡&

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n§Mm`V VWm amOZr{VH$ g§ñWmAm° Ho$ MwZmd H$mo amO MwZmd Am`moJ Am`mo{OV H$aVm h¡ & g§{dYmZ Ho$ 243K VWm A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ VhV amOnmb MwZmd Am`wº$ H$s {Z`wm{º$ H$aVm h¡ & H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$Zm©Q>H$ Jm«_ ñdamÁ` VWm n§Mm`V amO A{Y{Z`_ gZ² 1993 _| àH$aU 308 Ho$ AZwén amÁ` MwZmd Am`moJ Wm& `h amÁ` H$s ñWmZr` g§ñWmAmo§ Ho$ MwZmd H$mo g\$bVm nyd©H$ MbmVm Am ahm h¡ &

MwZmd/{Zdm©MZ joÌ: {Zdm©MZ MbmZo Ho$ CÔoí` go amÁ` Am¡a Xoe _| N>moQ>o - N>moQ>o {Zdm©MZ {d^mJ ~ZmH$a CÝho§ {Zdm©MZ joÌ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ò {Zdm©MZ joÌ Am~mXr Ho$ AZwgma {d^m{OV {H$ò OmVo h¢Ÿ& nhbm bmoH$g^m {Zdm©MZ joÌ Xygam {dYmZ g^m {Zdm©MZ joÌ& {Zdm©MZ joÌ _| {Zdm©{MVm| H$mo Xmo àH$ma go {d^m{OV H$aVo h¡§Ÿ& nhbo bmoH$g^m {Zdm©MZ joÌ go {Zdm©{MV Aä`Wu bmoH$g^m Ho$ gXñ` E_ nr H$hbmVo h¢ Vmo {dYmZ g^m Ho$ M`{ZV gXñ` (E_.Eb.E) H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| {Zdm©MZ joÌmo _| {Z`_mZwgma AZwgy{MV Om{V/dJ© {nN>S>o dJ©, n[a{eï> Om{V Am¡a _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE AmajU ñWmZ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& CÝh§o Ama{jV {Zdm©MZ joÌ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

The electoral photo identity cards (EPIC)

_VXmamo H$s {Zdm©MH$ gyMr : _VXmZ H$aZo dmbm| Ho$ Zm_ VWm CZH$m {ddaU {Zdm©MH$ gyMr Ho$ A§VJ©V {_bVm h¡Ÿ& {Zdm©MH$ gyMr H$mo {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ {Zdm©MZ Ho$ nhbo hr V¡`ma H$a boVm h¡Ÿ& `h {Zdm©MZ gyMr ha 5 df© _| n[aîH¥$V {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma n[aîH¥$V H$aVo dº$ CZH$m ^r Zm_ Cg_| {_bm {b`m OmVm h¡ Omo 18 df© Ho$ hmo MwHo$ hm|Ÿ& {OZH$m Xohm§V hmoVm h¡ Eogm| Ho$ Zm_ {Zdm©MH$ gyMr go {ZH$mbm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {Zdm©MH$ gyMr _VXmVmAm| H$mo nhMmZZo _| A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡Ÿ& _VXmVmAm| H$s AÝ` à{V H$m nhMmZ nÌ {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ Ûmam {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bggo _VXmZ _| hmoZo dmbo Mmoar H$mo amoH$m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& nhMmZ nÌ _VmXmVm H$mo nhMmZZo _| _XX H$aVm h¡Ÿ& _VXmVm H$mo _VXmZ Ho$ g_` `h n[aM` nÌ {XImZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & Bg nÌ Ho$ Z ahZo na (ß`mZ H$mS>©) AWdm _moQ>a JmS>r MbmZodmbm bmBgoÝg AWdm {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ Ho$ Ûmam ~Vmò Jò nhMmZ go g§~{YV nÌ {X>Im gH$Vo h¡§Ÿ&

^maV gaH$ma Zo Xoe Ho$ g^r ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo O¡{dH$ _rQ>a (Biometric) dmbo {d{eï> nhMmZ nÌ XoZo H$s ì`dñWm H$mo Omar {H$`m h¡, Omo "AmYma' Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&.

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A{YgyMZm: {Zdm©MZ à{H«$`m gyMZm Ho$ Ûma àma§^ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ {Zdm©MZ MbZodmbm

{XZm§H$ (VmarI). g_`, AÝ` nyU© {ddaU ao{S>`mo, XyaXe©Z, am_mMma nÌm| Ho$ Ûmam gy{MV H$aVm

h¡Ÿ& gaH$ma Ho$ JoOoQ> _| ^r àH${Q>V {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

àË`mer (Aä`Wu) H$m Zm_m§H$Z: h_mao Xoe _| à{V{Z{YV bmoH$V§Ì ahZo Ho$ H$maU ha ZmJarH$

H$mo {Zdm©MZ _| ^mJ boZo H$m Am¡a MwZmd bS>Ho$ H$m hH²$ ahVm h¡Ÿ& {Zdm©MZ _| ñnYm© H$aZo H$s BÀN>m

aIZodmbm ì`{º$ Hw$N> Ah©VmAm| H$mo nyam H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& àË`mer {ZpíMV g_` Ho$ ^rVa g§~§{YV

A{YH$mar Ho$ gm_Zo Zm_m§H$Z H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& Zm_m§H$Z AmdoXZ nÌ Ho$ gmW ""gwa{jV noeJr /

O_m am{e'' (Fixed Deposits) aIZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&

amOH$s` nj Ho$ Ûmam AnZo nj H$s à{V{Z{Y Ho$ ê$n _| {H$gr EH$ Ho$ àË`mer ~ZmH$a Cgo

A{YH¥$V {M• {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& dh Cg nj H$m A{YH¥$V AZwkm nÌ ({Q>Ho$Q>) àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ& dh

àË`mer nj Ho$ Cg {M• Ho$ Ûmam {Zdm©MZ _| ^mJ bo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& H$^r H$^r ì`{º$ go ~‹T>H$a nj

(nmQ>u) H$m {M• hr àË`mer H$s OrV _| à_wI ^y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡Ÿ& H$moB© ^r nj go nhMmZm Zhr

OmVm Cgo ñdV§Ì àË`mer Ho$ ê$n _| KmofUm H$aHo$ MwZmd/{Zdm©MZ Am`moJ Ûmam {M• {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

Zm_mnÌm| H$s Om±M: AmdoXZ nÌ ñdrH$ma H$aZo Ho$ A§{V_ {XZm§H$ Ho$ ~mX {Z`wº$ A{YH$mar

àË`mer H$mo Zm_m§H$Z nÌ Am¡a CgHo$ gmW g§b¾ g^r XñVmdoO H$s Om±M H$aHo$ Ah©Vm àmá H$aZodmbo

Am¡a {VañH¥$V àË`m{e`m| H$m Zm_ àH${Q>V H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

Zm_m§H$Z dmng boZm: `mo½` àË`m{e`m| H$s gyMr àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ ~mX àË`mer MmhVm h¡ Vmo

Zm_m§H$Z dmng boZo Ho$ {bE EH$ {Z{X©ï> {XZm§H$ àH${Q>V {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

{Zdm©MZ àMma: {Zdm©MZ joÌ _| àË`m{e`m| H$s A§{V_ A{YgyMZm Ho$ ~mX {Zdm©MZ (MwZmd)

H$m àMma H$m`© ewê$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h àMma H$m`© _VXmZ Ho$ {XZ go 48 K§Q>o nhbo hr g_má hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

àMma Ho$ g_` {d{dY amOH$s` nj AnZo àË`m{e`m| H$mo {OVmZo H$m à`mg H$aVo h¡Ÿ& AJa h_mao

njH$m àË`mer {dO`r hmoJm Vmo {Xò OmZodmbo gw{dYmAm| H$m âmogm {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$

âmogo `m AmídmgZm| H$mo "{Zdm©MZ àUmbr' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg Ad{Y _| gdm©O{ZH$ g_mdoe,

Kam| _| OmH$a _Vm| H$s `mMZm H$aZm, ÜdO, {ZemZ, H$n‹S>mo§ Ho$ VmoaU, {^{Îmn{ÌH$m, H$anÌ, Zmao, KmofUm BË`m{X H$s â_ma XoIZo {_bVr h¡Ÿ& ha àË`mer H$m {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ H$s "Zr{V g§{hVm' H$m nmbZ H$aZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ&

_VXmZ H$m {XZ: _VXmZ Ho$ {XZ H$m VmËn`© hmoVm h¡ _V MbmZo Ho$ {bE V` {H$`m hþAm {Z{üV {XZŸ& Cg {XZ _VH|$Ð _| OmH$a _V MbmZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& _VH|$Ð H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ _V MbmZo

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H$m {Z{üV OJhŸ& dhm± à{e{jV {Zdm©MZ A{YH$mar {Z`mo{OV ahVo h¢Ÿ& _VXmVm H$s nhMmZ àmá H$aZo Ho$ ~mX _V nÌ (Ballot paper) {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg _VnÌ _| g^r àË`m{e`m| Ho$ Zm_ VWm {ZemZ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& ò {M• AZn‹T> bmoJm| H$mo ^r _V S>mbZo _| _XX H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ _V `§Ì (EVM)

nwamZo _VnÌm| Ho$ ~Xbo BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ _VnÌm| H$mo {Zdm©MZ _| AnZm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& _VXmVm Bg `§Ì _| (~Q>Z) X~mH$a AnZm _V Xm{Ibm H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg `§Ì _| àË`mer Am¡a CgHo$ {ZemZ Am{X ahVo h¡Ÿ§& _VXmZ H$m g_` g_má hmoZo Ho$ ~mX _V`§Ì H$mo g§~§{YV H|$Ðm| _| nhþ±Mm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

ha EH$ {Zdm©MZ joÌ _| {Zdm©MZ `m `wZmd H$s à{H«$`m {Zd©hU H$aZo Ho$ {bE {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ EH$ A{YH$mar H$mo {Z`wº$ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Cgo "[aQ>{ZªJ A{YH$mar' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& (Returning officer) BgHo$ AYrZ _| _VH|$Ðm| _| H$m`© H$aZodmbo {Zdm©MZ H$_©Mmar {Z`wº$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

_Vm| H$s JUZm: {Zdm©MZ g_má hmoZo Ho$ ~mX {Z{üV {XZ àË`mer Am¡a CZHo$ AZw`m`r`m| Ho$ gå_wI {JZVr Ho$ {bE {Z`wº$ A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam _Vm§o H$s {JZVr hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ `§Ìm| Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX `h H$m`© AË`§V AmgmZ hþAm h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> {deof g§X^m] _| nwZ{JZVr H$m _m¡H$m ^r ahVm h¡Ÿ& `{X _Vm| H$s {JZVr _| H$moB© Aì`dhma hmoVm h¡ Vmo àË`mer Ý`m`mb` _| Anrb H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& {aQ>{ZªJ A{YH$mar _Vm| H$s {JZVr Ho$ ~mX n[aUm_ H$s KmofUm (àH$Q>) H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

amOZ¡{VH$ Xb: bmoH$V§m{ÌH$ gaH$mam| _| amOZ¡{VH$ njm| H$m hmoZm Amdí`H$ hr Zhr ~pëH$ A{Zdm`© h¡Ÿ& amOZ¡{VH$ njm| H$s à{V{Z{Y gaH$ma Am¡a g_wXm` H$s ~rM H$s H$S>r hmoVo h¢Ÿ& amOZ¡{VH$ nj gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ àJ{V$ Ho$ {Z`_ Am¡a H$mZyZ H$s aMZm _| à_wI ^y{_H$m

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{Z^mVo h¢Ÿ& amOZr{V _| àdoe H$aZodmbm| H$mo amOZ¡{VH$ nj à{ejU H|$Ð h¡& amï´> ñVa _| H|$Ð g§gX Ho$ bmoH$ g^m amÁ` ñVa _| {dYmZ g^m _| ~hþ_V àmá amOZ¡{VH$ nj gaH$ma H$s aMZm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& gaH$ma aMZodmbm nj àemgZr` nj H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& Xygao ñWmZ _| {dnj ahVm h¡Ÿ& N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o njm| Ho$ ñdV§Ì gXñ` ñdoÀN>m go àemgZr` AWdm {dnj H$m gmW Xo gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& {dnj àegZr` nj H$s H$m`© à{H«$`mAm| H$s {d_em© H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma aIVm h¡Ÿ&

amï´>r` nj: ^maV _| AZoH$ amOZ¡{VH$ nj h¡ {OZH$mo amï´> amÁ` àm§V Ho$ AZwgma dJuH$aU {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& amï´>ñVa Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ nj AZoH$ amÁ`m| _| AnZr emImAm| H$s aMZm {H$ò h¢Ÿ& ò nj H|$Ð Ho$ bmoH$g^m amÁ` Ho$ {dYmZ g^mAm| _| AnZo Jm¡admpÝdV à{V{ZYr àmá {H$ò h¢Ÿ& Eogo njm| H$mo amï´>ñVa H$s _mÝ`Vm Am`moJ Ûmam {_bVr h¡Ÿ& amï´>r` H$mJ«og nmQ>u g_mOdmXr nmQ>u, ^maVr` OZVm nj Am{X amï´>r` nj h¢ Omo AnZo hr {M• Ûmam nhMmZo OmVo h¡Ÿ§&

àmXo{eH$ amOZ¡{VH$ nj (nmQ>u): àmXo{eH$ amOZ¡{VH$ nj amÁ` amOZ¡{VH$ nm{Q>©`m| Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& {dYmZ g^m _| A{YH$ _mÌm _| gXñ`m| H$mo nmZodmbo nj H$mo àmXo{eH$ nj H$s _mÝ`Vm {_bVr h¡Ÿ& ~hþV gmar àmXo{eH$ nm{Q>©`m± AnZo à^md go ~hþ_V àmá H$aHo$ gaH$ma H$s aMZm H$a MwH$s h¢Ÿ& do h¡ V{_bZmSw> Ho$ S>r.E_.Ho$ VWm E,AmB©.S>r.E_ Ho$ Xb, Ag_ JU n[afX, Am§Y«àXoe Ho$ VobwJwXoe_² nmQ>u, _hmamï´> _| {edgoZm nmQ>u, H$Zm©Q>H$ _| OZVmXb (OmË`mVrV) Am{X à_wI h¢ Omo AnZo hr {Zdm©MZ {M•m| H$mo àmá {H$ò h¢Ÿ&

bmoH$g^m _| ^r àmXo{eH$ njm| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& H$moB© ^r nmQ>u ñnï> ~hþ_V àmá Zhr H$anmVm Eogo Adgam| _| àmXo{eH$ nj gaH$ma H$s aMZm _| à_wI ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢Ÿ&

gpå_l gaH$ma: AmOH$b ~hþV gmao nj A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE {Zdm©MZ (MwZmd) _| ^mJ boVo h¢Ÿ& H$moB© ^r nmQ>u ñnîQ> OZmXoe àmá H$aHo$ gaH$ma H$s aMZm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z H$Bª g§X^m] _| gaH$ma aMZm H$aZo H$m ~hþ_V àmá Zhr hmoVm Eogo n[apñW{V H$mo "{Ìe§Hw$ bmoH$g^m' (Hung Parliament or Assembly) "{Ìe§Hw$ {dYmZ g^m' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Eogo Adga na Hw$N> nj g§`mo{OV hmoH$a gaH$ma aMZm Ho$ gXñ`~mbm| H$mo àmá H$aHo$ _¡Ìr ñWm{nV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$s _¡Ìr H$mo "_VXmZmoÎma _¡Ìr' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> g§X^m] _| {Zdm©MZ Ho$ nyd© hr Xmo AWdm Xmo go A{YH$ njm {_bH$a ñWmZm| H$m ~Q>dmam H$aHo$ gmW gmW _| MwZmd bS>Vo h¢Ÿ& Bg n«H$ma H$s _¡Ìr H$mo "MwZmd nyd© _¡Ìr' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BZ Xmo àH$ma H$s _¡{Ì`m| go {Ìe§Hw$ pñW{V _| gaH$ma H$s aMZm H$aZo _| AmgmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Eogr _¡Ìr go Omo gaH$ma ~ZoJm Cgo "gpå_l gaH$ma' H$hVo h¡Ÿ& Eogr _¡Ìr go Omo gaH$ma _| {_Ì njdmbo _§{Ì _§S>b _| AnZm {hñgm boH$a ñWmZm| H$mo àmá H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> g§X^m] _| {_Ì nj AnZm {hñgm {bò {~Zm gaH$ma H$m gmW XoVo h¡ Vmo Bgo "~mø gnmoQ>©' H$hVo h¡Ÿ& 1989 Bgdr go bmoH$g^m Am¡a {dYmZ g^m _| A§VÌ gaH$ma H$s aMZm hþB© h¡Ÿ&

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gmd©O{ZH$ A{^àm` : Am_ AmX_r AnZo go g§~§{YV {H$gr {df` na AnZo A{^àm`

H$mo ì`º$ H$aZm gmd©O{ZH$ A{^àm` H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& Eogm A{^àm` ~hþOZ amOZ¡{VH$ A{^àm`

Zhr H$hbmVm gaH$ma gmd©O{ZH$m| Ho$ A{^àm`m| Ho$ AmYma na {Z`_m| H$mo ~ZmVm h¡Ÿ& gmd©O{ZH$

A{^àm` {df`mYm[aV hmoH$a H$mbmZwgma n[adV©Z hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ahVr h¡Ÿ& gmd©O{ZH$ KQ>Zm Ho$

à{V OmJ¥V hmoH$a AnZo A{^àm` H$mo ñdV§Ì ê$n go {~Zm H$moB© ^` Am¡a nydm©J«h go ì`º$ H$a gH$Vo

h¢Ÿ& gaH$ma Am¡a amOH$s` nj gmd©O{ZH$ A{^àm`m| H$mo àmoË`m{hV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ao{S>`mo, XyaXe©Z, g_

mMma nÌ n{ÌH$m, A§VOm©b Am{X g_yh _mÜ`_ gmd©O{ZH$ A{^àm` àmßV H$aZo _| _XX H$aVo h¡§Ÿ&

g_yh _mÜ`_ Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì : à{V{XZ hmoZodmbo KQ>ZmAm| H$s gyMZm g_yh _mÜ`_ XoVo h¢Ÿ&

gaH$ma H$s `moOZm Am¡a {Z`_m| H$mo bmoJm| VH$ nhþ§MmVo h¢Ÿ& _mÜ`_ gaH$ma H$s H$m`© e¡br Ho$ ~mao

_| bmoJm| H$mo OmZH$mar XoZo Ho$ gmW gmW bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam CR>mò Jò àíZm| H$mo CZH$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo

OZà{V {Z{Y`m| Ho$ gm_Zo aIVo h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE g_yh _mÜ`_ hadº$ gË`, {ZûH$ {~Zm njnmV Ho$

A{^àm`m| H$mo àH$Q> H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& gyú_ {dMmam| H$m d¡^drH$aU H$aHo$ ^` H$m dmVmdaU {Z_m©U

hr H$aZm Mm{hE OmË`VrV Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì VËdm| H$mo hmZr nhþ±Mmò {~Zm H$m`© H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

n{ÌH$m _mÜ`_ Ho$ AYrZ _| à{V{XZ Ho$ g_mMma nÌ gmám{hH$ nÌ Am{X AmVo h¢Ÿ& Eogo nÌ

n{ÌH$m A{Zdm`© ê$n go g_mMma nÌ n§OrH$aU H$Mhar (Register of News Paper) _| n§OrH$aU

H$am boZm Mm{hEŸ& Eogo n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ñdm§VÍ` ajm Ho$ {bE ^maV _| "^maVr` n{ÌH$m n[afX' H$s

ñWmnZm hþB© h¢Ÿ& _mÜ`_ joÌ _| XyaXe©Z ao{S>`m| A§VOm©b O¡go BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ _mÜ`_ H$m`© H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

Eogo BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ _mÜ`_ 1962 Ho$ AmH$medmUr àgaU g§{hVm Ho$ AYrZ _| H$m`© H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Am_

bmoJ, A{YH$mar Am¡a Zm`H$m| H$mo AnZo {dMma {d{Z_` Ho$ {bE Adga àXmZ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

à{VdoXZ (gyMZm) àm{YH$ma: ^maV Xoe _| gyMZm àgaU A{Y{Z`_ H$mo 2005 _| Omar {H$`m

J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg g§{hVm H$m _w»` CÔoí` gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ _| ^«îQ>mMma {Z_y©bZ H$aZm àemgZ _|

nmaX{e©Vm bmZm Am{X hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Am_ AmX_r EH$ AmdoXZ Ho$ Ûmam gaH$ma go AnZo go g§~§{YV

{H$gr ^r {df` H$s OmZH$mar gyMZm àmá H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& g§~§{YV A{YH$mar gyMZm àmá H$aZo

MmhZodmbm| H$mo 30 {XZ Ho$ ^rVa XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a OrdZ go g§~§{YV gyMZm H$mo 48

K§Q>m| Ho$ ^rVa XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& AJa ì`{º$ amï´> H$s Eod`Vm, gwajm go g§~§{YV gyMZm àmá H$aZm

MmhoJm Vmo gyMZm XoZo go BZH$ma ^r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

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Aä`mg

I [aº$ ñWmZmo§ H$s ny{V© C{MV eãXm§o go H$s{OE:

1. _VXmam| H$s gyMr __________ dfm} _o EH$ ~ma n[aîH¥$V H$s OmVr h¡ &

2. àMma H$m`© _VXmZ Ho$ {XZ go __________ K§Q>o nyd© nyU© hmo OmVm h¡ &

3. amOZ¡{VH$ njm§o (Xbmo§) H$mo __________ _mÝ`Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡ &

4. n{ÌH$m ñdV§ÌVm gwajm Ho$ {bE pñWV g§ñWm __________ h¡&

5. gyMZm A{YH$ma H$mZyZ H$mo __________ _| Omar {H$`m J`m&

II {ZåZm{b{IV àíZmo§ H$m CÎma g_yh MMm© H$a {b{IE:

1 _VXmam§o H$s gyMr Ho$ g§~§Y _| EH$ {Q>ßnUr {b{IE &

2 amOZ¡{VH$ njmo§ (Xbmo§) Ho$ à{V{Z{Y gaH$ma VWm OZ g_wXm` Ho$ ~rM H$S>r Ho$ én _|

hmoV h¡& Bg H$WZ H$m g_W©Z H$s{OE&

3 g{å‘ûm« gaH$ma Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

4 "gyMZm A{YH$ma'' gaH$ma H$mo àOm Ho$ {bE {Oå_oXma ~ZmZo _| ghm`H$ h¡ & Bg na MMm©

H$s{OE&

III {H«$`m H$bmn:

1. MwZmd à{H«$`m na {Z~§Y à{V`mo{JVm H$m Am`moOZ H$s{OE&

2. {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ Ho$ H$m`m] H$s Vm{bH$m ~ZmBE&

3. amï´>r` njm§o(Xbm§o) H$s Vm{bH$m ~ZmBE&

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AÜ`m` – 6

Xoe H$s gwajm

Bg AÜ`m` _| {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| H$mo grIVo h¢&• goZm ~bm| Ho$ àH$ma Am¡a CZH$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd&• goZm~bm| H$m H|$ÐñWmZ Am¡a CZHo$ à_wI ì`{º$ &• goZmjoÌ go amï´> gwajm H$s A{^d¥{X& • goZm ~bm| Ho$ Abmdm Xÿgar loUr H$s gwajm ì`dñWm&

Amn OmZVo h¢ {H$ h_mam Xoe BgHo$ nhbo ~mhar AmH«$_U H$m {eH$ma hþAm Wm& AZoH$

hS>Vmb, Ë`mJ ~{bXmZm| go 1947, 6 AJñV 15 VmarI H$mo ñd§VÌ hþAm& AnZr Bg ñdV§ÌVm

H$s ajm H$aZm h_ ^maVr`m| H$m H$V©ì` h¡& gmW hr h_mar gwajm ì`dñWm H$mo ^r _O~yV H$aHo$

~mhar AmH«$_U go dMmZm h¡&

^maV EH$ {demb Xoe h¡& Omo 15,200 {H$._r ^ygr_m, 7516.50 {H$. _r b§~r g_wÐr gr_m

go `wº$ h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ MrZ, ^yVmZ, Zonmb, ~§JbmXoe _`Ý_ma h_mao nS>mogr Xoe h¡& B§S>moZo{e`

_bo{e`m, H$~m¢{S>`m, WmB©b¢S>, {d`VZm_, Am¡a _mb{Xd g_wÐ g§nH©$ Ho$ nS>mogr amï´> h¢& h_ em§{V

H$mo AmH}${j h¡ {\$a ^r nS>mogr amï´> h_| em{V go ahZo Zht XoVo& em§{Vg§XmZ ~mVMrV, g_PmoVm| Ho$

Ûmam g~ g_ñ`mAm| H$m hb {ZH$mbZo H$m à`mg ^maV H$a ahm h¡& {\$a ^r nyU© ê$n go h_ g\$b

Zht& Bg{bE h_| AnZo amï´> H$s gwajm H$aZr h¡& BgHo$ {bE gwajm~b H$s ^y{_H$m _hËdnyU© h¡ &

h_mao goZm~bm| H$mo aMZm:

h_mao Xoe _| WbgoZm, Ob goZm Am¡a dm`wgoZmE± h¡& amï´>n{V BZ goZm~bm| Ho$ gdm}ƒ X§S>Zm`H$

h¡& Wb goZm Ho$ à_wI H$mo OZab, OZab Ho$ à_wI H$mo AS´>{_ab Am¡a dm`wgoZm Ho$ à_wI H$mo Eà

Mr\$ _mB©b Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& BZ VrZm| {d^mJm| Ho$ Ýd` Ho$ {bE 2001 _| Mr\$ Am\$

B§{Q>J«oQ>oS> {S>\o$Ýg ñQ>m\$ Zm_ Ho$ A{YH$mar H$mo {Z`w{º$ H$s J`r h¡& Xoe Ho$ ajm _§Ìr VrZ {d^mJm|

(WbgoZm, Ob goZm, dm`wgoZm) Ho$ H$m`m] H$m g§KQ>Z H$aVo h¢& VrZm| goZm ~b Ho$ X§S>Zm`H$m| H$mo ^r

g§^mbVo h¢& goZm~b Ho$ àËòH$ {d^mJ Ho$ AbJ-AbJ àËòH$ à{ejU H|$Ð h¡&

ajm _§Ìmb` H$m àYmZ H$m`m©b` ZB© {X„r _| h¡& Bg _§Ìmb` Ho$ {d^mJ h¢& -1) gwajm CËnmXZ

{d^mJ 3) gwajm AZwg§YmZ Am¡a A{^d¥{Õ {d^mJ 4) {Zd¥{V goZm H$ë`mU {d^mJ

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^maVrV Wb goZm^y goZm H$m àYmZ H$m`m©b` {X„r _| h¡& BgH$m à_wI _hmgoZm{Yn{V H$hbmVm h¡& Cn

goZm{Yn{V, goZmn{V, goZm àYmZ A{YH$mar _mñQ>a OZab, {_{bQ>ar g{Md, _o{bQ>ar (\$m¡Or) àm¡Úmo{JH$ (B§Or{Zà) Am{X ghm`H$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aVo h¢& Wb goZm _| n¡Xb g¡{ZH$ Xb, AœXb (Š`mdbar) h{W`ma ~§X geó, {\$a§Jr Xb Am{X hmoVo h¡§& n[adhZ Amny{V© B§{O{Z`[a§J {d^mJ ^r Bg_| h¡& àemgZ Ho$ CÔoí` go Wb goZm H$mo 7 H$_§mS>| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ Ho$§ÐñWmZm| H$m {ddaU {ZåZ{bpIV h¡& 1. n{ü_ H$_m§S> – M§Xr_§{Xa (M§S>rJ‹T>) 2. nydm© H$_m§S – H$mobH$Vm (n{ü_ ~§Jmb) 3. CÎmar H$_m§S> – CY_nwa (H$í_ra) 4. X{jUr H$_m§S> – nwUo (_hmamï´>) 5. H|$Ð H$_m§S> – bIZD$ (CÎma àXoe) 6. à{ejUH$_m§S> – _md (_Ü`àXoe) 7. CÎma-n{ü_r H$_m§S – O`nwa (amOñWmZ)

Wb goZm

BZ H$_m§S>m| H$s joÌr` VWm CnjoÌr` Xmo ^mJm| _| ~m±Q>m J`m h¡& bopâQ>Zo§Q> OZab H$_§mS> H$m à_wI h¡& _oOa OZab joÌ à_wI h¡& CnjoÌr` à_wI H$mo {~«Jo{S>à H$hVo h¡& nyZm Ho$ {ZH$Q> I‹S>Jdmgbm amï´>r` gwajm AH$mX_r,D$Q>r Ho$ {ZH$Q> do{„§JQ>Z _| pñWV ajm goZm H$_©Mmar H$mboO, ZB© {X„r _| pñWV amï´>r` gwajm H$m°boO, XohamXÿZ _| pñWV ^maVr` {_{bQ>ar AH$mX_r, MoÞ¡ _| pñWV A{YH$mar à{ejU embm Am{X à_wI à{ejU H|$Ð h¡§&

{H$gr ^r n‹S>mogr amï´> Ho$ AH«$_U go amï´> Ho$ ^y ^mJ H$s ajm H$aHo$ AI§S>Vm H$mo ~Zm` aIZm Wb goZm Ho$ VH$ZrH$s n[adoe H$s gwajm H$aZm _hËdnyU© H$m`© h¡& ha gdmb H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$mo h_oem ^y - goZm VËna ahVr h¡& Xoe H$s {demb gr_m gwajm, àmH¥${VH$ {dn{Îm H$m gm_Zm H$aZm Am{X à_wI H$m`© ^y goZm {Z^mVr h¡&

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^maV H$mo (Zm¡H$m) goZm

Zm¡H$m goZm

{díd _| {demb VQ>r` aoIm ^maV H$s h¡& `h

gr_m A§S>_mZ, {ZH$mo~ma Am¡a bjÛrn VH$ h¡&

BZH$s gwajm Ho$ {bE geº$ Zm¡H$m goZm H$s Oê$aV

h¡& BgH$m àYmZ H$m`m©b` {X„r _| h¡& ^maV Ho$

amï´>n{V BgHo$ àYmZ A{Yn{V h¡&

Zm¡H$m goZm H$s VrZ joÌr` H$_m§S>m| _| ~m±Q>m J`m

h¡& 1) n{ü_r Zm¡H$m H$m_§S> (H|$Ð H$m`©b` _w§~B©) 2) nydu Zm¡H$m H$_m§S> (àYmZ H$m`m©b`-{demIm

nÅ>U_) 3) X{jUr Zm¡H$m H$m_§S> (àYmZ H$m`m©b` H$mo{ƒZ) _| h¡& ^maVr` Zm¡H$m goZm Ho$ Xmo ~o‹S>o

h¡& n{ü_ ~oS>m, nydm© ~oS>m& {demInÅ>U _| {hXþñVmZ Zm{dH$ H$maImZm h¡& H$mobH$Vm Am¡a Jmodm

_| ^r OhmO {Z_m©U H$m`© Mb ahm h¡& BZ H$maImZm| _| OhmO, Obm§VaJm_r Am¡a N>moQ>o Zmdm| H$m

{Z_m©U {H$`m OmVm h¡&

Aê${b`m§S>a dJ© Ho$ `wÕ nmoVm§o, Eo EZ Eg Zrb{J[a, {h_{J[a, Xod{J[a, Vmam{J[a {dÜ`{J[a,

MH«$Ym[a (_mM© 2012 _| g§`mo{OV) Am¡a ^maVr` e¡br Ho$ Eo.EZ Eg. JmoXmdar g§Mmar gd} OhmO

Am¡a VQ>r` gwajm ~bm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m h¡& hmb hr _| ^maVr` e¡br Ho$ Eo.EZ.Eg. {d^y{V

àjonU OhmOm| H$m {Z_m©U hþAm h¡& Bg àH$ma ^maV AmYw{ZH$ `wÕ Zm¡H$m~b àmá N>R>| amï´> Ho$ ê$n

_| à»`mV h¡& ^maVr` Zm¡H$m ~b A{YH$[a`mo§ Ho${bE Xmo à{ejU Ho$Ðm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s J`r h¡ & ~o

h¡ - Ho$abm Ho$ Eo.EZ.Eg. ~§Sw>{V© _hmamï´> Ho$ bmoZmdmbm _| pñWV Eo.EZ.Eg {edmOt&

^maVr` dm`wgoZm

dm`wgoZm

Indian Air Force

^maVr` dm`wgoZm AmYw{ZH$ VH$ZrH$m| go `wº$ gwgpÄOV

CnH$aUm| dmbr h¡& eómó, CÎm_ ì`dñWm CS>çZ

Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ, eÌwAm| Ho$ {dê$h b‹S>Zo Ho$ gwa{jV gm_`©

go `wº$ h¡& dm`wgoZm _w»` gmYZ h¢ `wÔ hdmB©OhmO H$s

dm`wgoZm _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¢&

^maVr` dm`wgoZm `wÔ Am¡a em§{V Ho$ g_` Xoe Ho$

{bE n[aUm_H$mar CÎma Xm{`Ëd H$mo {Z^mVm h¡& amï´>r`

AI§S>Vm, gwajm Am¡a pñWaVm H$mo ~Zmò aIZo _| dm`wgoZm H$m _hËdnyU© ñWmZ hmoVm h¡& BgH$m

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àYmZ H$m`m©b` {X„r _| h¢& nm±M n[aMmbZ (Am°naoeZb) Am¡a Xo H$m`m©Ë_H$ H$_m§‹S> h¢& ò h¡& :

n[aMmbZ H$_m§S

{H«$`m H$bmn

^yVnyd© g¡{ZH$mo§ Ho$ gmW h_mar goZm Xb ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$a OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

1. n{eM_r H$_m§S> – {X„r

2. nydm© H$_m§S> – {ebm§J (_oKmb`)

3. H|$Ð H$_m§S> – Bbmhm~mX (JwOamV)

4. CÎma nydu H$_m§S – Jm§YrZJa (JwOaV)

5. X{jUr H$_§mS> – {Vê$dZ§Vnwa_ (Ho$ab)

H$m`m©Ë_H$ H$_m§S>… (Functional)

1. à{ejU H$_m§S> – ~|Jbya (H$Zm©Q>H$)

2. {Zdm©h (ajm) H$_§mS – ZmJnwa (_hmamï´>)

BZHo$ Abmdm dm`wgoZm H$m à{ejU XoZo dmbo à_wI H|$Ð ~|Jbya Am¡a h¡Xam~mX _| h¢& dm`wgoZm

_| {Z`wº$ hmoZodmbm| H$mo CÈ>>`Z à{ejU XoZo H$s {deof à{ejU AH$mX_r H$s ñWmnZm Xþ{‹S>KmQ> _|

H$mo JVr h¡& CaJr àH$ma àemgZ Am¡a VH${ZH$s à{ejU H|$Ð ~|Jbya Am¡a H$mo`_Vya _| h¡& h_mar

dm`wgoZm _| EH$ hOma go A{YH$ hdmB© OhmO, Am¡a ho{bH$m\$Q>a h¡& CZ_| à_wI e¡br Ho$ hdmB© OhmO

h¡Ho$Z~oam, h§Q>a, A{OV {_J 21 {_J 23, {_J 25 {_J 27, {_J 29, {_aoO 2000 Am{X h¡&

BgH$s OmZH$mar Amn H$mo aho VrZ àH$ma Ho$ godm dJ©

1. Wb goZm 2. Zm¡H$m goZm 3. dm`wgoZm

a) OZab a) ApS²_ab a) Eà Mr\$ _me©b

b) bopâQ>Z|Q> OZab b) dmBg AS>{_ab b) Eà _me©b

b) _oOa OZab b) [aà AS´>{_ab b) Eà d¡g _me©b

d) {~«Jo{S>à d) H$_S>a d) Eà H$_m§S>a

e) H$Z©b e) H¡$ßQ>Z e) J«yn H$_m§S>a

f) boâQ>Z|Q> H$Z©b f) H$_m§S>a f) qdJ H$_m§S>a

g) _oOa g) bopâQ>Z|Q> H$_m§S>a g) ñŠdmS>©Z brS>a

h) H¡$ßQ>Z h) bopâQ>Z|Q> h) âb¡Q> bopâQ>>Zo§Q>

i) bopâQ>Z|Q> i) g~ bopâQ>Z|Q i) âb¡q`J A{\$ga

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goZm {Z`w{º : ^maV H$m àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$ ^maVr` goZm _| Om{V, Y_©, dJ©, Am¡a g_wXm{`H$ ôX ^md Ho$ {~Zm {Z`wº$ hmo gH$Vm h¡& bo{H$Z Cg ì`{º$ _| gaH$ma Ûmam {ZYm©[aV Hw$N> emar[aH$, _mZm{gH$, e¡j{UH$ Am¡a g_mÝ` `mo½`VmE± (Ah©Vm) hmoZr Mm{hE&

^ygoZm _| {ZMbo ñVa Ho$ nXm| Ho$ {bE {Z`wº$ H$aVo dº$ amÁ` Am¡a H|$Ð em{gV àXoem| go {Z`wº$ nwê$f OZg§»`m Ho$ AZwgma {H$E OmVo h¢& dm`wgoZm Ho$ {bE geº$ `wdH$m| H$s {Z`w{º$ n§OrH$aU Ûmam ApIb ^maVr` ñVa na H$s OmVr h¡& `h H|$Ð dm`wgoZm {Z`w{º$ _§S>b (central Aurmen Selection Board) Ûmam hmoVr h¡& Zm¡ObgoZm _| Zm{dH$m| H$s {Z`w{º$ Zm¡H$m~b {Z`w{º$ g§KQ>Z Ûmam hmoVr h¡& BgH$s {Oå_oXmar _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb` Am¡a Zm¡H$m ~b H|$Ð H$m`©b` H$s hmoVr h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm VrZm| goZmAm| Ho$ {bE _{hbmAmo H$mo {Z`w{º$ H$aVo dº$ {deof `moOZm Ûmam H$mo OmVr h¡&

ajm-CËnmXZ : ajUm CËnmXZ Ho$ H$m`m} H$mo Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡& nhbm- H$nZr H$s Amoa go Mbmò Om aho H$maImZo VWm Xÿgam gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ Ho$ H$maImZo-Jmobm ~mê$X, eÌmó Q>¢H$a Am{X Am{S©>`Ýg H$maImZm| _| V¡`ma {H$ò OmVo h¡& nZSw>ã~r, hdmB© OhmO, ^ydmhZ O¡go ~wbS>moOa Am{X gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ Ho$ H$maImZm| _| {Z{_©V {H$ò OmVo h¡§&

BgH$s OmZH$mar aho& gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ Ho$ ajU CÚ_1954 -BEL (Bharath Electronics Ltd.) 1964 -H AL(Hindustan eronautics Ltd.)1964 -BEML (Bharath. Earth. MoLers Ltd.)1970 -BDL(Bharath. Dynamics Ltd. etc)

h_mar gwajm H$mo V¡`mar Am¡a AZwg§YmZ A{^d¥{Õ: AmO h_mao gwajm ~bm| Ho$ g_mZo AZoH$ MwZm¡{V`m± h¡& Bg{bE amï´>gr_m H$s ajm _| h_mao g¡{ZH$m| H$mo gXm V¡`ma ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡& h_mar goZm H$mo {dœ _| Mm¡Wm ñWmZ àmá h¡& dm`wgoZm Am¡a Zm¡ goZm nm±Mdo§ ñWmZ na h¡&

h_mao Zm¡H$m~b H$mo e{º$embr ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE H$madma Ho$ nmg gr~S>© Zm¡H$m AÈ>m ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm 1958 _| ajUm AZwg§YmZ Am¡a A{^d¥{Ô g§ñWm DRDP - Defence Reaserch and development Organisation) H$s ñWmnZm ^r H$s J`r h¡& ^y{_ go ^y{_ na dma H$aZodmbo àjonU n¥Ïdr, {Ìeyb, AmH$me, ZmJ, A{¾, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O¡go AmYw{ZH$ àjofU h_mao Zm¡H$m~b _| h¡& (19 Aà¡b 2012 _| A{¾ 5 H$mo 5000 {H$. _r. H$s bú` aIH$a àjo{nV {H$`m J`m& g~_o[aZ, E§Q>r g~_[aZ (Obm§VaJm_r) VH$ZrH$ H$s A{^d¥{Õ H$s J`r& ^maV AmO à{gÔ JU amï´>m| H$s loUr _| h¡& A_o[aH$m, ê$g {~«Q>oZ, \«$mÝg AÝ` amï´> h¡§&

~mo\$mog© {\$a§Jr H$mo H$m{J©b `wÕ _| (^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ) g\$bVm go à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡& g_` AmZo na `wÔ H$m gm_Zm H$aZo Ho$ {bE na_mUw Aó H$m VH$ZrH$ nmoIaZ Ho$ à`moJ go kmV H$a {b`m J`m h¡& amï´> Ho$ {d{dY àXoem| _| 55 ajm à`moJmb`m| H$mo ñWmnZm H$s J`r h¡& amï´> H$s gwajm Am¡a CgHo$ C‚mdb ^{dî` Ho$ {bE h_| goZm _| em{_b hmoZm h¡& AnZr goZm~bm| H$s Vah h_| ^r gXm V¡`ma ahZm h¡&

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BgH$s OmZH$mar Amn H$mo aho

H$ma{Jb `wÕ- 1999 : ^maV Am¡a nm[H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~rM 1999 Ho$ _B©-OyZ _| H$ma{Jb `wÔ hþAm& _B© 16 Ho$ {XZ nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ g¡{ZH$mo§ Zo H$e_ra Ho$ D±Mo àXoe na hdmB© OhmO Ûmam AmH«$_U {H$`m& àË`wÎma _| AmnaoeZ {dO` Ho$ Zm_ go ^maV Zo ^r h_bm ~mob {X`m& nhbo ^maVr` goZm H$mo WmoS>m nrN> hQ>Zm nS>m& bo{H$Z ~mX _| AmH«$_U H$mo XþJwZm H$a ~mo\$mog© ~§XyH$m| go OyZ 14 H$mo AmH«$_U H$aZo na nmH$sñVmZ An_m{ZV hmoH$a hma _mZH$ma nrN>o hQ> J`m& `h N>moQ>m `wÔ hmoZo na ^r {dd H$m Ü`mZ BgH$s Amoa ahm& em§{V{à` Xoe ^maV na AmH«$_U H$aZodmbo n[H$ñVmZ H$mo AmH«$_UH$mar Xoe Ho$ Zm_ go {díd Xmof XoZo bmJm& Bg `wÔ go ^maVr`m| _| amï´>MoVZm H$s OmJ¥[V hþB©&

Bg `wÕ _| ^maV Ho$ H$ar~ 30000 g¡{ZH$m| ^mJ {b`m nm[H$ñVmZ Ho$ AmH«$_UH$mar g¡{ZH$mo H$s g§»`m bJ^J 5000 VH$ `mÌr J`r& ^maVr` ^ygoZm H$mo àmoËghZ XoVo hþE dm`wgoZm go\$S> gmJa H$m`©eé$ {H$`m& OwbB© Ho$ A§{V_ gßVmh _| goZm H$s Amoa A{V_ AmH«$_U hþAm& OybmB© 6 H$mo `wÔ g_má hþAm& nm[H$ñVmZ Ho$ {dê$Ô Bg OrV H$mo H$ma{Jb {dO` {Xdg Ho$ Zm_ go nhMmZm J`m h¡& ha df© OwbmB© 26 H$mo Bg {Xdg H$m AmMaU {H$`m OmVm h¡&

Xÿgar loUr H$s ajm ì`mdñWm

h_mao goZm ~bm| H$s nyaH$ ì`mdñWm _| Xÿgar lmUr H$s gwajm Ho$ AZoH$ BH$mB©`m| H$s ñWmnZm

H$s J`r h¡>&

1. àmXo{eH$ goZm (Territorial a rmy) 2. EZ. gr. gr. (National Cadet Corps)

3. VQ>r` nham (Coastal Guard) 4. gr_m gwaj Xb (Border Security Force)

5. ZmJ[aH$ ajm (Civil Defence) 6. J¥hajH$ Xb (Home Guards)

7. aoS> H«$mg (Red Cross )

àmXo{eH$ goZm (Territorial army) : `h A§eH$m{bH$ ñd`§ godm~b h¡& 1949 Ho$ g§gX

A{Y{Z` Ho$ AZwgma BgH$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bg_o goZm _| H$m`©aV g¡{ZH$ Zht hmoVo& AnZo H$m_ Ho$

~rM g_` {ZH$mbH$a BÀNw>H$ `wdH$ {_{bQ>ar à{ejU Bg_| nm gH$Vo h¢& 18 Am`w go 45 Am`w

VH$ Ho$ ZmJm[aH$ Bg_| em{_b hmo gH$Vo h¢& amï´> H$mo AmnmVH$mbrZ n[ae©ñW{V H$m gm_Zm àmH¥${VH$

{dH$mon Ho$ g§X^© _| `h H$m`© H$aVm h¡& hagmb Zd~§a _hrZo Ho$ Vrgao gámh Ho$ e{Zdma H$s joÌr`

goZm {Xdg Ho$ ê$n _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡&

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EZ gr gr (National Cadet Corps): EZ.gr.gr Xoe H$m EH$ àYmZ g§KQ>Z h¡& 1948 _| BgH$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bg_o nmR>embm {ded{dÚmb` Ho$ N>mÌ ñdoÀN>m go em{_b hmo gH$Vo h¢& ZoV¥Ëd H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZm, ì`m{VJV JwUm| H$m {dH$mg H$aZm, XmoñVr ~ZmZm Am¡a AmXe© godm _Zmo ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZm Am{X EZ.gr.gr. Ho$ _w»` CX²Xoí` hmoVo h¢& amï´>r` AmnmVH$mbrZ n[apñW{V _| Xoe H$s ghm`Vm H$aZm CÔoí` h¡&

EZ gr.gr Ho$ Xmo {d^mJ h¢& gr{Zà Am¡a Oy{Zà& gr{Z _| H$mboO Ho$ N>mÌ hmoVo h¢& Oy{Zà _| nmR>embm Ho$ N>mÌ hmoVo h¢& EZ. gr.gr. go N>mÌm§o H$s AZoH$ Cn`moJ h¢&

1. EZ.gr.gr. à{ejU àmá N>mÌm| H$mo goZm _| ^{Vm© hmoZo H$m {defo AdH$me {X`m J`m h¡&

2. à{ejU _| eñÌmó à{ejU {X`m OmVm h¡&

3. nX`mÌm gmhg à`mU

4. {\$gbZm- a|JZm nd©VmamohU

5. gmh{gH$ `mÌm (Q´>oqH$J)

6. nd©VmamohU (ñHo$qbJ)

VQ> gwajm ~b (coastal Guards): `h EH$ Am§{eH$ {_{bQ>ar godm h¡& Xygar loUr H$o gwajm ~bm| _| `h _hËdnyU© h¡& 1978 _| BgH$s ñWmnZm hwB© & `h VQ> H$s gwajm Ama¡ amï>´ H$s ajm H$o g§~§{YV ajm~b h¡& `h H$ar~ 7, 516. 5 H$s. _r. VQ>r` àXeo H$s ajm H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡& Bg gwajm ~b H$s Zm¡H$mAm| H$o AZHo $ dr`mo{MV Zm_ h¢- O¡go nwR>ma, {dH«$_, {dO` Am¡a dra& J¡a H$mZyZr g_wÐr ì`mnma Mmoar H$aZm Am{X Aì`d© hmam| H$mo `h amoH$Vm h¡& BgH$m àYmZ H$m`b© ` {X„r _| h¡& BgH$o EH$ S>¡àŠQ>a OZab ^r hmoVoo h¡& Bg g§KQ>Z H$o àmXmo{eH$ H$m`m©b` _w~§B©, M¡Þ¡, Jm§YrZJa, Am¡a A§S_mZ {ZH$mo~ma H$o nmoQ©boà _| h¡&

gr_m gwajm ~b : gr_m gwajm ~b H$s ñWmnZm 1965 _| hþB©& BgHo$ g¡{ZH$ h_mao Xoe H$s H$ar~ 15200 H$s. _r. H$s gr_ aoIm àXoem| H$s ajm H$aVo h¢& BgH$m à{ejU H|$Ð ~|Jbya Ho$ `bh§H$m _| h¢& gr_m ^mJ _| A{VH«$_ àdoe, J¡a H$mZyZr Y§Yo Am{X H$mo `h amoH$Vm h¢& Am§{V[aH$ gwajm H$o {bE Ag_ S>\$ëg, B§S>mo{Q>~o{Q>>`Z gr_m nw{bg (ISP) H$|Ð Ama{jV gwajm ~mb (CRPF) amï>´r` gwajm ~b (Am§VH$dmX H$mo amoH$Zo) H$|{Ð` AmoÚmo{JH gwajm~b (CISF) aob gwajm ~b (RPF) Am{X gh`H$ goZm~b H$o ê$n _| H$m_ H$aVo h¡§&

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ZmJ[aH$ ajm ~b (Civil Difence) : àmUm| H$s ajm, ZmJ[aH$m| H$s Om`XmX H$s ajm, AmoÚmo{JH$ CËnmXZm| H$s ajm BgH$m _w»` CXXoí` h¡& ñdoÀN>m go Bg g§KQ>Z _| em[_b hmo gH$Vo h§¡& Bg g§KQ>Z H$o H$ar~ 22 {d^mJm| H$mo Xeo _| gr{_V {H$`m J`m h¡& hmbhr _| 13 bmI ZmJm[aH$ ajU ñd`§ godH$ ~Zo h§¡ CZ_| àñVVw 6.64 bmI ñd`§ gdo H$ à{ejU nmò h¢&

J¥h ajm Xb : `h EH$ ñd`§ godm g§KQ>Z h¡& 1946 _| BgH$s ñWmnZm hþB©& `h ñWmZr` nw{bgm| H$mo ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡& ZmJm[aH$ g_mO Ho$ A§V[aH$ H$bhm| H$mo amoH$Zo, em§{VñWmnZm H$aZo _|, {Zd{MZ _| nw{bg H$mo ghm`Vm H$aZo _| `h _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡& Bgo Hw$N> amÁ` Am¡a H|$Ðem{gV àXoem| AnZm`m h¡& 1962 _| MrZ AmH«$_U Ho$ g_` Bg ñd`§ godm g§KQ>Z Zo g_dó YmaU H$a Xoe H$s ajm _| ghm`Vm nhþ±Mm`m h_mao Xoe _| H$ar~ 5,73,793 J¥hajH$ Xb Ho$ ñd`§ godH$ h¡& Xoe â _| `h g§KQ>Z ì`má h¡&

aoS> H«$mg : `h EH$ amï´>r` Am¡a A§Vam©ï´>r` ñVa H$m g§KQ>Z h¡& 1920 _| g§gX _| {dYo`H$ nm[aV H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam BgH$s ñWmnZm hþB©& BgH$m àYmZ H$m`m©b` {X„r _| h¡&

^maV H$s aoS> H«$mg g§ñWm _mZdr` ñdW© g§KQ>Z Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aVr h¡& amÁ` Am¡a Ho$Ð em{gV àXoem| _| H$ar~ BgH$s 700 emImE± h¡& ^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V BgHo$ AÜ`j h¡& amÁèmIm Ho$ AÜ`j hmoVo h¢& BgHo$ Abmdm BgHo$ EH$ g{Md Am¡a EH$ OZab _w»` H$m`© {Zdm©h A{YH$mar hmoVo h¡& Bg g§ñWm _| 19 gXñ`m| H$s àemg{ZH$ _§S>br h¡& BgHo$ H$m`m©Ü`j Am¡a 6 gXmñ`m| H$m Zm_m§H$Z amï´>n{V H$aVo h¡& ~mH$s 12 gXñ` amÁ` Am¡a Ho$Ð em{gV àXoe H$s emImAm| Ho$ _VXmZ Ûmam MwZo OmVo h¢& `h EH$ _mZdr` g§KQ>Z h¡ Omo amï´> H$s AmnmV H$mbrZ n[apñW{V _| bmoJm| H$s ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡& {~Zm {H$gr ôX ^md go `wÔ ^y{_ _| Km`bm| AñdWm| H$mo godm H$aVm h¡& Bg g§ñWm Ho$ 7 _yb^yV VËd h¢& 1) _mZdr`Vm 2) {ZînjnmV 3) pñWaVm 4) ñdV§ÌVm 5) ñd`§ godm 6) EoŠ`Vm 7) {dœì`mnH$Vm&

h_mao VrZ gwajm ~bm| Ho$ gmW Xÿgar loUr Ho$ gwajm~bm| go Xoe gwa{jV h¡& h_mao g¡{ZH$m| H$s _XX H$aZm àËòH$ ^maVr` H$m H$V©ì` h¡& g¡{ZH$ Xoe Ho$ {bE AnZo àmU ~{bXmZ H$aVo h¢ Bg{bE CZH$m gå_mZ, B‚mV H$aZm àmoËgm Z h_ma H$V©ì` XoZm h¡& Bgr{bE na_dra MH«$, _hmdra MH«$, draMH«$ Am{X nwañH$ma g¡{ZH$m| H$m {bE {Xò OmVo h¢& Eogo nwañH$ma em§{V Ho$ g_` _| {Xò OmZodmbo AemoH$ MH«$ Ho$ g_mZ h¡&

gwajm ~b Am¡a A§Vam©ï´>r` em§{V : h_mao goZm~b Ho$db amï´>ajm Ho$ {bE gr{_V Zhr h¢ ~pëH$ {dXoemo _| em§{V ñWmnZm H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam Xoe H$s J[a_m ~‹T>mVo h¢& {dœg§ñWm H$mo {ZJamZr _| h_mao g¡{ZH$m| Zo JmOm H$mo[a`m, H$m§Jmo, lrb§H$m Am{X àXoem| _| godm H$a H$s{V© àmá H$s h¡& h_mao g¡{ZH$m| H$s ghm`V go ~m§½bmXoe ñdV§Ì amï´> hþAm h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$db `wÔm| Ho$ g_` _| gr{_V Z ahH$a em§{V Ho$ g_` _| ^r h_mao gwajm ~b Xoe Ho$ {bE AnZr godm àXmZ H$a aho h¢& ò ~m‹T>, ^yH§$n, ^yjaU, Am§Yr Vy\$mZ O¡go àmH¥${VH$ {dH$monm| go J«ñV OZVm H$s ghm`Vm H$aVo h¡§&

{H«$`m H$bmn

AnZo ñHy$b _| EZ.gr.gr.

ñH$mD$Q> _| em{_b hmoH$a A{YH$

AZw^d nmBò&

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Aä`mg

I. Imbr OJhm§o H$mo C{MV eãXmo§ go ^[aE.

1. h_mar gwajm Zr{V H$m _w»` bú` H$s ________ ajm H$aZm h¡& 2. h_mao VrZ goZm~bm| Ho$ gdm}ÀM àYmZ X§S>Zm`H$ ______ h¡& 3. ^y goZm Ho$ à_wI ________________ h¡& 4. ajm_§Ìmb` H$m àYmZ H$m`m©b` ___________ _| h¡& 5. {hXþ§ñVmZ H$m OhmO H$maImZm ____________ _| h¡& 6. gr_m gwajm ~b H$m à{eU H|$Ð ___________ _| h¡& 7. ^maVr` aoS>H«$mg H$s ñWmnZm ___________ _| h¡&II. {ZåZ {b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE.

1. H$madma Ho$ nmg pñWV Zm¡H$m AÈ>o H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?

2. h_mao ajm _§Ìmb` Ho$ Mma {d^mJ H$m¡Z go h¢ ?

3. ^maV H$s ^ygoZm H$s aMZm H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

4. ^maVr` ^ygoZm Ho$ H$_m§S> H$m¡Z go h¢ ?

5. ^maVr` dm`w goZm Ho$ H$m`m] H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

6. goZm {Z`w{º$ Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-gr `mo½`VmE± hmoZr Mm{hE?

7. EZ. gr. gr. Ho$ _w»` bú` H$m¡Z-go h¡§? Cggo Š`m Cn`moJ h¡?

8. ^maVr` aoS> H«$mg g§KQ>Z H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&III. à{H«$`m.

1. Xoe H$s gwajm h_mao goZm~b na AmYm[aV h¡& Bg {df` na {Z~§Y à{V`mo{JVm a{IE&

2. AnZo nmgdmbo aoS>H«$mg g§KQ>Z H$s ^|Q> H$aHo$ CgHo$ H$m`© H$s gyMr ~mZmBE&

3. {Zd¥V g¡{ZH$m| H$mo {dÚmb` _| Am_§{ÌV H$aHo$ CZH$ godm AZw^d àmá H$s{OE&IV. n[a`moOZm.

1. h_mao goZm ~bm| H$m {MÌ V¡`ma H$aHo$ {dÚmb` _| àXe©Z H$s{OE&

2. {dÚmb` _| aoS>H«$mg g§ñWm ~ZmH$a gmd©O{ZH$m| H$mo CgH$s OmZH$mar Xr{OE&

3. `wÕ nmoV (O§Jr OhmO) O§Jr Zm¡H$mAm| H$m {MÌ g§J«h H$s{OE&

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AÜ`m` – 7

amï´>r` ^md¡Š`

Bg AÜ`m` _| {ZåZ{bpIV A§emo H$mo g_P|Jo&

• amï´>r`Vm H$m AW©&• Xoe H$m| {d{dYVm _| EH$Vm bmZodmbo A§e&• amï´>r` ^md¡Š` H$mo g\$bVm Ho$ A§e&• amï´>r` ^md¡Š` H$s g\$bVm _| AmZodmbm| ~mYmE± (ê$H$mdQ>)&

amï´>r`Vm : amï´> eãX go amï´>r`Vm eãX H$s ì`wËn{V hþB© h¡& AmYw{ZH$ {dÛmZm| Ho$ AZwgma amï´>r`Vm H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aZo dmbo A§e- 1) AnZo {Zdmg ñWmZ H$mo _mV¥^y{_ _mZZo dmbm OZg_yh& 2) g_wXm`_| ^«mV¥Ëd H$s ^mdZm 3) amï´> H$mo gwI XþIm| _| g_mZ ê$n go ^mJ boZo dmbo& Eogo bmoJm| H$mo amï´>r` Am¡a Eogr ^mdZm H$mo amï´>r`Vm H$hVo h¢&

Am{X H$mb go ^maV _| {Zdm{gV bmoJm| _| Eogr ^mdZm XoIr Om gH$Vr h¢& h_mao Xoe na hþE {dXoer AmH«$_Um| Ho$ {Ibm’$ b‹S>Zo H$m|^mdZm amï´>r`Vm bmVr h¢& A§J«oOm| Ho$ {˜bm\$ ^r h_ Bgr ^mdZm go bS>o Wo&-

amï´>r` ^md¡Š`Vm : EH$ Xoe Ho$ ZmJm[aH$ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo h_ EH$ h¢ H$s ^mdZm hr amï´>r` ^md¡Š`Vm h¡& {d{dY Om{V, Y_©, àmXo{eH$Vm Am¡a {d{dY ^mfm Ho$ bmoJ hmoH$a ^r AZoH$Vm H$mo nhMmZZm& Bg àH$ma H$s EoH$Vm e{º$embr amï´> {Z_m©U _| AË`§V _hËd nyU© h¢&

^maV EH$ {demb Xoe h¡& {dœ H$s OZg§»`m _| Xÿgam ñWmZ Bgo$ àmá h¡& Bg Xoe _| H$ar~ 1652 ^mfmAm| Am¡a Cn^mfmAm| H$mo ~mobZodmbo bmoJ h¢& BZ_| 1 8 ^mfmAm| H$mo amï´>r` ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| g§{dYmZ _| AnZm`m J`m h¡& h_mao Xoe _| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ Y_© Am¡a Om{V ({hXÿ©, Bñbm_, B©gmB©, ~m¡Õ, O¡Z, {gI Am¡a nmagr) Ho$ bmoJo H$m {Zdmg H$aZm ^maV H$m A{ÛVr` bjU h¡& Cgr àH$ma {d{dY doe^yfm, Amhma nÔ{V, Am¡a gm_{OH$ ì`dñWm hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r h__o EoŠ`Vm H$s ^mdZm h¡& ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm hmoZo na ^r amOZr{VH$ Ñ{ï> go

àËòH$ ^mJ H$mo EH${ÌV én _| EH$ hr g§[dYmZ _| AnZm`m J`m h¡&

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{d{dYVm _| EH$Vm : ^maV _| {d{dYVm hmoVo hþE ^r EoŠ``m H$mo _yb ~w{Z`mX h¡& ^m¡Jmo{bH$, g_m{OH$, ^mfm, g§àXm`, amOZ¡{VH$, Ym{_©H$ OZm§Jr` VWm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ~rM _| {d{dYVm hmoZo na ^r {h_mb` go H$Ý`mHw$_mar VH$ Ho$ ^maVr`m| H$mo OrdZ e¡br _| EoŠ`Vm Ho$ A§e {XImB© XoVo h¢& EH$ àH$ma H$s àemgZ ì`dñWm, gab g_yh _mÜ`_, AmYw{ZH$ {ejU, ñdmñ`, H$mZyZ nÕ{V Am{X EH$Vm Ho$ A§emo H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aVo h¢&

{d{dYVm _| EH$Vm H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aZodmbo A§e:^m¡Jo{bH$ EH$Vm: maV Xÿgao Xem| go {^Þ hmoH$a, {h_mb` nd©V, ~§Jmb ImS>r, {hX§_hmgmJma,

Aa~ gmJa, Am{X àmH¥${VH$ ê$n go EoŠ`Vm àmá h¡& Bg ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n¥ð>^y{_ na ahZo dmbm| Ûmam amï´>JrV JmZm amï´>r` EH$Vm H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡&

amOZ¡{VH$ EH$Vm : AZm{X H$mb go ^maV _| EH$ê$nVm H$mo h_ XoI gH$Vo h¢& AmO ^r ^maV _| EH$ g§{dYmZ, EH$ê$noU H$mZyZ, {ejmH«$_, g§Kr` Ý`m`m§J ì`dñWm, e{º$embr H|$Ð gaH$ma H$mo àemgZ Zr{V _| amOZ¡{VH$ EH$Vm XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡& amOZ¡{VH$ ê$n go ^maVr`m| H$mo ^mdZm {ejU, ñdmñÏ`, H$mZyZ, g§Mma _mÜ`_ Am{X joÌmo _| gd©_mÝ` EH$Vm Am{X h¡&

Ym{_©H$ EH$Vm : ^maV _| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ Y_© h¡& {hÝXÿ, O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, B©gmB©, {gI, Bñbm_, nmagr Am{X& àËòH$ Y_© AnZo B©X-ndm} H$mo _ZmVm h¡& EH$ Y_© Ho$ bmoJm| Ûmam Xÿgao Y_© Ho$ Ë`mohmam| _| ^mJ boZo go EH$Vm AmVr h¡& gd©Y_© g_Ýd` H$s ^mdZm AmVr h¢& g~ Y_©dmbo AnZo AnZo Y_m| H$m AmMaU H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma àmá H$a MwHo$ h¢&

^mfm H$so EH$Vm : ^maV {d{dY ^mfmAm| H$m _m`H$m h¡ g§ñH¥$V - ^mfmAm| H$s _yb ^mfm h¡& AZoH$ ^mfmAm| Ho$ ~mobZodmbo bmoJ ^maV _| h¢& àËòH$ amÁ` _| AnZr ^mfm Am¡a gm{hË` H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& {\$a ^r ^mfm H$s EH$Vm H$mo ^maV _| h_ XoI gH$Vo h¢& EH$ ^mfm Ho$ bmoJ Xÿgar ^mfm H$m gå_mZ H$aVo h¢&

gm§ñH¥${H$V EH$Vm : ^maV _| {d{dY dJ© Om{V, Y_© hmoZo na ^r gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡& {d{dY àXoe Ho$ bmoJmo Ho$ AnZo g§àXm` AmMma-{dMma, doe-^yfm Amhma nÕ{V, OrdZ e¡br Am{X gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm hmoZo na ^r do g_Ýd` H$mo {bE hþò h¢&

amï´>r` EH$Vm H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZodmbo A§e1. Y_©{ZanojVm : maV Y_©{Zanoj amï´> h¡& Y_© {damoYr Zht& BgH$m _Vb~ h¡ àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$

`hm± AnZo Y_© H$m AmMaU H$aZo H$m Ym{_©H$ A{YH$ma àmá H$a MwH$m h¡& gd© Y_© g_Ýd` `hm± XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡& Bg{bE `h amï´>r` EH$Vm H$m nyaH$ A§e h¡&

2. bmoH$V§Ì : ^maV bmoH$V§ÌmËH$ amï> h¡& `hm± Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ g_mZ ê$ngo H$mZyZ Ho$ AYrZ h¢& _yb yb A{YH$ma Am¡a amÁ` {ZX}eH$ VËdm| _| g~ ZmJ[aH$m| H$s g_mZ _mZm J`m h¡& bmoJ {d{dY ^mfm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ AmYma na H$moB© oX- ^md Zhr H$a h¢& Bg{bE H$mZyZ H$s Ñ{ï _| ^r ^maV EH$Vm H$m amï> h¡&

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3. amï´>r` Ë`mohma : ñdV§ÌVm {Xdg, JUV§Ì{Xdg, Jm±Yr O`§Vr Am{X h_mao amï´>r` Ë`mohma h¢& BZHo$ Ûmam ^maVr`m| H$mo EH$OwQ> hmoZo H$m Adga {_bVm h¡& BZ Ë`mohmam| H$mo g~ ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ Xoe Ho$ àËòH$ ^mJ _| _ZmVo h¢& AnZr ^mfm g§ñH¥${V H$mo ^wbmH$a g~ Ho$ Ûmam BgH$m AmMaU hmoZo Ho$ H$maU amï´>r` EH$Vm à{Vq~{~V hmoVr h¡&

4. amï´>r` {Mh²Z : amï´>JrV, amï´>ÜdO, amï´>r` nwîn, amï´> njr, amï´> àmUr, Am{X h_mao amï´>r` {M• h¢& ò h_mar EH$Vm Ho$ àVrH$ h¢& ò A§e ^r h_mao {H$gr ^r AmMaU Ho$ g§X^© _| AWdm Amn{Îm Ho$ g§X^© _| h_ bmoJm§o Ho$ ~rM EH$Vm bmVo h¢&

5. nmañn[aH$ gm¡hmX© : H|$Ð Am¡a amÁ` gaH$ma gm_mÝ` Üò`m| Ûmam H$m_ H$aVo h¢& amï´> H$m àËòH$ àXoe Xÿgao àXoe na Adb§{~V h¡& àËòH$ àXoe Ho$ CËnmXZ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg _| AnZm `moJXmZ XoVo h¡&

CXm: n§Om~ Johÿ± H$m CËnmXZ H$aVm h¡& V{_bZmSw> _| CgH$m {dH«$` hmoVm h¡& H$nmg JwOamV _| CËnmXZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Vmo {~hma _| {dH«$` hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE EH$ àXoe Xÿgao àXoe na Adb§{~V h¡& H$moB© ^r àXoe nyU©V ñdmdb§~r Zht hmoVm& `h ^r h_mao amï´>r` EH$Vm H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡& BVZm hr Zhr g§Mma _mÜ`_, g_yh _mÜ`_, àmH¥${VH$ A§e, g§ñH¥${V, àmXo{eH$Vm, Y_ª, ^mfm Am{X hmoZo na ^r amï´>r`Vm bmoJmo _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡&

amï´>r` nwîn - H$_bamï´>r` njr - _`yaamï´>r` {Mh²Z>

amï´>r` àmUr - ~mK

amï´>r` EH$Vm _| ê$H$mdQ> S>mbZodmbo A§e1. Xoe _| {d{dY Y_© Ho$ bmoJ AnZo Y_} go g§~§{YV g§KR>Z ~Zm H$a g§K{Q>V hmoVo h¡& `h Y_©

go g§~§{YV amï´>r` EH$Vm _| ~mYm S>mbZodmbm A§e h¡&

2. Xoe _| AZoH$ ^mfm E| h¡§& ^mfm H$m A§Ym A{^_mZ CËnÞ hmo ahm h¡&3. Xoe _| H$B© Om{V, g§KR>>Zm| H$s aMZm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU bmoJmo _| Om{V H$m A{^_mZ Á`mXm hmo ahm h¡&4. h_mam amÁ`, h_mam àXoe Eogr _Zmo^mdZm amï´>r` EH$Vm _| ~mYm S>mbVr h¡&

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5. gr_m {ddmX, amÁ`m| Ho$ ~rM H$m Ob{ddmX, ^mfm{ddmX ^r amï>r` EH$Vm Ho${b¶o g_ñ`m E| ~Z ahm h¡&

{H«$`m H$bmn :

AmnHo$ {dÚmb` _| amï´>r` ^md¡Š`Vm _| d¥{Õ H$aZodmbo g§X^m] na {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

Cn`wº$ BZ A§em| Ho$ Abmdm, AmV§H$dmX, Nw>Am-Ny>V ZoVmAmo _| BÀN>me{º$ H$s H$_r, OmJê$H$Vm H$s H$_r Am{X ^r amï´>r` EH$Vm _| ~mYm S>mbVo h¢& BgHo$ nhbo h_Zo n‹T>m h¡ {H$ ^maV _| {d{dY dJ©, Om{V, Y_©dmbo bmoJ, h¡, g~ bmoJ EH$ Xÿgao go ß`ma H$a|, EH$ Xÿgao H$s B‚mV H$a|& àËòH$ Y_© Ho$ nd© _| nañna ghH$m[aVm, namonH$ma H$mo ^mdZm hmoZr Mm{hE& gm_y{hH$ {^ÞVm Xÿa hmoZr Mm{hE& Xoe H$s {ejmU ì`dñ`m _| gwYma bmZm h¡& ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejm H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZm Mm{hE& nmR>embm H$mo N>mo‹S>Zodmbo N>mÌm|H$m {Z`§ÌU H$ao& AnZr {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$mo g_PH$ ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V, Y_m] H$s B‚mV H$a|& Bggo amï´>r` EH$Vm Am gH$Vr h¡&

Aä`mgI. Imbr OJhm| H$mo C{MV eãXm| go ^[aE& 1. ^maV EH$ Y_©{Zanoj amï´> h¡ `h ___________ {damoYr Zhr§ h¡& 2. H$m¡_dmX h_mao ________________________ H$s ~‹S>r ~mYm h¡& 3. JUV§Ì{Xdg _______________ Ë`mohma h¡& 4. ^maV _| amï´>r` ^mfm Ho$ én _| A§JrH¥$V ^mfmAm| H$s g§»`m ___________h¡& 5. h_mam amï´>r` àmUr ____________ h¡&II. {ZåZ {bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE& 1. amï´>r`Vm {H$go H$hVo h¢? 2. amï´>r` EH$Vm {H$go H$hVo h¡§? 3. {d{dYVm _| EH$Vm H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aZo dmbo A§e H$m¡Z go h¡§? 4. amï´>r` EH$Vm H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZodmbo A§e H$m¡Z go h¡? 5. amï´>r`Vm EH$Vm _| ~mYm S>mbZodmbr g_ñ`mAm| H$mo {ZnQ>mZo Ho$ {bE Amn Š`m H$a gH$Vo

h¢ gbmh Xr{OE&III. à{H«$`m 1. {d{dYVm _| EH$Vm bmZodmbo {MÌm| H$mo {bIH$a àXe©Z H$s{OE& 2. AnZo àXoem| _| {d{dY Y_m] Ho$ Ë`mohmam§ H$m AmMaU H$aZo go g§~{YV OmZH$mar àmá

H$s{OE&IV. nar`moOZm : 1. amï´>r` EH$Vm H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aZodmbo {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE & 2. amï´>r` EH$Vm H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZodmbo Y_©J«§Wm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE&

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g_mOemóAÜ¶m¶ 3

gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo H$s OmZH$mar hmoJr - · gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$m AW© · g§Kf©· Amngr g§~§Y (nmañn[aH$Vm) · ghm¶Vm · ghOrdZ · ñnYm© / à{V¶mo{JVm

gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$m AW© - n[adV©Z àH¥${V H$m {Z¶‘ h¡& ‘mZd g‘mO H$m {dH$mg ^r H$mbm§Va ‘| hþE n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU hr hþAm h¡& n[adV©Z - H$mbm§Va, ‘mZd ì¶dhma, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yë¶m|, gm‘m{OH$ Zr{V-{Z¶‘m| ‘| hþE ‘hËdnyU© gwYma na Adb§{~V h¡& Bgr àH$ma ¶h gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶m Ho$ ñdén Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg H$mo ^r gy{MV H$aVm h¡& gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z, gm‘m{OH$ - Am{W©H$, Am{W©H$, d¡km{ZH$, ¶m VH$ZrH$s Am{dîH$mam| ‘| d¥{Õ H$aVm h¡& AWm©V² ‘mZd H$s MbZpñW{V H$m à‘wI H$maU gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡&

"n[adV©Z' à‘wI én go Xmo òmoVm| go hmoVm h¡& nhbm - àmH¥${VH$ H$maUm| - àmH¥${VH$ {dH$mon, ^yH$ån, ~mT> Am{X Ûmam gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ ‘| A{Zdm¶© én go n[adV©Z AmVm h¡& àH¥${V go gm‘§Oñ¶ ~ZmZo ‘| ¶o n[adV©Z hmo OmVo h¢& CXmhaU - AmOH$b gmd©^m¡{‘H$ én go Vmn‘mZ Ho$ ~‹T>Zo go AZoH$ àmH¥${VH$ n[adV©Z H$mo h‘ XoI gH$Vo h¢&

Xÿgam, ‘mZd H$s MbZerbVm Am¡a {H«$¶merbVm Ho$ ZdrZ Am{dîH$mam| Ûmam hmoZo dmbm n[adV©Z h¡& CXmhaU - Jwbm‘r, ~§YwAm ‘OXÿar Ho$ {déÕ Am§XmobZ Ûmam ñdV§ÌVm àmá H$s J¶r& VËníMmV² ‘{hbmAm| H$m A{YH$ma, X{bV dJ© H$m A{YH$ma VWm ZmJ[aH$Vm H$m A{YH$ma, gwajm Ho$ ZdrZ H$mZyZ VWm àemgZ ì¶dñWm H$mo ñdén {X¶m J¶m& Bggo gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZm VWm H$m¶© g§~§Ym| ‘| H$B© n[adV©Z hþE h¢& Eogo n[adV©Z H$mo hr "gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z' H$hm Om Vm h¡&

Bgo Bg àH$ma n[a^m{fV {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ - "gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z - bmoJm| Ho$ OrZo Ho$ VarHo$ Ho$ hmoZo dmbm n[adV©Z h¢&'

‘¡H$mBda Zm‘H$ gm‘mOemór Ho$ AZwgma - "gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Ymo' ‘| hmoZo dmbm n[adV©Z hr "gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z' h¡&

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gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s {deofVmE± -

· gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z {Za§Va hmoVm h¡&

· gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z gmd©^m¡{‘H$ (gmd©{ÌH$) h¡&

· gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$m ñdén Am¡a J{V / Mmb EH$ g‘mZ Zht hmoVm h¡&

· gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶m H$s O§Ora H$s g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶m -

gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶m Ûmam gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡& g‘mOemór nmH©$ VWm ~J}g Zo Mma à‘wI {d{Y Ûmam gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶m H$m {ddaU {X¶m h¡& qH$Vw gm‘mÝ¶V… MMm© ‘| ahZo dmbr gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶mE| ¶o h¢ -

1) g§Kf© 2) nmañn[aH$Vm 3) ghm¶Vm

4) ghOrdZ VWm 5) à{V¶mo{JVm / ñnYm©&

¶hm± à{V¶mo{JVm H$mo ^r gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶m Ho$ én ‘| ‘mVm J¶m h¡&

1) g§Kf© - "g§Kf©' gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z ‘| AË¶§V à‘wI VWm Vrd« ñdén H$s gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶m h¡& EH$ g‘yh ¶m PwÊS> Ûmam AnZo CÔoí¶m| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE {H$¶m OmZo dmbm {d{dY à¶mg gm‘m{OH$ g§Kf© hr h¡& CXmhaU - H$~È>r IobVo g‘¶ XmoZm| nj A§H$ àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE Kmoaà¶ËZ H$aVo ahVo h¢& Omo nj ¶w{º$ Am¡a e{º$ go IobVm h¡, dh {dO¶r hmoVm h¡& Bgr àH$ma gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm ‘| ì¶{º$ ¶m bmoJm| Ho$ g‘yh Ûmam AnZo A{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE, AnZr Amdí¶H$ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ {bE à¶mg aV hmoH$a dh Z àmá hmoZo na, ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a g‘mZVm Z {‘bZo na d¡¶{º$H$ én go Am¡a AmÝXmobZ Ho$ én ‘| g§Kf© H$a Cgo àmá H$aZo H$m à¶ËZ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& BgH$m gQ>rH$ CXmhaU h¡ - bS>{H$¶m| Am¡a X{bVm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo N>rZ boZo na, gånyU© g‘mO ‘| Bg A{YH$ma H$mo Z N>rZo OmZo na MMm© àma§^ hmoVr h¡& ¶h MMm© A{YH$mam| H$mo N>rZZo dmbm| VWm {OZHo$ A{YH$ma {N>Z JE h¢, CZHo$ ‘Ü¶ ‘mÌ Zht hmoVr& ¶h EH$ àH$ma go A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{VnmXZ H$m g§Kf© hmoVm h¡& ¶h gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z bmZo H$m à‘wI VËd h¡&

2) nmañnm[aH$Vm - gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z Ho$ {bE g§Kf© {OVZm à‘wI h¡ CVZr hr à‘wI gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶m AWm©V² nmañn[aH$Vm h¡& àË¶oH$ g‘mO ‘| ahZodmbo ì¶{º$ VWm g‘yh AnZo AnZo {dMmam| Ho$ AmYma na Hw$N> {ZU©¶ boVo h¢& ¶h {ZU©¶ H$B© àH$ma Ho$ g§Kfm] ôX ^mdm| H$s g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡& BÝh| nmañn[aH$Vm Ûmam g‘mYmZ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& nmañn[aH$Vm Z hmoH$a ¶{X Ho$db g§Kf© hr hmoVm aho Vmo Cg g‘mO ‘| AamOH$Vm Am¡a g‘yh g§Kf© Ho$ ~T>Zo H$s g§^mdZm ahVr h¡& Bg{bE nañna ~mVMrV - gbmh H$a g‘Pm¡Vo {H$E OmVo h¢& Bgo hr h‘ "nmañn[aH$Vm' H$hVo h¢& ¶h nmañn[aH$Vm n[adma ‘|, ~mha, g‘mO ‘|, AmÝXmobZ ‘|, {gÕmÎmm| ‘| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ n[adV©Z H$m

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H$maU ~ZVr h¡& ¶h Xÿgao ì¶{º$ Ho$ ApñVËd H$m gå‘mZ H$aZo H$m H«$‘ ^r h¡& AV… Bggo g‘mO ‘o| em§{V, gm¡hmÐ©Vm H$m {Z‘m©U hmoVm h¡&

3) gh¶moJ - "gh¶moJ' ‘mZd Ûmam AnZo {bE Amdí¶H$ MrOm| H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cn¶moJ H$aZo H$m EH$ ‘mJ© h¡& g‘mO ‘| H$B© gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Y ^r boZ-XoZ Ûmam hr MbVo h¢& Bgo gh¶moJ ¶m ghH$m[aVm H$s ^mdZm H$hm OmVm h¢& gh¶moJ Ho$ Xmo àH$ma h¢ -

àË¶j gh¶moJ VWm namoj gh¶moJ& BgH$m {ddaU Bg àH$ma {X¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ - EH$ ~ƒm {dÚmb¶ ‘| grIZm MmhVm h¡ Vmo Cg ~ƒo Ho$ grIZo g‘¶ nT>mZo dmbm {ejH$ Cg ~ƒo Ho$ grIZo H$m àË¶j ghm¶H$ hmoVm h¡& Cgr {dÚmb¶ grIZo H$m àË¶j ghm¶H$ hmoVm h¡& Cgr {dÚmb¶ ‘| àemgZ MbmZo dmbo àYmZmÜ¶mnH$, ‘Ü¶mh²Z ^moOZ ~ZmZo dmbr ‘{hbm, {dÚmb¶ H$mo ñdÀN> aIZo dmbo H$‘©Mmar, ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE nrZo Ho$ nmZr H$m à~§Y H$aZo dmbo ‘mVm-{nVm dƒm| Ho$ grIZo ‘| namoj én go ghm¶H$ hmoVo h¢& Bg àH$ma gh¶moJ Ûmam MbZo dmbm {dÚmb¶ Ohm± pñWV h¡ dhm± Ho$ dmVmdaU ‘| CÎm‘ {ejm ‘| ghm¶H$ hmoH$a Cg Jm°d ¶m eha ‘| n[adV©Z bmZo H$m H$maU ~ZVm h¡& {ejm Ûmam grIZm AmJo h‘‘| nañna {‘b Owb H$a ahZo Ho$ ‘mJ© H$mo àeñV H$aVm h¡&

4) ghOrdZ (‘obOmob) - ghOrdZ, ‘mZd g‘mO Ho$ hmoZo VWm {dH$mg Ho$ {bE AË¶§V Amdí¶H$ VËd h¡& ghOrdZ h‘mao g§{dYmZ Ho$ Ame¶ - gd©Y‘©, g‘mOdm{XVm, àOmV§Ì go ¶wº$ h¡& BgH$m AW© h¡ - g^r bmoJm| H$m g‘mZ Adga Ûmam, ñdV§Ì én go, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZ¡{VH$ Ý¶m¶ Ûmam EH$ gmW OrdZ {~VmZm& BgH$m {ddaU Bg àH$ma {X¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& g§{dYmZ Ho$ 14 hd| {Z¶‘ ‘| H$mZyZ Ho$ g‘j g^r g‘mZ h¡, `h gyMZm Xr J¶r h¡& ¶h Om{V, Y‘©, ôX, qbJ, àXoe VWm g^r g‘mZVmAm| go g§~§{YV h¡& gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Ag‘mZVm Zht hmoZr Mm{hE, Eogm H$hm J¶m h¡& ^maV O¡go {d{dYVm ‘| EH$Vm dmbo Xoe ‘| gm¡hmX©Vm A{Zdm¶© h¡& Ag§»¶ Om{V, g§ñH¥${V, ^mfm, AmMma-{dMma go ¶wº$ ^maVr¶m§o H$m nañna {‘bOwb H$a ahZm {díd ‘| EH$ AmXe© H$s ñWmnZm H$aVm h¡& ¶hr gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$m EH$ H$maU ^r ~ZVm h¡& ¶h g§Kf© a{hV em±{V VWm Aqhgm nyU© OrdZ H$m à{VnmXZ H$aVm h¡& Bg àH$ma "h‘ g~ EH$ h¢' H$s ^mdZm H$mo ~T>mdm {‘bVm h¡&

5) à{V¶mo{JVm / ñnYm© : à{V¶mo{JVm ‘mZd OrdZ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ ‘mJ© go hr àma§^ hmo MwH$s Wr& S>m{d©Z AnZo {dH$mgdmX H$mo Bg àH$ma d{U©V H$aVo h¢ - "Ord H$m {dH$mg g§Kf© Am¡a à{V¶mo{JVm H$s n¥ð> ^y{‘ ‘| hr hmoVm h¡& Bgr àH$ma {dH$mg H$aVo g‘¶ à{V¶mo{JVm ~T>Vo hr ~bembr bmoJ {Q>H$ OmVo h¢& Xþ~©b bmoJ eof / g‘má hmo OmVo h¢&' àmUr, njr, H$sQ> ^r Amhma àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE à{V¶mo{JVm H$aVo h¢, {Ogo h‘ XoI gH$-Vo h¢& Eogr ñnYm©E± ‘mZd g‘mO ‘| ^r h¢& ghO ñnYm© Ho$ {bE {H$gr àH$ma H$m g‘yh ¶m njnmV Zht hmoVm& qH$Vw AmOH$b H$s Hw$N> à{V¶mo{JVmAm| ‘| A‘mZdr¶ ì¶dhma h‘ XoI gH$Vo h¢& Omo g‘mO ‘| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo OÝ‘

{H«$¶m H$bmn - gh¶moJ, gh OrdZ Ho$ ‘hËd Ho$ ~mao ‘| n[adma Ho$ gXñ¶m| go nS>mo{g¶m| go OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

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XoVm Am ahm h¡& AV… h‘| à{V¶mo{JVmAm| H$mo ñdñW dmVmdaU ‘| {Z¶‘ a{hV ~ZmZm hmoJm& {Z¶‘ a{hV VWm {Z¶‘ g{hV ñnYm©E± g‘mO ‘| AZoH$ gH$mamË‘H$ Am¡a ZH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘ XoVr h¢& qH$Vw AmOH$b gmd©^m¡{‘H$ Am{W©H$Vm ñnYm© / à{V¶mo{JVm H$mo g‘mO Ho$ ñdmñÏ¶ go A{YH$ Am‘XZr Ho$ òmoV Ho$ én ‘| ~T>mdm Xo ahr h¡& ¶h {dH$mg Ord OJV Ho$ ‘Zmo^md ‘| n[adV©Z bmVm h¡&

Aä¶mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$mo ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE -

1. gm¡hmX©Vm H$m nyaH$ VËd ___________ h¡&

2. gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z Ho$ ‘yb VËd __________ h¢&

3. gh¶moJr OrdZ Ho$ {bE {dÚmb¶ EH$$__________ H$hbmVm h¡&

4. gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z ‘| H$mZyZ __________ h¡&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE -

1. gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$m AW© ³¶m h¡ ?

2. gh¶moJ Ho$ àH$ma ~VmBE&

3. gh¶moJ go ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡ ?

4. ghOrdZ H$m à‘wI VËd ³¶m h¡ ?

5. gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s {deofVmE± ~VmBE&

6. ³¶m gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z Amdí¶H$ h¡ ?

7. "{d{dYVm ‘| EH$Vm' H$s {deofVm ~VmBE&

8. à{V¶mo{JVm / ñnYm© Ho$ {XZ-~{XZ ~T>Vo OmZo H$m H$maU ³¶m h¡ ?

III. {H«$¶m H$bmn

1. g§Kf© H$s gw{dYm - Agw{dYm Ho$ ~mao ‘| g§dmX H$m Am¶moOZ H$a|&

2. gm¡hmÐ©Vm Ho$ ‘hËd na {Z~§Y Am¡a MMm© Jmoð>r H$m Am¶moOZ H$a|&

IV. {Z¶mo{OV H$m¶©

1. gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z Ho$ ~mao ‘| Am¡a OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

2. {dÚmb¶ Ho$ {ZH$Q> Ho$ ghH$mar ì¶dñWm joÌ ‘| ~ƒm| H$mo bo OmE±&

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AÜ¶m¶ 4

g‘wXm¶

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo H$s OmZH$mar hmoJr -

· g‘wXm¶ H$m AW© · Kw‘¸$S> g‘wXm¶ VWm CZH$s {deofVmE± / bjU· Am{Xdmgr g‘wXm¶ VWm CZH$s {deofVmE± · J«m‘ g‘wXm¶ VWm CZH$s {deofVmE± · ZJa g‘wXm¶ VWm CZH$s {deofVmE±

g‘wXm¶ H$m AW© - EH$ g‘yh ‘| VrZ go A{YH$ bmoJ {Zdmg H$aVo hþE Hw$N> gm‘mÝ¶ Zr{V {Z¶‘m|, ‘yë¶m| VWm nhMmZ go ¶wº$ hm|, EH$ {ZpíMV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe ‘| ahVo hm|, CÝh| g‘wXm¶ H$hVo h¢& Bg àH$ma g‘wXm¶ H$mo EH$ gm‘m{OH$ BH$mB© H$hm OmVm h¡&

g^r g‘wXm¶, ‘mZd OrdZ Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ dñVw, gm‘J«r Am{X H$mo AnZo AnZo ñWmZ na CËnm{XV H$a CnbãY H$amVo h¢& AWm©V² {d{dY {deofVmAm| VWm d¥{Îm na Adb§{~V, ImÚ CËnmXZ H$m VarH$m, ImÚ Cn¶moJ H$m VarH$m, {Zdmg ñWmZ, ñdmñÏ¶, {ejm, nrZo Ho$ nmZr g{hV Amdí¶H$ ‘yb gw{dYmAm| H$s CnbãYVm, Am{X Eogo hr AÝ¶ gw{dYmAm| H$mo g‘wXm¶ àmá H$aVm h¡& gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ, àm{á {deofVmE±, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ, {dídmg, Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm, OZg§»¶m Ho$ AmYma na g‘wXm¶m| H$mo ‘w»¶ én go Mma ^mJm| ‘| ~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡& ¶o h¢ - Kw‘¸$S>, Am{Xdmgr, J«m‘ VWm ZJa g‘wXm¶&

Kw‘¸$S> g‘wXm¶ - Kw‘¸$S>nZ EH$ OrdZ OrZo H$m VarH$m h¡, ¶h EZgmB³bmonr{S>¶m {~«Q>mo{ZH$m ‘| d{U©V h¡& {eH$ma VWm ImÚ g§J«hU, newnmbZ ¶m ì¶mnma Ho$ {bE EH$ ñWmZ na Z {Q>H$ H$a Obdm¶w Ho$ AZwHy$b EH$ àXoe go Xÿgao àXoe H$mo Ky‘Zo dmbo g‘yh H$mo Kw‘¸$S> g‘wXm¶ H$hm OmVm h¡& ¶h Ky‘Vm ñWmZm§VaU à{H«$¶m go {^Þ h¡& V{‘b ‘| nmo¸$Z, Vwby ‘| V|Sw>{b, VobwJy ‘| {VéJw~moVw, ‘b¶mb‘ ‘| V|{Q>, b¡{Q>Z ‘| Zmo‘mg, A§J«oOr ‘| Zmo‘mS> H$hm OmVm h¡& gmW hr naXoer, ñWmZ Z ahZo dmbm, Xoe g§Mmar, nañWmZ dmbm ({dXoer), ~mhar, CMë¶m, {Oßgr, àXoe N>moS>Zo dmbo Am{X Zm_m| go BÝh| nwH$mam OmVm h¡&

Kw‘¸$S> g‘wXm¶ H$s {deofVmE± -

1) OrdZ ¶m OrZo Ho$ {bE Ky‘Vm - nma§n[aH$ én go àmUr, njr H$m {eH$ma / AmIoQ> CÝh| nmbVy ~ZmZm Am¡a àXe©Z, newnmbZ, XogrAm¡f{Y, H$bm àXe©Z, Am{X Ûmam OrZo Ho$ {bE Ky‘Zm

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BZH$m H$m‘ h¡& CXmhaU - ^mby, ~§Xa, gm±n, Z§Xr ~¡b H$m àXe©Z, H$R>nwVbr ZmM, H$gaVr

Iob/ ZmM, Xodr (‘maå‘m) àXe©Z, Xogr Am¡f{Y, N>moQ>r ‘moQ>r dñVwAm| H$mo ~oMZm Am¡a gwYma H$aZm

BZ Kw‘¸$S> (ImZm~Xmoe / ~§Omam|) H$s à‘wI {deofVm h¡& AmOH$b ßbmpñQ>H$, nona MwZZm Am¡a

~oMZm ^r BZHo$ OrdZ H$m {hñgm ~Z J¶m h¡&

2) ‘¡XmZm| Ho$ noS>nm¡Ym| Ho$ ZrMo ¶m ZJa H$s J§Xr ~pñV¶m| ‘| AbJ go VmËH$m{bH$ én go {Zdmg H$aZm - pñWa én go Z {Q>H$ H$a, Am{W©H$ gwajm Ho$ {~Zm, {ZajaVm Ho$ H$maU Jm±dm| go

Xÿa / ~mha, gmd©O{ZH$ ñWmZm| Ho$ ‘¡XmZr ^mJm| ‘| VmËH$m{bH$ én go dmg H$aVo h¢&

3) eyÝ¶ ¶m Aën ny±Or na OrdZ ì¶VrV H$aZo dmbo - Bg g‘wXm¶ Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo {H$gr àH$ma

H$s Am{W©H$ gwajm Zht hmoVr& BZ‘| H$m’$s bmoJ JwOar ~rZZm, ~mëQ>r R>rH$ H$aZm, YmJo, {nZ,

gwB©, OS>r~yQ>r ~oMZm, ‘N>br nH$S>Zm, IoVr‘| ‘OXÿar H$aZm, Bg àH$ma AnZm OrdZ {~VmVo h¢&

4) gd©MoVZmdmXr - AJmY àmH¥${VH$ kmZ, àH¥${VH$ AJmoMa e{º$ ‘| {gX²YhñV VWm BZ‘|

{dídmg aIZo dmbo h¢&

5) {d{^Þ ‘mV¥^mfm dmbo - Kw‘¸$S> g‘wXm¶ AZoH$ Om{VôXm| go ¶wº$ hmoVo h¢& ¶o AnZo hr

{d{eï> ^mfm H$mo ~mobVo h¢&

Am{Xdmgr g‘wXm¶ Am¡a CZH$s {deofVmE± -

Am{Xdmgr eãX H$m Ord{dkmZ Ho$ d¡km{ZH$, g‘mO d¡km{ZH$ Zo {d{^Þ AWm] ‘| à¶moJ {H$¶m

h¡& {H$Å>ob Zo AnZo AW©H$moe ‘| Am{Xdmgr eãX H$mo "n[adma (Hw$Qw>å~)' VWm "Hw$b' Zm‘H$ AW©

{X¶m h¡& Am{Xdmgr eãX A§J«oOr ^mfm ‘| "Q´>mB~' nX go Am¶m h¡& ¶yZmZr Am¡a amo‘Z boIH$m| Zo

b¡[Q>¶‘ {Obo ‘| {Q>Ho$ Am{Xdm{g¶m| H$mo gd©àW‘ "Q´>mB~' go g§~mo{YV {H$¶m kmV hmoVm h¡& n[adma

VWm aº$ g§~§Yr Hw$b / d§e Ho$ g‘yh Ho$ {bE H$ÞS> ‘| Am{Xdmgr Ho$ {bE ~wS>H$Q²>Qy> eãX H$m à¶moJ

{H$¶m J¶m h¡& BÝh| Am{Xdmgr, ‘yb{Zdmgr, nd©Vdmgr ({J[aOZ), dÝ¶Om{V ^r H$hm J¶m h¡&

EH$ {Z{X©ï> àXoe ‘| {Zdmg H$aZo dmbo ¶m Cgo AnZm H$hZo dmbo, amOZ¡{VH$ én go, gm‘m{OH$ én

go, gm§ñH¥${VH$ én go nmañn[aH$Vm go ahZo dmbo ñd¶§ àem{gV g‘yh hr "Am{Xdmgr' H$hbmVm h¡&

¶h - b§XZ Ho$ am°¶b EÝW«monmobm°{OH$b B§ñQ>rQ²>¶yQ> Ûmam d{U©V hþAm h¡&

^m¡{VH$ ‘mZd emókm| Zo ‘mZd Ho$ X¡{hH$ / emar[aH$ bjUm| H$m emór¶ én go AÜ¶¶Z

H$a Am{Xdm{g¶m| H$mo VrZ ~S>o Am{Xdm{g¶m| Ho$ én ‘| {d^m{OV {H$¶m h¡& ¶o h¢ - H$Ho${eMZ,

‘§Jmo{b¶Z, Am¡a ZrJ«mo& ¶o g‘yh H«$‘ go ídoV, nrbo VWm H$mbo H$hbmVo h¡&

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A) H$Ho$er¶Z - Bg Am{Xdmgr Om{V Ho$ bmoJ ídoV dU© dmbo h¢& ¶o D±$Mo H$X Ho$, bå~r ZwH$sbr N>moQ>o Am|R>, eara na KZo ~mb, ^yao a§J Am{X emar[aH$ bjUm| go ¶wº$ hmoVo h¢& ¶o Am{Xdmgr bmoJ ¶yamon, CÎma VWm X{jU A‘o[aH$m, {’$brñVrZ, E{e¶m, B©amZ, ~by{MñVmZ, Am¡a CÎma ^maV ‘| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& H$Ho${e¶Z Am{Xdm{g¶m| ‘| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& H$Ho${e¶Z Am{Xdm{g¶m| ‘| Zm{S>©H$, AënmBZ, ‘o{S>Q>ao{Z¶Z (^y‘Ü¶gmJar` VWm qhXÿ Zm‘H$ Mma Cn Om{V¶m± h¢&

Am) ‘§Jmo{b¶Z - Bg Am{Xdmgr Om{V Ho$ bmoJ nrbo a§J dmbo AWm©V ~wPo a§J Ho$ hmoVo h¢& ¶o Jmob{ga, PwH$s hþ¶r Am±I|, MnQ>o Am¡a JmobmH$ma ‘wI, grYo b§~o ~mb Am{X emar[aH$ bjUm| dmbo h¢& BZH$m O~S>m A{YH$ ~mha Zht {ZH$bm hmoVm h¡& ¶o E{e¶m Ho$ nydu ^mJ ‘|, ‘bm¶m Ho$ àmW…Ûrn ‘|, A‘o[aH$m ‘| ^r XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& BZ Am{Xdmgr OZm| ‘| ‘§Jmo{b¶Z, ‘bo{e¶Z, A‘o[aH$Z, B§{S>¶Z Zm‘H$ VrZ CnOm{V¶m± h¢&

B) ZrJ«mo - Bg Am{Xdmgr Om{V Ho$ bmoJ Jmob{ga, MnQ>r ZmH$, AmJo H$mo {ZH$bm hþAm O~S>m, Jmob ^yar N>moQ>r Am±Im| dmbo, M‘H$sbo Am¡Q> N>moQ>o Yw±Kambo ~mb, ‘moQ>o Am|R> Am{X emar[aH$ bjU dmbo hmoVo h¢& ¶o bmoJ A’«$sH$m, AmñQ´>o{b¶m VWm ^maVr¶ ^y ^mJ ‘| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& AmñQ´>o{b¶m Am¡a ^maV Ho$ Am{Xdmgr ‘mÌ Bg g‘yh Ho$ h¢& Bg Am{Xdmgr g‘yh ‘| ‘bo{e¶Z, ZrJ«mo VWm H$mbo a§J Ho$ Zmao bmoJ VrZ CnOm{V¶m± h¡& ¶o VrZ à‘wI Am{Xdmgr g‘yh VWm CnAm{Xdmgr VWm OZOm{V ‘| {d^º$ h¢&

^maV ‘| Am{Xdmgr bmoJm| Ho$ {Zdmg Ho$ à‘wI VrZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ Bg àH$ma h¢ -

1) CÎma VWm CÎma nydu joÌ - {h‘mb¶ Ho$ Cn nd©Vr¶ H§$XamAm| H$s lo{U¶m| ‘| ZmJm Am{Xdm{g¶m| Ho$ H$moÝ¶mH$, a§½‘m, g|½‘m, Ahmo, A§Jm¶m, ëhmoQ>m, nmo‘o, Mm§J, H$m~wb, Hw$H$s Am{Xdmgr bwem‘r, bmIoa, {MÝg, JmEo, Imgr, H$Mmar, boíMm, ^y[a¶m, am^m, Wmé, Imgm, MrZr, BË¶m{X g‘wXm¶ {Zdmg H$aVm h¡&

2) H|$Ðr¶ ¶m ‘Ü¶ joÌ - Bg joÌ ‘| nmpíM‘ ~§Jmb, {~hma, CS>rgm, X{jU Ho$ CÎmar àXoe, CÎmar ‘hmamï´>, ‘Ü¶àXoe, CÎmar amOñWmZ, amÁ¶m| ‘| ahZo dmbo g§Wmb, ‘w§S>m, Cam±d, ^y{‘O, H$mo¶m, bmoWm, gmnwa, Odw§J, Im|S>m, H$moHw©$, Jm±S>m, Wrb, {~ahma, H$mob, ‘mboa, Agwa, ~¡Jm, àYm, {~a{P‘, AJo[a¶m, {hb‘m[a¶m, {dgmoZ hmZ©‘m[a‘ Am{X Am{Xdmgr OZ à‘wI h¢&

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3) X{jU joÌ - Bg joÌ ‘| Ho$ab, V{‘bZmSw>, Am§Y«àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ¶m| ‘| M|Mw, VmoS>m, ~S>Jm, H$moQ>m, n{U¶Z, Béb, Hw$a‘Z, Hw$é§~, Jm|S>m, amOJm|S>m, gmo{bJm, O§JbrHw$é~m, OoZw (amhX) Hw$é~m, H$moaJm, Bgb, H$moQ>m, n{„¶Z, ¶ad, YZJa Jm¡br, H$mSw> Jmo„, hmb{¸$ dmo¸${bJ, Am{X Am{Xdmgr à‘wI h¢&

Am{Xdm{g¶m| H$s {deofVmE± - 1) gab Ed§ ñd¶§ ‘| n[anyU©Vm&

2) àH¥${V Ho$ nyOH$

3) g‘yh Ho$ ~mao ‘| CZH$s {Zð>m Am¡a g‘J«Vm H$m ‘hËd

4) ‘{hbmAm| H$mo A{YH$ ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a g‘mZVm&

5) Am§V[aH$ ~m§Yì¶ {ddmh&

6) {d{dY ‘mV¥^mfm

7) àmH¥${VH$ dmVmdaU ‘| hr {Zdmg

8) {eH$ma, N>moQ>r ‘mÌm ‘| H¥${f, dZ Ho$ Cn CËnÞ H$s Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm&

J«m‘ g‘wXm¶

àmXo{eH$ ^mfm ‘| J«m‘ Ho$ {d{dY Zm‘ h¢& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE h„r, n„r, D$é, ImoS>m, Jm±d Am{X& ^maV Jm±dm| H$m Xoe h¡& ¶h H$hm OmVm h¡& ^maV Ho$ àmMrZ gm{hË¶ ‘| J«m‘m| H$m g§KQ>Z VWm CZHo$ àemgZ g§~§Yr H$B© {ddaU XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& ‘mZd g‘mO J«m‘ Zm‘H$ nmbZo ‘| hr {dH${gV hþAm h¡, Eogm ~moJmS>©g H$m ‘V h¡& J«m_ AË`§V àmMrZ ñWmZ hmoZo na ^r `h AW©nyU© én go {ddaU XoZo ‘| g‘W© Zht ahm h¡& ~moJmS>©g Ho$ AZwgma ""H$‘ OZYZËd dmbm, gab VWm {‘Vì¶¶r OrdZ {~VmZo dmbm, àmW{‘H$ g§~§Ym| go ¶wº$ n[adma H$m g§JR>Z hr "J«m‘ g‘wXm¶' h¡&''

qH$Vw AmO J«m‘m| H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE OZg§»¶m H$s ~hþbVm hr gmd©{ÌH$ én go AmYma h¡& hmb¡ÊS> ‘| 20 hOma go H$‘ OZg§»¶m dmbo àXoe Jm±d h¡& A‘o[aH$m ‘| 25 hOma, ’«$m§g, OnmZ Am{X Xoem| ‘| 30 hOma go H$‘ OZg§»¶m dmbm àXoe Jm±d H$hbmVm h¡& ^maV ‘| nm±M hOma go H$‘ OZg§»¶m dmbm àXoe Jm±d H$hbmVm h¡&

qH$Vw BgHo$ {bE {^Þ {^Þ Cnm{Y¶m± ^r OmoS>r J¶r h¢& {nN>br nm±M OZJUZm Ûmam OZg§»¶m H$m AmH$ma hr Zht, dhm± Ho$ àm{á OrdZ, Am{W©H$ OrdZ, Am¶XZr H$m òmoV, H$‘mZo Ho$ H$m¶© H$bmn, Amdí¶H$ ‘yb gw{dYmE±, Am{X Ho$ AmYma na J«m‘rU àXoe H$m {ddaU {X¶m J¶m h¡&

OZg§»¶m emó H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| Jm±d H$m VmËn¶© h¡ - 5000 go H$‘ OZg§»¶m Ho$ dmg H$m

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àXoe, à{V dJ© joÌ’$b {H$.‘r. 400 go H$‘ OZKZËd hmo& ¶hm± g¡H$S>m 70 go A{YH$ bmoJ H¥${f Am¡a Cggo g§~§{YV H$m¶© H$aVo h¢& OZg§»¶m Ho$ AmYma na J«m‘rU àXoe H$m dU©Z H$aZm C{MV Zht hmoJm, ì¶{º$-ì¶{º$ Ho$ ~rM gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Y A{YH$ à‘wI h¡& Eogm Hw$N> g‘mOemókm| H$m H$WZ h¡&

J«m‘ H$s aMZm - J«m‘, ZJa go gm‘m{OH$ én go, gm§ñH¥${VH$ én go {^Þ hmoVm h¡& J«m‘ H$hVo hr H¥${f VWm VËg§~§Yr d¥{Îm na Adb§{~V H$B© n[admam| H$m {Zdmg àXoe H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& H$B© n[admam| Ho$ Mmam| Amoa IoV-I{bhmZ, N>moQ>o amñVo, ‘|S>, noS>-nm¡Yo, H¥${f ¶m Z¡g{J©H$ Adb§{~V OZg‘yh dht dmg H$aVo XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& Ho$db H¥${f na Adb§{~V n[adma ‘| H¥${f Ho$ A{V[aº$ nmbVy OmZdam| O¡go - ~¡b, ^¢g, Jm¶, ^|S>, ‘wJu Am{X H$m nmbZ ^r hmoVm h¡& Hw$b{‘bmH$a J«m‘ H$m ^m¡{VH$ ñdén H$B© H¥${f g§~§Yr VËdm| go ¶wº$ hmoVm h¡& OZg§»¶m H$s ‘mÌm, OZKÝVd, d¥{Îm, Z¡g{J©H$ ñdén, nmZr, ^y{‘, ‘yb^yV gw{dYmAm| H$s àm{á VWm Obdm¶w H$m à^md Bggo OwS>m h¡&

J«m‘m| Ho$ àH$ma - J«m‘m| H$mo {demb AW© ‘| VrZ àH$ma ‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m h¡ -

1) H|$ÐrH¥$V J«m‘ - Eogo J«m‘m| H$mo à‘wI {deofVm ¶h h¡ {H$ IoVm| Ho$ ~rM Ka hmoVo h¢& Ka EH$ Ho$ gmW EH$ OwS>o hþE hmoVo h¢& Kam| Ho$ Mmam| Amoa IoV hmoVo h¢& ì¶dgm¶ / IoVr H$aZo dmbm| H$s g§»¶m ~‹T>Vo hr J«m‘ H$m ì¶m{á joÌ ^r {demb hmoVm OmVm h¡&

2) d¡¶{º$H$ IoV, Kam| Ho$ J«m‘ - Eogo J«m‘ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ g‘wÐ VQ>r¶ àXoem| VWm am¶Mya {Obo Ho$ qgMmB© joÌ ‘| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& ¶hm± EH$ H¥$fH$ n[adma Xÿgao H¥$fH$ n[adma go AbJ {Zdmg H$aVm h¡& {H$gmZ Ho$ {Zdmg ñWb Ho$ Mmam| Amoa Jm¡embm, H¥${f Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ gmYZ gm‘J«r, ’$gbmo Ho$ Xoa bJmZo H$m ñWmZ, OmZdam| Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ Mmoa-^ygo-Kmg aIo OmVo h¢&

3) {~Iao g‘yh J«m‘ - Eogo J«m‘ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ nhmS>r àXoem| VWm ‘boZmSw> (nd©Vr¶ àXoem|) Ho$ {Obm| ‘| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& ¶hm± Ka g‘yh ‘| Zht ahVo& Mma-N>…h n[adma EH$ N>moQ>o Q>rbo na dmg H$a aho hm| Vmo Cgr Q>rbo Ho$ T>bdm° ^mJ ‘| Am¡a H$B© n[adma ahVo h¢& Eogo H$B© Kam| H$m g‘yh EH$ J«m‘ H$hbmVm h¡&

4) n§{º$dÕ Kam| Ho$ J«m‘ - Eogo J«m‘m| ‘| g‹S>H$ Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa n§{º$~X²Y én go Hw$N> n[adma dmg H$aVo h¢& ¶hm± EH$ Ka Xÿgao Ka go OwS>m gm ahVm h¡& ¶hm± Kam| H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xmo Kam| Ho$ ~rM Xrdma hmoVr h¡& g^r Ka EH$ hr B‘maV H$m {dñV¥V ^mJ bJVo h¢&

5) MH«$mH$ma J«m‘ - Eogo J«m‘ JmobmH$ma J«m‘ H$hbmVo h¢& {deofV… ‘§{Xa, ‘pñOX, MM© ({‘aOmKa), Vmbm~ Am{X ñWmZm| Ho$ Mmam| Amoa bmoJm| H$m {Zdmg J¥h hmoVm h¡&

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6) Mm¡H$moa ¶m Am¶VmH$ma J«m‘ - Eogo J«m‘ n§{º$~X²Y J«m‘m| go {‘bVo OwbVo h¢& BZH$s {deofVm ¶h h¡ {H$ Kam| H$s H$Vma| (n§{º$) EH$ Ho$ gmW EH$ g‘mZmÝVa ¶m bå~dV én ‘| hmoVr h¢&

7) emóm| Ho$ OwS>Zo (Mm¡amho) VWm ~mOma dmbo J«m‘ - H¥${f go BVa d¥pËd na AmYm[aV n[adma ¶hm± {Zdmg H$aVo h¢& Xmo ¶m VrZ amñVm| Ho$ OwS>Zo dmbo àXoem| ‘| ¶o Ka hmoVo h¢& {Zdmg ñWbm| Ho$ gmW XþH$mZo§, ^moOZmb¶ Am{X ^r hmoVo h¢& BÝho (H¡$‘am, hmW) h¡ÊS>nmoñQ>, O§³eZ, Hy$Sw> Am{X Zm_m| go OmZm OmVm h¡&

Cnamoº$ {ddaU dmbo J«m‘m| H$m {d^mOZ EH$ Vah go AnyU© hmo gH$Vm h¡& Hw$N> J«m‘ Eogo dJuH$aU Ho$ A§VJ©V Zht AmVo h¢& ³¶m|{H$ A{^d¥{Õ, VH$ZrH$s na AmYm[aV H¥${f VWm ZdrZ CÚmoJm| go hmoZo dmbo n[adV©Z go J«m‘m| H$s aMZm ‘| VoOr go n[adV©Z hmo ahm h¡&

J«m‘ g‘wXm¶ H$s {deofVmE± - ^maV Ho$ J«m‘rU g‘mO ‘| O~ V~ AZoH$ n[adV©Z hmoVo aho h¢, {Oggo à^m{dV hmoZo na ^r Hw$N> {deof bjU J«m‘m| Ho$ hmoVo h¢&

1) N>moQ>m AmH$ma - _¡³g do~a Ho$ AZwgma A{YH$ g§»¶m ‘| ^maVdmgr J«m‘m| ‘| dmg H$aVo h¢& gZ² 2011 H$s OZJUZm H$s anQ> Ho$ AZwgma Hw$b OZg§»¶m H$s 68 à{VeV ‘mÌm J«m‘ ‘| dmg H$aVr h¡& BgH$m à^md OZVm Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ na XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& J«m‘ gm‘mÝ¶V… N>moQ>o AmH$ma ‘| hmoVo h¢& OZKZËd KZm Zht hmoVm&

2) àmW{‘H$ g§~§Y - J«m‘rU g‘mO grYm àmW{‘H$ g§~§Y hmoVm h¡& AWm©V² ¶hm± ì¶{º$ - ì¶{º$ Ho$ ~rM ñZoh, ào‘, ~§YwËd VWm Am‘Zo-gm‘Zo grYm g§nH©$ ahVm h¡&

3) H¥${f VWm H¥${f nyaH$ Am{W©H$ OrdZ - J«m‘rU OrdZ H$m’$s gab h¡& H¥${f VWm H¥${f g§~§Yr {H«$¶m H$bmn ¶hm± à‘wI hmoVo h¢& ì¶dgm¶ / IoVr à‘wI én go àH¥${V na {Z^©a h¡& J«m‘rU àXoem| ‘| 59 à{VeV nwéf Am¡a 75 à{VeV ‘{hbmE± OrdZ`mnZ Ho$ {bE grYo H¥${f na {Z^©a ahVo h¢& {nN>br VrZ OZJUZm H$s Ad{Y ‘| H¥$fH$ ‘OXÿam| H$s g§»¶m 74.6 {‘{b¶Z (1991) go 106.8 {‘{b¶Z (2001) VWm 144 {‘{b¶Z (2011) ‘| ~T>V hþ¶r& H¥${f H$mo Obdm¶w Ho$ gmW Iobo OmZo dmbm OwAm H$hm OmVm h¡& H¥${f Am¡a H¥${f g§~§Yr {H«$¶m H$bmn, {ZpíMV Am‘XZr Ho$ {~Zm J«m‘rU OrdZ EH$ ~S>r g‘ñ¶m h¡&

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4) gm‘wXm{¶H$ OrdZ - J«m‘ g‘wXm¶ Ho$ bmoJ àH¥${V ‘| AMb ^{º$ aIVo h¢& dfm© Ho$ {bE

g^r {‘bH$a nyOm AM©Zm H$aVo h¢& ñWmZr¶ Xodr-XodVm, g§~§Yr ‘obo, Ë¶mohma Am{X H$mo gm‘y{hH$

én go ‘ZmVo h¢& gm‘mÝ¶V… g^r bmoJ gm¡hmÐ©Vm go OrdZ ì¶VrV H$aVo h¢& "ñd¶§ g~Ho$ {bE VWm

g^r CZHo$ {bE' O¡go ghH$mar VËdm| na J«m‘m| H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡& ¶hm± ñnYm©, YmoIm, ~oB©‘mZr,

H¥${Ì‘Vm, AË¶mMma H$mo A{YH$ Adga Zht hmoVm&

5) àOmà^wËd H$m AmXe© - ^maV Ho$ J«m‘ AmO àOmà^wËd H$s Ztd na IS>o h¢& J«m‘ Ho$

Hw$N> gm‘mÝ¶ H$m¶m] ‘| g^r àOm{V VWm Om{V Ho$ bmoJ ^mJ boVo h¢& J«m‘ n§Mm¶V ‘| g^r àOm{V

VWm Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| H$m ^mJ boZm hr BgH$m CXmhaU h¡&

6) ñdmdb§~r BH$mB© - ^maV Ho$ J«m‘ g^r Ñ{ï> go ñdV§Ì BH$mB© h¢& CËnmXZ Cn^moJ ‘|

nmañn[aH$Vm h¡& amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go ¶o ñdV§Ì h¢& Bgr H$maU "‘oQ>H$m°’$'

Zo J«m‘m| H$mo "N>moQ>m JUamÁ¶' ({b{Q>b [anpãbH$) H$h H$a d{U©V {H$¶m h¡&

7) Amg-nS>mog - Amg-nS>mog J«m‘rU g‘mO H$s EH$ {deofVm h¡& gmd©O{ZH$ H$m¶m] ‘|,

OÝ‘-‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ Adga na, nd©-Ë¶mohma Ho$ g‘¶ Amg-nS>mog {deof àH$ma go H$m¶© {Z^mVm h¡&

8) ZmJ[aH$m| H$s ‘yb gw{dYmAm| ‘| H$‘r - J«m‘rU àXoem| ‘| ‘mZd g‘mO Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$

ñdmñÏ¶, {ejm, ZmJ[aH$ gwajm ì¶dñWm Am¡a Ý¶m¶mb¶ ì¶dñWm Am{X ‘| Ag§VwbZ H$m hmoZm ^r

EH$ dmñV{dH$ gË¶ h¡&

ZJa g‘wXm¶

ZJa g‘wXm¶ H$m ‘mZd M[aÌ Ho$ g‘mZ hr B{Vhmg h¡& H$mb Ho$ AZwén ‘mZd ‘| CËnmXZ

gm‘Ï¶© (j‘Vm) VWm CËnmXZ ‘mJ© Zo ZJam| Ho$ ñdén H$mo ~Xb {X¶m h¡& hS>ßnm, ‘mohZOmoXS>mo

ZJam| go A~ VH$ ZJam| H$m ~¥hV² ‘mÌm ‘| {dñVma hmoVm Am ahm h¡& Bg àH$ma ZJa-‘mZd OrdZ

Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| EH$ {d{eï> gmonmZ ¶m ñVa h¡& ¶h ‘mZd OrdZ H$s e¡br ‘| gwYma Ho$ gmW gmW

‘mZd H$s ZmJ[aH$Vm Ho$ ñdén Ho$ n[adV©Z ‘| ZJam| H$s ‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m h¡&

ì¶dgm{¶H$ H«$m§{V Ho$ ~mX ZJam| Ho$ ñdén ‘| ‘hËdnyU© n[adV©Z Am¶m& VH$ZrH$s H«$m§{V

ì¶dgm{¶H$ H«$m§{V H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¡& ì¶dgm{¶H$ H«$m§{V H$s à{H«$¶m ZJam| Ho$ {dH$mg ‘|

‘hËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mVr h¡& Bg g‘¶ AZ{JZV bmoJ J«m‘rU àXoem| go ZJa àXoem| H$mo ñWmZm§V[aV

hmo JE& N>moQ>o eha, ~¥hV ZJam| Ho$ én ‘| ~Xb JE& H¥${f H$m A{V[aº$ CËnmXZ H¥${fEVa {H«$¶m

H$bmnm| H$mo ~T>m¶m&

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A{V[aº$ CËnmXZ go ~¥hV² B‘maVm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U VWm ~¥hV CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm VWm ~¥hV

ì¶dhma-dm{UÁ¶ Ho$ {bE Adga àXmZ hþAm& Bg à{H«$¶m go ZJam| H$mo J«m‘m| go AbJ H$a J«m‘

VWm ZJa Zm‘H$ Xmo ì¶dñWm H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm&

ZJam| H$mo AmYw{ZH$ OZ {Zdmg joÌ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& ZJa H$m OrdZ ‘mZd Ho$ gm‘m{OH$

M[aÌ ‘| AË¶§V CÞV VWm d¡^d nyU© OrdZ H$m AmXe© hmoZo na ^r ¶h g§H$sU© h¡& àemg{ZH$ AW©

‘| EH$ amï´> H$m àemgZ EH$ OZ{Zdmg Ho$ {bE, ZJar¶ ñWmZ h¡& Eogm A{YH¥$V àH$meZ hmoZo na

dh ZJa hþAm H$aVm Wm& {Og g‘wXm¶ ‘| 5000 OZg§»¶m go A{YH$ bmoJ h¢& à{V dJ© joÌ’$b

{H$.‘r. 1000 OZKZËd h¡& dhm± {Zdmg H$aZo dmbo bmoJm| ‘| 75 à{VeV go A{YH$ bmoJ OrZo Ho$

{bE H¥${f go {^Þ H$m¶© H$bmnm| ‘| g§bJ« h¢, Cgo ^r ZJa H$hm OmVm h¡& OZg§»¶m emó H$s Ñ{ï>

go {Og àXoe ‘| AË¶{YH$ OZg§»¶m Am¡a OZKZËd hmo, Cgo ZJa H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡&

ZJarH$aU EH$ g‘mO ‘| H$mbmZwgma MbZo dmbr à{H«$¶m h¡& H$B© H$maUm| go ZJadm{g¶m| H$s

g§»¶m ‘| ~‹T>V hmo ahr h¡& EH$ g‘mO AnZo J«m‘rU joÌ go ZJa g‘mO H$s Amoa n[ad{V©V hmoZo H$s

à{H«$¶m hr ZJarH$aU h¡& Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU Ûmam g^r g‘mOm| ‘| Am{W©H$ MoVZm CËnÞ H$a OZ {Zdmg

joÌm| H$mo ZdrZ ñdén XoZo H$m àma§^ hmoZo go boH$a hr ZJarH$aU H$s à{H«$¶m hmo ahr h¡& Bg àH$ma

H$s ZJarH$aU H$s à{H«$¶m AmO OJV Ho$ g^r amï´>m| ‘| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡&

ZJa g‘wXm¶m| H$s {deofVm -

1) ~S>m AmH$ma - ZJa g‘wXm¶ ~S>m hmoVm

h¡& ¶hm± A{YH$ OZKZËd hmoVm h¡& CXmhaU

Ho$ {bE ~|Jbyé ‘| gZ² 2011 H$s OZJUZmZwgma

EH$ dJ© {H$.‘r. joÌ’$b ‘| 4381 bmoJ {Zdmg

H$aVo h¢&

2) gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~hþbVm - ZJam| ‘| H$B©

g§ñH¥${V H$mo ~hþbVm XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡& ³¶m|{H$

{^Þ {^Þ ^mfm ~mobZo dmbo bmoJ {^Þ-{^Þ àXoem| go AmH$a EH$ hr ñWmZ na {Zdmg H$a aho

hmoVo h¢& V~ CZH$ OrdZ EH$hr gm§ñH¥${VH$ n¥ð>^y{‘ na Z hmoH$a {d{dY Ym{‘©H$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$

n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| {dH${gV hmoVm h¡&

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3) H¥${f go BVa ({^Þ) d¥{Îm - ZJam| ‘| A{YH$Va bmoJ H¥${f go {^Þ d¥{Îm / H$m¶© H$aVo h¢&

Eogo {H«$¶m H$bmnm| ‘| ì¶dgm¶ CËnmXZ, ì¶mnma VWm dm{UÁ¶, d¥{ÎmnaVm Am¡a àemgZ ‘| CÚmoJ

Eogo {d{dY H$m¶m] ‘| bmoJ bJo hþE h¡&

4) Jm¡U hmo aho àmW{‘H$ g§~§Y - ZJa g‘wXm¶m| ‘| Am¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Y hr A{YH$ h¢& EH$

VarHo$ go H$moB© ^r {H$gr go ^r A{YH$ bJmd Zht aIVm h¡& do ñdmWu hmo JE h¡ Ho$db AnZo

n[adma ‘mÌ go ‘Vb~ aIVo h¢&

5) ZJarH$m| H$s ‘yb^yV gw{dYmAm| H$s CnbpãY - ZJa àXoem| ‘| ‘mZd g‘mO Ho$ {bE

Amdí¶H$ ñdmñÏW, {ejm, CÚmoJ Am{X ZJ[aH$ ì¶dñWm A{YH$ XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡&

6) Am¡nMm[aH$ gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶§ÌU - ZJa àXoem| ‘| g‘mO H$s gwajm VWm ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$mam|

H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ nw{bg ì¶dñWm, Ý¶m¶mb¶ ì¶dñWm Am{X ZmJ[aH$ gwajm ì¶dñWm

Ûmam gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶§ÌU bmJy ahVm h¡&

Aä¶mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$mo ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE -

1. {Z{X©ï> àXoe ‘| VrZ bmoJm| go A{YH$ bmoJm| H$m OrdZ OrZm ___________ H$hbmVm h¡&

2. ^maVr¶ g‘mO H$m AmYma ñV§^ __________ g‘wXm¶ h¡&

3. CÎmanydu joÌ Ho$ Am{Xdmgr __________ H$hbmVo h¢&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma MMm© H$a {b{IE -

1. "Am{Xdmgr' go ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡ ?

2. "J«m‘' go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢ ?

3. ZJa H$s n[aH$ënZm H$mo g‘PmBE&

4. "ì¶dgm¶rH$aU' {H$gH$m gyMH$ h¡ ?

5. Am{Xdmgr g‘wXm¶ H$s {deofVmE± ³¶m h¢ ?

6. J«m‘ g‘wXm¶ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo {b{IE&

7. ZJa g‘wXm¶ H$s {deofVmE± H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr h¡ ?

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8. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n¥ð> ^y{‘ ‘| ^maV H$s Am{Xdmgr OZVm H$mo {H$g àH$ma {d^m{OV {H$¶m J¶m

h¡& ~VmBE&

9. J«m‘ g‘wXm¶ Ho$ àH$mam| H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

III. {H«$¶m H$bmn

1. J«m‘rU VWm ZJar¶ OrdZ H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| Am¡a gw{dYmAm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~ƒm| Ho$ Xmo g‘yh

~ZmH$a MMm© Jmoð>r H$m Am¶moOZ H$s{OE&

2. {dÚmb¶ Ho$ g‘rndVu ~ƒm| H$mo kmV Am{Xdmgr OrdZ e¡br H$m g§J«h H$admZm&

IV. {Z¶mo{OV H$m¶©

1. ~ƒm| H$mo, J«m‘ / ZJa H$s gw{dYmAm| ‘| H$‘r ‘| gwYma H$aZo Ho$ {bE J«m‘ n§Mm¶V /

ZJa g^m / H$manmoaoeZ (‘hmnm{bH$m) Ûmam CR>mE JE H$X‘ Ho$ ~mao ‘| ñWmZr¶ gaH$ma

Ho$ gXñ¶m| go OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo H$mo H$h|&

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^yJmob

AÜ`m` – 6I{ZO g§gmYZ (g§n{Îm)

Bg AÜ`m` _| {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| H$mo OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo· H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àmá CnbãY I{ZOm| H$m n[aM` Am¡a CZH$m _hËd&· H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI I{ZOm| H$m {dVaU Am¡a CËnmXZ&

Mm±Xr grgm Vm±dm H«$mo[``_

EH$ Xoe, amÁ` AWdm àXoe H$s Am{W©H$ CÞ{V _| dhm± àmá I{ZO g§gmYZm| H$m à_wI _hËd h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _| {d{dY àH$ma H$s I{ZO gån{Îm h¡& CZ_| H$ƒm bmohm, gmoZm, _¢JZrO, MyZmnËWa, Vm±~m, ~mŠgmBQ>, H«$mo_mBQ>, H$bZma, - Eg~oñQ>g, A^«H$, Am¡a J«oZmBQ>. à_wI I{ZO h¢& Hw$N> à_wI I{ZOm| Ho$ ~mao _| h_ AmJo OmZ|Jo

H$ƒm bmohm (bm¡h A`ñH$) : `h bmohm Am¡a BñnmV CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE H$ƒm _mb h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ _| CÎm_ loUr Ho$ _o¾oQ>mBQ> Am¡a ho_mQ>mBQ> dJ© H$s H$m\$s _mÌm _| H$ƒo bmoho H$s ImZ h¡& ^maV _| H$ƒm bmohm CËnmXZ H$s Ñ{ï> go H$Zm©Q>H$ {ÛVr` ñWmZ na h¡& amÁ` _| Hw$b 75 H$ƒo bmoho H$s ImZ h¡& h_mao amÁ` _| CËnm{XV H$ƒo bmoho _| loð> ñVa H$m _o¾oQ>mBQ> 63 à{VeV hmoVm h¡, eof ho_mQ>mBQ> dJ© H$m hmoVm h¡&

{dVaU: H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$ƒo bmoho H$m {dVaU A{YH$V_ ~„mar, {M¸$_Jbyé,~mJbH$moQ>o, {MÌXþJm©, Vw_Hw$ê$ {ed_mo½Jm, X{jU H$ÞS>, CÎma H$ÞS> VWm JXJ {Obm| _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& ~„mar {Obo _| H$ƒo bmoho H$s H$B© ImZo§ h¢& Am¡a `h {Obm

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àW_ ñWmZ aIVm h¡& `h hmognoQ>o VWm g§Sy>ê$ àXoem| _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& XmoUr_b¡ (ÐmoUrnd©V) {d^y{VJwÈ>m, ~obJmbm, Hw$_mañdm_r nhmS>, {Vå_ßnZ JwS>r, Xodm{Ð loUr VWm am`XþJ© nhm{S>`m| _| H$ƒm bmohm CËnmXZ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

{H«$`mH$bmn AmnHo$ {Obo _| CnbãY

I{ZO gånXm H$s Vm{bH$m ~ZmBE&

Xÿgao ñWmZ na {M¸$_Jbyé h¡& ~m~m~wS>Z{J[a nhmS>, Ho$å_U Jw§S>r (bmb {_Å>r H$m J–m), Hw$Ðo_wI, J§Jm_ybm, H$ëhV{Jar, OoZwgw[a, nhmS>m| na bm¡h A`ñH$ àmá hmoVm h¡& Ord d¡{dÜ`Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo H$s Ñ{ï> go amï´> Ho$ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Zo amï´>r` CËnmX joÌ Hw$Ð_wI _| ImZm| H$s IwXmB© H$mo ñW{JV H$aZo H$m - {ZU©` {X`m h¡& {MÌXþJm© {Obo H$m hmogXþJm©, gmgbw, ~mJbH$moQ>o, A_rZJT>, Vw_Hw$ê$ {Obo H$m hþ{b`mê$, {M¸$Zm`H$Zh„r, {ed_mo½Jm {Obo H$m Hw§$ågr, e§H$aJwÈ>m, {gÕah„r Am{X joÌm| _| A`ñH$ Ho$ {Zjon h¢&

amÁ` _| CËnm{XV bm¡h A`ñH$ H$mo ^ÐmdVr VWm ~„mar Ho$ {ZH$Q> {OÝXmb {dO`ZJa bm¡h BñnmV H$maIZo _| Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a eof ^mJ {Z`m©V {H$`m OmVm h¡&

_¢JZrO: _¢JZrO A`ñH$ (H$ƒm _¢JZrO) _w»` ê$n go nV©{ebm Am¡a ê$nmÝV[aV {ebmAm| _| Am°ŠgmBS> ê$n _| {_bVm h¡& Bgo {_l bm¡h Ho$ ê$n _| BñnmV Ho$ {Z_m©U _| H$R>moaVm H$mo ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& gmW hr Bgo amgm`{ZH$ {dÚwV CÚmoJ, amgm`{ZH$ ImX, gyVr H$nSo> H$s N>nmB© (N>mnm) Am¡a a§Jm| Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE ^r Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bggo _¢JZrO H$mo "~hþCn`moJr I{ZO' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡&

{dVaU : H$Zm©Q>H$ _| _¢JZrO A`ñH$ {Zjon H$m\$s _mÌm _| CnbãY h¡& Xoe Ho$ Hw$b {Zjonm| H$m 27 à{VeV ^mJ H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àmá h¡& _¢J{ZO CËnmXZ _| CS>rgm Ho$ ~mX H$Zm©Q>H$ Xÿgao ñWmZ na h¡& amÁ` H$m _¢JZrO {dVaU bm¡h A`ñH$ àXoem| _| hr XoIm OmVm h¡& ~„mar {Obo H$m g§Sy>a àXoe à_wI _¢JZrO CËnmXH$ joÌ h¡& `hm± amÁ` H$m 90 à{VeV _¢JZrO CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡& AÝ` à_wI _¢JZrO H$mo ImZm| _| {ed_mo½Jm {Obo H$m Hw$er, e§H$aJwÈ>m, hmogh„r, {MÌXþJ© {Obo H$m gmXah„r, Vw_Hy$a {Obo H$m {M¸$Zm`H$Zh„r CÎma H$ÞS> {Obo H$m {eagr VmbwH$, gynm, bm|S>m, CñH$mÊS> VWm YmadmS>, {dO`mnwam, {M¸$_Jbyé {Obo AmVo h¢& amÁ` Ho$ _¢JZrO CËnmXZ H$m ~S>m {hñgm OmnmZ, MrZ Am{X amï´>m| H$mo {Z`m©V hmoVm h¡&

~mŠgmBQ>: ~mŠgmBQ> A`ñH$ (H$ƒm ~mŠgmBQ>) Aë`y_r{Z`_ CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE A{YH$V_ Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& gr_oÝQ>, BñnmV, {dÚwV Vmam| Ho$ {Z_m©U _| BgH$m Cn`moJ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU

BgH$s _m§J ~‹T> ahr h¡&

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{dVaU : H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ~ŠgmBQ> A`ñH$ Ho$ {Zjon ~obJmdr, {M¸$_Jbyé, {MÌXþJm©, X{jU

H$ÞS> Am¡a CSw>{n {Obm| _| \¡$bo hþE h¢& ~obJmdr {Obm à_wI ~mŠgmBQ> CËnmX joÌ h¡& `hm± Ho$

~obJmdr VWm ImZmnwa VmbwH$ _| ~mŠgmBQ> H$s ImZ| h¢& BZ A`ñH$m| H$mo ~obJmdr Ho$ B§{S>`Z Aë`y_r{Z`_ H$§nZr Ho$ CÚmoJ _| Cn`moJ {H$`m Om ahm h¡&

gmoZm (ñ~U©): gmoZm {dab (Xþb©^), M_H$sbr, A{YH$ {Q>H$mD$ Am¡a nrbr YmVw h¡& Bgo Am^yfU ~ZmZo, KS>r BË`m{X ~hþ_yë` dñVwAm| Ho$ {Z_m©U _| A{YH$ Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& gmoZo H$s _m±J VWm Cn`moJ AmOH$b ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡ {Og go BgH$m Xm_ XþJZm hmo J`m h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ gmoZo H$s ImZm| (IZZ) Ho$ {bE ^maV _| àW_ ñWmZ aIVm h¡& CËnmXZ H$m Hw$b 80 à{VeV gmoZm H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s ImZm| go hr àmá hmoVm h¡& `h gånyU© ^mJ H$Zm©Q>H$ AHo$bm hr CËnm{XV H$aVm h¡& Bg H$maU H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo "ñdU©àXoe' H$hm OmVm h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àmMrZ H$mb go gmoZo H$s ImZ Ed§ IZZ H$m à`moJ h¡& naÝVw ~So> n¡_mZo na gmoZo H$m IZZ gZ² 1880 _|, Om°Z Q>oba Zm_H$ ì`{º$ Zo àmaå^ {H$`m Am¡a gZ² 1885 _| Ho$.Or.E\$ (H$mobma JmoëS> \$sëS²g) ApñVËd _| Am`m&

H$mobma Ho$ gmoZo H$s ImZm| Ho$ àXoem| _| Mma à_wI ImZ| h¢& do h¢ - Z§XrXþJm©, C[aJm_, Mmpån`Z ar\$ Am¡a _¡gyé H$s ImZ& BZ_| Mmpån`Z ar\$ ImZ AË`ÝV Jhar ImZ (3217 _rQ>a) h¡& Bg ImZ _| Hw$N> dfm] Ho$ {Za§Va CËIZZ go ñdU© {Zjon H$s _mÌm H$_ hmo J`r h¡& A~ CËIZZ H$m`©ñW{JV hmo J`m h¡& hÅ>r àXoe _| CËIZZ H$m`© Omar h¡&

dV©_mZ am`Mya {Obo H$m "hÅ>r' ^maV H$s g~go ~S>r gmoZo H$s ImZ h¡& `hm± A{YH$ ñdU© CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡& Vw_Hy$a {Obo Ho$ ~o„ma, {eam Ho$ {ZH$Q> pñWV A‚mZh„r _| ^r ñdU© A`ñH$ (H$ƒm gmoZm) CËn{XV hmoVm h¡& AÝ` gmoZo Ho$ {Zjonm| _| JXJ {Obo H$m _wbJw§Xm, H$ßnÎmw JwÈ>m, hmgZ {Obo H$m Ho$§{nZH$moQ>o Am{X h¢&

Aä`mg

I. C{MV eãXm| go [aº$ ñWmZm| H$mo ny{V© H$mo{OE :

1. Hw$Ð_wI joÌ _| _________ I{ZO àmá hmoVm h¡ &

2. CÎm_ ñVa H$m bm¡h I{ZO _________ go àmá hmoVm h¡&

3. ~„mar {Obo Ho$ g§Sy>a ñWmZ _| _________ H$s ImZ h¡&

4. ~mŠgmBQ> I{ZO go _________ bm¡h CËnmXZ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

5. gdm©{YH$ Jhar gmoZo H$s ImZ _________ _| h¡&

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II. {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo gmoZo H$s ^y{_ Š`m| H$hm OmVm h¡?

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àmá à_wI I{ZOm| Ho$ Zm_ {bpIE ?

3. {_l bm¡h Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ {H$`m OmZo dmbm I{ZO H$m¡Z gm h¡?

4. h_mao amÁ` _| bm¡h I{ZO àmá hmoZo dmbo àXoem| Ho$ Zm_ {bpIE&

5. ~mŠgmBQ> CËnmXH$ à_wI {Obm H$m¡Z-gm h¡ ?

6. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI gmoZo H$s ImZm| Ho$ Zm_ {bpIE &

III. gw_o{bV H$s{OE:

A Am

1. gynm a. _¢JZrO

2. hÅ>r b. ~mŠgmBQ>

3. Hw$ågr c. MyZm nËWa

4. ImZmnwa d. bm¡h I{ZO

e. gmoZo H$s ImZ

V. {H«$`m H$bmn:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| CnbãY I{ZO Ho$ Z_yZm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE Am¡a {Q>ßnUr {bpIE&

2. H$Zm©Q>H$$ Ho$ ZŠeo _| I{ZOm| H$m {dVaU Xem©BE&

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AÜ`m` – 7

H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m `mVm`mVBg AÜ`m` go {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| H$mo OmZ|Jo

∙ H$Zm©Q>H$ _| `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZ H$m _hËd &∙ gS>H$ `mVm`mV- àH$ma, à_wI amO_mJ©&∙ aob `mVm`mV H$m _hËd, à_wI aob _mJ©&∙ Ob `mVm`mV Am¡a dm`w `mVm`mV&

EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ H$mo _mb Am¡a `m{Ì`m| H$m "AmdmJ_Z gmYZ' hr `mVm`mV h¡& H¥${f

CÚmoJ Am¡a ì`mnma d¥{Õ _| `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZ hr à_wI _hËdnyU© h¢& H$Zm©Q>H$ AZoH$ Z¡g{J©H$

g§gmYZm| go `wº$ amÁ` h¡& `hm±

I{ZO, dm{UÁ` CËnmX, dZ gån{Îm,

e{º$ g§gmYZ CnbãY h¢& BZHo$ ghr

Am¡a nyU© Cn`moJ go Am{W©H$

A{^d¥{Õ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& {OgHo$

{bE gwì`dpñWV `mVm`mV H$s

gw{dYm H$m hmoZm A{Zdm`©

h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ H¥${f àYmZ amÁ` h¡&

ImÚ nXmW© Am¡a AÝ` H¥${f CËnmXZm|

H$mo H¥${f joÌ VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE,

ImZm| go I{ZOm| H$mo bmZo, CÚmoJ

YÝYm| Ûmam V¡`ma _mb H$mo ~mOma

VH$ nhþ±MmZo, `m{Ì`m| Ho$ bo OmZo bo

AmZo (AmdmJ_Z) Eogo hr H$B©

CÔoí`m| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE AZoH$

H$maUm| go `mVm`mV H$s gw{dYm H$s

Amdí`H$ h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ _| aob,

gS>H$, Ob VWm dm`w `mVm`mV H$s

ì`dñWm h¡&

CÎma

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gS>H$ `mVm`mV

_hËd: H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZVm A{YH$Va Jm±dm| _| hr ~gVr h¡& {Oggo àËòH$ Jm±d, H$ñ~o, VWm

AÝ` Amdmgr` joÌm| H$mo OmoS>Zo (gånH©$ H$aZo) Ho$ {bE gS>H$ `mVm`mV H$m ~S>m _hËd h¡& gS>H$m|

H$m {Z_m©U gab Am¡a H$_ IM© _| {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& BgHo$ Ûmam `mÌr Am¡a gm_mZ (_mb)

AmgmZr go amÁ` Ho$ H$moZoH$moZo VH$ nh±wMmE Om gH$Vo h¢& gS>H$m| H$s A{^d¥{Õ amÁ` H$s H¥${f,

CÚmoJYÝYm|, ImZm| VWm dm{UÁ` CÚmoJm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aVr h¡&

gS>H$ `mVm`mV H$m {dñVma : H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àmMrZ H$mb go g‹S>H$ `mVm`mV H$s naånam ahr h¡&

nhbo amOm- _hmamOm AnZo g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ àemg{ZH$ {Zdm©h Ho$ {bE gS>H$m| H$m {Z_m©U H$amVo Wo& à_wI

gS>H$m| na `m{Ì`m| Ho$ Aml` ñWmZ, R>haZo H$m ñWmZ, dm{Q>H$m (~mJ-~JrMo), N>Ìm| H$m {Z_m©U

(gam`) H$adm`m J`m& VQ>r` joÌmo§ VWm AXê$Zr àXoem| Ho$ gånH©$ Ho$ {bE g‹S>H$ ~ZdmE JE&

ñd`§ H$ao:AmnHo$ {Obo go JwOaZodmbo amï´>r` amO_mJ© Am¡a do AmnHo$ {Obo Ho$ {H$Z - {H$Z VmbwH$mo§ go hmoH$a JwOaVo h¡, CgH$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ñdV§ÌVm go nyd© g‹S>H$ {Z_m©U H$s ì`dñWm Zht Wr& àmMrZ _¡gya àm§V, ~¢Jbya

Am¡a {Obm H|$Ðm| Ho$ gmW gånH©$ OmoS>Zo Ho$ {bE gS>H|$

Wt& Omo gwì`dpñWV Zht Wr& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX {demb

_¡gya Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ ~mX gZ² 1961 _| Hw$b 43,182

{H$._r. bå~o gS>H|$ Wr& AmO Hw$b gS>H$ H$s bå~mB©

2,53,601 {H$. _r. h¡& BZ_| go 35.70 à{VeV ^mJ

n¸$s g‹S>Ho$ Am¡a 64.30 à{VeV ^mJ H$ƒr g‹S>H|$ h¡& AmOH$b g‹S>H$m| H$m XOm© ^r CÞV hmoVm

Om ahm h¡&

g‹S>H$m| Ho$ àH$ma: H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s gS>H$m| H$mo Mma àH$mam| _| dm±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡: 1) amï´>r` ^mJ©

2) amÁ` _mJ© 3) {Obm gS>H|$ Am¡a 4) J«m_rU gS>H|$&

H$Zm©Q>H$ go JwOaZodmbm AË`§V bå~m amï´>r` amO _mJ© g§»`m 13

_§Jbyé, _wS>{~Ðr, H$moßnm, {ed_mo½Jm, {MÌXþJm©, hmognoQ>o, BbH$b, {dO`mnwam go hmoH$a gmobmnwa _| OmH$a {_bVm h¡&

1. amï´>r` _mJ©: à_wI ZJa, amÁ`,

amOYmZr Am¡a ~§XaJmhm| H$mo OmoS>Zo dmbr

gS>H$m| H$mo amï´>r` _mJ© H$hm OmVm h¡& ò gS>H|$

Mm¡S>r VWm CÎm_ ñVa H$s Am¡a gwì`dpñWV

h¢& ò {ÛnWr, MVwînWr VWm fQ²nWr gS>H|$

h¡& Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Ho$ AÝVJ©V BZH$m {Zd©hU

H$m`© amï´>r` ~¥hV _mJ© àm{YH$ma (NHA L) go OwS>m h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ _| dV©_mZ g_` _| 14 amï´>r`

~whV² gS>H|$ h¢& ò Hw$b 6572 {H$. _r. bå~r h¢& CÎma H$ÞS> (H$Zm©Q>H$), ~rOmnwa, ~obJmdr

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{ed_mo½Jm, ~|Jbyé J«må`, Vw_Hw$ê$ X{jU H$ÞS> VWm ~„mar {Obm| _| A{YH$ amï´>r` ~¥hV _mJ© \¡$bm

hþAm h¡& bo{H$Z am`Mya Am¡a H$moS>Jw {Obm| _| amï´>r` ~¥hV _mJ© Zht h¢&

amï´>r` ~¥hV² _mJ© NH-4 Am¡a NH-7 amï´>r` ~¥hV² _mJ© àm{YH$ma Ho$ gwdU© MVwîH$moU ~¥hV²

_mJ© `moOZm Am¡a H$marS>moa `moOZm (J{b`mam `moOZm) go OwS>m h¡& ò N>: nWmo go `wº$ h¡& amÁ` go

JwOaVo dmbr AÝ` à_wI amï´>r` ~¥hV² gS>Ho$§ NH4A, NH7, NH9, NH63, NH207, NH-

13, NH-17, NH-218 NH-48, NH-206, NH-209 Am¡a NH-212 h¢&

2. amÁ` Ho$ ~¥hV² _mJ©: H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s amOYmZr ~|Jbyé go {Obm H|$ÝÐ, à_wI eha VWm amï´>r`

~¥hV² _mJ© go g§b¾ gS>H$m| H$mo amÁ` ~¥hV² _mJ© H$hm OmVm h¡& BZH$m {Z_m©U Am¡a ì`dñWm (à~§Y)

amÁ` gaH$ma H$s {Oå_oXmar h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _| 19578 {H$._r. bå~r amÁ` ~¥hV² gS>H|$ h¡&

~obJmdr {Obm AË`ÝV bå~r ~¥hV² gS>H$ dmbm {Obm h¡& ~|Jbyé AË`ÝV H$_ bå~r (N>moQ>r)

amÁ` ~¥hV gS>H$ dmbm {Obm h¡& Š`m|{H$ `hm± ZJar gS>Ho$§ A{YH$ h¢&

3. {Obm gS>H$: {Obm Ho$ÝÐ go g^r VmbwH$ Ho$ÝÐm| H$mo à_wI eham|, J«m_m|, aob_mJm] VWm ~¥hV²

_mJm] go g§nH©$ OmoS>Zo dmbo _mJm] H$mo "{Obm gS>H$' H$hVo h¢& BZH$mo {Z_m©U A{^d¥{Õ VWm XoIaoI

"{Obmn§Mm`V' Ho$ AÝVJ©V AmVm h¡& amÁ` _| Hw$b 49, 909 {H$. _r. bå~m "{Obm _mJ© (g‹S>H$)'

h¡& g~go A{YH$ {Obm gS²H$ Vw_Hw$ê$ {Obo _| h¡& am`Mya {Obo _| g~go H$_ {Obm gS>H|$ h¢&

4. J«m_rU g‹S>H$: Vm„þH$ Ho$ÝÐ go àËòH$ J«m_ H$mo, g^r {Obm gS>H$m| go gånH©$ OmoS>Zo dmbr

g‹S>H|$ hr J«m_rU g‹S>Ho$§ h¡& BZH$m, {Z_m©U Ed§ ì`dñWm VmbwH$ n§Mm`V VWm J«m_ n§Mm`V àemgZ

H$s {Oå_oXmar h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _| Hw$b 1,77,542 {H$._r. bå~r J«m_rU g‹S>H|$ h¢&

Cn[a{bpIV àH$ma H$s gS>H$m| Ho$ A{V[aŠV, {d{dY CÔoí` Am¡a ñWmZr` àemgZ ì`dñWm Ho$

AYrZ pñWV gS>Ho$ h¢& CXmhaU bmoH$mon`moJr gS>Ho$§, dZ {d^mJ, qgMmB© {d^mJ, Am¡a ZJanm{bH$m

VWm _hmZJanm{bH$m H$s g‹S>Ho$§&

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KTBS

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aob `mVm`mV

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| gS>H$ `mVm`mV

Ho$ ~mX aob `mVm`mV à_wI h¡&

({ZåZ Xa) H$_ Xm_ _| A{YH$

Xÿa H$s `mÌm Am¡a _mb bo OmZo

bo AmZo Ho$ {bE aob `mVm`mV

H$mo _hËdnyU© ñWmZ àmá h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| gd©àW_ aob

g§Mma H$m àma^ gZ² 1864 _|

hþAm& ~|Jbyé Am¡a _Ðmg ZJam|

Ho$ ~rM "_Ðmg aobdo H§$nZr' Zo

BgH$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Wm & `h

gZ 1956 VH$ Hw$b 2595

{H$._r. bå~m aob _mJ© Wm Omo

X{jU aob _§S>b Ho$ AÝVJ©V

Wm& AmO `h CÎma n{ü_ aob

_§S>b Ho$ ê$n _| ApñVËd _| h¡&

Am¡a hþ~br Ho$ A{YH$ma _| h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| AmO Hw$b 3244

{H$._r. aob _mJ© h¡&

[H«$`m H$bmn :gS>H$ `mVm`mV Am¡a aob `mVm`mV

Ho$ AZwnmV Ho$ ~mao _| AnZm AZw^md AnZo g_yh _| ~m±{Q>E& VáíMmV² {H$g `mV`mV H$mo CÎm_ _mZVo h¡§ & {ZU©` br{OE ?

H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ g^r {Obm| _| aob _mJm] H$m g_mZ {dVaU

Zhr§ h¢& ~|Jbyé, ~„mar, ~obJmdr, hmgZ, CÎma H$ÞS>,

{MÌXþJm©, CSw>{n, am_ZJa, X{jU H$ÞS> {Obm| _| bJ^J

150-200 {H$._r. bå~m aob _mJ© h¡& H$moS>Jw {Obo _| H$moB©

^r aob_mJ© Zht h¡&

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H$m|H$U aobdo: `h n{ü_r VQ>r` àXoe H$m _hËdnyU aob _mJ© h¡& `h _§Jbya go _wå~B© Ho$ ~rM

H$s `mÌm Ad{Y H$mo bJ^J 41 K§Q>o go 18 K§Q> H$_ H$aVm h¡& BgH$s bå~mB© H$Zm©Q>H$ _| 273 {H$.

_r. h¡& Bg_| 13 à_wI Am¡a 310 AÝ` nwb h¢& CZ_| eamdVr H$m nwb (2.2 {H$. _r.) AË`§V

bå~m h¡& H$mbr ZXr H$m nwb (1.2 {H$._r) ^r à_wI h¡& H$B© gwa§J _mJ© Am¡a nwbm| go JwOaZo dmbm

`h _mJ© AË`§V gwÝXa àmH¥${VH$ Ñí`m| go `wº$ h¡&

_¡Q´>mo aob: ~|Jbyé ~¥hV² ZJa Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW `mVm`mV gå~mÝYr

g_ñ`mE± A{YH$ hmoVr Om hr h¢& BgHo$ {ZdmaU/g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE Zå_ _oQ´>mo (h_mam _oQ´>mo) ZJa

aob `moOZm Omar H$s JB©& Bggo 20 Aºy$~a 2011 _| gd©àW_ _oQ´>moaob ~|Jbyé Ho$ ~¡`ßnZh„r

go E_.Or. gS>H$ VH$ H$m`m©pÝdV hþ`r Am¡a bmIm| bmoJ `mÌm H$a aho h¢& Bggo Vwa§V EH$ñWmZ

go Xÿgao ñWmZ na nhþ±Mm Om gH$Vm h¡& AmO ^r _oQ´>mo aob _mJ© {Z_m©U AdñWm _| h¡&

dm`w `mVm`mV

dm`w `mVm`mV AË`§V doJ Mm{bV `mVm`mV H$m gmYZ h¡& `h `m{Ì`m|, S>mH$ Am¡a ~hþ_yë`

hëH$s dñVwAm| H$mo erK« Xÿa Ho$ ñWbm| H$mo (bo OmZo bo AmZo) n[adhZ Ho$ {bE ~S>m Cn`wº$ h¡&

Z¡g{J©H$ àmH¥${VH$ g§H$Q> AmZo na VWm `wÔ O¡g| AmH$pñ_H$ n[apñW{V`m| _| n[ahma H$m`© {Z^mZo _|

^r `h `mVm`mV gmYZ _| ghm`H$ h¡& naÝVw `h _h±Jm `mVm`mV H$m gmYZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g^r

dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE CnbãY Zht h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àW_ {d_mZ`mZ gZ² 1946 _| ~|Jbya-h¡Xma~mX Ho$ ~rM "X¸$Z Eàdog'

Zm_H$ H§$nZr Zo àma§^ {H$`m Wm& ^maVr` {d_mZ g§Mma gZ² 1953 _| amï´>r`H¥$V hmo JE

Am¡a BpÝS>`Z Eà bmBÝg g§ñWm Ho$ àmaå^ hmoVo hr ~|Jbya go {d{dY Ho$ÝÐm| H$mo {d_mZ`mZ

H$s gw{dYmE± CnbãY H$amB© JB©& amÁ` H$s amOYmZr ~|Jbyé gZ² 1996 _| A§Vam©ï´>r` {d_mZ

nÎmZ Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m& ~obJdr, hþ~br, _¡gyé, _§Jbyé _| Xoer` {d_mZ nÎmZ h¡& ZdrZ

{d_mZnÎmZ hmgZ, H$b~waJr _| {Z_m©UmYrZ h¡&

Bggo nyd© ~|Jbyé H.A. L ({hÝXþñVmZ EàmoZm°{Q>Šg {b{_Q>oS>) {d_mZ nÎmZm| _| AÝVam©ï´>r` {d_

mZ nÎmZ H$mo 34 {H$. _r. Xÿarna XodZh„r H$mo {XZm§H$ 24-5- 2008 H$mo ñWmZm§V[aV {H$`m J`m&

H.A. L {d_mZ nVZ OhmOamZ (nm`bQ>) Ho$ à{ejU hoVw Cn`moJ _| bm`m Om ahm h¡& Zd {Z{_©V

XodZh„r {d_mZ nÎmZ ^maV H$m àW_ (h[aV joÌ nÎmZ) J«rZ \$sëS> EànmoQ>© h¡ & `h gwg{‚mV

gw{dYmAm| go `wº$ A{V AmYw{ZH$ {d_mZ nÎmZ h¡& Bgo H|$noJm¡S>m A§Vam©ï´>r` {d_mZ nÎmZ H$hVo h¡&

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Ob `mVm`mVH$Zm©Q>H$ `| AÝVX}er` VWm g_wÐr `mVm`mV XmoZm| hr naånam _| h¢& BZH$s CnbpãY ~hþV

gr{_V h¡& CÝh| ~hþV _hËd Zht {_bm h¡& àmMrZ H$mb _| AÝVX}er` Ob `mVmVmV J«m_rU Zmd, S>m|Jr (h[aJmob), ~oSo> (Voßnm), VH$ hr gr{_V Wm& AmOH$b `§ÌMm{bV Zmdm| H$m MbZ h¡& `h CÎma H$ÞS>, CSw>{n VWm X{jU H$ÞS> {Obmo§ _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& BZ {Obm| _| ~hZo dmbr Z{X`m± _| J§Jmdbr, H$mbr, eamdVr, hmbmS>r, MH«$m, ZoÌmdVr H$mo„ma (CSw>nr {Obm) Am{X _w»` h¢& {OZ_| AÝVX}er` Ob `mVm`mV hmoVm h¡& H¥$îUm ZXr H$mo nma H$aZo Ho${bE Hw$N> ñWmZm| na Zmdm| H$m Cn`moJ hmoVm h¡& g‹S>>H$ VWm `mVm`mV H$s gw{dYm H$s A{^d¥{Õ go Ob `mVm`mV ì`dñWm H$m Cn`moJ H$_ hmo J`m h¡&

~ÝXaJmh : g_wÐrVQ> na OhmOm| Ho$ R>haZo Ho$ ñWmZ H$mo ~ÝXaJmh H$hVo h¢& _Ëñ`nmbZ, ì`mnma, OZ `mÌm Am¡a _mb nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE OhmOm| H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ _| bJ^J 25 N>moQ>o Am¡a ~So> ~ÝXaJmh h¢& gZ² 1957 _| ~ÝXaJmh A{^d¥{Õ {d^mJ Zo ñWm{nV {H$`m Wm & Am¡a gw{dYmAm| H$m {dñVma Ama§^ {H$`m& Zd _§Jbyé gZ 1974 _| _B© 4 VmarI H$mo ^maV H$m 9 dm± (Zm¡dm§) à_wI ~§XaJh Kmo{fV hþAm& Bgo H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m "~S>m/_w»` Ûma' H$hm OmVm h¡& Bg ~§XaJmh go H$ƒm bmohm (bmoh A`ñH$) H$m°\$s, _gmbo, H$mOy, M§XZ, Ina¡b, H«$mo_mBQ>, J«oZmBQ> nËWa, g§gm{YV \$b Am¡a _N>{b`m± {Z`m©V hmoVr h¢& `hm± go noQ´>mo{b`_ H$m Am`mV hmoVm h¡& gmW hr amÁ` Zo Xg N>moQ>o ~§XaJmhm| H$s A{^d¥{Õ H$s h¡& do h¢- àmMrZ _§Jbyé ~§XaJmh, _ëno ~§XaJmh, h§Jma H$Å>o, Hw§$Xmnwa, nSw>{~Ðr, ^Q>H$b, hmoÞmda, ~oboHo$ar Am¡a H$madma& BZ_| go H$madma ~§XaJmh AË`§V gwÝXa ~§XaJmh Ho$ ê$n _| {d»`mV h¡& `h gd©_wIr ~§XaJmh hmoVo hþE AnZo `hm± go bm¡h A`ñH$ (H$ƒm bmoh), _¢JZrO, J«oZmBQ> Am¡a ì`dgm` Ûmam CËnÞ MrOm| H$mo {Z`m©V H$aVm h¡&

Aä`mg

I. ghr eãXm| go [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$mo{OE :

1. àËòH$ Jm±dm|-eham| H$mo ________________ `mVm`mV OmoS>Vm h¡&.

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ go Hw$b ________________ amï´>r` amO_mJ© hmoH$a JwOaVm h¡&

3. ~|Jbyé ZJa _| pñWV ZJa aob ì`dñWm H$mo ________________ H$hVo h¡&

4. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ _w»` Ûma Ho$ ê$n _| ________________ ~§XaJmh H$mo OmZm OmVm h¡&

5. n{ü_r VQ> Ho$ aob _mJ© H$mo ________________ H$hm OmVm h¡&

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1. g‹S>H$ `mVm`mV Ho$ _hËd H$mo g_PmBE&.

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ g‹S>H$ Ho$ àH$mam| Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

3. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI aob_mJm} H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

4. dm`w `mVm`mV go Š`m bm^ h¢?

5. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ ~ÝXaJmhm| Ho$ Zm_ {bpIE&


A Am

1. gwdU© MVwîH$moU A) ~§XaJmh

2. ~«mS> JoO (~‹S>r bmBZ) H$) ~|Jbya

3. EM.E.Eb O) EZ.EM-4

4. ~o{bHo$ar n) dm`w nÎmZ

5. h_mam _oQ´>mo (Zå_ _oQ´>mo) ~) aob _mJ©

_) Ob _mJ©

IV. {H«$`m H$bmn:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ go JwOaZo dmbo amO_mJm] H$mo MwZH$a H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ ZŠeo _| CZH$m Zm_m§H$Z H$s{OE&

V. `moOZm/àXÎm H$m ©:

1. AnZr aob `mÌm Ho$ AZw^d H$mo {bpIE&

2. AnZo ñWbr` `mVm`mV H$s ì`dñWm na {Q>ßnUr {bpIE&

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AÜ`m` – 8

H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ CÚmoJ YÝYoBg AÜ`m` go {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| H$mo OmZ|Jo

∙ H$Zm©Q>H$$ Ho$ CÚmoJ YÝYm| H$m _hËd &

∙ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI CÚmoJ YÝYm| Ho$ joÌ&

∙ bm¡h BñnmV CÚmoJ H$m dJuH$aU Ed§ CËnmXZ&

∙ gyVr H$nS>m, MrZr, gr_oÝQ>, H$mJO Ho$ CÚmoJ YÝYo&

∙ ~|Jbya- ^maV H$m à_wI gyMZm VH$ZrH$s CÚmoJ H|$Ð&

{H$gr ^r amÁ` Ho$ erK« {dH$mg _| CÚmoJ H$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m ahr h¡& Eogm gwZham _m¡H$m

h_mao amÁ` H$mo àmá h¡& Anma I{ZO g§n{Îm, H$ƒm _mb, Amdí`H$ Obdm`w, qgMmB© ì`dñWm,

`mVm`mV, AZw^dr _OXÿam| H$s CnbpãY, {demb ì`mnma Ho$ÝÐ VWm VH$ZrH$s hmoZo Ho$ H$maU

H$Zm©Q>H$ AZoH$ d¡{dÜ`_` CÚmoJ YÝYm| Ho$ {bE Zm_MrZ h¡& h_mam amÁ` H¥${f AmYm[aV Hw$Q>ra

CÚmoJ go boH$a AmYw{ZH$ CÚmoJ YÝYm| H$s Amoa VoOr go ~‹T> ahm h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| CÚmoJ YÝYm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ga E_ {dœoœaæ`m Or H$m ~hþV `moJXmZ h¡&

""Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU Ho$ {~Zm {dZme'' Bg VÏ` na MbZo dmbo {dœoœaæ`m Or Zo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$

AZoH$ CÚmoJYÝYm| H$s ~w{Z`mX S>mbr& gZ² 1902 _| {edZg_wÐ Ob{dÚwVe{º$ CËnmXZ Ho$ àma§^

Ho$ ~mX {d{^Þ _yb^yV gm_J«r, X¡{ZH$ Cn`moJ H$s dñVwAm| H$mo V¡`ma H$aVo dmbo CÚmoJ àma§^ hþE&

Mmdb H$s {_b|, Ina¡b ~ZmZm, ~rS>r {gJaoQ>, bmohm Am¡a nrVb T>bmB© Ho$ H$maImZo ñWm{nV {H$ò

JE& gZ² 1923 Ho$ ~mX amÁ` _| bmohm Am¡a BñnmV CÚmoJ, gm~wZ {Z_m©U, H$nmg Am¡a aoe_ H$s

ñdV§ÌVm go nyd© hr CZ{XZm| H$m _¡gya àm§V CÚmoJ YÝYm| Ho$ {bE à{gÕ Wm& BgH$m H$maU Wm-àma§^

_| A§J«oOm| VWm VËH$mbrZ emgH$m| H$s Bg Amoa A{^é{M&

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma H$mo CÚmoJ Zr{V amÁ` Ho$ CÚmoJ YÝYm| Ho$ {dH$mg

_| ghm`H$ ahr& BgHo$ n[aUm_ ñdén AZoH$ CÚmoJ ñWm{nV hþE& CXmhaU _| {d_mZ

{Z_m©U, àm¡Úmo{JH$s, _erZr CnH$aU, K{‹S>`m±, bmohm, Am¡a BñnmV, Aë`w_r{Z`_,

gyMZmEd§ VH$ZrH$s, BboŠQ´>m{ZŠg VWm O¡{dH$s VH$ZrH$s CÚmoJ BË`m{X à_wI h¢& bm¡h BñnmV CÚmoJ : X{jU ^maV _| H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo hr gd©àW_ bm¡h BñnmV CÚmoJ H$s ñWmnZm H$m

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joÌ àmá h¡& ga. E_. {dœoœaæ`m H$s XÿaX{e©Vm go ~m~m~wS>Z{J[a nhmS>r go H$m\$s _mÌm _| àmá bm¡h A`ñH$ Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE {ed_mo½Jm {Obo Ho$ ^ÐmdVr joÌ _| gZ² 1923 _| bm¡h BñnmV CÚmoJ H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& Bgo _¡gyé Am`Z EÊS> ñQ>rb B§S>ñQ´>rO {b{_Q>oS> (MISL) Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm J`m& VËnümV² `h gZ² 1989 _| ^maV BñnmV à{YH$ma H$mo gm¢nm J`m& AmO `h {dœolæ`m bm¡h- BñnmV Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÔ h¡& Bg H$maImZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ bm¡h-A`ñH$ Ho$å_ÊUw Jw§S>r go, ~§S>r JwÈ>m go MyZm, ^Ðm ZXr go Ob Am¡a g§Sy>a go _¢JZrO H$s ny{V© hmoVr h¡& Ama§^ _| ^Å>r Ho$ {bE bH$S>r, B©YZ H$m Cn`moJ hmoVm Wm & eamdVr {dÚwVe{º$ CËnmXZ H|$Ð Ho$ àm§a^ hmoZo na Ob {dÚwVe{º$ H$m Cn`moJ hmoZo bJm& A~ {deof àH$ma Ho$ BñnmV, T>bdm± bmoho H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m EH$ Am¡a {deof (à_wI) bm¡h BñnmV CÚmoJ d¡`{º$H$ joÌ H$m {OÝXmb, {dO`ZJa BñnmV {b{_Q>oS> h¡& Omo ~„mar {Obo Ho$ VmoaUJb ñWmZ _| ñZ 2001 _| ~So> hr AmYw{ZH$ H$moaoŠg VH$ZrH$s Ho$ à`moJ go ñWm{nV hþAm h¡& `h bmohm Am¡a BñnmV H$m CËnmXZ H$aVm h¡&

gyVr H$n‹S>m CÚmoJ : gyVr H$nS>m CÚmoJ AmYw{ZH$ CÚmoJ YÝYm| _| go EH$ h¡& `h H¥${f AmYm[aV CÚmoJ h¡& àmMrZ H$mb go hr hWH$aYm dó {Z_m©U H$s àWm H$Zm©Q>H$ _| Mbr Am ahr h¡& AmO^r hWH$aYm YÝYo àM{bV h¢& H¥${Ì_ aoem| dmbo dó, {dXoer gyVr dóm| H$s ñnYm© _| gyVr dóm| H$s AmO ^r amÁ` _| ~hþV _m±J h¡&

AmYw{ZH$ gyVr {_b| 19 dt eVmãXr Ho$ A§{V_ MaUm| _| Ama§^ hmoZo bJr Wr& ê$B© (H$nmg) go ~rO AbJ H$aZo (AmoQ>mB© {_b), éB© go YmJo {ZH$mbZo ~ZmZo (H$VmB© {_b, gyV H$VmB©) Am{X H$m_ CÎmar {Obm| _| Ama§^ hþAm& gd©àW_ gZ² 1884 _| E_.Eg Ho$ {_bH$b~waJr _| ñWm{nV hþAm& VËnümV² hþ~br _| gyVr dó CÚmoJ àma§^ hþAm& gZ² 1900 Ho$ ~mX gyVr dó H$s ~S>r-~S>r {_bo ñWm{nV hþ`t& CZ_| ~|Jbyé H$m {~Þr {_b, {_Zdm© {_b, _¡gyé H$m Ho$. Ama. {_b, XmdUJoao H$m H$m°Q>Z{_b BË`m{X ñdV§Ìmnyd© hr ñWm{nV {_b| h¡&

VËnümV² H$nmg CËnmXZ _| CÎmar _¡XmZr joÌm| _| A{^d{Õ hþ`r& XmdUJoao gyVr dó CÚmoJ H$m AË`§V à_wI H|$Ð ~Z J`m& `h "H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m _oZM¡ñQ>a' H$hbmVm h¡ & hþã~„r BbH$b, JwboXJwÈ>m hþUgyé, Z§OZJySw>, {n[a`mnÅ>Um, Mm_amOZJam| _| ^r gyVr-dó H$mVZo- ~wZZo H$s {_b| h¢& dV©_mZ amÁ` _| 44 gyVr dóm| H$s {_b| h¡& BZ_| dm{f©H$ CËnmXZ H$s Ñ{ï> go bJ^J 5.1 XgbmI _rQ>a gyVr dó CËnm{XV hmoVm h¡&

AmOH$b Hw$N> {_b| ~§X nS>r h¢& BgH$m H$maU H$ƒo gyV H$s H$_r, nwamZo `§Ì, {dX²`wVe{º$ H$s H$_r, ~‹T>Vm CËnmXZ IM© H¥${Ì_ aoeoXma dó H$s ñnYm© Am{X h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| dó CÚmJ H$s pñW{V H$mo gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE "gwdU© dó Zr{V' 2008- 13 Zm_H$ `moOZm H$m àma§^ gaH$ma Ûmam hþAm, {OZ_| 11 {Obm| _| V¡`ma dó H$§n{Z`m| H$s ñWmnZm hþ`r& BZgo CËnm{XV _mb H$mo {dXoem| H$mo {Z`m©V H$aZm hr BgH$m CÔoí` h¡& AmO dó {Z`m©V joÌ H$s Ñ{ï> go H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m ñWmZ Xoe _| Xÿgam h¡& XmoÈ>~„mnwa, AmZoH$b, ~obJmdr, _¡gyé, am_ZJa BZ ñWmZm| _| V¡`ma dó H$s \¡$pŠQ´>`m± h¢&

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MrZr CÚmoJkmV aho:∙ H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m eŠH$a ZJa _§S`m h¡&

∙ eŠH$a {Obm-~obJmdr h¡&

MrZr CÚmoJ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI ~‹S>o CÚmoJm| _| go EH$ h¡& `h ^r H¥${f - AmYm[aV CÚmoJ h¡& BgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ g^r gH$mamË_H$ A§e amÁ` _| CnbãY h¢& CXm- JÞm (B©I) CËnmXZ (gh gm_J«r), CÎm_ Obdm`w, {dÚwV, ñWmZr` ~mOma, `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZ BË`m{X& `h H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm _| à_wI ñWmZ aIVm h¡& 19 dt eVmîXr Ho$ àma§^ _| hr lra§JnÅ>U Ho$ nmb{„ (Aï>J«m_) VWm {M¸$~„mnwa _| MrZr {Z_m©U (CËnmXZ) H$m C„oI ga \«$m§{gg ~wH$mZZ Zo {H$`m h¡& gZ² 1847 _| MrZr H$m CËnmXZ H$a b§XZ Ho$ dñVw àXe©Z _| ^mJ boH$a nwañH$ma àmá H$aZo H$m C„oI {_bm h¡& gd© àW_ MrZr CÚmoJ gZ² 1943 _| _¡gya MrZr H§$nZr (MySugar) _§S>çm _| àma§^ hþAm& gZ² 1951 VH$ `h EH$_mÌ MrZr H$m H$maImZm Wm& AmO amÁ` _| Hw$b 47 MrZr Ho$ H$maImZo h¢& dm{f©H$ CËnmXZ H$s Ñ{ï> go `hm± 339 bmI Q>Z MrZr H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a `h amÁ` ^maV _| MrZr CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE V¥Vr` ñWmZ aIVm h¡&

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{dVaU: H$Zm©Q>H$ _| MrZr CÚmoJ, {deofH$a JÞm (B©I) CËnmXH$ àXoem| _| {dV[aV h¡& H$mdoar,

H¥$îUm VWm Vw§J^Ðm Z{X`m| Ho$ ObmZ`Z àXoem| _| `h H|$ÐrH¥$V h¢& ~obJdr VWm ~mJbH$moQ> {Obm|

_| AË`{YH$ MrZr Ho$ H$maImZo h¢& VËnümV _§S>`m, _¡gya, ~rXa, {dO`mnwam, H$b~wa{J ~„mar VWm

XmdUJoao {Obm| H$m ñWmZ à_wI h¡&

JÞo Ho$ {N>bHo$ VWm am~ Bg CÚmoJ go àmá CnnXmW© h¡& JÞo Ho$ {N>bH$m| go H$mJO V¡`ma hmoVm

h¡& Am¡a BªYZ Ho$ én _| ^r BgH$m Cn`moJ hmoVm h¡& am~ H$m Cn`moJ eam~ ~ZmZo _| {H$`m OmVm h¡&

H$mJO- CÚmoJ

H$mJO AmYw{ZH$ OJV H$s _hËdnyU© dñVw h¡& `h {ejU, _wÐU nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± VWm g§ñH¥${V

{dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ dñVw h¡& H$mJO CÚmoJ dZ AmYm[aV h¡& Bg CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE ~m±g, d¥jm|

Ho$ JyX>o, Kmg, JÞo Ho$ {N>bHo$, {MWSo>, aÔr H$mJOm| H$m Cn`moJ H$ƒo_mb Ho$ én _| {H$`m OmVm

h¡& gd©àW_ H$Zm©Q>H$ _| {ed_mo½Jm VWm {M¸$_Jbyé Ho$ KZo O§Jbm| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a ^ÐmdVr _|

"_¡gya nona {_b {b{_Q>oS'> H$s ñWmnZm gZ² 1936 _| H$s JB©& VËnümV ì`{º$JV H§$nZr doñQ>H$moñQ>

(n{ü_r KmQ>) nona {_b H$s ñWmnZm Xm§So>br _| H$s JB©& `hm± H$ƒm_mb {ZH$Q>dVu dZ joÌm| go

~m±g, Zrb{J[a d¥j H$m JyXm, H$mbr ZXr go Ob, OmoJànmV go {dÚwV Am{X CnbãY hmoVm Wm&

Z§OZJySw>, H¥$îU amO ZJa, gË`Jmbm, _w§S>JmoS>, _wZram~mX, `{S>`yé VWm ~|Jbyé amÁ` H$m eof

H$mJO CËnmXZ joÌ h¡& ^maV _| H$mJO CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE H$Zm©Q>H$ Mm¡Wm ñWmZ aIVm h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$

à{V df© 3.6 bmI Q>Z H$mJO CËnmXZ H$aVm h¡&

gr_|Q> CÚmoJ H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ZJarH$U VWm Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU H$m {dH$mg ~‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW-gmW {Z_m©U H$m`© _|

gr_|Q> H$s _m§J ^r ~‹T> J`r h¡& _H$mZ ~ZmZo, ~So>-~So> gmd©O{ZH$ ^dZm| Ho$ {Z_m©U, gS>H$, nwb,

~m±Y Am{Y Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE gr_oÝQ> Amdí`H$ h¡&

{H«$`m H$bmn

AnZo g_rn Ho$ CÚmoJ H|$Ð _| OmBE Am¡a dhm± à`moJ H$s OmZrdmbr H$ƒr gm_Jm«r H$m g§J«h do H¡$go H$aVo h¡, OmZo&

gr_oÝQ> CÚmoJ H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ AË`{YH$

MyZmnËWa amÁ` _| CnbãY h¡ & gmW hr {Oßg_ VWm ~mŠgBQ>

^r CnbãY h¡& Ho$db H$mo`bm n‹S>mogr amÁ`m| go Am`mV

{H$`m OmVm h¡& Ob, ~mby, `mVm`mV, {dÚwV e{º$ (D$Om©),

{MH$Zr {_Å>r, {dñV¥V ì`mnma H$s gw{dYm ^r gr_oÝQ> CÚmoJ

Ho$ {dH$mg _| ghm`H$ ahr h¡&

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amÁ`m H$m àW_ gr_oÝQ> H$maImZm gZ² 1939 _| ^ÐmdVr _| ñWm{nV hþAm& VËnümV ~mJbH$moQ>,

Vw_Hw$ê$ {Obo Ho$ Aåmg§Ðm,H$b~waJr {Obo Ho$ emhm~mX _| gr_oÝQ> Ho$ H$maImZo ñWm{nV hþE& AÝ`

gr_oÝQ> CÚmoJ Ho$ÝÐm| _| dmS>r, bmoH$mnwa, {MÌXþJm© {Obo H$m B{Å>Johbr, _S>Ho$ao, H§$Mrnwam, H$bXJr,

Hw$aHw§$Q>m, goS>_ Am¡a {MVmnwa à_wI h¡& Xoe Ho$ Hw$b gr_oÝQ> CËnmXZ H$m 8 à{VeV ^mJ H$Zm©Q>H$ _|

CËn{XV hmoVm h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` bJ^J 121 bmI Q>Z dm{f©H$ gr_oÝQ> CËnmXZ H$s j_Vm aIVm h¡&

gyMZm- VH$ZrH$s CÚmoJ

H$Zm©Q>H$ ^maV H$m à_wI kmZ (gyMZm) Ed§ VH$ZrH$ Ho$ÝÐ h¡& `hm± gyMZm VH$ZrH$s CÚmoJ

H$m H$m\$s {dH$mg hþAm& h¡& AZoH$ àm¡Úmo{JH$ _hm{dÚmb`, AZwg§YmZ H|$Ð, H§$ß`yQ>a> (JUH$`§Ì)

AmYm[aV VH$ZrH$s H$mog© (nmR>çH«$_m|) na A{YH$ ~b {X`m Om ahm h¡& {Oggo n[ad{V©V AJmY

_mZd e{º$ h¡& Bggo AZoH$ gm°âQ>doà CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm hþ`r h¡ Am¡a H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m Bg {Xem _|

^maV _| A{V CÞV ñWmZ h¡&

~|Jbyé ; ^maV H$m à_wI gyMZm VH$ZrH$s H|$Ð

~whV² ~|Jbyé ^maV H$m "{gbrH$m°Z KmQ>r' Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ h¡& gm°âQ>doà (VH$ZrH$s A§e)

AWdm H§$ß`yQ>a àmoJ«m_ Ho$ {bE gm_J«r CËnmXZ VWm {Z`m©V H$aZo _| `h àW_ ñWmZ aIVm h¡& `h

OJV ({dœ) Ho$ Xg à_wI CÞV VH$ZrH$s (hmBQ>oH$) ZJam| _| go EH$ h¡& BgHo$ Amg-nmg Ho$ AÝ`

ZJam| _| ^r gm°âQ>doà CÚmoJ ì`mnH$ én _| \¡$b ahm h¡& Bg EH$ hr ZJa (~|Jbya) _| 1200 AmB.

Q>r. ~r. Q>r. CÚmoJ VWm bJ^J 4 bmI go ^r A{YH$ bmoJm| H$mo amoOJma H$mo ì`dñWm hmo gH$s h¡&

`hm± {dœ H$s Hw$N> à{gÕ H§$n{Z`m| Zo AnZr emImE± ñWm{nV H$s h¢& BgH$m H$maU CÎm_ Obdm`w,

{dÚwV Amny{V©, VH$ZrH$s {deofk ({ZnwU), Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm, {dñV¥V ~mOma VWm _yb gw{dYmAm|

H$m hmoZm h¡& Bggo ~¥hV² ~|Jbyé ^maV Ho$ à{V{ð>V gyMZm VH$ZrH$s H|$Ð Ho$ én _| OmZm OmVm h¡&

~|Jbyé _| B§\$mo{gg, {dàmo Am{X à{V{ð>V H§$n{Z`m± h¢& BZH$s {d{dY emImE± amÁ` Ho$ AÝ`

Hw$N> ZJa H|$Ðm| _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¢& CXm- _¡gyé, hþã~m„r, H$b~wa{J, {ed_mo½Jm, Vw_Hy$é, _§Jbyé

Am{X& _mZd g§gmYZm| H$s gyMZm, {Z`w{º$, à{ejU, nmR>`H«$_ Am{X H$s OmZH$mar XoZo Ho$ {bE

`h CÚmoJ ~S>m Cn`moJr h¡&

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H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ CÚmoJ YÝYm| Ho$ joÌamÁ` _| CÚmoJ YÝYm| H$s ì`mnH$Vm Ho$ AmYma na H$Zm©Q>H$ _| 5 CÚmoJ joÌ ~m±Q>o Om gH$Vo

h¡& do h¢ -

1. ~|Jbyé - H$mobma-Vw_Hw$ê$ CÚmoJ joÌ- `h AË`§V A{YH$ CÚmoJm|dmbm joÌ h¡&

2. ~obJmdr- YmadmS> joÌ

3. X{jU H$ÞS>, CSw>{n {Obm&

4. ~„mar-am`Mya- H$moßnb {Obm CÚmoJ joÌ &

5. _¡gyé- _§S>çm CÚmoJ joÌ

Aä`mg

I. [aº$ ñWZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| gd©àW_ bm¡h Am¡a BñnmV H$maIZo H$s ñWmnZm ___________ _| hþ`r&

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m _oZMoñQ>a ____________ H$hbmVm h¡&

3. JÞo go ____________ H$m CnmXZ hmoVm h¡&

4. Aå_mg§Ðm _| ____________ H$maImZm pñWV h¡&

5. {gbrH$m°Z KmQ>r Ho$ Zm_ go ____________ ZJa H$mo OmZm OmVm h¡&

II. {ZÝ_{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$maIZm| H$s d¥{Õ ({dH$mg) Ho$ ~mao _| EH$ {Q>ßnUr {bpIE&

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| bm¡h Am¡a BñnmV H$maImZm| Ho$ ~ma| _| {ddaU Xr{OE&

3. gyVr H$nS>m| Ho$ H$maImZo H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$hm±-H$hm± h¢ ?

4. MrZr H$s H$maImZm ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ A§em| H$mo ~VmBE&

5. ~|Jbyé _| gyMZm VH$ZrH$s CÚmoJm| Ho$ H|$ÐrH¥$V hmoZo H$m H$maU g_PmBE&

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A Am

1. XmÝSo>br A) gr_oÝQ>

2. VmoaUJb H$) gyVr H$nS>m

3. _mobH$më_yê$ O) H$mJO

4. emhm~mX n) H$ßß`yQ>a

5. BÝ\$mo{gg ~) bm¡h E§d BñnmV

IV. {H«$`m H$bmn:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ _mZ{MÌ H$s aMZm H$a Cg_| H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI CÚmoJ YÝYmo§ H$mo Zm_m§{H$V H$s{OE&

V. `moOZm/àXÎm H$m ©:

1. AnZo {ZH$Q>dVu H$maImZo H$m Xm¡am H$s{OE & dhm± Cn`moJ {H$E OmZo dmbo H$ƒo_mb, CgH$m g§J«h Am¡a Cggo V¡`ma dñVw Ho$ ~mao _| anQ> V¡`ma H$s{OE&

2. ~|Jbyé ZJa _| XoIo OmZoo dmbo kmZmYm[aV Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWmAm| H$s EH$ gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE&

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AÜ`m` – 9

H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI n`©Q>Z Ho$ÝÐBg AÜ`m` go {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| H$mo OmZ|Jo

∙ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Z¡g{J©H$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñWbm| H$m n[aM` VWm _hËd&

∙ à_wI àojUr` ñWmZm| H$m {ddaU VWm CZH$m amï´>r` Am¡a A§Vam©ï´>r` _hËd&

∙ à_wI nhmS>, ObànmV, Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZ&

""Xoe XoImo H$moe nT>mo'' `h$ H$ÞS> ^mfm H$s H$hmdV h¡& bmoJ AnZo ì`mnma {dH$mg Ho$ {bE,

H$m¡Vyhb Ho$ {bE, Ym{_©H$ AmMaU, _Z H$mo em§{V, Ky_Zo, gwÝXa ñWbm| H$mo XoIZo H$s {Okmgm,

Iwer Ho$ {bE, ñdmñÏ`dY©Z Ho$ {bE, AnZo dmg ñWmZ go C{MV ñWmZm| na OmH$a Hw$N> {XZ {dhma

H$aHo$ dmng AmZo H$mo n`©Q>Z `m àdmg H$hVo h¢& n`©Q>Z ñWmZm| na R>haZo H$s ì`dñWm, bKw Amhma

H$s ì`dñWm hmoVr h¡& Bggo bmoJ CZ ñWmZm| na Hw$N> {XZ R>haH$a AÝ` àojUr` ñWbm| H$mo àñWmZ

H$aVo h¢&

AmYw{ZH$ OJV _| n`©Q>Z _mZd OrdZ H$m A{Zdm`© A§J ~Z J`m h¡& n`©Q>Z go àm§V g§ñH¥${V

ZmJ[aH$Vm, OZOrdZ H$m H«$_ Am{X g_PZo H$m _m¡H$m {_bVm h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ ^maV Ho$ AZoH$ àojUr` ñWbm| dmbo à{gÕ amÁ`m| _| go EH$ h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ àH¥${VXÎm

AZoH$ gw§Xa ñWbm| go n[anyU© h¡& h[a`mbr `wº$ _Z_mohH$ n{ü_r KmQ>, dhm± H$s Z{X`m±, ObànmV,

gwÝXa _Zmoha Km{Q>`m±, dÝÒrdZ, M§XZdZ Am{X H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ gm¡ÝX`© _| d¥{Õ H$aVo h¢& gwÝXa g_wÐr

VQ>, Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWb, {eënH$bm gm¡ÝX`© go `wº$ _§{Xa {d{dY Y_m] Ho$ Ym{_©H$ Ho$ÝÐ, Xoe{dXoe

Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo AmH${f©V H$aVo h¢& BZHo$ _hËd H$mo g_PH$a H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ àojUr` ñWbm| H$mo XoIZo

Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Zo gZ² 1974 _| ì`dpñWV n`©Q>Z VWm nmbZ/{Zdm©h Ho$ {bE H$Zm©Q>H$ àdmgmoÚ_

{ZJ_ (KSTDC) H$s ñWmnZm H$s& àdm{g`m| Ho$ {bE _yb ^yV gw{dYmAm| H$mo CnbãY H$amZo,

`mÌr {Zdmg, àdmgr J¥h, ZmíVm nmZr Ho$ÝÐ Am{X H$s ì`dñWm à_wI àojUr` ñWmZm| _| H$s JB© h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ n`©Q>H$m| Ho$ {bE ñdJ© O¡g AmZ§X XoVm h¡& `h {d{dY gw§Xa ñWbm| go nyU© h¡& VWm

bmIm| n`©Q>H$m| H$mo AmH${f©V H$aVm h¡& `wZoñH$mo (UNESCO) Zo h§nr, nÅ>XH$b Am¡a AmOH$b

n{ü_r KmQ>m| H$m| "{dœ naånam ñWb', H$h H$a n[aM` H$am`m h¡& Bggo gånyU© {dœ _| H$Zm©Q>H$

H$mo »`m{V {_br h¡&

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H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Zo ZdrZ àdmgmoÚ_ Zr{V H$mo Omar H$a {ZOr/AemgH$s` g§ñWmAm| H$s _m¡H$m Am¡a àmoËgmhZ {X`m h¡& CÎm_ àdmgmoÚ_ {Zd©hU amÁ` Ho$ ê$n _| gZ² 1996-97 _| Bg amÁ` H$mo nwañH$ma àmá hþAm h¡& {ZåZ{bpIV àojUr` ñWb H$Zm©Q>H$ _| à{gÕ h¢&

H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m nd©Vr` ñWb: H$Zm©Q>H$ d¡{dÜ`_` ^yñdê$n dmbm àXoe h¡& AZoH$ D$±Mo nd©V lo{U`m| go `wº$ h¡& `hm± AZoH$ nd©Vr` joÌ BZ_| à_wI h¢& {M¸$_Jbyé {Obm Ho$ Hw$Xþao_wI à_wI {J[aYm_ h¡& BgHo$ Mmam| Amoa hao âo KZo O§Jb, nhmS>, H$m§\$mo Ho$ ~mJZ, ObànmV h¡& {Og H$maU `h ~‹S>m hr AmH$f©Ur` ñWb h¡&

{MH$~„mnya {Obo H$m Z§Xr nd©Vr` joÌ g_wÐVb go bJ^J 1492 _rQ>a D$±Mm h¡& `hm± H$s Obdm`w R>§S>r h¡& `h ~|Jbya Ho$ H$m\$s {ZH$Q> hmoZo H$maU bmIm| n`©Q>H$m| Ho$ AmH$f©U H$m Ho$ÝÐ h¡& `hm± Amdmg VWm ImZo nrZo H$s ì`dñWm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU R>haZo H$s gw{dYm ^r h¡& AnZo ñdmñÏ` gwYma Ho$ {bE _hmË_m Jm±YrOr `hm± R>hao Wo Bg{bE "Jm±Yr ^dZ' H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m&

Bgr àH$ma {~{b{J[aa§Jm nhmS>, AmJw§~o H$m gy`m©ñV ñWb, Ho$å_U Jw§S>r, Xodam`Z XþJm©, {MÌXþJ© {Obo H$m OmoJr _Å>r,H$moS>MmÐr {h_`wº$ Jmonmbñdm_r nhmS>, am_ZJa H$s MÅ>mZ| _Yw{J[a H$m EH$ {ebmnhmS>, {dñ_`H$mar `mUm H$s MÅ>mZ|, _S>Ho$ar Am{X J«rî_ F$Vw _| R>haZo Ho$ ñWmZ h¢ VWm n`©Q>H$m| H$mo AnZr Amoa AmH${f©V H$aVo h¢&

H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ ObànmV: h_mam amÁ` ObànmVm| H$mo ZJar h¡& _boZmSw> (nd©Vr` àXoe) AZoH$ ObànmVm| go `wº$ h¡& dfm©H$mb _| BZH$m Ob ~‹S>odoJ go ~hVm h¡& CÎma H$ÞS>{Obo _| AË`ÝV A{YH$ ObànmV h¡&

^maV H$m g~go D$±Mm Ob ànmV OmoJ {ed_mo½Jm {Obo _| h¡& `hm± eamdVr ZXr Mma ^mJmo§ _| ~§Q>H$a bJ^J 292 _rQ>a H$s D$±MmB© go {JaVr h¡& BÝh| amOm, amoaa, am°Ho$Q> VWm amZr Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& `h dfm©H$mb _| nyU© Ob ny[aV hmoH$a, gm¡ÝX ©_` hmoH$a {dñ_aUr` ê$n àñVwV H$aVm h¡&

{H«$`m H$bmnAnZo {dÚmb` ñVa na

{Obm Xe©Z H$s ì`dñWm H$a {Obo Ho$ à_wI Ho$§Ðmo H$s {Q>ßnUr V¡`ma H$a|o&

H$mdoar ZXr _§S>çm Ho$ {ZH$Q> {edZ g_wÐ Ho$ {ZH$Q> JJZMw¸$r, âMw¸$s OwS>dm± ObànmV H$m {Z_m©U H$aVr h¡& _S>Ho$ar Ho$ {ZH$Q> H$m Aã~rànmV ~S>m gwÝXa h¡& Ho$å_U Jw§S>r {J[aYm_ _| hoã~o ObànmV h¡& H$ëhV{J[a ObànmV CÎma H$ÞS> {Obo H$m C±ƒ„r ObànmV _mJmoSw> ObànmV, ~obJmdr H$m JmoH$mH$ ObànmV AÝ`, à_wI ObànmV h¡& `h KQ>à^m ZXr Ûmam {Z{_©V h¡& Bgo "H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m Ý`mJ«m' H$hm OmVm h¡&

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H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ dÝÒrd Ym_ (ñWb)H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` KZo O§Jbm| go `wº$ àXoem| dmbm amÁ` h¡& O§Jb VWm O§Jbr OmZdam| H$s gwajm

Ho$ {bE gaH$ma AZoH$ dÝÒrdr Ym_, njrYm_, amï>r` CÚmZdmZ, ~mK Ym_, {d{dY Ordm| Ho$ joÌm| H$m {Zdm©h H$a ahr h¡&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| nm±M amï´>r` CÚmZdZ h¢& do h¢ ZmJahmobo H$m amOrd Jm±Yr amï´>r` CÚmZdZ, ~§S>rnwa, ~ÞoaKÅ>, Hw$Xao_wI VWm A§jr amï´>r` CÚmZ dZ&

AmAmo AnZo eha Ho$ ~mao _| OmZ|h_mao amÁ` Ho$ àËòH$ ñWmZ

AnZm hr _hËd aIVo h¢& Bg àH$ma h_mao eha Ho$ B{Vhmgo VWm _hËd Ho$ ~mao _| nyd©Om| go OmZH$mar EH$Ì H$ao§Jo&

àm{U`m| H$m CZHo$ hr joÌ _| g§ajU (gwajm) àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE amÁ` _| 18 dÝÒrd Ym_ {Z{_©V h¡& CZ_| à_wI h¡ _wÎmmo{S>, ~§S>rnwa, Zmamhmbo, Xm§S>obr, ^Ðm dÝ` Ord Ym_, a§JZ{VÅx>, H$moŠŠao ~oëbya, _§XJÔo, JwS>{d njrYm_ BË`m{X&

H$Zm©Q>H$ gwÝXa g_wÐrVQ> go `wº$ amÁ` h¡& CZ_| JmoH$U© H$m Amo_ ~rM (VQ>) C„mb ~rM, _wê$So>œma, _ad§Vo, _bno BË`m{X g_wÐrVQ> Ag§»` n`©Q>H$m| H$mo AmH${f©V H$aVm h¡&

CSw>{n Ho$ g_rn g|Q> _oarg _Zmohmar Ûrn {d{eï> ñVå^mH$ma àmH¥${VH$ MÅ>mZ dmbm _Zmohmar ñWb h¡& _wê$So>œa H$m ZoÌmUr Ûrn, H$madma H$m XodJ‹T>> Am¡a Hy$_m©J‹T> Ûrn gw§Xa n`©Q>Z ñWZ h¡&

Eo{Vhm{gH$ joÌ (Mm[a{ÌH$ ñWmZ): h_mao àm§V Ho$ emgH$ H$X§~, hmo`gb. MmbwŠ`, {dO`ZmJa emgH$m| Zo CZHo$ Ûmam {Z{_©V {eënH$bm Ho$ d¡^d go `wº$ bmoJm| H$mo AmH${f©V H$aVo dmbo AZoH$ ñWmZm| H$mo AnZo nrN>o N>moS>m h¡& CZ_| h§nr, ~obya, hbo~rS>, gmo_ZmWnwa, ~mXm_r, nÅ>XH$b A`hmobo, ~rOmnwa H$m JmobJw§~O, b¸w§$S>r, Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWb à_wI h¡& ò amï´>r` VWm A§V©amï´>r` ñVa na »`m{V àmá joÌ h¡&

`mÌmñWb: H$Zm©Q>H$ _| AZoH$ `mÌmñWmZ h¡& Y_©ñWb, CSw>{n, l¥§Joar, hmoaZmSw>, H$mo„ÿa, JmoH$U©, Cb{d, {eagr, ldU~obJmob, Hy$S>bg§J_, _obyH$moQ>o Am{XMw§MZ{J[a, H$maH$bm, XodmJwS²>S>m, _¡bmajoÌ,H$b~waJr H$m ~§Xo ZdmO XaJmh,{dO`mnwam H$m B~«mhr_ aOm, {eam H$m _„rH$a hmZ XaJmh, _¡gyé H$m g|Q> {\$bo{_Zm MM© _§Jbya H$m amoOm[a`mo Ho$WoS´>b MM© Am{X à_wI `mÌmñWb h¢&

H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {H$bo: M[aÌ gå~Yr AZoH$ gwa{jV XþJ© ({H$bo) H$Zm©Q>H$ _| AmO ^r n`©Q>H$m| Ho$ à_wI ñWmZ h¢& ~rXa XþJ©, {dO`mnwam,H$b~waJr, {dO`ZJa XþJ©, Ho$bXr, {MÌXþJ© H$m {H$bm, _Yw{Jar Z§Xr nhmS>, nmdmJT>, _§Oam~mX, Cƒ§Jr XþJ©, H$dboXþJ©, nmagJT>, lra§JnÅ>U, VQ>r` XþJm] _| ~hmXþaJ‹T>, ~gamO XþJ©, XodJT>, Hy$_©JT> BË`m{X à_wI XþJ© h¢&

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kmV aho:∙ àmH¥${VH$ {dñ_` `wº$

ñWb H$Zm©Q>H$ _| h¡& qgVoar am°H$, ~oJbya H$m Ho$Joar Ho$ {ZH$Q> am_h„r H$m d¥hV² ~aJX d¥j, gdUya Ho$ {dñ_` H$mar B_br Ho$ d¥j Am{X&

∙ AnZo Jm±d VWm Amg-nmg Ho$ Jm±dmo§ Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ_maH$m|, _§{Xam| Am{X Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar g§J«h H$s{OE

ò D$na{bpIV g^r àojUr` ñWb H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Jm¡ad _|

Mma Mm§X bJmVo h¢& h_mar amOYmZr ~|Jbya AmOH$b n`©Q>H$m| H$mo

AmH${f©V H$a ahr h¡& `hm± H$s CÎm_ Obdm`w, {dYmZg^m O¡gr

gw§Xa B_maV| H$ã~Z nmH©$, bmb~mJ O¡go AZoH$ AmH$f©H$ CÚmZ

Bgo CÚmZ ZJar H$hZo Ho$ {bE Cn`wº$ h¡& `h H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m A{V

~¥hV² ZJa h¡& amï´>ñVa Ho$ ~¥hV² ZJam| _| ~|Jbyé EH$ h¡&

Cgr àH$ma _¡gyé amO_hbm| H$m ZJa h¡& `hm± AZoH$ gwÝXa

amO_hb h¡& `hm± Ho$ gwà{gÔ Xeham Ë`mohma Ho$ Adga na

Xoe-{dXoe go bmIm| bmoJ `hm± AmVo h¡& `hm± Mm_w§S>r nhmS>,

H¥$îUamOgmJa, d¥§XmdZ CÚmZ Am{X à_wI àojUr` ñWb h¡&

Aä`mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:

1. Z§Xr nhmS>r ñWmZ ({hbñQ>oeZ) ________ {Obo _| h¡&

2. Aã~r ObànmV ________ ZJa Ho$ {ZH$Q> h¡&

3. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m Ý`mJ«m Zm_ go ________ ObànmV à{gÕ h¡&

4. JmoH$U© Ho$ {ZH$Q> ________ ~rM (g_wÐr VQ>) h¡&

5. ""amO_hbm| H$m eha'' Zm_ go ________ ZJa OmZm OmVm h¡&

II. {ZåZ{bpIV àeZm| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE:

1. `mÌm Ûmam hmoZo dmbo bm^ H$m¡Z- H$m¡Z go h¢?

2. `mÌm ñWbm| _| Amdí`H$ _yb gw{dYmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

3. Hw$Ðo_wI nhmS>r ñWb Ho$ ~mao _| {Q>ßnUr {bpIE&

4. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ dÝÒrd Ym_m| Ho$ Zm_ {bpIE&

5. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ A{V _hËdnyU© Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

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A Am

1. {~{b{J[a a§Jm nhm‹S> A) CÎma H$ÞS> {Obm

2. OmoJr _Å>r H$) Mm_amOZJa

3. `mUm O) njrYm_ ({M{S>`mKma)

4. AWZr n) {MÌXþJm©

5. a§JZ{VÅÿ> ~) amï´>r` CÚmZ dZ

_) _`yaYm_

IV. {H«$`mH$bmn:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ nd©Vr` ñWb, dÝ` Ym_m| H$s gyMr ~ZmE±&

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI àojUr` ñWbm| Ho$ ~mao _| AnZm `mÌm AZw^d {bpIE&

V. àXÎm H$m ©:

1. n`©Q>Z ñWbm| H$m N>{d {MÌ g§J«h H$a Ab~_ V¡`ma H$s{OE&

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AÜ`m` – 10

H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZg§»`mBg AÜ`m` go {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| H$mo OmZ|Jo

∙ H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZg§»`m H$m _hËd&&

∙ OZg§»`m d¥{Õ, AmH$ma Ed§ {dVaU&

∙ OZg§»`m KZËd Am¡a gmjaVm&

∙ KZr OZg§»`m (Am~mXr) H$m n[aUm_, à_wI Am~mXr dmbo ZJa&

EH$ {Z{X©ï> ^y-^mJ na {Zdmg H$aZo dmbo OZ-g_yh H$mo OZg§»`m H$hVo h¢& `h Cg àXoe H$s A{^d¥{Õ({dH$mg) na à^md S>mbVm h¡& _Zwî` AnZr ~w{Õ Am¡a Hw$ebVm go àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m gXþn`moJ Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg _| ghm`H$ hmoVm h¡& dh OZg§»`m Ho$ AmH$ma, d¥{Õ, Am`w aMZm, {deofVm na AmYm[aV h¡&

OmZg§»`m H$m AmH$ma : Bggo nyd©, O¡gm {H$ ~Vm`m Om MwH$m h¡ H$Zm©Q>H$ {dñVma H$s Ñ{ï> go AmR>d| ñWmZ na h¡& gZ² 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZg§»`m 6,11,30,704 h¡& Bg_| nwê$fm| H$s g§»`m 3,10, 57, 742 VWm _{hbmAm| H$s g§»`m 3,00,72,662 h¡& OZg§»`m H$s _mÌm amÁ` Ho$ g^r {Obm| _| g_mZ ê$n go {dV[aV Zht h¡& ~|Jbyé Ho$ ehar BbmH$m| _| AË`{YH$ OZg§»`m h¡ VWm amÁ` _| `h àW_ ñWmZ na h¡& H$moS>Jw Bg VwbZm _| A§{V_ ñWmZ aIVm h¡& ~|Jbya Ho$ ~mX ~obJmdr _¡gyé,Vw_Hy$é, H$b~waJr VWm ~„mar {Obm| _| OZg§»`m A{YH$ h¡&

OZg§»`m d¥{Õ: gZ² 2001 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s Hw$b OZg§»`m 5,28,50,562 Wr& gZ² 2001 go gZ² 2011 VH$ OZg§»`m _| 80,80, 142 ~T>moÎmar hmo J`r h¡& Bg Ad{Y _| OZg§»`m d¥{Õ H$s Xa 17.64 go H$_ h¡& BgH$m H$maU n[adma {Z`moOZ H$m`©H«$_ Ûmam OZ OmJ¥{V gmjaVm H$m`©H«$_ VWm OÝ_ (n¡XmBe) na amoH$, J^©{ZamoYH$ Am{X h¡&

OZg§»`m KZËd: à{V EH$ {H$._r. joÌ\$b _| {Zdmg H$aZo dmbr Am¡gVZ OZg§»`m H$mo OZg§»`m KZËd H$hVo h¢& gZ² 2001 H$s OZJUZ Ho$ AZwgma h_mao amÁ` H$m OZg§»`m KZËd à{V {H$ _r, joÌ \$b _| 275 Wm& dh gZ² 2011 VH$ 319 hmo J`m h¡& {\$a ^r ^maV H$s Am¡gV OZg§»`m Ho$ AZwgma H$_ h¡& {ObmZwgma OZg§»`m KZËd H$mo XoIm OmE Vmo ~|Jbyé ZJa H$s OZg§»`m H$m KZËd A{YH$ h¡& VWm amÁ` _| àW_ ñWmZ na h¢& X{jU H$ÞS>, _¡gyé, ~|Jbyé, J«m_rU joÌ, YmadmS>, H$mobma J«m_rU joÌ, YmadmS>, H$mobma Obo BgHo$ ~mX {JZo OmVo h¡& BgH$s VwbZm _| H$moS>Jy (135) AË`§V H$_ OZKZËd H$m CXmhaU h¡&

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J«m_rU VWm ZJa OZg§»`m: H$Zm©Q>H$ J«m_ àYmZ amÁ` h¡& `hm± 29, 340 Jm±d h¡& gZ² 2011 Ho$ AZwgma BZ_| Hw$b 3.75 H$amo‹S> OZg§»`m H$m dmg h¡& AWm©V H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s Hw$b OZg§»`m H$m 61.4 à{VeV Jm±dm| _| VWm eof 38.6 à{VeV ^mJ & (2.35 H$amoS> ) eham| _| ~gm h¡& ^maV H$s OZg§»`m Ho$ Am¡gVH$s VwbZm _| H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZg§»`m _| A{YH$ d¥{Õ hþ r h¡& g^r {Obm| _| `h g_mZ Zht h¡& ~|Jbyé ZJa {Obm AË`{YH$ _mÌm _| OZg§»`m wº$ h¡& H$moS>Jw AË §V H$_ OZg§»`m dmbm joÌ h¡&

{b§J AZwnmV: àË oH$ EH$ hOma nwéfm| (ór nwéf H$m AZwnmV) Ho$ {bE _{hbmAm| H$s g§»`m qbJ AZwnmV H$hbmVr h¡& gZ² 2001 _| qbJmZwnmV 965 Wm, Omo gZ² 2011 _| 968 hmo J`m h¡& g^r {Obm| _| `h AZwnmV ^r g_mZ Zht h¡& CSw>{n, H$moS>Jw, X{jU H$ÞS>, hmgZ {Obm| _| & nwê$fm| H$s VwbZm _| {ó`m| H$s g§»`m A{YH$ h¡& & CSw>{n {Obo _| à{V EH$ hOma nwê$fm| Ho$ AZwnmV _| 1093 ó`m± h¡& Omo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`m H$m gdm©{YH$ ór AZwnmV H$m {Obm h¡& H$moS>Jw, X{jU H$ÞS>, hmgZ {Obo BgHo$ ~mX {JZo OmVo h¢ ~|Jbya ZJa Ho$ {Obmo _| à{V EH$ hOma nwê$fm| Ho$ AZwnmV _| 908 {ó`m± h¢, Omo amÁ` Ho$ AË §V H$_ {ó`m| Ho$ AZwnmV H$m joÌ h¡&

Am`w - Am¡gV aMZm: gZ² 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma amÁ` H$s Hw$b OZg§»`m _| 15 df© go H$_ Am`w Ho$ ~ƒo 29.7 à{VeV h¢& 60 df© go A{YH$ Am`w Ho$ d¥Õm| H$s g§»`m g¡H$S>m 5.5 ^mJ h¡ VWm 15 go 60 df© VH$ H$s Am`w dmbo H$m`©aV bmoJm| H$s g§»`m g¡H$S>m 64.9 ^mJ h¡&

gmjaVm-Xa: {bIZo H$m kmZ aIZo dmbo bmoJm| H$mo gmja H$hm OmVm h¡& amÁ` H$m gmjaVm Xa Am¡gVZ gZ² 2011 _| g¡H$S>m 75.6 à{VeV ^mJ Wm, Omo ^maV H$m 74% CÎm_ Am¡gV h¡& {ObmZwgma gmjaVm à{VeV X{jU H$ÞS> _| 88.6N> h¡ VWm `h gmjaVm H$s Ñ{ï> go àW_ ñWmZ na h¡& VËnümV ~|Jbyé ZJa {Obm 88.5% {ÛVr` ñWmZ aIVm h¡& CSw>{n Am¡a H$moS>Jy {Obo H«$_e… Xÿgao VWm Vrgao ñWmZ na h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV `mXm{J[a 52.4% AË`§V H$_ gmjaVm dmbm {Obm h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ _| nwéfm| H$s gmjaVm H$m Xa g¡H$S>m 82.9% h¡ Vmo _{hbmAm| H$s gmjaVm H$m Xa g¡H$S>m 68.2% h¡& ZJa VWm J«m_rU àXoem| H$s gmjaVm H$mo XoIZo na kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$-ZJa àXoem| H$s gmjaVm J«m_rU àXoem| H$s VwbZm _| ñdm^m{dH$ én go A{YH$ h¡&

MMm© H$a| :amÁ` H$s OZg§»`m amÁ` H$m

_mZd g§gmYmZ h¡? H¡$go?

H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m OZ KZËd (2011)

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H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ àW_ Xg KZr Am~mXr dmbo (gZ² 2011) joÌ

H«$.g§ ZJa OZg§»`m H«$.g ZJa OZg§»`m

1. ~|Jbyé 84,99,399 6. H$b~waJr 5,41,617

2. _¡gyé 9,83,893 7. XmdUJoao 4,35,128

3. hþã~„r YmadmS> 9,43,857 8. ~„mar 4,09,644

4. _§Jbya 6,19,664 9. {dO`nwam 3,26,360

5. ~obJmdr 6,10,189 10. {ed_mo½Jm 3,22,428

Aå`mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE :

1. 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s Hw$b OZg§»`m ____________h¡&

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m ____________ {Obm AË`{YH$ OZg§»` dmbm {Obm h¡&

3. _{hbmAm| H$s g§»`m ____________ {Obo _| gd©{YH$ h¡&

4. H$_ OZg§»` dmbm {Obm ______________ h¡&

5. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| à{V EH$ {H$. _r joÌ \$b OZg§»`m KZËd__________ H$m h¡&


1. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZg§»`m d¥{Õ Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

2. AË`{YH$ Am¡a `yZV_ OZg§»`m KZËd dmbo {Obm| Ho$ Zm_ {bpIE&

3. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ehar Am¡a J«m_rU joÌm| _| OZg§»`m {dVaU Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

4. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s gmjaVm Ho$ ~mao _| g§{jV {Q>ßnUr {bpIE&

III. {H«$`mH$bmn:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ ZŠeo _| OZg§»`m KZËd Ho$ AZwê$n gmjaVm {dVaU H$mo Xem©E§&

IV. `moOZm/àXÎm H$m`©:

1. Amn AnZo Amdmgr` joÌ, eha AWdm Jm§d g§~§Yr OZg§»`m KZËd H$m {ddaU g§J«h H$a EH$ {Q>ßnUr {bpIE&

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AW©emó

AÜ`m` - 3

Jar~r Am¡a ^yI

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo H$s OmZH$mar hmoJr - · Jar~r H$m AW© Am¡a H$maU · Jar~r aoIm H$s n[aH$ënZm · ^maV ‘o§ Jar~r H$s _mÌm · ^yI Am¡a ImÚ gwajm · Jar~r Am¡a ^yI Ho$ qbJ Am¶m‘ · Jar~r {Z‘y©bZ Ho$ {bE àM{bV H$m¶©H«$_· ImÚ gwajm H$s Amdí¶H$Vm Am¡a Cgo gmH$ma ~ZmZodmbo H$m¶©H«$_

^maV H$s n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm ‘| Jar~r hQ>mZo H$m bú¶ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r àmW{‘H$ gw{dYm Ho$ A^md _| AmO ^r OZg§»¶m H$s ‘mÌm A{YH$ hþB© h¡& Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| Jar~r H$m AW©, Cgo Xÿa H$aZo H$m à¶mg, ImÚ gwajm Am{X H$m AÜ¶¶Z H$a|Jo&

Jar~r H$m AW© …

Amn AnZo Amg nmg Ho$ OrdZ H$mo O~ XoI|Jo Vmo ZJa Am¡a J«m‘rU àXoe XmoZmo§ ‘| Jar~r H$mo XoIVo h¢& ZJam| ‘| gS>H$ Ho$ {H$Zmao ì¶mnma H$aZodmbo Hw$br, l{‘H$, {^jwH$, N>moQ>o N>moQ>o CÚ‘ Ho$ H$m{‘©H$, Kw‘¸$S> Am{X bmoJ Jar~ H$hbmVo h¢& Jm±dm§o _| AnZr {ZOr O‘rZ Z hmoH$a Xÿgam| Ho$ IoV ‘| ‘OXÿar H$aZodmbo, IoVr go {^Þ H$m_ H$aZo dmbo, Q>moH$ar ~wZZo dmbo, KS>m ~ZmZo dmbo, Hw$åhma Am{X Jar~ h¢&

Jar~ Xmo dº$ H$m H$m¡a H$‘mZo _| ^r Ag’$b hmoVo h¢& Bggo do Anm¡{ï>H$Vm Am¡a AñdñWVm go VS>nVo h¢& {ejm Am¡a à{ejU Ho$ {~Zm Hw$ebVm àmá Zhr§ H$aVo& BÝho§ amoOJma H$m Adga ~hþV H$‘ {‘bVm h¡& ñWmB© CÚmoJ Zhr§ {‘bVm& H$ƒm ‘H$mZ ¶m do J¥h {dhrZ hmoVo h¢& Bg àH$ma ‘mZd OrdZ Ho$ {bE Omo ‘yb gw{dYm O¡go amoQ>r, nmZr, H$nS>m, ‘H$mZ, {ejm, ñdmñÏ¶ Am{X go a{hV Am¡a d§{MV pñW{V H$mo§ Jar~r H$hVo h¢& Jar~r H$mo nhMmZ H$a CgH$s ‘mÌm H$m ‘mnZ H$aZo {ZpíMV ‘mZX§S> H$s Amdí¶H$Vm h¡& ñdmV§Í¶ nyd© ‘| XmXm^mB© ZdamoOr Zo Jar~m| H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE Jar~r godm H$mo AnZm¶m& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ ~mX ^r Bgo Jar~r H$mo ‘mnZo H$s à‘wI gyMr ‘mZm OmVm h¡& Jar~r aoIm ³¶m h¡? ì¶{º$ H$s AnZr àmW{‘H$ Amdí¶H$VmAm| H$mo àmá H$aZo H$s {ZåZV_ Am¶ H$m n[a‘mU ¶m ‘mÌm Jar~r aoIm h¡& ¶h ì¶{º$ H$s Or{dH$m H$mo Xem©Vm h¡&

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2005 ‘| àmo gw§aoe V|Sw>ëH$a g{‘{V H$s {g\$m[ae Ho$ AZwgma ImÚ Ho$ gmW {ejm, ñdmñÏ¶,

{~Obr, ¶mVm¶mV na IM© H$aZo H$m ‘m{gH$ AZw^moJ Am¶ Ho$ AmYma na Jar~r aoIm H$s aMZm

H$s J¶r h¡& VËníMmV gr. a§JamOZ g{‘{V Zo V|Sw>ëH$a g{‘{V H$s {g\$m[aem| H$m AZwgaU H$aHo$

J«m‘rU ^mJ ‘| 32 Am¡a> ZJam| ‘| 42 VH$ Ho$ ‘m{gH$ AZw^moJr Am¶ H$mo Jar~r aoIm H$s gr‘m V¶

H$s h¡ Bggo A{YH$ IM© H$aZodmbm| H$mo Jar~r godm Ho$ D$na ahZodmbo ‘mZm OmVm h¡& Jar~r aoIm

go {ZMbo ñVa Ho$ bmoJ Jar~ H$hbmVo h¢&

Cgr àH$ma A§Vam©îQ´>r¶ ñVa ‘| {díd ~¢H$ Ûmam H$hm J¶m h¡ {H$ Omo ì¶{º$ à{V{XZ 1.25 S>mba

n¡gm H$‘mZo _| Ag‘W© ahVm h¡ Cgo Jar~r aoIm Ho$ {ZMbo ñWmZ ‘| aIm OmVm h¡& Bg Ho$ AZwgma

41% à{VeV bmoJ hmb hr ‘| Jar~ ‘mZo JE h¢&

^maV ‘| Jar~r H$s gr‘m …

{d{dY g{‘{V Am¡a H$m¶©H$mar g‘yhdmbm| H$s ì¶dñWm Ho$ AZwgma Am¡a amï´>r¶ Z‘yZm gd}jU

g§JbZ H$s g‘rjm ‘| H$hr J¶r ~mVm| Ho$ AZwgma Jar~r godm go {ZMbo bmoJm| H$s gr‘m H$mo nhMmZ

H$a {MÌ ‘| {XIm¶m J¶m h¡&

avÀæ 1 : §qÀvÀ£À gÉÃSÉAiÀÄ PÉ¼ÀUÉ EzÀÝ ¥Àæw±ÀvÀ d£ÀgÀ ¥ÀæªÀiÁt avÀæ 2 : ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è£À §qÀd£ÀgÀ MlÄÖ ¸ÀASÉå (®PÀëUÀ¼À°è)Jar~r aoIm Ho$ {ZMbo ñVa ‘| ahZodmbo bmoJm| H$m Am¡gV ^maV ‘| Jar~m| H$s Hw$b g§»¶m

Jm«_rU ZJa

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Jm«_rU ZJa Hw$b

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‘| nhþ±M MwH$s Wr& Jm±d Am¡a ZJa XmoZm| ‘| Jar~r H$s gr‘m H$‘ hþB© h¡& gZ 2000 go AmJo Jar~r

Am¡a ^r {ZåZñWmZ na AmH$a Jm±d Ho$ bmoJm| H$s Jar~r, ZJa Ho$ bmoJm| H$s Jar~r go A{YH$ VoOr

go ZrMo Am`r h¡& Jar~m| H$s g§»¶m H$mo {MÌ-2 ‘| {XIm¶m J¶m h¡&

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{MÌ ‘| O¡go {XIm¶m J¶m h¡ CgHo$ AZwgma Jar~m| H$s g§»¶m 1973-74 VWm 2004-05

H$s AdYr ‘| 3213 bmI go 3017 bmI VH$ H$‘ hþB© h¡& Am¡gV H$s Ñ{ï> go Jar~r H$‘ hþB©

h¡ bo{H$Z Jar~m| H$s g§»¶m H$‘ Z hmoH$a AmO ^r H$ar~ 30 H$amoS> Jar~ h¡& J«m‘rU Jar~ Hw$b

Jar~m| Ho$ 73% à{VeV H$‘ hmoH$a ZJa àXoem| ‘| Jar~m| H$s g§»¶m A{YH$ hþB© h¡&

^maV ‘| Jar~r Ho$ H$maU …

^maV H$s Jar~r Ho$ {bE AZoH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{W©H$ gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ H$maU h¡&

bo{H$Z Jar~r Ho$ à‘wI Am{W©H$ H$maUm| H$mo {ZåZ{b{IV én ‘| {ddaU {X¶m OmVm h¡&

1. ~‹T>Vr OZg§»¶m … OZg§»¶m Ho$ A{YH$ ~‹T>Zo go H$moB© ^r H$m¶©H«$‘ H$mo bmJy H$aZo na

~‹T>Vr OZg§»¶m H$mo ‘yb gw{dYm nhþ±MmZo ‘| Ag’$b hmooVo h¡&

2. amï´>r¶ Am¶ H$s H$‘r Am¡a CgHo$ {dH$mg ‘| ‘§XJ{V … EH$ Amoa Xoe AZm{^d¥{Õ Am¡a

Xÿgar Amoa ~‹T>Vr OZg§»¶m à{Vì¶{º$ Am¶ H$mo H$‘ H$aZo ‘| à‘wI ^y{‘H$m {Z^mVo h¢& ¶h EH$

{df dVw©b H$s aMZm H$m H$maU ~Zm& H$‘ Am‘XZr - H$‘ ~MV - H$‘ ny§Or bJmZm - H$‘

CËnmXH$Vm - H$‘ VWm ‘§XJ{V H$s Am¶ {dH$mg - Am¡a ^r A{YH$ Jar~r O¡go {df¡br dñVw H$mo

OÝ‘ {X¶m h¡&

3. Xam| H$m ~T>Zm … à{V{XZ ~‹T>Zodmbo Xa, Jar~m| H$mo boZo H$s e{º$ H$mo H$‘ {H$¶m h¡& CÝho§

gw{dYm go d§{MV H$aHo$ Jar~ ~Zm {X¶m h¡&

4. ~oamoOJmar … A{^d¥{Õ H$s à{H«$¶m amoOJma H$s Anojm H$aZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo nyU© én go Z

AnZmZo Ho$ H$maU ~oamoOJmar ~‹T> JB© h¡&

5. ny§Or H$s H$‘r … H$‘ Am¶, H$‘ ~MV Ho$ H$maU ny§Or OwQ>mZo ‘| ^r H$‘r XoIr OmVr h¡&

Bggo CËnmXH$Vm na CëQ>m Aga n‹S>Vm h¡&

^yI Am¡a ImÚ gwajm …

Jar~r H$m à‘wI bjU ^yI h¡& AWm©V à{V{XZ nm¡{ï>H$ ImÚ Z {‘bZm ImÚ nXmW© ^m¡{VH$

én go Z {‘bZm ¶m {‘bZo na ^r C{MV Am¶ H$s H$‘r Ho$ H$maU CÝho§ Zhr boZm ImÚ Agwajm

H$m H$maU ~ZVm h¡& ~hþYm Jar~ bmoJ ^yIo ahVo h¡§& AmOH$b ^yI H$s gr‘m H$mo ‘mnZo Ho$ {bE

A§Vam©ï´>r¶ ImÚ Zr{V, gyÀ¶m§H$ Zm‘H$ ‘mZX§S> H$mo {Zé{nV {H$¶m& ha gmb {d{dY Xoe Ho$ ^yIm|

H$s gr‘m H$m ‘mnZ {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

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¶h OmZo · {díd ^yI gyÀ¶m§H$ H$s g§aMZm … {ZåZ{b{IV Am¶m‘m| H$mo EH${ÌV H$aHo$ Cgo aMm

OmVm h¡ … · Anm¡{ï>H$Vm … Hw$b OZg§»¶m ‘| Anm¡{ï>H$Vm go VS>nZodmbo · Hw$nmo{fV ~ƒm| H$s ‘mÌm … nm±M df© go H$‘ Am¶w Ho$ ~ƒo Omo AnZr b§~mB© Ho$

AZwén H$‘ dOZdmbo h¢& · ZmQ>o ~ƒm| H$s ‘mÌm … AnZr Am¶w Ho$ AZwgma D±$MmB© Z nmZodmbo nm±M gmb Ho$

~ƒo& · ~ƒm| H$m ‘aU Xa … nm±M gmb Ho$ ^rVa Ho$ ~ƒm| H$m ‘aU ‘mÌm&

2015 Ho$ {díd ^yI gyÀ¶§H$ Ho$ AmYma na 128 amï´> H$s gyMr ‘| ^yI H$s g‘ñ¶m go OwS>o amï´>m| H$mo {XIm¶m J¶m h¡&

AmOH$b amï´>r¶ n[adma ñdmñÏ¶ g‘rjm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV ‘| H$ar~ 79% à{VeV J{^©Ur ‘{hbm aº$ hrZVm go VS>n ahr h¢& àË¶oH$ Xmo ~ƒm| ‘| EH$ ~ƒm, VrZ ‘{hbmAm| ‘| EH$ ‘{hbm H$‘ dOZ H$s hmoVr h¡ H$‘ dOZdmbo Hw$b {díd Ho$ ~mbH$m| ‘| 42% à{VeV ~ƒo ^maV ‘| h¡& aº$hrZVm-H$‘ dOZ ^yI Am¡a ImÚ Z {‘bZo Ho$ H$maU hmoVr h¡& h‘ ImÚ AZmOm| Ho$ CËnmXZ ‘| ~hþYm ñdmdb§~r ~Zo h¡ AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE Omo AZmO Mm{hE CgH$s àm{á h‘ ñd¶§ H$a bo aho h¡& XÿY Ho$ CËnmXZ ‘| h‘ {díd ‘| àW‘ ñWmZ àmá H$a MwHo$ h¢& ’$b Am¡a gVgr CËnmXZ ^r A{YH$ h¡& {’$a ^r ^maV Ho$ ~hþYm bmoJ ^yI go VS>n aho h¢& ¶h EH$ g‘ñ¶m h¡& bmoJm| ‘| ImÚ H$mo boZo H$s e{º$ Z hmoZm ImÚ {dVaU H$m Xmof Am{X ¶h g‘ñ¶m CËnÞ hþB© h¡&

ImÚ gwajm …

Xoe Ho$ àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo {ZåZ>V‘ ImÚ CZH$s nhþ±M Ho$ ‘yë¶ ‘| XoZm Amdí¶H$ h¡&

BgH$mo h‘ ImÚ gwajm H$hVo h¢& ImÚ gwajm EH$ àmoËgmhXm¶H$ H$m¶© h¡& OrdZ H$s JwUdÎmm H$mo ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE ¶h ghm¶H$ h¡ ImÚ gwajm BZ VrZm| H$s Jma§Q>r aIVm h¡&

1. Xoe Ho$ g~ bmoJm| H$mo ImÚ nhþ±MmZm&

2. g~ bmoJmo§ H$mo CÎm_ ImÚ IarXZo H$s j‘Vm ~‹T>mZm&

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3. Jar~m| _| ImÚ IarXZo H$s Omo éH$mdQ> h¡, CÝho§ Xÿa H$aZm&

^maV ‘| H|$Ð VWm amÁ¶ gaH$ma ImÚ gwajm H$mo Xmo CnH«$‘m| Ûmam gmH$ma ~ZmZo H$m à¶mg

{H$¶m Om ahm h¡& 1. à{VamoYr ^§S>ma 2. gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm

1. à{VamoYr ^§S>ma … gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam à{Vdf© {ZåZV_> àmoËgmhZ YZ XoH$a ImÚ nXmWm] H$mo

IarXH$a ~m±Q>m OmVm h¡& Bg H$m‘ Ho$ {bE 1965 ‘| ^maVr¶ ImÚ {ZJ‘ H$s ñWmnZm hþB© ¶h {ZJ‘

ImÚ nXmWm] H$mo IarXr, g§J«h, {dVaU Am{X H$aVm h¡& Bgo à{VamoYr ^§S>ma à{H«$¶m H$hm OmVm h¡&

2. gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm … ^maVr¶ ImÚ {ZJ‘ Ûmam IarXo AZmO H$mo gaH$ma ‘mH}$Q>

Ho$ Xm‘ go H$‘ Xm‘m| ‘| Jar~m| H$mo C{MV ‘yë¶m| H$s XþH$mZ Ûmam {dVaU H$aVr h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm

ImÚ Vob, MrZr, {‘Q²>Q>r H$m Vob, AÝ¶ OrdZmon¶moJr dñVwAm| H$mo ~m±Q>m OmVm h¡& nyao ^maV ‘| 5

bmI go A{YH$ C{MV ‘yë¶ {dVaU XþH$mZo§ h¢& 16 H$amoS> n[adma H$mo BgH$m bm^ {‘b ahm h¡&

BZ gw{dYmAm| H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE àË¶oH$ n[adma H$mo ameZ H$mS>© nmZm A{Zdm¶© h¡ Bg ameZ

H$mS>© go {ZpíMV én go n[adma H$mo ImÚ {dVaU {H$¶m OmVm h¡& Jar~r aoIm go {ZMbo ñVa Ho$

Jar~m| H$mo ameZ H$mS>© Ûmam H$‘ ‘yë¶ ‘| àË¶oH$ ‘mg ‘| ImÚ {X¶m OmVm h¡& Jar~ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE

A§Ë¶moX¶ ImÚ (AÞ) ¶moOZm Omar H$s JB© h¡& BgHo$ Ûmam H$‘ Xam| ‘| ImÚ H$m {dVaU hmoVm h¡&

ImÚ ^m½¶ (AÞ ^m½¶) 2013 ‘| Omar H$s JB© H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma H$s ‘hËdnyU© ¶moOZmAm| ‘| ¶h EH$ h¡& ^yI ‘wº$

H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s n[aH$ënZm go BgH$s aMZm hþB© h¡& Jar~r aoIm go {ZMbo ñVa Ho$ n[adma Ho$ ha ì¶{º$ H$mo 5 {H$.J«m. ImÚ YmZ (3 {H$bmo Mmdb Am¡a 2 {H$bmo Johÿ± / Ádma / amJr H$mo ‘wâV {X¶m OmVm h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm EH$ brQ>a Vob (Palm Oil) A¶mo{S>Z g{hV Z‘H$ Am¡a EH$ {H$bmo MrZr H$mo AË¶§V H$‘ ‘yë¶ ‘| {X¶m OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma amÁ¶ ‘| Anm¡{ï>H$Vm H$mo Xÿa H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m Om ahm h¡&

ImÚ gwajm H$mo {dñV¥Vm H$aZo gaH$ma g‘J« {eew A{^d¥{Õ ¶moOZm (ICDS) H$mo Omar {H$¶m h¡& BgHo$ Ûmam J{^©{U¶m| ‘| Anm¡{ï>H$Vm H$mo Xÿa H$aZo H$m à¶mg h¡& {dX²¶mb¶m| ‘| ‘Ü¶mh²Z ^moOZ ¶moOZ H$mo Omar H$aHo$ nT>mB© H$aZodmbo N>mÌm| H$mo ânoQ> ^moOZ XoZo H$s ì¶dñWm H$s JB© h¡&

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Jar~r hQ>mAmo H$m¶©H«$‘ …

gaH$ma Jar~r hQ>mZo Ho$ AZoH$ H$m¶© H$a ahr h¡& Jar~mo§ H$mo amoOJma XoH$a ImÚ IarXZo H$s e{º$ H$mo ~‹T>mZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m Om ahm h¡& do h¢ -

1. Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ H$m¶© … Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ Am¡a Jar~r Ho$ ~rM {ZH$Q> g§~§Y h¡& Xoe Ho$ Am{W©H$ én go A{^d¥{Õ hmoZo go Jar~r H$‘ hmoVr h¡& n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm Ûmam gaH$ma Zo g^r Ho$ {bE Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡&

2. Jar~r hQ>mAmo H$m¶© … gaH$ma 1960 go AmJo J«m‘rU ^mJ ‘| pñWV OZg‘wXm¶ Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ amoOJma XoZo amoOJma {Z‘m©U H$m¶© Omar {H$¶m h¡& CZ‘o Xmo ôX h¢&

1. ñd CÚmoJ H$m¶© … Xoe ‘| pñWV Jar~ Am¡a gmjam| H$mo nhMmZH$a CÝho§ H$O© XoH$a ñd CÚmoJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgmhZ XoZo H$s ¶moOZm ~Zm¶r J¶r h¡& CZ‘| à‘wI h¢ - 1980 ‘| Omar H$s JB© g‘J« J«m‘rU A{^d¥{Õ ¶moOZm (IRDP), 1997 ‘| Omar H$s JB© ñdU© O¶§Vr ehar amoOJma `moOZm (SSRY), 1999 ‘| Omar H$s JB© ñdU© O¶§Vr J«m‘ ñd amoOJma ¶moOZm (SGSRY) Am¡a 2011 Ho$ AmJo Omar H$s JB© amï´>r¶ J«m‘rU OrdZmonm¶ A{^¶mZ AWdm XrZX¶mb A§Ë¶moX¶ ¶moOZm&

2. Hw$br CX²¶moJ H$m¶© … {ZOr Om¶XmX {OZH$s Zhr hmoVr, H$m¡eb a{hV Jar~m| H$mo Hw$br amoOJma H$m¶©H«$‘m| H$mo Omar {H$`m J`m h¡& J«m‘rU ^mJm| ‘| Vmbm~, nwb, amñVm, nmR>embm, AñnVmb AÝ¶ g‘wXm¶ H$s Om¶XmXm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$m¶©, ‘| Hw$br H$m`© go amoOJma {X`m OmVm h¡&

2006 ‘| ‘hmË‘m Jm±Yr amï´>r¶ CÚmoJ ImVar ¶moOZm (MGNREGS) H$mo Omar {H$`m J`m h¡ ¶h hmb hr ‘| Omar H$s J¶r ‘hËdnyU© ¶moOZm h¡& BgHo$ Ûmam àË¶oH$ Jar~ n[adma Ho$ BpÀN>V ì¶{º$ H$mo {ZåZV‘ 100 {XZ H$m‘ {X¶m OmVm h¡& Bg ¶moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V H$m‘ H$aZodmbo AnZo J«m‘ n§Mm¶V ‘| Zm‘ n§OrH¥$V H$amHo$ H$m‘ H$aZo go g§~§{YV AZw‘{V nÌ ‘m±J boVo h¡& 15 {XZ Ho$ ^rVa CÝho§ H$moB© amoOJma Zhr§ XoVo Vmo CÝh| amoOJma ^Îmm {X`m OmE&

3. {ZåZV‘ ‘yb gw{dYm H$s Any{V© … J«m‘rU bmoJm| H$s OéaV h¡ ImÚ, Amdmg, {ejm, ñdmñÏ¶, nrZo H$m nmZr Am{X & Bg ‘yb gw{dYm XoH$a CZHo$ OrdZñVa H$mo ~‹T>mZo hoVw AZoH$ H$m¶© {H$¶o Om aho h¢& C{MV ‘yë¶ H$s XþH$mZm| go Jar~m| H$mo H$‘ H$s‘V ‘| AZmO {dVaU {H$¶m OmVm h¡& "¶epñdZr ¶moOZm' Ho$ A§VJ©V CÝho C{MV ñdmñÏ¶ ~r‘m gw{dYm Xr OmVr h¡&

"B§{Xam Amdmg ¶moOZm' Am¡a "dmpë‘H$s A§~oS>H$a Amdmg ¶moOZm' Ho$ Ûmam ~oKadmbm| H$mo Ka ~ZmH$a {XE OmVo h¢& "{Z‘©b J«m‘ ¶moOZm' Am¡a hmb hr H$s ñdÀN> ^maV A{^¶mZ `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V em¡Mmb¶m| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m Om ahm h¡& 2000 ‘| àYmZ ‘§Ìr J«m‘moX¶ ¶moOZm (PMGY)

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H$mo Omar H$s J¶r h¡& BgHo$ A§VJ©V J«m‘rU bmoJm| H$mo àmW{‘H$ {ejm, ñdmñÏ¶, Amdmg, nrZo, H$m nmZr J«m‘ H$s {~Obr Am{X godmE± àXmZ H$s OmVr h¡§&

4. gm‘m{OH$ gwajm H$m¶© … BgHo$ A§VJ©V g‘mO Ho$ Jar~ n[adma, Aghm¶H$, ~wOwJ©, {dH$bm§J Am{X H$mo gaH$ma Ûmam Xr OmZodmbr gwajm H$mo gm‘m{OH$ gwajm H$h|Jo& AZmW, ~wS²>T>m| H$mo "g§Ü¶m gwajm ¶moOZm' Ho$ Ûmam d¥Õm| H$mo doVZ {X¶m OmVm h¡& Ag‘W©, {dH$bm§J, {dYdmAm| H$mo {dYdm _mgmeZ {X¶m OmVm h¡&

Bg àH$ma gaH$ma AZoH$ H$m¶m] Ûmam Jar~m| H$mo Jar~r aoIm go D$na CR>mZo H$m à¶mg H$a ahr h¡& n[aUm‘ ñdê$n Yrao Yrao Jar~r hQ> ahr h¡&

Aä¶mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE -

1. amï´>r¶ AmXe© g‘rjm g§KQ>Z (NSSO) Ho$ AZwgma 2004-05 ‘| ^maV ‘| ___________ à{VeV ^mJ ‘| Jar~ bmoJ ahVo Wo&

2. ^maV ‘| Jar~m| H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE gd©àW‘ Jar~r aoIm H$m Cn¶moJ H$aZo dmbo __________ Wo&

3. ^maV gaH$ma Zo ImX²¶ nXmWm] H$mo IarX H$a g§J«h H$aZo Ho$ {bE _________ g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$s h¡&

4 Jar~ bmoJm| H$mo CnbãY ñdmñÏ¶ ~r‘m H$mo ________ Zm‘ go nwH$mam OmVm h¡&

5. d¥X²Ym| Ho$ doVZ Ho$ {bE Omar ¶moOZm H$m Zm‘ _______ h¡§&

6. gaH$ma Ûmam ImÚ gm‘J«r H$mo IarXZo Ho$ ‘yë¶ H$mo _________ ‘yë¶ H$hm OmVm h¡&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ EH$ dm³¶ ‘| {b{IE

1. Jar~r H$m AW© g‘PmBE ?

2. ‘mZd H$s {ZåZ V‘ ‘yb^yV Amdí¶H$VmE± H$m¡Z H$m¡Z gr h¢ ?

3. "Jar~r H$s aoIm' go ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡ ?

4. ^yI H$s ‘mÌm H$mo ZmnZo Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma H$s JB© gyMr H$m¡Z gr h¡ ?

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5. ImÚ gwajm H$m AW© {b{IE&

6. "à{VamoY ^§S>ma' go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢ ?

III. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma nm±M N>… dm³¶m| ‘| {b{IE&

1. ^maV ‘| Jar~r H$s nhMmZ H¡$go H$s Om ahr h¡ ?

2. Jar~r H$s gyMr ³¶m ³¶m h¡ ?

3. ^maV ‘| "~T>Vr ^yI' H$m H$maU ³¶m h¡ ?

4. ^maV ‘| gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm Ho$ H$m¶©{Zdm©h Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IE&

5. Jar~r {Z‘y©bZ Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Zo ³¶m ³¶m H$X‘ CR>mE h¢ ? gyMr ~ZmBE&

6. Jar~m| H$mo CnbãY gm‘m{OH$ gwajm Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IE&

IV. {H«$¶m H$bmn

1. g‹S>H$mo Ho$ {H$Zmao na Imbr ñWmZm| ‘| VmËH$m{bH$ V§~y JmS> H$a OrdZ {~VmZodmbo Am{Xdmgr bmoJm| H$mo XoI|& CZHo$ ^moOZ, Amdmg, CZHo$ ~ƒm| H$s {ejm Am{X na MMm© H$a|&

2. AnZo g‘rn Ho$ J«m‘ n§Mm¶V ‘| OmH$a Jar~m| H$mo nhMmZ H¡$gr H$s Om ahr h¡, OmZ|&

3. ñd¶§ H$mo EH$ amÁ¶ H$m ImÚ g{Md ‘mZ H$a, Jar~r hQ>mZo Ho$ {bE ~Zm¶r OmZo dmbr ¶moOZmAm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

V. {Z¶mo{OV H$m¶© -

AnZo J«m‘ Ho$ C{MV ‘yë¶ H$s XþH$mZ na OmBE& dhm± {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar àmá H$a| -

1. {H$Z {H$Z gm‘{J«¶m| H$mo {dV[aV {H$¶m OmVm h¡ ?

2. {H$Z ‘yë¶m| na {dV[aV {H$¶m OmVm h¡ ? dhm± H$m ‘yë¶ VWm {H$amZo H$s XþH$mZ _| ~oMZo dmbo Cgr gm‘J«r Ho$ ‘yë¶ ‘| A§Va {H$VZm h¡ ?

3. {H$VZo n[admam| H$mo ¶hm± go gm‘J«r {dV[aV hmoVr h¡ ?

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AÜ`m` - 4

l‘ VWm amoOJma

Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| {ZåZ{b{IV A§em§o H$s OmZH$mar hmoJr -

· l‘ H$m AW© · ^maV H$s l‘e{º$ g§aMZm · ^maV H$s amoOJma g‘ñ¶m H$m ñdén · CÚmoJ {Z‘m©U H$m¶©H«$_

l‘ EH$ ‘hËdnyU© Am¡a A{Zdm¶© CËnmX H$m A§J h¡ `h CËnmXZ H$s {H«$¶m ‘| ‘mZd H$m A§e ‘mZm OmVm h¡& l‘ Ho$ {~Zm H$moB© CËnmXZ AgmÜ¶ h¡& l‘ Ûmam CËnmXZ ‘| ‘m¡{bH$Vm bm¶m Om gH$Vr h¡&

g§Vmof Ho$ Abmdm {H$¶m OmZodmbm nXmWm] H$s CËnmXZ H$s Ñ{ï> go Xoh Am¡a ‘Z Ho$ Ûmam {H$¶m OmZodmbm ^mJe… AWdm g§nyU© à¶mg H$mo l‘ H$hVo h¢ - Aë\«o$S> ‘me©b

l‘ H$m AW© … ‘mZd nXmW© AWdm godmAm| Ho$ CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE à`moJ {H$E OmZo dmbo ^m¡{VH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ gm‘Ï¶© H$mo l‘ H$hVm h& Or{dH$m Ho$ {bE {H$¶o OmZodmbo g^r H$m‘ Bg‘| hmoVo h¡& AnZr Iwer Ho$ {bE AWdm ghmZw^y{V Ûmam {H$¶m OmZodmbm H$m‘ l‘ Zht H$hbmVm& AnZr godm Ho$ {bE doVZ boZodmbr Xm{X¶m| H$s godm H$mo l‘ H$hVo h¢& EH$ ‘m± Ûmam AnZo ~ƒo Ho$ bmbZ nmbZ Ho$ {bE {H$¶m OmZodmbm H$m‘ l‘ Zht H$hbmVm&

l‘ ‘mZd go g§~§{YV h¡& CgHo$ {d{eï> bjU h¡§&

1. l{‘H$ go l‘ H$mo AbJ Zhr§ H$a gH$Vo&

2. l‘ H$m g§J«h Zhr§ hmoVm&

3. l‘ H$s Amny{V© H$mbm§Va ‘| hmoVr h¡&

4. l‘ H$m ñWmZm§VaU Zhr§ hmoVm&

5. l‘ XjVm ‘| {^ÞVm hmoVr h¡&

l‘ H$m ‘hËd … l‘ CËnmXH$ A§J h¡& CËnmXZ ‘| BgH$m ñWmZ ~S>m h¡& l‘ e{º$ H$s ‘mÌm na Xoe H$s A{^d¥{Õ ~T>m`r Om gH$Vr h¡& l‘ {OVZm A{YH$ hmoVm h¡, Cg Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ à{H«$¶mAm| H$s ‘mÌm A{^d¥{Õ H$m ñVa A{YH$ hmoVm h¡&

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gm‘mÝ¶V… l‘ e{º$ Ho$ ‘mn H$mo Xoe Ho$ 15 go 60 df© H$s Am¶wdmbo bmoJm| na {ZYm©[aV H$aVo h¢& 15 gmb go H$‘ 60 gmb Ho$ A{YH$ Am¶wdmbm| H$mo l{‘H$ Zhr§ ‘mZm OmVm& àñVwV ^maV H$mo OZg§»¶m bm^m§e nmZodmbm amï´> ‘mZm J¶m h¡& ¶wdm nrT>r Am¡a AÝ¶ bmoJm| H$s g§»¶m A{YH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Eogm ‘mZm J¶m h¡&

^maV _| l_ e{º$ H$s aMZm: l{_H$m| `m l_ e{º$ H$s aMZm H$mo CgHo$ AmH$ma qbJ {H«$`m H$bmn VWm l‘ e{º$ H$s aMZm joÌ na AmYm[aV ~±Q>dmao go g‘P gH$Vo h¢& OZJUZ Am¡a amï>r¶ Z‘yZm g‘rjm g§JR>Z BgH$m g§J«h H$aVo h¢& Bg OmZH$mar Ho$ Ûmam ^maV H$s l_ e{º$ H$m AÜ``Z H$a|Jo>

1. l‘e{º$ H$m AmH$ma … 2011 Ho$ OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma 39.8% à{VeV bmoJ amoOJma `wº$ én ‘| nhMmZo JE h¢& ~mH$s 60% bmoJ Adb§{~V ‘mZo J¶o h¡§& ¶h h‘mao Xoe H$s ~oamoOJmar H$mo Xem©Vm h¡& 2001 Am¡a 2011 H$s Ad{Y ‘| l{‘H$m| H$s g§»¶m 40.2 H$amoS> go 48.2 H$amoS> VH$ A{YH$ ~T>r& Omo gaH$ma Ûmam C{MV CÚmooJ Ho$ Adga àXmZ H$aZo H$mo àX{e©V H$aVm h¡&

2. l‘ e{º$ H$s qbJ aMZm … 2001 Am¡a 2011 XmoZmo§ OZJUZm ‘| ‘{hbm l{‘H$m| H$s g§»¶m 35% Wr& AWm©V nwéfm| go H$‘ ‘mÌm ‘| {ó`m± ^mJ boVr h¢& BÝho C{MV amoOJma H$m Adga Zhr§ {‘b ahm h¡& CZHo$ Hw$N> H$m¶m] H$mo H$m‘ Zhr§ ‘mZm OmVm, Eogr OmZH$mar ^r {_br h¡&

3. l‘ e{º$ H$s Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am¡a joÌ AmYm[aV g§aMZm

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§aMZm H¥${f, CÚ‘ Am¡a godm joÌ ‘| ñd`§ H$mo bJmE hþ¶o _OXÿam| Ho$ AmYma na H$s OmVr h¡& 2011 Ho$ ~mX ^r ^maV ‘| A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| H¥${f Am¡a H¥${f g§~§Yr à{H«$¶mAm| go OwS>o hþE h¢& (H$moð>H$ Xo{IE)

H$ar~ 66% (à{VeV) bmoJ àmW{‘H$ AWm©V H¥${f VWm Cggo g§~§Yr à{H«$¶mAm| go OwS>o h¢& eof H$m{‘©H$ bJ^J H$‘ g‘mZ én go {ÛVr¶H$ (Am¡Úmo{JH$) Am¡a V¥Vr¶H$ ñVa (godm) ‘| bJo hþE

H$moð>H$ - 1 ^maV ‘| H$‘©Mm[a¶m| H$m joÌr¶ dJuH$aU

joÌ {Zdmg ñWmZ qbJ Hw$b

J«m‘rU ZJa nwéf ‘{hbm Hw$b

àmW{‘H$ 66.6 9.0 43.6 62.8 48.9

{ÛVr¶H$ 16.0 31.0 25.9 20.0 24.3

V¥Vr¶H$ 17.4 60.0 30.5 17.2 26.8

Hw$b 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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h¢& _hËdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$-AZoH$ dfm} Ho$ ~mX H¥${f ‘| {ZaV bmoJ H$s g§»`m H$‘ hmoH$a godm ‘| bJo bmoJm| H$s g§»¶m A{YH$ hmo J`r h¡& Bg Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU H$m dJuH$aU Am¶ Ho$ dJuH$aU go VwbZm H$s Omò Vmo J{V Yr‘r ‘mby‘ nS>Vr h¡& J«m‘rU ^mJm| ‘o H¥${f àYmZ h¡ Vmo ZJam| ‘| godm joÌ à‘wI h¡& A{YH$ ‘mÌm Ho$ nwéf CÚmoJ Am¡a godm ‘| bJo h¢& Vmo ‘{hbmE± H¥${fg§~§Yr H$m¶m] _| hr g§b¾ h¢& `h l{_H$m| H$m {dVaU Jm«_rU àXoemo§ _| VWm _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE H¥${f go {^Þ CÚmoJ {Z_m©U H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo àX{e©V H$aVm h¡ & Bggo Hw$b {_bmH$a Am` H$m _mJ© IwboJm Am¡a Jar~r Xÿa hmo gH$Vr h¡&

4. l{‘H$mo Ho$ g§J{R>V Am¡a Ag§J{R>V joÌ … CÚmoJ Ho$ {Z¶‘m| Ho$ AmYma na H$m{‘©H$m| H$m Eogm {dÔZ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& H$mZyZr ~w{Z¶mX na n§OrH¥$V g§a{MV CÚ‘m| H$mo g§K{Q>V Am¡a An§OrH¥$V CÚ‘ H$mo Ag§J{R>V joÌ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& n§OrH$¥V CÚ‘ _| gaH$ma Ho$ g^r {Z¶‘m| H$mo AnZmH$a H$m{‘©H$m| H$mo gwajm XoZr n‹S>Vr h¡& gmar gw{dYmE± XoZr n‹S>Vr h¡& ~pëH$ Ag§J{R>V godm joÌ ‘| dhm± Ho$ H$m{‘©H$m| H$mo gwajm Zhr§ {‘bVr& CXm… [abo¶Ýg g‘yh Ho$ CÚ‘, Q>mQ>m BñnmV CÚ‘ Am{X n§OrH¥$V CÚ‘ h¡ Vmo N>moQ>o-‘moQ>o ì¶mnmar, ^dZ {Z‘m©U Ho$ bmoJ, gS>H$ {H$Zmao ì¶mnmar n§OrH¥$V a{hV H$m{‘©H$ hmoVo h¢& CÝho§ H$moB© gwajm Zhr§ ahVr& CÚmoJ pñW{V ^r H${R>Z hmoVr h¡& gaH$ma Ho$ {Z¶‘m| Ho$ AYrZ Z ahH$a H$m‘ H$aZo go `h AZm¡nMm[aH$ joÌ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& H$moð>H$ Ho$ AZwgma 2011-12 ‘| Ho$db 18% à{VeV H$m{‘©H$ {Z¶{‘V CÚmoJ nmH$a g§J{R>V joÌ ‘| h¢&

H$moð>H$ - 2 CÚmoJ H$s pñW{V Ho$ AZwgma l{‘H$m| H$m {d^mOZ

CÚmoJ pñW{V 1972-73 1993-94 2011-12

ñdCÚmoJ 61.4 54.6 52.0

doVZ nmZodmbo {Z¶{‘V CÚmoJ 15.4 13.6 18.0

A{Z¶{‘V CÚmoJ 23.2 31.8 30.0

Hw$b 100.0 100.0 100.0

52% à{VeV ñd CÚmoJr hmoZo na ¶h joÌ H$‘ doVZ dmbm joÌ ‘mZm OmVm Wm& Xÿgam H$moB© ‘mJ© Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU n[adma Ho$ g^r OZ Cg‘| ñd § H$mo l{‘H$ bJm aIVo h¢& A{Z¶{‘V Hw$br {nN>bo Hw$N> dfm] ‘| ~‹T>aho hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {’$bhmb bJ^J 30% H$‘©Mmar Bg àH$ma Ho$ H$m‘ bJo hþE h¢&

~oamoOJmar VWm ^maV ‘| ~oamoOJmar H$s ‘mÌm …

àñVwV Hw$br Xa ‘| H$m‘ H$aZo H$s BÀN> aIZo dmbo ì¶{º$ H$mo H$m‘ Z {‘bZo H$s pñW{V H$mo ~oamoOJma H$hVo h¢& ^maV ‘| {~Zm H$m‘ Ho$ Am¡a ~oamoOJmam| H$s g§»¶m A{YH$ Am¡a ~T> ahr h¡&

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^maV O¡go ~¥hV amï´> ‘| Hw$b ~oamoOJmam| H$s g§»¶m H$mo {JZZm AmgmZ Zhr§ h¡& ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ H$m{‘©H$ ì¶yamo Ho$ gd}jU Ho$ AZwgma 1951 ‘| 5 Xg bmI H$s ‘mÌm Ho$ ~oamoOJmam| H$s g§»¶m 2010 VH$ 40.47 Xg bmI VH$ ~T>Zodmbr h¡& dV©‘mZ pñW{V ‘| ^maV ‘| ~oamoOJmar H$s ‘mÌm l‘ e{º$ H$m 9.4% VH$ h¡& nwéfm| ‘| 8% VH$ h¡ Vmo ‘{hbmAm| ‘| dh 14.6% VH$ h¡& Cgr àH$ma J«m‘rU àXoemo§ ‘| ~oamoOJmar H$m Xa 10.1% VH$ h¡ Vmo ZJa àXoe ‘| dh 7.3% VH$ h¡&

^maV ‘| ~oamoOJmar g‘ñ¶m Ho$ H$maU …

^maV Ho$ ~oamoOJmar g‘ñ¶m Ho$ à‘wI H$maU h¢-

1. CÚmoJ a{hV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg: ^maV _| AmOH$b Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$mo CÚmoJ a{hV H$hm OmVm h¡& 1990 Ho$ ~mX CÚmoJ joÌ ‘| godm joÌm| H$m {dH$mg ny§Or VWm VH$ZrH$s H$mo AnZmH$a {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Cgr àH$ma àmW{‘H$ joÌ ‘§XJ{V go {dH$mg hmoVo hþE J«m‘rU ^mJm| ‘o "CÚmoJ H$s g¥{ï> Zhr' hmo nm¶r&

2. l{‘H$m| H$s g§»¶m ‘| d¥{Õ … ~‹T>Vr OZg§»¶m Ho$ H$maU H$m{‘©H$m| H$s g§»¶m A{YH$ ~‹T> MwH$s h¡& J«m‘rU ^mJm| ‘| ~oamoOJmar {N>>nr hþB© ZOa AmVr h¡ Vmo ZJam| ‘| ‘wº$ én ‘| {XImB© XoVr h¡&

3. VH$ZrH$s H$s Ag‘§OgVm … BgHo$ nhbo O¡go H$hmJ¶m h¡ H¥${f VWm CÚ‘m| ‘| AnZm¶r OmZodmbr VH$ZrH$s ny±Or na bmJy hmoH$a Ag‘§OgVm {XImB© XoVr h¡&

4. H¥${f na Adb§{~V… H¥${f F¥$Vw na AmYm[aV à{H«$¶m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cg‘| bJo hþE bmoJm| H$mo Hw$N> ‘hrZo VH$ ‘mÌ CÚmoJ H$s gwajm ahVr h¡& AWm©V ^maV ‘| H¥${f na Adb§{~V CÚmoJ hr A{YH$ h¡§&

5. N>moQ>o Am¡a J¥hmoÚmoJm| H$s AdZ{V … ^maV ‘| CÚmoJ XoZodmbr N>moQ>r Am¡a J¥hmoÚmoJ H$s AdZ{V go ~oamoOJmar ~T>r h¡&

6. H$m{‘©H$ / l{‘H$m| H$m ñWmZm§VaU … l{‘H$m| H$s nm[adm[aH$ {Zð>m, mfm, Y‘©, n[apñW{V Am{X g§~§Yr g‘ñ¶m Ho$ H$maU do ñWmZm§V[aV hmo aho h¢, Bg{bE ~oamoOJmar ~‹T> ahr h¡&

^maV ‘| CÚmoJ {Z‘m©U Ho$ H$m¶© …

Xoe H$s àË¶oH$ n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm ‘| ~oamoOJmar H$mo g‘má H$aZo H$s BÀN>m Wr& H|$Ð VWm amÁ¶ gaH$ma XmoZm| Zo AZoH$ H$m¶m] H$mo Omar {H$¶m h¡& CZHo$ Ûmam bmoJm| H$mo {ZOr CÚmoJ, ñdCÚmoJ, Hw$br AmYm[aV CÚmoJ XoZo go g§~§{YV Wo&

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n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma gaH$ma Zo AZoH$ H$m¶©H«$‘m| H$mo Omar {H$¶m h¡ CZ‘| à‘wI h¢ -

J«m‘rU àXoe

1977 … H$m‘H$mO Ho$ {bE AZmO (Hw$brJmJr H$mby)

1979 … J«m‘rU ¶wdH$m| H$mo ñdCÚmoJ à{ejU ¶moOZm&

1980 … g‘J« J«m‘rU A{^d¥{Õ ¶moOZm&

1980 … amï´>r¶ J«m‘rU CÚmoJ ¶moOZm&

1983 … J«m‘rU ^y{‘a{hV bmoJm| H$mo CÚmoJ H$s Jma§Q>r ¶moOZm&

1989 … Odmha amoOJma ¶moOZm&

1993 … CÚmoJ âmogm ¶moOZm&

1999 … ñdU© O¶§Vr J«m‘ ñdamoOJma ¶moOZm&

2004 … amï´>r¶ H$m‘H$mO Ho$ {bE AZmO&

2006 … amï´>r¶ J«m‘rU CÚmoJ Jma§Q>r ¶moOZm&

ZJa àXoe

1989 … Zohé amoOJma `moOZm &

1990 … ZJa _OXÿa CÚmoJ `moOZm &

1993 … àYmZ _§Ìr amoOJma ¶moOZm&

1997 … ñdU© O`§Vr ehar amoOJma ¶moOZm&

_hmË_m Jm±Yr amï´>r` CÚmoJ H$s {ZpíMV `moOZm

_hmË_m Jm±Yr amï´>r` CÚmoJ {ZpíMV `moOZm 25 AJñV 2005 _| A{Y{Z`_ ê$n _| nm[aV hþ`r, {\$a ^r `h 2.2.2006 _| bmJy hþ`r & Omo A{Y{Z`_ J«m_rU àXoe Ho$ {H$gr ^r n[adma Ho$ EH$ àm¡T l{_H$ H$mo à[Vdf© 100 {XZ H$m¡eb a{hV CÚmoJ {ZpíMV ê$n go {ZåZV_ _OXÿar na H$m_ XoZo H$m g§{dYmZ _| C„oI H$aVm h¡ & `{X CÚmoJ àXmZ H$aZo _| gaH$ma {d\$b hmo Vmo dh ì`{º$ ~oamoOJma ^Îmm nmZr H$m A{YH$mar hmoJm & ZaoJ `moOZm 100% ZJa H$s OZg§»`m dmbo {Obm| H$mo N>moS>H$a eof g^r {Obm| _| bmJy hmo ahr h¡ &

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n[aîH¥$V Am{W©H$ g§emoYZ amï´>r` n[afX H$s (NCAER) EH$ anQ> Ho$ AZwgma E_ Or ZaoJ {díd H$m AË`§V ~S>m Jar~r {Z_©ybZ H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ n[aUm_ ò h¢ àW_ ~ma nwéfm| Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$mo g_mZ _OXÿar Xr Om ahr h¡ & VWm Bg `moOZ H$m bm^ nmZ| dmbo _| nwéfm| go A{YH$ _{hbmAm| H$s g§»`m Am{YH$ h¡ &

_{hbmAm| H$s gh^m{JVm A{YH$ hmoVo hr n[adma H$s Am` _| d¥{Õ hþB© h¡ & Bg `moOZm Ho$ H$maU bmoJm| _| ~¢H$ godm nmZo H$s g§»`m ^r ~‹T>r h¡ & qH$Vw {nN>bo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ g_mZ hr `h `moOZm ^r {ZåZV_ ñVa na bmJy hþB© gmW hr BgHo$ {ZarjH$ ^r C{MV Zhr§ h¡§ & Bg àH$ma `h `moOZm Ano{jV _mÌm _| n[aUm_H$mar Zht ahr h¡ &

_{hbm l{_H$ H$s n[apñW{V

^maV _| _{hbmAm§o Ho$ CÚmoJ go g§~§{YV {ZåZ{b{IV {deofVmE± XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡§ -

1. _{hbmAm§o Ho$ H$m`m] H$s H$_r - ^maV _| _{hbm l{_H$m| H$s _mÌm KQ> ahr h¡ & J«m_rU àXoem| _| 31% VWm ZJa àXoem| _| 20% l{_H$m| H$s _mÌm h¡ & `h 1990 _| bJ^J 40% Wr A~ 2011-12 VH$ 22% hmo J`r h¡ &

2. CÚmoJ g§~§Yr AS>MZ|/~mYmE± -_{hbm CÚmoJ Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$B© ~mYmE± h¢ & CÚmoJ H$m M`Z, H$m`© H$s pñW{V, H$m`© H$s gwajm, doVZ g§~§Yr A§Va, Ka VWm H$m`© g§~§Yr gwajm _| g§VwbZ ~ZmZm Am{X g_ñ`mE± _{hbmAmo§ Ho$ CÚmoJ _| H${R>ZmB© CËnÞ H$aVo h¢ &

3. _{hbmAm| H$s Am{W©H$ {Z^©aVm - 2004-05 _| 85% _{hbmE± Am{W©H$ én go nwéfm| na nyU©V… Adb§{~V Wr Am¡a `h _mÌm Yrao Yrao ~‹T>Vr JB© Omo _{hbmAm| H$s CÚmoJ hrZVm H$mo àX{e©V H$aVm h¡ &

4. A{Z`{_V VWm gm_{`H$ (ApñWa) CÚmoJ - H$m\$s _{hbm l{_H$ dJ© àmW{_H$ joÌ _| H$m`©aV (63% nwéfm| _| `h 44% h¡) ahH$a dhm± H$s CËnmXH$Vm H$_ hmo JB© h¢ & Bgr àH$ma 13% _{hbmE± {Z`{_V CÚmoJ _| g§b¾ h¢ BZ_| 20% nwéf h¢ & ZJa àXoem| _| _{hbmE± Kaoby CÚmoJ H$a ahr h¢ `m AË`§V hrZpñW{V _| h¢ &

{ejm Ho$ gmW-gmW gm_m{OH$ godm na A{YH$ ì`` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _{hbmAm| H$m l_ ~‹T>mZm nS>Vm h¢ & Bgr àH$ma CÞV nXmo§ (AmB©.E.Eg, Ho$.E.Eg Am{X) hr Zht {dYmZg^m, {dYmZ n[afX VWm g§gX _| _{hbmAm| H$m à{V{Z{YËd ~‹T> OmZo Ho$ H$maU Hw$b {_bmH$a CZHo$ H$m`©joÌ _| ~‹T>V hmo ahr h¡ &

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Aä¶mg

I. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© C{MV eãXm| go H$s{OE -

1. CËnmXZ ‘| l_ ___________ H$m CËnmXZm§J h¡ &

2. H$m`© H$aZo H$s Am`wgr_m __________ df© h¡&

3. ^maV H$s Hw$b l_ e{ŠV _o§ _{hbm l_ e{ŠV H$m {hñgm_________ h¡& 4. Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ gmW-gmW ________ joÌ _| l{_H$m| H$m {hñgm KQ> J`m h¡&

5. E_.Or ZaoJ H$mZyZ H$mo bmJy {H$`m OmZo dmbm df© _______ h¡&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE -

1. l_ H$m AW© g‘PmBE ?

2. Ag§K{Q>V joÌ go Š`m VmËn¶© h¡?

3. ~oamoOJmar H$m dU©Z H$s{OE?

4. ~oamoOJmar H$s _mÌm / Xa H$mo {H$g àH$ma Om±M gH$Vo h¢?

5. ^maV _| ~oamoOJmar H$s g_ñ`m H$m {ddaU Xr{OE&

6. ^maV _| _{hbm CÚmoJ H$s {deofVmE± Š`m h¢?

7. E_.Or. ZaoJ `moOZm Ho$ CÔoe Am¡a H$m`m©Ýd`Z H$m C„oI H$s{OE?

III. {Z¶mo{OV H$m¶© -

1. ~oamoOJma bmoJm| go gmjmËH$ma ~oamoOJmar H$m H$maU Am¡a àH$ma OmZZo H$m à`mg H$a| &

2. l_e{ŠV Ho$ qbJ g§~§Yr {deofVmAm| na EH$ anQ> V¡`ma H$s[OE ?

IV. {H«$¶m H$bmn

1. EH$ CÚmoJ ñWmZ na Omò§ Am¡a dhm± Ho$ H$m`© H$s pñW{V VWm l_ {d^mOZ Ho$ ~mao _| anQ> V¡`ma H$ao§ &

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ì`mdhm[aH$ AÜ``Z

AÜ`m`-2{dÎmr` ì`dñWm

Bg AÜ`m` _| {ZåZ{bpIV A§emo H$mo grIVo h¡&• ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| _| {dÎmr` ì`dñWm H$m AW©• ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| _| {dÎmr` ì`dñWm H$m _hËd• ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| _| {dÎm H$s Amny{V©, Aënmd{Y XrKm©d{Y _m±J• ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| H$mo {dÎm H$s Amny{V© H$aZodmbr g§ñWmE±

ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| _| {dÎm ì`dñWm H$m AW©ì`dñWm H$m AW© : {dÎm H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ {H$ ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm Ho$ CÔoí`m| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a

ê$n`m| H$m g§J«h H$aZm CgH$m Cn`moJ bm^Xm`H$ CÔoí`m| Ho$ {bE H$aZm&JwQ>_Z Am¡a S>m°Jb Ho$ AZwgma EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm H$s {dËVr` à{H«$`m, `moOZm, g§J«h,

{Z`§ÌU Am¡a {Z{Y Ho$ H$m`m} go g§~§{YV hmoVr h¡&Cn`w©ŠV n[a^mfm go h ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm H$s {dËVr` à{H«$`m, mZo {Z{Y`m|

H$m g§J«h, {dVaU Am¡a XjVm go g§^mbZm hmoVr h¡&

ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm _| {dÎmr` ì`dñWm H$m _hËd:1. {dÎm ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| H$s Zm‹S>r h¡& {dÎm Ho$ {~Zm H$moB© ^r ì`dhm[aH$ à{H«$`m Zht

MbVr&2. {dÎm Ho$ Ûmam CËnmXZ H$m`© Am¡a godm à{H«$`m H$s g§ñWmAm| H$s Amny{V© H$a gH$Vo h¡&3. ny§{O`m| H$m g§J«h {d{Z`moJ H$aZo H$s {Xem _| {Z`§{ÌV ar{V go _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVm h¡&4. {dÎm ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm Ho$ AZoH$ emImAm| H$mo bú` àm{á Am¡a ì`dhma H$s {Xem _|

_hËdnyU© ^y{_H$ {Z^mVm h¡&5. {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$m AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, {d{dYVm, {dñVaU Am¡a d¥{Õ _| {dÎm H$m nmÌ _hËdnyU©

hmoVm h¡&6. {dÎmr` g§ñWm Ho$ Zò AZwg§YmZ, ~mOma H$s g_rjm {dkmnZ VWm g§ñWm H$m àMma àgma

H$aZo _| {dÎm H$m _hËd nyU© ñWmZ hmoVm h¡&7. {nN>‹S>o àXoem| _| CÚmoJ ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE {dÎm H$s A{YH$ Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡&8. {dÎmr` pñWaVm H$s XjVm H$mo ~‹T>mVm h¡&

ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| H$mo {dÎm H$s Amny{V© :ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAmo§ H$mo AnZo Ûmam àmá n¡go H$mo bm¡Q>mZo hoVw gm_mÝ`V: Xmo àH$ma Ho$ {dÎm ì`dñWm H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡&

a) Aënmd{Y {dÎm b) XrKm©d{Y {dÎm&

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Aënmd{Y {dÎm: g§ñWm H$s à{V{XZ H$s {dÎm à{H«$ mAm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo Aënmd{Y {dÎm H$hVo h¢ &

gm_mÝ`V: CgH$s Ad{Y EH$ gmb H$s hmoVr h¡& g§ñWm H$s {H«$`merb ny§Or _Vb~ H$ƒm nXmW© IarXZo doVZ {dVaU, ~mOma Ho$ IM© H$m {Zdm©h H$aZo, àemgZr` H$m`m] H$m IM© Am{X g§^mbZo Ho$ {bE Aënmd{Y {dÎm H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡&

g§ñWmAm| H$mo nXmW© {~H«$s H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Xm_ AmZo VH$ g_` bJVm h¡& Bg Ad{Y _| IM© H$mo g§^mbZo Ho$ {bE Aënmd{Y {dÎm H$s Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Vr h¡&

Abnmd{Y {dÎm Ho$ ómoV: ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm Aënmd{Y {dÎm Ho$ {bE AZoH$ òmoVm| na Adb§{~V hmoVr h¡, do h§¡ :

E) ì`mnma H$m H$O©: ì`mnma H$O© H$m _Vb~ g§ñWm nXmWm] H$s Amny{V© H$aZodmbm| go àmá H$O© gm_mÝ`V: ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm nXmWm] H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ Xmo `m VrZ _hrZm| Ho$ ~mX ê$nò dmng bm¡Q>mVr h¡&

~r) ~¢H$mo H$m H$O© AWdm F$U: gm_mÝ`mV: ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm Ho$ bmoJ VrZ _hrZo go EH$ gmb VH$ CYma dmng H$aZo H$m g_` boVo h¢& ~¢H$ Eogr g§ñWmAm| H$mo Amoda S´>mâQ> (A{Y{dH$f©) Ûmam n¡gm XoVr h¡&

gr) J«mhH$m| go CYma boZm: Hw$N> g§X^m] _| ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm nXmWm] H$mo {dH«$` H$aZo dmbo

J«mhH$m| go ^r CYma boVr h¡&S>r) Aënmd{Y gm{d©O{ZH$ {Zjon (Diposit) AWdm {H$íVm| Ûmam CYma boZm : BgHo$

AZwgma ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm Hw$N> g§X^m] _| gmd©O{ZH$m| go {Zjon g§J«h H$aVr h¡& AWdm ñWmZr` gmhyH$mam| go {H$íVm| Ho$ ê$n _| n¡gm dmng H$aZo H$s eV© na CYma boVr h¢&

B©) ñWmZr` _hmOZm| go CYma boZm: Hw$N> g§X^m] _| ñWmZr` _hmOZm| go Aënmd{Y Ho$ {bE ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm CYma boVr h¡&

XrKm©d{Y {dÎm: gm_mÝ`V: Bg àH$ma Ho$ CYma H$s Ad{Y EH$ gmb H$s hmoVr h¡& Bg àH$ma H$m CYma CËnmXZ Ho$ ñVa H$mo ~‹T>mVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ ì`dñWm H$mo AnZmZo _| _XX H$aVm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$m CYma pñWa ny§Or Ho$ {bE bm^Xm`H$ hmoVm h¡& CXm: pñWa g§n{Îm H$mo nmZm Am¡a àñVwV CËnmXZ H$m`m] H$mo AmYw{ZH$ H$m`m] Ho$ {bE {dñV[aV H$aZm Am{X&

{XKm©{d{Y H$O© Aënmd{Y H$O© go _h±Jm hmoVm h¡& _Vb~ ã`mO Xa Á`mXm hmoVm h¡& Eogo CYma H$mo eoà Ûmam AWdm {H$íVm| Ho$ AmYma na àmá H$aVo {dÎmr` g§ñWmAm| go ^r àmá H$aVo h¢&

E) eoà XoZo Ho$ Ûmam g§J«h : gmPoXma ny§Or g§ñWm ny§Or H$m N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o òmoVm| Ûmam g§J«h H$aVr h¡& gmPoXma ny§Or g§ñWmAm| H$mo àma§^ H$aVo dº$ gmd©O{ZH$m| H$mo eoà H$m {dVaU {H$`m OmVm h¡& AnZr ny§Or H$mo ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE eoàm| H$mo ~m±Q>Vo h¡&

~r) F$UnÌm| Ho$ Ûmam {dÎm g§J«h: gmPoXma ny§Or g§ñWm XrKm©d{Y F$U g§J«h H$aHo$ F$U nÌm| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$m| H$mo {dVaU H$aVo h¢& Bg àH$ma Ho$ F$UnÌ g§ñWm Ho$ F$UnÌ hmoVo h¡§& EH$ g§ñWm AnZr _moha na F$UnÌ gmd©O{ZH$m| _| {dV[aV H$aVr h¡& Ad{Y Ho$ ~mX CYma dmng H$aZo H$s eV©

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H$mo F$UnÌm| _| {X`m OmVm h¡& {Z{X©ï> Xa Ho$ ã`mO H$mo F$UnÌdmbm| H$mo XoZo H$s eV© Cg_| hmoVr h¡& Bg àH$ma bmoJm| go XrKm©d{Y CYma àmá {H$` OmVm h¡&

ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| XrKm©dm{Y {dÎm Amny{V© H$aZodmbr g§ñWmE± : gm§{KH$ g§ñWm Am¡a CÚmoJm| H$mo {XKm©dm{Y CYma dmbr Hw$N> {dÎmr` g§ñWmAm| H$s ñWmnZm hþB© h¢ do h¢ :

1. ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmr` {ZJ_ (IFCI)2. amÁ` {dÎmr` {ZJ_ (SFC’s)3. ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ A{^d¥{Õ ~¢H$ (IBRD)4. {Z`m©V Am`mV ~¢H$ (EXIM Bank)5. dm{UÁ` ~¢H$ (Commercial Banks)6. ghH$mar ~¢H$ (Co - Oprative Banks)1) ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmr` {ZJ_ (IFCI): g§gX Ho$ A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma CÚmoJm| H$mo

XrKm©d{Y CYma XoZo {bE 1948 _| BgH$s ñWmnZm hþB©& gmd©O{ZH$ {Z`{_V H§$nZr, ghH$mar g§K amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ AYrZñW {Z`{_V H§$n{Z`m| H$mo `h {ZJ_ CYma XoVm h¡&

2) amÁ` {dÎmr` {ZJ_ (SFC’s): g§gX Zo 1951 _| amÁ` gaH$ma AnZo amÁ`m| _| {dÎmr` {ZJ_ ñWm{nV H$a boZo go g§~m§{YV A{Y{Z`_ H$mo nm[aV {H$`m {ZJ_ BgHo$ AZwgma OÝ_w Am¡a H$í_ra Ho$ Abmdm g~ amÁ`m| _| Eogo amÁ` {dÎmr` {ZJ_ N>moQ>o Am¡a _Ü`_ ñVa Ho$ CÚmoJmo§ Ho$ {bE {dÎm àXmZ H$a gH$Vm h¡&

3) ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ A{^d¥{Õ ~°H«$ (IDBI): 1964 Ho$ A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma ^maVr` Am¡Úm{JH$ A{^d¥{Õ ~¢H$mo§ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& 1976 VH$ `h ^maVr` [aOd© ~¢H$ Ho$ ñdm{_Ëd _| Wm& 1976 Ho$ ~mX H|$Ð gaH$ma H$mo ñWmZm§V[aV {H$`m J`m& àñVwV `h ñdm`V g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$a ahm h¡& H§$n{Z`m| go eoà IarXZo Ho$ Ûmam {XKdm{Y CYma XoVm h¡& ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmr` {ZJ_ Am¡a amÁ` {dÎmr` {ZJ_m| Ho$ eoà H$mo ^r Bg ~¢H$ Ûmam IarXm OmVm h¡&

4) {Z`m©V Am`mV ~¢H$: h maV H$m Am`mV {Z`m©V ~¢H$ h¡& 1982 _| BgH$s ñWmnZm hþB©& h gaH$mar ñdm{_Ëd H$m ~¢H$ h¡& {Z`m©V Am¡a Am`mV g§ñWmAm| Ho$ {bE Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡&

Cn`w©ŠV {dÎmr` g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Abmdm ì`mnmar g§ñWm, dmUrÁ` ~¢H$ Am¡a ghH$mar ~¢H$m| Ho$ Ûmam ^r H$O© nm gH$Vo h§¡& ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| H$mo XrK©H$mbrZ gmd©O{ZH$ {Zjon Am¡a gÅ>o~mOr ny§{O`m| Ûmam ^r {dÎmr` gw{dYm àmá hmoVr h¡&

XrK©H$mbrZ gmd©O{ZH$ {Zjon: ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm AnZr XrK©H$mbrZ {dÎmr` AmdíH$VmAm| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$m| go XrK©H$mbrZ {Zjon (Deposits) Ûmam g§J«h H$aVr h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ {Zjonm| H$mo A{YH$ {Z`_nmbZ {H$ò {~Zm gabVm go nm gH$Vo h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ {Zjonm§o H$mo 5 dfm] H$s Ad{Y Ho$ {bE g§J«h {H$`m OmVm h¡& gm_mÝ`V:ò A{YH$ gwa{jV Zhr hmoVo& {Zjonm| na 8 go 10 à{VeV VH$ ã`mO {X`m OmVm h¡& bo{H$Z Eogo {Zjonm| H$s Hw$b aH$_ Ûmam àmá ny§Or Ho$ 25 à{VeV go A{YH$ Z hmo& BZ CYmam| go gmd©O{ZH$ ^r AnZo n¡go H$mo {Zjon Ho$ ê$n _| aIH$a bm^ nm gH$Vo h¢&

gmh{gH$ ny±Or (Venture capital): Bg àH$ma H$s ny§°Or Zò Am¡a g§emoYmZmË_H$ H$m`m}± H$mo

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H$aZodmbo ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm H$s _yb Amdí`H$Vm go g§~§{YV h¡& g§ñWmAm| go V¡`ma hmoZodmbo CËnmXZm| H$mo ZwH$gmZ H$m S>a ahVm h¡& bo{H$Z CZgo bm^ ^r A{YH$ hmoVm h¡& gmh{gH$ ny§Or H§$n{Z`m| H$s VH$ZrH$s H$m`m] _| {H«$`merbVm Am¡a CËgmh àXmZ H$a Ho$ H$n{Z`m| H$mo VH$ZrH$s {H«$`merbVm Am¡a CËgmh {XImVr h¡&

nmañn[aH$ {Z{Y (Mutual fund): nmañn[aH$ {Z{Y Ûmam ^r XrK©H$mbrZ CYmam| H$mo àXmZ {H$`m OmVm h¡& 1964 _| BZH$s ñWmnZm hþB©& nmañn[aH$ {Z{Y H$m _Vb~ hmoVm h¡ gmd©O{ZH$ ~MV H$mo EH${ÌV H$aZo Ho$ ny§OrnÌ& J¡a gaH$mar joÌm| _| ^r BZH$s ñWmnZm A{YH$ hmo ahr h¡& ò gaH$mar ny§Or nÌ {ZjnU nÌ Am{X _| ny§Or O_m H$aZodmbo {dÎmr` _mÜ`_ h¡& CXm- `y{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m _o½Z_ B{ŠdQ>r \§$S>, OrdZ ~r_m {dH$mg {Zjon, _mH}$Q> `moOZm àySo>pÝe`b \§$S>, Am` {Zjon, ~OmO Am°{b`Ýg Am{X&

A§Varï´>r` ñVa Ho$ {dÎmr` _ybm| _| OmJ{VH$ Ý`mgYmar agrX (GDR) à_wI ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¡§&

{dÎmr` ~mOma (Financial Markets) {dÎmr` ~mOma Xmo àH$ma Ho$ h¡ do h¡§

(1) 1) ê$n`m| H$m ~mOma (Money Market) (2) n§yOr ~mOma (Capital Market)

1) ê$n`m| H$m ~mOma: `h A{YH$ ì`dñWm _| Aënmd{Y CYma XoZo Am¡a boZo go g§~§{YV {dÎmr` g§ñWm go g§~§{YV h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ ~mOma _| H$m`m©Z{dV ny§Or Ho$ {bE ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| H$mo n¡gm {X`m OmVm h¡& Eogo ~mOmam§o _| CYma H$m ã`mO Xa {Z{X©ï> ã`mO ny§Or _mH}$Q> Xa go A{YH$ hmoVm h¡& EH$ {XZ go EH$ gámh, EH$ _mg, 3 go 6 _hrZm| H$s Ad{Y Ho$ {bE CYma {b`m OmVm h¡& ì`mnmar {d{Z_` nÌ, Aënmd{Y ghH$mar ~m±S>, IOmZm, {d{Z_` nÌ Am{X Ûmam CYma àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢& Bg {Xem _| dm{UÁ` ~¢H$ Am¡a J¡a gaH$mar _hmOZ ^r à_wI ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢&

2) ny§Or ~mOma (capital Market) : ny§Or ~mOma XrK©H$mbrZ ny§Or Ho$ {bE CYma XoZo Am¡a boZo H$s gw{dYmAm| go g§~§{YV gm§pñWH$ ì`dñWm h¡& gm_mÝ`V ò pñWa ny§Or Ho$ {bE CYma XoVo h¡& `hm± H$m ã`mO Xa {dÎmr` ~mOma go H$_ hmoVm h¡& 20 go 30 df© H$s Ad{Y Ho$ {bE ò CYma XoVo h¢& ny§Or ~mOma _| {dÎmr` g§ñWm, ny§Or {dœ g{_{V, nmañnm[aH$ {Z{Y`m| H$m `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© h¡&

eoà ~mOma, eoàm| H$m {d{Z_` H|$Ð (Stock Exchange):`h ny§Or ~mOma H$s EH$ BH$mB© h¡& dV©_mZ eoà Am¡a ~m°§S> IarXZodmbo, ~oMZodmbo Am¡a CZHo$ à{V{Z{Y`m| H$m ì`dhma H|$Ð h¡& eoà ~mOma H$s ñWmnZm 1773 _o b§XZ _| hþB©& ^maV _| nhbr eoà ~mOma H$s ñWmnZm 1875 _| _w§~B© _| hþB©& AmO ^maV _| 24 eoà ~mOma h¢& BZ_| Voah gmd©O{ZH$ {Z`§{ÌV H§$n{Z`m± h¢& ~mH$s ñdào[aV bm^mnojr g§ñWmE± h¡& 8 eoà ~mOma ñWmB© h¡& à{V df© BZH$m ZdrH$aU Amdí`H$ h¡&

eoà ~mOma eoà Am¡a gwajm nÌm| H$mo IarXZo Am¡a ~oMZo na {Z`§ÌU aIVo h¡§& `h gaH$ma go {Z`§{ÌV hmoVo h¡§& eoà Am¡a ~m°§S> H$mo IarXZm Am¡a ~oMZm, eoà gXñ`m| H$mo AnZr EH$ {Z{üV ñWmZ H$s gw{dYm H$amVr h¡& ò gXñ` AnZo boIm {Z`_ A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AYrZ H$m_ H$aVo h¢&

eoà ì`dhma H$mo gwJ_ gab ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE amï´>r` eoà {d{Z_` H|$Ð H$mo ñWmnZm H$s J`r h¡& `h g§ñWm AnZo ny§OrXmamo§ H$mo A§Vam©ï´>r` ny§Or ~mOmam| Ho$ AZHy$b {dÎmr` ~mOma MbmZo _| _XX H$aVr h¡& 1993 _| Bg g§ñWm Zo AnZm H$m`© H$aZm àma§^ {H$`m & AmOH$b `h H§$ßnyQ>a, Xya^mf, Q>oboŠg

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Am¡a \¡$Šg Ho$ O[aò Xoe Ho$ H$moZo H$moZo VH$ ì`mnma H$m {Zdm©h H$a ahm h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ amï´>r` eoà {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§o _| Xbmbm| H$mo _mÌ ì`mnma H$aZo H$s gw{dYm hmoVr h¡& eoàXma AnZo eoàm| H$mo ~oMZo Am¡a IarXZo Ho$ {bE ~¢H$ _| ImVm àma§^ H$aZm h¡& Bgo {S>_oQ> (Demat) boIm H$hm OmVm h¡& `h {S>_mQ> ImVm eoàm| H$s gwajm H$aVm h¡& Bg {S>_oQ> Ho$ {~Zm eoàm| H$mo ~oM Am¡a IarX Zhr§ gH$Vo&

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{bpIV [aº$ ñWmZm| H$mo C{MV eãXm| go ^[aE :

1. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm H$s Xmo àH$ma H$s {dÎmr` Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ ___________ Am¡a ___________ &

2. nXmWm] H$mo ~oMZodmbo Am¡a IarXZodmbo CYma boVo h¢& Bg àH$ma Ho$ CYma H$mo ___________ H$hVo h¢&

3. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm AnZo à{V{XZ Ho$ H$m`m] Ho$ {bE ___________ àH$ma H$m CYma boVr h¡&

4. A{V erK« _m§Jm| Ho$ {bE ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm go ___________ CYma boVo h¡§&

5. gmPoXma ny§Or g§ñWm H$s AnZr ny§Or H$mo N>moQ>o N>moQ>o ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$aVo h¡§ BÝho ___________ H$hVo h§¡&

6. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Am`mV Am¡a {Z`m©Vm| Ho$ {bE H$O© XoZodmbm ~¡|H$___________ h§¡&

7. ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmr` {ZJ_ _| ___________ ñWm{nV hþAm&

8. ^maV _| g~go nhbo eoà ~mOma ___________ ZJa _| àma§^ hþAm&

II. {ZåZ{bpIV àým| Ho$ CÎma 2-3 dmŠ`m| _| {bpIE:

1. ì`mdhm[aH$ joÌmo§ _| {dÎmr` à~§YZ H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

2. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ CYma H$m¡Z- go h¢?

3. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ {bE CYma nmZo Ho$ H$moB© Mma _yb Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo {bpIE&

4. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ {bE Aënmd{Y CYma H$s Amdí`H$Vm Š`m| hmoVr h¡ {bpIE&

5. XrK©H$mbrZ CYma Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

6. nmañn[aH$ {Z{Y H$mo H$moB© VrZ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

III. {Zå_{bpIV àým| H$m CÎma 8-10 dmŠ`m| _| {bpIE1. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| _| {dÎm H$m _hËd VWm ^y{_H$m Š`m h¡? {bpIE&

2. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm Ho$ {bE XrKm©d{Y CYma H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$m¡Z- gr h¡, {bpIE&

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3. eoà Am¡a F$UnÌ XrK©H$mbrZ CYma _| à_wI ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¡§, do H$m¡Z-go h¢? do H¡$go _XX H$aVo h¢?

4. ^maVr` {dÎmr` {ZJ_ (IFCI) Am¡a amÁ` {dÎmr` {ZJ_ dm{UÁ` g§ñWmAm| Ho$ ì`dhma Ho$ {bE {dÎm H$s Amny{V© H¡$go H$aVo h¡&

5. gmd©O{ZH$ XrKm©d{Y {Zjon Š`m h¡& CZgo hmoZodmbo bm^ Ho$ ~mao _| {bpIE&

6. {dÎmr` ~mOma {H$go H$hVo h¡? ny§Or ~mOma go `h H¡$go {^Þ h¡?

7. ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ {bE eoà ~mOma H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$m ñWyb n[aM` {X{OE&

IV. {H«$`m H$bmn:1. AnZo {ZH$Q>dVu ~¢H$ OmH$a dhm± Ho$ ì`dhma g§KQ>Z, CYma XoZo Am{X Ho$ ~mao _| ì`dñWmnH$

go OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

2. eoà _mH}$Q> Ho$ ~mao _| X¡{ZH$ n{ÌH$mAm| VWm B§Q>aZoQ> go àmá OmZH$mar g§J«h H$s{OE& eoà _m}H$Q> Ho$ CVma-MT>md Ho$ ~mao _| {ejH$ go MMm© H$s{OE&

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AÜ`m` - 3

ì`dgm` emó _| boIm

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÝVJ©V {ZåZ{bpIV A§em| H$mo OmZH$mar àmá hmoJr&• boIm H$m AW© Ed§ n[a^mfm&• ì`dgmèmó _| boIm H$s Amdí`H$Vm&• ImVm - {ddaU, {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ ImVm| H$mo O_m-IM© Ho$ {Z`_&• ì`dgm` Ho$ {d{dY [admOm|/nÔ{V`m| H$mo X¡{ZH$nwñVH$ VWm ImVo _| XmpIb/ XO© H$aZm&• ì`dgm` g§JR>Z H$s gån{V g§~§Yr {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$mo g_PZm&• A{V_ én go EH$ Ad{Y _| ì`mnma Ho$ nyU© n[aUm_ H$mo OmZZm&

boIm H$m AW© Am¡a n[a^mfm

YZ AWdm YZ ê$n _| n[adV©Z H$s OmZo dmbr ì`mnma nÕ{V`m| H$mo nhMmZ H$a, CZH$s ny§Or (YZ) _yë` H$mo OmZH$a, CÝh| dJuH¥$V H$a, VwbZmH$a, AW© {ddaU Ho$ gmW CZH$m n[aUm_ OmZZo Ho$ {bE ha g§ d, EH$ {Z{X©ï> nwñVH$ _| H«$_~Õ XmpIbm H$aZo H$m H$m_ hr boIm H$hbmVm h¡&

gm_mÝ` AW© _| ì`dgm` gå~Yr n[aUm_ OmZZo Ho$ {bE ì`dgm` H$s nÕ{V H$m H«$_~Õ XmpIbm H$aZo H$m VarH$m boIm H$hbmVm h¡&n[a^mfm / ì`m»`m

1. A_o[aH$Z B§ñQ>rQ>çyQ> Am°\$ g{Q©>\$mBS> npãbH$ AH$mCÝQ>|Q²g-( AICP - merican Institute of Certified Public ccountants) g§ñWm Zo boIm H$mo Bg àH$ma n[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡ boIm- A{YH$ n¡_mZo na YZam{e Ho$ ñdê$n VWm n[aUm_ H$mo àX{e©V H$aZo ~mbo ì`dgm` VWm KQ>ZmAm| H$m ñnï>V: Am¡a ZJX ê$n _| XmpIbm H$aHo$ dJuH$aU VWm g§{já H$aZo H$s EH$ H$bm h¡&

2. A_o[aH$Z A§H$mCpÝQ>J Egmo{gEeZ (AAA-A merican Accounting Association) Bg g§ñWm Zo boIm H$s Bg àH$ma ì`m»`m H$s h¡- Am{W©H$ gyMZmAm| dmbo - gQ>rH$ (ghr) {ZU©`m| VWm ZVrOm| VH$ nhþ±MZo _| gw{dYmOZH$ gyMZmAm| H$mo nhMmZZo, _yë`m§H$Z H$aZo VWm gånH©$ H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m-boIm h¡&

boIm Ho$ bjU1. boIm {dkmZ h¡ VWm H$bm ^r h¡& Š`m|{H$ boIm Hw$N> {Z{X©ï> VarH$m| Am¡a {Z`_m| go `wº$

h¡& Bg H$maU dh {dkmZ h¡& boIm-Hw$N> CÔoí`m| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> VarH$m| H$m AZwgaU H$aVm h¡ Bggo `h H$bm h¡&

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2. boI ì`dgm` H$s nÕ{V`m| H$m {d^mOZ H$aVm h¡&

3. boIm ì`dgm` H$s nÕ{V`m| H$m dJuH$aU H$a {Z{X©ï> Am¡a VËgå~§Yr ImVm| _| XmpIbm H$aVm h¡&

4. boIm ì`dgm` H$s nÕ{V`m| H$m YZ ê$n _| _yë` àX{e©V H$aVm h¡&

5. boIm ì`dgm` nÕ{V`m| H$mo g§{jV H$a ImVm| go gyMZmE± àmáH$a A§{V_ boIm H$m ì`dgm{`H$ ImVm bm^- hm{Z H$m ImVm VWm g§n{Îm gå~Yr H$V©ì`m| H$mo gyMr V¡ maH$aVm h¡&

6. boIm ì`dgm` Ho$ {ZU©` boZo _| gw{dYmOZH$ n[aUm_ `m ZVrOo àñVwV H$aVm h¡&

boIm H$mo Amdí`H$VmW.C.F hmQ>©br Ho$ AZwgma eara Ho$ {bE {Og àH$ma Amhma Amdí`H$ h¡ Cgr àH$ma ì`dgm`

ì`mnma _| bm^ Amdí`H$ h¡& àËòH$ ì`mnma g§JR>Z bm^ àm{á Ho$ CÔoí` go ì`mnma àma§^ H$aVm h¡& ì`dgm` H$s nÕ{V/[admOm| Ho$ AZwê$n dñVw V¡`ma H$aZm, dñVw IarXZm, AmVm h¡& BZH$mo {bpIV ê$n _| OmZZm A{V Amdí`H$ h¡& EH$ {Z{X©ï> Ad{Y _| ì`dgm` g§JR>Z Ûmam àmá Agb bm^ {H$VZm h¡, AWdm {H$VZm ZwH$gmZ CR>m`m h¡, Cgo OmZZm AË`ÝV Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡& AÝ` bmoJm| go àmá {H$`m OmZo dmbm YZ {H$VZm h¡ VWm AÝ` bmoJm| H$s {H$VZm YZ {X`m OmZm h¡, Bgo ^r OmZZm hmoVm h¡& BZ g~Ho$ {bE boIm {bpIV én _| hmoZm Mm{hE& AË`§V gm_mÝ` CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma Jm±d H$s EH$ ½dm{bZ {H$gr H$mo XÿY ~oMVr h¡ Vmo CgH$s _mÌm Ho$ AZwén Xrdma na aoImE± AWdm q~Xþ Ir§MVr h¡& EH$ brQ>a XÿY hmo Vmo EH$ aoIm `m EH$ nyU© q~Xþ AmYm brQ>a hmo Vmo AmYr aoIm `m AmYr {~ÝXr ItMVr h¡& Ad{Y nyU© hmoZo na {H$g {H$gH$mo- {H$VZm XyY CgZo ~oMm BgH$m boIm OmoIm aoImAm| `m q~XþAm| H$mo OmoS> H$a OmZVr h¡ VWm CgHo$ AZwê$n YZ dgyb H$aVr h¡& Bgr àH$ma H$B© nÕ{V`m|/ì`dhmam| H$mo MbmZo dmbr EH$ ì`mnma g§ñWm H$mo BZHo$ n[aUm_ H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE AbJ-AbJ {hgm~ {bIZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Bggo ì`dgm` g§ñWm _| _mb {H$VZm ~oMm J`m VWm {H$VZm IarXm J`m, Cggo {H$VZm bm^ hþAm, {H$go {H$VZm YZ XoZm h¡, {H$VZm dgyb H$aZm h¡& Am{X H$mo g_PH$a EH$ Ad{Y _| g§ñWm Ûmam àmá bm^ `m EH$ bm^ H$s _mÌm H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE boIm H$s Amdí`H$ {Z{üV én _| h¡&

boIm Ho$ Cn`moJ AWdm bm^.

• boIm-OmoIm ({hgm~-{H$Vm~) H$m XmpIbm- ì`mnma g§JR>Z H$m O_m-IM© H$m n¸$m XmpIbm hmoVm h¡&

• boIm H$m XmpIbm - ì`mdgm` g§~§Yr à{H«$`mAm| H$mo nyU© gyMZmE± àXmZ H$aVm h¡&

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• boIm Ûmam df© - à{Vdf© ì`dgm` - ì`mnma Ho$ n[aUm_m| H$s VwbZm H$aZo H$s gw{dYm

hmoVr h¡&

• boIm Ûmam ì`dgm` Ho$ ê$nE - n¡gm| H$s gm_Ï`© H$m nVm MbmVm h¡&

• boIm - ì`mnma g§JR>Z AÝ` bmoJm| H$mo XoZo dmbo YZ H$s _mÌm VWm boZo dmbo YZ H$s

_mÌm H$m A§XmOm bJmZo _| gw{dYm OZH$ hmoVm h¡&

• boIm- XñVmdoOm| Ho$ XmpIbo H$m hñVmja nmZo VWm g~yV Ho$ Vm¡ana aIZo _| ghm`H$ h¡&

gaH$ma `m AÝ` {H$gr ^r g§ñWm Ho$ {bE ì`mnma Ho$ {bE boIm H$m XmpIbm hmoZm A{V

Amdí`H$ h¡&

• boIm H$m XmpIbm ì`mnma g§JR>Z Ho$ AJbo df© H$s `moOZAm| VWm {ZU©`m| H$mo boZo Ho$

{bE AË`{YH$ Cn`moJr h¡&

boIm Ho$ àH$ma

boIm _| O_m VWm IM© H$m _w»` ñWmZ h¡& BZ O_m - IMm] Ho$ XmpIbo go gå~{YV boIm

nwñVH$ _| XmpIbm H$aZo H$s H$bm nwñVH$ {Zd©hU H$hbmVr h¡& O_m IM© Ho$ XmpIbo H$s nwñVH$

H$mo ImVm H$hm OmVm h¡&

boIm (dhr) Ho$ Xmo àH$ma

1. Xmohar à{d{ï> nÕ{V (Double - Entry System)

2. EH$ à{d{îQ> nÕ{V (Single - Entry System)

Xmohar à{d{ï> nÕ{V: àËòH$ ì`mnma à{H«$` Xmo A§em| go `wº$ hmoVr h¡& EH$ A§e \$bXm`H$

hmoVm h¡, Xÿgam \$b àmá H$aVm h¡& BZ XmoZm| A§em| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a boIm nwñVH$ _| XmpIbm

{H$`m OmVm h¡& àËòH$ A§e H$m EH$ boIm ({hgm~) `m ImVm Xmo ^mJm| go `wº$ hmoVm h¡& (Z_yZm

AmJo XopIE) Bg àH$ma EH$ ImVm bm^ nmVm h¡ Vmo Xÿgam \$b XoVm h¡& BÝh| XmpIb H$aVo g_` EH$

à{H«$`m H$mo XmoZm| ImVm| _| {dnarV ñWmZm| na XmpIbm {H$`m OmZ Mm{hE & Bgo Xmohar à{d{ï> nÕ{V

H$hVo h¢& CXm- ZJX Ho$ {bE _mb ~oMm J`m& `hm± ZJX ImVm \$b àmá H$aVm h¡& _mb ~oMZo H$m

ImVm \$b XoVm h¡& ZJX ImVo _| EH$ Va\$ XmpIbm H$aZo na _mb ~oMZo Ho$ ImVo _| CgHo$ {dnarV

ñWmZ na BgH$m XmpIbm hmoZm Mm{hE& \$bàmá (bm^) ImVo H$mo IM© H$s Amoa XmpIbm H$aZo na

\$b XoZodmbo ImVo Ho$ O_m H$s Amoa XmpIbm H$aVo h¢& (à{H«$`mAm| H$m XmpIbm AmJo {X`mJ`m h¡)

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EH$ à{d{ï> nÕ{V : Hw$N> ì`mnma ì`dgm` g§ñWmE± Xmohar à{d{ï> nÕ{V H$mo nyU© ê$n go

AZwgaU Zhr H$aVr h¢& do ì`mnma à{H«$`m Ho$ Ho$db EH$ A§e _mÌ H$mo h`mZ _| aIH$ma EH$ boI

`m ImVo _| EH$ Amoa (Va\$) _mÌ XmpIbm H$aVr h¡& Hw$N> à{H«$`mAm| H$m XmpIbm {H$`m hr Zhr§

OmVm, Bg àH$ma boIm H$s XmpIbm nÕ{V EH$ à{d{ï> nÕ{V H$hbmVr h¡& Bg nÕ{V _| AZoH$m~ma

à{H«$`mAm| H$m nyU© {ddaU àmá Zhr§ hmoVm h¡& Bggo gm_mÝ`V: g^r ì`mnma g§JR>Zm| _| à{d{ï> H$s

nÕ{V hr AZwgaUr` h¡&

Xmohar à{d{ï> Ho$ àH$ma H$mo boIm `m {Zd©hU H$m H«$_:

1) X¡{ZH$ ~hr ì`dgm` à{H«$`mE± à{V nwñVH$ _| XmpIb H$s OmVr h¡&

2) à{V ({hgm~ hoVw) nwñVH$- à{H«$`mAm| H$m {díbofU H$a {H$g ImVo Ho$ O_m ^mJ _| {H$g ImVo H$s IMo© ^mJ _| XmpIbm hmoZm h¡, g_PH$a {ZåZ{bpIV Z_yZo _| X¡{ZH$ nwñVH$ _| XmpIbm {H$`m OmVm h¡

X¡{ZH$ nwñVH$ H$m Z_yZm

{XZm§H$ {ddaU ImVm n¥ð>

g§»`m

IMm© - Hw$b YZ(én`m| _|)

O_m Hw$b YZ(ê$n`m| _|)

.......... ............. ImVm IM©............. ImVm O_m({ddaU) .............)

--

* * * * * * * * * *

à{H«$`mAm| H$m XmpIbm nyU© {ddaU Ho$ gmW nhbo X¡{ZH$ nwñVH$ _| XmpIb OmZo Ho$ H$maU

X¡{ZH$ nwñVH$m| H$mo _yb nwñVH$ H$hVo h¡§&

(...........)

3) X¡{ZH$ nwñVH$m| XmpIbm| H$mo VËgå~ÝYr ImVm| _| ñWmZmÝV[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡&

4) EH$ {Z{üV Ad{Y Ho$ ~mX `m Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Zo na ImVm| H$m eofm§e nVm bJm`m OmVm h¡& eofm§em| go VmËn`© h¡- XmoZm| Va\$ (O_m+IM©) Ho$ ImVm| H$m A§Va (XmoZm| eofm§em| H$m OmoS> g_mZ hmoZm Mm{hE&)

5) BZ eofm§em| H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s OmVr h¡& BÝh| VwbZmË_H$ (narjU) Vm[bH$m H$hVo h¡§& (Trial balance)

6) Bg Om±M (narjU) Vm{bH$m H$mo ~ZmZo Ho$ ~mX A§{V_ boIm V¡`ma {H$`m OmVm h¡& A§{V_

boIm Ho$ VrZ ^mJ h¢-

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E) dm{UÁ` (ì`mnma) ImVm& (Trading account)

~r) bm^ VWm hm{Z ImVm (gm_mÝ`V… BZ XmoZm| boIm| H$mo EH$ gmW {bIm OmVm h¡)&

CXm : XrKm©d{Y d EH$md{Y H$m A§{V_ ì`mnma VWm bm^ hm{Z H$m ImVm&

gr) gån{ËV VWm H$V©ì` nŠH$m{MQ>²R>m- `hm± ì`mnma H$s (Hw$b) g^r gn{ËV VWm nŠHo$ {MQ>¥R>oo H$s ~m{bH$m {Jadr n{ÌH$m ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& (gånm{ËV VWm)

BZ g^r Xm{Ibm| H$s dhr (boI) H$mo dVw©b (MH«$mH$ma) MH«$ H$hm OmVm h¡)

boIm H$m dVw©b aoIm {MÌ (Accounting cycle)

gm¡Xm ì`mnma- H$madmhr)(Business Transactions)

A§{V_ boIm (FinalAccounts)

X¡{ZH$s (Journal)

ImVm (Ledger)

narjU Vm{bH$m(Trial Balance)

b¡Im H$m dVw©b aoI {MÌ(Accounting Cycle)

ImVm| H$m d{Jm©H$aU: ì`mnmar g§ñWmE± à{H«$`mAm| H$mo {b{IV ê$n XoZ Ho$ {bE VrZ àH$ma Ho$ ImVm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVr h¡§

1. ì`{ŠVJV ImVm (Personal Accounts) 2. Agb (dmñV{dH$ ImVm (Real Accounts)

3. Zm_ _mÌ (g§kmË_H$) ImVm (Nominal Accounts)

ì`{º$JV (d¡`{ŠVH$) ImVm: EH$ g§ñWm ì`{º$ `m| Ho$ gmWm `m g§ñWmAm| Ho$ gmW Omo ^r ì`dhma aIVr h¡ Cgo {bpIV ê$n _| (ImVm) aIVr h¡ Omo ì`{º$ ImVm H$hbmVm h¡& CXm: gwaoe H$m ImVm, ~¢H$ ImVm, amOZ H$m ImVm ABC {hñgoXmar ImVm, H$nZr ImVm Am{X&

g§n{Îm ImVm: g§ñWm AnZo AYrZ àËòH$ gån{Îm `m {H$ò Jò ~r_o, `mVm`mV ì`` AÝVJ©V AmVo h¡§& AnZo AYrZ Om`XmXm| `m _mb gå~Yr ì`dhmam| H$m {bpIb ê$n H$m ImVm gån{Îm ImVm H$hbmVm h¡ CXm. B_maVm| ^dZm| H$m ImVm, ZJXImVm, ghm`H$ gm_J«r ImVm, `§Ìm| H$m ImVm Am{X&

Zm__mÌ ImVo m Zm_Yo` ImVo (Nominal ccounts) : g§ñWm Ûmam A{O©V Am` m bm^ d Xo` AZoH$ ì`` Ho$ {bE, hm{Z Ho$ {bE, àËòH$ Ho$ {bE EH$ - EH$ ImVm aIm OmVm h¡& BÝh| Zm__mÌ ImVm `m bm^-hm{Z ImVm H$hVo h¢& CXm- doVZ XoZm, ~|H$ go àmá ã`mO, Xr JB© _OXÿar, {X`m J`m H$a àmá Ed§ Xo` H$_reZ, ~r_m ì`` {H$gmZm| H$m boZ-XoZ, mVm`mV ì`` Am{X&

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XmpIbm| _| O_mkmV ah|

boIm nwñVH$m| _| IM© eãX H$o {bE (Debit) ‘Dr’ Ama¡ O_m H$o {bE (Credit) ‘Cr’ eãXm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

- IM© Ho$ {Z`_

ì`dgm` à{H«$`m _| Xm{Ibm {H$E OmZo dmbo VrZ àH$ma

H$o ImVm| H$mo g§ñWm aIVr h¡& BZ VrZm| àH$mam| H$o ImVm| H$m

IM© Ama¡ O_m g§~§Yr nmbZ `mo½` {Z`_m| H$mo OmZoJ| -.

ì`{º$ dmMH$ ImVm : \$b àmá ì`m{º$ Ho$ ImVo _| IM©

(So>{~Q>) \$b XoZo dmbo ImVo _| O_m (H«o${S>Q> XoZo dmbm) H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡&

gån{Îm ImVm : gån{Îm Ho$ AÝVJ©V YZ AmVm hmo CgHo$ ImVo _| IM©, gån{Îm OmVr hmo Vmo

ImVo _| O_m H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡& (Debit-What comes in, credit-what goes out)

Zm__mÌ ImVm : hm{Z O_m AWdm ì`` ImVm| _| IM©, bm^ `m Am` A{O©V ImVm| _| O_m

{bpIV hmoZm Mm{hE&

Ü`mZ X|

ì`mnma àma^§ H$aZo go g§~§{YVYZ H$mo n§yOr H$hVo h¡& h d¡ {ŠVH$ImVm H$o AYrZ AmVm h¡&

D$na {bpIV {Z`_m| Ho$ AZwgma IM©Ed§ O_m Ho$ CXmhaU ò h¡§ -

1. amOZ Zo 80.00 ê$n`m| go ì`mnma/ì`dgm` àma§^ {H$`m&

`hm§° Xmo ImVo 1) ZJX ImVm- gånm{Îm ImVm- ZJX AmZm, ZJX

ImVo _|, IM©-IM© ^mJ _| Xm{Ibm h¡ & Bggo bmJV ImVo _|

O_m^mJ _| Xm{Ibm H$a| &

2. ~¡§H$ H$mo ê$nE 50,000 O_m H$amE JE& BgHo$ Xmo ImVo 1) ~¢H$ ImVm ì`{º$ dmMH$

ImVm~¢H$ nmVm h¡ : ~¢H$ ImVo _| IM© ^mJ _| XmpIb {H$`m OmEJm& ZJX ImVm- gån{Îm ImVm-

ZJX O_m h¡- Bggo ZJX ImVo _| O_m ^mJ _| XmpIb H$a|&

ImVm

ImVm ì`mnma g§ñWmAmo _| {hgm~ {H$Vm~ g§~§Yr hmoVm h¡ & (d¡`{º$H$ ImVm, Om`XmX g§~§Yr

ImVm Am¡a Zm_ dmMH$ ImVm) X¡{ZH$ àñVH$ _| Xm{Ib H$aZo Ho$ ~mX à{V {XZ Ho$ Xm{Ibo H$mo

VËg§~§Yr ImVo _| ñWmZm§V[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡& ImVo Ho$ Xmo ^mJ hmoVo h¡ & ~m±ò ^mJ _| IM© g§~§Yr

boIm OmoIm VWm Xm°ò ^mJ _| O_m g§~§Yr boIm OmoIm Xm{Ib {H$`m OmVm h¡ &

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ImVo H$m Z_yZm Bg àH$ma h¡ -

ImM ImV O_m

{XZm§H$ {ddaUX¡{ZH$ n¥ð>

YZ én`mo _|

{XZm§H$X¡{ZH$ {ddaU

X¡{ZH$ n¥ð>

YZ én`mo _|

Bg ^mJ _| ì`dhma H$s VmarI {bIr OmEJr

{Og ImVo _| O_m {H$`m J`m h¡ & Cg ImVo H$m Zm_ {bIm OmEJm

X¡{ZH$ nwñVH$ Ho$ n¥ð> _o§ {bIm OmEJm&

ì`dhma g§~§Yr YZ H$m Xm{Ibm {H$`m OmEJ

Bg ^mJ _| ì`dhma H$s VmarI {bIr OmEJr

{Og ImVo go IM© {H$`m J`m h¡, Cg ImVo H$m Zm_ {bIm OmEJm

X¡{ZH$s _| n¥ð> go {bIr OmEJr

ì`dhma g§~§Yr YZH$m Xm{Ibm H$a| &

X¡{ZH$ nwñVH$ H$m Xm{Ibm ImVo _| ñWmZm§ V[aV H$aZm-

({ddaU ^mJ _| ImM© dmbo {hñgo _| {Og ImVo _| O_m {H$`m J`m h¡, Cgo Xm{Ib H$aVo h¡, Am¡a O_m dmbo {hñgo _| {H$g ImVo go IM© {H$`m J`m h¡, Cgo Xm{Ib H$aVo h¡§&)

CXm : ZJX ImVm IM©-`hm± ZJX _| ImVo _| IM© ^mJ _| {Zdoe ImVo Ho$ {bE {Zdoe ImVo _| O_m {bI OmE& {Zdoe ImVo _| O_m ^mJ _| ZJX ImVo go {bI OmEJ&

ImVm| H$m eofm§e nVm bJmZm:

{H$gr ^r ì`mnma g§ñWm _| EH$ Ad{Y Ho$ ~mX `m Amdí`H$ bJo Vmo, AnZo YZ H$s pñW{V `m CnZo YZ H$m n[aU_ (bm^-hm{Z) OmZZm Oê$ar h¡& g§ñWmE± AnZo g^r {H«$`m H$bmnm| H$m Xm{Ibm ImVm| _| aIVr h¡§& BZ Xm{Ibm| Ho$ eofm§em| H$mo nVm bJmZm, YZ {H$ pñWm{V OmZZm A{V Amdí`H$ h¡& ImVm| H$m eofm§e nVm bJmZo H$m H«$_-Bg àH$ma hmoVm h¡- àËòH$ ImVo Ho$ AË`{YH$ Hw$b YZ H$s EH$ hr bmBZ _| XmoZm| Am¡a YZ H$s {bIVo h¡& BZ XmoZm| Ho$ A§Va H$mo nVm bJmVo h¡§ & Bg A§Va H$mo eofm§e H$hVo h¢& Bg eofm§e Hw$b YZ Ho$ gmW ~rM _| Xm{Ib H$aVo h¡§& IM© H$s Amoa {H$VZm Hw$b YZ A{YH$ h¡ Cgo Cg ImVo H$m IM©-eofme H$hH$a O_m ^mJ _| {H$VZm A{V[aº$ Hw$b YZ h¡ Cgo Cg ImVo H$m O_m eofm§e H$hm OmVm h¡& BZ eofm§emo H$mo AJb A§{V_ eofm§e H$hm OmVm h¡& AJbr Ad{Y _| BZ eofmem§o go AmJo ~Tm`m J`m àma§{^H$> eofm§e {bIH$a ImVm àma§^ H$aVo h¢& {Zdoe VWm O_m eofm§e Ho$ Hw$b YZ H$m nVmbJmH$a gån{ËV ^mJ H$m H$O©Xma H$h H$a VWm O_m eofm§e Ho$ _ybYZ H$m nŠH$m{MQ²>R>m ^mJ _| {XImVo h¢& AbJ AbJ {XImZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zhr§ h¡&

gyMZm hoVw:_mb ImVo H$mo AbJ AbJ, _mb ~oMZo Ho$ ImVo VWm _mb IarXZo Ho$ ImVo Ho$ én _| {XImE±

Bgr àH$ma _mb dmngr VWm _mb dmng hmoH$a AmZo Ho$ ~mao _| AbJ-AbJ {XImE± ! Bg ImVm| H$s Hw$b am{e narjU gyMr _| {XImB© OmVr h¡& eofm§e ~VmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr&

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nhbo {XImE JE _mb ~oMZo H$m Hw$b YZ, _mb IarXZo H$m YZ, _mb dmng H$aZo na àmá YZ, VWm _mb dmngr Ho$ Hw$b YZ _mÌ H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIm OmVm h¡& BZ g^r ImVm| Ho$ eofm§e H$s gyMr ~Zm`r OmVr h¡& Bg gyMr H$mo narjU gyMr H$hVo h¡§& narjU gyMr XmoZm| ^mJmo _| g_mZ hmo V~ {hgm~ H$m Xm{Ibm ghr àH$ma go JUZr` hmoVm h¡&

kmV aho:• àËòH$ ImVo `m boIm Ho$ {bE EH$ n¥îR> `m A{YH$ n¥îR> ì`dhma Ho$ AZwê$n aI OmVm

h¡&

• X¡{ZH$ n¥îR>> A§H$Z _| X¡{ZH$ nwñVH$ Ho$ {H$g n¥îR> _| Bg ImVo H$m X¡{ZH$ Xm{Ibm {H$`m J`m h¡ Cg n¥îR> H$s g§»`m {bIr OmVr h¡&

Ü`mZ X|: gË`mmnZ (Om°M) gyMr IM© eofm§e Hw$b H$s am{e, O_m eofm§e H$s Hw$b am{e XmoZm| EH$ hr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU X¡{ZH$ Xm{Ibo VWm ImVm| _| CZH$m ñWmZmVaU ghr h¡, BgH$s Om°§M H$s Om gH$Vr h¡&

A§{V_ boIm ({hgm~)

A§{V_ {hgm~ gm_mÝ`V… Xmo Vm{bH$mAm| go `wº$ hmoVm h¡&

1. ì`mnma Am¡a bm^ hm{Z ImVm 2. gån{ËV VWm H$V©ì` Vm{bH$m

ì`mnma Am¡a bm^ hm{Z H$m ImVm H$B© ~ma Xmo ^mJm| _| ì`mnma ImVm Am¡a bm^-hm{Z ImVm Ho$ ê$n _| à`ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ & gm_mÝ`V BZ XmoZm| H$mo EH$ gmW {_bmH$a ì`mnma Am¡a bm^ hm{Z ImVo Ho$ ê$n _| EH$ hr V¡`ma H$aZo H$m àMbZ h¡&

ì`mnma ImVm ì`mnma go gmå~pÝYV _mb H$m àma§^ eofm§e, _mb H$s IarXXmar, _mb H$m ~oMZm, _mb dmng H$aZm VWm dmng àmá H$aZm, ì`mnma g§~§Yr IM©, CXm - `mVm`mV IM©, Am`mV H$a, [Z_m©U IM© Am{X `wŠº$ h¡& ì`mnma ImVo H$m A§{V_ n[aUm_, ì`mnma Ûmam _OXyar `m dñVw {Z_m©U Ûmam hþE bm^ `m hm{Z H$mo - ñWyb ê$n _| bm^ `m ñWyb hm[Z H$hm OmVm h¡& Bgo bm^ hm{Z Ho$ ImVo _| ñWmZ§V[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡& bm^-hm{Z Ho$ ImVo _| ì`mnma Ûmam ñWyb bm^ `m ñWyb hm{Z H$m JUZm H$aHo$ g§ñWm Ûmam g^r Am`, bm^, IM©, hm{Z H$mo {XIm`m OmVm h¡& A§{V_ n[aU_ Ho$ Hw$b bm^, `m ZîQ> H$mo bmJV ImVo _| ñWmÝV[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡& pñWa gån{Îm à{V df© AnZo àË`j _yë`/ _ybYZ H$m Hw$N> ^mJ J±dm`m H$aVr h¢ Bgo {KgZm (KQ>Zm) H$hVo h¡& Bg {KgZo `m H$_ hmoZo H$mo pñWa gån{Îm _| KQ>m`m OmZm Mm{hE VWm KQ>V H$mo bm^ hm{Z ImVo _| IM© H$s Va\$ {XIm`m OmZm Mm{hE& Bgo Vm{bH$m Ûmam g§ñWm gå~Yr g^r gån{ËV VWm {Oå_oXma[a`m| àX{e©V {H$`m OmVm h¡&

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Aä`mg

1. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| {aº$ ñWmZ H$s ny{V© ghr A§em| go H$s{OE

1. ì`dgm` H$r X¡{ZH$ ~hr nÕ{V H$s {b{IV nwñVH$ ______________ nwñVH$ H$hbmVr h¡&

2. doVZ XoZo H$s H$m`©dmhr ______________ ImVo Ho$ AÝVJ©V H$s OmVr h¡&3. ZdrZ VWm emñÌr` XñVmdoOm| H$mo aIZo H$s nÕ{V ______________ nÕ{V H$hbmVr

h¡&

4. EH$ ImVo Ho$ O_m Am¡a IM© Ho$ A§Va H$mo ______________ H$hVo h¢&

5. ZJX g{hV ì`mnma àma§^ {H$E OmZodmbo Xm o ImVo ______________ Am¡a ______________ hmoVo h¡§&

6. A§{V_ {hgm~ (boIm) _| ì`dgm` Ûmam bm^ H$mo ______________ ImVo _| ñWmZmÝV[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡&

7. {ñWa gån{ËV H$o$ Ûmam à{V df© AnZo àË`j (A§{H$V) _yë` go J°dmE hþE H$wN> ^mJ H$mo ______________ H$hVo h¡§&

8. EH$ ì`mnmar H$s gån{Îm VWm H$V©ì` gå~ÝYr A§Va Cg ì`mnmar H$m ______________ hmoVm h¡&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. boI Ho$ AÝVJ©V _yb Xm{Ibm gå~Yr nwñVH$ H$m¡Z gm h¡? Cgo Š`m| _yb Xm{Ibm nwñVH$ H$hVo h¡?

2. ImVm| Ho$ àH$ma H$m¡Z H$m¡Z go h§¡? CXmhaU Xr{OE&

3. ì`dgm` _| boIm H$s AmdíH$Vm Š`m h¡?

4. Xmohar A§H$Z (n§Or`Z) nÕ{V Ho$ boIm go Š`m VmËn`© h¡?

5. A§{V_ boIm H$m¡Z H$m¡Z gmo h¡? bm^-hm{Z Ho$ ImVo H$m n[aUm_ Š`m h¡ ?

6. _mb ~oMZo VWm _mb IarXZo Ho$ ImVm§o H$m eofm§e nVm bJmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr Š`m|?

7. pñWa gån{ËV Ho$ Zï> hmoZo H$m n[aUm_ Š`m hmoVm h¡?

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H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma g mO {dkmZ republished - Kar textbooks/class9...BgHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ C_aeoI {_Om© Wm & Omo A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ N>moQ>o go naJZm Ho$ amOm Wo& {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX