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Hypoxia-What Is It, Do We Affect It, And How Might Our Future Affect It?. Rick Cruse. Hypoxia – What is it?. Hypoxia – What it is not?. Hypoxia – What is it?. An area of low dissolved oxygen concentrations that cannot support marine life. Typically O 2 < 2 ppm. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Hypoxia-What Is It, Do We Affect It, And How Might Our Future
Affect It?
Rick CruseRick Cruse
Hypoxia – What is it?Hypoxia – What is it?
Hypoxia – What it is not?Hypoxia – What it is not?
Hypoxia – What is it?Hypoxia – What is it?
An area of low dissolved oxygen An area of low dissolved oxygen concentrations that cannot support marine concentrations that cannot support marine life. Typically Olife. Typically O2 2 < < 2 ppm2 ppm
Hypoxia – Where does it occur?Hypoxia – Where does it occur?
Hypoxia – Where does it occur?Hypoxia – Where does it occur?
Hypoxia – Why does it occur?Hypoxia – Why does it occur?
Freshwater and saltwater stratifyFreshwater and saltwater stratify
Hypoxia – Why does it occur?Hypoxia – Why does it occur?
Algae bloom in freshwaterAlgae bloom in freshwater Algae settle to bottomAlgae settle to bottom Algae decomposition consumes OAlgae decomposition consumes O22
Hypoxia – Where (at what Hypoxia – Where (at what depth) does it occur?depth) does it occur?
www.gulfhypoxia.net/Research/
Hypoxia – How large an area?Hypoxia – How large an area?
http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/pdf/2007-hypoxia-pred-web-5.pdf
Turner and Rabalais, 2007
x
X – size in 2008
Hypoxia - Why does it occur?Hypoxia - Why does it occur?
Hypoxia – Why does it occur?Hypoxia – Why does it occur?
Algae Yield and N fertilization
Hypoxia – Is nutrient flux constant?Hypoxia – Is nutrient flux constant?
co.water.usgs.gov
Hypoxia – Why Iowa connection?Hypoxia – Why Iowa connection?
NO3-N Concentration in the Raccoon River at Des Moines
0.00
2.004.00
6.008.00
10.00
12.0014.00
16.0018.00
20.00
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
NO
3-N
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg
/L) Annual MaxAnnual Mean
Data provided by Chris Jones Des Moines Water Works
Hypoxia – Why Iowa connection?Hypoxia – Why Iowa connection?Nitrate load in Raccoon River jumps, climate change?
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
ton
s N
itro
ge
n
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
Raccoon River 1st Quarter Loads-Revised
First Quarter NO3-N Load, Raccoon River at Des Moines
Data provided by Chris Jones Des Moines Water Works
Hypoxia – Why Iowa Hypoxia – Why Iowa connection?connection?
www.umces.edu/President/hypoxia.htm
20 – 25 lb/A
Hypoxia – Why Iowa connection?
Look to the Future
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Planted area: Corn, wheat, and soybeans
Million acres
Corn
Wheat
Soybeans
Source: USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016, February 2007.Economic Research Service, USDA.
USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016D. R. Keeney
Corn/Soybean and Perennial Nitrate-N Concentrations in Tile
Drain Tile drainage system U of MN - Lamberton
0
5
10
15
20
25
Corn/Bean Perennials
mg/LMidpointof range
Gyles Randall, 2003
D. R. Keeney
Tom Kaspar
Tom Kaspar
Rye after corn silage
Kaspar et al., JEQ 36:1503-1511
Cumulative annual nitrate-N load of drainage water for 2002-2005
40.4
81.1
47.250.8
11.2 11.1
19.8
34.433.9
23.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2002 2003 2004 2005 Avg.
An
nu
al n
itrat
e-N
load
(kg
/ha)
Control
Rye Cover Crop
Iowa Daily Erosion ProjectIowa Daily Erosion Project
Estimates daily soil erosion, runoff and Estimates daily soil erosion, runoff and soil moisture for the state of Iowasoil moisture for the state of Iowa Daily estimations since 2002Daily estimations since 2002 Published in Jan/Feb 2006 Journal of the Published in Jan/Feb 2006 Journal of the
Soil and Water Conservation SocietySoil and Water Conservation Society Served on the web at Served on the web at
http://wepp.mesonet.agron.iastate.edu Parameterizes WEPP erosion model with Parameterizes WEPP erosion model with
radar rainfall, climate stations, and NRIradar rainfall, climate stations, and NRI
Simulated cropsSimulated crops Eight scenarios based on ISU researchEight scenarios based on ISU research
Rotation TillageResidue Removal
Cover Crop
Abbreviation
NRI NRI No No NRI
Corn/Soy Min-till No No CS-MT
Cont. Corn Min-till Yes No CC-MTRR
Corn/Soy No-till No No CS-NT
Cont. Corn No-till No No CC-NT
Cont. Corn No-till Yes No CC-NTRR
Cont. Corn No-till Yes Yes CC-NTRRCC
Switchgrass No-till Yes No Sw-NTRR
NEXRAD – Aug 22, 2007NEXRAD – Aug 22, 2007
Statewide mean precipitation: 1.56 in.
Switchgrass – NT, RRSwitchgrass – NT, RR
Sw-NTRRSw-NTRRCC-NTCC-NTCS-NTCS-NTCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCCCC-NTRRCCNRINRICS-MTCS-MTCC-MTRRCC-MTRR
Cont. Corn – NTCont. Corn – NT
Sw-NTRRSw-NTRRCC-NTCC-NTCS-NTCS-NTCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCCCC-NTRRCCNRINRICS-MTCS-MTCC-MTRRCC-MTRR
Corn/Soybean – NTCorn/Soybean – NT
Sw-NTRRSw-NTRRCC-NTCC-NTCS-NTCS-NTCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCCCC-NTRRCCNRINRICS-MTCS-MTCC-MTRRCC-MTRR
Cont. Corn – NT, RRCont. Corn – NT, RR
Sw-NTRRSw-NTRRCC-NTCC-NTCS-NTCS-NTCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCCCC-NTRRCCNRINRICS-MTCS-MTCC-MTRRCC-MTRR
Cont. Corn – NT, RR, CCCont. Corn – NT, RR, CC
Sw-NTRRSw-NTRRCC-NTCC-NTCS-NTCS-NTCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCCCC-NTRRCCNRINRICS-MTCS-MTCC-MTRRCC-MTRR
NRI Projected RotationNRI Projected Rotation
Sw-NTRRSw-NTRRCC-NTCC-NTCS-NTCS-NTCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCCCC-NTRRCCNRINRICS-MTCS-MTCC-MTRRCC-MTRR
Corn/Soy - MTCorn/Soy - MT
Sw-NTRRSw-NTRRCC-NTCC-NTCS-NTCS-NTCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCCCC-NTRRCCNRINRICS-MTCS-MTCC-MTRRCC-MTRR
Cont. Corn - MTRRCont. Corn - MTRR
Sw-NTRRSw-NTRRCC-NTCC-NTCS-NTCS-NTCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCC-NTRRCCCC-NTRRCCNRINRICS-MTCS-MTCC-MTRRCC-MTRR
Event SummaryEvent Summary
Management8/22/2007 Mean Loss
(tons/acre)8/22/2007 Mean
Runoff (in)
Sw-NTRR 0.044 0.657
CC-NT 0.113 0.662
CS-NT 0.184 0.651
CC-NTRR 0.230 0.649
CC-NTRRCC 0.232 0.650
NRI 0.320 0.640
CS-MT 0.406 0.647
CC-MTRR 0.458 0.646
Concluding Thought
OR
