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Hypothalamus
• Homeostatic control centers • Thalamus – “relay station” and sensory
integration • Hypothalamus
• Hunger/Satiety • Thirst: Body osmolarity • “Fight or flight” response • Rage – fear... • Control of biological rythms • Endocrine and ANS synchrony
Midbrain (Diencephalon)
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Hypophysis
Hypothalamus
Hipotalamus
Blood P; mydriasis, shivering
GIS uyarımı
Satiety, Neuroendocrine control
Feeding reflexes
ADH
Oxytocin, water retention
Blood P; bladder contraction
Neuroendocrine control
Hunger
Hypothalamus
Paraventricular nucleus: Oxytocin+ADH
Medial preoptic area: Bladder contraction Heart rate Blood pressure#
Supraoptic nucleus: ADH release
Posterior preoptic and anterior hypothalamus: Body temperature Respiration Sweating
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus: Thirst and hunger; Rage!
Arcuate nuclei: Dopamine, GHRH #
Periventricular area: Neuroendocrine control
Mamillary body: Recognition memory, feeding reflexes
Ventromedial nucleus: Satiety center, NE control
Perifornical area: Hunger, Blood pressure , anger
Hypothalamus
Dorsomedial neucleus: GIS Stimulation
Posterior hypothalamus: Blood pressure Pupil dilatation Shivering
Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Biological rhythms Control of the pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus – Coronal Sections
• Lateral Hypothalamus & Medial Forebrain bundle • Hunger • Thirst • Emotional drive
Hypothalamus
• Lateral Hypothalamus • Rage-Euphoria-Fight
• Ventromedial nucleus • Satiety-calmness
• Periventricular area • Punishment-fear
• Anterior-posterior hypothalamus • Sexual instincts
Hypothalamus and Behavior
• Punishment-Reward System • Reward centers
• Lateral hypothalamus • Ventromedial hypoth. • Secondary areas:
• Septum • Amygdala • Thalamus • Basal ganglia – basal tegmentum
Hypothalamus and Behavior
• Punishment-Reward System • Punishment centers
• Periventricular area* • Lateral hypothalamus*
• Suppressing centers: • VM nucleus • Hippocampus • Anterior limbic cortex
Hypothalamus and Behavior
Hypothalamus and Endocrine control
The Limbic System
• Limbus: Border, circle • Limbic system
• Cingulate gyrus – emotions and behavior; decision…
• Hippocampus – learning and memory; navigation
• Amygdala – emotions and emotinal memory
The Limbic System
The Limbic System
• Limbic System • Cingulate gyrus • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Hypothalamus
• Mamillary body • Septum • Orbitofrontal cortex….
The Limbic System
The Limbic System
The Limbic System - Hippocampus
• Hippocampal formation • Hippocampus proper
• (Cornu ammonis-CA) • Gyrus dentatus • Subiculum • Enthorhinal cortex • Fornix
The Limbic System - Hippocampus
• Hippocampal formation • Paleocortex
• Laminated structure • Learning and memory • Short-term memory
• LTP!
The Limbic System - Hippocampus
CA3 CA2
CA1
Limbic System – Hippocampus – Papez Circuit
Limbic System – Hippocampus – Papez Circuit
Limbic System – Amygdala
Amygdala
Amygdala
Coronal section
Limbic System – Amygdala – Fear&Phobias
Limbic System – Amygdala
• Cooperative function of: • Hypothalamus, limbic system and cortex
• Feelings: Pleasure, sexual arousal, anger and fear; limited concious control – “hard to block"
• Motivation: “driving power“; increases arousal; goal-directed behavioral coordination
Feelings and motivation
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
• Extensive damage in limbic structure • Feeding disturbances • Hypersexuality • Oral focusing • Loss of fear • Submission • Dementia/aphasia/amnesia • Visual agnosia
Learning and memory circuits
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Frontal cortex
Cortical regions
That’s all for now... "If the brain were simple
enough for us to understand it, we would be too simple to
understand it." Ken Hill
Questions?
