Hydroelectric Power 29828

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Solar battery manufacturing engineering

Hur In Eun

2007. 04. 12.


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s Water in a high reservoir hasWater in a high reservoir haspotential energypotential energy

s The water is allowed to fall under The water is allowed to fall undergravitygravity

s The water gains kinetic energy The water gains kinetic energys The kinetic energy drives the The kinetic energy drives the

turbinesturbiness The turbines drives the generators The turbines drives the generatorss The kinetic energy of the shafts of The kinetic energy of the shafts of

the generators is converted intothe generators is converted intoelectrical energyelectrical energy


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Summary of Typical HydroelecricDam

Gravitational Mechanical Electrical


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s The two basic types of hydroelectric The two basic types of hydroelectricsystems are those based on fallingsystems are those based on falling

water and natural river current.water and natural river current.First system , water accumulates in reservoirsFirst system , water accumulates in reservoirscreated by the use of dams.created by the use of dams.

Second system, called a run-of-the-riverSecond system, called a run-of-the-riversystemsystemAnother kind of hydroelectric power generationAnother kind of hydroelectric power generationis the pumped storage hydroelectric system.is the pumped storage hydroelectric system.


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s First system , wateraccumulates inreservoirs created by

the use of dams. Thiswater then falls throughconduits (penstocks)and applies pressureagainst the turbineblades to drive thegenerator to produceelectricity.


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s Second system, called a run-of-the-river system, the force of the rivercurrent (rather than falling water)applies pressure to the turbineblades to produce electricity. Since

run-of-the-river systems do notusually have reservoirs and cannotstore substantial quantities of water, power production from thistype of system depends onseasonal changes and stream flow.

These conventional hydroelectricgenerating units range in size fromless than 1 megawatt to 700megawatts. Because of their abilityto start quickly and make rapidchanges in power output,hydroelectric generating units are

suitable for serving peak loads andproviding spinning reserve power,


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s Another kind of hydroelectricpower generation is thepumped storage hydroelectricsystem. Pumped storagehydroelectric plants use thesame principle for generationof power as the conventionalhydroelectric operations basedon falling water and rivercurrent. However, in a pumpedstorage operation, low-cost off-peak energy is used to pumpwater to an upper reservoirwhere it is stored as potentialenergy. The water is thenreleased to flow back down

through the turbine generatorto produce electricity during


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1) They use up1) They use upvaluable and limitedvaluable and limitednatural resources.natural resources.

2) They can produce a2) They can produce alot of pollution.lot of pollution.

3) Companies have to3) Companies have todig up the earth ordig up the earth ordrill wells to get coal,drill wells to get coal,oil, or gas.oil, or gas.

4) For nuclear power4) For nuclear powerplants, there areplants, there arewaste disposalwaste disposal
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=ecology.org/biod/images/Pollution.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ecology.org/biod/&h=317&w=193&sz=52&tbnid=KU8_ctb008kJ:&tbnh=111&tbnw=68&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpollution%26start%3D80%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN


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No pollution and no consumption of resources.No pollution and no consumption of resources. Hydrogen isHydrogen isproduced from water and oxidized back into water. There are noproduced from water and oxidized back into water. There are nobyproducts, toxic or otherwise, produced by the process.byproducts, toxic or otherwise, produced by the process.

Safety.Safety. Hydrogen systems have an enviable safety record; in manyHydrogen systems have an enviable safety record; in manycases, hydrogen is safer than the fossil fuel it replaces. In addition tocases, hydrogen is safer than the fossil fuel it replaces. In addition todissipating quickly into the upper atmosphere if it leaks, hydrogen isdissipating quickly into the upper atmosphere if it leaks, hydrogen iscompletely non-toxic, unlike fossil fuels.completely non-toxic, unlike fossil fuels.

High Efficiency.High Efficiency. Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly intoFuel cells convert chemical energy directly intoelectricity with greater efficiency than any other current power system.electricity with greater efficiency than any other current power system.

Quiet operation.Quiet operation. In normal operation, a fuel cell is nearly silent.In normal operation, a fuel cell is nearly silent.

Long life and minimal maintenance.Long life and minimal maintenance. Though fuel cells have not Though fuel cells have notbeen in use long enough to give a definite lifespan, fuel cells may havebeen in use long enough to give a definite lifespan, fuel cells may havesignificantly longer lifetimes than the machines they replace.significantly longer lifetimes than the machines they replace.

Modularity.Modularity. Fuel cells may be any size: small enough to fit in aFuel cells may be any size: small enough to fit in asuitcase or large enough to generate power for an entire community.suitcase or large enough to generate power for an entire community.

This modularity allows power systems to be upgraded as demand This modularity allows power systems to be upgraded as demandincreases, reducing up front capital costs.increases, reducing up front capital costs.


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s Can convert as muchCan convert as muchas 90% of theas 90% of theavailable energy intoavailable energy intoelectricity.electricity.

s Best fossil fuel plantBest fossil fuel plantis only about 50%is only about 50%efficient.efficient.

s The use of The use of hydropower preventshydropower preventsthe burning of 22the burning of 22billion gallons of oilbillion gallons of oilor 120 million tons of or 120 million tons of coal each year.coal each year.

s The carbon The carbonemissions avoided isemissions avoided is


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s You have to flood You have to flooda valley to build aa valley to build a

big dambig dams there is a bigthere is a big

impact on theimpact on theenvironmentenvironment

s possible loss of possible loss of habitat for somehabitat for somespeciesspecies

s

initial costs areinitial costs are


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The La Grande Complex in Quebec,The La Grande Complex in Quebec,Canada, is the world's largestCanada, is the world's largest

hydroelectric generating system. Thehydroelectric generating system. Theeight generating stations of the complexeight generating stations of the complexhave a total generating capacity of have a total generating capacity of 16,021 MW. The Robert Bourassa station16,021 MW. The Robert Bourassa station

alone has a capacity of 5,616 MW. A ninthalone has a capacity of 5,616 MW. A ninthstation (Eastmain-1) is currently understation (Eastmain-1) is currently underconstruction and will add 480 MW to theconstruction and will add 480 MW to thetotal. Construction on an additionaltotal. Construction on an additional

project on the Rupert River was startedproject on the Rupert River was startedon anuar 11, 2007. It will add twoon January 11, 2007. It will add two


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17.01 TW-hours17.01 TW-hours3,115 MW3,115 MW19881988ChinaChinaGezhoubaGezhouba

DamDam

17.0 TW-hours17.0 TW-hours3,300 MW(550MW6)3,300 MW(550MW6)19991999ChinaChinaErtanErtan DamDam

19.1 TW-hours19.1 TW-hours4,050 MW4,050 MW19981998Argentina/PArgentina/Paraguayaraguay Yaciret Yaciret

21.7 TW-hours21.7 TW-hours4,320 MW4,320 MW19801980RussiaRussiaUstUst IlimskayaIlimskaya

22.6 TW-hours22.6 TW-hours4,500 MW4,500 MW19671967RussiaRussiaBratskayaBratskaya35 TW-hours35 TW-hours5,429 MW5,429 MW19711971CanadaCanadaChurchill FallsChurchill Falls

5,616 MW5,616 MW19811981CanadaCanadaRobert-BourasRobert-Bouras

20.4 TW-hours20.4 TW-hours6,000 MW6,000 MW19721972RussiaRussiaKrasnoyarskayKrasnoyarskay

23.6 TW-hours23.6 TW-hours6,721 MW6,721 MW19831983RussiaRussiaSayanoSayano ShushenskayaShushenskaya

22.6 TW-hours22.6 TW-hours6,809 MW6,809 MW1942/19801942/1980UnitedUnitedStatesStatesGrand CouleeGrand Coulee

84,7 TW-hours84,7 TW-hours9,800 MW(2006)22,4009,800 MW(2006)22,400

MW(when complete)MW(when complete)20042004 **ChinaChinaThree GorgesThree Gorges

46 TW-hours46 TW-hours10,200 MW10,200 MW19861986VenezuelaVenezuelaGuriGuri

93.4 TW-hours93.4 TW-hours14,000 MW14,000 MW1984/1991/1984/1991/20032003Brazil/ParagBrazil/Parag

uayuayItaipItaip

Max annualMax annualelectricity productionelectricity productionTotal CapacityTotal Capacity

Year of Year of completioncompletionCountryCountryNameName
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezhouba_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezhouba_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezhouba_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezhouba_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezhouba_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ertan_Dam&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ertan_Dam&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ertan_Dam&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ertan_Dam&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaciret%C3%A1_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaciret%C3%A1_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsk_hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsk_hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert-Bourassa_generating_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert-Bourassa_generating_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_hydroelectric_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_hydroelectric_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_hydroelectric_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert-Bourassa_generating_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsk_hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaciret%C3%A1_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ertan_Dam&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ertan_Dam&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezhouba_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezhouba_Dam


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Itaipu DamItaipu DamThe name "Itaipu" was takenThe name "Itaipu" was taken

from an isle that existed near thefrom an isle that existed near theconstruction site.construction site. Itaipu Itaipu , from the, from theGuarani language, means "singingGuarani language, means "singingstones". The American composer stones". The American composer

Philip GlassPhilip Glass has also written ahas also written asymphonic symphonic cantatacantata namednamed ItaipuItaipu ininhonour of the structure.honour of the structure.

The amount of The amount of concreteconcrete used toused to build the Itaipu Power Plant would build the Itaipu Power Plant would be enough to build 210 be enough to build 210 footballfootball

stadiums the size of stadiums the size of MaracansMaracans ..Annual Production of EnergyAnnual Production of Energy

92,690192006

87,971182005

89,911182004
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_%28composition%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_%28composition%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_%28composition%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass


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The The Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam

TheThe Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam is ais a ChineseChinese hydroelectrichydroelectric river river damdam which spans thewhich spans theYangtze River Yangtze River inin SandoupingSandouping , , YichangYichang ,,HubeiHubei province, province, ChinaChina . It is the largest. It is the largest

hydroelectrichydroelectric river river damdam in the world, morein the world, morethan five times the size of the than five times the size of the Hoover DamHoover Dam also known as the Boulder Dam.also known as the Boulder Dam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandouping&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandouping&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandouping&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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Grand Coulee DamGrand Coulee Dam

Grand Coulee DamGrand Coulee Dam is ais ahydroelectrichydroelectric gravity damgravity dam on theon theColumbia River Columbia River in in WashingtonWashington . It. Itis the largestis the largest electric power electric power

producing facility in the United producing facility in the UnitedStates, and the largest concreteStates, and the largest concretestructure in the U.S.structure in the U.S.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric


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Bratsk hydroelectric plantBratsk hydroelectric plant

Bratsk hydroelectric plantBratsk hydroelectric plant(named(named 50 years of Great 50 years of Great October October ) is a the second level) is a the second levelof theof the AngaraAngara RiverRiver

hydroelectric stationshydroelectric stationscascade incascade in Irkutsk Irkutsk OblastOblast ,,RussiaRussia . Located near. Located near Bratsk Bratsk ..Since its full commissioning inSince its full commissioning in1967, the station was the1967, the station was theworlds single biggest powerworlds single biggest powerproducer until Canada'sproducer until Canada'sChurchill FallsChurchill Falls in 1971.in 1971.Annually the station producesAnnually the station produces22.6 billion kWt/h. Currently,22.6 billion kWt/h. Currently,the Bratsk Power Stationthe Bratsk Power Stationoperates 18 hydro-turbines,operates 18 hydro-turbines,each with capacity of 250MW,each with capacity of 250MW,

produced by theproduced by theLeningrad Metal WorksLeningrad Metal Works ..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leningrad_Metal_Works&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leningrad_Metal_Works&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leningrad_Metal_Works&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_River


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Karun-3 damKarun-3 dam

The Karun-3 dam is aThe Karun-3 dam is ahydroelectric damhydroelectric dam on theon the KarunKarun river inriver inthe province of the province of KhuzestanKhuzestan ,, IranIran . It was. It wasbuilt to meet Iran's energy demands asbuilt to meet Iran's energy demands as

well as to provide flood control. Thewell as to provide flood control. TheKarun has the highest discharge of Karun has the highest discharge of Iran's rivers. The objectives of theIran's rivers. The objectives of theconstruction of Karun III Dam &construction of Karun III Dam &Hydro-electric Power Plant are electricHydro-electric Power Plant are electricPower supply and flood control. KarunPower supply and flood control. KarunIII power generators are connected toIII power generators are connected tothe National Power network as the Peak the National Power network as the Peak Power generation. With this powerPower generation. With this powerplant being operated, with the capacityplant being operated, with the capacityof 2000Mw , and an average electricof 2000Mw , and an average electricpower generation of 4137GW.h/y , apower generation of 4137GW.h/y , amajor portion of the electric powermajor portion of the electric power

shortage in the country will be met.shortage in the country will be met.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam


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Hydroelectric Power 29828