HYDRAULICS DIVISION

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ERGİL

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Umut TÜRKER

HYDRAULICS AND C.E.

• Civil Engineers plan, design and construct:

new harbors and waterways, pipelines, irrigation

and drainage canals, highway culverts and

bridges, municipal water distribution systems,

wastewater collection system, freshwater and

wastewater treatment systems, closed conduit or

open-channel irrigation systems, water storage

and diversion systems, drainage systems for

different areas, recreational facilities, etc.

Water resources systems

• Civil Engineers mainly deal with conception,

planning, design, construction and operation

of water resources systems in order to control,

utilize and manage water in an efficient manner.

• Water resources systems are highly complex

because of multi-purpose utilization and time

dependent hydrological phenomena. Their

hydrological analysis forms the basis for

determining the necessary inputs and forecasts.

Hydraulic structures

• Many hydraulic structures are huge ones and

their failure will cause big economic losses far

beyond the immediate cost of replacing the

structure.

• They should not be designed according to the

same criteria as an ordinary and simple

structure. Cost optimization and approved

design criteria force us to take a risk of failure of

the structures during their economic life.

Basic principles and concepts of

hydraulics

• A clear understanding of the basic principles and

concepts of hydraulics is essential to a civil

engineer, who deals with the followings:

• Design of dams and reservoirs

• Design of transmission lines (pipelines) with or

without pumping stations

• Design of irrigation systems as a combination of

closed conduits or open channels

• Design of drainage systems for highways,

airports, irrigated areas, and urban areas

• Design of water supply to cities

• Design of wastewater collection systems of cities

• Design of treatment plants for freshwater and

wastewater

• Design of fishery-, yacht-, and commercial-

harbors

• Hydraulic design of bridges

Determination of water forces

• Determination of forces coming on the

structures due to flow of water is the main item

in the design of such structures.

• Design of marine structures requires the

determination of the effects of waves and ocean

currents on these structures.

• Design of dams and other storage structures

requires the determination of water forces

coming on some special surfaces of them.

Water is the essential item

• Water is the essential item for the life and

development but it may generate very important

problems to human being during floods and

draught periods.

• Water is mainly used for: municipal purposes

(drinking and household uses), irrigation

purposes, cooling purposes in energy

production, hydropower production, navigation

and recreational purposes.

water storage

• During wet seasons water storage is necessary for the matching of water demand during draught periods.

• Water is to be conserved against increasingly growing demands of various kinds by implementing several structural measures.

• Design of water storage reservoirs depends upon the future water demands and log-term hydrologic characteristics of the river basin under study.

COURSES

• In Civil Engineering, numerous courses

are offered related with hydraulics. They

can be grouped into three categories as

follows.

a) Undergraduate “must” courses:

• Fluid Mechanics

• Hydromechanics

b) 4th year’s technical elective

courses:

• Engineering Hydrology

• Water Resources Engineering

• Water Supply and Sewerage

• Open Channel Hydraulics

• Sediment Transport

• Coastal and Harbor Engineering

c) 5th year’s courses:

• Groundwater Engineering

• Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

• Hydropower Engineering

• Advanced Hydrology

• Design of Coastal and Harbor Structures

• Coastal Hydraulics

• Coastal Sedimentation

Fluid Mechanics

• In Fluid Mechanics; molecular properties

of fluids (liquids and gases), hydrostatics,

fluids kinematics, fluids dynamics (with

basic principles on conservation of mass,

energy, and of linear momentum),

dimensional analysis and model similitude

are taught.

Hydromechanics

• In Hydromechanics, basic principles are

applied to pipe flows and open channel

flows. Pipelines with pumps and turbines

are explained. Steady uniform and non-

uniform flows in open-channels are given

with engineering applications. Design of

pipelines and open channels are taught.

Engineering hydrology

• Engineering hydrology consists of

subjects necessary for hydrologic design

of the structures necessary for control and

use of water. Determination of design

flood is the main concern. Elements of

hydrologic cycle; such as precipitation,

surface runoff, infiltration, groundwater

contribution are taught. Flood mitigation is

also given in this course.

Coastal and Harbor Engineering

• Coastal and Harbor Engineering gives

information for the harbor and coastal

engineering problems due to the waves

and coastal currents. Wave agitation in

harbor and sedimentation in harbor

entrance, erosion of beaches, stability of

cover layer on the breakwater, coastal

water pollution, etc. are main type of

problems.

Water Resources Engineering

• In Water Resources Engineering, developing and planning of water resources, water collection works for surface waters and groundwater exploitation are given. Dams and spillways design, capacity of storage reservoir, diversion weirs and water conveyance structures, seepage problems in storage reservoirs, sediment transport and reservoir sedimentation, hydropower production, irrigation of lands, and drainage of excess water from the cultivated areas are taught in this course.

Water control structures

• Water is to be controlled to prevent

excessive damage to public and private

properties and to save lives. Planning

and design of all kinds of control facilities

like flood mitigation measures and storm

drainage systems, are performed by civil

engineers.

Reservoir

• A reservoir is the collection of excess

water behind a dam or in a closed

chamber for municipal use during the

periods of low flow as well as for irrigation,

sediment accumulation, transportation,

flood mitigation, electric generation, and

recreational purposes.

Dams

• A dam with a sufficient reservoir capacity is designed to meet the demands under all circumstances.

• Stored water is mainly utilized for municipal and irrigation requirements, hydropower development and navigational improvements. Management of water is needed for the operation and quality control of water resources systems.

Water supply systems

• Water supply facilities are composed of

large and long pipeline systems having

several appurtenances.

• The degree of civilization in a community

may be measured by the availability of

sufficient quantity of potable water that

may be obtained from lakes, rivers or

groundwater aquifers.

Municipal water demand

• Municipal water demand is the

combination of the requirements for

domestic, public, commercial, and

industrial uses and fire fighting. Domestic

use includes the water demand for

drinking and sanitary purposes. Population

size and living standards affect the

domestic use.

Water treatment plant

• Water treatment plant is required to

improve the quality of water before giving

it to the distribution network.

• The municipal water to be delivered

should be non-toxic, aesthetically

attractive, economical and of a sufficiently

high standard for human consumption.

Sewerage

• Special care must be taken to preserve the water supply systems against the intrusion of waste water.

• In order to maintain hygienic conditions in the environmental and infra-structural systems of cities, waste water must be collected, removed and disposed

• Waste water treatment may be needed if the quality is sufficiently lower than the tolerable limits.

EROSION

• Excessive kinetic energy of the flowing

water should be dissipated in order to

prevent the erosion of the stream bed and

banks below the dams.

• Excessive erosion occurs around bridge

piers. Civil engineers are asked to prevent

the possible local erosion by special

structural implementation.