Hydraulic Hydro Storage, an ecological solution for grid ... · Prof. Dr. Eduard Heindl ‐energy.com Cost calculation Invest Task Specific price per unit Unit Comment I Tunnel tunnel

Prof. Dr. Eduard Heindl www.heindl‐energy.com

• Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Eduard Heindl

Hydraulic Hydro Storage,an ecological solution for grid scale storage


Power demand

Conventional sources

Solar power


existing storagecapacity (Germany)


Hydro Storage

GranitSteel

Concrete

PHS Schluchsee, Black Forest, Germany

operate


h=r

r

l=2r


h=r

r

l=2r

mass ~ r³height ~ r

costs per kWh~1/r²

storage capacity:E ~ g * m * h

building costs:b ~ r²

r³r

storage capacity:E = 2 π g ρ * r4


h=r

r

l=2r

mass ~ r³height ~ r

costs per kWh~1/r²

storage capacity:E ~ g * m * h

building costs:b ~ r²

r³r

storage capacity:E = 2 π g ρ * r4


double the radius

the price goes down to aquarter


500

1.600GWh Daily electrical power production in Germany

Energy storage capacity depends on the radius r

Largest German pumped hydro plant Goldisthal

break even price?

12550


Cliffs

Risin og Kellingin, Färöern (Heindl/Pustlauck)

1000m

Salto Ángel, Venezuela (Wikipedia)

80m300m


granit

Wanted: undisturbed granit!

The system needs a proper geological formation

Wanted: undisturbed granit!

The system needs a proper geological formation


Construction

mine shaft

base tunnel, water intake

blast hole

1. tunnel

construction road

deep well drilling plant


Baseplate seperation I

• Mined space

exca‐vator

excavatedmaterial

side view

waterprofing

waterprofing

2. tunnelbase-tunnel


Baseplate seperation II top view

base-tunnel

2. tunnel

rock

excavatedmaterial

top view!

exca‐vator

cutted rock


Baseplate seperation II

• Mined space excavatedmaterial

side view

waterprofing

waterprofing

base-tunnel 2. tunnelexcavatedmaterial


Diamond wire sawing

Surface

1. Tunnel

traction

cut surface Diamondwire saw

rock

drilling holes

r


Diamond wire sawing

surface

1. tunnel

traction

Diamond wire saw

rock

drilling holes

r

cut surface


V‐Shape

• Due to rock mechanics, it may be neccessary to open a V‐shaped trench

• What are the limits of the tunnel size

• Drilling technik• String length

rock mass

sawing string

utility tunnel

side view

utility tunnel

traction

boulder


V‐Shape

• trench will get smaler due to rock pressure

rock mass

utility tunnel

side view

utility tunnel

trench


V‐Shape Sealing

• Sealing of the surface

rock mass

utility tunnel

side view

utility tunnel

waterprofing



Open pit mining

stabilization of the slope excavation or heavy slag

water in cavity

excavation material

seal

Zuerst wird ein rundes Loch freigelegt und stabilisiert. Darinnen wird eine Betonwanne mit verstärktemBoden gefertigt, diese nimmt Schlacke als schwere Füllung auf. Der Aushub dient als Sichtschutz und zurStabilisierung des Systems.

Conventional construction

surrounding soil

120m ≈ 400MWh


construction equipment

Cut down to 120mPlace: Saudi Arabian


Example: Water supply in Riad

diameter: 80m; depth: 120m


Sealing

metal

sealing ring

Sealing to keep rock dry

floating piston

cylinder capacity filled with water


sealing ring

detail

10 bar per O‐ring

metal

Sealing Detail


Variant: sealing on top

metal

Sealing to keep rock dry

floating piston


sealing ring

advantages:• good access• less pressure changedisadvantages:• pressure near surface• metal visible

pressure


Variant: seal at button

metal floating piston


sealing ring

advantage:• Good pressure containmentdisadvantage:• track necessary

rail

wheel

pressure


Balancepump

floating piston

ballast tank

rail

wheel


Security

floating piston

additional sealing oversized if there

is no pressure

primary sealing

The system has a physical inherent secure sealing


blocked due to missing pressure

leakage


additional sealing

expansion

Security


floating piston

Weitere passive Dichtung

blähend unter Wasser‐

berührung

2. Zusatz DichtungsringWasser im Zylinder-

Hohlraum

Blockade aufgrund hohen Durchflusses


Security


Offshore Wind Power

Source http://www.nrel.gov/news/features/images/20120920_wind_pix00000a_large.jpg


Offshore HHS System

35

Dike off‐shore

pumping and generation

Buffer storage: Reduction of power line demand

500m ≈ 125GWh


Piston position fine tuning• using a four sector pressure control

piston

low pressure sealing about 1

bar

x xsealing low pressuresealing low

pressure

sealing high pressure

exchange pump


Maintenance

• empty system with pumps• open supply tunnel• audit sealing • replace sealing if necessary• audit wall surface• replace wall surface if necessary


Cost calculation

Invest TaskSpecific price

per unit Unit Comment

ITunnel tunnel system 10,000 €/m utility tunnel price1

ID drilling 500 €/m depending on depth2

IAS wire saw cutting 10 €/m² price in quarry3

IR rock removal 20 €/m³ depends on deposit cost4

IF floor separation 1,000 €/m² calculated from tunnel cost IT

IO steel coverage 200 €/m² stainless steel5

IW waterproof cover 100 €/m² geomembrane6

IlO O‐ring for sealing 10,000 €/m depends on security requests

[1] Alber (2000) [4] estimates 2200$/m tunnel with a 15.5 ft disc ($ price year 2000), other estimates are higher. [2] Wijk (1991) [5] calculates minimum cost of 7.6$/m ($ price year 1990), other estimates are higher.[3] Graniteland (2011) reports total net cost 9$/m² http://www.graniteland.com/infos/production/quarry-equipment[4] Calculated, using http://www.rmmlf.org/scitech/lacy/lacy.htm (2011)[5] Calculated from 4000€/t X2CrNiMo17-12-2 price, source: http://stahlbroker.de (2011)[6] Calculated, using http://german.alibaba.com/product-gs/hdpe-waterproof-geomembrane-452569482.html (2011)


HHS parameter Unit

radius r 30 40 50 60 70 80 mheight h 30 40 50 60 70 80 m

length l 60 80 100 120 140 160 m

energy E 26 81 198 411 761 1.297 MWhpump CP 3,6 11,5 28 58 108 184 MW

turbine CT 1,4 4,6 11 23 43 73 MW

water stream V/t 3 7 14 24 37 56 m³/s

cost 13 20 30 40 52 66 Mio. €

storage price 512 254 149 98 69 51 €/kWhenergy density eHHS 6 11 18 27 37 48 kWh/m²

Size matters


Storage capacity

Energie im Fels:Er = 2* π *g* ρR *r4

Energie im Wasser:EW = -3/2*π *g* ρW * r4

capacity:EHHS = (2*ρR -3/2*ρW )* π*g*r4

density rock: ρR (2.600kg/m³)density water: ρW (1.000kg/m³)gravitation: g (9,81N/kg)system radius: r (m)

Heindl 2013

r

V


LeistungsdatenRadius [m] 62,5 125 250 500Energie [GWh] 0,5 8 124 1.980 Wasservolumen [m³] 767.000 6.136.000 49.087.000 392.699.000*

Energiedichte [kWh/m³] 0,63 1,26 2,52 5,04

8 StundenLeistungsentnahme[MW] 60 967** 15.466 247.462

Heindl 2012

Abhängigkeit vom Radius:• Energiedichte im Wasser wächst linear• theoretische Leistungsentnahme

wächst mit der 4. Potenz

r

V* Entspricht einer Absenkung des Bodensee um einen Meter** Typisches Pumpspeicherkraftwerk in Deutschland


r

V

coast

lake

river

pond

underground

• less water demand as in conventional pumped hydro storage plant

• saltwater is applicable there is no evaporation

• long storage intervals low in‐ and outflow

• no dependence on elevation

Water supply


Starnberg0,5

100€/kWh

Nürnberg8GWh20€/kWh

Paris120GWh4€/kWh

20€/kWh

4€/kWh

100€/kWh

24h power demand of Cities

Moderate space

requirements

served by HHS systems of this size


Advantages Storage capacity beyond 1000 GWh visible Efficient: 80% well known from pumped hydro power plants Price decay with 1/r² (<2$/kWh visible) small footprint (up to 2 MWh/m²) well known technologies no limited resources no mountain terrain required simple disposal Less water than pumped hydro (~1/4)

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Hydraulic Hydro Storage, an ecological solution for grid ... · Prof. Dr. Eduard Heindl ‐energy.com Cost calculation Invest Task Specific price per unit Unit Comment I Tunnel tunnel