““Hybrid Rice Development in Bangladesh:Hybrid Rice Development in Bangladesh:Assessment of Limitations and Potential”Assessment of Limitations and Potential”

““Hybrid Rice Development in Bangladesh:Hybrid Rice Development in Bangladesh:Assessment of Limitations and Potential”Assessment of Limitations and Potential”

Md. Azim UddinMd. Azim UddinChief Seed Technologist

Ministry of AgricultureGovernment of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

azimseed@gmail.com

Md. Azim UddinMd. Azim UddinChief Seed Technologist

Ministry of AgricultureGovernment of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

azimseed@gmail.com

Expert Consultation onExpert Consultation onExpert Consultation onExpert Consultation on

National Symbols of BangladeshNational Symbols of Bangladesh

Water Lilly Water Lilly JackfruitJackfruit

National bird: DoelNational bird: DoelRoyal Bengal TigerRoyal Bengal Tiger

BangladeshBangladesh at a glance at a glance AreaArea : 147570 sq. km : 147570 sq. km

Population : about 160 millionPopulation : about 160 million

Population growth rate : 1.4%Population growth rate : 1.4%

Density of population per sq. km : 980Density of population per sq. km : 980

Total cultivable area: 8.5 million hectareTotal cultivable area: 8.5 million hectare

Net cultivable area : 7.45 million hectareNet cultivable area : 7.45 million hectare

Cropping intensity : 190%Cropping intensity : 190%

Agriculture: Main contributor of GDP 20%Agriculture: Main contributor of GDP 20%

Annual Rice production : about 34 million tonAnnual Rice production : about 34 million ton

• Surrounded by India Surrounded by India around 3 sides and Bay around 3 sides and Bay of Bengal at the south.of Bengal at the south.

• It lies in the South Asia It lies in the South Asia sub-continent between sub-continent between 20-2620-26ooN latitude and N latitude and 88-9288-92ooE longitudeE longitude

BANGLADESH

India

India

India

ClimateClimate

Rainfall YearlyYearly :: 1400 mm to 4500 mm.1400 mm to 4500 mm. Average:Average: 2300 mm.2300 mm.

Temperature In winterIn winter :: Minimum average temp. :Minimum average temp. : 1515ooC C

Maximum average temp. :Maximum average temp. : 2626ooC C

In summer:In summer: Minimum average temp. :Minimum average temp. : 2525ooC C Maximum average temp. :32Maximum average temp. :32ooCC

Solar radiationSolar radiation Maximum (Winter) Maximum (Winter) :: 9 hrs/day.9 hrs/day. Minimum (Monsoon) :Minimum (Monsoon) : 4-5 hrs/day.4-5 hrs/day.

Bangladesh enjoys a sub-tropical monsoon climate - short and dry Bangladesh enjoys a sub-tropical monsoon climate - short and dry winter from November to February.winter from November to February.

Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in Bangladesh and regarded as Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in Bangladesh and regarded as

the lifeline of the nation’s economy. Agriculture contributes to about 20% to the the lifeline of the nation’s economy. Agriculture contributes to about 20% to the

country's GDP (crop sector 12.3%, fisheries 3.7%, livestock 4%), sustains the country's GDP (crop sector 12.3%, fisheries 3.7%, livestock 4%), sustains the

livelihood of about 48% of the labor force.livelihood of about 48% of the labor force. Agriculture sector is concerned with Agriculture sector is concerned with

the countries’ food security.the countries’ food security.

Agriculture of BangladeshAgriculture of Bangladesh

The primary concern of the government is to ensure food The primary concern of the government is to ensure food security and alleviate poverty through sustainable growth and security and alleviate poverty through sustainable growth and development of agriculture.development of agriculture.

The productivity and the production resources, especially the The productivity and the production resources, especially the land, water and genetic resources are gradually shrinking and land, water and genetic resources are gradually shrinking and degrading.degrading.

In the years ahead, we will need to produce more diversified In the years ahead, we will need to produce more diversified food with the implementation of greater shares of hybrid rice food with the implementation of greater shares of hybrid rice technology.technology.

Contd..Contd..Contd..Contd..

Rice is LifeRice is Life

Rice: The Lifeline of BangladeshRice: The Lifeline of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a rice dominant country.Bangladesh is a rice dominant country.

It is the staple food for the entire 160 million people It is the staple food for the entire 160 million people of Bangladesh.of Bangladesh. Per capita consumption is 188.4 kg. Per capita consumption is 188.4 kg.

70% of their calories come from rice.70% of their calories come from rice.

Rice is grown on an ave. area of 11 million ha.Rice is grown on an ave. area of 11 million ha.

Rice Growing Ecosystem

SeasonSeason DurationDuration Land areaLand area(Mil. ha)(Mil. ha)

Production Production (Mil.ton)(Mil.ton) Yield (t/ha)Yield (t/ha) EcosystemEcosystem

AusAus April - JulyApril - July 1.151.15 2.22.2 2.02.0 RainfedRainfed

AmanAman July - July - NovemberNovember 5.115.11 12.512.5 2.252.25 RainfedRainfed

BoroBoro November - November - AprilApril 4.744.74 18.018.0 4.04.0 IrrigatedIrrigated

Source: DAE, MoA

Rice seasons in Bangladesh (Crop calendar)Rice seasons in Bangladesh (Crop calendar)

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Aus Upland

                 

Aman Rainfed lowland

                 

Boro Irrigated

                 

  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Sowing period

Growing period

Harvesting

period

Source:BRRI

44thth largest rice producing country in the world largest rice producing country in the world modern varieties cover: 98% area in Boro, modern varieties cover: 98% area in Boro, 70% in Aman and 75% in Aus.70% in Aman and 75% in Aus.

Boro varieties are fully irrigated and only 5% Boro varieties are fully irrigated and only 5% and 7% area of Aus and Aman are under and 7% area of Aus and Aman are under supplementation irrigation.supplementation irrigation.

Boro rice harvests more than half of annual Boro rice harvests more than half of annual

production.production.

Overview of Rice in Bangladesh

Hybrid Rice Introduction – HistoryHybrid Rice Introduction – History

Hybrid rice is a recent concept in Bangladesh.

BRRI initiated in 1983 but formal research started in 1993

Govt. constituted a team to develop policy issues regarding popularizing hybrid in 1996.

National Steering Committee headed by Secretary, MoA; Five years master plan for development and expansion of hybrid rice.

Private sector initiative started during 1990s.

Hybrid Rice Research in BangladeshHybrid Rice Research in Bangladesh

Hybrid Rice Research at BRRI

1993, BRRI started hybrid rice research with IRRI funded by 1993, BRRI started hybrid rice research with IRRI funded by ARMP.ARMP.

1998, BRRI continue hybrid rice research with IRRI funded by 1998, BRRI continue hybrid rice research with IRRI funded by ARMP.ARMP.

2001, BRRI released first hybrid variety funded by PETTRA.2001, BRRI released first hybrid variety funded by PETTRA.

2002, BRRI conducted hybrid rice research with IRRI funded 2002, BRRI conducted hybrid rice research with IRRI funded by PETTRA.by PETTRA.

2005, BRRI strengthen hybrid rice research with IRRI funded 2005, BRRI strengthen hybrid rice research with IRRI funded by GoB.by GoB.

2008-11, BRRI released additional three hybrids 2008-11, BRRI released additional three hybrids consequently.consequently.

Source:BRRI

Hybrid rice released in Bangladesh

Crop seaso

n

No. of rice hybrids

released by NSB (From

1998-May, 2014)

Country of origin No. of rice hybrids in

different sectors

China India

Philippines Bangladesh Public Private NGO

Boro 108 87 12 1 3 4 95 9

Aman 7 2 3 - 1 1 5 1

Total 115 89 15 1 4 5 100 10

Present Scenario of Hybrid Rice in BangladeshPresent Scenario of Hybrid Rice in Bangladesh(Three line hybrid system – A, R & B line)(Three line hybrid system – A, R & B line)

Source: Seed Wing, MoA

BADCBADC has joined the roadmap of hybrid rice seed supply through has joined the roadmap of hybrid rice seed supply through local production instead of import. BADC has introduced very high local production instead of import. BADC has introduced very high yielding super hybrid rice variety named SL-8H in the year 2006-07. yielding super hybrid rice variety named SL-8H in the year 2006-07. The yield potential of SL-8H is around 14 mt./ha. In the farmers The yield potential of SL-8H is around 14 mt./ha. In the farmers field yield was obtained 11-12 mt./ha.field yield was obtained 11-12 mt./ha.

Production of Hybrid Rice SeedProduction of Hybrid Rice Seed

Year wise Production of Hybrid Rice Seed (SL-8H) public sector , BADC

Year Source: BADC

To produce To produce Truthfully Labeled Seed Truthfully Labeled Seed of hybrid rice, to meet of hybrid rice, to meet national seed requirement and to help attain food security by national seed requirement and to help attain food security by boosting crop yield.boosting crop yield.

Field Inspection for Seed Quality ControlField Inspection for Seed Quality Control

Three formal inspections are done for each and Three formal inspections are done for each and every crop –every crop –

First inspection First inspection is done after the establishment of is done after the establishment of crop i.e. after germination or transplantation. crop i.e. after germination or transplantation. Isolation distances are checked at first inspection.Isolation distances are checked at first inspection.

Second inspection Second inspection is done at flowering stage (off is done at flowering stage (off types are rouged out). types are rouged out).

Third inspection Third inspection is done at ripening stage. Off types is done at ripening stage. Off types if any are rouged out before harvesting.if any are rouged out before harvesting.

Maintaining Seed standard is the key factor for all the inspections.Maintaining Seed standard is the key factor for all the inspections.

FUMIGATIONFUMIGATION DRYINGDRYINGCLEANINGCLEANING

RECEIVINGRECEIVING

SEED TESTINGSEED TESTING

STORING IN BAGSSTORING IN BAGS

FORTNIGHTLY TEST

FORTNIGHTLY TEST

FINAL TESTINGFINAL TESTING

BAGGINGBAGGING

DISPATCH TO SALE CENTREDISPATCH TO SALE CENTRE

FUMIGATIONFUMIGATION DRYINGDRYINGCLEANINGCLEANING

PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT

LegendRegular:Occasional:

Seed Flow in the Processing and Preservation CentreSeed Flow in the Processing and Preservation Centre

Quality test for Seed standardQuality test for Seed standard

The following tests are done for seed quality control-The following tests are done for seed quality control-1.1. Moisture testMoisture test2.2. Purity testPurity test3.3. Germination testGermination test4.4. Seed health testSeed health test

Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited BADC stall in Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited BADC stall in the International SAARC Seed Congress & Fair 2011the International SAARC Seed Congress & Fair 2011

Year Import

(MT)

Local

production (MT)

Total

(MT)

Import

(%)

Local prod.

(%)

2000-2001 406.25 27.00 433.25 94 6

2001-2002 244.33 106.00 350.33 70 30

2002-2003 458.42 262.89 721.31 64 36

2003-2004 674.42 212.40 886.82 76 24

2004-2005 797.83 490.80 1,288.63 62 38

2005-2006 1,489.05 681.14 2,170.19 69 31

2006-2007 5,336.18 2,171.29 7,507.47 71 29

Hybrid Rice Seeds Import and local ProductionHybrid Rice Seeds Import and local Production Hybrid Rice Seeds Import and local ProductionHybrid Rice Seeds Import and local Production

Contd..Contd..Contd..Contd..

Year Import

(MT)

Local

production (MT)

Total

(MT)

Import

(%)

Local prod.

(%)

2007-2008 7,848.00 2,500.00 10,348.00 76 24

2008-2009 8,148.00 2,800.00 10,948.00 74 26

2009-2010 3,472.00 3,200.00 6,672.00 52 48

2010-2011 4,000.00 3,600.00 7,600.00 53 47

2011-2012 3,400.00 4,800.00 8,200.00 42 59

2012-2013 3,500.00 6,500.00 10,000.00 35 65

2013-2014 600.00 7,400.00 8,000.00 7.5 92.5

Hybrid Rice Seeds Import and local ProductionHybrid Rice Seeds Import and local Production Hybrid Rice Seeds Import and local ProductionHybrid Rice Seeds Import and local Production

Hybrid Rice Seeds Import and local Production Hybrid Rice Seeds Import and local Production

Source: Seed Wing, SCA, MoA

Area under Inbred and Hybrid Rice Paddy ProductionArea under Inbred and Hybrid Rice Paddy Production Area under Inbred and Hybrid Rice Paddy ProductionArea under Inbred and Hybrid Rice Paddy Production

YearYear Area under Inbred and Hybrid RiceArea under Inbred and Hybrid RiceArea under total rice crop Area under total rice crop

(Boro, Aman & Aus)(Boro, Aman & Aus)Production of total rice grain Production of total rice grain

(Boro, Aman & Aus)(Boro, Aman & Aus)

InbredInbred

(in lac ha)(in lac ha)

HybridHybrid

(in lac (in lac

ha)ha)

TotalTotal

(in lac ha)(in lac ha)

HybridHybrid

(%)(%)

InbredInbred

(in lac mt.)(in lac mt.)

HybridHybrid

(in lac mt.)(in lac mt.)

TotalTotal

(in lac mt.)(in lac mt.)

Hybrid Hybrid

(%) (%)

2008-092008-09 113.14113.14 9.399.39 122.53122.53 8.088.08 299.06299.06 43.1243.12 342.18342.18 12.6012.60

2009-102009-10 108.00108.00 10.0010.00 118.00118.00 8.478.47 294.44294.44 47.9047.90 342.34342.34 13.9913.99

2010-112010-11 111.50111.50 8.008.00 119.50119.50 6.696.69 315.72315.72 38.0038.00 353.72353.72 10.7410.74

2011-122011-12 108.16108.16 7.127.12 115.28115.28 6.186.18 307.33307.33 31.8131.81 339.14339.14 9.389.38

2012-132012-13 107.78107.78 6.606.60 114.38114.38 5.775.77 308.53308.53 29.829.8 338.33338.33 8.808.80

2013-142013-14 111.76111.76 6.706.70 118.46118.46 5.655.65 312.18312.18 30.0030.00 342.18342.18 8.768.76

Source: DAE

Area under Inbred and Hybrid rice grainArea under Inbred and Hybrid rice grainArea under Inbred and Hybrid rice grainArea under Inbred and Hybrid rice grain

Source: DAE

Production of Inbred and Hybrid rice grainProduction of Inbred and Hybrid rice grainProduction of Inbred and Hybrid rice grainProduction of Inbred and Hybrid rice grain

Source: DAE

DAE plays the key role for the extension of all kinds of DAE plays the key role for the extension of all kinds of modern agricultural technologies including hybrid seeds of modern agricultural technologies including hybrid seeds of BRRI, BADC & various companies for achieving maximum BRRI, BADC & various companies for achieving maximum yield & production of rice in the farmers field. yield & production of rice in the farmers field.

It also extends hybrid seed usage & its production through It also extends hybrid seed usage & its production through supplying technical support in the farmers field by its supplying technical support in the farmers field by its extension personnel.extension personnel.

It strengthens different linkage between the research It strengthens different linkage between the research institutes & the farmers for solving their problems.institutes & the farmers for solving their problems.

Hybrid Rice ExtensionHybrid Rice ExtensionHybrid Rice ExtensionHybrid Rice Extension

Bangladesh is a signatory of World Intellectual Property Bangladesh is a signatory of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Organization (WIPO).

The plant variety and farmers’ rights protection (PVFRP) The plant variety and farmers’ rights protection (PVFRP) Act of Bangladesh is now in the pipeline to get verdict and Act of Bangladesh is now in the pipeline to get verdict and enact law in the National Parliament of Bangladesh.enact law in the National Parliament of Bangladesh.

After enacting the PVFRP Act-2014, the hybrid rice After enacting the PVFRP Act-2014, the hybrid rice intellectual property rights will be incorporated in the intellectual property rights will be incorporated in the PVFRP Act.PVFRP Act.

Hybrid Rice Intellectual Property RightHybrid Rice Intellectual Property RightHybrid Rice Intellectual Property RightHybrid Rice Intellectual Property Right

Hybrid Variety development and seed production Hybrid Variety development and seed production

issues:issues:

Hybrid rice research and varietal development Hybrid rice research and varietal development

Hybrid rice seed production, processing, preservation Hybrid rice seed production, processing, preservation

Hybrid rice seed distribution and marketingHybrid rice seed distribution and marketing

Hybrid Variety development and seed production Hybrid Variety development and seed production

issues:issues:

Hybrid rice research and varietal development Hybrid rice research and varietal development

Hybrid rice seed production, processing, preservation Hybrid rice seed production, processing, preservation

Hybrid rice seed distribution and marketingHybrid rice seed distribution and marketing

Lessons learnt on Hybrid RiceLessons learnt on Hybrid RiceLessons learnt on Hybrid RiceLessons learnt on Hybrid Rice

The CMS line, R-line, B-line potentiality and purity, out-The CMS line, R-line, B-line potentiality and purity, out-crossing/seed setting rate is not international standards.crossing/seed setting rate is not international standards.

High amylase content with good cooking quality hybrids have High amylase content with good cooking quality hybrids have not yet been developed.not yet been developed.

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding and varietal Marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding and varietal improvement technology not developed. improvement technology not developed.

Molecular technology by using DNA finger printing has not yet Molecular technology by using DNA finger printing has not yet been developed for characterization and identification of been developed for characterization and identification of genotype traits.genotype traits.

Local OP variety, due to superior taste, gives higher market Local OP variety, due to superior taste, gives higher market price compare to Hybrids Riceprice compare to Hybrids Rice

Released hybrids rice are sticky and soft which is disliked by Released hybrids rice are sticky and soft which is disliked by consumers.consumers.

The CMS line, R-line, B-line potentiality and purity, out-The CMS line, R-line, B-line potentiality and purity, out-crossing/seed setting rate is not international standards.crossing/seed setting rate is not international standards.

High amylase content with good cooking quality hybrids have High amylase content with good cooking quality hybrids have not yet been developed.not yet been developed.

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding and varietal Marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding and varietal improvement technology not developed. improvement technology not developed.

Molecular technology by using DNA finger printing has not yet Molecular technology by using DNA finger printing has not yet been developed for characterization and identification of been developed for characterization and identification of genotype traits.genotype traits.

Local OP variety, due to superior taste, gives higher market Local OP variety, due to superior taste, gives higher market price compare to Hybrids Riceprice compare to Hybrids Rice

Released hybrids rice are sticky and soft which is disliked by Released hybrids rice are sticky and soft which is disliked by consumers.consumers.

Technological Constraints of Hybrid Rice in BangladeshTechnological Constraints of Hybrid Rice in BangladeshTechnological Constraints of Hybrid Rice in BangladeshTechnological Constraints of Hybrid Rice in Bangladesh

A.A. Availability of Potential and Suitable land for Hybrid Availability of Potential and Suitable land for Hybrid

Rice Seed Production.Rice Seed Production.

B.B. Attitude of Farmers.Attitude of Farmers.

C.C. Availability of Sunning floor for Seed Drying and Post Availability of Sunning floor for Seed Drying and Post

Harvest Operation.Harvest Operation.

D.D. Availability of GAAvailability of GA33

E.E. Market Price of Hybrid Rice Grain.Market Price of Hybrid Rice Grain.

A.A. Availability of Potential and Suitable land for Hybrid Availability of Potential and Suitable land for Hybrid

Rice Seed Production.Rice Seed Production.

B.B. Attitude of Farmers.Attitude of Farmers.

C.C. Availability of Sunning floor for Seed Drying and Post Availability of Sunning floor for Seed Drying and Post

Harvest Operation.Harvest Operation.

D.D. Availability of GAAvailability of GA33

E.E. Market Price of Hybrid Rice Grain.Market Price of Hybrid Rice Grain.

Social and Economic ConstraintsSocial and Economic ConstraintsSocial and Economic ConstraintsSocial and Economic Constraints

Cost of hybrid rice seed is comparatively higher.Cost of hybrid rice seed is comparatively higher.

Hybrid rice crop needs high management.Hybrid rice crop needs high management.

Hybrid rice is demonstrating only the higher yield Hybrid rice is demonstrating only the higher yield advantage but not resistance to biotic and abiotic advantage but not resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.stresses.

Bold grain of hybrid rice with low amylose content Bold grain of hybrid rice with low amylose content is disliked by consumers.is disliked by consumers.

Cost of hybrid rice seed is comparatively higher.Cost of hybrid rice seed is comparatively higher.

Hybrid rice crop needs high management.Hybrid rice crop needs high management.

Hybrid rice is demonstrating only the higher yield Hybrid rice is demonstrating only the higher yield advantage but not resistance to biotic and abiotic advantage but not resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.stresses.

Bold grain of hybrid rice with low amylose content Bold grain of hybrid rice with low amylose content is disliked by consumers.is disliked by consumers.

Dissemination and adoption of hybrid rice technology Dissemination and adoption of hybrid rice technology to the fields issuesto the fields issues

Challenges of Climate ChangeChallenges of Climate ChangeChallenges of Climate ChangeChallenges of Climate Change

Challenges- Challenges- a) Droughta) Drought b) Salinityb) Salinity c) Submergencec) SubmergenceChallenges- Challenges- a) Droughta) Drought b) Salinityb) Salinity c) Submergencec) Submergence

About 3 million About 3 million hectares of land hectares of land under saline under saline conditioncondition

Day by day drought Day by day drought area is increasingarea is increasing

Area of cold Area of cold injury is also injury is also increasingincreasing

To develop hybrids with more stable and adapted CMS & R To develop hybrids with more stable and adapted CMS & R lines having good combining ability, and satisfactory lines having good combining ability, and satisfactory out-crossing rates.out-crossing rates.

To introduce hybrids with desirable amylose (>25%) content To introduce hybrids with desirable amylose (>25%) content and grain quality with long slender variety.and grain quality with long slender variety.

To introduce hybrids resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. To introduce hybrids resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

To Strengthening the capacity of R&D and production and To Strengthening the capacity of R&D and production and marketing system of stakeholders. marketing system of stakeholders.

To introduce Short duration Variety for Amon & Boro season To introduce Short duration Variety for Amon & Boro season with High amylose content.with High amylose content.

To introduce Hybrid Rice Variety for rainfed condition. To introduce Hybrid Rice Variety for rainfed condition.

To Increase area under Hybrid Rice Cultivation.To Increase area under Hybrid Rice Cultivation.

To develop hybrids with more stable and adapted CMS & R To develop hybrids with more stable and adapted CMS & R lines having good combining ability, and satisfactory lines having good combining ability, and satisfactory out-crossing rates.out-crossing rates.

To introduce hybrids with desirable amylose (>25%) content To introduce hybrids with desirable amylose (>25%) content and grain quality with long slender variety.and grain quality with long slender variety.

To introduce hybrids resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. To introduce hybrids resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

To Strengthening the capacity of R&D and production and To Strengthening the capacity of R&D and production and marketing system of stakeholders. marketing system of stakeholders.

To introduce Short duration Variety for Amon & Boro season To introduce Short duration Variety for Amon & Boro season with High amylose content.with High amylose content.

To introduce Hybrid Rice Variety for rainfed condition. To introduce Hybrid Rice Variety for rainfed condition.

To Increase area under Hybrid Rice Cultivation.To Increase area under Hybrid Rice Cultivation.

Key Strategies and Policy Options to Promote Hybrid Rice Key Strategies and Policy Options to Promote Hybrid Rice Development 2020 - 2030Development 2020 - 2030

Key Strategies and Policy Options to Promote Hybrid Rice Key Strategies and Policy Options to Promote Hybrid Rice Development 2020 - 2030Development 2020 - 2030

Planting Rice is never FunPlanting Rice is never FunBent from morn till set of SunBent from morn till set of SunCannot stand and cannot sit,Cannot stand and cannot sit,

Cannot rest for a little bit.Cannot rest for a little bit.

Hybrid Seed

Hybrid Seed

Vertical Vertical ExpansionExpansionVertical Vertical

ExpansionExpansionFOOD = FOOD =

PEOPLEPEOPLE FOOD = FOOD =

PEOPLEPEOPLE

Food securityFood security

HYBRID SEED - GOOD CROPHYBRID SEED - GOOD CROP

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

to those whose materials have become the basis of this to those whose materials have become the basis of this Presentation & The Organizers/Funding agenciesPresentation & The Organizers/Funding agencies

xie-xie

zikomostuh-tee

thank you

cảm ơn cô

urakoze

merci

terima kasih ke itumetse

dhanyawaad

mersi efharistó

salamat asante sana Assalamualikum

tak

谢谢

kiitos

danke

शु�क्रि�या�

grazie

ありがとう

благодаря

gracias

спасибо

teşekkür ederim

நன்றி�

faleminderit