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HYBRID-PROCEDURES AND CHALLENGES FOR EMISSION MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
K. Engeljehringer – AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria Prof. Dr. C. Beidl – Technische Universität Darmstadt Dr. B. Lenzen – Technische Universität Darmstadt P. Weickgenannt – Technische Universität Darmstadt
2 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Content
• Introduction
• Test procedures for Hybrids
• Legislation, what is a Hybrid?
• NOVC – Not Off Vehicle Charging
• OVC – Off Vehicle Charging
• Emission Measurement Challenges
• Hybrid specific measurement
challenges
• Conclusion
3 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
Impressions from Shanghai in October 2012
Taxi drive from airport to downtown Shanghai. What can you see?
4 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
Impressions from Shanghai in October 2012
A lot of electricity supplied into the city
5 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
Impressions from Shanghai in October 2012
Advertisement mounted on a factory chimney for a photovoltaic manufacturer.
6 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
Impressions from Shanghai in October 2012
Night live in Nanjing Rd.
From 53 Scooters 43 hat an electric motor, i.e. 80%
7 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
2010
7 Billion people
1.100 Million vehicles
THE CHALLENGES Balancing resources with demands
1960
3 Billion people
200 Million vehicles
Therefore we need a much higher efficiency
in the usage of our resources!
• Surface, we only have one world
• Air volume – the atmosphere is only a thin layer, 60% of the
air is below the summit of mount Everest
• Fossil energy is limited
Resources
are limited
Demand
is increasing
8 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country:
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country.
1. China
2. USA
3. India
4. Russia
CO2 emitted per person:
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person.
1. USA
2. Canada
3. Australia
4. Middle East
9 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION also CO2 emission become regulated
4 l/100km
25 km/l
65 mpg
10 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Content
• Introduction
• Test procedures for Hybrids
• Legislation, what is a Hybrid?
• NOVC – Not Off Vehicle Charging
• OVC – Off Vehicle Charging
• Emission Measurement Challenges
• Hybrid specific measurement
challenges
• Conclusion
11 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION LEGISLATION BOARD Many pages, complex and sometimes confusing
4000+ pages of worldwide emission legislations and regulations
In Annex 8 of this Regulation, references to
Annex 4 shall be understood as reference
to Appendix 4 of Annex I of this
Regulation. (Quotation from UN-ECE 101)
12 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID TECHNOLOGIES Types and Functionalities Overview
Functionalit
y
Legislation
Naming
Idle Engine Off
Start/Stop
Energy Recovery
by Breaking
Vehicle can drive
with E-Motor
alone
Rechargeable
battery from
external source
Vehicle operate
as an EV over a
wide range
Conventional
Vehicles Micro
Hybrid
Mild
Hybrid
Full
Hybrid
Plug-In
Hybrid
Range
Extender
Conventional Vehicles Hybrid:
Off Vehicle Charging
Technology Naming
Hybrid:
Non Off Vehicle Charging
13 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
Energy-Production Energy-Distribution Energy-Storage Energy-Conversion
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Not Off-Vehicle Charging
2 engines
2 energy storages
1 energy supply
EMISSION TESTING Hybrid Vehicle NOVC (Not Off-Vehicle Charging)
12,15 kWh
3,35 kWh
0,75 kWh
2,27 kWh
2,06 kWh
14 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Testbeds
Hybrid development in the AVL California Technology Center
AVL AMA i60 Emission Bench AVL Battery Simulator AVL Automation System
15 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Hybrid Vehicle “Not Off-Vehicle Charging”
Fuel
consumption
Emission
Analysis
Ampere
Meter
Power
Analyzer
If the State of Charge
(SOC) of the battery
does not change
significantly between
start and end of the test,
then the result is valid.
If SOC changes, then
fuel consumption and
CO2 is corrected
accordingly to the
change of the SOC. Change in
state of charge
∆ SOC
16 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Hybrid Vehicle “Not Off-Vehicle Charging”
SUV Hybrid, type approved for EU-4 (2005).
Battery was charged from 46 % to 64%
Engine was off for 56% of the test
17 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Hybrid Vehicle OVC (Off-Vehicle Charging)
Fuel consumption and CO2 is
included in legislation. This “fuel”
consumption and
related emissions
are not included.
Energy and CO2 for production is
not included.
FAD Conference 2011, Dresden – UBA Presentation
“With the current mix in electricity production in Germany (coal,
nuclear, water, …) there is no significant advantage for electrical
cars compared to conventional.
CO2 emission from Electrical Vehicles are app. 145 gCO2/km.
18 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Hybrid Vehicle “Off-Vehicle Charging
Result A “best case”
Determination of the electrical- or off-vehicle charged
range. (Charge depleting tests)
Test which distance the vehicle can be operated in
pure electrical or dominant electrical mode.
Repeat tests until certain SOC criteria are fulfilled.
The average emissions of these tests are calculated.
Fuel
consumption
Emission
Analysis
Ampere
Meter
power
analyzer Change in
state of charge
19 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
Result B
“worst case”
(Charge sustaining)
Test emissions with
minimum SOC.
EMISSION TESTING Hybrid Vehicle “Off-Vehicle Charging
Weighted
Result
Result A “best case”
Determination of the electrical- or off-vehicle charged
range. (Charge depleting tests)
Test which distance the vehicle can be operated in
pure electrical or dominant electrical mode.
Repeat tests until certain SOC criteria are fulfilled.
The average emissions of these tests are calculated.
Calculate a final result by
weighting Results A and
result B with an Utility
Factor.
A is weighted with the
distance the vehicle can be
driven mainly by the
battery.
B is weighted with the
typical distance a vehicle is
driven between it will be
charged.
A B
Emission results of all tests must apply with legislation limits.
20 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Content
• Introduction
• Test procedures for Hybrids
• Legislation, what is a Hybrid?
• NOVC – Not Off Vehicle Charging
• OVC – Off Vehicle Charging
• Emission Measurement Challenges
• Hybrid specific measurement
challenges
• Conclusion
21 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Measurement Challenges – Over-Dilution
Challenges:
• Hybrid vehicles will run for longer times without the combustion engine on.
• During these times the Bags of the CVS system are filled with dilution air only.
• That will result in a significant over-dilution over the whole test, which will lead to very low emission
concentrations in the bags.
engine rpm during test.
Needed Solutions (for EU Legislation):
• Use Super Low Emission Vehicle measurement system configurations
• Heated CVS and dried dilution air to allow lower overall dilution ratios
22 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Possible negative influences by the measurement systems
Challenges:
• CVS tailpipe de-pressure could suck air through the engine, that may result in cooling the catalytic
converter to charge it with O2, which disables NOx reduction.
23 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Possible negative influences by the measurement systems
Challenges:
• CVS tailpipe de-pressure could suck air through the engine, that may result in cooling the catalytic
converter to charge it with O2, which disables NOx reduction.
Possible Solutions:
• Ensure low tailpipe de-pressure conditions. Like with an Active Tailpipe Pressure control system. A
blower compensates for pressure losses over the dilution air filter and tubing of the CVS
24 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Content
• Introduction
• Test procedures for Hybrids
• Legislation, what is a Hybrid?
• NOVC – Not Off Vehicle Charging
• OVC – Off Vehicle Charging
• Emission Measurement Challenges
• Hybrid specific measurement
challenges
• Conclusion
25 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
HYBRID EMISSION TESTING Conclusion
• Hybrid technology changes faster than emission legislation can be adjusted.
Legislations will continue to change and may not be clear in all details
• Hybrid emission testing is more complex and time consuming.
Especially hard for non-OEM Labors, which do not have an inside view
about the hybrid control strategies.
• Worldwide further CO2 reduction targets will come, like 95g/km in 2020 in EU
will further change technology and test procedures.
26 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
Outlook for Automotive Industry Conclusion
• Further shift of sales and production to BRIC markets.
(9% of world production in 2000, 33% in 2010, 47% in 2025)
• BRIC markets emission limits will become similar to Triad
• BRIC customer requirements will be different. Higher share of low-
budget cars and different functionalities. (In 2025, 25% of Chinese
drivers will be < 30 years and 10% above 60. In Germany 10 % will be
< 30 and 33% above 60.)
• Complexity of automotive engineering will reach unprecedented levels
but have to deliver more at the same cost and time levels. Engineering
and testing needs to improve effectiveness and efficiency.
27 AVL Emission Test Systems, K. Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING for a cleaner Environmental