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HW # 108- Read Grasshopper Anatomy. Locate the marked parts (pg 3) and color on the diagram provided. STUDY FOR QUIZ Tomorrow View the grasshopper dissection ppt. Warm up We are refocusing on our phyla. We will be discussing arthropods and echinoderms. What types of animals are found in these phyla? Week 32, Day Three Slide 2 Warm up Response An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. EX: insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.invertebrateanimal exoskeleton appendagesinsectsarachnidscrustaceans An echinoderm is a sea animal that has a hard spiny shell, or exoskeleton. Echinoderms display radial symmetry, having 5 similar body extensions from a central point. The seven classes of echinoderms are brittle stars, basket stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, feather stars, and sea cucumbers. Slide 3 Homework Response/Check Did you work on your coral reef essay (due Friday)? Slide 4 Arthropods & Echinoderms Slide 5 Arthropods and Echinoderms Slide 6 Characteristics of Arthropods External skeleton Segmented body Jointed attachments called appendages Slide 7 Crustaceans 2 or 3 body sections, 5 or more legs Examples: 1. Crayfish 2. Lobsters 3. Crabs 4. Shrimp Slide 8 Arachnids 2 body sections 4 pairs of legs No antennae EX: spider, mites, ticks, and scorpions Slide 9 Centipedes 2 body sections Many pairs of legs Gills to obtain oxygen Antennae Slide 10 Millipedes Thousand legs Slide 11 Insects 3 body sections Six legs One pair of antennae One or two pairs of wings EX. Ants, bees, and butterflies etc. Slide 12 Make a bar graph Use this data to make a quick bar graph. You will need to covert data to percentages. Ants, Bees, Wasps: 115,000 Beetles and Weevils: 350,000 Butterflies and Moths: 178,000 Flies and Mosquitoes: 110,000 Other insect groups: 147,000 Slide 13 The insect life cycle (review) 1 egg 2. larva 3. pupa 4 adult METAMORPHOSIS Slide 14 Gradual metamorphosis 1. Egg 2. Nymph 3. Larger Nymph 4. Adult Slide 15 Echinoderms! Invertebrates with an internal skeleton and a system of fluid filled tubes called a water vascular system. The endoskeleton is made up of hardened plates Water vascular system: force water into tube feet so they can move and capture food Slide 16 4 types of echinoderms 1. Sea Stars 2. Brittle Stars 3. Sea Urchins 4. Sea Cucumbers Slide 17 Insects Inside and Out Slide 18 More than 100,000 species of insects are found almost everywhere in North America, but very few are harmful. Insects are important to the food chain, pollination, honey, wax, shellac, silk, food, scavenging, and decomposing. Wheel Bug Slide 19 Lady beetle adult and larva - good or bad? Let's examine which insects are "good" and which ones are "bad". Are lady beetles good or bad? Well, they are good when they eat aphids, but bad when hundreds collect inside your house. Slide 20 Jim Kalish Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska- Lincoln Honey bees - good or bad? Are honey bees good or bad? They are good when they pollinate and produce honey, but bad when they sting. Slide 21 Termites - good or bad? They are bad when they eat the wood in your house, but good when they break down dead and fallen trees. 1998-2003 Troy Bartlett Slide 22 Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus species species In school we learned that animals are divided into smaller and smaller groups. Let's look where insects fit in the animal kingdom. From top to bottom, each category has fewer species, and the groups of animals within each category are increasingly similar. Slide 23 Kingdom- animal Kingdom- animal Phylum - arthropod Phylum - arthropod Class - insect Class - insect Order - diptera Order - diptera Family - muscidae Family - muscidae Genus - Musca Genus - Musca species - domestica species - domestica Using the house fly as an example. Notice the genus and species is the official scientific name of the animal. This name is valid in any country of the world and is an important way to avoid confusion. This two-word Latin naming system was developed in 1758 and has hardly changed since then. There are some important things to know about it. Slide 24 House Fly Musca = fly domestica = home Scientific names are always two words. The first part of the name (Genus) is always capitalized. This lets us know that it is the genus. The second name is always in lower case and is usually descriptive of the insect in some manner. Because these words are in Latin, they are always italicized (or underlined which substitutes for italics). Slide 25 Interesting Scientific Names Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth) Slide 26 Interesting Scientific Names Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth) Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp) Slide 27 Interesting Scientific Names Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth) Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp) Pieza rhea Evenhuis (mythicomyiid fly) Slide 28 Interesting Scientific Names Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth) Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp) Pieza rhea Evenhuis (mythicomyiid fly) Verae peculya Marsh (braconid wasp) Slide 29 Insects also have common names. One problem with common names is that there may be more than one common name for the same insect. Common names often differ between geographical regions. Do you know what a skeeter hawk is? Or a cow killer? Did you know a velvet ant really is not an ant, but a wingless wasp?...and locusts are really a type of grasshopper - not a cicada. Slide 30 Skeeter Hawk Cow Killer Velvet ant Cicada Locust Locust Slide 31 honeybee bumble bee honey bee Important rules govern the use of common names. If the insect truly belongs to the group that the name denotes, then the common name should be two words. For example, a honey bee is a true member of the bees, so honey bee (or bumble bee) is always spelled as two words despite what your common dictionary may print. Slide 32 Which of the following should be two words? butterfly butterfly dragonfly dragonfly horsefly horsefly housefly housefly whitefly whitefly damselfly damselfly fruitfly fruitfly mayfly mayfly Slide 33 Only these insects are true flies butterfly butterfly dragonfly dragonfly horse fly horse fly house fly house fly whitefly whitefly damselfly damselfly fruit fly fruit fly mayfly mayfly Slide 34 External Anatomy headabdomen thorax Adult insects are known for having three major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults. Slide 35 from the 1995 Physiology or Medicine Nobel Poster Adult insects develop as a composite of fused segments with specific body part associations. Slide 36 head mouthparts antennae compound eyes eyes HEAD The first body region is the head. Insect heads can be highly variable, but most possess eyes, antennae and mouthparts. Slide 37 Antennae June beetle termite fly butterfly ant beetle Antennae are used by insects as major sensory devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the insect in many ways. Slide 38 Two Examples of Mouthparts chewingpiercing/sucking Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage. Slide 39 Picture of bodyparts Thorax The middle body region is called the thorax and is composed of three fused segments. All legs and wings are located on the thorax. Slide 40 Legs suction digging swimming grasping Like the mouthparts and antennae, insect legs are quite variable in form and function and reflect the insect's lifestyle. Slide 41 Abdomen The last body region is called the abdomen. It is composed of many segments connected by flexible sections allowing it great movement. Slide 42 Insects possess an exterior covering called the exoskeleton. They do not have internal bones. This segmented "shell" is what gives insects shape and can be very hard in some insects. It is often covered with a waxy layer and may have "hairs" called setae. Slide 43 Exoskeleton x-sec waxy layer seta hair seta ( hair) cuticle Slide 44 Internal Anatomy Inside the insect we find the systems for respiration, circulation, nerves, and digestion, but there is little resemblance to the same systems found in man or other mammals. Slide 45 Digestive sys Digestive System foregut midgut hindgut The digestive system is a tube that opens at the mouth and empties at the tail end of the insect. It is divided into three parts called the foregut, midgut, and hind gut. In some insects such as the honey bee, the foregut acts as a crop to carry or hold liquids which can be regurgitated later. Slide 46 Circ system Circulatory System aortic pumps heart The circulatory system is not composed of a central heart, veins and arteries which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen. The insect circulatory system is a simple tube down the back which is open at both ends and slowly pulses body fluids and nutrients from the rear of the insect to the head. Slide 47 Nervous system Nervous System nerve bundles two lobed brain (ganglia) Insects have a less centralized nervous system than humans. The nerve chord runs along the ventral or bottom aspect of an insect. The brain is divided into two main parts. The largest lobes control important areas such as the eyes, antennae, and mouthparts. Other major concentrations of nerve bundles called ganglia occur along the nerve chord and usually control those body functions closest to it. Slide 48 The respiratory system is composed of air sacs and tubes called tracheae. Air enters the tubes through a series of openings called spiracles found along the sides of the body. The largest spiracles are usually found on the thorax where greater musculature from wings and legs require more oxygen. There are no spiracles on the head. Slide 49 spiracles trachealtubes RespiratorySystem Slide 50 Life Cycles The many diverse orders of insects have four different types of life cycles. These life cycles are called "metamorphosis" because of the changes of shape that the insects undergo during development. Slide 51 Without meta Without Metamorphosis egg adult nymphs The first type is "without" metamorphosis which the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess. The young resemble adults except for size. Slide 52 Incomplete meta Incomplete Metamorphosis eggnaiads adult The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis which is found among the aquatic insect orders such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata). Slide 53 Gradual meta Gradual Metamorphosis egg nymphs adult The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that the adult possesses. Slide 54 Complete Metamorphosis egg larvaepupaadult The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct. Slide 55 recently molted roach It should be noted that because insects are hard- bodied, they cannot grow larger gradually. Instead they grow larger in steps by shedding the hard exoskeleton for a brief period of expansion. The brief periods between or within stages are called molts. Insects are soft-bodied and vulnerable during this time. Slide 56 Jack Kelly Clark Today we've discussed what makes an animal an insect and the main characteristics of an insect. Hopefully you will have a better understanding of how insects fit into our environment and why they do some of the things they do. Slide 57 Stephen B. Bambara Extension Entomologist NC STATEUNIVERSITY Blue Slide information prepared by Copyright 2001