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HVAC Systems Leading the Way to Major Savings Now and in the Future
Tuesday, May 16 2:00-3:15
Agenda
BBA Space Conditioning Team Activities
Advanced RTU Campaign
HVAC Resource Map
Optimized retail retrofits – Robert King
Comprehensive large system retrofit – Eric Friedman
Advanced energy research projects – Jennifer Gerbi
2
Panelists
Robert King: Lead Mechanical Engineer, Target Corporation Eric Friedman: Director, Leading by Example Program, MA Department of Energy Resources Jennifer Gerbi: ARPA-E Program Director
3
Advanced RTU Campaign
4
National Campaign to promote high-efficiency RTU solutions High-efficiency RTU
replacements and new installations
Advanced control retrofits Automated fault detection
and diagnostics Quality Installation and
Quality Maintenance www.advancedRTU.org
Awarding Leadership in RTU Efficiency
5
2017 Advanced RTU Campaign Award Winners!
HVAC Resource Map
HVACresourcemap.net
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The HVAC Resource Map is an intuitive graphical interface that provides quick access to a broad array of quality information on operations and maintenance best practices and energy and water efficiency measures.
Robert King Target Corporation
9
HVAC Systems: Leading the Way Robert King – Lead Engineer May 17, 2017
TARGET STORES
10
•1,802 stores in the United States •38 distribution centers in the United States •323,000 team member worldwide •Online business at target.com
AGENDA
11
• Store Energy Overview • Retrofit Strategies • Control Strategies • Results
STORE ENERGY USE
12
Energy Use Percentages
• Plug Loads
• HVAC • Store Lighting
• Parking Lot Lighting
• Refrigeration
SALES FLOOR HVAC VENTILATION
13
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
% O
A
$ Sa
ving
s
1998-2015
Annual CapitalSavings
Annual EnergySavings
TargetVentilation Rate
Industry rate
Target study performance based
24 hr performance based
Target Engineered Ventilation Benefits
SALES FLOOR RTU REPLACEMENT
14 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Traditional Engineered Optimized
Capital
Energy
• RTUs engineered for current load
• Optimize for whole building.
• Select ventilation strategy
• Remove redundant RTUs
• Upsize/downsize • Add DOAS units • Rebalance
RTU REPLACEMENT STRATEGY
15
RTU REPLACEMENT STRATEGY
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RTU REPLACEMENT RESULTS
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Installed 534 Tier 2 RTUs in 2016 with average capacity reduction of 52 tons (22%) per store
Annual energy savings for program is 8.8 million KWH or $1.3 million
Program size will continue to grow as RTUs across the chain age.
RTU CONTROL RETROFIT RESULTS
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Applied VFD and OA damper control to 115 RTUs in 2016
Averaged 11,500 KWH savings per RTU
Annual energy savings for program is 1,332,500 million KWH
2016 Total savings from RTU replacement and control enhancement was 10.2 Million KWH
Eric Freidman Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Energy Retrofit at Hogan Regional Center:
Finding savings through a comprehensive approach
Better Buildings Summit
May 17, 2017
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Topics
1. Leading by Example and Energy Efficiency Programs for State Buildings
2. Hogan Developmental Center Project
3. Questions and Discussion
21
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Leading by Example Program
The Leading by Example Program works collaboratively with state agencies and public colleges and universities to advance clean energy efforts and sustainable
practices that reduce the environmental impacts of state government operations.
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Leading by Example - Scope • Huge array of building types and sizes:
29 college and university campuses 18 prisons dozens of office buildings Dozens of state hospitals, youth detention centers,
mental health facilities Hundreds of armories Thousands of visitor centers, highway depots, salt
sheds, seasonal buildings 50+ state owned courthouses
• 80 million square feet of buildings • 9-5 and 24/7 operations • 3,000 light duty vehicles • 85,000 employees • Consume over 1 billion kWh of electricity – equal to
138,000 homes • Use more than 7 million gallons of gasoline and
diesel • Emit over 1 million ton of Greenhouse Gases
23
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Leading by Example Executive Order
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
GHG Emissions Reduction
Energy Use Reduction
Use of Renewable EnergyEO 484 Targets
2050
2020
2012
Executive Order 2020 Goals
40% GHG emission reduction
35% Energy reduction
30% Renewable energy
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Leading by Example Clean Energy Target Areas
25
Building Energy
Efficiency
Vehicle Efficiency
New Construction Operations
and Behavioral
Change
Renewable Energy
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Cleaner Fuels through Retrofits • Heating oil use decreased 78%
between 2006-2015 • Eliminated 18,013,685 gallons
• Oil to natural gas • combined heat and power
(CHP) & renewable thermal • Energy efficiency
-20% -35%
-22% -38%
-46% -62%
-72% -72% -78% -
5
10
15
20
25
FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015
Mill
ions
Heating Oil Consumption from FY06 to FY2015
• Accelerated Energy Program • Initiated 2012 • Goal to implement
efficiency at all appropriate state facilities within 3 years
• Through large comprehensive and small targeted projects
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Energy Efficiency Project Hogan Regional Center
Site and Project Basics • Agency: Department of
Developmental Services • Location: Danvers, MA -- 20 miles
north of Boston • Size: 10 buildings, 329,453 SF • Site Use: Offices, residential care for
developmentally disabled, food services, physical therapy, medical & dental
• Completed: Summer 2013 • Construction oversight: Division of
Capital Asset Management & Maint. • Prime Contractor: J.C. Cannistraro, LLC • Designer: SMMA • Consultants: KlingStubbins and EE&D
27
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
28
Original Power Plant • Plant built in late 1800s • Boiler installed in 1936 • Designed to heat much
larger facility, part of which closed years ago
• Located ¼ mile from facility
• 48-72 hours to adjust temperatures – 1 manual valve per bldg
• Steam leaks • #6 oil primary fuel • Steam line leaks
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Efficiency Project Process • Brainstorm broad range of measures • Identify Cost, technical feasibility • Model measures together • Address Multiple Goals
– Save energy & water – Leave buildings in better shape – Address deferred maintenance, when possible – Improve occupant comfort – Improve building management – Reduce/maintain maintenance requirements – Don’t create more problems
• Include facility staff at all stages of project
29
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Energy Efficiency Project • Decommissioned oil power plant • Replaced with individual building
high efficiency hot water condensing natural gas boilers with 92% efficiency rating
• Boiler has smaller footprint, which can be key in older buildings
• Solar hot water for pool building • Lighting upgrades and controls • Internal storm windows in
corridors • Temperature controls throughout
buildings • Air handler upgrades • Swimming Pool cover • High efficiency hot water heaters
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
ECM kWh Sav
$ kWh Sav
NG Sav $ NG Sav Oil Sav $ Oil Sav ECM COST
$ TOTAL SAV
Lght Upgr 473,767 $50,557 -$6,568 0 $0 $614,623 $55,832 Lght Cont 9,123 $974 $0 0 $0 $98,343 $974 Motors 40,571 $4,329 $0 0 $0 $139,983 $4,329 EMS 154,010 $16,435 $50,634 0 $0 $419,912 $67,069 Wstrip 767 $82 $6,375 0 $0 $200,452 $6,456 Plant 0 $0 (47,123) ($565,474) 670,949 $1,440,777 $6,296,714 $875,303 HVAC 40,818 $4,356 $4,211 0 $0 $333,862 $8,567 Solar Thr ($6,000) -$640 $11,464 0 $0 $230,381 $10,824 Pool Covr 0 $0 $9,573 0 $0 $215,463 $9,682 Hall lght 25,229 $2,699 0 $0 0 $0 $39,675 $2,699
Int. Glass 0 $0 13,917 $16,701 0 $0 $130,268 $16,701 TOTAL 738,285 $78,792 -33,206 $(473,084) 670,949 $1,440,777 $8,945,242 $1,058,436
31
List of ECMs taken from the pre-project audit and are projections
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Actual Impacts - Energy
32
0% 1%
12%
-72%
-78% -77% -77%
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Baseline FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 FY2016
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n (k
Btu)
M
illio
ns
DDS Hogan Regional Center Total Fuel Consumption
Fuel Oil Natural Gas Grid Electricity
Data is weather normalized
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Actual Impacts - EUI
33
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 FY2016
368 372 411
102 81 85 87
1%
12%
-72% -78% -77% -76%
Site
EU
I (kB
tu/S
QFT
) DDS Hogan Regional Center Overall Site EUI (kBtu/SQFT)
Data is weather normalized
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Actual Impacts – GHG Emissions
34
11%
0%
-76% -79% -78% -79%
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
GHG
Em
issi
ons (
met
ric to
nnes
) DDS Hogan Regional Center GHG Emissions
% Change from FY10 Baseline
Oil #2 Oil #6 Natural Gas Electricity
Data is NOT weather normalized
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Actual Impacts - Costs
74% reduction from baseline
35
$1,971,883
$2,687,151 $2,673,672
$607,538 $612,391 $608,321
$519,444
$-
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
$3,000,000
FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 FY2016
Tota
l Cos
ts ($
) DDS Hogan Regional Center Annual Energy Costs
Data is NOT weather normalized
Actual reductions in cost are greater than projected due to declining natural gas prices, weather, and depends on the baseline year.
Creating A Clean, Affordable and Resilient Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Other Impacts and Considerations • Enhanced temperature control and client comfort
– windows opened in winter – clients transported through drafty hallways
• Eliminate wasteful summer steam use – Showers often were lukewarm
• Eliminate 24 hour maintenance staff needed to maintain high pressure steam system, including overtime – Minimum of 2 people 24/7/365 with significant budget impacts
36
• Need to model ECMs together – lighting reduction can affect cooling and heating loads – low flow fixtures can reduce impact of hot water
efficiency • Value in non-energy impacts may be hard to quantify • Committed client and design/construction team critical
Jennifer Gerbi ARPA-E
Jennifer Gerbi Program Director Better Buildings Summit - May 16, 2017
ARPA-E
Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy Building Energy Efficiency
A Brief History of ARPA-E
In 2007, The National Academies recommended Congress establish an Advanced Research Projects Agency within the U.S. Department of Energy
39
…“The new agency proposed herein [ARPA-E] is patterned after that model [of DARPA] and would sponsor creative, out-of-the-box, transformational, generic energy research in those areas where industry by itself cannot or will not undertake such sponsorship, where risks and potential payoffs are high, and where success could provide dramatic benefits for the nation.”…
2007 America COMPETES
2009 $400M (ARRA)
2011 $180M
2012 $275M
2013 $251M
2014 $280M
2010
1
37
7 12
16 20
23
Programs To Date
Awards Announced
2015 $280M
32
500+
2016 $291M
39
Mission:
Overcome long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies
41
If it works… will it matter?
Transformative R&D to disruptive technology C
OST
/ PE
RFO
RM
AN
CE
TIME / SCALE
x x
x
Transformative Research
Disruptive Technology
Existing Technology
NOT
NO INCREMENTAL TECH!
What Makes an ARPA-E Project?
43
BRIDGE ‣ Translates science into breakthrough technology ‣ Not researched or funded elsewhere ‣ Catalyzes new interest and investment
IMPACT ‣ High impact on ARPA-E mission areas ‣ Credible path to market ‣ Large potential application
TRANSFORM ‣ Challenges what is possible ‣ Disrupts existing learning curves ‣ Leaps beyond today’s technologies
TEAM ‣ Comprised of best-in-class people ‣ Cross-disciplinary skill sets ‣ Translation oriented
https://arpa-e.en ergy.gov/impact
ARPA-E Programs and OPENs
44
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICAL GRID & STORAGE
EFFICIENCY &
EMISSIONS
TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
2010 - 2012
ALPHA
ARID
DELTA
FOCUS
METALS
MONITOR
CHARGES
RANGE
REMOTE
SWITCHES
TERRA
GENSETS REBELS
NODES
MOSAIC
TRANSNET
2013-2014 2015 2016
GRID DATA
IONICS
SHIELD ENLITENED
REFUEL
ROOTS
NEXTCAR
ADEPT
AMPED BEEST
BEETIT
ELECTROFUELS
GENI
GRIDS HEATS
IMPACCT
MOVE PETRO
REACT
SOLAR ADEPT
OPEN 2009 36 projects
OPEN 2012 66 projects
OPEN 2015 41 projects
?
45
DELTA Program Objective ‣ Save >15% of US heating and cooling energy (1.8 Qd) by expanding
temperature setpoints of buildings by 2.2oC in both directions
46
Band Expansion
Credit: Arens et al, UC Berkeley
Thermal Regulation in Indoor Environments
47 *ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals 2009
Typical Occupant Thermal Load : ~105 W
Managing Thermal Flux, Q:
1) Alter materials for thermal transport
2) Alter ambient conditions
Requires Energy Input
Primary Metrics, Enabling ≥ 15% Energy Savings
48
DELTA Delivering Efficient Local Thermal Amenities
Program Vision: Save Energy by tailoring the thermal environment around the individual rather than over-heating or over-cooling unoccupied space within a building.
Program Mission:
Develop Localized Thermal Management Systems (LTMS) such as wearables or locally installed systems to heat or cool the physical space around the human body rather than the entire building.
Kickoff Year 2014
Total Projects 11
Investment $29.8M
Program Director: Dr. Jennifer Gerbi [email protected]
BAH Technical Support: Dr. Russel Ross [email protected]
• High-efficiency heat pump
• Temporal load shifting
• Radiative
• Conductive
• Convective
• Active heat removal
• Comfort driven office equipment
• Direct heating and cooling
Robotic Personal Conditioning Device
Technology Summary • Roving Personal Comforter (RoCo) • Mobile robotic platform fitted with a small, battery
powered vapor compression AC/heat pump unit, using phase change materials, that follows an assigned person around during the course of a day and provides localized AC as needed.
Technology Impact • Vapor compression system, with phase change material
for rejecting condenser heat at night; COP 3-5. • 150W of cooling at 70ºF, 150W heating at 100ºF, 2
hours of continuous operation
Key Personnel PI: Dr. Reinhard Radermacher CoPI: Dr. Jelena Srebric, Dr. Vikrant Aute, Dr. Kyle Gluesenkamp
University of Maryland, ORNL and FirstBuild
Example Project: Category #1
50
Adaptive Textiles Technology with Active Cooling & Heating (ATTACH )
Technology Summary • Responsive Textiles for Personal Thermal
Regulation • Combines passive & active textiles
components for enhanced comfort with minimal power consumption for heating & cooling building occupants.
Technology Impact • Passively adaptive clothing through both
thickness change and humidity responsive microstructure change.
• Significant savings in building energy use.
Key Personnel UCSD: Prof. Joseph Wang (PI)
UC San Diego, NanoSD
51
Example Project: Category #3
SHIELD Single-Pane Highly Insulating Efficient Lucid Designs
Goals ‣ Cut in half the amount of heat lost through single-pane windows ‣ Produce secondary benefits, such as improved soundproofing,
reduced cold weather condensation, that will make retrofits more desirable
Mission Develop innovative materials that will improve the energy efficiency of existing single-pane windows in commercial and residential buildings.
Program Director T2M advisor
Dr. Eric Schiff Dr. Graciela Blanchet
Year 2016
Projects 14
Total Investment $31 Million
52
Prof. Eric Schiff Program Director, ARPA-E
Changing What’s Possible – Building Energy Efficiency
1 quad ≡ 1015 Btu = 1.06×1018 J BTO workshop report, (2014) Table 2. Edited by Karma Sawyer. Dan Matuszak, unpublished.
quad
s/ye
ar
US
tota
l 15 4.7
Bui
ldin
gs H
VAC
1.8
2.0
0.9
97
net solar (a/c-heat)
single pane heat
double pane/IGU heat
windows
Just halving single pane loss = saving 1 quad = saving 10 Billion dollars!
Thermal radiation imaging of windows
Double panes have limited lifetimes How to solve this issue? Replacement is far too $$$...
Mesporous materials scatter light weakly
Sca
tterin
g (lo
g)
Feature size d (log)
d 3
fritted glass
d < λ
silica aerogel
▸ The typical “particle” of the sol gel may be about 10 nm
▸ “Clusters” of about 100 nm scatter 106 times more strongly than a 10 nm pore
𝜎𝜎𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ∝ 𝑑𝑑2𝑑𝑑4
𝜆𝜆4
Rayleigh scattering (constant porosity)
commons.wikimedia.org
About a half dozen SHIELD projects are tackling this problem. They are trying nanocellulose aerogels, plasma-sprayed silica, block copolymer templating, silica nanoshell assemblies, and even an old favorite, silica aerogels.
Project Spotlight: University of Colorado Boulder
The University of Colorado Boulder (CU-Boulder) is developing a flexible, transparent window film that can be applied onto single-pane windows. The team’s thermal barrier is based on liquid crystalline phases of nano-cellulose aerogel that has low-emissivity properties, which will help prevent heat loss through windows. CU-Boulder will produce the thermal barrier using low-cost cellulose nanorods from food industry waste.
Program: SHIELD Technology: Advancing Insulation Retrofits from Flexible Inexpensive Lucid Materials (AIR FILMS) for Single-Pane Windows Location: Boulder, CO
Project Spotlight: IR Dynamics, LLC
IR Dynamics, LLC and its partners are developing a transparent nanomaterial technology and integrating the material into flexible window films that improve thermal insulation. The film incorporates two polymer-films with embedded nanophase materials. The first is a low-cost sheet of transparent clay materials that will act as a thermal barrier. The second sheet incorporates IR thermochromic vanadium dioxide-based nanomaterials.
Program: SHIELD SBIR Technology: Dynamic IR Window Film to Improve Window Energy Efficiency Location: Santa Fe, NM
Lower U-Value with Transparent Clay Nanosheets
Smart Infrared Control with Transparent VO2 Based Pigment
50nm Thermochromic Particles
Window Films that combine two nanotechnologies
Thank You
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