H U S S E R L I A N P H E N O M E N O L O G Y I N A N E W K E Y

A N A L E C T A HUSSERLIAN A

T H E Y E A R B O O K O F P H E N O M E N O L O G I C A L R E S E A R C H

V O L U M E X X X V

Editor-in-Chief:

A N N A - T E R E S A T Y M I E N I E C K A

The World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning Belmont, Massachusetts

P H E N O M E N O L O G Y I N T H E W O R L D F I F T Y Y E A R S A F T E R T H E D E A T H O F E D M U N D H U S S E R L

Book 1 T H E T U R N I N G POINTS OF T H E N E W P H E N O M E N O L O G I C A L E R A Husserl Research — Drawing upon the Full Extent of His Development

Book 2 H U S S E R L I A N P H E N O M E N O L O G Y IN A N E W K E Y Intersubjectivity, Ethos, the Societal Sphere, Human Encounter, Pathos

Book 3 HUSSERL'S L E G A C Y IN P H E N O M E N O L O G I C A L PHILOSOPHIES New Approaches to Reason, Language, Hermeneutics, the Human Condition

Book 4 N E W QUERIES IN AESTHETICS A N D METAPHYSICS Time, Historicity, Art, Culture, Metaphysics, the Transnatural

The Editor acknowledges the assistance of Robert Wise in the technical preparation of these volumes.

HUSSERLIAN P H E N O M E N O L O G Y IN A NEW K E Y

Intersubjectivity, Ethos, the Societal Sphere, Human Encounter, Pathos

BOOK 2 Phenomenology in the World

Fifty Years after the Death of Edmund Husserl

Edited by

A N N A - T E R E S A T Y M I E N I E C K A

The World Phenomenology Institute

Published under the auspices of The World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning

A-T. Tymieniecka, President

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Librar y o f Congress Catalog1ng-1n-Pub1teat1o n Dat a

H u s s e r l l a n phenomenology I n a new ke y : 1 n t e r s u b j e c t 1 v 1 t y , e t h o s , s o c i e t a l s p h e r e , human encoun te r , th e patho s / e d i t e d b y Anna-Teresa Tym 1 e n 1ecka .

p. cm. — ( A n a l e c t a H u s s e r H a na ;

v . 35 ) (Phenomenology I n th e wor l d f i f t y year s a f t e r th e deat h o f Husse r l ; bk . 2 )

E n g l i s h , F r e n c h , German, I t a l i a n , an d S p a n i s h . C h i e f l y paper s fro m th e F i r s t Worl d Congress o f Phenomenology he l d

1n San t i ag o d e Compos te la, S p a i n , S e p t . 26 -0c t . 1 , 1988. "Pub l i she d under th e ausp i ce s o f th e Worl d I n s t i t u t e f o r Advanced

Phenomenolog le a 1 Research an d L e a r n i n g . " I nc lude s b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l r e f e r e n c e s .

1. Phenomenology—Congresses. 2 . H u s s e r l , Edmund, 1859-1938--Congresses. I . T y m l e n l c k a , Anna-Teresa. I I . S e r i e s . I I I . S e r i e s : Phenomenology i n th e wor l d f i f t y year s a f t e r th e deat h of Husse r l ; bk . 2 . B3279.H94A129 v o l . 3 5 [B829.5 ] 142' . 7 s — dc2 0 [142'.7 ] 91-753 3

Printed on acid-free paper

A l l Rights Reserved © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991

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may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and

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ISBN 978-94-010-5526-0 ISBN 978-94-011-3450-7 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3450-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA / World-Wide Phenomenol­ogy Fulfilling Husserl's Project: An Introduction

PART ONE

THE FOUNDATION OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY

JULIA VALENTINA IRIBARNE / Intersubjectivity As the

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xi

Starting Point 3 MARIO SAN CIPRIANO / Les Sources de la Vie morale 13 YUKIKO OKAMOTO / The Logical Space of Morality: A

Possible Theory for the Foundation of Moral Values 43 MARIANNINA FAILLA / Phenomenology and the Beginnings

of the Moral Problem (Dilthey - Brentano - Husserl) 53 JOHN E. JALBERT / Phenomenology As the Reawakening of

the Platonic Philosophical Ethos 67 PILAR BELDA PLANS / La Nocion de Valor en la Escuela

fenomenol6gica 79 ALEXIUS J. BUCHER / Phanomene einer Ethik 93 GRACIANO GONZALEZ R. ARNAIZ / Responsibility As

the Principle of Individuality: An Alternative to Husserl's Theory of Intuition 107

BRUNON HOL YST / The Topicality of Husserl's Ethical Anti-relativism 123

PART TWO

FOUNDATIONS OF MORALITY AND

THE SOCIETAL WORLD

F. W. VEAUTHIER / Vom Sozialen Verantwortungsapriori im Sozialphiinomenologischen Denken Edmund Husserls 141

RUDOLF BOEHM / Le Phenomenal et Ie Politique 159

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VI TABLE OF CONTENTS

JES BJARUP / Phenomenology, the Moral Sense, and the Meaning of Life: Some Comments of the Philosophy of Edmund Husserl and A-T. Tymieniecka 169

FERNANDO RODRIGUEZ BORNAETXEA / La Actitud Natural y las Realidades Alternas 193

OLA MOSTAFA ANWAR / Husserl's Influence on Sociology: A Study of Schutz's Phenomenology 203

JACOB ROGOZINSKI/La Chair de la Communaute 215 HELENA GOURKO / The Historic Horizons of Meaning in the

Japanese Social World 233

PART THREE

THE HUMAN ENCOUNTER, THE SPHERE OF

ONE'S OWN, EMPATHY

HUBERTUS TELLENBACH / Analysis of the Nature of Human Encounter in a Healthy and in a Psychotic State 247

ARMANDO RIGOBELLO / A Variation on "Reduction Within Reduction": "Interior Extraneity" 259

CARMEN BALZER / The Empathy Problem in Edith Stein 271 MARIA CARLA ANDRIANOPOLI / The Influence of Husserl

in the Pedagogical Debate 279

PART FOUR

BEYOND DICHOTOMIES IN PHENOMENOLOGICAL

ANTHROPOLOGY: BODY, LIFE-WORLD,

NEW APPROACHES

ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA / The Human Condition Within the Unity-of-Everything-There-is-Alive - A Chal-lenge to Philosophical Anthropologies 289

RICARDO PINILLA BURGOS / Toward an Open Anthro-pology: Developing Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology 305

CHRISTER BJURVILL / The Philosophy of the Body 317 LUIS FLORES / Corporalidad 335 ANTONIO PIERETTI / The "Lebenswelt" and the Meaning of

Philosophy 343

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

PEDRO LUIS BLASCO / Science and Dialectics in a Phenome-nological Anthropology 355

LOURDES GORDILLO ALVAREZ-VALDES / Towards a Phenomenological Methodology for Anthropology 363

VICTOR MOLCHANOV / Strict Science and Lebenswelt in Husserl's Phenomenology 369

A. ZVIE BAR-ON / A Problem in the Phenomenology of Action: Are There Unintentional Actions 377

PART FIVE

THE HUMAN BEING: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL,

PSYCHIATRIC, ANALYTIC, AND THERAPEUTIC

BREAKTHROUGHS OF PHENOMENOLOGY

MAURIZIO DE NEGRI/Phenomenological Perspectives in Developmental Psychiatry 393

RADMILO JOVANOVIC / Phenomenology in General Psycho-pathology and Psychiatry 411

ADRIANA DENTONE / On the Possible Relationship Between Phenomenology and Psychoanalysis 425

EVA SYRIstovA/ A Ballad on Laughter 435 MANUEL VILLEGAS / Phenomenological Hermeneutics of

the Therapeutic Discourse 445 ODED BALABAN / A Phenomenological Approach to the

Unconscious 455 MIGUEL C. JARQUIN MARIN / La Responsabilidad del

Orientador en el Desarrolo de la Autoestima 469 MARIA LUCRECIA ROVALETTI / Existence and Guilt: A

Discourse on Origins in Phenomenology 485

INDEX OF NAMES 497

FOREWORD

Fifty years after the death of Edmund Husserl, the main founder of the phenomenological current of thought, we present to the public a four book collection showing in an unprecedented way how Husserl's aspiration to inspire the entire universe of knowledge and scholarship has now been realized. These volumes display for the first time the astounding expansion of phenomenological philosophy throughout the world and the enormous wealth and variety of ideas, insights, and approaches it has inspired. The basic commitment to phenomenological concerns found in all this variety makes this collection a most signifi­cant historical document.

This second volume of the collection bears witness to a deliberate shift of attention from the earlier to the later phase of Husserl's reflections. We see how his issues - intersubjectivity, ethics, human encounter, the societal world, empathy, the sphere of the self, and the surpassing of dichotomies (bodylpsyche, etc.) - are now at the center of attention in the human sciences. Among the authors are H. Tellenbach, A. Rigobello, C. Balzer, C. Bjurvill, V. Molchanov, E. Syristova, O. Balaban, R. Boehm, M. Sancipriano, O. M. Anwar, Y. Okamoto, B. Holyst, T. Sodeika, and M. De Negri.

The studies were gathered at the programs held by The World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning in the commemorative year 1988/1989, chiefly at the First World Congress of Phenomenology at Santiago de Compos tela, Spain, with the aim of assessing the current state of phenomenology.

A-T. T.

IX

ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA

WORLD-WIDE PHENOMENOLOGY FULFILLING

HUSSERL'S PROJECT

An Introduction

What is the status of Husserl's phenomenology today? Does it play any significant role or is it relegated to strictly historical research? Has the phenomenology initiated by Husserl come to an end? There is hardly any orthodox Husserlian today. But what is or could be an orthodox Husserlian?

These questions come to mind when, even after fifty years of discussions among scholars since the death of this great master of phenomenology, we do not have a unified interpretation of his thought. Moreover, such a unifying interpretation is altogether impossible in view of Husserl's unfolding of his ever-expanding doctrine down to the very end of his life, and of his reaching ever-new perspectives. The possibility of a consensus about his thought recedes further and further as rival or competing interpretations have stimulated new phenome­nologists and younger representatives to move in their own directions, often stimulated by non-Husserlian factors and nourished by new ideas. Lastly, the now vast field of research claiming allegiance to phenome­nology is diversified into numerous sectors inspired by the developing thought of other classic phenomenologists and their followers.

As a matter of fact, it is often pointed out that phenomenology as a philosophical trend is not due to one single thinker but was somehow "in the air" at the beginning of this century. We trace its direct origins to Franz Brentano and Edmund Husserl who, as the disciple inter­preting the master's intuitions in his own fashion, had elaborated the starting point and foundations of phenomenology as a philosophia prima. Yet, we acknowledge that the vigor, decisiveness, convincing force, dissemination, as well as its launching as a new philosophical approach by Husserl was supported, invigorated and carried out by colleagues and friends who gathered around Husserl, such as Moritz Geiger, Fritz Kaufmann, Adolph Reinach, A. Pfaender, Oscar Becker and Max Scheler. They joined Husserl in his convictions while he inspired and formed a group of students around him. Their work not only contributed initially to launching the main porte parole of this new

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A -T. Tymieniecka (ed.), Analecta Husserliana, Vol. xxxv, xi-xx. © 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

XlI ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA

way of thinking, the lahrbuch fUr Philosophie, but their own original phenomenological research has inspired in the past and is now inspiring phenomenological investigations in various regions of philosophical questions that they respectively undertook to investigate.

In short, it is obvious that the powerful current of thought into which phenomenology gathered its momentum was the result of the meeting of several minds, meeting in a strong conviction and prompted by their personal inventive and talented efforts. It was truly a significant moment in the history of Occidental culture that gave rise to this trend as it is certainly also a significant situation of contemporary culture at large that phenomenology, after having formed a school of thought, did not fold its wings after one or two generations as did NeoKantianism but rather is being acutely heard within the world, not only Occidental or Oriental, but within the world wherever the present culture calls for genuine philosophical inspiration.

In view of this vast expanse of thought and research which go on in the present day in lines of innumerable diversifications, we naturally must ask whether there is still a trend of shared features that could fall under the common label of "phenomenology." I answer this question emphatically in the affirmative. It is precisely in pointing to some basic ideas of Husserl that they converge.

Don't we find, in fact, a pervading thread of the idea of inten­tionality, although extended to new areas? Is not the expansion of phenomenological inquiry due to the discovery of the work of constitu­tion in previously unsuspected areas? In mentioning here just these two main tenets of classic phenomenology expanded into present-day thought, we cannot overlook the fulguration of thought provoked by inquiries into the later Husserl's intuitions and the subsequent dis­coveries of historical, cultural and life elements entering into and affecting present experience.

Recognizing, on the one hand, the essential contributions to the classic phenomenological foundation-laying phase of phenomenology by Husserl's associates, then and now a valid source of our investiga­tion, and, on the other hand, the innovative philosophical work by the following generation, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Rombach and others not forgetting such mavericks as Heidegger and Ortega y Gasset which improved upon the pioneering ideas of the Husserl of his earlier and middle period, we cannot fail to acknowledge the central role which the work of Husserl plays within the entire phenomenologically oriented

INTRODUCTION Xlll

orbit and far beyond it. Indeed, the immense, painstaking, indefatigable and ever-improving effort of Husserl to find ever-deeper and more reliable foundations for the philosophical enterprise (as well as his constant critical re-thinking and perfecting of the approach and so­called "method" in order to perform this task and thus cover in this source-excavation an ever more far-reaching groundwork) stands out and maintains itself as an inepuisable reservoir for philosophical reflec­tion in which all the above-mentioned work has either its core or its source. In fact, in his undertaking to re-think the entire philosophical enterprise as such and to recreate philosophy upon what he sought to be at least a satisfactorily legitimated basis, Husserl, through his already systematised and "authorized" work, and his courses, and later on in his spontaneous reflection (which did not find its way into a definitive corpus but was nevertheless sufficiently coherent with his previously established body of thought to be considered a continuation of it), uncovers perspectives upon the universe of man and projects their new philosophical thematisation that brings together all the attempts by philosophers (e.g., Merleau-Ponty, who drew upon this material and found there his own inspiration) who succeeded him with foundational intentions; it also gives a core of philosophical ideas and insights for the younger generation of philosophers today.

It is also true that the present-day culture - not only this or that specific culture but what we might call the cultural spirit of the world -shows a receptivity, a thirst for the ideas which only phenomenology appears able to offer. It is also true that the cultural climate of the last two decades fostered a new dynamism in those who are phenomeno­logically inspired, one even more vigorous than before. As its result, phenomenology today is completing an entire phase of its self-critical course, the third phase which I announced two decades ago (Analecta Husserliana, Vol. II, 1971).

As a matter of fact, because of the fundamentally self-critical char­acter of phenomenological principles (cf. A-T. Tymieniecka "Phenome­nology Reflects Upon Itself," I and II in Analecta Husserliana, Vols. II and III), there is today an enormous proliferation of thought in new and very diverse directions which, however, remain attached to the basic tenets of phenomenology. And this crucial significance of the self­critical principles of phenomenology applies in the strongest sense to Husserl himself who, as pointed out above, has not only sought to perfect his approaches and formulations but also in this self-critical

xiv ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA

effort expanded his range of positive, constructive insights in various circuits of reflection. In fact, since the Second World War, Husserl research and the influence of his thought have followed the progressive advance of Husserl himself as the various posthumous publications secured by Husserl disciples and directed by the enthusiastic Fr. H. L. Van Breda and released from the Husserl Archives at Leuven to the expectant philosophical world. With each major volume the perspec­tives upon Husserl's thought have changed and expanded. Now, as we read in the latest publications of his inedita (e.g. Intersubjektivitiit, Ethische Vorlesungen, ... ), Husserl's thought seems to have encom­passed an entire cycle of philosophical reflection upon the human being within his life-world and even beyond it leading toward the divinity. It is from this complete cycle that the present-day generation of phenome­nological scholars draws inspiration and enlightenment. For this and other major reasons which we will briefly treat below, the present four­volume collection not only gives us the essential panorama of what phenomenology is at the present moment (we could say a truly culmi­nating moment of its fruitful progress) - a vigorous thought inspiring inventive minds around the world in all cultures, languages, nations, political orientations, and economic conditions - but further makes a point of getting a fix on this newly self-completing phase of the phenomenological development as such. We could say that the "third phase" of phenomenology, into which two decades ago phenomenology was entering, leaving the classic and post-classic phases, has reached its full growth and precisely this in still one more quite major turn in the (then) unforeseeable enrichment of all lines of Husserlian thought and within innumerable ramifications of these lines.

This collection is composed mainly from the papers submitted for the First World Congress of Phenomenology organized by The World Phenomenology Institute in September of the year 1988 in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, commemorating the fiftieth annivarsary of Husserl's death, as well as from selected work presented at other programs of the Institute which took place the same year and with the same intent in the US and England (cf. the report: "Phenomenology in the World Fifty Years after the Death of Edmund Husserl," Bk 1, p. xxi). These programs carried out on two continents, at two world congresses (the other being the XVIIth World Congress of Philosophy in Brighton, England, 1988) have been an exceptional occasion to bring together our collaborators dispersed in the world with many other phenomeno-

INTRODUCTION xv

logically inspired scholars attracted by these rare opportunities to come together and air their views, interests, concerns. This accounts for the truly world-wide sounding of what phenomenology is today; it allows the surprisingly extensive and colorful fulguration of interests, problems and formulations of ideas to appear.

It is not possible, in fact, to put the spectrum of philosophical issues in their original varied colorful richness which we have here into fixed philosophical categories; they are too full of ingenious new twists, aspects, insights, views, indications, hints. ... Consequently, in their arrangement we will follow a rather standard differentiation by disci­plines and themes.

Nevertheless, while declining to prematurely attempt a systematic, interpretative differentiation of this wealth of ideas which has emerged so profusely, we must indicate, first, their allegiance to phenomenology and to legitimizing it; second, we must trace the origin of this un­expected fecundity which phenomenology, now a century old, displays as on the first day.

The first reason for this new wave of renewal of the entire field lies in the first place in the above-cited availability of the entire cycle of Husserl's thought, renewing all in itself already or having germinal thought toward it. But it can be traced also to four other factors. We will endeavor to trace them while we present the main sectors of our anthology.

1. The present collection of essays marks in a striking way the special new phase in strictly Husserlian research. Although inroads into phenomenology drawn from the integral Husserl corpus have already been initiated in recent years, as witnessed in the latest volumes of Analecta Husserliana and elsewhere, it is in the present collection that we see it in a vast spread of ideas, themes and insights; this collection does, in this sense, inaugurate the new integral phase in Husserl research proper.

2. Yet we gain not only new vistas and new precisions about the thought of Husserl on the one hand, but also a deeper view into the great puzzles of phenomenology, by confronting Husserl's thought with other great phenomenological (and other) thinkers. Our second book groups these studies. It covers a great range of issues, bringing them into a new light. Also, in the strictly thematic essays, viewed literally or obliquely, the great classic issues remain openly and intrinsically the focus of concentration. Throughout these studies and reflections by the

XVI ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA

new generation of scholars we find not only the work of Husserl and the classic phenomenologists but also the ruminated and digested presence of the classic interpretations of Husserl (e.g., of E. Fink, R. Ingarden, L. Landgrebe and his school). The later thought of M. Merleau-Ponty, H. G. Gadamer, E. Levinas, and Paul Ricoeur, phe­nomenlogically inspired albeit divergent in other aspects, are either directly treated or implicitly alluded to. We might say that in this vibrantly new fragrance of thought we feel the new generation of scholars breathing the air of their forerunners.

What makes this vaste expanse of thought phenomenological, or, what makes its allegiance to phenomenology, is, in the first place, the predominance of the direct concern with the great classic issues of Husserlianism: intentionality, evidence, consciousness, sUbject-object, intuition, constitution, reason, empathy, certainty, method, relation, transcendentalism, foundationalism, originality, time, horizon, histori­city, intersubjectivity, life-world, etc. In the enormous variety of ap­proaches, queries, insights, versatility of points of view, these dominant issues undergo an infinite adumbration in nuancement and refinement.

3. This richness and its spread is also due to the immersion of scholars in the debates going on in the philosophical streamlets of today - debates in which they participate and solidarize themselves vicari­ously - because it can be said that the entire span of the philosophical arena of today, whether positive or negative, constructive or decadent, is indebted to the vigorous Husserlian proclaiming of phenomenology and its unfolding. We distinguish Husserlian phenomenological concerns in all the streamlets of present-day philosophical thought. Whether it be structuralism, semiotics, dialogism, communicative action, existentialism in its various shades, deconstruction, etc., in spite of their emphatic disclaiming of any allegiance to phenomenology, each displays basic controversies or issues which can easily be shown to be related to or issuing from Husserl's inspiration. We may detect a Husserlian influ­ence at the very heart. First of all we might say that Husserl's vigorous struggle against relativism and his quest for a neutral framework for the formulation and resolution of philosophical questions are visible in Habermas' efforts and those ... of Foucault where we see a startling example of the old drive for a unitary framework; the drive also underlies the most recent phenomenology of life (Tymieniecka). The old Realism/Idealism issue is still vigorously debated having taken on new forms, e.g., moving from transcendental idealism to the meta­physical "onto-"realism.

INTRODUCTION xvii

As already mentioned, the trends of structuralism, post-structur­alism, deconstructionism, etc., can all be related to Husserl's main emphasis upon pure forms, absolute certainty, evidence of eidoi, etc. Had not, in the final account, his critique of reason in the hands of his followers and others in contemporary philosophy led to disastrous aporias? But it also stimulated the determined countering of the tendencies which lead to the total decadence of our culture, by seeking a major way out of them in a new attempt at rethinking the starting point and the context of phenomenology precisely in the phenomenol­ogy of life which takes all these aporias in its stride.

Phenomenology appears to have laid bare the bone of contention to be taken up by the main debates in the decadent philosophies of the present historical moment; it has brought forth the subjacent arteries of issues denouncing the mystification or twist or biased approaches and subsequent formulations. (They are led astray into dead-end streets or float upon spurious waves at the thinnest surfaces of this human universe of discourse). The decisive issues thus brought forth by phenomenology such as objectivity/subjectivity, individualism/intersub­jectivity, cognition of reality/transcendental constitution, idealism/real­ism, horizon, analysis and passive synthesis, life/reason, structure/ content, intellect/passions, cognition/action, individual/community, etc., constitute the centers of these streamlets and are reformulated accord­ing to the different starting points which the thinkers take, giving dynamism to the new debates in which these streamlets play.

Consequently, immersed in a much vaster network of philosophical discussions than the strictly phenomenologically encircled one, the present-day scholar in phenomenology is in his very own insights and formulations of questions influenced by the philosophies of today through those of their aspects congenial to phenomenology and yet different due to their own biases. Hence we witness even in strictly Husserlian research and everywhere beyond it a wealth of new inge­nious twists and new intuitions with which the great issues of the core of the phenomenological patrimony are adumbrated and enriched. The almost infinite proliferation of perspectives upon the great classic themes is overwhelming and eludes any hasty categorization.

When we propose the picture of the phenomenological spirit within the entire world in which it is alive today, we cannot overlook the fact that when classic phenomenological ideas fall upon a ground quite different culturally from the one in which they emerged, these ideas

xviii ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA

undergo specific variations and nuancements. Since it is the human being within this life-world that is the center of the phenomenological concern, different types and modalities of the life and societal world also play their role in giving a special "flavor" to the work of the spirit, special enrichment.

This should not be understood, nevertheless, as indicating the dispersal of phenomenology today. Besides being differentiated into fields of study, some new vigorous self-critical attempts, instructed by the criticism of classic and post-classic phenomenological inquiry, bring forth a new interpretation of the phenomenological project in the reformulation of the philosophical enterprise as such in toto (unlike the attempts of those of the post-Husserlian period who took up some major innovative task but did not bring it to a conclusion that alone could allow a judgement as to the validity of the total effect, e.g., Ingarden, Merleau-Ponty, etc.). We find this reformulation within the present collection as a low but vigorous profile of this vast spread of thought, making its way through it and taking on substance.

Yet the most remarkable thing which I have been emphasizing over and over again is that scholars from the West and East, from the North and South, from all the continents, social milieux, and political tenden­cies meet at conferences of The World Phenomenology Institute and find in our core themes, the phenomenology of human life and of the human condition a unique ground for intimate communication through and beyond all the divergencies which they otherwise bear.

In fact, after we see the wheel of critical reflection upon the various phases of phenomenology turn its full cycle, we find at the pole opposite to Husserlian intentionality as the sovereign function of the human being, the passions; intentionality's constitutive/cognitive mode of operation is dethroned from its primordial position by the creative act of man and his creative function; the intentional network of func­tioning is challenged by the creative orchestration; and the life-world with the absolutism of transcendental consciousness at its center is, in its position of pole of reference, dismissed to a secondary command, receding to the subjacent life with its pre-human, pre-subject/object division, to the unity-of-everything-there-is-alive (Tymieniecka and the work of The World Phenomenology Institute expounded in the forum of the Analecta Husserliana series).

4. But, as we all know, Husserl's intent that phenomenology should

INTRODUCTION xix

function as a philosophia prima with respect to all fields of scholarship, all fields of knowledge, has been fully realized. Indeed, from its incipient stage, phenomenology not only encompassed all the philo­sophical disciplines such as philosophy of mind, logic, aesthetics, ethics, ontology, anthropology, etc., but already was applied to jurisprudence (Reinach), social science and economics (Scheler), sociology (Schutz), religion (Otto), art (Geiger), biology (Conrad-Martius), etc. The early phenomenological schools of psychology and psychiatry have bur­geoned (Binswanger, Bujtendinck, Boss, Straus, Minkowski), and their works are classics by now. But this first wave of the influx of phe­nomenology into the sciences of man has intensified and spread in the period after the Second World War and now, toward the end of the century in its tenth decade, it can be said without exaggeration that there is hardly any human science or art theory which does not bear directly or by proxy a mark of phenomenological inspiration in its incredibly varied and rich spectrum of ideas, insights, bents, illumina­tions, etc.

Seeking to systematise the fruitful exchange between phenomenology and the sphere of knowledge, the sciences and the arts, our continuing research program carried out under the heading of "The Interdisci­plinary Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition" coordi­nated in the systematic progression the world-wide research into what is called "phenomenological praxeology" by The World Phenomenol­ogy Institute for the past two decades. (cf. Analecta Husserliana, Vols. 1-32 and Phenomenological Inquiry, Vols. 3-14). Phenomenology has proven itself to be enlightening beyond the strict humanities, extending to biology, all branches of sociology, technical studies and architecture, and the phenomenology of life has much to contribute to ecology and environmental studies.

In summary, phenomenology in all its variants is present beyond the scholarly sphere in all realms of educated life, on every continent, wherever the local culture seeks some serious and innovative philo­sophical inspiration.

We conclude this survey by stating that, after a long period of reception, criticism, dissemination of germinal ideas, and progressive discovery of deeply seated intuitions, phenomenology in the world of scholarship, science, art, thought and culture has come of age. What

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would be the most appropriate historical moment to bring it into the open? This is the conclusion that the reader, aware of the philosophico­scientific and cultural sphere of the present-day wide, wide world, will come to make after study of our four volumes.

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