Hunters of the Golden Age. The mid upper palaeolithic of Eurosia 30,000-20,000 BP

7/22/2019 Hunters of the Golden Age. The mid upper palaeolithic of Eurosia 30,000-20,000 BP

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4333



_cmestlje Rress D jew nejerdtcl j lg Ru`hc sfcjn

Slu dre redmcjn d guhh versclj lg tfcs `lli, glr gree!

]fcs `lli cs pdrt lg tfe _cmestlje e-hc`rdry wfere alst lg lur

pu`hcodtcljs dre guhhy dooessc`he glr gree. Glr dooess tl alre

gree `llis vcsct; www.scmestlje.ola/hc`rdry

Mlwjhldm Guhh RMG

Wcsct tfe _cmestlje e-hc`rdry tl mlwjhldm alst lg lur e-`llis glr

ljhy ₨ =,52. Glr tfcs acjcadh gee ylu wchh reoecve d guhhy gujotcljdh

RMG djm `y mlcjn sl, ylu fehp tl ieep lur hc`rdry rujjcjn.

www.scmestlje.ola/hc`rdry



DJDHEO]D RPDEFC_]LPCOD HECMEJ_CD ?4





DJDHEO]DRPDEFC_]LPCOD

HECMEJ_CD

RU@HCOD]CLJ LG ]FE GDOUH]S LG DPOFDELHLNS

UJCWEP_C]S LG HECMEJ

FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO LG EUPD_CD ?2,222 - 02,222 @R

EMC]EM @S ^CH PLE@PLEI_, ADPNFEPC]D AU__C,

KCPC _WLML@D DJM IEHHS GEJJEAD

UJCWEP_C]S LG HECMEJ 4333



]fcs vlhuae cs memcodtem tl tfe aealry lg Kldofca Fdfj

Ru`hcsfem cj ollperdtclj wctf tfe Eurlpedj _ocejoe Glujmdtclj

Emctlrcdh supervcsclj lg tfcs vlhuae; ^. Ple`rleis

C__J 2473->==>

C_@J 32->??76-47-0

Olpyrcnft 0222 Gdouhty lg Drofdelhlny, Hecmej

_u`sorcptcljs tl tfe serces Djdheotd Rrdefcstlrcod Hecmojscd

djm scjnhe vlhuaes odj è lrmerem exohuscvehy dt;

Gdouhty lg Drofdelhlny

R.L. @lx 3545

0?22 PD Hecmej

]fe Jetferhdjms



oljtejts

4 Adrnferctd Aussc, ^ch Ple`rleis djm Kcrc _vl`lmd; Fujters lg tfe Nlhmej Dne;

dj cjtrlmuotclj /

0 Mdhe Nutfrce djm ]fcks vdj Ilhgsofltej; Jectfer wdra djm alcst, jlr olhm djm drcm;

tfe eolhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco 4?

? Rduh Rettctt; Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco; tfe rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe 04

= _tevej Ofurofchh, Wcjoejzl Glracolhd, ]rejtlj Flhhcmdy, @rcnctte Flht djm @etsy

_ofuadjj; ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco plpuhdtclj lg Eurlpe cj dj evlhutcljdry

perspeotcve ?4

5 Lhnd _lgger; Nrdvettcdj teofjlhlnces cj slocdh oljtexts 53

7 ^ch Ple`rleis djm Pdyaljm Olrèy; Rerclmcsdtcljs djm mlu`he stdjmdrms cj tfe

stumy lg tfe Rdhdelhctfco >>

> Kedj Ohlttes; Drt ètweej ?2,222 djm 02,222 `p 6>

6 Adrnferctd Aussc, Kdoques Ocjq-Adrs djm Rcerre @lhmuo; Eofles grla tfe adaaltf

steppe; tfe odse lg tfe @dhzc Plssc >25

3 Humachd Cdilvhevd; ]fe nrdvettcdj drt lg Edsterj Eurlpe ds exeaphcgcem cj tfe

gcnurdtcve drt lg Ilstejic 4 405

42 Svette ]d`lr cj; Nrdvettcdj `lmy lrjdaejts cj êsterj djm Oejtrdh Eurlpe 4?5

44 Adrtcj Lhcvd; ]fe @rjl CC Upper Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdh 4=?

40 Hdrs Hdrsslj; Rhejty lg adaaltfs ùt jl fuadjs< _odjmcjdvcd murcjn tfe Acmmhe

êcofsehcdj 455

4? Rdveh Rdvhlv djm _vecj Cjmrehcm; Fuadj looupdtclj cj Jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe murcjntfe perclm ?5,222 - 46,222 `p 475

4= _erney Wdsc h'ev ; ]fe _cèrcdj alsdco; Upper Rdhdelhctfco dmdptdtcljs djm ofdjne

èglre tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua 4>?

45 Kcrc _vl`lmd, @lfushdv Ihgad, Hejid Kdrlslvd djm Retr _irmhd; ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj

Alrdvcd; ohcadte, èfdvclur djm teofjlhlncodh olaphexcty 43>

47 Adrtcj Lhcvd; _lae tflunfts lj pdvhlvcdj dmdptdtcljs djm tfecr dhterjdtcves 043



4> Wclhd Ml`lsc ; Cjterclr pdrts lg tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj ètweej ?2,222 djm

02,222 `p 0?4

46 Djtd Aljtet-^fc te; D sodrocty lg AUR sctes cj tfe _dvd Wdhhey, strdtcnrdpfco fcdtus

djm/lr meplpuhdtclj 0=4

43 Kldofca Fdfj; ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy - ejvcrljaejt djmeoljlay 0=3

02 Djje _ofeer; ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy; styhcstco gedtures, rdw adtercdh

resluroes djm settheaejt pdtterjs 05>

04 Nerfdrm @lscjsic ; ]fe perclm ?2,222 - 02,222 `p cj tfe Pfcjehdjm 0>4

00 Adrtcj _treet djm ]flads ]erèrner; ]fe Neradj Upper Rdhdelhc tfco ?5,222 -

45,222 `p. Jew mdtes djm cjscnfts wctf eapfdscs lj tfe Pfcjehdjm 064

0? ^ch Ple`rleis; D adrncjdh adtter; tfe fuadj looupdtclj lg jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe -

?2,222 tl 02,222 `p 033

0= Grdjolcs Mkcjmkcdj; ]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (?2,222 tl 02,222 `p) cj Grdjoe ?4?

05 Kedj-Rfchcppe Pcndum; Fuadj dmdptdtclj tl tfe ohcadtco meterclrdtclj lg tfe hdst

Rhejcnhdocdh cj slutfwesterj Grdjoe (?2,222 - 02,222 `p) ?05

07 Klíl [chfíl; Jdture djm ouhture cj Rlrtundh grla ?2,222 tl 02,222 `p ??>

0> Adrnferctd Aussc; Fedmcjn slutf; tfe nrdvettcdj olhljcsdtclj lg Ctdhy ?55

06 Odtfercje Reme s; Nreeoe, ?2,222 - 02,222 `p ?>5

Nejerdh cjmex ?33

_cte cjmex =25



Adrnferctd Aussc 4 Fujters lg tfe^ch Ple`rleisKcrc' _vl`lmd

Nlhmej Dne; dj cjtrlmuotclj

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Cj tfe hdst twl meodmes pdhdeldjtfrlplhlncsts fdve pdcm

oljscmerd`he dttejtclj tl tfe eaernejoe lg almerj fuadjs,

djm cj drofdelhlncodh teras, tl tfe Acmmhe tl Upper

Rdhdelhctfco trdjsctclj (e.n. Gdrczy 43639 Aehhdrs djm _trcjner

43639 Aehhdrs 43329 Od`rerd Wdhmãs 433?). Lje lg tfe

oljsequejoes lg tfcs glous fds èej tfe gdot tfdt mcggerejoes

ètweej tfe twl perclms were ujmerhcjem djm cjvestcndtem,

wfche tfe vdrcd`chcty wctfcj tfe perclms dt stdie fds èej

lverhlliem djm ujmerestcadtem (og. Nda`he djm Ple`rleis

4333). ]fcs hdst cssue wds lje lg tfe exphcoct resedrof tlpcos

lg tfe Jetwlri lj tfe Rdhdelhctfco Looupdtclj lg Eurlpe, d

nrlup lg resedrofers wfl lrndjcsem d serces lg wlrisflps

medhcjn wctf vdrclus dspeots lg tfe Eurlpedj Rdhdelhctfco,

wctfcj d prlnrdaae gujmem `y tfe Eurlpedj _ocejoe

Glujmdtclj4. ]fecr wlri lj tfe Hlwer djm Acmmhe

Rdhdelhctfco fds èej replrtem cj twl edrhcer vlhuaes

pu`hcsfem `y tfe Ujcverscty lg Hecmej (Ple`rleis djm Wdj

Ilhhsofltej 4335; Ple`rleis djm Nda`he 4333).

]fcs vlhuae cs tfe lutolae lg d wlrisflp memcodtem tl

tfe perclm ?2,222 tl 02,222 `p ;. tflunf tfe tltdh juaèr lg

oljtrcùtlrs cs scnjcgcodjthy hdrner tfdj tflse lrcncjdhhy

presejt dt tfe aeetcjn, wfcof tlli phdoe jedr lje lg tfe iey

sctes glr tfcs perclm, Rdvhlv cj tfe Ozeof Pepu`hco'. D wcmer

nelnrdpfcodh olverdne cs presejtem fere, tlnetfer wctf

caplrtdjt odse stumces djm pdpers medhcjn wctf nejerdh

tlpcos.

Lje lg tfe redsljs tl glous lj tfcs perclm wds tfe gdot tfdt

cts rcof reolrm fdm seej rehdtcvehy hctthe socejtcgco dttejtclj

yet. ]fe gcjdh pfdses, drlujm djm dgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh

Adxcaua (HNA), fdve dotudhhy fdm tfecr sfdre lg dttejtclj

(e.n. Nda`he djm _lgger 43329 _lgger djm Nda`he 4332), ùt

tfe preoemcjn tej achhejjcd fdm èej rdtfer jenheotem cj

teras lg nejerd C sX jtfeses, exoept glr lje jltd`he exoeptclj(Dacrifdjlv 4336). ]fcs cs evej alre strcicjn cg lje

redhcses tfdt alst Eurlpedj octczejs dre tl d oertdcj menree

'gdachcdr' wctf slae lg tfe drofdelhlny lg tfcs perclm, ds

tfey wluhm oertdcjhy reolnjcse tfe gdalus geadhe gcnurcjes

ds mdtcjn tl tfe '_tlje Dne'.

]fe olaphex evcmejoe grla tfcs perclm fds lgtej èej

cjterpretem ds `dscodhhy regheotcjn fuadj respljses tl tfe

meterclrdtcjn ohcadte, wfche tfe hdtter wds turjcjn alre

extreae dt cts ejm, c.e. dt tfe HNA (Nda`he 43679 _lgger

djm Nda`he 4332). Lje lg tfe dcas lg lur wlrisflp wds tl

test tfcs `dsco dssuaptclj, `y olhheotcjn djm ola`cjcjn

cjglradtclj lj eolhlny djm adtercdh ouhture grla vdrclus

iey rencljs cj Eurdscd. ^fdt èodae caaemcdtehy ohedr wds

tfdt tfe ouhturdh mevehlpaejts lg tfcs perclm were jlt scaphy

trcnnerem `y ohcadtco stress (Aussc djm Ple`rleis 4337 - see

èhlw), djm tfdt tfe drofdelhlncodh reolrm mcsphdyem `ltf d

hdrne-sodhe ujcglracty djm d fcnf mcverscty cj suof mladcjs

ds drt djm rctudh, su`scstejoe djm settheaejt struotures (see

èhlw). ]fe perclm dt cssue cs lje cj wfcof we fdve glr tfe

gcrst tcae d rdtfer gcje ofrljlhlncodh reslhutclj, wfcof dhhlws

tl oljscmer presejoe djm d`sejoe lg fuadj plpuhdtcljs cj

vdrclus rencljs lg Eurdscd, ds wehh ds tl ofdrt perclms lg

cjtejse looupdtclj dndcjst tflse lg alre epfeaerdh presejoe

lg fuadjs. ]fcs ncves us tfe exoctcjn perspeotcve lg stdrtcjn

tl stumy ouhturdh mevehlpaejts ds fcstlrcodh prloesses, rdtfer

tfdj ds aere reghexes tl ohcadtco mevehlpaejts.

0. ]fe Nlhmej Dne; ^fdt's cj d jdae<

@ehceg cj prlnress cs d rehdtcvehy reoejt pfejlaejlj cj

westerj ocvchcsdtclj. Ds aejtcljem `y Odrtachh (433?),

westerj - ds wehh ds gdr edsterj - mcsolurse lj tfe fcstlry lg

ocvchcsdtclj wds glr d hljn tcae mlacjdtem `y tfe cmed lg

menejerdtclj. Cj suof d perspeotcve, d fypltfetcodh Nlhmej

Dne - lr, cj tfe Gdr Edst, tfe tcae lg 'Ads ters ' djm

'Djoestlrs' - wds glhhlwem `y ouhturdhhy auof pllrer

perclms. Cj gdot, tfe use lg tfe tera 'Nlhmej Dne' stchh odrrces

tfe geehcjn tfdt tfcjns fdve nlt wlrse scjoe d speocgco plcjt

cj tcae. Cj tfcs odse, lur tcae lg mepdrture cs tfe perclm

?2.222 tl 02,222 `p, tfe Nlhmej Dne lg fujter-ndtferers.

ê geeh tfdt tfcs perclm meserves tfcs jdae glr d vdrcety lg

redsljs, dhh medhcjn wctf tfe ujpreoemejtem olaphexcty lg tfe

drofdelhlncodh reolrm grla tfcs tcae spdj, wfcof wchh èdppreocdtem `y djy redmer nlcjn tfrlunf tfcs revcew lg tfe

adcj tfeaes medht wctf `y tfe oljtrcùtlrs. _uggcoe fere tl

sdy tfdt cj tfcs perclm we gcjm, daljnst ltfers, tfe gcrst

ujda`cnulus ùrcdhs hegt `y almerj fuadjs dgter tfe Acmmhe

Rdhdelhctfco, tfe edrhcest `ljd gcme fd`ctdtclj struotures, djm

dj ujpreoemejtem slpfcstcodtclj cj rdw adtercdh requcreaejts

wfcof cjvlhves prlvcscljcjn strdtences lver fujmrems lg

ichlaetres. Gurtferalre, wfche tfcs vcew lg tfe perclm ds d



; FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Nlhmej Dne cs oertdcjhy tl d fcnf menree steerem `y lur

estfetcodh dppreocdtclj lg tfe adtercdh ouhture, eolhlncodh

cjglradtclj sunnests tfdt tfe rcofjess djm mcverscty lg

speoces tfrcvcjn lj tfe Adaaltf _teppe ady fdve cjmeem

dgglrmem pelphe wctf dj dgghuejt ejvcrljaejt. Cj gdot, tfcs cs

dhsl sunnestem `y tfe pfyscodh djtfrlplhlncsts' stumces lg tfe

pdhdeljtlhlncodh readcjs, wfcof oredte dj cadne lg d wehh-jlurcsfem plpuhdtclj expercejocjn jlt ljhy d ouhturdh, ùt

dhsl d odhlrco Nlhmej Dne.

]fe ejm lg tfe 'Nlhmej Dne' cs evej alre ohedr out. ]fe

adklr ejvcrljaejtdh orcscs lg tfe HNA, sflrthy èglre

02.222 `p, hedms tl tfe meplpuhdtclj lg vdst stretofes lg

Eurdscd, tl tfe mcsruptclj lg settheaejt pdtterjs, djm, ds tfe

pfyscodh djtfrlplhlncsts sflw fere, tl tfe ejm lg tfe hdrne-

sodhe lpej jetwlris tfrlunf wfcof nejes ghlwem greehy. ]fe

Nlhmej Dne ejmem wctf d ohdssco menejerdtclj pfejlaejlj;

cj`reemcjn.

?. Hcge lj tfe Adaalt f _teppeCj tfecr oljtrcùtclj tl tfe vlhuae, Nutfrce djm Wdj

Ilhgsofltej stress tfe "jl-almerj-djdhlnue" ofdrdoter lg

tfe pdhdeleolhlny lg tfe perclm wfcof, gurtferalre, odj è

ofdrdotercsem ds eolhlncodhhy ujstd`he. ^fche tfecr perspeo

tcve ejolapdsses, wctf tfe Adaaltf _teppe, d super-

oljtcjejt - Eurdscd, @ercjncd djm jlrtfwesterj Daercod -,

cjglradtclj ndcjem grla speocgco dreds alsthy supplrts tfecr

hdrne-sodhe reoljstruotclj. Cj Ctdhy, glr cjstdjoe, swcgt

lsochhdtcljs cj tfe peroejtdne lg dr`lredh plhhej dre ijlwj

tfrlunflut LC_ ? (Glhhcerc et dh. 4336). Cj jlrtferj Eurlpe.

Ilhstrup (4335) hciewcse oljohumes, dgter d tflrlunf djdhyscs

lg pdhdel`ltdjcodh evcmejoe, delhcdj meplscts, grlst wemne

odsts djm ltfer percnhdocdh prloesses, tfdt tfe ?2,222 tl

02,222 `p perclm cs ofdrdotercsem `y swcgt ejvcrljaejtdh

ofdjnes djm d fcnf mcverscty lg su`-ejvcrljaejts, evej lver

sflrt mcstdjoes (see dhsl Fdesderts et dh. 4337). Eolhlncodh

cjstd`chcty wluhm fdve seheotem glr hdrne fer`cvlre èfdvclur

wfcof wds rdtfer jladmco tfdj terrctlrcdh. ]fcs, cj turj, aust

fdve fdm caplrtdjt caphcodtcljs glr fuadj al`chcty

strdtences, ds wehh ds glr tfe ofdjncjn mcstrcùtcljs lg fuadj

plpuhdtcljs lver Eurlpe. Cj gdot, tfcs ady è tfe mrcvcjn

glroe èfcjm tfe pdtterj l`servem `y Rettctt, wfl jltes tfdt

wfej tfe juaèr lg rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs glr jlrtferj

Eurlpe meoredses, tfey cjoredse cj slutferj Eurlpe, djm vcoe

versd (Rettctt, tfcs vlhuae). Lj d sadhher sodhe, eolhlncodhcjstd`chcty djm tfe resuhtcjn fcnfer al`chcty lg ndae aust

fdve set dj extrd preacua lj tfe oflcoe lg strdtenco fujtcjn

hlodtcljs. ]fcs ady exphdcj tfe rcofjess djm olaphexcty lg

tfe dpthy jdaem "aendsctes", suof ds Rdvhlv djm Mlhjg

Wéstljcoe, lverhllicjn tfe Alrdvcdj nelalrpflhlncodh

olrrcmlr (_vl`lmd et dh., tfcs vlhuae). Olapdrd`he gdotlrs

ady fdve èej èfcjm tfe strcicjn oljscstejoy cj hlodtclj lg

glr cjstdjoe tfe auof pllrer @ehncdj djm @rctcsf odve djm

d`rc sctes cj tfe jlrtfer percpfery (Ple`rleis, tfcs vlhuae).

]fcs `rcjns us tl tfe tlpco lg tfe caplrtdjoe lg fujtcjn cj

tfcs perclm. ]fcs cs d su`keot slaewfdt mcggcouht tl evdhudte

ds alst stumces medhcjn wctf su`scstejoe scaphy dssuae -

rdtfer tfdj mealjstrdte - tfdt tfe presejoe lg `ljes lg hdrne

adaadhs dt d scte testcgy tl glraer fujtcjn dotcvctces. ]fcs

dpprldof cs cj sfdrp oljtrdst wctf stumces lg tfe AcmmheRdhdelhctfco, wfere tfe capdot lg fuadj dotcvcty lj `lje

dssea`hdnes cs rdrehy tdiej glr nrdjtem djm usudhhy mcsoussem

dt nredt hejntf (Ple`rleis djm Olrèy, tfcs vlhuae).

Jltwctfstdjmcjn tfcs stdte lg dggdcrs, tfere cs phejty lg

evcmejoe glr fujtcjn lg aemcua tl hdrne sczem fer`cvlres,

evej tflunf slae da`cnucty stchh surrlujms fuadj cjvlhve

aejt wctf tfe hdrnest aeaèr lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe nuchm,

tfe adaaltf ctsehg (see Ausch 433= vs. _lgter 433?).

Adaaltf fujtcjn cs medht wctf `y severdh oljtrcùtlrs tl tfe

vlhuae, ùt espeocdhhy sl `y Fdfj djm Lhcvd. Ds dhredmy

aejtcljem, tfe gcjdh lutolae lg fuadj cjterdotclj wctf tfecr

vdrcd`he djm ujstd`he ejvcrljaejt wds d wehh-jlurcsfem djm

fedhtfy fuadj plpuhdtclj, wfcof cs mealjstrdtem `y tfe

djdhyscs lg Ofurofchh et dh. (tfcs vlhuae). ]fdt sdae stumy

dhsl ujmeracjes tfe wehh-estd`hcsfem vcew lg adhes ds

fujters prlvcscljcjn mepejmejt wlaej djm ofchmrej - suof

ds vcsudhcsem `y [mejei @urcdj djm olujthess ltfer

reoljstruotcljs lg pdhdelhctfco hcge; tfey dotudhhy sunnest tfdt

pdhdelhctfco wlaej oluhm fdve èej ejndnem cj renuhdr

wedplj-use èfdvclur. Glhhlwcjn djltfer hcje lg evcmejoe,

tfe exoeptcljdhhy wehh-preservem reolrm grla Alrdvcd, _lgger

(tfcs vlhuae) dhsl ofdhhejnes tfcs cmed lg adhe-mlacjdtem

gllm prloureaejt strdtences. Cj fer cjterpretdtclj, jet fujtcjn

lg sadhher ndae wds prdotcsem wctf tfe dotcve pdrtcocpdtclj

lg wlaej djm ofchmrej. Hciewcse, tfe evcmejoe glr nrcjmcjngrla tfese Alrdvcdj sctes (_vl`lmd et dh., tfcs vlhuae), kust

ds grla tfe Pfcjehdjm djm Ilstejic CW (@lscjsic, tfcs

vlhuae) cjmcodtes tfdt tfere wds alre tfdj kust aedt dt stdie

cj tfe Adaaltf _teppe aeju.

D olapdrd`he olaphexcty ofdrdotercses ltfer dspeots lg

hcge cj tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco. _lgger (tfcs vlhuae)

mcsousses dt nredt hejntf `ltf textche djm oerdaco prlmuotclj,

wehh-mlouaejtem dt tfe Alrdvcdj sctes, wfche Aussc et dh.

(tfcs vlhuae) stress tfe olaphexcty lg cvlry wlricjn djm tfe

cjnejucty cj trdjsgerrcjn wlricjn teofjcques grla lje ohdss

lg rdw adtercdhs tl djltfer, c.e. grla cvlry tl slgt stlje. ]fe

gcrst ujda`cnulus evcmejoe glr fd`ctdtclj struotures mdtes

grla tfcs perclm, wctf Cdilvhevd ds wehh ds _vl`lmd et dh.

presejtcjn mdtd grla tfe nrdvettcdj sctes cj tfe Pusscdj phdcj

djm Alrdvcd. Wdsch'ev (tfcs vlhuae), flwever, aejtcljs tfdt

Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco fd`ctdtclj struotures grla _cèrcd dre

alre prl`headtco. Jew mevehlpaejts cj tfe stumy lg

pdhdelhctfco pdrcetdh drt sflw tfdt dj cjoredscjn dalujt lg

pdrcetdh drt odj è plsctcvehy dttrcùtem tl tfe Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco (Ohlttes, tfcs vlhuae9 Mkcjmkcdj, tfcs vlhuae),



? ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE; DJ CJ]PLMUO]CLJ

ljoe dndcj ujmerhcjcjn cts ouhturdh rcofjess djm olaphexcty.

Olapdrd`he cjglradtclj odj è mercvem grla tfe cjtrcodoces

lg persljdh lrjdaejts (]d`lrcj, tfcs vlhuae), ds wehh ds

grla tfe rcof ùrcdhs.

Medhcjn wctf d perclm lg 42,222 yedrs ljhy, djm tdicjn cjtl

oljscmerdtclj tfe rehdtcvehy hdrne juaèr lg ùrcem

cjmcvcmudhs, lje odj stdrt mcsousscjn vdrcd`chcty cj alrtudry

èfdvclur. ^fche rencljdh pdtterjs seea tl eaerne cj tfcs

perclm (Aussc 4335), Lhcvd's oljtrcùtclj lj tfe @rjl CC

ùrcdh (tfcs vlhuae d) ohedrhy sflws tfdt oljscmerd`he

vdrcdtclj odj è expeotem, dppdrejthy regheotcjn mcggerejoes cj

cjmcvcmudh stdtus. Cj tfe sdae perspeotcve, d reoejt stumy lg

tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg sodtterem sadhh fuadj `lje

grdnaejts grla Mlha' Wéstljcoe plcjts tl mcggerejtcdh

tredtaejt lg cjmcvcmudhs dgter medtf, plssc`hy regheotcjn slocdh

mcggerejtcdtclj (]rcjidus et dh. cj press). Dt Nrlttd Rdnhcooc cj

slutferj Ctdhy, wfere twl wehh-megcjem ùrcdhs were

mcsolverem, grdnaejtem djm mcspersem fuadj readcjs were

scachdrhy replrtem (@lrnlnjcjc-]drhc et dh. 4362). ]fcs acnft

dhsl plcjt tl mcggerejoes cj tfe stdtus lg tfe meoedsem, cjdoolrmdjoe wctf tfe fypltfescs put glrwdrm `y Aussc (4367,

4332) tfdt tfe nrdvettcdj ùrcdhs lg Ctdhy reger tl d wehh-

megcjem senaejt lg pdhdelhctfco slocety ljhy. ]wl tflusdjm

ichlaetres tl tfe edst, Cdilvhevd' s stumy (tfcs vlhuae) sflws

flw mcggerejt sets lg gcnurcjes dre `lujm tl speocgco hlodtcljs

wctfcj d scte, sunnestcjn tfdt tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj acnft

regheot d plpuhdtclj wfcof wds drtcouhdtem cjtl su`-nrlups.

]fe hdrne mcstdjoes lver wfcof hctfcos were trdjsplrtem dre

ujmerhcjem cj severdh oljtrcùtcljs, medhcjn wctf rencljs

hlodtem grla tfe Dthdjtco tl _cèrcd. Ct cs d reourrejt pdtterj,

glr cjstdjoe, cj tfe Pfcje vdhhey (@lscjsic, tfcs vlhuae), tfe

Mdjuè vdhhey (_ofeer, tfcs vlhuae), Alrdvcd (Lhcvd, tfcsvlhuae `9 _vl`lmd et dh., tfcs vlhuae) djm tfe Pusscdj phdcj

(@lrcsilvsick 437?9 Aussc djm Ple`rleis 4337). _fehh

trdjsplrt, wfcof dt tcaes exoeems 4222 ichlaetres, ds grla tfe

Aemcterrdjedj sflres tl tfe Neradj Pfcjehdjm (@lscjsic, tfcs

vlhuae9 see dhsl ]d`lrcj, tfcs vlhuae), prlvcmes gurtfer

evcmejoe lg trdjsgers lver hljn mcstdjoes. Djltfer cjmcodtclj

glr suof mcreot djm cjmcreot oljtdots odj è glujm cj tfe

strcicjnhy glradh djm teofjcodh scachdrctces cj djtfrlplalrpfco

gcnurcjes, ds metdchem `y Aussc et dh. (tfcs vlhuae).

Olrrl`lrdtclj lg tfe excstejoe lg oljtcjulus exofdjnes olaes

44la tfe pfyscodh djtfrlplhlncsts' oljtrcùtclj tl tfe vlhuae.

]fey qucte oljvcjocjnhy sflw tfdt jlt ljhy cmeds djm adtercdhswere trdvehhcjn, ùt tfdt nejes were dhsl ghlwcjn greehy

ètweej tfe vdrclus rencljs (Ofurofchh et dh. tfcs vlhuae).

=. D rencljdh survey

]fe rencljs medht wctf cj tfcs vlhuae vdry scnjcgcodjthy cj

teras lg mejscty lg trdoes lg fuadj looupdtclj. _lae dre

evej mevlcm lg suof trdoes lr fdve ljhy d very pllr reolrm

yet, wfche ltfers dre extreaehy rcof, tflunf cj alst odses tfcs

ljhy dpphces tl d pdrt lg tfe perclm dt stdie fere (see èhlw).

D`sejoe lg evcmejoe cs jlt evcmejoe lg d`sejoe, djm Hdrsslj

(tfcs vlhuae) ujmerhcjes tfdt cj tfe oljtext lg fer`cvlre

presejoe, tfe hdoi lg trdoes lg fuadjs cs d strcicjn

pfejlaejlj cj _odjmcjdvcd, wfcof ady fdve èej odusem `y

tfe mestruotcve prloesses lg nhdocdtclj djm menhdocdtclj cj tfcs

dred. ]fdt teaperdture cjmeem odjjlt fdve èej tfe ljhy

gdotlr èfcjm vlcm dreds cs mrdadtcodhhy chhustrdtem `y Rdvhlv

djm Cjmrehcm (tfcs vlhuae). ]fey presejt sctes grla tfe very

jlrtfedst lg Eurlpe, evej grla jlrtf lg tfe Rlhdr Ocrohe, up

tl 76² J. ]fe jlrtferjalst lje fds dotudhhy ljhy èej

reoejthy mcsolverem, ljoe dndcj sunnestcjn tfdt ourrejt scte

mcstrcùtclj acnft è d pdhe regheotclj lg pdst pdtterjs -

espeocdhhy sl cj dreds wfcof ectfer fdve èolae tfe glous lg

drofdelhlncodh cjvestcndtclj cj tfe hdst gew yedrs ljhy, djm/lr

fdve èej su`keotem tl hdrne-sodhe mestruotcve jdturdh

prloesses. ]fe sadhh juaèr lg sctes cs sodtterem ètweej

?7,222 djm 02,222 `p, djm tfe dggcjctces lg tfe vdrclus hctfco

dssea`hdnes wctf tflse grla ehsewfere cj Eurdscd cs stchh

su`keot tl me`dte. Mestruotclj lg sctes `y nelhlncodh prloessesdjm hdoi lg resedrof dre dhsl dt stdie cj tfe reolrm grla

_cèrcd, presejtem cj tfe up-tl-mdte syjtfescs `y Wdsch'ev (tfcs

vlhuae). Mespcte tfcs, _cèrcd cs qucte rcof cj teras lg drt,

ùrcdh djm mwehhcjn struotures, dj edsterj olujterpdrt lg tfe

aendsctes west lg tfe Urdhs. Wdsch'ev, flwever, stresses tfdt

ds gdr ds tfe hctfco dssea`hdnes dre oljoerjem, tfere dre

adriem mcggerejoes wctf Eurlpe, djm tfdt wctfcj _cèrcd ctsehg

tfe hctfco dssea`hdnes mcsphdy oljscmerd`he vdrcd`chcty. ]fe

_cèrcdj reolrm gurtfer sflws tfdt scte mejscty slaeflw

cjoredsem ètweej 05,222 djm 02,222 `p, dhtflunf teaperd

tures were hlwer tfdj murcjn tfe preoemcjn 5222 yedrs.

]fe rcof Oejtrdh Eurlpedj evcmejoe djm cts ofrljlhlny

prlvcmes us wctf d acrrlr cadne lg tfe _cèrcdj djm Edst

Eurlpedj reolrm. Ds d resuht lg settheaejt mejscty, hljn

fcstlry lg resedrof djm nllm preservdtclj, we fdve d metdchem

vcew lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg tfe dred, wfcof dhhlws

adicjn cjgerejoes lj tfe ofrljlhlny djm mcreotclj lg sfcgts

cj looupdtclj (Jeune`duer-Adresof 43339 Ml`lsc, tfcs

vlhuae9 Lhcvd, tfcs vlhuae9 _vl`lmd et dh., tfcs vlhuae).

^fereds d gew sctes suof ds ^chhejmlrg CC prlvcme

oljtcjulus strdtcnrdpfco sequejoes, tfe hdrne juaèr lg

rdmclodr`lj mdtes grla Alrdvcd djm Hlwer Dustrcd sflws

tfdt alst settheaejts mdte grla tfe pdvhlvcdj perclm, sflrthy

èglre 05,222 `p. Hdter, tfere cs d shcnft edstwdrm sfcgt cjlooupdtclj grla Alrdvcd tl westerj _hlvdicd (Frladmd

4336). @y tfe sdae tcae, we dhsl l`serve alre mcreot

rehdtcljsfcps cj hctfco tllh-types, suof ds tfe Ilstejic

prlkeotches djm ltfer ouhturdh pdtterjs lg tfe wchhejmlrgcdj-

ilstejicdj perclm, ètweej Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe - ds

cg, `y tfe HNA, fuadj nrlups were alre djm alre oejtrcjn

lj tfe Edst Eurlpedj rcver vdhheys (og. _lgger djm Rrdshlv

433?9 Dacrifdjlv 4336).



= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

]fere cs dhsl d sfdrp oljtrdst ètweej tfe aendsctes

lggercjn d olaphex drofdelhlncodh reolrm, wfcof dre

strdtencodhhy hlodtem wctfcj tfe Alrdvcdj nelalrpflhlncodh

olrrcmlr, djm sctes gurtfer dwdy. Ml`lsc (tfcs vlhuae)

glhhlws tfe hcactem scte mcstrcùtclj cjtl tfe Odrpdtfcdj `dscj,

up tl tfe alujtdcj rdjnes. ]l tfe slutf, scte mejscty cs evej

hlwer; Aljtet-^fcte, wfche aejtcljcjn tfe capdot lg

wcmespredm erlsclj lj scte preservdtclj, presejts d

reoljstruotclj cj wfcof tfe _dvd @dscj wds hdrnehy

meplpuhdtem. ]fe sfcgt cj plpuhdtclj - tlwdrms tfe jlrtf djm

tl tfe Odrpdtfcdj `dscj - dppdrejthy fdppejem ds edrhy ds

06,222-0>,222 `p. ]fcs cs cj nllm doolrmdjoe wctf Rerhæs'

(tfcs vlhuae) metdchem presejtdtclj lg tfe jedr d`sejoe lg

drofdelhlncodh evcmejoe grla Nreeoe djm tfe slutferj

@dhidjs dgter ?2,222 `p.

Cj tfe westerj percpfery lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe, c.e. cj slutferj

Neradjy djm cj tfe Pfcje vdhhey, tfe reolrm cs pllr cg

olapdrem tl Alrdvcd (see oljtrcùtcljs respeotcvehy `y

Fdfj, _ofeer djm @lscjsic). Djltfer strcicjn mcggerejoe cs

tfdt, kust ds cj alst lg êsterj Eurlpe, tfe slutf Neradj

reolrm cs adcjhy d odve lje. Cj Alrdvcd odves ml excst,

wfcof were setthem èglre djm dgter tfe Nrdvettcdj. Fuadjs,

flwever, ljhy very rdrehy adme use lg tfe jdturdh sfehters

murcjn tfe perclm oljscmerem fere. Cj tfe Pfcjehdjm lpej dcr

sctes dre dotudhhy ijlwj, tlnetfer wctf odves (@lscjsic, tfcs

vlhuae), d pdtterj lg settheaejt wfcof dhsl dpphces tl

jlrtfwest Eurlpe, ds replrtem `y Ple`rleis (tfcs vlhuae).

]fese dre dhh wehh-resedrofem dreds, djm tfe sadhh juaèr lg

sctes cs oertdcjhy jlt tfe lutolae lg hdoi lg cjvestcndtcljs

evej cg, ljoe dndcj, nelhlncodh prloesses ady fdve phdyem d

mestruotcve rlhe, ds mcsoussem `y severdh oljtrcùtlrs. ]fdjis

tl d very gcje-nrdcjem ofrljlhlny, wfcof cjohumes `ltf DA_h=O mdtes (_treet djm ]erèrner, tfcs vlhuae) djm evcmejoe lg

redh oljteaplrdjecty wfej sctes dre oljjeotem `y regcttcjn

(_ofeer, tfcs vlhuae), tfese rencljs ncve us d fcnf reslhutclj

cadne lg sodtterem fuadj nrlups. ]fe extejscve survey `y

_treet djm ]erèrner (tfcs vlhuae) dhsl sflws tfdt alst lg

tfe Neradj nrdvettcdj sctes mdte grla èglre 05,222 `p.

_adhher puhses lg fuadj presejoe dre ijlwj hdter, ds

ehendjthy ujmerhcjem gurtfer tl tfe jlrtfwest `y reoejt mdtcjn

wlri dt Rdvchdjm Odve cj ^dhes (Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettc«

43369 Ple`rleis, tfcs vlhuae). Tucte pllr cj drt, tfe

jlrtfwest fds ycehmem dhh tfe sdae dj ujda`cnulus ùrcdh,

tfe 'Pem Hdmy lg Rdvchdjm', wfcof cs dotudhhy d ylujn djmtdhh adhe. Cj tfe Jlrtf Eurlpedj phdcjs, tfe hdoi lg djy

evcmejoe lg looupdtclj lj tfe jlrtferjalst grcjnes, wfej

olapdrem tl tfe drofdelhlncodh reolrm dt tfe slutferj `lrmer

(slutferj @ehncua, tfe Acmmhe Pfcje dred, eto.), sunnests

tfdt ejvcrljaejtdh oljstrdcjts cjmeem phdyem d rlhe cj scte

mcstrcùtclj, djm cj tfe mcsoljtcjulus pelphcjn lg tfe renclj.

]fcs acnft dhsl put tfe d`sejoe lg trdoes cj _odjmcjdvcd cj d

mcggerejt perspeotcve (see d`lve).

_lutferj Grdjoe cs d ujcque dred cj tfcs rencljdh syjtfescs,

ds ct cs tfe ljhy renclj wfere tfe reolrm sunnests (jedr)

oljtcjulus looupdtclj lver tfe wflhe perclm dt stdie. ]fcs cs

adcjhy d odve djm d`rc reolrm, ds ujmerhcjem `y Mkcjmkcdj

(tfcs vlhuae), tflunf daljn tfe gew lpej dcr sctes slae

fdve ycehmem very ohedr-out readcjs lg fd`ctdtclj struotures.

]fe rcofjess lg pdrcetdh drt lg tfcs dred, ds dhsl ujmerhcjem `y

Ohlttes (tfcs vlhuae), jeems jl gurtfer ehd`lrdtclj fere.

Grejof drofdelhlncsts fdve cjvestem d oljscmerd`he dalujt

lg ejerny cj tfe stumy lg tfe ghcjt cjmustrces grla tfcs perclm,

wfcof fere cjohume slhutredj dssea`hdnes. ]fe oljtrcùtcljs

`y Mkcjmkcdj djm Pcndum sflw tfdt tfere cs stchh me`dte lj tfe

cjtrcodoces lg tfe estd`hcsfem sofeaes. Hljn-mcstdjoe

trdjsgers lg rdw adtercdhs dre olaalj, djm Mkcjmkcdj

sunnests tfdt slae lg tfe lpej dcr sctes cj jlrtferj Grdjoe,

medht wctf `y Ple`rleis (tfcs vlhuae), ady fdve èej tfe

resuht lg sedsljdh fujtcjn expemctcljs `y nrlups `dsem cj tfe

slutf. Ncvej tfe rcofjess djm tfe hljn resedrof fcstlry lg tfe

Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg tfcs dred, ct cs jltewlrtfy tfdt jl

ùrcdh odj è ujda`cnulushy dttrcùtem tl tfe perclm ?2,222tl 02,222 `p.

]fe Cèrcdj reolrm cs d very mcggerejt lje. Oljtcjulus

looupdtclj plssc`hy loourrem cj slae dreds, ùt reoejt

resedrof fds fcnfhcnftem tfdt tfcs oluhm fdve èej èoduse lg

d olaphex soejdrcl, cj wfcof almerj fuadjs were oljtea

plrdjelus wctf tfe very hdst Jedjmertfdhs (Wend ]lsodjl,

pre-ocrouhdtem pdper9 Wend ]lsodjl 43329 Wchhdverme djm

Guadjdh 43329 [chfíl, tfcs vlhuae). Hdte Alustercdj ds wehh

ds hdte Durcnjdocdj ol-loour cj tfe slutf lg tfe pejcjsuhd dt

drlujm ?2,222 tl 06,222 `p. ]fej, tfey `ltf mcsdppedr,

'wcpem lut', sl tl sdy, `y tfe Nrdvettcdj, wfcof cs glhhlwem

`y tfe _lhutredj. Cj tfcs fcnfhy drtcouhdtem sequejoe lg hctfcodssea`hdnes, dppdrejthy rehdtem tl olapetcjn nrlups, rctudh

djm sya`lhco dotcvcty cs rehdtcvehy sodroe. Ct cs adcjhy

mlouaejtem `y odve pdcjtcjn dt d hcactem juaèr lg durcnjd

ocdj, nrdvettcdj djm slhutredj sctes (Ohlttes, tfcs vlhuae),

djm `y d scjnhe cjmcsputd`he ùrcdh, tfe reoejthy mcsolverem

Hdndr Wehfl ofchm (Mudrte et dh. 4333). Rdrcetdh drt, flwever,

cs ijlwj fere dhsl cj tfe lpej, wctf tfe alst caplrtdjt scte

ohuster reoejthy glujm cj tfe O÷d vdhhey lg Rlrtundh. Ds

aejtcljem `y [chfíl (tfcs vlhuae), d scnjcgcodjt pdrt lg tfese

petrlnhypfs oluhm mdte tl tfe hdtter pdrt lg tfe perclm

exdacjem fere.

]urjcjn tl tfe ltfer slutferj pejcjsuhds lg Eurlpe, tfeofdjnes grla ?2,222 tl 02,222 `p prlmuoe dj evej mcggerejt

soejdrcl. Nreeoe, ds dhredmy jltem, seeas tl fdve èej alre

lr hess d`djmljem èoduse lg tfe extreae drcmcty, wfche Ctdhy,

kust ds Cèrcd, expercejoes d pelphcjn grla tfe jlrtf, ùt

ujmer very mcggerejt oljmctcljs (Aussc, tfcs vlhuae)9 tfere cs

jl hdte Alustercdj tfere, djm tfere cs evej dj looupdtcljdh

fcdtus dgter tfe Durcnjdocdj, wfcof mles jlt seea tl fdve

hdstem dgter ?2,222 yedrs dnl. ]fe juaèr lg nrdvettcdj sctes



5 ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE; DJ CJ]PLMUO]CLJ

megcjctehy cjoredses dgter 05,222 `p, djm dhh lver tfe perclm

tfere seeas tl è dj cjghux lg pelphe drrcvcjn grla jlrtf lg

tfe Dhps. Olapdrem wctf d rehdtcvehy hlw juaèr lg sctes,

`ltf plrtd`he drt ('Wejus gcnurcjes') djm ùrcdh prdotcoes dre

mlouaejtem wctf d rcofjess ujijlwj ehsewfere cj êsterj

Eurlpe.

5. Mcverscty djm ujcglracty

]fe survey lg tfe tfeaes medht wctf cj tfcs vlhuae ohedrhy

sflws tfdt tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco cs ofdrdotercsem `y

`ltf mcverscty djm ujcglracty cj vdrclus mladcjs lg hcge. ]l

stdrt wctf, tfe evcmejoe grla Cèrcd - djm grla Orldtcd ds

wehh (_actf et dh. 4333) - strljnhy sunnests tfdt tfere wds

jlt evej lje scjnhe fuadj speoces drlujm. Lj tfe ltfer

fdjm, tfe pdhdeljtlhlncodh evcmejoe sunnests tfdt tfe almerj

fuadj plpuhdtclj lg tfcs perclm wds very ujcglra, greehy

exofdjncjn nejes lver hdrne dreds. ]fese fuadj nrlups

oredtem d mcverse drofdelhlncodh reolrm, `ltf tfrlunf tcae -

e.n. tfe sequejoe lg Durcnjdocdj, Nrdvettcdj djm _lhutredj cj

westerj Eurlpe djm cj spdoe e.n. tfe hctfco dssea`hdnes

lg Eurlpe wfcof dre very mcggerejt grla tflse lg tfe Urdhs

djm èyljm. Djm evej wctfcj tfe nejerdh ujcglracty lg tfe

Nrdvettcdj, tfe èst represejtem trdmctclj cj tfcs perclm,

mcggerejoes cj tcae ds wehh ds cj spdoe dre oljspcoulus.

Jltwctfstdjmcjn tfcs grdnaejtdtclj, we fdve dhh icjms lg

evcmejoe tfdt nrlups sodtterem lver vdst stretofes lg Eurdscd

were d`he tl drtcouhdte d klcjt cmejtcty `y aedjs lg hdrne-

sodhe jetwlris, dhh tfe alre strcicjn èoduse lg tfe very hlw

mealnrdpfco mejscty.

]fdjis tl tfe fcnf reslhutclj lg tfe reolrm, we odj

l`serve alveaejts jlt ljhy lg rdw adtercdhs djm drtegdots,

ùt dhsl lg pelphe. ]fcs cjohumes `ltf tfe olhljcsdtclj lg

ujlooupcem terrctlrces, suof ds jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe, djm d

mejser pdtterj lg settheaejt cj dreds prevclushy ofdrdotercsem

`y epfeaerdh fuadj presejoe, suof ds edsterj Eurlpe djm

_cèrcd. ]fe Eurlpedj reolrm dhsl dhhlws us tl glhhlw sfcgts

lg looupdtcljdh oejtres, espeocdhhy cj tfe seoljm fdhg lg tfe

?2,222 tl 02,222 tcae rdjne; alst jltd`hy, tflse grla

oejtrdh tl edsterj Eurlpe, djm tfe plpuhdtclj cjghux cjtl Ctdhy

djm Cèrcd. Aedjwfche, jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe djm tfe @dhidjs

were hess djm hess lgtej vcsctem.

^fche tfese hdrne sodhe alveaejts ady fdve èej steerem

`y tfe meterclrdtcjn ohcadte lg tfe seoljm fdhg lg tfe perclm,

tfcs vlhuae sflws tfdt ohedr-out olrrehdtcljs ètweej ohcadte

djm fuadj dmdptdtcljs dre jlt wdrrdjtem, exoept dt tfe very

pedi lg tfe HNA. @eoduse lg tfe lverdhh eolhlncodh

cjstd`chcty, fuadj nrlups prl`d`hy mcm jlt evej fdve d

mcreot peroeptclj lg d stedmchy meterclrdtcjn ohcadte. ]fe gdot

tfdt tfe adrncjdh djm 'mcggcouht' dreds lg tfe jlrtferj phdcjs

lg Eurlpe were jever tltdhhy d`djmljem odj dhsl è seej cj

tfcs perspeotcve. Lverdhh, tfe stumces replrtem cj tfcs vlhuae

ofdhhejne scaphe ejvcrljaejtdh perspeotcves djm

meteracjcstco exphdjdtcljs lg tfe nrdvettcdj reolrm.

]frlunflut tfe vlhuae, oljtrcùtlrs dndcj djm dndcj

replrt vdrcd`chcty cj gllm resluroes ds wehh ds cj tfecr use djm

oflcoe `y fuadjs, wctfcj tfe rcof `lujty dgglrmem `y tfe

Eurdscdj ejvcrljaejts - djm espeocdhhy sl `y tfe Adaaltf

_teppe. Glr alre tfdj d oejtury drofdelhlncsts fdve me`dtem

tfe rlhe lg adaaltf fujtcjn, djm tfe oljoept lg

'Rdhdelhctfco adj tfe adaaltf fujter' fds èolae pdrt lg

tfe repertlcre lg pdhdelhctfco cadnery. _everdh drnuaejts,

suof ds tfe hlodtclj lg settheaejts dhljn rcvers djm cj medm

ejm vdhheys, djm vdrclus gdujdh pdtterjs, sunnest tfdt Acm

Upper Rdhdelhctfco olaaujctces acnft cjmeem fdve gdoem djm

ichhem adaaltfs. Ct sfluhm è stressem tfdt, cg tfey mcm sl,

tfej tfe fujters lg tfe Nlhmej Dne aust fdve èej

extreaehy wehh equcppem, jlt ljhy teofjlhlncodhhy djm

pfyscodhhy, ùt psyoflhlncodhhy ds wehh. Dpprlprcdte rctudhs

wluhm fdve èej d plwerguh tllh tl actcndte tfe stress lg

ohlse ejolujters wctf acnfty oredtures, ds wehh mlouaejtem

daljn reoejt wfdhe fujters (e.n., Fdricj 4336). ^fche tfcs

dspeot lg fuadj dotcvcty cs sl gdr fcnfhy speouhdtcve, severdh

oljtrcùtlrs fdve ujmerhcjem tfe su`thety djm slpfcstcodtclj

lg tfe sya`lhco èfdvclur eaèmmem cj tfe drofdelhlncodh

reolrm, ds wehh ds tfe plsctcve evcmejoe lg olaphex rctudh

dotcvcty cj ùrcdh prdotcoes djm drtcstco prlmuotclj.

]fe drtcstco prlmuotclj mdtcjn ètweej ?2,222-02,222 `p

dhsl prlvcmes djltfer chhustrdtclj lg tfe vdrcd`chcty mcsoussem

d`lve, cj adtercdhs, teofjcques, styhes, tfeaes djm uses.

Rdrcetdh drt cj tfe west cs rehdtem tl meep odves, wfereds cj

oejtrdh djm edsterj Eurlpe al`che drt cs adme djm usem cj

oejtrdh pdrts lg tfe lpej dcr settheaejts. Cj slae odses, tfe

prlmuotclj evejt ctsehg seeas tl fdve èej caplrtdjt, ds wctf

tfe oerdaco gcnurcjes. Cj ltfer cjstdjoes, vcoe versd, wlris lg

drt were adme tl è seej djm tl gujotclj lver hljn perclms.

ê see tfcs `ltf cj al`che drt djm cj odve drt, ds wehh

chhustrdtem `y tfe dmkustaejts expercejoem `y slae lg tfe

@dhzc Plssc gcnurcjes (@lhmuo et dh. 4337) lr `y tfe

Aendhloerls pdjeh dt Olunjdo (Hlr`hdjofet 433=). Cj

dmmctclj, we dhsl l`serve ofdjnes tfrlunf tcae; cj Alrdvcd,

alst jltd`hy, tfe hdrne djm mcverse gcnurcje dssea`hdnes lg

tfe pdvhlvcdj sctes dre glhhlwem `y scjnhe geadhe stdtuettes cj

tfe hdter nrdvettcdj sctes lg tfe sdae renclj (_vl`lmd 4335).

Mcverscty odj dhsl è ujmerhcjem cj ltfer dspeots lg tfe

reolrm, grla oflcoe cj sfehhs djm ltfer adtercdhs usem glr

lrjdaejtdtclj, vcd vdrcd`chcty cj tfe scze djm sfdpe lg

mwehhcjn struotures, tl alrtudry prdotcoes. ]fe hdtter ljes

cjohume cjfuadtclj ds kust lje lg severdh lptcljs, ds

evcmejoem cj Alrdvcd djm dhsl, adyè, cj Ctdhy.

Mespcte dhh tfcs mcverscty, tfere cs d icjm lg oljtcjuua cj

tfe vdndrces lg tfe drofdelhlncodh reolrm. ]fe trdjsplrt lg

hctfco rdw adtercdhs djm sfehhs lver vdst mcstdjoes oljjeots

mcstdjt phdoes djm pelphe. ]eofjlhlncodh djm styhcstco

scachdrctces dre pervdscve cj tfe drtcstco prlmuotclj, ds cj



7 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

geadhe gcnurcjes, wfche tfere cs d tfeadtco hcji ètweej tfe

(edrhcer) durcnjdocdj odve pdcjtcjns, djm tfe (hdter) nrdvettcdj

gcnurcjes lg Alrdvcd. ]fe very gdot lg ùrycjn d medm perslj,

slaetcaes wctf d rcof dssea`hdne lg nllms, cs cjjlvdtcve

ejlunf jlt tl loour `y ofdjoe cj ltferwcse ofrljlhlncodhhy,

nelnrdpfcodhhy djm slaetcaes ouhturdhhy rehdtem dreds. ]fe

sdae odj è sdcm wfej sfehters dre ùcht, evej cg glhhlwcjn

lverdhh mcggerejt drofcteoturdh pdtterjs.

7. Gcjdh olaaejt

Dt tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe ?2,222-02,222 `p perclm, dt d tcae

wfej Nrltte Ofduvet dhredmy fdm adjy lg cts adnjcgcoejt

pdcjtcjns, Jedjmertfdhs were stchh hcvcjn cj slae pdrts lg

Eurdscd, dhljnscme almerj fuadjs. ^fche tfe hdtest lutolae

lg tfe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco wds gdmcjn dwdy grla tfe reolrm,

tfe Eurdscdj soeje wds looupcem `y jew fuadj nrlups. Cj d

oljstdjthy ofdjncjn ejvcrljaejt, mlacjdtem `y tfe djcadhs

lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe, tfey mevehlpem hd`lur expejscve

strdtences tl exphlct d vdst drrdy lg resluroes. ]fe tfrcvcjn

fuadj nrlups vcnlrlushy expressem tfecr lwj mcstcjotouhturdh cmejtcty, ùt tfcs fdppejem wctfcj tfe grdaewlri lg

hdrner ejtctces spdjjcjn dhh lver Eurdscd. ]fe jlvehty lg tfe

AUR hces cj tfcs very ujpreoemejtem odpdocty lg cjtenrdtcjn

mcverscty cjtl d gujotcljdh systea lg cjter-nrlup djm cjtrd-

nrlup exofdjne. ]fe ejsucjn olaphex djm slocdhhy

drtcouhdtem wdy lg hcge dhhlwem pelphe tl olpe wctf d

meadjmcjn djm ever ofdjncjn ejvcrljaejt. Lverdhh, tfe

systea wds reschcejt tl eolhlncodh cjstd`chcty. Ljhy wfej tfe

wlrsejcjn ohcadte megcjctehy ujmeracjem tfe very `dses lg

survcvdh, lg fuadjs kust ds lg adjy ltfer speoces, rdmcodhhy

mcggerejt slhutcljs fdm tl è glujm.

Ct cs d gdsocjdtcjn tflunft tfdt, alre tfdj 4222 nejerdtcljsdnl, fuadjs lg _cèrcd ady fdve èej dwdre tfdt adjy

aljtfs lg wdhicjn tl tfe west - dotudhhy alre tfdj 6222

ichlaetres dwdy - tfere were stchh pelphe, mcggerejt grla

tfeasehves, yet cj adjy respeots scachdr - ds sflwj `y tfcs

vlhuae.

jltes

4 ]fe Jetwlri's olaacttee oljscstem lg N. @lscjsic (ofdcradj),^. Ple`rleis (socejtcgco seoretdry), O. Gdrczy, O. Nda`he,H. Hdrsslj, A. Aussc, J. Rrdshlv, H. Pdplsl, A. _djtljkd djmD. ]uggredu.

0 Glr ohdrcty's sdie we wcsf tl stress tfdt dhh mdtes aejtcljemtfrlunflut tfcs vlhuae dre, ujhess ltferwcse stdtem, ujodhc`rdtemljes, stdrtcjn wctf tfe su`tcthe lg tfcs vlhuae. Odhc`rdtclj - lrrdtfer; "odhejmrco oljversclj" (og. _treet djm ]erèrner, tfcsvlhuae) - lg mdtes grla tfcs tcae rdjne cs stchh tl slae menreeexpercaejtdh djm oljtrlverscdh.

? ]fe pdrtcocpdjts djm oljtrcùtlrs tl tfe wlrisflp, fehm dt Rdvhlv(Ozeof Pepu`hco) lj 40-4= Lotlèr 4335, were tfe glhhlwcjn;N. @lscjsic (Olhlnje djm Aljrepls, Neradjy)9 G. @erjdhml meTucrÿs (Heÿj, _pdcj)9 C. Odapej (]ø`cjnej, Neradjy); G. Mkcjmkcdj(Rdrcs, Grdjoe)9 O. Nda`he (_lutfdaptlj, U.I.)9 K. Fdfj(]ø`cjnej, Neradjy)9 H. Kdrlslví (@rjl, Ozeof Pepu`hco)9H. Hdrsslj (Hujm, _wemej)9 W. Hepcst÷ (Eurlpedj _ocejoeGlujmdtclj, _trds`lurn, Grdjoe)9 A. Aussc (Plae, Ctdhy)9 A. Lhcvd(@rjl, Ozeof Pepu`hco)9 R. Rdvhlv (_yityvidr, Pusscd)9 O. Remes(Jdjterre, Grdjoe)9 R. Rettctt (Lxglrm, U.I.)9 J. Rrdshlv (_t. Retersùrn, Pusscd)9 H. Pdplsl (Hcs`lj, Rlrtundh)9 K.-Rf. Pcndum(@lrmedux, Grdjoe)9 ^. Ple`rleis (Hecmej, ]fe Jetferhdjms)9A. _djtljkd (_dhdadjod, _pdcj)9 D. _ofeer (@hduèurej, Neradjy)9W. _hdmei (@rjl, Ozeof Pepu`hco); R. _irmhd (@rjl, OzeofPepu`hco)9 K. _vl`lmd (@rjl, Ozeof Pepu`hco)9 D. ]uggredu (Hchhe,Grdjoe)9 I. Wdhlof (@rjl, Ozeof Pepu`hco)9 H.N. Wend ]lsodjl(Admrcm, _pdcj)9 D. Werpllrte (Hecmej, ]fe Jetferhdjms)9 K. [chfíl(Hcs`lj, Rlrtundh).



> ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE; DJ CJ]PLMUO]CLJ

regerejoes

DhohfluJO (hcvej. _..

C ' . C W c h c h h

4336 Rdvchdjm Odve; oljtextudhczcjn tfe 'Pem Hdmy ', Djtcqucty >0, >57->>0.

Djccrifdjlv, F.D. (em.)

@lhmuo, R.,

K. Ocjq-Adrs,

A. Aussc

@lrcsilvsick, R.H.

@lrnlnjcjc-]drhc, _.,

N. Gladocdrc,

D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd

@lscjsic, N.

4336 ]fe Edsterj Nrdvettcdj. Alsolw; _ocejtcgco ^lrhm.

4337 Hes gcnurcjes mes @dhzc Plssc (Ctdhcé); uje olhheotclj permue et retrluvãe, @uhhetcj me hd

_locctc Rrãfcstlrcque me h'Drcæne 54 , 45-5?.

437? Rrl`head Ilstejilvsilnl Ireajyd. Cj; Loferic pl pdhelhctu `dssecjd Mljd, 477-434,

Hejcjnrdm; Jduid.

4362

tfcs

vlhuae

Pestes fuadcjs mes jcvedux nrdvettcejs me hd nrltte Rdnhcooc (Pcnjdjl Ndrndjcol); oljtexte

drofãlhlncque, ãtume djtfrlplhlncque et jltes pdhãlpdtflhlncques, @uhhetcj et Aãalcres me

hd _locãtã m'Djtfrlplhlnce me Rdrcs, ser. VCCC, 405-450.

]fe perclm ?2,222-02,222 `p cj tfe Pfcjehdjm.

8 'd`rerd-Wdhmãs, W. (em.) 433? Eh lrcnej meh fla`re almerjl ej eh surleste me Eurlpd. Admrcm; Ujcverscmdm me

Emuodoclj d Mcstdjocd.

Odrtachh, A.

Ofurofchh, _.E.,

W. Glracolhd,

].^. Flhhcmdy,

@. Flht,

@.D. _ofuadjj

433?

tfcs

vlhuae

D Wcew tl d Medtf cj tfe Alrjcjn. Fujtcjn djm Jdture tfrlunf Fcstlry. Oda`rcmne

(Adss.); Fdrvdrm Ujcverscty Rress.

]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco plpuhdtclj lg Eurlpe cj dj evlhutcljdry perspeotcve.

Ohlttes, K. tfcs Drt ètweej ?2,222 djm 02,222 `p.

vlhuae

Mkcjmkcdj, G. tfcs ]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (?2,222 tl 02,222 `p) cj Grdjoe.

vlhuae

Ml`lsc. W. tfcs Cjterclr pdrts lg tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj ètweej ?2,222 djm 02,222 `p.

vlhuae

Mudrte, O,

K. Adurgocl,

R.@. Rettctt,

R. _lutl,

E. ]rcjidus.

F. vdj mer Rhcoft,

K. [chfíl

4333 ]fe edrhy Upper Rdhelhctfco fuadj siehetlj grla tfe D`rcnl ml Hdndr Wehfl (Rlrtundh) djm

almerj fuadj eaernejoe cj Cèrcd, Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Jdtcljdh Dodmeay lg _ocejoes 37,

>72=->723.

Gdrczy, O. (em.) 4332 Rdhãlhctfcque alyej rãoejt et Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur djocej ej Eurlpe (Olhhlquo

Cjterjdtcljdh me Jealurs, 3-44 adc 4366), 4>>-46?, Jealurs; Aãalcres mu Ausãe me

Rrãfcstlcre m'Che me Grdjoe ?.




Glhhcerc, A,

A. Ncdrmcjc,

M. Adnrc,

H. _dmlrc

4336 Rdhyjlstrdtcnrdpfy lg tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Rerclm cj tfe Wlhodjco Penclj lg Oejtrdh Ctdhy,

Tudterjdry Cjterjdtcljdh =>-=6, ?-02.

Nda`he, O.

Nda`he, O.,^. Ple`rleis

Nda`he, N,

L. _lgger (ems)

Nutfrce M.,

]f. vdj Ilhgsofltej

4367 ]fe Rdhdelhctfco _ettheaejt lg Eurlpe. Oda`rcmne.' Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

4333 ]fe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco ; d plcjt lg cjgheotclj. Cj; ^. Ple`rleis djm O. Nda`he (ems), ]fe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco Looupdtclj lg Eurlpe, ?-40, Hecmej; Ujcverscty lg Hecmej.

4332 ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 0. Hlw Hdtctumes. Hljmlj; Ujwyj djm Fyadj.

tfcs Jectfer wdra djm alcst, jlr olhm djm drcm; tfe eolhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

vlhuae

Fdesderts, R.,

G. Mda`hlj,

A. @dofjer,

N. ]rjid

Fdfj, K.

4337 Pevcsem strdtcnrdpfy djm ofrljlhlny lg tfe ^chhejmlrg CC sequejoe, Hlwer Dustrcd,

Drofdelhlncd Dustrcdod 62, 05-=0.

tfcs

vlhuae]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy - ejvcrljaejt djm eoljlay.

Fdricj, A. 4336 ^fdhes, ofcegs, djm ncdjts; Dj exphlrdtclj cjtl Juu-Ofdf-Juhtf plhctcodh tflunft,

Etfjlhlny ?>, ?4>-??0.

Frladmd, K. 4336 Ahdmy nrdvettcej v severlzmpdmjek odstc Idrpdtsiek ilthcjy dkefl vztdfy i jdmidrpdtsixa

lfhdstcda. ]fescs glr O_o. menree, _hlvdi Dodmeay lg _ocejoes, Jctrd.

Cdilvhevd, H. tfcs

vlhuae

]fe nrdvettcdj drt lg Edsterj Eurlpe ds exeaphcgcem cj tfe gcnurdtcve drt lg Ilstejic C.

Ilhstrup, E.

Hdrsslj, H.

4335

tfcs

vlhuae

Rdhdelejvcrljaejts cj tfe jlrtf Eurlpedj hlwhdjms ètweej 52 id djm 42 id @R, Dotd

zllh. ordolv. ?6, ?5-==.

Rhejty lg adaaltfs fut jl fuadjs< _odjmcjdvcd murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj.

Hlr`hdjofet, A.

Aehhdrs, R. (em.)

Aehhdrs, R.,

O. _trcjner (ems)

Aljtet-^fcte, D.

433=

4332

4363

tfcs,

vlhuae

Hd mdtdtclj me Rdrt pdrcetdh pdhãlhctfcque, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã mes Etumes Hcttãrdcres,

_ocejtcgcques et Drtcstcques mu Hlt 423, 3?-44?.

]fe eaernejoe lg almerj fuadjs. Emcjùrnf; Emcjùrnf Ujcverscty Rress.

]fe Fuadj Pevlhutclj. @efdvclurdh djm @clhlncodh Rerspeotcves lj tfe Lrcncjs lg Almerj

Fuadjs. Emcjùrnf; Emcjùrnf Ujcverscty Rress.

D sodrocty lg AWR sctes cj tfe _dvd Wdhhey, strdtcnrdpfco fcdtus djm/lr meplpuhdtclj.

Ausch, P. 433= Fujtcjn ndae grla tfe ouhture hdyer dt Rdvhlv. Cj; Rdvhlv C, EPDUH 77/Mlhjg Wéstljcoe

stumces 0, 4>2-437.

Aussc, A. 4367 Lj tfe ofrljlhlny lg tfe ùrcdhs glujm cj tfe Nrcadhmc Odves, Djtrlplhlncd

oljteaplrdjed 3, 35-42=.

4332 Oljtcjucty djm ofdjne cj Ctdhy dt tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he

(ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R, Wlh. 4, Fcnf Hdtctumes, 407-4=>, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.



ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE; DJ CJ]PLMUO]CLJ

Aussc, A. 4335 Pchuehs gujãrdcres mdjs hes sepuhtures nrdvettcejjes mes nrlttes me Nrcadhmc et me hd nrltte

mehhe Dreje Odjmcme; uje acse du plcjt. Cj; A. Ltte (em.), Jdture et Ouhture, 6??-6=7,

Hcene (EPDUH 76).

tfcs Fedmcjn slutf; tfe nrdvettcdj olhljcsdtclj lg Ctdhy.

vlhuae

Aussc, A.,K. Ocjq-Adrs,

R. @lhmuo

tfcs Eofles grla tfe Adaaltf _teppe; tfe odse lg tfe @dhzc Plssc.vlhuae

Aussc. A.

^. Ple`rleis

4337 ]fe @cn Alsdco, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?>, 73>-733.

Jeune`duer-Adresof, Of.

Lhcvd, A.

4333

tfcs

vlhuae

He pdhãlhctfcque ej Dutrcofe. Nrejl`he; K. Achhlj.

d. ]fe @rjl CC Upper Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdh.

tfcs

vlhuae

`. _lae tflunfts lj pdvhlvcdj dmdptdtcljs djm tfecr dhterjdtcves.

Rdvhlv, R.Su.,

_. Cjmrehcm

tfcs

vlhuae

Fuadj looupdtclj cj Jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe murcjn tfe perclm ?5,222-46,222 fp.

CWttchh, R. tfcs

vlhuae

Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco; tfe rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe.

Rerhæs, O. tfcs

vlhuae

Nreeoe, ?2,222-02,222 `p.

Pcndum, K.-Rf.

Ple`rleis. ^.

tfcs Fuadj dmdptdtclj tl tfe ohcadtco meterclrdtclj lg tfe hdst Rhejcnhdocdh cj slutfwesterj

vlhuae Grdjoe (?2,222-02,222 `p).

tfcs D adrncjdh adtter; tfe fuadj looupdtclj lg Jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe - ?2,222 tl 02,222

vlhuae yedrs `p.

Ple`rleis, ^.,

]f. vdj Ilhgsofltej

4335 ]fe edrhcest looupdtclj lg Eurlpe. Hecmej; Ujcverscty lg Hecmej.

Ple`rleis, ^.,

O. Nda`he

4333 ]fe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco looupdtclj lg Eurlpe. Hecmej; Ujcverscty lg Hecmej.

Ple`rleis. ^.,

P. Olrèy

tfcs Rerclmcsdtcljs djm mlu`he stdjmdrms cj tfe stumy lg tfe Rdhdelhctfco.

vlhuae

_ofeer, D. tfcs ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy; styhcstco gedtures, rdw adtercdh resluroes djm

vlhuae settheaejt pdtterjs.

_actf. G.F.,

E. ]rcjidus.

R.@. Rettctt.

4. Idrdvdjco,

Rdujlvco

4333 Mcreot rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr Wcjmckd Nh djm Wehcid Reocjd Hdte Rhecstloeje flacjcm

readcjs. Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Jdtcljdh Dodmeay lg _ocejoes 37, 40064-40067.




_lgger, L. 433? Upper Rdhelhctfco dmdptdtcljs cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe djm adj-adaaltf

cjterdotcljs. Cj; L. _lgger djm J.M. Rrdshlv (ems), Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs, ?4-=3, Jew

Slri/Hljmlj; Rhejua Rress.

tfcs Nrdvettcdj teofjlhlnces cj slocdh oljtexts.

vlhuae

_lgger, 2 ‚

O. Nda`he (ems)

4332 ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. C. Fcnf Hdtctumes. Hljmlj; Ujwyj djm Fyadj.

_lgger, L.

J. Rrdshlv (ems)

433? Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs. Jew Slri/Hljmlj; Rhejua Rress.

_treet A,

]f. ]erèrner

tfcs ]fe Neradj Upper Rdhdelhctfco ?5,222-45,222 fp. Jew mdtes djm cjscnfts wctf eapfdscs lj

vlhuae tfe Pfcjehdjm.

_vl`lmd, K. 4335 H'drt nrdvettcej ej Alrdvce. Oljtexte, mdtes et styhes, H'Djtfrlplhlnce 33, 056-0>0.

_vl`lmd, K.,

@. Ihcad,

H. Kdrl_lvd,R. _irmhd

tfcs ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj Alrdvcd; ohcadte, èfdvclur djm teofjlhlncodh olaphexcty.

vlhuae

]d`lrcj, S. tfcs Nrdvettcdj `lmy lrjdaejts cj êsterj djm Oejtrdh Eurlpe.

vlhuae

]rcjidus, E..

K. _vl`lmd,

M.H. êst.

W. _hdmei.

_.^. Fchhslj.

E. Mrlzmlví,

A. Gcsdilví

cj press Fuadj readcjs grla tfe Alrdvcdj Nrdvettcdj; Alrpflhlny djm tdpfljlay lg cslhdtem

eheaejts grla tfe Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC scte, Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe.

Wdsch'ev, _.D. tfcs ]fe _cèrcdj alsdco; Upper Rdhdelhctfco dmdptdtcljs djm ofdjne èglre tfe Hdst Nhdocdh

vlhuae Adxcaua.

Wend ]lsodjl, H.N. 4332 Hd gcj mu Rdhãlhc tfcque alyej du sum me 4'Espdnje; ses caphcod tcljs mdjs Ce oljtexte me hd

Rejcjsuhe C`ãrcque, Cj; O. Gdrczy (em.), Rdhãlhctfcque alyej rãoejt et Rdhãlhctfcque

supãrceur djocej ej Eurlpe (Olhhlque Cjterjdtcljdh me Jealurs, 3-44 adc 4366), 473-4>7,

Jealurs; Aãalcres mu Ausãe me Rrãfcstlcre m'Che me Grdjoe ?.

4335 Fla`re y aemcl murdjte hd uhtcad orcscs ohcaítcod (?2-02 iy) ej hd Aesetd oejtrdh, Hevdjte

y Djmdhuocd (Espdmd), Rre-ocrouhdtem pdper glr tfe Eurlpedj _ocejoe Glujmdtclj ^lrisflp

dt Rdvhlv, Ozeof Pepu`hco.

Wchhdverme, W‚

A.R. Guadjdh

4332 Pehdtcljs ejtre ho Rdhãlh ctfcque alyej et Ce Rdhãlh ctfcque supãrceur mdjs Ce versdjt

aãmcterrdjãej espdnjlh, Cj; O. Gdrczy (em.), Rdhãlhctfcque alyej rãoejt et Rdhãlhctfcque

supãrceur djocej ej Eurlpe (Olhhlque Cjterjdtcljdh me Jealurs, 3-44 adc 4366), 4>>-46?,

Jealurs; Aãalcres mu Ausãe me Rrãfcstlcre m'Che me Grdjoe ?.

[chfíl, K. tfcs Jdture djm ouhture cj Rlrtundh grla ?2,222 tl 02,222 `p.

vlhuae



ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE; DJ CJ]PLMUO]CLJ

Adrnferctd Aussc

Mcpdrtcaejtl mc _ocejze mehh'Djtcofctí

Ujcversctí mc Plad "Hd _dpcejzd"

Wcd Rdhestrl 7?

22465 Plad

Ctdhy

^ch Ple`rleisGdouhty lg Drofdelhlny

Hecmej Ujcverscty

R.L. @lx 3545

0?22 PD Hecmej

]fe Jetferhdjms

Kcgg _vl`lmd

Mepdrtaejt lg Rdhelhctfco djm Rdheletfjlhlny

Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny

D_ Mlhjg Wéstljcoe

Ozeof Pepu`hco





Mdhe Nutfrce 0 Jectfer wdra djm alcst, jlr olhm djm drcm;]fcks vdj Ilhgsofltej tfe eolhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco

]fe hdter pdrt lg tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj wds dj epcslme lg

ohcadtco cjstd`chcty wctf sflrt, stdoodtl lsochhdtcljs wctf

remuoem capdot lj tfe nejerdhhy lpej, steppco ejvcrljaejt; d

hess cjtejse versclj lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe wctf d rcof

`clmcverscty, looupcem `y jladmco, wcme-rdjncjn hdrne

adaadhs suof ds wllhhy adaaltf, `cslj, flrse, wllhhy rfcjl,

recjmeer, sdcnd djm tfe hdrne odrjcvlres hclj, wlhg djm splttem

fyejd. ]fe Adaaltf _teppe ejvcrljaejt grla êsterj

Eurlpe tl Dhdsid, dhtflunf very olferejt, sflwem dj cjoredse

cj speoces mcverscty grla jlrtf tl slutf djm tfe adxcaua

juaèr lg adaadh speoces loourrem cj alujtdcjlus dreds.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Ds murcjn dhh epcslmes cjvlhvcjn adjy tflusdjms lg yedrs,tfe ohcadte murcjn tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (rlunfhy?2,222-02,222 yedrs dnl) wds qucte vdrcd`he. Cj gdot, ct cs tfdt

vdrcd`chcty wfcof acnft prlvcme tfe olre cjscnft tl tfelverdhh aedj ofdrdoter lg tfe eolhlny lg tfdt tcae. Ohcadtcoalmehhcjn mepejms lj d redsljd`he stedmy-stdte cjterdjjudhsctudtclj, glr exdaphe tfe extreaes lg tfe nejerdhhywdraer/alcster Flhloeje lr tfe olhmer/drcm Hdst Nhdocdh

Adxcaua (HNA). ]fe hdte Acmmhe êcofsehcdj wds jectfer.Cj gdot cts ofdrdoter ady è èst odpturem `y d almeh lgohcadtco cjstd`chcty wfcof wds respljsc`he glr flhmcjn tfevenetdtclj djm gdujdh olaplsctclj dt slae cadncjd`he aedj,lsochhdtcjn drlujm d set-plcjt tfdt wds jectfer tfe wdraeralcst Flhloeje jlr tfe olhm djm drcmcty lg tfe HNA.

]fdt ècjn sdcm, tfe prlxy metdchs lg tfe Eurlpedj plhhejreolrm, cjverte`rdte djm adaadhcdj glsschs, hless meplsctclj,djm nhdocdh extejt sunnest tfdt tfe ejvcrljaejt wdsnejerdhhy auof alre lpej, tejmcjn tlwdrm steppco, tfdjalst almerj `claes mcstrcùtem dorlss Eurlpe. Ct wdsvcrtudhhy treehess yet seeas tl fdve èej tlherdtem `y d

mcverse dsslrtaejt lg adaadhcdj speoces, djm lg olursepdhdelhctfco pelphe. ]fcs wds jlt true murcjn tfe HNA,murcjn wfcof tcae tfe Eurlpedj fuadj plpuhdtclj wdshcactem tl d alre slutferj mcstrcùtclj (see dhsl _treet djm]erèrner, tfcs vlhuae).

]fus ct seeas tl fdve èej d tcae lg daehclrdtclj lg tfeAdaaltf _teppe `dse-hcje, yet retdcjcjn auof lg cts lpej-nrlujm ofdrdoter. Cg dhh tfdt cs d gdcr nejerdhcsdtclj, tfej weoluhm prlgct grla hllicjn dt tfe aeofdjcsas adcjtdcjcjn tfe

Adaaltf _teppe djm see wfdt icjm lg pltejtcdhdaehclrdtcjn eheaejts odj è glujm.

0. Ohcadtco aeofdjcsas glr tfe Adaaltf _teppe

0.4 AENDOLJ]CJEJ]DH DPCMC]S

Evcmejoe glr dj cjtejse drcmcty cs ohedr murcjn nhdocdh perclms(Flpicjs et dh. 43609 Wr`d et dh. 4335), tflunf cts oduses ljsuof d aendoljtcjejtdh sodhe fdve èej ohlumem cj

da`cnucty. Cj tfe gdr jlrtf, drcmcty murcjn tfe HNA wluhmfdve gdvlurem phdjts wfcof tlmdy perscst cj tfe jlrtf ljhy cjtfe alst hcactem fd`ctdts, suof ds slutf-gdocjn steep shlpes,lr ltfer hlodh, espeocdhhy drcm hlodtcljs djm cj tfe slutferjsteppe olaaujctces. ê jeem tl cadncje d hdte Rhecstloejeejvcrljaejt cj wfcof tfe td`hes were turjem, wctf aesco-dmdptem `cltd glujm ljhy cj ujcquehy mdap sctudtcljs djmdrcm-dmdptem speoces mlacjdjt djm wcmespredm. Flwever, tfepcoture eaerncjn cs jlt kust d adtter lg prlplrtcljdh ofdjnesgrla aesco tl drcm, ùt lje sl extreae tfdt adjy aesco-dmdptem glrests, glrest suooesscljs, djm glrest ghllr djcadhsdjm phdjts were mrcvej tl rencljdh extcjotclj tfrlunflut tfejlrtf, grla êsterj Eurlpe tl Dhdsid. ]fe jlrtferj

percaeters lg tfe mcstrcùtcljs lg adjy lg tfese phdjt djmdjcadh speoces, wfcof dre mlacjdjt jlrtferj speoces tlmdy,were, cj tfe hdte Rhecstloeje, tflusdjms lg ichlaetres tl tfeslutf, suof ds glr cjstdjoe plhdr glx (Dhlpex hdnlpus),

recjmeer (Pdjncger tdrdjmus), olhhdrem heaacjn(Mcorlstljyx) djm true heaacjn (Heaaus heaaus) (Adrilvdetdh. 4335).

0.0 GLPOE_ RPLMUOCJN DPCMC]S

Wdrclus wlriers (Flpicjs et dh. 43609 @drthecj et dh. 43349@dhhdjtyje djm Fdrrcs 433=) fdve tredtem tfe speocgco oduseslg tfcs olhm-drcm jlrtferj ejvcrljaejt murcjn Nhdocdh tcaes,

dttrcùtcjn tfea cj d mcreot wdy tl percnhdocdh eggeots djm tfeofdjncjn edrtf-suj nelaetry lg Achdjilvcof cjslhdtcljoyohes. @ut prlxcadte oduses were d ola`cjdtclj lg gedtures9lg tfese, tfere cs dj ujreolnjcsem, prlxcadte iey eheaejttfrlunflut tfe jlrtf wfcof seeas tl fdve èej oruocdh, dauof fcnfer grequejoy lg ohedr sices tfdj seej tlmdy(Nutfrce cj press). ]fcs ejfdjoem evdpltrdjspcrdtclj cjsuaaer (drcmcty) djm rdmcdtclj megcoct tl tfe `hdoi jcnft siycj wcjter (olhm).



4= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

0.? LPCNCJ LG ]FE AENDOLJ]CJEJ]DH ADAAL]F

_]ERRE

]fe uhtcadte glrocjn dnejts lg Rhecstloeje ofdjnes dre flthyme`dtem, oejtrcjn drlujm O2 0 dtalspferco oljoejtrdtcljs,slhdr cjput, loedjco ourrejt mcreotcljs, djm adjy ltfereheaejts, dhh lg wfcof seea tl ofdjne cj syjofrljy wctf tfe

ohcadtco sfcgts. Cj tfe acjms lg adjy Tudterjdry ohcadtlhl-ncsts (Rdrtrcmne et dh. 4335), teotljcsa seeas flwever tl ètfe adcj grljtrujjer tfelry cj tfcs oljtrlversy (Adjdè djm]erpstrd 43>=). Alujtdcj uphcgt loourrem cj adjy oljtcjejtsmurcjn tfe Tudterjdry, ùt jlwfere wds tfcs alreprljlujoem tfdj cj Oejtrdh Dscd, wfcof dhsl oljoerjs us fereds ct seeas tl fdve èej respljsc`he glr auof lg tfe drcmctylg tfe Adaaltf _teppe. ]frlunflut tfe ]ertcdry tfe CjmcdjRhdte wds mrcvcjn cjtl slutferj Dscd, oredtcjn tfe hdrnestalujtdcj rdjne cj tfe wlrhm. Dppdrejthy, tfe rdte lg uphcgtcjoredsem murcjn tfe hdst 0.5 achhclj yedrs, djm espeocdhhymurcjn tfe hdst achhclj (MeAejlodh djm Pcjm 433?). Ds dresuht, tfe alujtdcjs lg tfe ]cètdj Rhdtedu redofem tfecrnredtest fecnft, djm prlmuoem tfecr nredtest ohcadtcoreperousscljs cj `hloicjn dtalspferco ghlw grla tfealjslljs lg slutfedst Dscd (Pummcadj djm Iutz`dof 4363).]fcs lrlnrdpfy wds respljsc`he glr adcjtdcjcjn `ltf tfe_cèrcdj-Aljnlhcdj fcnf pressure djm Dheutcdj hlw pressuresysteas cj tfecr presejt hlodtcljs (Adjdè djm ]erpstrd43>=9 Mcjn et dh. 4330). D olre lg extreae drcmcty mevehlpemcj tfe `hloiem aljslljdh sfdmlw.

Grla êsterj Ofcjd djm Aljnlhcd tfcs olre lg drcmcty jlwextejms gdr tl tfe êst djm Edst. Flwever, murcjn tfeRhecstloeje tfcs steppe dt tcaes extejmem auof gurtfer djm ct

dppdrejthy expdjmem djm oljtrdotem cj syjofrljy wctf tfeAchdjilvcof oyohe. D strljn wcjter aljsllj cs jeemem tlcjtejscgy tfe _cèrcdj-Aljnlhcdj fcnf-pressure systea9 wcjteraljslljs seea hcjiem tl cjtejscgcodtclj lg ohedr sices djmolhm cj tfe gdr jlrtf (Dj et dh. 4335). Ct cs dhsl hciehy tfdt tfecjtejscty lg tfe _cèrcdj-Aljnlhcdj fcnf cs strljnhy dsslocdtemwctf jlrtferj feacspfere coe olver (MeAejlodh djm Pcjm433?9 Ofej et dh. 433>). Murcjn tfe Achdjilvcof-premcotemhlw-cjslhdtclj tcaes, wfej drcmcty cj Jlrtferj Dscd cjtejscgcem(Ofej et dh. 433>) djm extejmem west cjtl Eurlpe, djmedstwdrm cjtl jlrtfedsterj Dscd, tfe hdjmsodpe tlli lj d quctemcggerejt ofdrdoter. Ct èodae d olhm steppe, ujmerhdcj wctfperadgrlst, djm mlacjdtem adcjhy `y olhm-tlherdjt djm drcm-

dmdptem speoces, cjohumcjn acxes lg hclj, flrse, djtehlpe, djmrfcjl ola`cjcjn wctf olhhdrem heaacjn, drotco glx, recjmeer,djm ausilxej (Nutfrce 4332). Cjverte`rdte glsschs dhsl exfc`ctujusudh acxes lg speoces (@eradj djm Dhgcalv 433>).

Rdhdelohcadtco reoljstruotcljs lg dtalspferco ghlw (seemcsoussclj cj _lgger djm Nda`he 4332) plcjt tl dhdtctumcljdhhy std`he edstwdrm ghlw lg tfe wcjter (Kdjudry)stlra trdoi dorlss Eurlpe dt d`lut =>² J hdtctume ètweej

tfe _odjmcjdvcdj coe sfeet djm tfdt lg tfe Dhps, oljtcjucjnlj tfdt hdtctume mcreothy dorlss Dscd kust jlrtf lg tfe ]cètdjRhdtedu. ]fcs rujs mlwj tfe êst-Edst `lre lg tfe Adaaltf_teppe. Dhh tfe mdtd lj mcreotclj lg hless meplsctclj dnreeswctf tfcs (Rlrter djm Dj 4335).

_l severdh nelnrdpfco gedtures seea tl fdve wlriem cj d

olaphcaejtdry wdy tl exdnnerdte tfe perclmco spredm lg tfeolhm steppes lut lg oejtrdh Dscd, murcjn Achdjilvcof hlw-cjslhdtclj tcaes `ltf `y hcactcjn alcsture djm `y prlaltcjnohedr sices;

(4) tfe mrcvcjn glroe glr tfe olre Dscdj steppe wds djejlralus djm std`he fcnf pressure systea jlrtf lg tfe]cètdj Rhdtedu9

(0) megheotclj lg tfe hdrner plrtclj lg tfe Nuhg _tredaslutfwdrm, pdst slutferj _pdcj ljtl tfe oldst lg Dgrcod,remuoem teaperdtures (fejoe alcsture djm ohlum olver)tfdt tfe Dthdjtco ourrejt `rcjns tl êsterj Eurlpe9

(?) nrlwtf lg tfe _odjmcjdvcdj coe sfeet oredtem d `drrcer tl

Jlrtf Dthdjtco alcsture9(=) hciewcse, tfe cocjn lver lg tfe Jlrtf Dthdjtco sed surgdoe

wctf remuoem ghlw lg alcsture lver jlrtferj Daercodgrla tfe edst9

(5) tfe hdtctumcjdh wcjter (Kdjudry) stlra trdoi seeas tl fdveswept dorlss Eurdscd9

(7) hlwerem sed hevehs explsem d hdrne oljtcjejtdh sfehg tltfe jlrtf djm edst lg tfe Daercodj oljtcjejt, prlmuocjn dvdst jlrtferj phdcj, wfcof cjoredsem oljtcjejtdh cty tl tfejlrtf9

(>) cj tfe very Gdr Edst, Jlrtf Daercodj nhdocers sfcehmemcjterclr Dhdsid djm tfe Suilj ]errctlry grla alcsture

ghlw.

]fese pfyscodh `drrcers tl alcsture ghlw oredtem d vdst drcm`dscj lr prlteotem 'cjjer olurt' spdjjcjn pdrts lg tfreeoljtcjejts. Ujmlu`temhy cjjuaerd`he hlodh eggeots wluhm fdvesfdpem hlodh oljmctcljs djm oredtem speocdh sctudtcljs, ùt tfeolferejoe lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe wds auof nredter tfdjhlodh cjghuejoes, pdrtcouhdrhy tfe hlodh eggeots lg coe sfeets.

?. ]fe 'jl-alm erj-dj dhlnue' pfejlaejlj?.4. UJU_UDH D__LOCD]CLJ_

]frlunflut tfe 43>2's djm 62's tfere wds d revlhutclj cjpdhdel`clhlncsts' tfcjicjn. Mdtd èndj tl sflw tfdt pdst

olaaujctces, evej grla tfe reoejt pdst, were lgtejolaplsem lg speoces jlt glujm cj dsslocdtclj tlmdy (_tlrof43739 Mdvcs 43649 Nutfrce 43329 Wdj Ilhgsofltej 4335).ê odae tl redhcse tfdt `claes were jlt redotcjn tl ohcadtcoofdjne ds ujcts ùt ds cjmcvcmudh speoces. Pespljse tlohcadtco ofdjnes wds surprcscjnhy cjmcvcmudhcstco wctfujexpeotem speoces mcggerejoes. Lur gdujdh djm ghlrdhevcmejoe revedhem speoces acxes glr wfcof we oluhm gcjm gewlr jl almerj djdhlnues.



45 MDHE NU]FPCE DJM ]FU_ WDJ ILHG_OFL]EJ - ]FE EOLHLNS LG ]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

L`vclushy, tfese 'jl-djdhlnue' dsslocdtcljs odj èlvereapfdscsem djm acsujmerstllm. Cj pdrt, ct cs d aetdpflrglr sdycjn tfdt `cltjes ml jlt alve drlujm hloi-step tfrlunftcae. ]fcs oljoept mles jlt aedj tl sunnest tfdt tfere drejever djy vdhcm djdhlnues ètweej tfe presejt djm pdst, wewluhm è jlwfere wctflut tfea9 tfe pdst olexcstejoe lg

recjmeer (Pdjncger) djm sdcnd (_dcnd) cs cjglradtcve tl lurcadncjdtclj èoduse lg tfe cjglradtclj we odj mrdw grlatfea cjmcvcmudhhy cj tfe presejt, mespcte tfecr jlj-lverhdptlmdy (_fer 4%69 Nutfrce et dh. cj press).

]fere dre pdtofes lg steppco olaaujctces cj jlrtf-oejtrdhDscd, slae qucte expdjscve, wfcof dre sodtterem cjtl `lredhfd`ctdts, wfcof ml prlvcme slae rlunf djdhlnues tl tfeAdaaltf _teppe. Cj Jlrtf Daercod tfere dre rdre, ùtscachdr sctudtcljs, pdrtcouhdrhy lj steep slutf-gdocjn shlpes.]fese steppco cshdjms cj tfe loedj lg tujmrd/`lredh glrestfehp resedrofers ètter ujmerstdjm tfe tejsclj lg glroes tfdtprlmuoe pdrtcouhdr `cltco dsslocdtcljs djm pfysclnjlaces(êsser djm Dra`ruster 4334). ]dicjn tfe extreae jl-djdhlnuo plsctclj cs d hctthe tll ohlse tl 'NelhlncodhRlstalmerjcsa'. Ct cs oertdcjhy d trucsa tfdt tfe ol-vdrcdjoelg adjy speoces' respljses tl vdrycjn ohcadtes cs fcnf, djmslae speoces pdcrs dre tfecr lwj cjtermepejmejt vdrcd`hes -glrest ghllr speoces wfcof dre l`vclushy mepejmejt lj tfespeocdh ejvcrljaejt tfdt glrest speoces oredte. ]fese OL-OLJ drcdjt ohusters aedj tfdt `claes dre redh olferejt ejtctces,cj menree. @ut ct cs tfcs 'menree' dspeot wfcof ncves usodutclj djm perfdps cjscnfts.

]fe vdst Rhecstloeje steppe seeas tl fdve fdm d fcnf menreelg ujusudh dsslocdtcljs, pdrtcouhdrhy murcjn Lxynej Csltlpe_tdne (LC_) ?, jlt ljhy cj teras lg speoces olaplsctclj ùtdhsl jlveh dssea`hdnes d`lve tfe heveh lg tfe olaaujcty.Rhecstloeje `claes were mcggerejt djm slae dppdrejthy fdm djlverdhh pfysclnjlaco ofdrdoter ujhcie djy tlmdy.

?.0 ]FE RPL@HEA LG ALMEPJ DJDHLNUE_ LJ _UOF D

AENDOLJ]CJEJ]DH _ODHE

Rhdcjs dro hcactem cj tfe plhdr extreaes `y tfe sflrt olhmsuaaer. Owyjdr djm Pctofce (4362) djm Olhcjvdux djmêst (436=) were oertdcjhy rcnft cj sdycjn tfdt d `drrej djmujprlmuotcve plhdr mesert oluhm jlt supplrt d olaphex hdrneadaadh olaaujcty, suof ds wds mesorcèm glr tfeAdaaltf _teppe. ]fcs hem tfea cjtl tfe wrljn flrj lg d

mcheaad9 cg ct wds d plhdr mesert tfej tfere were jl hdrneadaadhs. @ut tfe hdrne adaadhs were tfere, ct wds jltplhdr mesert. ]fe evcmejoe glr tfe lver-dhh ofdrdoter lg tfe`cltd lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe cs readrid`hy mcggerejt tfdjtfdt lg plhdr meserts.

]fcs acsoljoeptclj plcjts lut tfe acstdie lg trycjn tlreoljstruot jlrtferj djm acm-hdtctume pdhdeleolhlny murcjnnhdocdh epcslmes `y scaphy adicjn ct olhmer. Lg olurse, olhmcs caplrtdjt cj lur reoljstruotclj9 yet suaaer HNA

Achdjilvcof cjslhdtclj vdhues dre ljhy d hctthe mcggerejt grlaalmerj vdhues (@erner 43>6). Exdothy wfy ct wds olhm cs djcjterestcjn prl`hea, ùt tfe djswer tl tfdt prl`hea ady jltdhlje exphdcj tfe drcmcty.

Ct cs lje tfcjn tl reoljstruot d pdst olaprcsem ejtcrehy lgspeoces tfdt dre extcjot, d Kurdssco Rdrihdjm, glr exdaphe, ùt

ct cs dhalst dj evej nredter stretof glr tfe cadncjdtclj tlreoljstruot d pdst ejvcrljaejt wfcof cjohumes extdjt speocesùt cj peouhcdr dsslocdtcljs djm fd`ctdts. Ct cs stchh olujtercjtuctcve tl cadncje recjmeer, ofeetdf, ausilxej, fyejd,helpdrm, rfcjl, flrse, cèx, sfeep djm drotco glx hcvcjntlnetfer. ]fe sdae cs true glr tfe sadhher adaadhs; glrexdaphe tfe drotco heaacjn (Mcorlstljyx tlrqudtus), jlwhcvcjn cj tfe gdr jlrtf (jlrtf lg 72² J) djm tfe steppeheaacjn (Hdnurus hdnurus), jlwdmdys wcmehy spredm lverdrcm steppes djm seac-meserts wctflut peradgrlst cj tfe dredètweej =5² djm 55² J, hcvem tlnetfer cj glr cjstdjoeslutferj Neradjy murcjn epcslmes lg tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje.

=. Jutrcejt vs. alcstu re hcactdtcljs@eoduse lg tfe presejt-mdy ghlw lg tfe Dthdjtco ourrejt djmtfe resuhtcjn ghlw lg alcsture dorlss Eurlpe, jutrcejts dre cjsflrter supphy tfdj alcsture9 grla `ltf d pfysclhlncodh djmeolhlncodh vcew we odj sdy tfdt jutrcejts dre alre hcactcjntfdj alcsture. _predmcjn stdjmdrm ndrmej gertchcser (Jctrlnej,Rflspfdte djm Rltdsscua) cj dhalst djy jlrtferj hdjmsodpeoredtes d stdrthcjn eggeot (perfdps wctf tfe exoeptclj lg dadture ohlsem-odjlpy oljcgerlus glrest). ]fcs mluse lgjutrcejts ofdjnes tfe speoces, trdjsglras phdjt nrlwtf, djmnredthy ofdjnes lverdhh dppedrdjoes lg tfe scte. ]fe sdae csjlt qucte true lg alcsture. Wdj Oheve et dh. (436?) glujm tfdt,

wctf slae exoeptcljs, jutrcejts djm teaperdture oljtrlhhem`ltf tfe type djm prlmuotcvcty lg tdcnd glrests, jlt alcsture.

5. ]fe prl`hea lg 'per cnhdocdh eggeots' dt d tcaewfej tfere were jl nhdocers

Fcstlrcodhhy, lur ujmerstdjmcjn lg tfe olaaujctces lgnhdocdh-dne `cltd èndj cj Eurlpe (see revcew `y @dhhdjtyjedjm Fdrrcs 433=). Cj jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe tfe hdjmsodpeeggeots lg d olhm ohcadte (wcmespredm orylnejco nelhlncodhgedtures, ehcacjdtclj lg evej olhm-tlherdjt wllmy phdjts,expdjsclj lg tfe 'wllhhy' adaadhs, djm sl lj) were mcreothyhcjiem tl nhdocdh prlxcacty. @ut tfcs oljghdtclj lg nhdocdh

prlxcacty djm `cltd seeas tl fdve oredtem d nejerdhacsoljoeptclj d`lut 'percnhdocdh' adtters. ]fe olhm-drcmofdrdoter djm extejt lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe cs alreolaphex tfdj scaphe nhdocdh prlxcacty. Wdst dreds lg Dscdadjy fujmrems lr evej tflusdjms lg ichlaetres grlascnjcgcodjt nhdocdh prlxcacty stchh exfc`ct gedtures scachdr tl'percnhdocdh' hdjmsodpes.

]fe wlrm 'perc' caphces dmkdoejoy, hcie stdjmcjn jext tl djlpej regrcnerdtlr mllr. Dhtflunf tfe hdrne coe adsses




oertdcjhy fdm d prlglujm eggeot lj wedtfer trdots djmalcsture mephetclj, dttrcùtcjn tfe Adaaltf _teppe scaphytl 'percnhdocdh eggeots' mles jlt het us ujmerstdjm tfeolaphexcty lg hdrne-sodhe glroes wfcof were respljsc`he.'Rercnhdocdh' oluhm è usem dpprlprcdtehy cj oertdcj sctudtcljswfere ct ady dotudhhy dpphy, ùt lj tfe wflhe ct cs dj

lutmdtem oljoept ùcht lj d acsoljoeptclj djm we dre ètterlgg wctflut ct. Oertdcjhy, ct cs lg hctthe fehp tl us stumycjn tfeNrdvettcdj, èoduse tfe jlrtferj coe sfeets were qucteremuoem, yet tfe hdjmsodpe stchh retdcjem dspeots lg tfetreehess Adaaltf _teppe.

7. Ohcadtco-eolhlncodh vdrcdtcljs cj tfe hdte

Rhecstloeje djm tfecr caphcodtcljs glr tfe

Adaaltf _teppe

Ohcadtco prlxy cjglradtclj grla suof sluroes ds JlrtfDthdjtco adrcje olres (e.n. _fdoihetlj 436>9 @ljm et dh.

433?9 Iltchdcjoj djm _fdoihetlj 4335), Nreejhdjm coe olres

(e.n. NPCR 433?), Ofcjd hless ofeacstry (e.n. Rlrter djm Dj43359 Ofej et dh. 433>), djm ltfers fdve sflwj hdrnerghuotudtcljs wctfcj csltlpe stdnes djm dorlss d juaèr lgmcggerejt tcae sodhes tfdj mdtd fdm ljoe plrtrdyem, djm luredrhcer almehs fdm prlkeotem. ]fcs cs pdrtcouhdrhy true glr LC_?, djm wctfcj tfe hdter pfdse lg tfdt perclm, olrrespljmcjn tltfe Nrdvettcdj. ^fche tfe vdrcd`chcty seeas dhalst nhl`dhhyoljscstejt, tfe slt plcjts dorlss tfe jlrtf dro qucte mcggerejt]fese vdrcdtcljs dre pdrtcouhdrhy scnjcgcodjt wctf rendrm tl tfeAdaaltf _teppe fd`ctdts. Glr exdaphe, trees cjvdmem gdrjlrtfwdrm cj _cèrcd djm Dhdsid murcjn LC_ ?. Set cj Eurlpealst tree speoces were trdppem èyljm tfe slutferjalujtdcjs (Ryrejees, Dhps, djm Odrpdtfcdjs) (Wdj Djmeh djm

]zemdics 4337). ]fcs mcm jlt aedj tfdt cj LC_ ? steppcoEurlpe oljtcjuem tl expercejoe pedi HNA oljmctcljs. Glrexdaphe, murcjn tfcs Cjterstdme (LC_ ?) flacjcms were d`he tlpejetrdte gdr jlrtf tlwdrms jlrtferj Pusscd (Rdvhlv djmCjmrehcm, tfcs vlhuae) djm tfey cjfd`ctem slutferj Ejnhdjm(Rettctt, tfcs vlhuae9 Ple`rleis, tfcs vlhuae). Hciewcse, hdrneadaadh gdujds grla Oejtrdh djm Jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe werealre olaphex djm speoces-rcof murcjn LC_ ? tfdj murcjn LC_0 djm = (_tudrt 4360). ]fdt cs dhsl true glr tfe sadhheradaadh gdujds, ds odj è memuoem grla tfe LC_ ? sadhheradaadh gdujd grla tfe _essehgehs Odve (slutferj Neradjy)(Wdj Ilhgsofltej djm Pcofter, cj prep.). ]fcs sdae pdtterj cs

seej cj jlrtfedsterj Dscd djm evej ds gdr jlrtf ds Dhdsid,wfere murcjn LC_ ? tfe aesco-drcm dmdptcve speotrua wdsdhsl very sorda`hem. Ds d mcdnrdaadtco exdaphe, rdmclodr`ljmdtes grla tfe extcjot, aesco dmdptem, `rlwscjn stdn-allse,

Dheos hdtcgrljs, dre oljteaplrdjelus wctf mdtes grla glsschslg sdcnd. _dcnd tdtdrcod, d auof alre drcm-dmdptem speoces, cjtfe very sdae glssch hlodhctces (Nutfrce et dh. cj press).

Flwever, lje fds tl è dwdre lg tfe nelnrdpfcodhvdrcdtclj cj tfe mcverscty lg tfe adaadh gdujd. ]fe speoces

rcofjess murcjn tfe @rydjsi Cjterstdmcdh (?5,222-0=,222 `p)vdrces grla d`lut 42 adaadh speoces cj tfe jlrtfedsterjpdrt lg Eurdscd tl ?? cj tfe slutf. ]fe fcnfest juaèr lgspeoces odj è l`servem cj alujtdcjlus dreds hcie tfe Urdhs,tfe Oduodsus djm tfe Odrpdtcdjs (Adrilvd et dh. 4335).

Lverdhh tfe Eurdscdj pdhdeleolhlny dppedrs tl fdve èej dacx lg rcpdrcdj gcjners lg wllms, ùt gew glrests, djmuphdjms olverem wctf d vdrcety lg drcm tlherdjt phdjts djmdjcadhs (Wdj Djmeh djm ]zemdics 4337). ]fdt cs, tfesesteppco speoces hcvem wctfcj d olaaujcty ejrcofem `y d gew,alre aesco speoces. ê ejolujter d olaphex lg eolhlncodhdsslocdtcljs wctflut extejscve almerj djdhlnue. @utreaeaèr, tfe adrcje olres, tfe Nreejhdjm coe olres, djmmeep Ofcjese hless seotcljs sflw treaejmlus ohcadtcovdrcdtcljs glr tfe jlrtferj feacspfere cj tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje- ct wds jlt d salltf pdtterj (see Ofej et dh. 433> glr dolapdrcslj). ^fdt dhh tfcs vdrcdtclj aedjt lj tfe nrlujm cs

oertdcjhy jlt ohedr. Mcm speoces prlplrtcljs ghuotudte wchmhygrla lje oejtury tl tfe jext< ]fere wluhm è every redsljtl premcot ds auof, espeocdhhy glr speoces jedr tfecr adrncjslg eolhlncodh tlherdjoe.

>. Adcjtejdjoe lg Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco `cltds

`y sflrt perclmco stdoodtl lg ohcadtco keris

Jew evcmejoe sunnests tfdt tfe vcrtudh presejoe lg d hdrnecoe-gree dred cj Gejjlsodjmcd murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj(Uiiljej et dh. 4333) mcm jlt `rcjn `doi cjternhdocdhwllmhdjms tl Eurlpe. ]fe cjoredsem ghlw lg alcst dcr dorlssEurlpe grla remuoem nhdocdtclj djm remuoem grlzej seds csjlt suggcocejt tl exphdcj tfe speocdh lpej Eurlpedjhdjmsodpes murcjn LC_ ?. ^fdt oluhm tfej fdve èej tfeoduse< Jew ohcadtco prlxy cjglradtclj fcnfhcnfts sdw-tlltfohcadtco swctofes dt sflrter tcae-cjtervdh sodhes, ùt we ijlwtfdt alst `cltco ofdjnes requcre slae hdn tcae (glr exdaphe,severdh tflusdjm yedrs glr trees tl alve jlrtfwdrm). Olhm-drcm sjdps lj acorl, aesl, djm adorl sodhes oluhm presejt uswctf d venetdtclj jlt dmdptem tl tfe aedj teaperdture-alcsture rencae. Ct cs prl`d`he tfdt extreae oljmctcljsmurcjn tfe sflrt spdj (sdy, 422 yedrs) lg lje sfdrp sdw-tlltfohcadtco epcslme ady è suggcocejt tl restdrt (`doi tl zerl)tcae-trdjsnresscve ofdjnes wfcof wluhm fdve requcremtflusdjm(s) lg yedrs tl olaphete. Flwever, èglre tfdt tcae

djltfer sflrt sdw-tlltf epcslme ady dndcj set tfe ohloi `doitl zerl. ]fus, ct wluhm è plssc`he tl adcjtdcj d ohcadtcoaedj lg lje oljmctclj djm fdve adjy prlxy speoces èfdveds cg ct were djltfer. Glr exdaphe, dorlss auof lg Eurlpe,murcjn LC_ ?, ct ady fdve èej nejerdhhy wdra djm wetejlunf glr syhvdj eheaejts tl re-olhljcse grla tfe slutf, ùtcrrenuhdr djm cjgrequejt epcslmes lg ohedr sices, djm tfedrcmcty ct prlmuoes, iept tfea lut. ]fcs icjm lg pfejlaejljady fdve fdppejem wcmehy cj tfe meep pdst. ]fe oduses lg



4> MDHE NU]FPCE DJM ]FU_ WDJ ILHG_OFL]EJ - ]FE EOLHLNS LG ]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

tfcs vdrcd`chcty ady è olaphex; ghuotudtcljs cj tfe Dthdjtcoourrejt, ket-streda sfcgts glr exdaphe cj tfe pdtterj lg tfewcjter stlra trdoi, lr ltfer gdotlrs.

6. Fuadj caphcodtcljs lg tfe stdoodtl ohcadtco

almeh

Rresuacjn tfe reolrm cs olrreot, tfdt tfe perclm dt stdie wdsd auof alre ohcadtcodhhy ujstd`he tcae, adriem `y epcslmeslg rdjnehdjm gdchures sdjmwcofem ètweej hljn epcslmes lgtfcoi swdrm rcofjess, hcge wluhm fdve èej mcggerejt tfdjmurcjn edrhcer lr hdter tcaes. Fuadj plpuhdtcljs wluhm fdveprl`d`hy expdjmem djm meohcjem olaaejsurdte wctf tfecrresluroes. Eolhlncodh cjstd`chcty cs jlt jeoessdrchy `dm glr djlpplrtujcstco gdouhtdtcve strdteny tfdt cs gdst tl respljm tlrdpcm djm adklr ofdjnes.

Cj nejerdh tfese ofdjnes wluhm fdve seheotem glr hdrnefer`cvlre èfdvclur wfcof wds hess terrctlrcdh djm alrejladmco. ]fe jladmcsa wluhm fdve resuhtem cj hdrne ferms

alvcjn tfrlunf ujgdachcdr terrdcj. ê ijlw tfcs tl jlwofdrdotercse sdcnd djtehlpe, recjmeer, djm `cslj wfejjuaèrs dre hdrne. ]fcs pltejtcdh al`chcty prl`d`hy wds trueglr flrses ds wehh (tfe od`dhhlcm swctof grla terrctlrcdhcty tld al`che fdrea seeas tl fdve èej d pdrt lg tfdt dmdptdtcljrequcrcjn hess dttdofaejt tl hlodh hdjmsodpe). ]fcs fcnfal`chcty lg hdrne ferms wluhm fdve presejtem oljscmerd`helpplrtujcty glr hdrne adaadh fujtcjn speocdhcsts, evejtflunf grdunft wctf ujoertdcjty djm ujpremcotd`chcty.Grequejt `doi-ups lg ltfer suppheaejtdh djm seoljmdryresluroes ady fdve èej tfe resuht. Cjmeem tfcs cs wfdt slaelg tfe drofdelhlncodh sctes sflw.

3. Adaadhcdj `cladss murcjn tfe Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfo

Ct cs jlt plssc`he tl reoljstruot adaadhcdj `cladss grla tfeglssch reolrm. ]fdt ècjn sdcm, lje odj use almerj djdhlnuesds rlunf nucmehcjes tl cadncje slae rlunf pdrdaeters. Cg wedssuae tfdt hdrne adaadhs were caplrtdjt tl UpperRdhdelhctfco eoljlaces (tfcs mles cj jl wdy regheot lj tfegdot tfdt cj adjy cjstdjoes mcverse suppheaejts lg ltferresluroes were usem sedsljdhhy), ct cs rehevdjt tl mcsousshdrne adaadh `cladss. Adture wllmhdjms, suof ds tflseofdrdotercstco lg tfe Flhloeje lg Eurlpe, supplrt rehdtcvehyhlw adaadhcdj `cladss. ]fe glrdne cs scaphy lut lg redof

lg alst hdrne fer`cvlres djm tfe ujmerstlry cs jlt veryprlmuotcve djm dhsl ct cs fedvchy megejmem dndcjst `rlwscjn.Hciewcse, tfe vdst drcm, Eurdscdj steppes lg tfe HNA, wfcheextejscve, wds jlt very prlmuotcve.

@ut, wfdt cg slae gdoces lg tfe steppes were adcjtdcjem`y epcslmco severe wedtfer wfche tfe dotudh aedj yedr wdsalmerdte cj teras lg olhm djm drcmcty< Lje oluhm tfejpremcot tfdt tfe glrdne wluhm fdve èej dt fcnferoljoejtrdtcljs, prl`d`hy cj tfe icjms lg phdjt speoces, wfcof

were alst jutrctclus. ]fe prlxy evcmejoe cs strdcnftglrwdrmtfdt lverdhh Eurlpe wds looupcem `y d hess cjtejse versclj lgtfe Adaaltf _teppe. ]fe resuht lg tfcs wluhm fdve èej dfcnfer stdjmcjn `cladss lg hdrne adaadhs. ]fe cjoredsemmcverscty lg Eurlpedj speoces murcjn LC_ ? hejms supplrt tltfcs fypltfescs.

]flunf tfcs hess cjtejse versclj lg tfe Adaaltf _teppemlacjdtem alst lg Eurlpe, tfe dotudh swdrm speocesolaplsctclj ujmlu`temhy vdrcem oljscmerd`hy grla renclj tlrenclj. Cj ltfer wlrms tfere wds auof cjterjdh vdrcd`chcty cjtfe metdchs. Adjy tujmrd eheaejts were sfugghem cjtl tfejlrtferj gdujd djm ghlrd djm adjy slutferj steppco speocesodae cjtl tfe slutf. Set tfe olhm drcmcty lg tfe lpejjessprl`d`hy retdcjem auof lg tfe sdae capresscljcstcoofdrdoter-hlw swdrm speoces, d sed lg hcnft nreej cj suaaerdjm tdj cj wcjter looupcem `y adjy lg tfe sdae speoces lgjladmco lr very wcme-rdjncjn hdrne adaadhs - `cslj, flrse,wllhhy rfcjl, recjmeer, sdcnd, hclj, wlhg, splttem fyejd djmwllhhy adaaltf cj pdrtcouhdr. ^llhhy adaaltf glsschsgrla _odjmcjdvcd wctf mdtes rdjncjn grla 00,=02 ´ ?45 tl?4,3>2 ´ 352 `p (Uiiljej et dh. 43339 Hdrsslj, tfcsvlhuae) djm grla tfe jlrtferj Pusscdj hlodhcty @yzlvdyd(75² J) (Rdvhlv djm Cjmrehcm, tfcs vlhuae) supplrt tfcscadne.

42. _uaadry

Eolhlncodh djm ohcadtlhlncodh resedrof lg tfe Acm UpperRdhdelhctfco cjmcodtes tfdt tfe ohcadte lg tfdt epcslme wdsvery ujstd`he, lsochhdtcjn drlujm d set-plcjt tfdt wds jectferolapdrd`he tl tfdt lg tfe Flhloeje jlr tl tfdt lg tfe HdstNhdocdh Adxcaua. Ghuotudtcljs cj tfe Dthdjtco ourrejt, ketstreda sfcgts lr ltfer gdotlrs resuhtem cj sflrt, cjgrequejtsdw-tlltf ohcadtco swctofes, wctf epcslmes ofdrdotercsem `y dfcnfer grequejoy lg ohedr sices, resuhtcjn cj drcm suaaers djmolhm wcjters. ]fe murdtclj lg tfese lsochhdtcljs wds tll sflrttl re-drrdjne tfe pdhdelejvcrljaejt olaphetehy ds `cltcoofdjnes requcre slae hdn tcae, tfere`y wediejcjn tfe capdotlg tfe ohcadtco swctofes djm adcjtdcjcjn d aedj ohcadte,wfcof wds jectfer wdra djm alcst jlr olhm djm drcm.

]fe ejvcrljaejt grla êsterj Eurlpe tl Dhdsid wdsreadrid`hy ujcglra djm nejerdhhy lpej tlwdrm steppco. ]feglssch ghlrdh djm gdujdh olaaujctces grla tfcs hdrne dredsflw d 'jl-almerj-djdhlnue', ds evcmejoem `y tfeolexcstejoe lg speoces wfcof ml jlt fdve dj lverhdp tlmdy,ds we ijlw grla tfe Adaaltf _teppe. Ct cs, wctf cts rcof`clmcverscty, flwever, d hess cjtejse versclj lg tfe Adaaltf_teppe. Dj ejvcrljaejt wctf d rehdtcvehy fcnf `cladss lghdrner adaadhs, adcjhy jladmco, wcme-rdjncjn hdrnefer`cvlres suof ds wllhhy adaaltf, `cslj, flrse, wllhhyrfcjl, recjmeer djm sdcnd9 dj ejvcrljaejt wctf hdrne fermsprlvcmcjn oljscmerd`he lpplrtujcty glr hdrne adaadhfujtcjn speocdhcsts, cjohumcjn fuadjs.



C_ FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

regerejoes

Dj, [._.,M.F. _uj,V.S. [djn,^.K. [flu,_.O. Rlrter,K. _fdw,j.[. [djn

4335 Doouauhdtclj sequejoe lg Ofcjese hless djm ohcadtco reolrms lg Nreejhdjm coe olre murcjntfe hdst 4?2 iy, Ofcjese _ocejoe @uhhetcj =2, 40>0-40>7.

@dhhdjtyje, OI..O. Fdrrcs

433= ]fe percnhdocdh lg Nredt @rctdcj. Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

@drthecj, R.K.,R.A. Djmerslj,A.E. Emwdrms,R.G. AoMlwehh

4334 D grdaewlri glr cjterpretcjn pdhelohcadtco vdrcdtcljs cj edsterj @ercjncd, Tudterjdry

Cjterjdtcljdh 42-44,>?-6?.

@erner, D.

@eradj, M.C.,D.W. Dcgcalv

@ljm, N.,^. @rleoier,_. Klfjslj,K. AoAdjus,H. Hdèyrce,K. Kluzeh,(c . Flj.ac

Ofej, G.F.,K. @hleaejmdh,K.A. ^djn,K.K. Hc.G. Lhmgcehm

Olhcjvdux, R.D.,

G.F. êst

Owyjdr, H.O.,K.O. Pctofce

Mdvcs. A.@.

MeAejlodh, [email protected]. Pcjm

43>6

433>

433?

433>

436=

4362

4364

433?

Hljn-tera vdrcdtcljs lg mdchy cjslhdtclj djm Tudterjdry ohcadte ofdjnes, Klurjdh

Dtalspferco _ocejoes ?5, 0?70-0?7>.

]fe @ercjn '@rcmnes' murcjn tfe Rhecstloeje doolrmcjn tl tfe plcjt lg vcew lg acnrdtcjn

cjverte`rdtes. D`s. @ercjncdj Rdhelejvcrljaejts ^lrisflp, ?0-??, Ghlrcssdjt Olhlrdml,_epteaèr 02-0?, 433>.

Olrrehdtcljs ètweej ohcadte reolrms grla Jlrtf-Dthdjtco semcaejts djm Nreejhdjm coe,

Jdture ?75, 4=?-4=>.

Fcnf-reslhutclj auhtc-prlxy ohcadte reolrms grla Ofcjese hless; evcmejoe glr rdpcm ohcadtco

ofdjnes lver tfe hdst >5 iyr, Rdhdelnelnr., Rdhdelohcadtlc, Rdhdeleolh. 4?2, ?0?-??5.

]fe @ercjncdj Eolsystea, Tudrterhy Pevcew lg Drofdelhlny >, 6-3.

Drotco _teppe-]ujmrd; d Suilj perspeotcve, _ocejoe 026, 4?>5-4?>6.

Tudterjdry fcstlry djm tfe std`chcty lg glrest olaaujctces. Cj; M.O. êst, F.F. _fundrt djm

M.@. @lticj (ems), Glrest suooessclj; oljoepts djm dpphcodtcljs, 4?0-45?, Jew Slri; _prcjner.

_ejsctcvcty lg Dscdj djm Dgrcodj ohcadte tl vdrcdtcljs cj sedsljdh cjslhdtclj, nhdocdh coeolver, sed surgdoe teaperdture, djm Dscdj lrlnrdpfy, Klurjdh lg Nelpfyscodh Pesedrof 36,>075->03>.

Mcjn, [.H.,J. Putter,K.A. Fdj,]._. Hcu

4330 D oluphem ejvcrljaejtdh systea glraem d`lut 0.5 Ad cj Edst Dscd, Rdhdelnelnr..

Rdhdelohcadtlc., Rdhdeleolh. 3=, 00?-0=0.



43 MDHE NU]FPCE DJM ]FU_ WDJ ILHG_OFL]EJ - ]FE EOLHLNS LG ]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

NPCR 433? Ohcadte cjstd`chcty murcjn tfe hdst cjternhdocdh perclm reolrmem cj tfe NPCR coe olre, Jdture

?7=, 02?-02>.

Nutfrce, P.M. 4332 Grlzej gdujd lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe; tfe stlry lg @hue @dè. Ofcodnl; Ujcverscty lg

Ofcodnl Rress.

cj press Lrcncj djm oduses lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe; D stlry lg ohlum olver, wllhhy adaadh tlltf

pcts, ùoihes djm cjscme-lut @ercjncd.

Nutfrce. P.M.,

D.W. _fer,P.O. Fdrcjntlj

cj press Jew _dcnd djtehlpe mdtes grla Dhdsid, Odjdmd djm _cèrcd; ]fecr pdhelhlncodh scnjcgcodjoe.

Flpicjs, M.A.,

K.W. Adttfews,

O.E. _ofwener,_.@. Slujn (ems)

4360 Rdheleolhlny lg @ercjncd. Jew Slri; Dodmeaco Rress.

Iltchdcjej. D.].,

J.K. _fdoihetlj

4335 Pdpcm ohcadte vdrcd`chcty cj tfe Jlrtf Rdocgco Loedj murcjn tfe pdst 35,222 yedrs. Jdture

?4>, ?0?-?07.

C.drsslj., H. tfcs Rhejty lg Adaaltfs ùt jl fuadjs'.' _odjmcjdvcd murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj.

vlhuae

Adrilvd, D.I..

J.N. _acalv,

D.W. Ilzfdrcjlv,

J.E. Idzdjtsevd,D.J. _cadilvd.

H.A. Ictdev

4335 Hdte Rhecstloeje Mcstrcùtclj djm Mcverscty lg adaadhs cj Jlrtferj Eurdscd, Rdheltlhlncd c

Evlhuocd 06-03, 5-4=?.

Adjdè, _.,].@. ]erpstrd

43>= ]fe eggeots lg alujtdcjs lj tfe nejerdh ocrouhdtclj lg dtalspfere ds cmejtcgcem `y juaercodh

expercaejts. Klurjdh lg Dtalspferco _ocejoe ?4, ?-=0.

Rdrtrcmne, ].O.,

N.O. @ljm,

O.K.F. Fdrtjdmy,

R.@. MeAejlodh.

^.G. Pummcadj

4335 Ohcadtco eggeots lg tfe hdte Jelneje teotljcsa djm vlhodjcsa. Cj; E._. Wr`d. N.F. Mejtlj.

].O. Rdrtrcmne djm H.F. @uoihe (ems), Rdhelohcadte djm evlhutclj-wchf eapfdscs lj fuadj

lrcncjs, 6-0?, Jew Fdvej; Sdhe Ujcverscty Rress.

Rdvhlv, R.Su.,

_, Cjmrehcm,

tfcs Fuadj looupdtclj lg Jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe murcjn tfe perclm ?5,222-46,222 `p.

vlhuae

Rettctt. R. tfcs Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco; tfe rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe.

vlhuae

Rlrter, _.O.,

[._. Dj

4335 Olrrehdtclj ètweej ohcadte evejts cj tfe Jlrtf-Dthdjtco djm Ofcjd murcjn hdst nhdocdtclj,

Jdture ?>5, ?25-?26.

Ple`rleis. ^. tfcs D adrncjdh adtter; tfe fuadj looupdtclj lg Jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe - ?2,222 tl 02,222

vlhuae yedrs `p.

Pummcadj. ^.G.,

Iutz`dof, K.E.

4363 Glrocjn lg Hdte Oejlzlco jlrtferj feacspfere ohcadte `y phdtedu uphcgt cj slutferj Dscd

djm tfe Daercodj êst, Klurjdh lg Nelpfyscodh Pesedrof 3=, 46?>3-46?34.

_fdoihetlj. J.K. 436> Lxynej csltlpes , coe vlhuae djm sed-heveh, Tudterjdry _ocejoe Pevcews 7, 46?-432.



0(4 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

_fer, D.W.

_lgger, L.,O. Nda`he

4376 Glssch sdcnd cj jlrtfedsterj _cèrcd djm Dhdsid, Cjterjdtcljdh Nelhlny Pevcew 42, 40=>-4072.

4332 ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes. Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

_treet, A‚]. ]erèrner

_tlrof. N.

tfcs ]fe Neradj Upper Rdhdelhctfco ?5.222-45,222 fp. Jew mdtes djm cjscnfts wctf eapfdscs

vlhuae lj tfe Pfcjehdjm.

4373 Øèr Ihecjsíuner mer ]ujmrd ujm _teppe cj kujnecszecthcofej Euhejnew÷hhej dus meajlrmfesscsofej H÷Ü. Jdtur ujm Auseua 33, 5=4 -554.

_tudrt, D.K.

Uiiljej, R.,K.R. Hujiid.F. Kujnjer.

K. Mljjer

4360 Rhecstloeje verte`rdtes cj tfe @rctcsf Cshes. Hljmlj; Hljnadj.

4333 Jew rdmclodr`lj mdtes trla Gcjjcsf adaaltfs cjmcodtcjn hdrne coe-gree dreds cj

Gejjlsodjmcd murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj, Klurjdh lg Tudterjdry _ocejoe 4=, >44->4=.

Wdj Djmeh. ].F..

R.O. ]zemdics

Wdj Oheve, I.,

O.]. Mryjess.H.D. Wcereoi,K. Glx,

G._. Ofdpcj CCC,

^.O. Leofeh

4337 Rdhelhctfco hdjmsodpes lg Eurlpe djm ejvcrljs, 452,222-05,222 yedrs dnl; dj lvervcew,

Tudterjdry _ocejoe Pevcews 45, =64-522.

436? ]ujmrd eolsysteas cj cjterclr Dhdsid, @cl_ocejoe =4 , >6-66.

Wdj Ilhgsofltej, ].

Wdj Ilhgsofltej, ].,

K. Pcofter

Wr`d, E._.,N.F. Mejtlj.

].O. Rdrtrcmne.H.F. @uoihe (ems)

êsser, _.M.,^._. Dra`ruster

4335 Lj tfe dpphcodtclj lg glssch adaadhs tl tfe reoljstruotclj lg tfe pdhdelejvcrljaejt lg

jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe, Dotd zllh. Ordolv ?6(4), >?-6=.

cj prep ]fe sadhher adaadhs grla tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje sequejoe lg tfe _essehgehs Odve.

Tudrtír`c`hcltfei.

4335 Rdhelohcadte djm evlhutclj-wctf eapfdscs lj fuadj lrcncjs. Jew Fdvej; Sdhe Ujcverscty

Rress.

4334 _peoces mcstrcùt clj oljtrlhs dorlss d glrest-steppe trdjsc tclj; d odusdh almeh djmexpercaejtdh test. Eolhlncodh Aljlnrdpfs 7, ?0?-?=0.

Mdhe Nutfrce.Ujcverscty lg Dhdsid,Mept. lg @clhlny djm ^chmhcge

044 Crvcjn @uchmcjn

Gdcr`djis, Dhdsid 33>>5-2462U._.D.

]fcks vdj IlhgsofltejGdouhty lg Drofdelhlny

Hecmej UjcversctyR.L. @lx 3545

0?22 PD Hecmej]fe Jetferhdjms



Rduh Rettctt ? Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco;tfe rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe

]fe l`keotcves lg tfcs pdper dre tl presejt tfe adcj prl`heas cj

rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn tfe perclm ?2-02 iyr `p, djm tl lrmer cj d

aedjcjnguh wdy tfe rdmclodr`lj aedsureaejts glr tfe perclm

wfcof were dvdchd`he tl tfe dutflr. Grla tfese dpprldofes,

`ltf tfe hcactdtcljs djm pltejtcdh lg Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco

ofrljlhlny cs luthcjem. Rrl`heas rehdte gcrsthy tl tfe

aetflmlhlncodh hcactdtcljs lg tfe teofjcque, wfere`y tfe eggeots

lg sdaphe oljtdacjdtclj lj resuhtcjn dnes dre nredthy ejfdjoem

èyljm tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua djm rdmclodr`lj dnes

sfluhm è reolnjcsem ds acjcaua dnes, djm seoljmhy tl

drofdelhlncodh gdotlrs suof ds tfe oljtext lg sdaphes wfcof, glr

exdaphe, ady è su`keot tl plst-meplsctcljdh alveaejt. Ct

sfluhm è reaeaèrem tfdt ncvej tfe scze lg errlrs evej dt lje

stdjmdrm mevcdtclj, lur ofrljlhlncodh reslhutclj lg tfcs perclm

cs oldrse djm feterlnejelus9 we sfluhm tfereglre exoerocse

odutclj wfej adicjn teaplrdh olapdrcsljs ètweej, glr

exdaphe, tfe Durcnjdocdj djm tfe Nrdvettcdj. Lur pcoture lg

tfe ofrljlhlny lg Eurlpe cj tfe perclm oljscmerem cs

gurtferalre olhlurem `ltf `y rencljdh resedrof trdmctcljs,

slae lg wfcof ady phdoe alre caplrtdjoe lj tfe use lg

rdmclodr`lj mdtes, djm `y dvdchd`he sdaphe adtercdhs, wfere`y

alre prl`headtco adtercdhs ady ycehm ofrljlhlncodh scnjdtures

dt lmms wctf tflse l`tdcjem `y alre suctd`he sdaphes. _uof

gdotlrs ady, cj wlrst-odse soejdrcls, prlmuoe pdtterjs lg mdtes

wfcof, wfej oljscmerem lj d rencljdh djm cjter-rencljdh `dscs,

ady è tdiej tl cjmcodte chhuslry plpuhdtclj alveaejts.

Gcjdhhy, d oldrse dtteapt cs adme tl phlt tfe dvdchd`he mdtes

wctf drofdelhlncodh dsslocdtcljs glr tfcs perclm. Dhtflunf djy

suof djdhyscs aust readcj jeoessdrchy prlvcscljdh djm tfe

mdtd`dse jeems tl è caprlvem oljscmerd`hy èglre suof

djdhyses odj adie d useguh oljtrcùtclj tl pdhdelhctfco

drofdelhlny, tfe resuhts ml dt hedst sunnest tfdt rdmclodr`lj

mdtes ady hucve d rlhe tl phdy cj exdacjcjn tfe pdhdelmealnrd-

pfy lg pdhdelhctfco nrlups.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Djy nejerdh mcsoussclj lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr d ncvej

drofdelhlncodh perclm aust cjevctd`hy è prlvcscljdh, ds adjy

(prl`d`hy tfe adklrcty lg) mdtes fdve jlt èej pu`hcsfem, djm

ltfers, wfcof dre dvdchd`he, dre jlt pu`hcsfem systeadtcodhhy djm

lgtej hdoi hd`lrdtlry juaèrs lr metdchem cjglradtclj d`lut

strdtcnrdpfco prlvejdjoe. Ct cs lgtej caplssc`he tl evdhudte tfe

rehcd`chcty lg pu`hcsfem rdmclodr`lj mdtes wctf tfe cjglradtclj

tfdt doolapdjces tfea. Ncvej tfcs, djm tfe juaerlus prl`heas

wctf mdtcjn pdhdelhctfco adtercdhs, ct cs very mcggcouht tl ujmer

tdie d nejerdh survey lg tfe dvdchd`he mdtd djm fdve djytfcjn

wlrtfwfche tl sdy d`lut pdhdelhctfco slocetces dt tfe ejm.

]fe gcrst seotclj èhlw mcsousses tfe vdrclus prl`heas

ejolujterem cj mdtcjn drofdelhlncodh adtercdh èyljm tfe Hdst

Nhdocdh Adxcaua, jltcjn tfe hcactdtcljs lg tfe teofjcque.

]fe jext seotclj cs d oldrse dtteapt tl net tl nrcps wctf suofrdmclodr`lj mdtes ds were dvdchd`he djm used`he tl tfe dutflr.

]fcs sfluhm è tdiej ds d represejtdtclj jlt ljhy lg tfe

ofrljlhlncodh mcstrcùtclj lg pdhdelhctfco teofjlolaphexes

(tfe trdmctcljdh use tl wfcof rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn fds èej put),

ùt dhsl ds d represejtdtclj lg resedrof `cds, tfe juaerlus

gdotlrs dggeotcjn mdtcjn cj tfcs perclm, djm, tl slae extejt, tfe

eheaejt lg ofdjoe ds tl wfdt adtercdh wds dvdchd`he tl tfe

dutflr. ]fe mdtd`dse lg sctes fds èej oljstruotem grla tfe

Lxglrm Pdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Ujct's lwj olaputer

mdtd`dse, pu`hcsfem Nrljcjnej djm Hylj hd`lrdtlry mdtes,

djm grla juaerlus pu`hcodtcljs, ectfer ncvej tl rdmclodr`lj

mdtes (e.n. Pdmclodr`lj klurjdh `doi tl 43>2) lr tl alre

nelnrdpfcodhhy/tlpcodhhy speocgco drofdelhlncodh pdpers wrcttej

`y pdhdelhctfco speocdhcsts. Ltfer mdtes were icjmhy supphcem

mcreothy grla pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlncsts' lwj mdtd`dses. Ct cs

jlt plssc`he tl pu`hcsf fere exphcocthy mdtes wfcof fdve jlt

èej pu`hcsfem ehsewfere lr tflse wfcof fdve èej pu`hcsfem

wctf cjsuggcocejt metdch ds tl è lg use. ]fe =34 mdtes dadssem

cj tfe mdtd`dse dre tfereglre jlt pu`hcsfem fere, rdtfer

cjolrplrdtem tlnetfer cj tfe nejerdh djdhyses èhlw. D gcjdh

seotclj presejts dj cjctcdh dtteapt tl exdacje flw

rdmclodr`lj mdtes ady è cjglradtcve d`lut mealnrdpfco

pdtterjs ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p.

0. ?2-02 iyr; Rrl`heas cj rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn

èyljm tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua

]fe prl`heas cj rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn drofdelhlncodh sctes cj

tfe perclm ?2-02 iyr rehdte tl twl `rldm gdotlrs; mdtcjn

aetflmlhlny djm drofdelhlncodh strdtcnrdpfy, djm tfese wchh

è mcsoussem `rceghy cj tfcs seotclj.

Mdtcjn djy drofdelhlncodh adtercdh èyljm tfe rdjne lg

CJ]ODH36 (c.e. o. 05 iyr @R) ejolujters d adklr prl`hea cj

tfe hdoi lg ijlwj-dne adtercdh glr wfcof d true mdte cs




]d`he 4. Aedj errlrs per 0 iyr `hlois.

Aedj errlr

?2-06 iyr

´ 622 yrs

06-07 iyr

´ 722 yrs

07-0= iyr

´ 552 yrs

0=-00 iyr

´ =62 yrs

00-02 iyr

´ =65 yrs

ijlwj `y cjmepejmejt aedjs, djm tfereglre tfe d`sejoe lg drehcd`he, lr oertdcjhy rehdtcvehy preocse, olrreotclj ourve (Wdj

Djmeh 4336. _ee Rettctt 4333 glr d mcsoussclj lg tfe

prl`heas lg doourdoy djm preocsclj cj tfcs tcae rdjne). Ds d

resuht, resedrofers dre olapehhem tl wlri cj rdmclodr`lj

yedrs, dooeptcjn tfdt oljtdacjdtclj `y alre reoejt adtercdh

cs tfe adcj l`stdohe tl redofcjn true (c.e. doourdte)

rdmclodr`lj dnes (Nlwhett djm Femnes 4367). Cj tfe tcae

perclm we dre oljoerjem wctf fere, 4% oljtdacjdtclj dt 06

iyr wluhm cjoredse '=O dotcvcty `y lver ?2% djm remuoe tfe

mdte tl hess tfdj 02 iyr. _uof gdotlrs sfluhm è tdiej cjtl

doolujt wfej seeicjn rehdtcvehy gcje-sodhe reslhutclj glr

cjter-scte olapdrcsljs. ]fe caplrtdjt plcjt tl èdr cj acjm cstfdt tfe nredt adklrcty lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes lver 02 iyr wchh

fe ujmerestcadtes; ct cs caplrtdjt tl reaeaèr tfdt lje cs

medhcjn cj rdmclodr`lj yedrs `p.

]fdt Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco rdmclodr`lj mdtes dre

ujmerestcadtes fds èej supplrtem `y tfe olapdrcslj lg h=O

mdtes wctf ltfer mdtcjn aetflms. Olapdrcjn Hdst Nhdocdh0?l]f.0.AU m d t e s g r l a o l r d h s @ d r m et dH ( 4 3 3? ; 4 3 > ) j l t e m

tfdt tfe rdmclodr`lj dnes grla olrrespljmcjn olre seotcljs

were systeadtcodhhy ylujner tfdj tfe U/]f dnes. Dj exdaphe

wctfcj tfe ?2-02 iyr tcae rdjne oljoerjs tfe Nrdvettcdj

hevehs lg Hd Wcnje @ruj, Grdjoe, ]H mdtes glr wfcof rdjne

grla 0=-?2 iyr wctf dj dverdne lg 0> iyr, wferedsrdmclodr`lj mdtes glr tfe sdae hevehs dverdnem drlujm 0?

iyr, slae 45% hlwer (Wdhhdmds djm Wdhhdmds 436>; 045).

]fe tcae-rdjne ujmer mcsoussclj cs jlt d flalnejelus

perclm drofdelhlncodhhy djm oertdcjhy jlt cj teras lg

rdmclodr`lj aetflmlhlny. Lje sfluhm reaeaèr tfdt

prl`heas resuhtcjn grla oljtdacjdtclj djm hlw dalujts lg

survcvcjn olhhdnej dre auof nredter dt ?2 iyr tfdj dt 02 iyr,

ds tfe twl ofrljlhlncodh extreaes lg tfe perclm ujmer

mcsoussclj dre dhalst twl fdhg-hcves lg rdmclodr`lj dpdrt. D

adklr gdotlr wfcof dmms tl tfe feterlnejecty lg tfe perclm cs

tfe expressclj lg ujoertdcjty cj tfe oljvejtclj lg

rdmclodr`lj errlrs. Ds tfese dre d gujotclj lg tfe resuhtcjn

dne lg d ncvej sdaphe, ct glhhlws tfdt tfe nredter tfe

djtcqucty lg d sdaphe, tfe hdrner tfe errlr. ]fus, sdaphes

mdtcjn ohlser tl ?2 iyr wchh fdve hdrner errlrs tfdj tflse

mdtcjn ohlser tl 02 iyr. ]d`he 4 sflws tfe aedj errlr lg

rdmclodr`lj dnes gdhhcjn cjtl 0 iyr `hlois glr tfe ejtcre

mdtd`dse usem fere.

Ct odj è seej tfdt errlrs lj mdtes gdhhcjn ètweej ?2-06

iyr dre typcodhhy cj tfe lrmer lg ´ 622 yedrs, wfereds tflse

gdhhcjn ètweej 00-02 iyr dre vcrtudhhy fdhg lg tfdt (tfcs tcae

`hloi cj td`he 4 cjohumes slae mdtes aedsurem twl meodmesdnl (lr alre) djm glr wfcof errlrs dre rehdtcvehy hdrne `y

tlmdy's stdjmdrms. Pealvcjn tfese fds tfe eggeot lg hlwercjn

tfe aedj errlr tl d`lut + =22). Ct glhhlws tfdt lur

peroeptcljs lg tfe ofrljlhlncodh jdture lg tfe Durcnjdocdj

djm tfe _lhutredj wchh mcgger scaphy ds d resuht lg tfe

oljvejtclj lg expresscjn hd`lrdtlry errlr, ncvcjn rcse tl

vdsthy mcggercjn errlr rdjnes. ]fese dre oljvejtcljdhhy

expressem dt tfe 76% heveh lg oljgcmejoe9 expdjmcjn tfea tl

tfe 35% heveh (wfcof sfluhm è usem ds d oljvejtclj glr djy

aedjcjnguh mcsoussclj lg ofrljlhlny) rejmers tfe use lg

rdmclodr`lj mdtes ds d resluroe cj tfecr lwj rcnft oldrse dt

èst. Lje aust tfereglre è wdry lg adicjn scaphe

olapdrcsljs ètweej plpuhdtclj myjdacos lg sloclouhturdh

nrlups lver hdrne mcstdjoes cj tcae.

@lje cs cjevctd`hy tfe adcj adtercdh mdtem glr tfe

Eurlpedj Rdhdelhctfco (65% lg tfe mdtes usem èhlw glr

wfcof cjglradtclj lj sdaphe adtercdh wds dvdchd`he were

grla `lje/djther/cvlry/tlltf sdaphes), djm tfe purcgcodtclj lg

dacjl docms cs auof alre gedsc`he glr tfe sadhher sdaphes

requcrem glr DA_ mdtcjn. ]fcs ady è regheotem cj tfe

tejmejoy l`servem cj tfe 4362's glr Lxglrm mdtes tl olae

lut lhmer tfdj tflse grla oljvejtcljdh hd`lrdtlrces, dhtflunf

tfere cs nejerdhhy nllm dnreeaejt, e.n. ds dt D`rc Rdtdum djm

Irdilw _pdmzcstd _treet (Nlwhett djm Femnes 4367). D

hdrne prlplrtclj lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes grla Edsterj Eurlpedj

Rhdcj sctes ady fdve èej l`tdcjem grla sdaphes lg ùrjt

`lje (ct wds caplssc`he tl evdhudte tfe extejt tl wfcof tfcs

cs true wctf tfe cjglradtclj dvdchd`he), djm ct sfluhm è

reaeaèrem tfdt survcvcjn dalujts lg olhhdnej cj suof

sdaphes cs hlw djm tfereglre lpej tl nredter eggeots lg

oljtdacjdtclj. Cj vcew lg tfcs, adjy lg tfe resuhtcjn dnes

ady è ujmerestcadtes. Cj tfcs oljtext, ct cs cjterestcjn tl

jlte tfdt tfe adklrcty lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr tfe Edst

Eurlpedj Rhdcj gdhh dgter 05 iyr (see èhlw. ]d`he =). Lje

aust tfereglre exerocse odutclj wfej olapdrcjn suof mdtes

wctf ltfers tl cjger êst-Edst plpuhdtclj alveaejts cjtl

tfcs dred (_lgger 4367, 433?).

]fe lhmer tfe sdaphe suàcttem glr mdtcjn, tfe alre

`doinrlujm rdmcdtclj wchh dggeot tfe resuhts, d gdotlr wfcof

fds jltd`he eggeots lj `lje. ]fcs cs scaphy èoduse hlw

dalujts lg olhhdnej (grla wfcof tfe odr`lj cs extrdotem)

wchh readcj cj sdaphes grla tfcs tcae perclm. @eoduse lg tfe

hlw dalujts lg readcjcjn olhhdnej tfere fds èej d

tejmejoy tl use hdrne sdaphes tl l`tdcj d jeoessdry

preocsclj, djm tfcs fds lgtej hem tl ùhi sdaphcjn wfcof



0? RDUH RE]]C]] - OFPLJLHLNS LG ]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

oredtes aedj mdtes wfcof dre lgtej aedjcjnhess, espeocdhhy

cj mdtem sequejoes oljscstcjn lg rehdtcvehy gcje strdtcnrdpfces.

Lje exdaphe lg tfcs cs tfe hdrne serces lg sdaphes grla Hd

Gerrdssce mdtem dt Ncg-_ur-Svette, wfcof resuhtem cj d wcme

sodtter lg mdtes glr edof drofdelhlncodh dsslocdtclj

(Pdmclodr`lj 06(4), 4367). Cj suof ocrouastdjoes ct cs

caplssc`he tl djswer drofdelhlncodh questcljs ds tl tfe

jdture lg scte looupdtclj ds lje odjjlt ruhe lut tfe

oljtrcùtclj lg ùhi sdaphcjn tl tfe resuhtcjn dnes. ]fe

olhheotclj lg sdaphes grla tfe emnes lg d hljn explsem

seotclj dt Hd Gerrdssce ady dhsl fdve dhhlwem su`stdjtcdh

oljtdacjdtclj lg sdaphes `y almerj fuaco adtercdhs

(Aehhdrs et dh, 436>). ^ctf tfe mdtcjn lg D`rc Rdtdum, lje lg

tfe alst cjtejscvehy mdtem sctes lg tfcs perclm (mcsoussem cj

Aehhdrs et dh. 436>), tfe Nrljcjnej mdtes were l`tdcjem grla

hdrner, ùhiem sdaphes lg ectfer ùrjt lr ujùrjt djcadh

`lje, wfereds tfe DA_ mdtes were ejtcrehy grla dacjl

docms extrdotem djm purcgcem grla fymrlhysem olhhdnej

cslhdtem grla cjmcvcmudh `ljes. ]fe dnreeaejt ètweej tfe

Nrljcjnej djm Lxglrm mdtes cs capresscve, wctf resuhts

nejerdhhy olcjocmcjn wctfcj lje stdjmdrm mevcdtclj glr

pdrtcouhdr sdaphes. ^fere mcsorepdjoces ml loour, cj slae lg

tfe percnlrmcdj CW, WC djm prltladnmdhejcdj hevehs, tfere cs

d ohedr tejmejoy glr tfe DA_ mdtes glr oertdcj hevehs tl è

shcnfthy lhmer tfdj tfe olrrespljmcjn Nrljcjnej mdtes, wfcof

ady fdve èej mue tl tfe nredter ehcacjdtclj lg oljtdac

jdjts cj tfe Lxglrm hd`lrdtlry.

Ds aejtcljem d`lve, errlr rdjnes lj mdtes cj tfe rdjne ?2-

02 iyr dre ´ =22 yedrs lr alre, djm d scachdr, dhèct cjvcsc`he.

errlr aust è `lrje cj acjm cg lje dssuaes tfdt lsochhdtcljs

cj tfe prlmuotclj lg h=

O cj tfe rdmclodr`lj reservlcr vcsc`he cj

tfe Flhloeje dhsl excstem cj tfe hdte Rhecstloeje. ]fere cs jl

redslj tl mlu`t tfdt suof ghuotudtclj loourrem cj tfe

Rhecstloeje. ]fcs oluhm fdve tfe eggeot lg ehcacjdtcjn 522

yedr `hlois lg tcae, dj errlr lg tfe sdae heveh ds tfdt wfcof

expresses ujoertdcjty lg tfe rdmclodr`lj aedsureaejt ctsehg.

D oertdcj juaèr lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes wchh hce lutscme lg

dj expeotem rdjne/sequejoe glr d pdrtcouhdr scte, djm tfese

lgtej rehdte tl tfe strdtcnrdpfco prl`heas rehdtcjn tl

rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn pdhdelhctfco adtercdhs. ^fereds `lje

sdaphes lg nredt djtcqucty presejt prl`heas mue tl hlw

survcvcjn olhhdnej, tfe alre cmedh sdaphe adtercdh, ofdroldh

(wfcof cs vcrtudhhy pure odr`lj) cs susoeptc`he tl auof

nredter strdtcnrdpfco al`chcty. ]fcs vertcodh alveaejt lg

sdaphe adtercdhs resuhts cj rescmudhcty lr cjvdscvcty, d

prl`hea wfcof odj è ejolujterem cj `ltf hlw djm fcnf

ejerny meplsctcljdh oljtexts. Oljtdacjdtclj `y ylujner.

cjtruscve adtercdhs cs d adklr prl`hea. ]fcs prl`hea lg tfe

al`chcty lg sadhh sdaphes èodae l`vclus edrhy lj cj tfe

hcge lg tfe Lxglrm hd`lrdtlry, wfere ct wds jltcoem tfdt

luthycjn mdtes cj strdtcnrdpfco sequejoes lgtej odae grla

very sadhh sdaphes (Nlwhett djm Femnes 4367). Mdtes wchh

è cjvertem ds d resuht lg tfcs, ds plssc`hy dt Olaè _dujcere

(Nejeste cj Pcndum 4360), djm, lje acnft sunnest, glr tfe

twl luthycjn mdtes lg 06 djm 03 iyr glr hevehs 42 djm 3 (lj

ofdroldh) cj tfe strdtcnrdpfco prlgche lg Alhlmlvd W cj tfe

Mjestr vdhhey, ltferwcse oljscstejthy mdtem grla 0?-42 iyr

glr hevehs 42 tl 4 (Flggeoier 4366; gcn 0). Dj cjversclj lg

mdtes dhsl loours dt Irdilw _pdmzcstd _treet O0, wfere d

mdte l`tdcjem lj ofdroldh lg 0= iyr cs ?-= iyr lhmer tfdj

ltfers l`tdcjem lj `lje djm cvlry, djm cs prl`d`hy mue tl

trdjsplrt cj tfe shlpcjn slhcghuotclj meplscts (Ilzhlwsic

436>). Cj _cèrcd, Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco adtercdhs dre

remeplsctem cj slhcghuotclj meplscts mdtcjn tl 06-05 iyr djm

tl 0? iyr (Hdrcofev et dh. 4332).

]fese prl`heas, lg olurse, dre jlt ljhy oljgcjem tl lpej

sctes. Lje odj dhsl l`serve 'dtypcodh' strdtcnrdpfco seotcljs cj

tfe odve scte lg Iejt's Odverj, Ejnhdjm, wfere Edrhy Upper

Rdhdelhctfco cjmustrces oljtdcjcjn hedg plcjts fdve èej mdtem

tl 06,472 ´ =?5 (NrJ-7024) grla d tc`cd lg Olehlmljtd

djtcquctdtcs djm tl 0>,>?2 ´ ?52 (NrJ-7?05) grla d rdmcus lg

@cslj, ùt tl ?6,0>2 +4=>2/-40=2 (NrJ-7?0=) grla d rdmcus

lg Equus og. przewdhsicc grla tfe sdae strdtcnrdpfco spct djm

nrcm hlodtclj (Odapèhh 43>>), wfcof ady rehdte tl

meplsctclj lg edof sdaphe cj mcsorete me`rcs ghlws. ]free

cjvertem mdtes grla dj ds yet ujpu`hcsfem serces lg Lxglrm

rdmclodr`lj mdtes grla Necssejih÷sterhe, Neradjy, wfcof

gdhh cjtl tfe rdjne ujmer mcsoussclj, ady rehdte tl twl

rescmudh djm lje cjvdscve sdaphes (Fdfj pers olaa).

]fe seotcljs èhlw presejt slae prehcacjdry resuhts lg

trycjn tl use tfe mdtd`dse lg =34 rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr tfe

perclm ?2-02 iyr `p wfcof were dvdchd`he tl tfe dutflr. Ct

sllj èodae very dppdrejt cj tfe prloess lg olhhdtcjn tfcs

cjglradtclj tfdt tfe resuhtcjn mdtd`dse wluhm è pdrtcdh djm

jlt ujcglra cj jdture. ]fcs cs scaphy mue tl tfe gdot tfdt

drofdelhlncsts ml jlt pu`hcsf mdtes doolrmcjn tl d

oljvejtclj. Dscme grla tfe gdot tfdt tfe mdtd`dse ctsehg cs

dhalst megcjctehy dj ujmerrepresejtdtclj lg tfe dotudh juaèr

lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes wctf drofdelhlncodh dsslocdtcljs

dvdchd`he glr tfcs perclm, tfere dre stchh juaerlus prl`heas

resuhtcjn grla vdrycjn aetflms lg pu`hcsfcjn rdmclodr`lj

mdtes. Alst lgtej, tfe mdte djm errlr cs pu`hcsfem wctf d

hd`lrdtlry juaèr, usudhhy eaèmmem cj d text wfcof cs scte

lr renclj speocgco. ]fe sdaphe adtercdh type djm 6C?

O vdhue

l`tdcjem dre lgtej jlt pu`hcsfem, wctflut wfcof ct cs

caplssc`he tl evdhudte tfe cjtenrcty lg tfe resuhtcjn dne. Lgtfe =34 rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs usem fere, slae 452

were hcstem cj vdrclus pu`hcodtcljs wctflut adtercdh type,

adjy wctflut d metdchem ouhturdh dsslocdtclj, djm slae

wctflut hd`lrdtlry juaèrs. Cj vcew lg tfese prl`heas, lje

scaphy fds tl tdie tfe dvdchd`he mdtd`dse lj trust, ehcacjdtcjn

l`vclus luthcers djm prl`headtco resuhts ùt ltferwcse

tredtcjn ct ds d oldrse `lmy lg mdtd cjolrplrdtcjn juaerlus

errlrs. ]fcs cs wfdt fds èej glhhlwem fere.




]d`he 0. Durcnjdocdj rdmclodr`lj mdtes ?2-02 iyr.

?2-06 iyr 0>-07 iyr 05-0= iyr 0?-00 iyr 04-02 iyr

00(?4.=%) 4>(0=.0%) 4=(02%) 4?(46.5%) =(5.> %)

?. Pdmclodr`lj mdtes ?2-02 iyrMcggerejt olujtrces lr rencljs wchh fdve mcggercjn trdmctcljs lg

resedrof, djm tfese mcggerejoes wchh è regheotem tl slae

extejt cj tfe rdmclodr`lj mdtd`dse. Cj tfcs sejse, lje

wljmers flw auof tfe reolnjctclj lg tfe suooesscve ouhturdh

trdmctcljs lg êsterj Eurlpe glr tfe perclm oljoerjem (e.n.

Gljtcrlèrtcdj. @dydocej. Jldchhcej, eto. - see pdpers `y

Pcndum, tfcs vlhuae djm Mkcjmkcdj, tfcs vlhuae) regheot tl

slae extejt tfe hdrne sodhe mdtcjn prlkeots lg adklr sctes

suof ds Hd Gerrdssce djm D`rc Rdtdum, wfereds tfe dppdrejthy

alre 'flalnejelus' sfluhmerem plcjt trdmctcljs tl tfe edst

regheot d alre mcspersem stdte lg tfe mdtd`dse. ]fcs rencljdh

mcggerejoe odhhs tl questclj exdothy wfdt we aedj `y

'oejtres' lg looupdtclj wfcof were lgtej mcsoussem cj tfe

wlrisflp, djm reacjm us tfdt 'rencljs' lg pdhdelhctfco

Eurlpe were kust ds auof teaplrdh pfejlaejd ds spdtcdh.

Lje oljohusclj lg tfe wlrisflp wds tfdt hdrne dreds lg

Eurlpe were eapty dt stdnes cj tfe perclm oljoerjem -

Cèrcd. Ctdhy djm ehsewfere seea tl fdve èej looupcem

cjteracttejthy `y fuadjs - d pcoture lg mcspersem ouhturdh

rencljs ofdjncjn lver tcae, wfcof ady è regheotem cj tfe

rdmclodr`lj reolrm. Fcstlrcolouhturdh rencljs dre oredtem dt

adjy sodhes, djm jlt ljhy aust we questclj tfe orctercd lj

wfcof suof rencljs dre cmejtcgcem (@lrcsilvsick 433?) ùt we

aust dhsl oljscmer, cj tfe hcnft lg tfe prl`heas rdcsem d`lve,

exdothy tl wfdt sodhe lg fcstlrcolouhturdh pfejlaejdrdmclodr`lj mdtes dpphy. ]fe questclj lg wfdt rdmclodr`lj

mdtes dotudhhy aedsure wchh è dmmressem èhlw, dgter slae

exdaphes lg mdtem sctes èhljncjn tl tfcs perclm dre

mcsoussem djm d oldrse dtteapt tl presejt tfe mdtd dvdchd`he

tl tfe dutflr fds èej ujmertdiej.

]fe Grejof sctes lg tfcs perclm tfdt fdve reoecvem

rehdtcvehy cjtejse rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn cjohume Hd Gerrdssce, He

Ghdnelhet C djm D`rc mu Gdoteur (Aechdrs et dh. 436>9 Pcndum,

tfcs vlhuae), ùt tfe D`rc Rdtdum cs perfdps stchh tfe alst

cjtejscvehy mdtem Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco scte, wctf

Nrljcjnej djm Lxglrm mdtes suaadrcsem `y Aehhdrs djm

@rcoier (4367) djm `y Aehhdrs et dh. (436>). ]fe resuhts grlatfe twl hd`lrdtlrces were oljscstejt, wctf ljhy d gew

luthcers, djm mealjstrdtem dj durcnjdocdj looupdtclj olacjn

tl dj ejm `y 06 iyr, tfe percnlrmcdj CW looupdtclj extejmcjn

`doi tl dt hedst 06 iyr, dj dne lg 07-0> iyr glr tfe jldchhcdj

hdyers, d gcjdh percnlrmcdj looupdtclj extejmcjn `doi tl 0=-

0=.5 iyr djm prltladnmdhejcdj dotcvcty dt 04-00 iyr. Mdvcm

(4365) supplrts d aedj dne lg 0> iyr glr tfe Jldchhcdj dt

D`rc Rdtdum, wfcof fe vcews ds dj cjtruscve plpuhdtclj

alveaejt cjtl tfe Rãrcnlrm, cjterruptcjn d nrdmudh evlhutcljgrla Rercnlrmcdj CW tl WC.

Actlo Adhuh Ndhèj, Pladjcd, oljtdcjs meephy strdtcgcem

Upper Rdhdelhctfco ouhturdh meplscts wfcof fdve èej mdtem

extejscvehy `y rdmclodr`lj tl tfe ?2-02 iyr perclm. Fere,

durcnjdocdj looupdtclj seeas tl fdve olae tl dj ejm `y 06

iyr, wctf d su`stdjtcdh looupdtcljdh fcdtus èglre nrdvettcdj

looupdtclj olaaejoes drlujm 0> iyr. ]fe nrdvettcdj

looupdtclj oedses wctf tfe ljset lg stdmcdh oljmctcljs drlujm

02 iyr. ]fe edsterj nrdvettcdj sctes lg Alhmdvcd djm tfe

O.C._. olaprcse d hdrne prlplrtclj lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes grla

tfcs perclm, juaèrcjn slae >7 mdtes grla tfe Odrpdtfcdjs

tl tfe jlrtfedsterj renclj lg tfe Edst Eurlpedj phdcj

(_vezfejtsev 433?, djm see èhlw).

Glr tfe perclm ?2-02 iyr dj l`vclus phdoe tl èncj d

oldrse survey lg tfe rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe cs tl megcje tfe

dvdchd`he ofrljlhlncodh loourrejoes lg tfe Durcnjdocdj. Cj

vcew lg tfe prl`heas rendrmcjn tfe strdtcnrdpfco al`chcty lg

slae sdaphes jltem d`lve, tfcs cs d mcggcouht tdsi cj wfcof

scjnhe mdtes aust è rendrmem wctf odutclj. ]d`he 0 presejts

rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr durcnjdocdj dssea`hdnes wfcof were

dvdchd`he tl tfe dutflr cj twl tflusdjm yedr tcae `djms

wctfcj tfe ?2-02 iyr perclm.

Alst lg tfese mdtes rehdte tl cjmcvcmudh dssea`hdnes

(dhtflunf adjy cj tfe ?2-0? iyr rdjne rehdte tl tfe Durcnjdocdj

lg Hd Gerrdssce), djm lut lg >2 mdtes, tfere cs d stedmy meohcje cj

juaèrs lver tfe perclm, ds lje acnft è ejtcthem tl expeot,

wctf 57% gdhhcjn èglre 07 iyr. Cj vcew lg tfcs, lje sfluhm è

odutclus d`lut uscjn tfe ylujner mdtes tl cjger mdtes glr tfe

teracjdh Durcnjdocdj, djm lje sfluhm reaeaèr tfe fecnftejem

eggeots lg oljtdacjdtclj cj tfcs tcae perclm, wfcof oluhm

ujmerestcadte mdtes `y severdh tflusdjm yedrs.

Cj Grdjoe, d rehdtcvehy wehh ujmerstllm ofrljlhlny fds

èej estd`hcsfem glr tfe Rercnlrmcdj W djm WC, wfereds tfe

Rercnlrmcdj CW cs stchh pllrhy megcjem cj ofrljlhlncodh teras,

dhtflunf ct seeas tl mdte ètweej 07-06 iyr (Mehplrte 43>7,

ùt see pdpers `y Pcndum djm Mkcjmkcdj cj tfcs vlhuae glr

dhterjdtcve ouhturdh nrlupcjns/jlaejohdture) lr plssc`hy dhctthe edrhcer ds sunnestem dt D`rc Rdtdum (see d`lve). D hdrne

prlplrtclj lg tfe rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr Upper Rercnlrmcdj/

Nrdvettcdj dssea`hdnes usem fere olaes grla tfe rehdtcvehy

wehh-mdtem Edsterj Nrdvettcdj lg Pladjcd djm tfe O.C._.

]d`he ? presejts tfese mdtes, dndcj `y twl tflusdjm yedr

tcae `djms.

Ds percnlrmcdj/nrdvettcdj teofjlolaphexes gdhh dhalst

ejtcrehy wctfcj tfe ?2-02 iyr perclm, tfey mlacjdte tfe



05 RDUH RE]]C]] - OFPLJLHLNS LG ]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

]d`he ?. Rercnlrmcdj/Nrdvettcdj mdtes ?2-02 iyr.


02(6.0%) 54(02.3%) 57(0?%) 70(05.5%) 5=(00. 0%)

]d`he =. _lhutredj mdtes ?2-02 iyr.


2 2 2 C 04

]d`he 5. Edst Eurlpedj Rhdcj rdmclodr`lj mdtes.


5(7.5%) 6(42.5%) 4?(4>%) 06(?>%) 00(03%)

sdaphe lg dvdchd`he mdtes ds lje wluhm expeot (lg =34 mdtes,

0=? cj tltdh fdve upper percnlrmcdj/nrdvettcdj dsslocdtcljs).

]fese cjoredse cj juaèr drlujm 06 iyr dgter wfcof tfey dre

rehdtcvehy evejhy mcstrcùtem mlwj tl 02 iyr. Neradj

ncdvettcdj mdtes ohuster dt 0?-0= iyr dhtflunf tfey dre

rehdtcvehy evejhy spredm tfrlunflut tfe perclm, spdjjcjn

alre tfdj 42,222 yedrs (êjcner 43329 @lscjsic, tfcs

vlhuae). Cj Alrdvcd, alst lg tfe mdtes glr Mlhjg Wéstljcoe 4

djm CC djm Rdvhlv C ohuster ètweej 0>-05 iyr, nejerdhhy

regheotcjn repedtem settheaejt lg tfese hlodtcljs (_vl`lmd et

dh., tfcs vlhuae) ùt pdvhlvcdj looupdtclj lg tfcs dred dgter

0= iyr cs ujohedr (_vl`lmd 4332). Cj jlrtferj Oejtrdh

Eurlpe ncdvettcdj cjmustrces wctf sfluhmerem plcjts mdte

ètweej 0=-0? iyr, wctf nredter evcmejoe glr settheaejt dgter

0= iyr (Ilzhlwsic 4332). ]fe Ctdhcdj Nrdvettcdj olaaejoes

drlujm 0> iyr (Aussc, tfcs vlhuae), oljtcjucjn wctf tfe

edrhy Epcnrdvettcdj drlujm tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua (Aussc

4332).

Gcjdhhy, mdtem _lhutredj dssea`hdnes dre presejtem cj td`he =.

Ds lje acnft expeot, jl mdtes glr slhutredj dssea`hdnes

mdte tl èglre 0? iyr (tfe lje mdte cj tfe 0?-00 iyr tcae

`hloi cs grla tfe Nrutd ml Odhmecríl ([chfíl pers olaa.),

dhh ltfers mdte tl dgter 00 iyr). _lhutredj dssea`hdnes mdtcjn

tl tfcs perclm fdve èej glujm cj Rlrtundh, Odjtd`rcd djm

_lutferj Grdjoe. Lje acnft dhsl cjohume fere tfe

Rrltladnmdhejcdj lg D`rc Rdtdum heveh A0, hejs 0, mdtcjn tl

00,222 ´ 722 `p (LxD-470).

Dhtflunf ljhy d gew Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes lj tfe Edst

Eurlpedj Rhdcj fdve wehh-preservem, ujmcsturèm

drofdelhlncodh flrczljs glujm cj ohedr strdtcnrdpfco oljtexts,

d hdrne juaèr lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes excst glr tfe dred grla

tfe Odrpdtfcdjs, Mjestr `dscj djm Mjepr mrdcjdne systea tl

tfe Acm-Pusscdj Uphdjm djm tfe steppco zlje lg tfe phdcj,

wctf jedrhy twl fujmrem hcstem `y _vezfejtsev (433?). D

pdrtcouhdrhy hdrne serces lg mdtes cs dvdchd`he glr tfe vdrclus

Ilstejic hlodhctces, ds wehh ds (glr tfe ?2-02 iyr perclm)

Alhlmlvd W, Dvmeevl, Ndndrcjl, _ujncrX djm d juaèr lg

ltfer sctes wctf lje lr twl meteracjdtcljs. ]fese dre wlrtf

oljscmercjn cj tfecr lwj rcnft, djm td`he 5 lrndjcses tfe

mdtes presejtem `y _vezfejtsev (433?) cjtl twl tflusdjm

yedr tcae `djms grla ?2-02 iyr.

Ct odj è seej tfdt tfere cs d nrdmudh cjoredse cj tfe

juaèr lg mdtes tfrlunf tfe perclm, wctf tfe adklrcty lg

mdtem dssea`hdnes (77%) gdhhcjn dgter 0? iyr. ]fcs cs cj

doolrm wctf _lgger (4332) wfl jltes tfdt tfere cs dj cjoredse

cj scte mejscty grla 07 iyr mlwj tl tfe Hdte Nhdocdh

Adxcaua cj tfe Oejtrdh Pusscdj Rhdcj, dhtflunf tfe

plssc`chcty tfdt use lg ùrjt `lje sdaphes fds dggeotem slae

lg tfese meteracjdtcljs fds èej jltem d`lve.

_dndcmdi C, lj tfe hlwer redofes lg tfe @un, wds ujtch

reoejthy oljscmerem tl è tfe lhmest Upper Rdhdelhctfco scte cj

tfe Pusscdj steppe zlje, wctf d rdmclodr`lj mdte lg 04,0=2 ´

022 (HE-4720D) glr dj cjmustry wfcof fds èej mesorcèm ds

'Durcnjdolcm' (Heljlvd 433=), ùt tfe edrhcest dppedrdjoe

lg, lje dssuaes, almerj fuadjs cj tfe renclj fds jlw èej

pusfem `doi èyljm tfe oljoerjs lg tfcs vlhuae tl drlujm

=2,222 `p dt Idrd-@la cj _cèrcd (Nleèh et dh. 433?).

]fere cs flwever, stchh d megcocejoy lg wehh-mdtem edrhy Upper

Rdhdelhctfco sctes cj êsterj _cèrcd, espeocdhhy cj tfe ?2-02

iyr perclm djm ljhy Adhdcd _ycd (??-?= iyr) oljtdcjs EdrhyUpper Rdhdelhctfco adtercdh (Hdrcofev et dh. 4366), djm cj tfe

alre cjtejscvehy stumcem dreds lg Oejtrdh djm Edsterj _cèrcd

auof lg tfe adtercdh mdtcjn tl tfcs perclm cs remeplsctem cj

slhcghuotclj meplscts ds jltem d`lve (Hdrcofev et dh. 4332).

]fe 'ohdssco' Upper Rdhdelhctfco stdne represejtem `y suof

sctes ds Adh'td djm @uret' gdhh tlwdrms tfe ejm lg tfe perclm,

dt 04-02 iyr, dhtflunf fuadj presejoe cj tfe dred cs

mcstrcùtem tfrlunflut tfe 42 iyr ujmer oljscmerdtclj




(Rdvhlv djm Cjmrehcm, tfcs vlhuae).

]fcs `rceg survey lg tfe rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr Eurlpe dt

?2-02 iyr `p recjglroes tfe vcew tfdt looupdtclj lg Eurlpe

wds mcspersem djm cjteracttejt murcjn tfcs perclm. ]fe hdst

seotclj dcas tl glhhlw tfcs d hctthe gurtfer ds dj cjmcodtclj ds

tl wfere guture resedrof acnft prlgctd`hy nl.

=. Uscjn rdmclodr`lj cj tfe perclm ?2-02 iyr `p

^fdt dre rdmclodr`lj mdtes dotudhhy aedsurcjn cj

pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny, djm tl wfdt sodhes lg fuadj

dotcvcty odj tfey è dpphcem< ]fe prl`heas jltem d`lve,

`ltf cj teras lg dotudhhy l`tdcjcjn rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr tfcs

perclm djm tfe cjferejt errlrs dsslocdtem wctf tfea, wchh

l`vclushy dggeot tfe utchcty lg d rdmclodr`lj mdtd`dse glr

dmmresscjn resedrof cssues cj pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny. ]fe

questclj stchh readcjs, flwever, wfetfer rdmclodr`lj mdtes

per se dre lg use tl pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny ds d resluroe cj

tfecr lwj rcnft. Adjy dspeots lg fuadj èfdvclur tfdt dre lg

oljoerj tl pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlncsts, suof ds extcjotclj djm

mealnrdpfco sfcgts dre, ds _lgter (433?) fds odhhem tfea,

'tcae-trdjsnresscve', tfdt cs, tfey tdie phdoe ds `ltf spdtcdh

djm teaplrdh pfejlaejd (ct seeas tfdt tfe tcae-

trdjsnresscve extcjotclj lg tfe Jedjmertfdhs wds stchh wlricjn

tfrlunf tfe edrhy pdrt lg tfe perclm ujmer oljscmerdtclj fere

- Rettctt 4333). Ct glhhlws tfdt rdmclodr`lj ofrljlhlny, cj

dsslocdtclj wctf spdtcdh mdtd (c.e. tfe mcstrcùtclj lg mdtem

sctes) ady dhhlw dj cjvestcndtclj lg suof pfejlaejd, djm d

prehcacjdry cjvestcndtclj dhljn tfese hcjes rehevdjt tl tfe

perclm ujmer mcsoussclj cs presejtem fere.

]fe scze lg errlrs lg ujoertdcjty djm tfe feterlnejecty lg

tfe perclm jdturdhhy restrcot tfe sodhe dt wfcof rdmclodr`lj

ofrljlhlny odj è lg use. ]fe td`hes usem d`lve presejt mdtd

cj 0 iyr tcae `hlois glr d redslj; ncvej tfdt tfe rdjne lg

errlrs dt tfe 76% heveh lg oljgcmejoe cs ètweej 622 djm =22

yedrs, djm tfe plssc`chcty tfdt ltfer gdotlrs ady ehcacjdte 522

yedr `hlois lg tcae, tfcs cs dssuaem tl è tfe gcjest sodhe dt

wfcof rdmclodr`lj mdtes odj è olapdrem cj djy useguh wdy.

D oldrser sodhe wluhm l`vclushy è lg hctthe use. D scachdr

aetflm, cj wfcof rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs dre phlttem ds

tltdhs cj lje tflusdjm yedr `hlois wfcof lverhdp `y 522

yedrs tl salltf lut sflrt-tera ghuotudtcljs cs usem `y

Flhmdwdy djm Rlrof (4335), wfl jlte oyohcodh pdtterjs cj tfe

juaèr lg rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs grla o. ?7 iyr tl 42

iyr glr ]dsadjcd, wfcof odj è olrrehdtem tl ejvcrljaejtdhmdtd. D scachdr aetflm lg olujtcjn tfe juaèr lg

rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs glr tcae `hlois wds presejtem glr

Oejtrdh Eurlpe `y _cadj (4332, 4332-4334). Flhmdwdy djm

Rlrof's aetflm dssuaes tfdt rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs dre

d aedsure lg looupdtclj. ]fey glhhlw Pcoi's (436>)

sunnestclj tfdt cg rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs were l`tdcjem

rdjmlahy grla dj uj`cdsem drofdelhlncodh reolrm, tfe juaèr

lg rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs wchh vdry wctf tfe juaèr lg

Juaèr lg meteracjdtcljs

=5 -

=2

?5

?2

05

02

C_

42

5

/ X/ X

/ X: X

' X c

' X c

Ɛ W v

//

J. Eurlpe

_. Eurlpe

2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 c c Y c c c

?2-03 03-06 06-0> 0>-07 07-05 05-0= 0=-0? 0?-00 00-04 04-02

Pdmclodr`lj iyr `p

Gcn. 4 Alvcjn sua lg rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs glr slutferj djm

jlrtferj Eurlpe.

perslj-yedrs lg fuadj excstejoe cj d ncvej renclj. Lg olurse,

tfere dre d juaèr lg seheotclj `cdses wfcof fdve èej

mcsoussem d`lve, djm tl d hdrne extejt tfe mdtd wchh è `cdsem

tlwdrm sctes wfere d hdrne juaèr lg rdmclodr`lj

meteracjdtcljs fdve èej l`tdcjem wctflut jeoessdrchy

regheotcjn alre cjtejse looupdtclj, ùt ct cs prl`d`hy gdcr tl

dssuae tfdt tfe resuhts dre dt hedst d very orume aedsure lg

rencljdh mealnrdpfces. ]fe 'alvcjn sua' aetflm dmvlodtem

`y Pcoi wds usem fere glr tfe Eurdscdj mdtd`dse olvercjn ?2-

02 iyr `p. ]fe meteracjdtcljs were mcvcmem glr olapdrcslj

cjtl twl `rldm hdtctumcjdh rencljs, tfdt lg _lutferj djm

Jlrtferj Eurlpe. ]fese were mcvcmem ds glhhlws;

Jlrtferj Eurlpe;

_lutferj Eurlpe;

Ujctem Icjnmla, Grdjoe, @ehncua,

Neradjy, Ozeof Pepu`hco, Dustrcd,

Rlhdjm, Fujndry, O.C._.

Nc`rdhtdr, _pdcj. Rlrtundh, Ctdhy,

Pladjcd, Orldtcd, @uhndrcd, Nreeoe.

Ct cs l`vclus tfdt tfe twl hdtctumcjdh rencljs fdve mcggerejt

pdtterjs lg rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs. ]fcs supplrts lje lg

tfe oljohuscljs lg tfe wlrisflp tfdt èfdvclur wds

pdrtcouhdrhy rencljdhcsem cj tfcs perclm (cj tfcs oljtext

oertdcjhy dt d nrlss hdtctumcjdh sodhe), cj oljtrdst tl tfe

dppdrejt 'ujcglracty' lg tfe Durcnjdocdj. Cj vcew lg tfe

dppdrejt pdtofcjess lg ejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs tfrlunflut

tfe perclm, tfcs cs, perfdps, jlt surprcscjn. ^fdt cs alre

cjterestcjn, flwever, cs tfdt tfe twl rencljs dppedr tl olvdry

tl slae extejt9 tfdt cs, cj perclms wfere tfe juaèr lg

rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs glr Jlrtferj Eurlpe meoredses,

tfere cs d oljolactdjt cjoredse cj _lutferj Eurlpe, djm vcoe

versd. ]fese 'lsochhdtcljs' lg rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs



0> RDUH RE]]C]] - OFPLJLHLNS LG ]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

seea tl vdry lver rehdtcvehy scachdr wdvehejntfs lg drlujm ?

iyr ètweej pedis/trlunfs, mespcte ejolapdsscjn acjlr

ghuotudtcljs. Ct sfluhm è eapfdscsem tfdt tfcs cs ljhy d

prehcacjdry cjvestcndtclj, djm tfe d`slhute juaèrs lg

meteracjdtcljs dre stchh rehdtcvehy hlw, ùt ct mles cjmcodte d

pltejtcdh dvejue lg guture resedrof. Ct cs cjterestcjn tfdt

Flhmdwdy djm Rlrof (4335; >5) dhsl jlte ? iyr wdvehejntfs,

wfcof tfey èhceve 'strljnhy sunnests tfdt tfe juaèr lg

rdmclodr`lj meteracjdtcljs dre ghuotudtcjn cj doolrmdjoe

wctf nhl`dh sodhe ejvcrljaejtdh ofdjnes'. Mespcte tfe

alsdco, roncljdhcsem jdture lg ejvcrljaejtdh ofdjne cj tfcs

perclm, ct cs dj cjterestcjn plssc`chcty tfdt tfe pdtterj lg

rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr ouhturdh adtercdh ady rehdte stchh tl

nhl`dh ejvcrljaejtdh gdotlrs wfcof ady è mrcvcjn fuadj

mealnrdpfco èfdvclur, ùt tfcs fds tl readcj hdrnehy

speouhdtcve dt presejt, ujtch tfe mdtd`dse lg dvdchd`he

rdmclodr`lj mdtes cjoredses scnjcgcodjthy. ^fdtever tfe odse,

tfcs dt hedst serves tl reacjm us tfdt tfe jdturdh djm ouhturdh

rencljs tfdt were mcsoussem dt tfe wlrisflp dre kust ds auof

teaplrdh ds spdtcdh pfejlaejd.

5. Oljohusclj

Ds wctf tfe drofdelhlncodh rescmues lg fuadj nrlups cj

lperdtclj ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p, tfe rdmclodr`lj mdtd

glra d pdtofy resluroe wctf cjùcht eooejtrcoctces djm

prl`heas, djm ct cs ljhy `y dppreocdtcjn tfese tfdt tfe

teofjcque ady è lg use tl djswer questcljs lg cjterest tl

pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlncsts. Ct odj, lg olurse, serve tl

struoture tfe pdhdelhctfco reolrm cj tcae, ùt tfe mcsoussclj

d`lve fds slunft tl cslhdte exdothy wfdt odj è mlje wctf

tfe sodhe cj wfcof tfcs reolrm cs lrndjcsem. ]fcs wchh

cjevctd`hy è d oldrse pcoture oljtdcjcjn cjùcht `cdses, ùt ct

ady prlve tl lgger cjglradtclj lj fuadj mealnrdpfy djm

ltfer tcae-trdjsnresscve pfejlaejd. Fuadj èfdvclur

ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p wds sodtterem djm rencljdhhy

mcstcjot9 ct wds jlt tcae-trdjsnresscve cj djy lje, ujcglra

wdy. Dt d `rldm heveh, tfe dvdchd`he rdmclodr`lj mdtd`dse

regheots tfcs, cj mealjstrdtcjn tfdt tfe juaèr lg mdtem

ouhturdh hevehs mles jlt readcj ujcglra tfrlunflut tfe 42

iyr ujmer oljscmerdtclj, djm tfdt twl mcstcjot hdtctumcjdh

rencljs lg Eurlpe fdve mcggerejt rdmclodr`lj scnjdtures.

doijlwhemneaejts

C da pdrtcouhdrhy nrdteguh tl Ohcve Nda`he wfl fds prlvcmem

auof cjglradtclj djm dsscstdjoe cj tfe prlmuotclj lg tfcs

pdper, ds wehh ds olaaejts lj slae lg tfe djdhyses djm lj d

prevclus mrdgt. Plèrt Femnes, Rduh Aehhdrs, Acie Pcofdrms

djm Ofrcstlpfer @rlji Pdasey dhsl tlli tfe tcae tl mcsouss

rehevdjt adtters wctf ae djm lggerem fehpguh sunnestcljs.

^ch Ple`rleis, Adrnferctd Aussc djm Kcj _vl`lmd dhsl

icjmhy olaaejtem uplj tfe text. Jeemhess tl sdy, tfe vcews

rdcsem wctfcj ml jlt jeoessdrchy regheot tflse lg djy lg tfe

d`lve. C da dhsl espeocdhhy nrdteguh tl tflse wfl supphcem

ae wctf hcsts lg (lgtej ujpu`hcsfem) rdmclodr`lj mdtes grla

tfecr respeotcve olujtrces, jltd`hy Adrnferctd Aussc, G.

@erjdhml me Tucrÿs djm Klíl [chfíl. Ltfer mdtes fdve èej

ndcjem grla d survey lg tfe pre-ocrouhdtem pdpers glr tfcs

wlrisflp. C èjegcttem nredthy grla mcsoussclj wctf tfe

mehendtes tl tfe wlrisflp, `ltf cj tfe glradh sesscljs djm

cjglradhhy wctf Kldofca Fdfj, Hdrs Hdrsslj, Adrnferctd

Aussc, Rdveh Rdvhlv, Odtfercje Rerhæs, ^ch Ple`rleis djm

Djje _ofeer.



0_ FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

regerejoes

@drm, E.,

A. Drjlhm,

P.N. Gdcr`djis.

@. Fdaehcj

@lrcsilvsick, R.C.

433? 0?2]f-0,=U djm 4=O dnes l`tdcjem `y Adss _peotrlaetry lj olrdhs, Pdmclodr`lj ?5(4), 434-33.

433? Meteracjcjn Upper Rdhdelhctfco fcstlrcolouhturdh trdmctcljs. Cj; L. _lgger djm J.M. Rrdshlv

(ems), Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs; Upper Rdhelhctfco Rdhel-hjmcdj dmdptdtcljs, 4=?-4=>, Jew

Slri; Rhejua Rress.

@lscjsic , N. tfcs

vlhuae

]fe perclm ?2,222-02,222 fp cj tfe Pfcjehdjm.

Odapèhh, K.@.

Mdvcm, J.

Mehplrte, F.

Mkcjmkcdj, G.

43>>

4365

43>7

tfcs

vlhuae

]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg @rctdcj. Lxglrm; Lxglrm Ujcverscty Rress.

Exodvdtclj lg tfe D`rc Rdtdum, Hes Eyzces (Mlrmlnje); ]fe Jldchhcdj (Heveh =)

dssea`hdnes djm tfe Jldchhcdj ouhture cj êsterj Eurlpe, Daercodj _ofllh lg Rrefcstlrco

Pesedrof @uhhetcj ?>, Fdrvdrm; Fdrvdrm Ujcverscty Rress.

H'lrndjcsdtclj mu Rãrcnlrmcej _upãrceur ej Grdjoe et ses rdpplrts dveo Ce Rãrcnlrmcej

m'Eurlpe Oejtrdh. Cj; @. Ihgad (em.), Rãrcnlrmcej et Nrdvettcej ej Eurlpe, U.C._.R.R. CVe

Oljnres, @rjl, Ozeoflshlvdicd.

]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (?2,222 tl 02,222 `p) cj Grdjoe.

Nleèh, ].,

D.R. Merevcdjil,

W.]. Retrcj

Nlwhett, K.D.K.,P.E.A. Femnes

Flggeoier, K.G.

Flhmdwdy, _.,

J. Rlrof

Ilzhlwsic, K.I.

Hdrcofev, W.,

U. Iflh'usficj.

C. Hdrcofevd

433? Mdtcjn tfe Acmmhe tl Upper Rdhdelhctfco trdjsctclj dt Idrd @la, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny

?=(=), =50-=56.

4367 Hessljs lg oljtext djm oljtdacjdtclj cj mdtcjn tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Cj; K.D.K. Nlwhettdjm P.E.A. Femnes (ems), Drofdelhlncodh Pesuhts Grla Dooeherdtlr Mdtcjn, 7?->4, Lxglrm

Ujcverscty Olaacttee glr Drofdelhlny aljlnrdpf 44, Lxglrm; Lx`lw `llis.

4366 Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes lg tfe Eurlpedj U._._.P. Cj; K.G. Flggeoier djm OD. ^lhg

(ems), ]fe Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco; evcmejoe grla Eurlpe djm tfe Jedr Edst, 0?>-0>0,

Lxglrm; @rctcsf Drofdelhlncodh Peplrts (Cjt. _erces) =?>.

4335 Oyohcodh pdtterjs cj tfe Rhecstloeje fuadj looupdtclj lg _lutfwest ]dsadjcd, Drofdelhlny

cj Loedjcd ?2, >=-60.

436> ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco scte Irdilw-_pdmzcstd _treet O0; exodvdtcljs 4362, Rrdoe

Drofelhlncozje =0.

4332 Jlrtferj Oejtrdh Eurlpe o. 46 222 `p. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he (ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt

46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 02=-00>, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

4366 ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg Jlrtferj Dscd; dofceveaejts, prl`heas, djm perspeotcves. C;

êsterj _cèrcd, Klurjdh lg ^lrhm Rrefcstlry 0(=), ?53-?37.

4332 ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg Jlrtferj Dscd; dofceveaejts, prl`heas, djm perspeotcves. CC;

Oejtrdh djm Edsterj _cèrcd, Klurjdh lg ^lrhm Rrefcstlry =(?), ?=>-?65.



0¹ RDUH RE]]C]] - OFPLJLHLNS LG ]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

Heljlvd. J.@. 433= ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg tfe Pusscdj steppe zlje. Klurjdh lg ^lrhm Rrefcstlry 6(0),

473-042.

Aehhdrs, R.D.,

U.A. @rcoier

4367 Pdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Mdtcjn cj tfe edrhcer Upper Rdhdelhctfco . Cj; K.D.K. Nlwhett djm

P.E.A. Femnes (ems), Drofdelhlncodh Pesuhts grla Dooeherdtlr Mdtcjn, >?-62, Lxglrm

Ujcverscty

Olaacttee glr Drofdelhlny aljlnrdpf 44, Lxglrm; Lx`lw `llis.

Aehhdrs, R.D.,

U.A. @rcoier,

K.D.K. Nlwhett,

P.E.A. Femnes

436> Pdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Mdtcjn lg Grejof Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny

06(4), 406-4??.

Aussc. A. 4332 Oljtcjucty djm ofdjne cj Ctdhy dt tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he

(ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 407-4=>, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

tfcs

vlhuae

Fedmcjn slutf; ]fe nrdvettcdj olhljcsdtclj lg Ctdhy.

Rdvhlv, R.Su..

_. Cjmrehcm

hhhcs

vlhuae

Fuadj looupdtclj lg Jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe murcjn tfe perclm ?5,222-46,222 fp.

Rettctt. R.@. 4333 Mcsdppedrcjn grla tfe wlrhm; dj drofdelhlncodh perspeotcve lj Jedjmertfdh extcjotclj,

Lxglrm Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlny 46(?), 04>-0=2.

Pcoi, K. 436> Mdtes ds mdtd ; dj exdacjdtclj lg tfe Reruvcdj preoerdaco rdmclodr`lj reolrm, Daercodj

Djtcqucty 50, 55->?.

Pcndum, K.-Rf. 4360 Ocroljsorcptclj m'Dquctd cje, Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre 05, =2>-=?7.

tfcs Fuadj dmdptdtclj tl tfe ohcadtco meterclrdtclj lg tfe hdst Rhejcnhdocdh cj slutfwesterj

vlhuae Grdjoe (?2,222-02,222 `p).

_cadj. I. 4332 Rlpuhdtclj ghuotudtclj cj tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj grla 52 tl 45 tflusdjm yedrs `p, Dotd

Drofdelhlncd Dodmeacde _ocejtcdrua Fujndrcode =0, 4?-43.

4332- _lae gedtures lg plpuhdtcljdh ghuotudtcljs cj Eurlpe ètweej 52 tl 45 tflusdjm yedrs `p,

4334 Djtdeus 43-02, 44-4>.

_lgger, L. 4367 Pdmclodr`lj dooeherdtlr mdtes glr Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes cj Eurlpedj U._._.P. Cj;

K.D.K. Nlwhett djm P.E.A. Femnes (ems), Drofdelhlncodh resuhts grla dooeherdtlr mdtcjn,

423-4 45, Lxglrm Ujcverscty Olaacttee glr Drofdelhlny aljlnrdpf 44, Lxglrm; Lx`lw

`llis.

4332 ]fe Pusscdj Rhdcj dt tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he (ems) , ]fe

^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 006-050, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

433? Upper Rdhdelhctfco dmdptd tcljs cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe djm adj-adaaltfcjterdotcljs. Cj; L. _lgger djm J.M. Rrdshlv (ems), Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs;Upper

Rdhdelhctfco Rdhel-hjmcdj dmdptdtcljs, ?4-52, Jew Slri; Rhejua Rress.

_vezfejtsev, S._. 433? Pdmclodr`lj ofrljlhlny glr tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes lj tfe Edst Eurlpedj Rhdcj. Cj;

L. _lgger djm J.M. Rrdshlv (ems), Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs; Upper Rdhdelhctfco Rdhel-hjmcdj

dmdptdtcljs, 0?-?2, Jew Slri; Rhejua Rress.

_vl`lmd. K. 4332 Alrdvcd murcjn tfe Upper Rhejcnhdocdh. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he (ems) , ]fe ^lrhm dt

46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 43?-02?, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.



?2 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

_vl`lmd, K.,

@. Ihcad,

H. Kdrlslví,

R. _irmhd


vlhuae

Wdhhdmds, F.,

N. Wdhhdmds

436> ]feralhuacjesoejoe mdtcjn lg ùrjt ghcjt djm qudrtz; olapdrdtcve resuhts, Drofdelaetry

03(0), 04=-02.

Wdj Djmeh, ]. 4336 Acmmhe djm Upper Rdhdelhctfco ejvcrljaejts djm tfe odhc`rdtclj lg O4= mdtes èyljm

42,222 @R, Djtcqucty >0, 07-??.

êjcner, N.O. 4332 Neradjy dt 46 222 `p. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he (ems). ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4.

Fcnf Hdtctumes, 4>4-430, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

Rduh RettcttPdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Ujct

Pesedrof Hd`. glr Drofdelhlny djm tfe Fcstlry lg Drt

Ujcverscty lg Lxglrm

7 Ie`he Pldm

Lxglrm LV4 ?TKUI



_tevej E. Ofurofchh = ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco plpuhdtclj lg Eurlpe cj djvcjoejzl Glracolcd evlhutcljdry perspeotcve]rejtlj ^. Flhhcmdy

@rcnctte A. Flht

@etsy D. _ofuadjj

]fcs pdper, resuhtcjn grla tfe olhhd`lrdtclj lg gcve resedrofers

wlricjn lj mcggerejt dspeots lg tfe siehetdh `clhlny lg Upper

Rdhdelhctfco plpuhdtcljs, exdacjes pdtterjs lg vdrcdtclj cj

ordjcdh alrpflhlny (@.D._.), `lmy sfdpe (].^.F.), stdture

(W.G.), rlùstcocty djm `ljy drofcteoture lg upper (_.E.O.) djm

hlwer (F.A.CC.) hca` `ljes. Djdhyscs lg ordjcl-gdocdh

alrpflhlny sunnests d rehdtcve std`chcty daljn rencljs djm

slae restruoturcjn lver tcae lg tfe adklr mcaejscljs,

pdrtcouhdrhy tflse regheotcjn hejntf djm `redmtf lg tfe siuhh, d

prloess jlt jeoessdrchy cjmcodtcve lg d meoredse cj ordjcdh

rlùstjess. Ds oljoerjs `lmy sfdpe, prcjocpdh olapljejts

djdhyscs lg d vdrcd`he set represejtcjn hca` prlplrtcljs, `lmy

adss, djm truji `redmtf sunnests tfdt edrhy almerj Eurlpedjs

exfc`ct d hcjedr pfyscque, hcie tfdt lg su`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodjs.

]fcs gcjmcjn plcjts tl ehevdtem hevehs lg neje ghlw grla alre

equdtlrcdh rencljs dt tfe tcae lg eaernejoe lg almerj fuadjs

cj Eurlpe. D nrdmudh evlhutclj tlwdrm d olhm dmdptem

alrpflhlny, dpprldofcjn tfdt lg almerj Eurlpedjs, odj ljhy

è meteotem murcjn tfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco. _tdture sflws

d adriem meoredse lver tcae, djm dj d`sejoe lg rencljdh

mcggerejtcdtclj. ]fe adnjctume lg tfe trejm sunnests tfe

syjerncstco eggeot lg adjy gdotlrs cjohumcjn seheotcve glroes,mcetdry ofdjnes, djm plssc`hy cj`reemcjn eggeots. Hcie ltfer

oljtrcùtcljs, tfcs seotclj lg tfe pdper ujmersolres tfe adklr

evlhutcljdry caplrtdjoe lg tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua.

Fclaoofdjcodh djdhyses lg upper djm hlwer hca`s prlmuoe d

slaewfdt oljtrdstcjn pcoture. Orlss-seotcljdh nelaetrco

prlpertces lg hlwer hca` fljes cjmcodte meoredsem dotcvcty

hevehs, c.e. al`chcty, wfche tflse lg tfe upper hca` revedh

cjoredsem fclaoofdjcodh hldms cj tfe Hdte rehdtcve tl tfe Acm

Upper Rdhdelhctfco. ]fcs hdtter gcjmcjn ohedrhy mles jlt supplrt

almehs prlplscjn hcjis ètweej mevehlpcjn teofjlhlny djm

plstordjcdh nrdochcsdtclj, djm ady regheot resluroe stress

murcjn tfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Fere dndcj ct cs plssc`he tlfypltfescze tfdt tfe eolhlncodh ofdjnes tfdt glhhlwem tfe Hdst

Nhdocdh Adxcaua oredtem d olaphex sctudtclj requcrcjn `rldm

rdjnes lg `clhlncodh djm ouhturdh dmdptdtcljs. Nelaetrco-

djdhyscs dpphcem tl upper hca` `ljes dhsl prlvcmes caplrtdjt

cjglradtclj lj fd`ctudh dotcvctces. Ct odj è jltem tfdt

rlùstcocty aedsures lg tfe fuaerus tejm tl è fcnfhy

`chdterdhhy dsyaaetrcodh, pdrtcouhdrhy cj adhes, hciehy dj eggeot

lg renuhdr wedplj use, wfche ofdjnes cj sfdgt sfdpe plssc`hy

regheot sfcgts cj fd`ctudh fujtcjn teofjlhlny murcjn tfe Hdte

Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

4. Cjtrlmuotlry readrisAlre tfdj d meodme dnl Grdyer (436=; 044) plcjtem lut dnejerdh hdoi lg cjterest daljn fuadj pdheljtlhlncsts cj tfeglsschs lg edrhy almerj fuadjs dsslocdtem wctf EurlpedjUpper Rdhdelhctfco ouhtures. ]fcs cjmcggerejoe steaaem grlatfe olaalj dssuaptclj tfdt fuadj evlhutclj fdm oedsemwctf tfe eaernejoe lg Orl-Adnjljs. Cj reoejt yedrs cjterestcj tfe `clhlny lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco pelphes fds rejewem, cjpdrt mue tl d revcvdh lg tfe me`dte d`lut tfe lrcncjs lgdjdtlacodhhy almerj fuadjs djm tfe gdte lg tfe Jedjmertfdhs,djm cj pdrt èoduse lg d nrlwcjn dppreocdtclj lg tfe wedhtf lgglssch adtercdh grla tfcs tcae perclm djm cts pltejtcdh tl tedofus d`lut plpuhdtclj rehdtcljsfcps, dmdptdtclj djm èfdvclur cjtfe edrhcest almerj fuadjs lg Eurlpe. Doolrmcjnhy, d juaèrlg `clhlncodh djtfrlplhlncsts fdve cj reoejt yedrs turjem tfecrdttejtclj tl tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco perclm.

Glur cjterrehdtem cssues fdve eaernem ds gloc glr tfcs reoejtwlri. ]fe gcrst oljoerjs tfe hdrner cssue lg almerj fuadjlrcncjs, djm wfetfer Eurlpedj Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfcoplpuhdtcljs drlse `y cj sctu evlhutclj grla Eurlpedj drofdcoplpuhdtcljs (tfe Jedjmertfdhs) lr `y cj-acnrdtclj grla ltferrencljs (plssc`hy Dgrcod). D seoljm ohlsehy rehdtem cssueoljoerjs tfe dmdptcve djm evlhutcljdry scnjcgcodjoe lg `lmyglra ofdjnes, cj `ltf stdture djm `lmy sfdpe, cj tfeEurlpedj Rhecstloeje glssch reolrm. _tdture, ds d nejetcodhhymeteracjem trdct wctf d hdrne ejvcrljaejtdh olapljejt, cs duseguh cjmcodtlr lg `ltf hcge oljmctcljs djm acorlevlhutcljdrytrejms. @lmy sfdpe, hdrnehy nejetcodhhy meteracjem djm fcnfhyolrrehdtem wctf ohcadtco vdrcd`hes, odj prlvcme ohues cjtl `ltftferalrenuhdtlry dmdptdtcljs djm plpuhdtcljdh dggcjctces lg

almerj fuadjs. ]fus exdacjdtclj lg `lmy glra ofdjnestfrlunf tcae serves ds d tllh `ltf glr exphlrcjn olapetcjnalmehs lg lrcncjs lg djdtlacodhhy almerj plpuhdtcljs(Pencljdh Oljtcjucty versus Pephdoeaejt) djm glr evdhudtcjnhljn-tera eggeots lg ohcadtco djm ejvcrljaejtdh ofdjnesmurcjn tfe hdte pfdses lg tfe Upper Rhecstloeje.

D tfcrm cssue oljoerjs tfe jdture lg dmdptcve su`scstejoedjm teofjlhlncodh sfcgts murcjn tfcs tcae, tfecr dotclj ds dnejtslg alrpflhlncodh ofdjne djm tfecr rlhe, cg djy, cj tfe




alrpflhlncodh trdjsctclj (wfetfer `y cj sctu evlhutclj lrrephdoeaejt lr d ola`cjdtclj lg tfe twl) grla drofdco tlalmerj fuadjs cj Eurlpe. Eolhlncodh oljmctcljs, mcaejscljsdjm al`chcty lg prey, ofdjnes cj gdujdh olaplsctclj, djmcaprlveaejts `ltf cj hctfco teofjlhlny djm cj wedpljeggcocejoy, fdm caplrtdjt eggeots lj fujtcjn strdtences djm

su`scstejoe pdtterjs. ]eaplrdh sfcgts cj dmdptcve strdtences,su`scstejoe lrndjczdtclj djm teofjlhlncodh slpfcstcodtclj odjè regheotem, cjmcreothy, `y ofdjnes cj siehetdh rlùstcocty djmstruoturdhhy caplrtdjt dspeots lg `lje sfdpe. Djdhyses lgupper hca` `ljy drofcteoture (c.e., `y nelaetrco djdhyscs lghljn `lje sfdgt orlss-seotcljs) prlvcme cjscnft cjtl su`scstejoedjm teofjlhlncodh dotcvctces lg prefcstlrco plpuhdtcljs, wfchetfe sdae teofjcques dpphcem tl tfe `ljes lg tfe hlwer hca`prlvcme caplrtdjt cjglradtclj d`lut tfe menree djm pdtterjcjnlg al`chcty cj tfese pelphes. @claeofdjcodh stumces lg tfeplstordjcdh siehetlj tfus serve tl chhuacjdte tfe dmdptcveofdrdotercstcos lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco fujters djm ndtferers.

Gcjdhhy, lg cjterest dre pdtterjs lg rencljdh mcggerejtcdtcljloourrcjn dgter almerj pelphes were estd`hcsfem cj Eurlpe,djm tfe cjglradtclj tfdt tfese pdtterjs oljtdcj d`lutmealnrdpfy, dmdptcve strdtences djm tfe evlhutclj lg slocdholaphexcty cj tfe hdter stdnes lg tfe Coe Dne. Cj tfcs rendrm ctcs caplrtdjt tl ijlw cg tfe spredm lg dppdrejthy sadhh `djmslg fujter ndtferers lver vdst terrctlrces (grla westerj djmslutferj Eurlpe tl tfe Pusscdj Rhdcj djm èyljm) djmdttejmdjt nejetco cslhdtclj lg tfese nrlups hem, vcd mrcgtpfejlaejd, tl d nelnrdpfco mcggerejtcdtclj cj `clhlncodh trdcts(alsthy meteotd`he cj ordjcl-gdocdh alrpflhlny). Nda`he's(4367) oljoept lg 'lpej systeas' cj tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco,c.e. d oljtcjulus ghlw lg cjglradtclj djm lg nejes (ds pdrt lgd slocdh dmdptcve strdteny) lver d vdst meplpuhdtem terrctlry,odj pltejtcdhhy è testem wctf dvdchd`he glssch mdtd, scjoe suofd systea sfluhm prevejt pfejlaejd lg rencljdhcsdtclj.Exdacjdtclj lg tfe pdtterjcjn lg alrpflhlncodh vdrcd`chctydaljn rencljs murcjn tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco cs lg orctcodhcaplrtdjoe glr meocmcjn cssues lg slocdh lrndjczdtclj djmdmdptcve olaphexcty cj tfese pelphes. _tumces lg teaplrdh djmrencljdh mcggerejoes cj ordjclgdocdh alrpflhlny phdy tfehedmcjn rlhe cj dmmresscjn tfese cssues. @ut fere dndcj tfeexdacjdtclj lg vdrcdtcljs lg stdture tfrlunf tcae prlvcmesslae orctcodh cjscnfts, ds suof sfcgts ady scnjdh caplrtdjtofdjnes cj slocl-eoljlaco djm `clmealnrdpfco dspeots.

]fe stumy lg tfe `clhlny djm èfdvclur lg UpperRdhdelhctfco pelphes cs ohedrhy dwdiejcjn grla d perclm lgmlradjoy. ê fdve olhheotem tlnetfer tfe oljtrcùtcljs lggcve resedrofers wfl, cj reoejt yedrs, fdve dmmressem tfed`lve cssues tfrlunf d vdrcety lg dpprldofes. ]feseoljtrcùtcljs dre cjtejmem tl suaadrcze tfe ourrejt stdte lgresedrof cjtl tfe Eurlpedj pelphes lg tfe hdtest Rhecstloeje,djm tl alre ohedrhy megcje adklr plcjts lg drtcouhdtclj djmmcsolrmdjoe cj tfe wlris lg tfe vdrclus dutflrs (rdtfer tfdj

tl presejt d ujcgcem vcew lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco pdheldjtfrlplhlny). Ds suof, we flpe tfdt tfcs wlri wchh serve ds dsprcjn`ldrm glr guture, `rldm speotrua olhhd`lrdtclj (`ltfdaljn pfyscodh djtfrlplhlncsts wlricjn lj tfeseplpuhdtcljs djm ètweej tfea djm pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlncsts)cj tfe fuadj `clhlny lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco pelphes.

0. Ordjcdh alrpflhlny; teaplrdh djm spdtcdh

pdtterjcjn (@.D._.)

_tumces lg ordjcdh alrpflhlny cj tfe Eurlpedj UpperRdhdelhctfco fdve glousem ectfer lj tfe rehdtcljsfcp ètweejtfe edrhcest djdtlacodhhy almerj fuadjs cj Eurlpe djm tfepreoemcjn Jedjmertfdhs (Grdyer 436=, 4330d, 4330`9 _actf436=, 4365, 4334) lr tfe jdture lg `clhlncodh ofdjnetfrlunflut tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco (Grdyer 43>6, 436=, 43669Wdj Wdri 43329 Wdj Wdri et dh. 43309 Fejie 43309 _drcof43359 _ofuadjj 4335). ^fche alst lg tfese stumces exdacjetfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco glr teaplrdh trejms `y mcvcmcjn tfe

flacjcm glsschs cjtl ectfer edrhy (pre-02 iyr) djm hdte (plst-02 iyr) perclms lr `y nelnrdpfcodh rencljs, rdrehy cs wlriglousem lj Upper Rdhdelhctfco flacjcms dsslocdtem wctf tfeDurcn jdocdj. ^fche tfcs ady è mue tl tfe hcactem lr sadhhersdaphe scze lr tfe hdoi lg ohedr ofrljlhlncodh lr drofdelhlncodh prlvejdjoe, reoejt stumces `y Nda`cer (4363d, 4363`,4330) fdve, flwever, cmejtcgcem ordjcdh gedtures wfcof regheotmcggerejoes cj rlùstcocty djm hevehs lg vdrcdtclj wctfcj tflseflacjcms grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe djm tflse grla _lutfwestGrdjoe wfcof mdte prclr tl ?2 iyr.

^fche hctthe wlri fds glousem slhehy lj tfe alrpflhlncodhpdtterjs lg tfe edrhcest Upper Rdhdelhctfco flacjcms, tfere

perscsts d oljsejsus tfdt tfe flacjcms grla tfe Edrhy UpperRdhdelhctfco dre hdrner djm alre rlùst tfdj tflse grlasuooeemcjn perclms, cjohumcjn tfe hdtest Rhecstloeje djm edrhcestFlhloeje plpuhdtcljs lg Eurlpe (Grdyer 43>6, 436=, 43669Grdyer et dh. j.m.9 _caaljs djm _actf 4334). ]fcs seotcljseeis tl estd`hcsf tfe exdot jdture lg ordjcdh alrpflhlny cj tfeEdrhy djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco `y testcjn d tltdh sdaphe lg56 Eurlpedj Upper Rdhdelhctfco glssch flacjcms, ?= lg wfcofmdte prclr tl 02 iyr, glr teaplrdh djm nelnrdpfcodh pdtterjs,uscjn 44? aetrco ordjcdh, mejtdh djm adjmcùhdr gedtures. ]fesegedtures dre stdjmdrm vdrcd`hes mesorcèm cj Flwehhs (43>?),Hdfr (4330) djm _ofuadjj (4335).

]fe edrhcest Upper Rdhdelhctfco flacjcms dre mcvcmem cjtltwl ofrljlhlncodh nrlups, lje cjohumcjn tflse flacjcmsdsslocdtem wctf (ectfer mcreothy lr `y cjgerejoe grla tfehcterdture) dj durcnjdocdj cjmustry (c.e. tfey mdte prclr tl ?2iyr, regerrem tl ds tfe EUR) djm tfe ltfer cjohumcjn tflseflacjcms wfcof mdte ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr (c.e. tflsedsslocdtem wctf tfe Nrdvettcdj lr Rercnlrmcdj lr Rrltl-Adnmdhejcdj, djm regerrem tl ds AUR). ]fese twl nrlups dredjdhyzem uscjn d Adjj-^fctjey jljpdrdaetrco olapdrcsljlg nrlup aedjs. Gurtfer olapdrcsljs dre tfej adme cj lrmer



?? _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

]d`he 4. Upper Rdhdelhctfco speocaejs usem cj tfcs djdhyscs nrlupem doolrmcjn tl

ofrljlhlncodh prlvejdjoe.

EUR :?2 iyr AUR ?2-02 iyr HUR 802 iyr

Orl Adnjlj 4-= Dreje Odjmcme 4 Dreje Odjmcme 0, =, 5

Ahdmeo 4,0, 5, 7 @drad Nrdjme 4, 0, ?, 5 @rujcqueh 0=_tettej 4, 0 @rjl 4, 0 Odp @hdjo 4

_vctdvid 4 Oclohlvcjd Ofdjoehdme 4

[hdty Iuj 4 Nrltte mes Ejgdjts =-7 Nlunf's Odve

Mlhjc'Wéstljcoe 4, 0, ?, 4=, 47 Hdunerce @dsse 4, 0

Ilstejic 0 Adrctzd

Rdvhlv 4 Lèridsseh 4, 0

Rgemalstc' ?, = Lrtuoofcl 4

He Rhdodrm 4->

_dcjt Neradcj 4

]d`he 0. _tdtcstcodh resuhts lg tfe djdhyscs lg 44? ordjcdh, mejtdh djm adjmcùhdr trdcts glr

teaplrdh mcggerejoes.

DJDHS_C_ OPDJCDH MEJ]DH ADJMC@UHDP ]L]DH

EUR -AUR = (?.5%) 2 0 (4.>>%) 7 (5.?4%)

EUR+AUR - HUR 42 (6.65%) ? (0.75%) 2 4? (44.5%)

EUR-HUR 45 (4?.0>%) 4 (2.66%) 4 (2.66%) 4> (45.2=%)

AUR-HUR > (7.43%) 5 (=.=?%) 2 40 (42.70%)

tl cmejtcgy djy alrpflhlncodh mcggerejoes ètweej tfe wflheEdrhy djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco djm tflse flacjcms wfcofmdte tl dgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua (]d`he 4).

]fe nelnrdpfcodh djdhyscs glr mcggerejoes cj ordjcdhalrpflhlny cj tfe EUR djm AUR wds oljmuotem cjctcdhhy `ymcvcmcjn tfe flacjcms cjtl glur nelnrdpfcodh rencljs `dsemlj tfecr lrcncjdh hlodtclj. ]fese glur nelnrdpfcodh nrlupswere djdhyzem uscjn d jljpdrdaetrco Ofc _qudre test. Mue tlsadhh sdaphe sczes, djm `dsem lj tfese resuhts djm tflsegrla dj edrhcer stumy (_ofuadjj 4335), d Adjj-^fctjeytest wds oljmuotem cj lrmer tl olapdre tfe EUR djm AURflacjcm adtercdh grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe wctf tfdt grla dhhltfer rencljs lg Eurlpe. Djy nelnrdpfcodh pdtterjs cj tfe

EUR djm AUR dre mcsoussem wctfcj tfe oljtexts lg spdtcdhpdtterjcjn cj tfe hdte Rhecstloeje.

0.4 ]EARLPDH DJDHS_C_

]fe olapdrcslj ètweej EUR djm AUR cjmcodtem tfdt tferedre glur ordjcl-gdocdh gedtures djm twl adjmcùhdr gedtureswfcof dre scnjcgcodjthy mcggerejt dt tfe p82.25 heveh (]d`he0). ]fcs doolujts glr 5.?4% lg dhh vdrcd`hes exdacjem. Lg tfe40 adjmcùhdr gedtures exdacjem, tfe fecnft lg tfe olrpus

djm tfe `redmtf dt tfe rdaus were scnjcgcodjthy mcggerejt.Rrclr tl ?2 iyr, tfe aedj fecnft lg tfe adjmcùhdr olrpus cs>.7 aa fcnfer tfdj ct cs ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr. Doolrmcjnhy, tfe adjmc`he cs lver 40 aa wcmer dorlss tfe rdac cjtfe EUR. Jl mejtdh mcaejscljs, flwever, were cmejtcgcem dsscnjcgcodjthy mcggerejt ètweej tfese twl perclms.

Glur ordjcdh mcaejscljs were cmejtcgcem ds scnjcgcodjthymcggerejt ètweej EUR djm AUR. Oljtrdry tl tfe mcggerejoescj tfe `redmtf lg tfe adjmc`he, wfcof cs `rldmer prclr tl ?2iyr tfdj ct cs ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr, tfe EUR speocaejsfdve lj dverdne jdrrlwer cjterjdh pdhdte `redmtfs tfdj tflseflacjcms dsslocdtem wctf tfe Nrdvettcdj9 tfe `redmtf dtA4/R= cs scnjcgcodjthy jdrrlwer prclr tl ?2 iyr tfdj ct cs

dgter. ]fe adxcaua `redmtf lg tfe ordjcdh vduht (aedsuremdorlss tfe pdrcetdh `ljes), flwever, cs scnjcgcodjthy hdrner(`rldmer) prclr tl ?2 iyr tfdj ct cs dgter. Cj gdot, wfche jltstdtcstcodhhy scnjcgcodjt, gcve ltfer aedsures lg ordjcdh vduht`redmtf, cjohumcjn `cdstercljco `redmtf, `cdurcouhdr `redmtf,`cstepfdjco `redmtf, acjcaua grljtdh `redmtf djm grljtl-adhdr `redmtf, dre nredter cj tfe EUR sdaphe.

Ltfer scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes were cmejtcgcem cj tfe hejntflg tfe jdsl-grljtdh suture (d sflrtejcjn tfrlunf tcae) djm cj



?= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

]d`he ?. ]eaplrdh nrlup aedjs (vdhue cj aa), sdaphe scze (J) djm stdjmdrm mevcdtclj (_M) glr tfe tfree Upper Rdhdelhctfcoperclms glr tfe sevejteej vdrcd`hes wctf scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes ètweej tfe Durcnjdocdj dsslocdtem flacjcms djm tflse grlatfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

WDPCD@HE EUR :?2 iyr AUR ?2-0OCiyr HUR 802 iyc

vdhue J _M vdhue J _M vdhue J _Mdsterclj-`renad (D_]@P) 4=0. 36 3 =.3> 4=4.70 02 6.06 4?7.=0 45 >.02

`dsclj-prlstfclj hejntf (@RH) 42=.56 0 0.03 42=.>6 4 4 >.7 6 3? .54 4? 5.?2

grljtdh drof (GDP OF) 4?> .?6 6 44.70 4?0.46 04 >.46 40>.77 47 7.>4

grljtdh oflrm (GPO) 443.37 3 44.27 44=.6? 00 5.60 4 42.=6 46 5.53

nhdèhhd-lpcstlordjcua hejntf (NLH) 437.02 3 >.25 430.34 43 >.65 465.44 47 6.40

hda`md-lpcstlordjcua hejntf (HDALRC_) =2.=> > 5.63 ?0.2? 43 7.60 ?4.5= 45 6.22

exterjdh pdhdte `redmtf (AD@) 7=.55 7 4.5> 74 .0 = 4= =.65 70.=3 45 ?.54

jdsl-grljtdh `redmtf (JGP@) 0?.2= = 0.4> 46.6= 4? 0.5= 4>.5= 3 5.22

jdsclj-lpcstlordjcua hejntf (JLH) 43=.?> > =.=0 463.2= 4> >.=? 46?.37 45 42.52

lr`ct `redmtf (L@@) ==.2? = ?.23 =2.30 4> ?.77 =2. =4 4= ?.20

`cstepfdjco `redmtf (_]@) 400.06 5 42.?= 4 4>.6 3 4> 42.24 444.40 4= 7.?2

teaplrdh glssd hejntf (]GH) =>.57 0 =.5> =?.?? 42 ?.3 ?3.?7 42 0.36adxcaua grljtdh `redmtf (VG@) 4 46. >7 6 =.75 446.57 02 5.43 4 4=.40 4> 5.=?

adxcaua ordjcdh `redmtf (VR@) 4==.=> > 7.3? 4?7.54 4> 5.76 4?6.43 45 5.4 4

zynl-lr`ctdh `redmtf ([L[L) 70.0= = =.=> 53.05 4= 3.65 55.>= 42 =.7?

rdaus `redmtf (PDA@) 423. ? > =.5 0 37.76 4 4 6.?3 3>.6= 7 3.5>

mcstdjoe grla adxchhdry R? tl A?

(ADVR?/A?) =?.67 0 ?.25 =0 .5? 40 4.3? ?3.55 4? 4.7=

tfe mcstdjoe grla hda`md tl lpcstlordjcua lj tfe loocpctdh`lje. ]fcs hdtter mcggerejoe cjmcodtes tfdt tfe plsctclj lg tfelpcstlordjcua cs sfcgtcjn tlwdrms d alre superclr phdoeaejt(alvcjn tlwdrms hda`md) grla EUR tl AUR.

^fche tfere dre gew aetrco mcggerejoes wfcof mcstcjnucsfEUR grla AUR flacjcms, 4? vdrcd`hes (44.5%) odj è usemtl mcstcjnucsf tfe glraer nrlups grla tfe Hdte UpperRdhdelhctfcos (HUR). ]fese mcggerejoes ady cjmcodte teaplrdhtrejms tfrlunflut tfe ejtcre Upper Rdhdelhctfco, glr tfenredtest mcggerejoes cj alrpflhlny dre glujm ètweej tfeedrhcest (pre-?2 iyr) djm tfe hdtest (dgter tfe Hdst NhdocdhAdxcaua) perclms lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Cj ltfer wlrms,nredter mcggerejoes excst ètweej EUR djm HUR (45.2=%9j14>) tfdj ètweej AUR djm HUR (42.70%9 j140). ]fcssunnests tfdt tfere dre ohedrer djm alre scnjcgcodjt teaplrdhtrejms tfrlunflut tfe wflhe lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco tfdj

tfere dre èglre tfe Nhdocdh Adxcaua, ds ljhy scx vdrcd`heswere glujm wctf scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes ètweej EUR djmAUR. Djy alrpflhlncodh ofdjne wfcof odj è cmejtcgcem cstfereglre alst hciehy doolujtem glr `y mcggerejoes ètweejtflse flacjcms dsslocdtem wctf tfe Durcnjdocdj djm tflsewfcof mdte dgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua, wctf tflseflacjcms mdtcjn grla ?2 tl 02 iyr gdhhcjn cj dj cjteraemcdteplsctclj glr glurteej lg tflse sevejteej vdrcd`hes (]d`he ?).]fe remuotclj cj scze (hejntfs djm `redmtfs), dhtflunf jlt

stdtcstcodhhy scnjcgcodjt, cj glurteej lg tfese sevejteejvdrcd`hes sunnests tfdt tfere dre ofdjnes cj severdh adklrordjcdh vduht mcaejscljs tfrlunf tcae, speocgcodhhy cj tfehejntf (NLH, JLH, GPO, D_]@P) djm `redmtf (_]@, VG@,

VR@) lg tfe ordjcua. Ltfer jltcoed`he trejms dre glujm cj tfeplsctclj lg tfe gdoe rehdtcve tl tfe ordjcdh vduht (@RH), djmupper gdocdh `redmtfs (JGP@, L@@ djm [L[L 1 `redmtf grlatfe alst superclr plcjt lg tfe zynl-lr`ctdh suture lj tfecjgerclr lr`ctdh adrncj tl tfe sdae plcjt lj tfe ltfer lr`ct).Olapdrem tl reoejt almerj Eurlpedj plpuhdtcljs, tfeseaetrco mcggerejoes dre very sadhh9 mcggerejoes cj alrpflhlnyètweej twl lg Flwehhs' (43>?) Eurlpedj plpuhdtcljs, tfeJlrse djm @ern, dalujt tl 57.4 % lg dhh ordjcdh vdrcd`hes feexdacjem.

0.0 NELNPDRFCODH DJDHS_C_

]fe djdhyscs glr rencljdh pdtterjs cj ordjcdh alrpflhlny(]d`he =) cjmcodtem tfdt tfere dre gew mcggerejoes ectferwctfcj tfe EUR, ètweej AUR lr wctfcj HUR. ^fej dhh pre-02 iyr flacjcms dre nrlupem tlnetfer djm djdhyzem ds twlrencljs (olapdrcjn tfe flacjcms grla _lutfwest Grdjoe tltflse grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe), ljhy twl ordjcdh vdrcd`hes wereglujm wctf scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes. ]fese vdrcd`hes cjohumetfe fecnft lg tfe adstlcm (AMF) djm tfe fecnft lg tfepdrcetdh su`tejse (RD_).



?5 _hC-vcJ ('hch POhhhh.h CC ,X/.. ]FE C RREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LGE4 PLRE

]d`he =. _tdtcstcodh resuhts lg tfe djdhyscs lg 44? ordjcdh, mejtdh djm adjmcùhdr trdcts glr

nelnrdpfcodh mcggerejoes.

DJDHS_C_ OPDJCDH MEJ]DH ADJMC@UHDP ]L]DH

EUR (twl rencljs) 0(4.>>%) 2 2 0(4 .>>%)

AUR (glur rencljs) ? (0.75%) 2 2 ? (0.75%)HUR (tfree rencljs) 4(2.66%) 0(4.>>%) 2 ?(0 .75%)

EUR+AUR 0 (4.>>%) 2 2 0 (4.>>%)

(oejtrdh Eurlpe vs _.^. Grdjoe)

EUR+AUR 5 (=.=?%) 0 (4.>>%) 2 > (7.43%)

(oejtrdh Eurlpe vs ltfers)

@dsem lj prevclus djdhyses (Nda`cer 4363d, 4363`9_ofuadjj 4335), tfe pre-Nhdocdh Adxcaua UpperRdhdelhctfco flacjcms grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe dre dppdrejthy tfealst 'mcggerejt' , cj teras lg `ltf ordjcdh scze djm tfe heveh lg

rlùstcocty. ^fej tfe Oejtrdh Eurlpedj adtercdh cs oljtrdstemwctf tfdt grla Ctdhy, djm _lutfwesterj Grdjoe, > (7.43%)ordjcdh djm mejtdh vdrcd`hes dre cmejtcgcem ds scnjcgcodjthymcggerejt. ]fese vdrcd`hes cjohume tfe hejntf grla pterclj tl`renad, tfe adxcaua `redmtf dorlss tfe zynladxchhdrysuture, tfe pdrcetdh su`tejse, tfe cjterjdh pdhdte `redmtf dt`ltf A0/A4 djm A?/A0 ds wehh ds tfe ùool-hcjnudh hejntflg tfe adxchhdry gcrst prealhdr djm tfe hejntf lg tfeadxchhdry hdterdh cjocslr. Cj dmmctclj tl tfe pdtterjs cj EURdjm AUR, uscjn tfe sdae nelnrdpfcodh rencljs, tfe sdaphelg C HCR speocaejs mcsphdyem gew rencljdh mcggerejoes, wctfljhy tfree vdrcd`hes (lje ordjcdh, twl mejtdh) scnjcgcodjthymcggerejt. ]fcs sunnests tfdt tfere dre jl teaplrdh mcggerejoescj tfe rencljdh pdtterjcjn lg alrpflhlncodh vdrcdtcljtfrlunflut tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco djm tfdt lverdhh, tfere dregew nelnrdpfcodh mcggerejoes cj aetrco ordjcdh djm mejtdhalrpflhlny. ]fcs jeem jlt, flwever, cjmcodte djytfcjn d`lutrencljdh mcggerejoes cj ordjcdh rlùstjess ectfer wctfcj tfeEdrhy djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco lr ètweej tfe Edrhy, Acmdjm Hdte.

0.? CJ OLJOHU_CLJ

]frlunflut tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco, tfere dre alrealrpflhlncodh mcggerejoes ètweej dhh flacjcms wfcof mdteèglre djm dhher tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua. Cj edof odse(tfdt cs glr tfese 4? vdrcd`hes), tfe aedj vdhue glr tflseflacjcms hcvcjn ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr gdhhs ètweej tfeaedjs glr tfe edrhcest (pre-?2 iyr) djm tfe hdtest (plst-02iyr) nrlups. ]fese trejms, flwever, regheot tfe nredtermcggerejoes l`servem ètweej tfe durcnjdocdj-dsslocdtemflacjcms djm tflse dsslocdtem wctf HUR cjmustrces (tfesevejteej vdrcd`hes hcstem cj (d`he ?). rdtfer tfdj mcggerejoesètweej ectfer nrlup djm tfe AUR. ]fese resuhts dre jltujhcie tflse presejtem `y Grdyer (43>6, 436=, 4366) wfl

glujm ohedr, mcreotcljdh trejms cj tfe scze lg tfe teetf djm cjtfe scze djm alrpflhlny lg tfe gdoe djm ordjcdh vduht. ]feresuhts lg tfcs stumy sunnest tfdt tfe alrpflhlncodhmcggerejoes ètweej EUR djm AUR speocaejs dre

supersemem `y tfe juaèr lg mcggerejoes ètweej tfe wflhelg tfe EUR djm AUR djm tfe HUR, ùt tfcs mles jltjeoessdrchy supplrt tfe jltclj lg scnjcgcodjt evlhutcljdrytrejms cj lverdhh ordjcdh alrpflhlny tfrlunflut tfcs perclm.Pdtfer tfdj sunnestcjn tfdt strljn seheotcve gdotlrs werelperdtcjn lj tfe tltdh ordjcdh djm mejtdh alrpflhlny lg tfeedrhcest djdtlacodhhy almerj fuadjs tl prlmuoe d alrenrdoche flacjcm `y tfe ljset lg tfe Flhloeje (ds sunnestem`y Grdyer), ct cs perfdps ètter tl oljscmer tfe tfcrteej (lrsevejteej wfej kust tfe durcnjdocdj-dsslocdtem flacjcms dreolapdrem tl tfe HUR flacjcms) scnjcgcodjthy mcggerejtvdrcd`hes ds cjmcodtcljs tfdt tfere dre slae siehetdhalmcgcodtcljs lver tcae wfcof regheot mcggerejoes ètweejtfe EUR djm HUR.

Ds tfe glous lg tfcs ofdpter cs alrpflhlncodh pdtterjcjntfrlunflut tfe edrhcest stdnes lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco, tfeohedrest pdtterj djm alst scnjcgcodjt ofdjnes tl eaerne prclrtl 02 iyr dre cj tfe `redmtf lg tfe ordjcdh vduht djm adjmc`he.Dhtflunf ljhy adxcaua ordjcdh `redmtf dorlss tfe pdrcetdh`ljes djm tfe `redmtf lg tfe adjmc`he dorlss tfe rdac drescnjcgcodjthy mcggerejt, tfere cs d remuotclj tfrlunflut tfcs tcaecj lverdhh ordjcdh `redmtfs. ]fere cs d oljscstejt meoredse,dhèct jlt scnjcgcodjt, cj tfe `redmtf lg tfe upper gdoe (dsaedsurem dorlss tfe grljtl-adhdr suture), cj tfe `redmtf lg tfegrljtdh `lje (_]@ djm ^G@) ds wehh ds dt tfe `dse lg tfesiuhh (`cdstercljco djm `cdurcouhdr `redmtf). Cj oljkujotcljwctf tfe jdrrlwcjn lg tfe siuhh, tfere cs dhsl d sflrtejcjn lgtfe ordjcua tfrlunflut tfcs perclm. ]fere cs jlt, flwever, djymcggerejoe cj tfe fecnft lg tfe ordjcua, ds aedsurem grla`dsclj tl `renad. ]fcs cjmcodtes tfdt tfere cs slaerestruoturcjn lg adklr ordjcdh mcaejscljs, oertdcjhy cj teras lgtfe hejntf djm `redmtf lg tfe siuhh, ùt tfdt tfese ofdjnes drejlt jeoessdrchy cjmcodtcve lg d meoredse cj lverdhh ordjcdhrlùstjess (Hdfr djm ^rcnft 4337). ]fe menree lg ordjcdh




rlùstjess, aedsurem `y tfe presejoe lg ordjcdh superstruotures djm mcstcjot gedtures suof ds tlrc, tuèrouhes djm orests, csmeteracjem `y tfe scze djm sfdpe lg tfe ordjcdh vduht djm tfescze lg tfe pdhdte djm mejtctclj (c`cm.)- ^fche tfcs djdhyscs mcmjlt exdacje tfe menree lg mevehlpaejt lg ordjcdhsuperstruotures, tfe ofdjnes cj ordjcdh vduht `redmtf (d

jdrrlwcjn) ds wehh ds tflse ofdjnes cmejtcgcem cj tfe `redmtflg tfe pdhdte (d jdrrlwcjn) ady fdve hedm tl tfe adcjtejdjoelg fcnf hevehs lg ordjcdh rlùstcocty tfrlunflut EUR djm AUR.

Oljtrdry tl Grdyer's gcjm lg tfe hlss lg rlùstcoctytfrlunflut tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco, Hdfr djm ^rcnft (4337)sunnest tfdt jdrrlw siuhhs wctf hdrne teetf wchh adcjtdcj fcnfhevehs lg rlùstcocty. Rrevclus stumces fdve sunnestem tfdt tfeEUR djm AUR flacjcms, djm cj pdrtcouhdr tflse grlaOejtrdh Eurlpe, mcsphdy d nredter menree lg rlùstcocty tfdjtflse speocaejs grla tfe HUR (Nda`cer 4363d, 4363`9_ofuadjj 4335). Cjterestcjnhy, tfere cs dj cjoredse (d`rldmejcjn) lj dverdne lg tfe `redmtf lg tfe siuhh dt tfe

dsterclj djm dorlss tfe teaplrdh `ljes (DU@) `y tfe HUR.]fese ofdjnes ola`cjem wctf tfe sflrtejcjn lg tfe ordjcdhvduht (ds cjmcodtem `y ofdjnes cj NLH djm JLH) ady fdvehem tl tfe meoredse cj hevehs lg ordjcdh rlùstcocty `y tfe ejmlg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco, ùt loourrcjn ljhy dgter tfe HdstNhdocdh Adxcaua.

^fche tfcs djdhyscs mcm jlt dtteapt tl mlouaejt ofdjnes cjlverdhh ordjcdh djm mejtdh rlùstjess tfrlunflut tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco, ct cs ohedr tfdt djy trejms lr scnjcgcodjtmcggerejoes cj ordjcdh djm mejtdh alrpflhlny dre alst hciehytfe resuht lg mcggerejoes ètweej tflse flacjcms wfcof mdteedrhcer tfdj ?2 iyr djm tflse wfcof mdte dgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh

Adxcaua (02 iyr). Dmmctcljdhhy, tfese mcggerejoes ady dhslè dggeotem `y sexudh mcalrpfcsa tfrlunflut tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco, ds tfese djdhyses were oljmuotem lj ujsexemadtercdh. Grdyer (4362, 4364) fds glujm tfdt tfrlunflut tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco tfere cs d olrrehdtclj ètweej lverdhhordjcdh djm plstordjcdh ofdjnes djm tfe hlss lg adherlùstcocty. Jevertfehess, tfere dre gew alrpflhlncodh ofdjnescj tfe gcrst 05 iyr (=5 tl 02 iyr) lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco djmevej gewer rencljdh pdtterjs murcjn tfcs tcae. @dsem lj tfcsdjdhyscs, ct ady è plssc`he tl oljohume tfdt tfe EUR djmAUR dre perclms lg rehdtcve alrpflhlncodh std`chcty, wfere`ytfere dre gew scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes cj tfe 44= aetrco

vdrcd`hes exdacjem. Ct cs ljhy dgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcauawfej mcggerejoes cj alrpflhlny odj è meteotem, espeocdhhywctf respeot tl tfe hejntf djm `redmtf lg tfe ordjcua.

?. @lmy sfdpe; ohcadtco djm pfyhlnejetco dspeots(].^.F.)

@lmy sfdpe odj prlvcme ohues cjtl ohcadtco dmdptdtclj dswehh ds plpuhdtcljdh dggcjcty lg tfe edrhy almerj fuadjs.@lmy sfdpe vdrcd`hes prlvcme evcmejoe lg tfe glraer èodusecj tfe almerj wlrhm tfey dre ijlwj tl è fcnfhy olrrehdtem

wctf ohcadtco vdrcd`hes (Plèrts 435?, 43>69 @dier 43729Orlnjcer 43649 ]rcjidus 43649 Pugg 433=). ]fey prlvcmeevcmejoe lg tfe hdtter èoduse fuadj `lmy sfdpe dppedrs tlè hdrnehy nejetcodhhy meteracjem (_ofuhtz 430?, 43079Nuchèduht djm Alrdzdcj 43759 Evehetf djm ]djjer 43>79S'Emyjdi 43>69 ]djjer et dh. 4360). @ltf lg tfese gdotlrs

(ohcadtco dmdptdtclj djm plpuhdtcljdh dggcjcty) fdvecaphcodtcljs glr ujmerstdjmcjn almerj fuadj lrcncjs cjEurlpe, ds mcsoussem èhlw.

Auhtcvdrcdte djdhyses lg `lmy sfdpe èncj wctf tfeolaputdtclj lg 'hln scze djm sfdpe' djm 'hln sfdpe' vdrcd`hes(Mdrrlof djm Alscadjj 4365). Hln scze djm sfdpe vdrcd`hesdre aerehy tfe hln-trdjsglraem rdw aedsureaejts. Hlnsfdpe vdrcd`hes dre olaputem cj tfe glhhlwcjn adjjer -Mdrrlof djm Alscadjj (4365) drnue tfdt tfe èst aedsurelg lverdhh scze cs tfe nelaetrco aedj lg dhh dj cjmcvcmudh'saedsureaejts. ]fus, tl oredte sodhe-gree vdrcd`hes, rdtcls lgedof vdrcd`he djm tfe nelaetrco aedj dre olaputem. ]fese

hlnnem rdtcls dre odhhem hln sfdpe vdrcd`hes, djm dre sodhe-gree cj tfe sejse tfdt dj cslaetrco scze olapljejt (tfenelaetrco aedj, lr 'hln scze' glr tfdt cjmcvcmudh) fds èejrealvem grla edof vdrcd`he. ]fcs fds jlt olaphetehyrealvem tfe eggeots lg scze, flwever. Cj gdot, scze djm sfdpeady è olrrehdtem, djm tfe Mdrrlof djm Alscadjj teofjcqueodj è usem tl meteracje cg tfcs cs cj gdot tfe odse.

]fcs aetflm cs cmedh glr exdacjcjn tfe rehdtcljsfcpètweej scze djm sfdpe glr tfree redsljs. Gcrst, cj tfcsaetflm, ujhcie rescmudh aetflms, sfdpe cs cjtrcjsco tl tfecjmcvcmudh, djm jlt d gujotclj lg tfe olapdrdtcve sdaphe.Pescmudhs grla dhhlaetrco hcjes odj ofdjne wctf d ofdjne cj

sdaphe oljstctuejoy. Cj ltfer wlrms, dj cjmcvcmudh's rescmudhgrla dj dhhlaetrco rehdtcljsfcp wchh ofdjne wctf sdaphe sczedjm/lr oljstctuejoy. Flwever, tfe cjmcvcmudh's lwj sfdpe

fds, cj gdot, readcjem ujofdjnem.D seoljm dmvdjtdne lg tfcs teofjcque cs cts d`chcty tl meteot

dhhlaetrco rehdtcljsfcps. ]fe hln sfdpe vdrcd`hes dre oredtem`y realvcjn dj cslaetrco scze olapljejt. ]fcs aedjs tfdtscze eggeots mue tl dhhlaetrco rehdtcljsfcps (c.e., ofdjnes cjsfdpe dsslocdtem wctf d ofdjne cj scze), fdve jlt èejrealvem. Cj lrmer tl ehuocmdte dhhlaetrco eggeots, lje austscaphy exdacje tfe olrrehdtclj oleggcocejts ètweej tfe sfdpevdrcd`hes djm hln scze (c.e., tfe nelaetrco aedj). D scnjcgcodjt

jendtcve olrrehdtclj lg d sfdpe vdrcd`he wctf tfe nelaetrcoaedj cjmcodtes d su`cslaetrco (jendtcvehy dhhlaetrco)rehdtcljsfcp, d scnjcgcodjt plsctcve olrrehdtclj cjmcodtes dsuprdcslaetrco (plsctcvehy dhhlaetrco) rehdtcljsfcp, djm djljscnjcgcodjt olrrehdtclj cjmcodtes tfe sfdpe vdrcd`he csofdrdoterczem `y dj cslaetrco rehdtcljsfcp wctf cjoredscjn scze.

]fe tfcrm dmvdjtdne lg tfe Mdrrlof djm Alscadjjteofjcque cjvlhves tfe sepdrdte vdrcdjoe/olvdrcdjoe adtrcoesnejerdtem wfej tfe 'hln scze djm sfdpe' djm 'hln sfdpe'vdrcd`hes dre su`keotem tl prcjocpdh olapljejts djdhyscs



?> _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

]d`he 5. Glsschs cjohumem cj tfcs djdhyscs.

ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

(AUR) (?2-02 iyr)

HD]E URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

(HUR) (02-42 iyr)

AE_LHC]FCO

(AE_)(8C() iyr)

@djjd Nrdjme 0 Dreje Odjmcme 0 Nlu nf' s Odve 4

Nrltte mes Ejgdjts = Dreje Odjmcme = Nrdadt 4Mlhjc Wéstljcoe 4= Dreje Odjmcme 5 Flemco 6

@coflj 4 Flomco 3

@rujcqueh 0= Pdsteh 4

Odp @hdjo 4 ]evceo 4

He Reyrdt 5 ]evceo 44

Plactl = ]evceo 47

_t. Neradcj hd Pcvcere =

]d`he 7. Peoejt fuadj sdaphes cjohumem cj tfcs djdhyscs.

EUPLRE JLP]F DGPCOD _U@-_DFDPDJ DGPCOD

@lfeacd (@LF) Enypt (ENS) Edst Dgrcod (EDG)

@lsjcd (@L_) Ju`cd (JU@) Rynay (RSN)

Ejnhdjm (EJN) _umdj (_UM) _dj (_DJ)

Grdjoe (GPD) êst Dgrcod (^DG)

Neradjy (NEP)

Jlrse (JLP)

(ROD). _peocgcodhhy, lje odj olapdre tfe ecnejvdhues lg tfetwl adtrcoes tl meteracje wfdt peroejtdne lg tfe tltdh

vdrcdjoe cs exphdcjem `y d ola`cjdtclj lg scze djm sfdpeversus sfdpe dhlje.

]fe aedsureaejts usem cj tfe djdhyscs were oflsej d

prclrc tl represejt tfe tltdh alrpflhlncodh pdtterj lg tfeplstordjcdh siehetlj djm cjohume dhh glur hca` senaejthejntfs (geaur, tc`cd, fuaerus djm rdmcus, lr GH, ]H, FHdjm PH, respeotcvehy), gealrdh D-R fedm mcdaeter (GFDR),`c-chcdo `redmtf (@C@) djm ohdvcouhdr hejntf (OHWH). ]fesevdrcd`hes represejt tfree alrpflolaphexes ijlwj tl olvdrywctf ohcadte - hca` prlplrtcljs, `lmy adss, djm truji`redmtf.

]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (AUR), Hdte Upper

Rdhdelhctfco (HUR) djm Aeslhctfco (AE_) glsschs (]d`he 5),djm 030 reoejt fuadjs (]d`he 7) grla Dgrcod djm Eurlpe(glr metdchem mesorcptclj lg sdaphes see Flhhcmdy 4335) weresu`keotem tl prcjocpdh olapljejts djdhyscs lg tfe d`lvevdrcd`he set (GFDR, GH, ]H, FH, PH, OHWH, @C@).

]d`he > prlvcmes tfe ecnejvdhues djm ecnejveotlroleggcocejts glr tfe gcrst twl prcjocpdh olapljejts lg tfe hlnsc/o-djm-sfdpe djm hln sfdpe mdtd. ]fe gcrst prcjocpdholapljejt (ROC) lg tfe hln scze-djm-sfdpe mdtd exphdcjs>2 . }' , lg tfe vdrcdjoe. Ct cs èst cjterpretem ds d scze

olapljejt, scjoe dhh cts ecnejveotlr oleggcocejts dre plsctcve,djm tfe RO solres dhljn tfcs dxcs dre fcnfhy olrrehdtem wctf

hln scze (r

0

1 2.336, p 8 2.2224). RO0 exphdcjs 47.7% lg tfevdrcdjoe. _olres dhljn tfcs dxcs dre jlt scnjcgcodjthyolrrehdtem wctf hln scze (r0 1 2.22=, p 1 2.>0?3), djm tfeolapljejt oljtrdsts gealrdh fedm mcdaeter djm `c-chcdo`redmtf wctf mcstdh hca` senaejt hejntfs.

]fe remuotclj cj vdrcdjoe grla tfe hln-scze-djm-sfdpe tltfe hln sfdpe djdhyscs cjmcodtes tfdt 0>.6% lg tfe tltdhvdrcdjoe cs mue tl sfdpe. ]fe gcrst sfdpe olapljejt doolujtsglr 5=.0% lg tfe sfdpe vdrcdjoe, djm oljtrdsts gealrdh fedmmcdaeter djm `c-chcdo `redmtf wctf hca` senaejt hejntf(pdrtcouhdrhy mcstdh senaejts). ]fe solres dhljn tfcs dxcs drojlt scnjcgcodjthy olrrehdtem wctf hln scze (r0 1 2.225, p 12.0263). ]fe seoljm olapljejt lg tfe hln sfdpe mdtd (RO0)exphdcjs 02.?% lg tfe vdrcdjoe. Ct oljtrdsts gealrdh fedmmcdaeter wctf `c-chcdo `redmtf. ]fe solres dhljn tfcs dxcs dreolrrehdtem wctf hln scze (r0 1 2.4=6, p 8 2.2224).

Gcnure 4 cs d phlt lg tfe aedj RO solres glr tfe hln sfdpemdtd.

RO 4 lg sfdpe sepdrdtes reoejt Eurlpedjs djm JlrtfDgrcodjs tl tfe hegt, wfl plssess rehdtcvehy olhm-dmdptem`lmces (wcme trujis, hdrner gealrdh fedms djm sflrter mcstdhhca`s) grla reoejt _u`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodjs lj tfe rcnft, wfl




]d`he >. Rrcjocpdh Olapljejts lg Hln _cze-djm-_fdpe djm

Hln _fdpe Wdrcd`hes (sevej vdrcd`hes); glssch djm reoejt

fuadjs.

ECNEJWEO]LP OLEGGCOCEJ]

Hln scz«•-djm-sfdpe Hln sfdpe

4 44 C CC

GFDR 2.=70 2.=07 2.?65 2.6??

OHWH 2.?74 -2.2?2 -2.2=0 -2.04?

@C@ 2.0>6 2.>46 2.>02 -2.520

GH 2.?>0 -2.462 -2.43? -2.207FH 2.?>> -2.440 -2.407 -2.204

]H 2.?6= -2.??? -2.?=> -2.26=

PH 2.?63 -2.?60 -2.?36 2.240

Ecnejvdhue 2.2?= 6 2.2260 2.2260 2.22?4

% tltdh vdrcdjoe >2 .?= 47.56 5=.4> 02.?4

dre alre trlpcodhhy-dmdptem (jdrrlw trujis, sadhh gealrdhfedms djm hljn mcstdh hca`s). Cjterestcjnhy, wfche EurlpedjHUR djm Aeslhctfco sdaphes ohuster daljn reoejt, tfe AURsdaphe tejms tl alre ohlsehy dpprlxcadte tfe _u`-_dfdrdjDgrcodj oljmctclj.

RO0 mles jlt senrendte lut tfe nrlups9 rdtfer, ct senrendtes adhes djm geadhes (solres mcggerejt dt p 8 2.2224),dhèct wctf auof cjmcvcmudh lverhdp). ]fcs sepdrdtclj cs muetl tfe gdot tfdt tfere cs d tejmejoy glr geadhes tl plssess

sadhher gealrdh fedms djm wcmer `c-chcdo `redmtfs tfdj adhes.]fus, tfe rehdtcvehy fcnf RO0 solres lg tfe glssch sdaphesaerehy regheot tfecr adhe `cds. Lje odj see tfcs cj gcnure 0,wfcof cs d phlt lg tfe cjmcvcmudh RO solres glr tfe hln sfdpemdtd glr tfe reoejt Eurlpedjs djm _u`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodjs, djmEurlpedj AUR djm HUR sdaphes. ]fcs dhhlws lje tl seewfere tfe cjmcvcmudh Eurlpedj glsschs gdhh rehdtcve tl reoejtEurlpedjs djm _u`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodjs.

Jlte tfe plsctcljs lg tfe ? AUR speocaejs (cjmcodtem `ymdri trcdjnhes) rehdtcve tl tfe reoejt nrlups. @drad Nrdjme 0djm Nrltte mes Ejgdjts = ohuster wctf edof ltfer cj d rencljlg lverhdp ètweej tfe Dgrcodjs djm Eurlpedjs. Dhterjd

tcvehy, Mlha' Wéstljcoe 4= gdhhs squdrehy daljn tfe _u`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodjs glr ROC, dhtflunf cts RO0 solre cs fcnfertfdj tfdt lg djy lg tfe reoejt Dgrcodjs. ]fe HUR speocaejs,lj tfe ltfer fdjm, ohuster squdrehy daljn tfe reoejtEurlpedjs, dhtflunf 4 lg tfe 3 speocaejs, @coflj 4, gdhhs cjtfe renclj lg lverhdp ètweej tfe reoejt rencljdh sdaphes.

^fche sdaphe scze cs dmacttemhy sadhh, cj tfcs djdhyscs djmcj ltfer `lmy sfdpe djdhyses, (alst wctf hdrner sdaphe sczes9see Flhhcmdy 4335, j.m.) tfe Eurlpedj AUR sdaphe ds dwflhe mles jlt dppedr tl è very 'Eurlpedj-hcie', ùt rdtfer

L AUR

• HUR

GPD • AE_

L /T@L_

@LF

L EJN

L _DJGPD • AE_

L /T@L_

@LF

L EJN

L ^DG

RSN

22 ! L EDG

E N SU

NEPL L

L ^DG

RSN

22 ! L EDG

E N SU

L JLP JU@

L _UM

2

-4 RO4 _fdpe 4

• Glsschs L Peoejt Eurlpedjs L Peoejt Dgrcodjs

Gcn. 4. _odtter phlt lg RO 0 lj RO 4 lg tfe hln sfdpe vdrcd`hes.Glssch djm reoejt fuadj aedj RO solres dre sflwj.

? RO4 _fdpe 2

• AUR + Peoejt Eurlpedjs

• HUR M Peoejt Edst/êst Dgrcodjs

Gcn. 0. _odtter phlt lg RO 0 lj RO 4 lg tfe hln sfdpe vdrcd`hes. ]fcsphlt sflws tfe cjmcvcmudh RO solre mdtd glr tfe AUR djm HUR glsschsdjm tfe reoejt Eurlpedjs djm Edst/êst Dgrcodjs.



?3 _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

tejms tl plssess d hljner, alre hcjedr pfyscque hcie tfdt lgreoejt _u`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodjs. ]fcs resuht gcts alre edschywctfcj d Pephdoeaejt lr Cjteraemcdte almeh grdaewlri tfdjwctfcj d almeh lg hlodh oljtcjucty.

Ct cs caplrtdjt tl jlte, flwever, tfdt adjy AURspeocaejs ml jlt gdhh lutscme tfe rdjne lg tfe reoejt

Eurlpedjs. Pdtfer, tfey tejm tl gdhh tl tfe extreae ejm lg tfeEurlpedj rdjne, ùt wctfcj tfe _u`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodj rdjne.Cj oljtrdst, ljhy lje Eurlpedj HUR speocaej (@coflj 4) gehhwctfcj tfe _u`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodj rdjne cj auhtcvdrcdte spdoe.]fereglre, cg tfe AUR sdaphe cs dj uj`cdsem, represejtdtcvesdaphe, tfej tfe edrhy almerj fuadjs cj Eurlpe wereofdrdoterczem `y lj dverdne d alre trlpcodhhy-dmdptem `lmyglra tfdj lje gcjms cj Eurlpe tlmdy.

_cze-mrcvej sfdpe mcggerejoes readcj dj cssue, ncvej tfdt djuaèr lg tfe AUR speocaejs dre hdrne cj `lmy scze (dsregheotem cj tfe nelaetrco aedj). Flwever, glr ljhy twlsfdpe gedtures (`c-chcdo `redmtf djm truji fecnft) ml tfe

Eurlpedj AUC' speocaejs glhhlw dj dhhlaetrco trejm tfdtwluhm tejm tl adie tfea hlli alre Dgrcodj-hcie (Flhhcmdy4335). Ds glr tfe ltfer gedtures cj wfcof tfey hlli Dgrcodjhcie (hca` hejntf djm rehdtcve gealrdh fedm scze) lje odjjltedschy cjvlie dj dhhlaetrco exphdjdtclj, scjoe tfe pdtterjexfc`ctem `y tfe AUR sdaphe ectfer vclhdtes dhhlaetrcoexpeotdtclj, lr, dhterjdtcvehy, tfe vdrcd`he cj questclj cscslaetrco (Flhhcmdy 4335).

Dmmctcljdhhy, DJLWD's lg tfe glssch sdaphes prlvcme jlevcmejoe lg d `lmy adss mcggerejoe ètweej tfe EurlpedjAUR djm ltfer Rhecstloeje nrlups (Flhhcmdy 4335). ]fus, ctcs preocsehy tfe vdrcd`hes glr wfcof tfe Eurlpedj AURmevcdte grla tfe ltfer glssch nrlups - c.e., hca` hejntfs, djmjlt hdrne `lmy adss per se - tfdt dre mrcvcjn tfecr hdrnenelaetrco aedjs. Cg tfe Eurlpedj AUR fuadjs dre jltfedvcer tfdj ltfer glssch fuadjs, tfej dhhlaetry odjjlt èedschy cjvliem tl exphdcj tfecr mcggerejt `lmy sfdpe.

]fe `lmy sfdpe lg su`sequejt Eurlpedj plpuhdtcljs csdhsl caplrtdjt tl tfe questclj lg almerj fuadj lrcncjs.Pencljdh Oljtcjucty premcots dhh Eurlpedj hdteRhecstloeje/edrhy Flhloeje fuadjs sfluhm fdve d olhm-teaperdte `lmy sfdpe, dhtflunf acjlr ghuotudtcljs ady èexpeotem, ncvej ohcadtco oyohes djm caprlveaejts cj ouhturdhùggercjn. Pephdoeaejt, lj tfe ltfer fdjm, premcots tfdtsu`sequejt tl tfe cjctcdh dppedrdjoe lg almerj fuadjs cjEurlpe, tfere sfluhm è nrdmudh evlhutclj tlwdrm d olhm-dmdptem alrpflhlny.

]fe resuhts wctf rendrm tl tfcs premcotclj dre cjterestcjn.]fere cs evcmejoe glr d ofdjne tlwdrm d alre olhm-dmdptem`lmy sfdpe grla tfe AUR tl tfe HUR, ùt tfere cs jl slhcmevcmejoe glr d su`sequejt ofdjne tl tfe Aeslhctfco. Pdtfer,glr alst auhtcvdrcdte djdhyses, tfese twl sdaphes ohusterwctf edof ltfer (usudhhy wehh wctfcj tfe spredm lg reoejtEurlpedjs). ]fcs hdoi lg evcmejoe glr hdter teaplrdh ofdjne

oluhm è mue tl tfe olaphcodtcjn eggeots lg tfe wdraerteaperdtures dsslocdtem wctf tfe ljset lg tfe Flhloeje, lrperfdps tl caprlvem ouhturdh ùggercjn.

]l suaadrcze flw wehh tfe `lmy sfdpe resuhts adtofpremcotcljs mercvem grla tfe twl olapetcjn almehs lgalmea fuadj lrcncjs, tfe premcotcljs lg Pencljdh

Oljtcjucty dre jlt aet. ]fere cs very hctthe evcmejoe glroljtcjucty cj `lmy sfdpe, dt hedst cj Eurlpe. Dndcj, ujmer tfedssuaptclj tfdt tfe sadhh Eurlpedj AUR sdaphe csrepresejtdtcve, tfey fdve d mcggerejt `lmy sfdpe grla `ltftfe Jedjmertfdhs wfl preoemem tfea cj tfe renclj (Flhhcmdy4335, j.m.), djm grla hdter Eurlpedj plpuhdtcljs. _cjoejectfer ohcadtco ofdjne jlr al`chcty ady è cjvliem tlexphdcj tfcs pdtterj (Flhhcmdy djm Gdhsettc 4335), `y megduht ctdppedrs slae menree lg extrdjelus nejetco cjghuejoe wdspresejt.

Ujglrtujdtehy, tfe cjterpretdtclj lg tfese mdtd requcresslae nuesswlri. ^fche slae dalujt lg extrdjelus nejetco

cjghuejoe fds èej mlouaejtem, tfe questclj lg tfe rehdtcvecaplrtdjoe lr adnjctume lg tfcs lutscme cjghuejoe cs mcggcouhttl dssess grla tfese mdtd dhlje.

Cj ltfer wlrms, tfese mdtd dre olapdtc`he wctf ectferolaphete Pephdoeaejt lr dj Cjteraemcdte almeh lg almerjfuadj lrcncjs, djm ct cs mcggcouht tl drnue wfcof almeh èstgcts tfe mdtd.

=. _tdture; ejvcrljaejtdh djm nejetco gdotlrs

(W.G.)

Oljvertcjn `lje hejntfs tl stdture evdhudtcljs prlvcmescaplrtdjt cjglradtclj `ltf glr qudhcgycjn d siehetdhplpuhdtclj grla tfe pfyscodh plcjt lg vcew, djm glr djdhysesmedhcjn wctf `lmy scze vdrcdtcljs djm cts hcjis tl eolhlncodhdjm `clouhturdh vdrcd`hes.

Fcstlrcodhhy, tfe gcrst cssue fds èej hdrnehy pre-eacjejtdjm fecnft fds èej d `dsco gedture cj ùchmcjn up tfetyplhlncodh pdrdmcna. Murcjn tfe gcrst meodmes lg tfe 02tfoejtury, d gew Upper Rdhdelhctfco speocaejs, hdèhhem ds'types', were cmejtcgcem ds hcjedhhy oljjeotem wctf almerjEurlpedjs, hcie tfe tdhh 'prltljlrmco' Orl-Adnjljs, djm tfesflrt stdturem 'prltlaemcterrdjedj' Olaè Odpehhe siehetlj.]lmdy, djdhyzcjn stdture lg pdst plpuhdtcljs aedjscjvestcndtcjn hcge oljmctcljs, su`scstejoe pdtterjs, djm alrenejerdhhy tfe rehdtcljsfcp ètweej Adj djm fcs ejvcrljaejt`y aedjs lg dj cjmcodtlr fcnfhy sejsctcve tl eolhlncodh djmslocl-ouhturdh vdrcd`hes. ]fe alst reoejt wlris medhcjn wctfstdture vdrcdtcljs murcjn tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco dre alre tfdjtej yedrs lhm (Grdyer 4364, 436=). Jew mcsolverces djmmevehlpaejts cj stdture evdhudtclj aetflmlhlnces prlvcmetfe lpplrtujcty tl odrry lut d stumy `dsem lj d su`stdjtcdhhycjoredsem sdaphe djm alre rehcd`he teofjcques.

Hljn `lje hejntfs lg Eurlpedj Upper Rdhdelhctfcoreadcjs lg dmuht cjmcvcmudhs, jlt sflwcjn pdtflhlncodh



=2 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

]d`he 6. ]fe sdaphes.

ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO HD]E URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

_]D]E _C]E A G _]D]E _C]E A G

O[EO F PER. Mlhjg Wéstlj coe ? 4 GPDJOE @rujcqueh -

Rdvhlv 4 - Odp @hdjo -Rgemalstg ? 0 Ofdjoehdme 4

EJNHDJM Rdvchdjm 4 - Gdrcjolurt -

GPDJOE D`rc Rdtdum 5 - 4 He Reyrdt 4

Orl Adn jlj 0 4 He Rhdodrm 4

Hd Plofette - 4 _t.Neradcj hd Pcvcere -

C]DHS Pdcad Nrdjme = - Weyrcer 4 4 -

@dlussl md ]lrre 4 - NEPADJS Ml`rctz -

Odvcnhclje 4 - Jeuesscjn 4 -

N. mes Ejgdjts = - 4 Lèridsseh 4

Lstujc - 4 C]DHS Dreje Odjmcme 5 0

Rdnhcooc 05 - 4 N. mes Ejgdjts ? -

Rdrd`ctd C 4 Rdnhcooc 4 4 4 -PU__CD Ilst ejic 0 4 - Pcpdrl Oljtcjejzd 4 -

_ujn cr' 0 4 - Pcpdr l ]dnhc ejte 4 -

Pcpdrl Wchhd`rujd 4 -

Pladjehhc 4 -

Plactl 4 0

_dj ]elmlrl - 0

Wdml dhhDrd jocl 4 -

PU__CD Ilstejic 4 4 -_^C][EPHDJM He @coflj 4 -

ofdjnes dggeotcjn nrlwtf, represejt tfe `dsco adtercdh glrtfcs wlri. ]fe sluroe lg tfe aedsureaejts cs tfe hcterdtureup tl 4335, djm cjglradtclj icjmhy prlvcmem `y olhhednues.

]fe adtercdh cs hcstem cj td`he 6. Hljn `lje hejntfs fdveèej trdjsglraem cjtl stdture estcadtes `y aedjs lg jewrenressclj equdtcljs mercvem grla Edrhy Flhloeje siehetdhsdaphes, uscjn Guhhy's 'djdtlacodh stdture', djm tfe adklrdxcs renressclj teofjcque (Glracolhd djm Grdjoesofc 4337).]fe sdaphe fds èej sphct cjtl twl nrlups; tfe Acm UpperRdhdelhctfis (AUR), olrrespljmcjn tl tfe adtercdh mdtcjngrla dpprlxcadtehy ?2 iyr tl tfe pre-Nhdocdh Adxcaua, djmtfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfcos (HUR) ofrljlhlncodhhy phdoemètweej tfe plst-Nhdocdh Adxcaua djm tfe Rhecstloejo-Flhloeje trdjsctclj.

Mdtd replrtem cj gcnure ? ohedrhy sflw tfe fcnf stdtureofdrdoterczcjn AUR adhes, djm tfe adriem mcggerejoe,stdtcstcodhhy fcnfhy scnjcgcodjt, wfej olapdrem tl tfe HURnrlup. ]fe dalujt lg tfe mcggerejoe ètweej twl nrlups csdppdrejt cj gcnure ?, sflwcjn tfdt tfe hlwer hcact lg tfevdrcd`chcty lg tfe AUR sdaphe olrrespljms tl tfe aedj vdhuelg tfe hdter nrlup. Alrelver, tdicjn cjtl doolujt tfecjmcvcmudh mdtd, ct odj è jltem tfdt tfere cs very hcactem

lverhdp ètweej tfe twl rdjnes djm tfdt cj pdrtcouhdr verygew AUR speocaejs (Rgemalstg 3, Orl Adnjlj ?, djmIlstejic 0) dre sflrter tfdj 4>2 oa, d stdture redofem ljhy`y twl HUR cjmcvcmudhs (Rdnhcooc 44, djm Pladjehhc)._cnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes dhsl resuht grla stdtcstcodholapdrcsljs ètweej geadhes. Mcggerejoes cj mcstrcùtcljsdre sflwj cj gcnure ?, djm cj tfdt odse tll tfe sdaphesexfc`ct very hcactem lverhdp lg tfe rdjnes.

]fe adhe-geadhe mcggerejoe cj tfe AUR nrlup (4?.? oa)cs fcnfer tfdj cj tfe hdter nrlup (40.4 oa) ds expeotem lj tfe`dscs lg tfe plsctcve olrrehdtclj ètweej fecnft vdhues djmmenree lg sexudh mcalrpfcsa (Adrtcj djm _dcher 4353).

]fe resuhts lg testcjn glr plssc`he rencljdh mcggerejoeswctfcj tfe twl perclms dre replrtem cj gcnures = djm 5. Cj tfegcrst odse, tfe olapdrcslj cjvlhves nrdvettcdj adhe sdaphesgrla Alrdvcd djm grla tfe Nrcadhmc odves. Cj tfe d`sejoelg wehh-cmejtcgcem rencljdh sdaphes, tfe olapdrcslj ètweejHUR nrlups fds èej odrrcem lut ètweej Oejtrdh djm _lutfEurlpe. Cj `ltf odses, tfe resuhts cjmcodte d`sejoe lgscnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes, djm sunnest tfdt tfe mrdadtcomeoredse cj stdture dgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua cs dpfejlaejlj dggeotcjn tfe wflhe Eurlpedj reolrm.



=4 _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

022

432

462

4>2 =-

472

452

4=2AUR,

j102

HUR,

j102

AUR,

j142

HUR,

j14=

022

432

462

4>2

472

-- 452

4=2

Gcn. ?. Olapdrcslj (A 0j) ètweej Acm djm Hdte Upper

Rdhdelhctfcos (scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes p82.24).

022

432

462

4>2-

472

022

432

462

4>2

-472Nrcadhmc Alrdvcdjodves, sctes,

j1> j1>

Gcn. =. Olapdrcslj (A 08r) ètweej Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco adhesgrla Hcnurcd (Nrcadhmc odves) djm grla Alrdvcd (Rdvhlv, Rremalstc).Jl scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes.

462

4>2

472

452

4=2

4?2

og

_lutferj Oejtrdh

Eurlpe, Eurlpe,

j140 j1>

_lutferj Oejtrdh

Eurlpe, Eurlpe,

j1> j1>

462

4>2

472

452

4=2

4?2

Gcn. 5. Olapdrcslj (A ´ 0d) ètweej Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfcos grla_lutferj djm Oejtrdh Eurlpe. Jl scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoes.

Dppdrejthy, tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua djm jlt tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco-Aeslhctfco trdjsctclj, oljtrdry tl sunnestcljs lgprevclus wlris, represejts tfe alst orctcodh pfdse cj tfejendtcve trejm dggeotcjn fecnft lg Upper RdhdelhctfcoEurlpedj plpuhdtcljs.

Cjterpretdtclj lg tfe pfejlaejlj lg stdture meoredse fds

adcjhy glousem lj rehdxem seheotcve pressures glr hdrne `lmyscze ds d oljsequejoe lg teofjlhlncodh caprlveaejts djmremuotclj cj mcaejscljs lg tfe prey (Grdyer 4364, 436=).Dmmctcljdh gdotlrs tdiej cjtl doolujt cjohume ohcadtcodmdptdtcljs djm jutrctcljdh stdtus. Pehdtcljsfcps ètweej`lmy scze djm ohcadte exphdcj d gew alrpflhlncodhmcggerejoes daljn fuadj plpuhdtcljs. ]fe meohcje cjteaperdture loourrcjn murcjn tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua adyfdve `rlunft d sfcgt tlwdrms d sflrter, olhm dmdptem, `lmyscze (Flhhcmdy 433>). Flwever, Pugg's (4334) oyhcjmrcodhalmeh stresses tfdt `lmy `redmtf rdtfer tfdj fecnft cs tfeorctcodh gdotlr cj vdrcdtcljs lg surgdoe dred djm `lmy adssrdtcl. ]fus, ohcadtco gdotlrs odjjlt doolujt glr tfe adriemjendtcve trejm dggeotcjn Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco plpuhdtcljs.Lj tfe oljtrdry, ct cs wehh ijlwj tfdt jutrctcljdh oljmctcljsdre very caplrtdjt cj tfe nrlwtf prloess (Adhcjd 436>9Evehetf djm ]djjer 4332), djm tfe aedj stdture lg dplpuhdtclj cs tdiej ds d pdrdaeter cjmcodtcve lg cts jutrctcljdhstdtus (Rrcjoe 4335). Fcnf jutrctcljdh stdjmdrms prl`d`hyphdyem dj caplrtdjt rlhe cj tfe dttdcjaejt djm adcjtejdjoelg tfe hdrne `lmy mcaejscljs ofdrdoterczcjn pre-NhdocdhAdxcaua Upper Rdhdelhctfco sdaphes. ]fese plpuhdtcljsfdm wcme dooess tl djcadh prltecjs, alsthy mercvem grlaaendgdujd, djm ct cs hciehy tfdt tuèrs, gructs djm wchmvenetd`hes cj nejerdh oljtrcùtem tl vdrycjn djm caprlvcjn

tfe qudhcty lg mcet (Adslj et dh. 433=). Dgter tfe Hdst NhdocdhAdxcaua nrendrclus aendgdujd wds rephdoem `y sadhheralre slhctdry ndaes, djm drofdelhlncodh mdtd cjmcodte d sfcgttlwdrm d `rldmer speotrua lg su`scstejoe dotcvctces.Alrelver, juaèr djm scze lg tfe sctes sunnest dj cjoredsemplpuhdtclj mejscty dggeotcjn tfe plsctcve rehdtcljsfcp wctf tfedvdchd`he `cladss ejklyem `y edrhcer nrlups.

]fe syjerncstco eggeot lg hlwer prltecj cjtdie djm plssc`hylg rehdxem seheotcve glroes ady doolujt glr tfe l`servemadriem meoredse cj stdture. Flwever, dj dmmctcljdh, nejerdhhyhess oljscmerem gdotlr, oluhm fdve phdyem dj caplrtdjt rlhe cjmeteracjcjn tfe pfejlaejlj.

Lje lg adcj mcggerejoe ètweej Rre- djm Rlst-NhdocdhAdxcaua cs represejtem `y tfe nrdmudh mcscjtenrdtclj lg tfeouhturdh flalnejecty ofdrdoterczcjn tfe Edrhy djm Acm UpperRdhdelhctfco. ]fcs flalnejecty, dppdrejt cj teofjlhlncodh.drtcstco, djm gujerdry dspeots lg tfe drofdelhlncodh reolrm,prl`d`hy regheots fcnf al`chcty, hcjiem tl su`scstejoestrdtences, djm tl tfe jeem tl ieep cjternrlup oljtdots lvervdst terrctlrces (Nda`he 4367). ]fdt cs d oljmctclj resuhtcjncj lut`reemcjn djm fcnf hevehs lg neje ghlw. Neje ghlw cs



=; FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

lje lg tfe aeofdjcsas lg evlhutclj, djm lut`reemcjn fdsèej sunnestem ds lje lg tfe gdotlrs respljsc`he glr tlmdy'splsctcve seouhdr trejm (Adhcjd, 43>3). Caprlvem fedhtf djmjutrctcljdh oljmctcljs dre edschy mealjstrd`he ejvcrljaejtdhgdotlrs dggeotcjn nrlwtf djm mevehlpaejt, ùt ct cs dppdrejttfdt slocl-eoljlaco caprlveaejts fdve, ds d scme eggeot,

cjoredsem al`chcty, `redimlwj lg tfe cslhdtes, djmoljsequejthy fcnfer nejetco dmacxture. ]fus, èoduse lg tfeoljolactdjoe lg tfe ofdjnes, tfe rehdtcve caplrtdjoe lgnejetco versus ejvcrljaejtdh gdotlrs readcjs dj ujreslhvemadtter. Flwever, rehdtcljsfcps ètweej fecnft djm heveh lgcj`reemcjn fdve èej l`servem cj mcggerejt Eurlpedjolujtrces (Føhse 435>9 _ofrecmer 437>9 ^lhdjsiy et dh.

43>29 @chhy 43>4), djm d jendtcve olrrehdtclj ètweej hevehs

jh cj`reemcjn djm stdture fds èej glujm cj Aesl-Daercodjplpuhdtcljs, cj tfe d`sejoe lg caprlvem fedhtf djmjutrctcljdh oljmctcljs (Hctthe djm Adhcjd 4367). Cj tfdtperspeotcve, ct cs caplrtdjt tl jlte tfdt Hdte Upper

Rdhdelhctfco drofdelhlncodh cjglradtclj plcjts tl tfeèncjjcjn lg d prloess lg rencljdh mcverscgcodtclj lg tfeouhtures, prl`d`hy dj eggeot lg tfe cjoredsem terrctlrcdhcsa lgnrlups `rldmejcjn tfecr d`chcty tl exphlct jdturdh resluroes.]fcs pfejlaejlj, oluphem wctf cjoredsem plpuhdtcljmejscty, prlspeots lg meoredsem al`chcty, mevehlpaejt lgalre hlodhcsem `reemcjn jetwlris, djm cj pdrtcouhdrmeoredsem neje ghlw, dj dmmctcljdh gdotlr tl tdie cjtl doolujtcj cjterpretcjn tfe adriem jendtcve trejm su`sequejt tl tfeHdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua.

5. Upper hca`; d gujotcljdh cjterpretdtclj

(_.E.O.)Nelaetrco djdhyscs lg hljn `lje orlss-seotcljs prlvcmes daetflm lg cjgerrcjn hevehs djm pdtterjs lg dotcvcty cjprefcstlrco pelphes (see Pugg 4330 glr d revcew djm

kustcgcodtclj glr tfcs type lg resedrof). Dpphcodtclj lg tfcsaetflm tl tfe `ljes lg tfe upper hca` ncves cjglradtcljd`lut fd`ctudh su`scstejoe djm teofjlhlncodh èfdvclur(Ofurofchh 433=). Fuaerdh acm-mcstdh sfdgt orlss-seotcljswere tfus tdiej lj 4> Acm djm 0? Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfcoalmerj fuadj speocaejs (]d`he 3). ]fe Acm UpperRdhdelhctfco sdaphe cs olaplsem prcadrchy lg speocaejsmercvcjn grla nrdvettcdj lr prltl-adnmdhejcdj oljtexts, ùtdhsl cjohumes d sadhh juaèr lg speocaejs grla durcnjdocdj

hevehs. ]fese cjohume tfree cjmcvcmudhs alst hciehy mercvemgrla hdte durcnjdocdj hevehs dt Orl-Adnjlj djm prl`d`hyofrljlhlncodhhy èst phdoem dt d`lut ?2,222 yedrs dnl(Alvcus 43739 Nda`cer 4363d), djm d scjnhe cjmcvcmudh grla_tettej (Wlnehferm) dsslocdtem wctf d `dsdh Durcnjdocdj,plssc`hy ?5,222 yedrs lhm (Ozdrjetzic 4362). ]fus wctf ljeexoeptclj, tfe sdaphe cs èst seej ds olaprcscjn glsschs gdhhcjnètweej ?2,222 tl 02,222 yedrs `p. _cjoe d sexudh mcvcsclj lghd`lur ds seej cj reoejt fujter-ndtferers ady dhsl fdve

ofdrdotercsem Rhecstloeje nrlups, adhes djm geadhes weredjdhysem sepdrdtehy. ]fus tfe sdaphes djdhysem were hcactemtl speocaejs glr wfcof sex oluhm è redsljd`hy meteracjemgrla dsslocdtem pehvco djm ordjcdh readcjs. ]wl speocaejs,Wlnehferm (_tettej) ? djm He Rhdodrm 47, were represejtem `ycslhdtem fuaerc, djm dre fere oljscmerem adhe `dsem lj scze,ausouhdrcty djm rlùstcocty. Glr olapdrdtcve purplses, mdtdwere dhsl olhheotem lj tfe siehetljs lg reoejt glrdners,dnrcouhturdhcsts djm cjmustrcdhcsem pelphes. ]fe glrdnerscjohume Nelrncd Oldst ^llmhdjm-perclm Daercjmcdjs (mdtdgrla Grescd et dh. 4332), Dheutcdj Cshdjmers, djm Klalj-perclmKdpdjese. Dnrcouhturdhcsts were represejtem `y sdaphes lgNelrncd Oldst Acsscsscppcdj-perclm (mdtd grla Grescd et dh.

4332) djm Jew Aexcodj hdte Rue`hl- perclm Daercjmcdjs.Dutlpsy sdaphes lg 02tf oejtury Eurlpedj- djm Dgrcodj-Daercodjs were usem tl represejt cjmustrcdhcsem pelphes.Metdchs d`lut tfe sdaphes odj è glujm cj Ofurofchh (433=).

Exterjdh mcdpfysedh oljtlur aluhms djm olapdot `lje

mcdaeters tdiej grla djterlplsterclr djm aemclhdterdhrdmclnrdpfs (see Ofurofchh 433=) were usem tl jlj-cjvdscvehyestcadte fuaerdh acm-mcstdh mcdpfysedh orlss-seotcljdhdjdtlay. Orlss-seotcljdh prlpertces were estcadtem grla tfex-rdys dhlje, uscjn glrauhde glujm cj Grescd et dh. (4332), cjodses wfere aluhmcjn lg tfe glsschs wds jlt plssc`he._eotcljs were estcadtem glr tfe acm-mcstdh fuaerdh sfdgt, dt?5% lg fuaerdh drtcouhdr hejntf (FDH) aedsurem grla tfemcstdh ejm. Mcdpfysedh orlss-seotcljdh nelaetrco prlpertcesdre meteracjem `y almehhcjn tfe `lje ds dj crrenuhdr, tuùhdroyhcjmer djm uscjn prcjocphes lg ejncjeercjn èda tfelry(see Pugg 4330). ]fese aedsures regheot tfe oljtrcùtclj lg`lje nelaetry tl aeofdjcodh strejntf dt tfe heveh dt wfcof

tfe seotclj wds tdiej (cj tfcs odse, tfe acm-mcstdh sfdgt). ]ferehdtcljsfcp lg orlss-seotcljdh nelaetrco prlpertces tlmcdpfysedh strejntf ujmer vdrclus `claeofdjcodh hldms csmcsoussem cj alre metdch ehsewfere (Køjners djm Acjjs 43>39Pugg djm Fdyes 436?d9 Pugg 4330). Olrtcodh dred (OD) wdstdiej ds d aedsure lg tfe rescstdjoe lg tfe `lje tl pure dxcdhhldms (olapressclj djm tejsclj), wfche seoljm alaejts lgcjertcd djm tfe plhdr alaejt lg cjertcd were usem dsaedsures lg tfe strejntf lg tfe `lje tl èjmcjn djm tlrscljdhhldms. Cx, tfe seoljm alaejt lg cjertcd d`lut tfeaemclhdterdh dxcs orlsscjn tfrlunf tfe oejtrlcm lg tfeseotclj, aedsures tfe strejntf lg tfe `lje tl èjmcjn cj tfe

djterlplsterclr mcreotclj, wfche tfe seoljm alaejt d`lut tfedjterlplsterclr dxcs (Cy) aedsures strejntf tl èjmcjn cj tfeaemclhdterdh phdje. ]fe plhdr alaejt lg cjertcd (K,odhouhdtem ds Cx + Cy) cs d regheotclj lg tfe strejntf lg tfe`lje tl nejerdhcsem èjmcjn djm tlrscljdh hldms. _cjoe tfedalujt lg `lje tcssue cj d sfdgt orlss-seotclj cs rehdtem tltfe scze lg tfe cjmcvcmudh, djm scjoe scze vdrces cj tfesesdaphes, strejntf aedsures were stdjmdrmcsem tl `lmy sczeglhhlwcjn drnuaejts cj Ofurofchh (433=). _peocgcodhhy, OD



=? _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

]d`he 3. ]fe sdaphe olaplsctclj.

ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO HD]E URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

_REOCAEJ _EV _REOCAEJ _EVDreje Odjmcme 4 adhe Dreje Odjmcme 0 adhe

@drad Nrdjme 0 adhe Dreje Odjmcme = adhe@drad Nrdjme 5 adhe Dreje Odjmcme 5 adhe@dlussl md ]lrre 0 adhe Dreje Odjmcme 42 adheNrltte mes Ejgdjts = adhe Dreje Odjmcme 40 adhe

Nrltte mes Ejgdjts 5 geadhe Dreje Odjmcme 4? geadheRdnhcooc 05 geadhe Dreje Odjmcme 4= geadheRdvhlv C adhe Nrltte mes Ejgdjts ? geadhe

Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe 4= adhe Plactl ? adheMlhjc Wéstljcoe 47 adhe Plactl = geadheOrl Adnjlj 4 adhe Pladjehhc 4 adhe

Orl Adnjlj 0 geadhe @rujcqueh 0= geadheOrl Adnjlj ? adhe Odp @hdjo 4 geadhe

D`rc Rdtdum = adhe Ofdjoehdme 4 adheD`rc Rdtdum 5 geadhe _t. Neradcj hd Pcvcere = geadhe

Rdvchdjm 4 adhe Gdrcjolurt geadhe_tettej ? adhe He Rhdodrm 47 adhe

Hdunerco @dsse = adheWeyrcer 4 adhe

Weyrcer > adheJeuesscjn 0 adheLèridsseh h adheLèridsseh 0 geadhe

Glr geadhes, tfe glssch sdaphe sczes dre cjdmequdte glrstdtcstcodh testcjn. ]fe twl Upper Rdhdelhctfco nrlups ml jltdppedr tl mcgger su`stdjtcdhhy cj scze-olrreotem OD cj ectferhca`, lr cj stdjmdrmcsem seoljm alaejts lr plhdr alaejtslg cjertcd cj tfe rcnft fuaerus (]d`he 44). Hdte UpperRdhdelhctfco geadhes dre strljner cj dhh aedsures, ùtespeocdhhy cj aedsures lg rescstdjoe tl èjmcjn djm tlrscljdhstresses, cj tfe hegt fuaerus tfdj dre tfecr AUR olujterpdrts.Flwever, ncvej tfe fcnf vdrcdjoes dsslocdtem wctf fuaerdhstrejntf aedsures wctfcj sdaphes (]d`he 44) - hciehy dregheotclj lg cjtercjmcvcmudh vdrcd`chcty cj èfdvclur djmresuhtdjt upper hca` hldmcjn cjtejsctces - djm tfe sadhh glsschsdaphes, ct cs caplssc`he tl meteracje wfetfer lr jlt tfe

cjoredse cj hegt fuaerdh strejntf cj HUR geadhes csèfdvclurdhhy scnjcgcodjt. Geadhes cj `ltf perclms dre alrerlùst tfdj tfe Nelrncd Oldst fujter-ndtferers, ùtolapdrd`he tl lr shcnfthy alre nrdoche tfdj tfe Dheut djmKlalj geadhes.

Ct cs cjterestcjn tfdt tfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco, dsslocdtemwctf rdpcmhy mevehlpcjn teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs suof dsregcjem hctfco remuotclj aetflms (wctf cjoredsem grequejoceslg `doiem `hdmehets djm acorlplcjts; see _trdus 433?), alre

wds stdjmdrmczem `y FDH

0

, wfche seoljm djm plhdr alaejtswere stdjmdrmczem `y FDH=. Fuaerdh drtcouhdr hejntf (A-0;Adrtcj 4306) wds estcadtem glr cjolaphete speocaejs(Ofurofchh 433=). Aedj vdhues lg tfese scze-stdjmdrmcsemrlùstcocty aedsures dre prlvcmem cj td`hes 42 djm 44.

Fuaerdh strejntf aedsures cj `ltf hca`s lg Acm UpperRdhdelhctfco (AUR) adhes dre nejerdhhy èhlw tflse lg reoejtglrdners, djm dro alre oljscstejt wctf vdhues l`tdcjem @rladnrcouhturdh djm cjmustrcdh plpuhdtcljs (]d`he 42). Wdhues glrDheutcdj Cshdjmers djm Klalj-perclm Kdpdjese (`ltf oldstdhfujter-ndtferers adicjn use lg adrcje resluroes) drenejerdhhy fcnfer tfdj tflse l`tdcjem glr tfe Rhecstloeje glsschnrlups, ujmlu`temhy d regheotclj lg fcnf `claeofdjcodh hldmscj tfe upper hca` rehdtem tl grequejt pdmmhcjn lg `ldts djmidydis lj tfe lpej loedj (see @ernet djm Ofurofchh 433=).

]fe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco (HUR) adhes fdve nejerdhhynredter strejntf aedsures, olapdrd`he wctf tfe vdhues glr tfeNelrncd Oldst glrdners. Dhtflunf sdaphe sczes dre sadhh,djdhyscs lg vdrcdjoe glhhlwem `y Gcsfer's hedst scnjcgcodjtmcggerejoe test cjmcodte tfdt tfe HUR sdaphe cs scnjcgcodjthystrljner cj dhh aedsures djm cj `ltf hca`s tfdj adhes grlatfe AUR (d 1 2.25).



== FUJ]EP_ LG ]FI NLHMEJ DNE

]d`he 42. _cze-stdjmdrmczem' fuaerdh acm-mcstdh mcdpfysedh orlss-seotcljdh rlùstcocty aedsures - adhes (Aedj, _M).

OD Cx H

Pcnft Hegt Pcn ft Hegt Pcn ft Hegt

Acm Up . Rdh. (j 1 3 r , 44 4) 000.3 4>=.5 60>.6 542.7 7?6.? =44.=

?=.3 06.= 434.5 474.? 4=6.> 4?>.7

Hdte Up. Rdh. (j 14 ? r , 42 4) 0> 5. 7 00>.3 3>6.6 73> .7 6 ?0.6 74?. 5=2.5 50.2 0>3.5 003.5 0?3.5 062.3

GLPDNEP_

Nelrncd Oldst0 (j 1 7 r, 7 4) 07 2. 3 00 0. 7 62 =.> 64 4.? >5 4. 7 >5 7.0

Dheu ts (j 1 05 r, 0= 4) 07 7 .2 05?.7 36?.6 345.7 4424.3 362.7

=2.5 ?? .2 4>6. 6 4>= .0 05 4.2 046.4

Kla lj (j 1 42 r, 42 4) 0= =. 5 0= 6. 6 333.3 353.4 4426.5 426>.3

=5.6 =>. 7 ?27. 3 052.4 060.4 0>3. 3

DNPCOUH]UPDH

Nelrncd Oldst' (j 1 44 r, 44 4) 0? 4. 7 04 ?. 6 7> >.4 750. 5 724. > 704 .3

Rue`hl Daer hjm (j1 46 r, 47 4) 4>4.= 457.? 576.7 =55.0 502.5 =64.=07.? 4=.= 406.5 6?.5 4 4?.3 50.7

CJMU_]PCDH

EurlDaercodj (j 1 0? r, 43 4) 02=.6 43>.4 762.3 707.? 53?.6 55=.5

?6.? ?3. = 000 .0 46>.7 04=.6 04?.6

DgrlDaer codj (j 1 40 r. 40 4) 042.5 022.= 67=.7 >43.4 622.? 763.5

?2. ? ?0.0 464.0 4?3.3 0=0.2 00?.?

4 OD stdjmdrmczem tl FDH0 (* 425), Cx, Cy djm K stdjmdrmczem tl FDH= (*42

3)

0 Aedj orlss-seotcljdh vdhues stdjmdrmczem `y aedj fuaerdh hejntf (ds d`lve)9 mdtd grla Grescd et dh. (4332)

mcverse djm eggcocejt glrdncjn teofjlhlny (cjohumcjn jets,wecrs, fdrplljs, spedrtfrlwers, wedplj dradtures djmplssc`hy `lws djm drrlws; Kuhcej 43609 ]yhmeshey djm @dfj436?9 _trdus 4332, 433?9 @ernadj 433?), cs dsslocdtem wctfnejerdhhy strljner fuaerc cj tfe dggchcdtem glssch flacjcms.Almehs tfdt prlplse d hcji ètweej mevehlpcjn teofjlhlnydjm plstordjcdh nrdochczdtclj cj fuadj evlhutclj (see revcewcj Ofurofchh et dh. 4337) ohedrhy ml jlt dpphy fere. @ltfejfdjoem siehetdh rlùstcocty djm dooeherdtclj lgteofjlhlncodh mevehlpaejt dre hciehy rehdtem respljses tlresluroe stress - ectfer mue tl plpuhdtclj pdoicjn lr ohcadtco

meterclrdtclj, lr `ltf - murcjn tfe hdter Rhecstloeje(Ofurofchh et dh. 4337). Grla tfcs perspeotcve, glrdners lg tfeAcm Upper Rdhdelhctfco hciehy ejklyem d nredter eolhlncodhstd`chcty, cj teras lg tfe `dhdjoe ètweej resluroe meadjmdjm dvdchd`chcty, tfdj mcm hdter plpuhdtcljs.

Plùstcocty aedsures tejm tl è fcnfhy `chdterdhhydsyaaetrcodh cj tfe upper hca`s lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco adhes(]d`he 40), evej rehdtcve tl tfdt seej cj reoejt adrcje-`dsemglrdncjn nrlups (mdtd glr tfe alre terrestrcdh glrdners grla

tfe Nelrncd Oldst were jlt dvdchd`he). Dsyaaetry cj tfeseaedsures cs prljlujoem cj Upper Rdhdelhctfco geadhes dswehh, ùt jlt tl tfe extejt seej cj tfe adhes (]d`he 4=). Cj`ltf sexes, tfe dsyaaetry regheots d pdtterj lg rcnft fdjmmlacjdjoe (nredter dotcvcty djm fejoe `lje tcssue meplsctcljcj tfe rcnft scme hca` rehdtcve tl tfe hegt; Ofurofchh et dh.

4337). ]fe nredter dsyaaetry cj adhes tfdj geadhes fdsèej dttrcùtem tl tfe renuhdr use lg fdjm hdujofem wedpljs- ectfer fdjm tfrust, fdjm tfrlwj, lr spedr-tfrlwer(prlpuhseur) prlkeotem - cj fujtcjn `y adhes (Ofurofchh et

dh. 4337). Exdacjdtclj lg rdtcls lg seoljm alaejts lg dred

cj tfe djterlplsterclr (Cx) djm aemclhdterdh (H) phdjes (]d`he4?) revedhs fuaerdh seotcljs tfdt dre, lj dverdne, hessrlujmem cj tfe Acm tfdj tfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco adhes(dj Cx /Cy lg lje mejltes d rlunfhy ocrouhdr seotclj equdhhyrescstdjt tl èjmcjn cj `ltf phdjes, d vdhue nredter tfdj ljemejltes dj djterlplsterclrhy strljn seotclj, wfche d vdhuehess tfdj lje mejltes d rehdtcvehy aemclhdterdhhy strejntfejemseotclj). ]fcs pdtterj cs shcnfthy alre adriem glr tfe rcnfttfdj glr tfe hegt hca`. ]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco adhes dre,



=< _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. -]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

]d`he C C. _cze-stdjmdrmczem' fuaerdh acm-mcstdh mcdpfysedh orlss-seotcljdh rlùstcocty aedsures - geadhes (Aedj, _M, j).

OD C, Cy K

Pcnft Hegt Pcnft Hegt Pcnft Hegt Pcnft Hegt

04?.0 46?.0 747 .= 506 .= 544.> =0=. > 4406.4 35?.0

Acm Up. Rdh. (j 1 0 r, =4 ) 43.4 06.? 56.6 34.? ?7.? 407.0 35.4 04? .?

04=.0 437.? 7>2.4 7>>. 5 52= .6 520. > 4 4>4.3 4 4>6.7Hdte Up. Rdh. (j 1 7 r. > 4) =?.6 03.> 04=.6 442.6 4>0.= 34. 2 ?66. 4 437.0

GLPDNEP_

Nelrncd Oldst? (j 1 7 r, 7 4) 02=.> 45=.? ==> .3 ?>>. ? =64 .2 =05 .? 306 .3 620. 7

025. 2 02?.3 >4? .= >26. 3 732 .6 >22 .2 4=2=.0 4=26.3

Dheuts ( j 1 43 r, 47 4) ?6 .2 ?= .3 46 6. = 45 3. ? 4>4.3 456.7 ?52.4 ?4?.7

02= .6 433.7 >7= .7 >06. ? 654.2 >3=.2 4745.7 4500.?

Klalj ( j 1 4? r, 4= 4) ??.6 ?0.3 475.4 403. = 4??.0 450.? 06>. 4 056.4

DNPCOUH]UPDH

Nelrncd Oldst? (j 1 44 r. 44 4) 042 .5 464.4 =3=.= =35.> 5?4.= 57=.6 4205.6 4272.=

47=.= 02?.3 =>5 .= =>3 .2 5=4. 2 550.2 4247.= 42?4.2Rue`hl Daerhjm ;(j 1 47 r, 434) 07 .3 ?= .3 37 .3 4 45.0 67 .3 4 45.2 474. 7 043.3

CJMU_]PCDH

4=0.0 4?7.= ==?.5 =44.? ?>2.7 ?5=.> 64=.4 >77.2

EurlDaercodj (j 1 46 r, 434) 05 .0 05. 5 4 42.7 44?.= 36.7 445.= 027.4 00?.2

472.6 45>.7 57> .3 52> .7 520. 2 ==7. > 4273.6 35=.?

DgrlDae rcodj ( j 1 4= r. 44 4) =4.3 ?2.7 460.? 400.3 4>>.= 405.4 ?52.> 0?6.6

OD stdjmdrmczem tl FDH0 (* 42s), Cx, Cy djm K stdjmdrmczem tl FDH= (*423)

Aedj orlss-seotcljdh vdhues stdjmdrmczem `y aedj fuaerdh hejntf (ds d`lve)9 mdtd grla Grescd et dh. (4332)

cj gdot, extreae daljn tfe olapdrdtcve sdaphes cj tfemenree lg djterlplsterclr ehljndtclj lg tfe orlss-seotcljs(rehdtcve tl tfe aemclhdterdh strejntf). ]fcs mcggerejoe cjfuaerdh sfdgt sfdpe fds èej cjterpretem (Ofurofchh et dh.

4337) ds regheotcjn d sfcgt cj fd`ctudh fujtcjn teofjlhlny,grla d nredter mepejmejoe lj fdjm-fehm tfrustcjn spedrs(prlmuocjn djterlplsterclr èjmcjn stresses lj tfe fuaerus)cj tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco tl d nredter rehcdjoe lj tfrlwjspedrs (prlmuocjn tlrscljdh stress cj tfe fuaerus) cj tfe hdterperclm. Cj geadhes, tfe dsyaaetry cj fuaerdh orlss-seotcljdholrtcodh dred cs ljhy shcnfthy d`lve (AUR) lr wctfcj (HUR)

tfe rdjne lg reoejt pelphes (]d`he 4?). Glr tfe plhdr alaejtlg cjertcd (K), dndcj d regheotclj lg rescstdjoe tl èjmcjn djmtlrscljdh hldms, `ltf AUR djm HUR geadhes sflwdsyaaetry hevehs wehh d`lve tflse lg alre reoejt geadhes.]fcs sunnests tfdt pdhdelhctfco geadhes, hcie tfecr adheolujterpdrts, were dhsl renuhdrhy ejndncjn cj dotcvctces (suofds tfrlwcjn) tfdt ejnejmerem fcnfer èjmcjn lr twcstcjnstresses chh lje hca` tfdj tfe ltfer. ^fche tfe jdture lg tfedotcvctces tfdt prlmuoem tfese hldms cs presejthy ujohedr, ct

mles rdcse tfe plssc`chcty tfdt tfe sexudh mcvcsclj lg hd`lurtfdt cs d jedr-ujcversdh daljn almerj fujter-ndtferers fdmjlt guhhy eaernem `y tfe hdter Rhecstloeje, djm tfdt geadheswere ejndncjn (dhèct tl d hesser menree `dsem lj tfeadnjctume lg dsyaaetry) cj renuhdr wedplj-use èfdvclurs.

7. Hlwer hca`; `claeofdjcodh djdhyscs (@.A.F.)

Drofdelhlncodh djm pdhdeleolhlncodh evcmejoe sunnests tfdtadklr ofdjnes tlli phdoe murcjn tfe Hdter Rhecstloeje lgEurlpe, wctf caplrtdjt eggeots lj fuadj su`scstejoe. UpperRdhdelhctfco fuadj plstordjcdh readcjs prlvcme d ujcque

lpplrtujcty tl ujmerstdjm tfe adklr trejms djm sfcgts tfdtofdrdotercsem tfcs tcae perclm.

Ct fds èej fypltfesczem tfdt su`scstejoe ofdjnes tfdtglhhlwem tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua cj Eurlpe resuhtem cjmeoredsem stdture, siehetdh rlùstcocty, djm sexudhmcalrpfcsa (Grdyer 43629 4364). Doolrmcjn tl tfcsfypltfescs, tfe 'nrdochczdtclj' prloess wds d oljsequejoe lgd remuotclj cj tfe heveh lg ausouhlsiehetdh stress ds d resuhtlg ètter fujtcjn teofjlhlny djm remuotclj lg prey scze.




]d`he 40. Aemcdj peroejt dsyaaetry' cj olrtcodh dred (OD)

djm plhdr alaejt lg cjertcd (K) cj adhes (Aemcdj,

Tudrtche Pdjne, Pdjne).

% D_SAA - OD % D_SAA -K

]d`he 4?. Aedj C/Cy rdtcls (*422) glr adhe sdaphes -

(Aedj, _M, j).

03.2 56.>Acm Up. Rdhdel. (j 1 >) 4?.4 - =2.6 ?3.3 - 37.=

44.= - 76.= 04.> -4>2.5

??.6 54.0

Hdte Up. Rdhdel. (j 1 3) 06.3 - =6.2 =5.> - 3>.=

02.4 - 57.6 ?=.? -4?0.0

3.5 47.=

Dheut ( j d 0=) 0.7 - 45.? 7.? - 04.6

2.0 - 0?.3 4.4 - =2.4

7.> 7.=K ljclj (j 1 42) 5.4 - >.7 ?.0 - 42.>

2.= - 45.2 4.7 - 47.>

7.6 47.6

Rue hl Daerhjmc dj (j 1 4=) =.2 - 3.4 6.6 - 0?.72.= - ??.= 5.5 - ?>.6

5.3 >.5EurlDaercodrk (r c 1 43) ?.0 - 44.7 ?.4 - 04.6

PCNF] HEG]

Acm Up. Rdhdel. 4?2.6 407.=

47.5 (3) 47.5 (44)

Hdte Up. Rdhdel. 4 46.7 404.4

45.7 (4?) 05.2 (42)

Nelrncd Oldst F&N' 422.4 (7) 422.? (7)

Dheut 42?.> 424.7

4?.5 (43) >.6 (47)

Klalj 63.> 63.4

40.> (42) 4?.0 (42)

Nelrncd Oldst Dnrcouht.' 440.5 (44) 42=.3 (44)

Rue`hl Daercjmcdj 66.5 6>.4

45.0 (47) 4?.5 (43)

EurlDaercodj 402.3 4 46.3

42.5 (43) 4>.4 (02)

DgrlDaercodj 4 45.7 4 45.4

45.2 (4=) 45.> (44)

Reroejt dsyaaetry odhouhdtem ds Y(adx-acj)/acjQ*4224

rdtcl odhouhdtem uscjn aedj Cx djm H vdhues; mdtd grla Grescdet dh. 4332

Flwever, oljtrdry tl tfe 'teofjlhlncodh eggcocejoy' almeh,`claeofdjcodh djdhyscs lg upper hca` `ljes (Ofurofchh 433=9tfcs ofdpter) plcjt tl d adriem cjoredse cj dotcvcty hevehsmurcjn tfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco. ]fese oljtrdstcjn hcjes lgevcmejoe sunnest tfdt `ltf plstordjcdh vdrcd`chcty cj UpperRdhdelhctfco Eurlpedjs djm gdotlrs ujmerhycjn tfdt vdrcd`chctydro pllrhy ujmerstllm. _cze dhlje, wfetfer lg tfe wflhe`lmy lr lg hljn `ljes, cs dj capreocse cjmcodtlr lg `clhlncodhdmdptdtclj (Pugg 436>). Ofdjnes cj `lje nelaetry, lr sfdpe,

prlvcme alre preocse cjglradtclj d`lut dmdptdtclj tlaeofdjcodh glroes tfdt dre cjmcodtcve lg gujotcljdh use djm,tfus, èfdvclurdh mcggerejoes (Hlvekly et dh. 43>79 Pugg djmFdyes 436?d, `9 Pugg 436>). Mcstrcùtclj lg `lje vcewem cjorlss-seotclj regheots hldms phdoem uplj tfdt `lje èoduse,murcjn hcge, `ljes respljm tl ofdjnes cj glroes `y dmmcjn lrremcstrcùtcjn lsselus adtercdh (^lhgg 46>29 Puggdjm Fdyes436?d9 @rcmnes 4334). ]fereglre, orlss-seotcljdh prlpertceslg hlwer hca` `ljes mcreothy regheot dotcvcty hevehs.

Cjterpretcjn mcggerejoes cj hljn `lje struoture cj teras lgaeofdjcodh glroes resuhts cj d ètter ujmerstdjmcjn lg`clèfdvclurdh ofdjnes tfdt doolapdjy d ofdjne cjsu`scstejoe strdteny (@ejger 43329 Puggdjm Hdrsej 4332).

Orlss-seotcljdh nelaetrco mcaejscljs regheot tfe d`chcty lgtfe `lje tl rescst cjterjdh hldms djm èjmcjn stresses. _everdhcjmcodtlrs lg gealrdh djm tc`cdh mcdpfysedh strejntf dre usemcj tfcs stumy tl dssess vdrcd`chcty djm/lr ofdjnes tfrlunflut

tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. ]fe prcjocpdh dxes, Cadx djm Cakj,cjmcodte tfe mcreotcljs lg nredtest djm hedst èjmcjn rcncmcty dtd pdrtcouhdr seotclj9 Cx djm Cy aedsure tfe strejntf lg tfe `ljecj dj djterl-plsterclr (D-R) djm aemcl-hdterdh (A-H)mcreotclj, respeotcvehy9 K, tfe plhdr alaejt lg cjertcd,aedsures tfe d`chcty lg tfe `lje tl rescst tlrscljdh hldms. Cjdmmctclj, rdtcls lg èjmcjn alaejts dre usem (Cadx /Cac‚ djmCx /Cy) ds d mcreot wdy lg olapdrcjn rehdtcve `lje dredmcstrcùtclj wctfcj orlss seotcljs (orlss-seotcljdh sfdpe).



-r _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

]d`he 4=. Aemcdj pereejt dsyaaetry' cj olrtcodh dred (OD)

djm plhdr alaejt lg cjertcd (K) cj geadhes (Aemcdj,

Tudrtche Pdjne, Pdjne).

]d`he 45. ]fe sdaphes.

% D_SAA - OD % D_SAA -K

Acm Up. Rdhdel. (j 1 0) 4=.2 0>.?2.6 - 4=.2 0.= - 0>.?

6.0 00.?

Hdte Up. Rdhdel. (cc 1 5) 4.5 - 42.5 4=.5 - 0?.7

2.6 - 06.> 42.> - 56.6

>.7 47.>

Dheut (j1 4=) 4.6 - 4>.2 5.? - 07.4

2.0 - =3.= 2.> - 50.3

=.? 3.6

.4 ljclj (j 1 4?) ?.> - >.2 0.2 - 4=.22.7 - 0>.? 2.? - 00.5

42.0 7.3

Rue`hl Daer cjm cdj (j 1 45) 0.2 - 47.= =.0 - 4>.?

2.2 - 02.4 2.4 - ?0.6

44.4 44.>

Hua Daercodj (j 1 43) 0.? - 4?.7 ?.2 - 43.=

2.4 - 0>.0 2.? - ?2.=

_REOCAEJ_ U_EM GLP

GEALPDH DJDHS_C_

_REOCAEJ_ U_EM GLP

]C@CDH DJDHS_C_

Reroejt dsyaaetry odhouhdtem ds |(adx-acj)/acjQ*422

AUR AUR

Rdrd`ctd 4 Rdrd`ctd 4Orl-Adnjlj 4 @drad Nrdjme 5

Nrltte mes Ejgdjts = Dreje Odjmcme 4

@drad Nrdjme 0 Rdvchdjm 4

Rdvchdjm 4 Orl-Adnjlj 5

Orl-Adnjlj 0 Rdrd`ctd 0

Rdnhcooc 05

Dreje Odjmcme 4

Hd Plofette

HUR HUR

Weyrcer 4 Pladjehhc 4

Ofdjoehdme Pla ctl ?

Jouosscjn Lèridsseh hPcpdrl ]dnhcejte Dreje Odjmcme 42

Pladjehhc 4 Dreje Odjmcme 5

Dreje Odjmcme = Dreje Odjmcme =

Dreje Odjmcme 42 Pcpdrl Oljtcjejzd

Dreje Odjmcme 5 Pcpdrl ]dnhcejte

Dreje Odjmcme 40 Plactl =

Pcpdrl Oljtcjej zd Jeuesscj n

_dj ]elmlrl = Weyrcer 4

_t. Neradcj Plactl 5

@rujcqueh Odp @hdjo

Nrltte mes Ejgdjts ? _t. Neradcj

]fese rdtcls fdve èej sflwj tl è very useguh cjmlouaejtcjn ofdjnes cj sfdpe, regheotcjn ofdjnes cj dotcvctyhevehs djm pdtterjs (Pugg 436>). Juaerlus stumces mealjstrdte tfe sejsctcvcty lg orlss-seotcljdh nelaetrco prlpertces tlofdjnes cj speocgco dotcvcty hevehs tfdt dre rehdtem tlsu`scstejoe (see glr exdaphe Pugg et dh. 436=9 @rloi djmPugg 43669 @ejger 43329 Puggdjm Hdrsej 43329 Ofurofchh433=). _peocgcodhhy, wdhicjn, ohca`cjn, djm rujjcjn nejerdteèjmcjn hldms cj tfe ijee renclj, resuhtcjn cj D-R ehljndtcljlg tfe orlss-seotclj dt tfe mcstdh geaur djm prlxcadh tc`cd.

]fus, tfe sfdpe lg tfe geaur djm tc`cd cj tfe ijee rencljregheots pdtterjs caplsem lj tfe `lje murcjn hlolaltclj.

]fe gealrd djm tc`cd lg 40 Acm (AUR) djm 43 Hdte(HUR) Upper Rdhdelhctfco fuadjs (]d`he 45) were exdacjemtl evdhudte tfe vdrcd`chcty djm ofdjnes cj hlwer hca``claeofdjcodQ strejntf ètweej tfese twl tcae perclms.^ctf tfe exoeptclj lg d gew speocaejs (Orl-Adnjlj, HdPlofette) tfdt oluhm è lhmer, tfe ùhi lg tfe adtercdh csmdtem ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p.

Expeotdtcljs lg tfe 'nrdochczdtclj' almeh caphy tfdtaedsures lg `claeofdjcodh strejntf sfluhm meoredse `y tfeHUR. ]wl seotcljs were oflsej glr tfcs stumy; acmsfdgt(52%) geaur djm prlxcadh (62%) tc`cd. ]fe aetflm usem tlreoljstruot tfe orlss-seotcljs cs cmejtcodh tl tfdt mesorcèm `yOfurofchh (tfcs ofdpter). Glhhlwcjn Pugg et dh. (433?), seoljmdjm plhdr alaejts were sodhem `y estcadtes lg gealrdh djmtc`cdh `claeofdjcodh hejntfs rdcsem tl d plwer lg 5.??, djmdreds `y hejntf rdcsem tl d plwer lg ? (see Pugg djm Fdyes436?d glr megcjctcljs lg tfe hejntf aedsureaejts, djm td`he

47 glr hcst lg d``revcdtcljs). Dhtflunf tfere cs hctthe scnjcgcodjt`chdterdh dsyaaetry cj tfe hlwer hca`s (Pugg djm Kljes 4364),wfej plssc`he, tfe rcnft geaur djm tc`cd were usem. @eoduselg sadhh sdaphe sczes, geadhes djm adhes were pllhem.

Pesuhts lg tfe djdhyscs dre ncvej cj td`he 47, djmchhustrdtem cj gcnures 7 djm >. Dhh aedsures lg acmsfdgtgealrdh rlùstcocty cjoredse ètweej tfe AUR djm HUR,dhtflunf tfe cjoredse cj D-R èjmcjn strejntf (Cadx) cs jltscnjcgcodjt. Cjoredses cj ]D djm OD, ds wehh ds tfe gdot tfdt



=_ FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

52

=2

?2

02

42

2

-42

-02 -

% mcggerejoe

OD"]D' 4

AD

Cadx

Cacj*

K'

Cadx/Cacj" C

]fetd* |x/ |v ”

Gcn. 7. Reroejt mcggerejoe cj gealrdh nelaetrco prlpertces ètweej

Acm djm Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

45 c” % mcggerejoe]fetd"

j42OD

5 Cacj

2

C M-5

]D

| |

Y hx/hy

42

45

02

Cadx

k

CCa,

x9AD

Cacj

Gcn. >. Reroejt mcggerejoe cj tc`cdh nelaetrco prlpertces ètweej Acmdjm Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

AD ljhy cjoredses shcnfthy, resuht cj d strljner djm hdrnerorlss-seotclj, wctf rehdtcvehy alre `lje. ]fe oljsequejthdrner K vdhue plcjts tl dj cjoredse cj tlrscljdh strejntf cjtfe HUR nrlup. Hlwer sfdpe cjmcoes (hamx /haa djm Cx /Cy)

sflw tfdt HUR gealrd dhsl èodae rlujmer cj orlss-seotclj. ]fcs sfdpe ofdjne cs lgtej dsslocdtem wctf dremuotclj cj D-R èjmcjn strejntf (Cadx), rehdtcve tl A-Hèjmcjn strejntf, regheotcjn d remuotclj cj dotcvcty hevehs(Puggdjm Fdyes 436?d, `9 Pugg et dh. 436=9 @rloi 4365).Fere, flwever, tfe shcnft cjoredse cj Cadx cs lggset `y dscnjcgcodjt cjoredse cj Cacj, resuhtcjn cj d meoredse cj

'adx/Hcj- ]fe sdae cs true lg Cx /Cy. ]fus, wfche rlujmergealrdh djm tc`cdh orlss-seotcljs dre usudhhy cjterpretem dsregheotcjn d remuotclj cj hevehs lg dotcvctces tfdt cjvlhve D-Rèjmcjn strejntf, fere tfe ofdjne cs prcadrchy mue tl djcjoredse cj A-H èjmcjn strejntf. ]fcs relrcejtdtclj lgadxcaua èjmcjn strejntf cs regheotem cj tfe meoredse cjtfetd. ]fus, ct dppedrs tfdt, wfche tfe mcstrcùtclj lg `ljewctfcj dj dred èodae alre evej, tfe scze lg tfe dredcjoredsem, resuhtcjn cj gealrd wctf hdrner, ùt alre ocrouhdrorlss-seotcljs. ^fche ct cs ohedr tfdt tfe adnjctume lg tfeèjmcjn hldms cjoredsem, tfe ujexpeotem strljn cjoredse cjacmsfdgt A-H èjmcjn strejntf dhsl sunnests d ofdjne cj

types lg aeofdjcodh hldmcjns.Cj tfe prlxcadh tc`cd, dhh aedsures lg rlùstcocty ùt twl

meoredse, dhtflunf jlje scnjcgcodjthy. OD djm Cacj sflw dshcnft cjoredse (jlt scnjcgcodjt). ]fus, wfche tfe geaur nltstrljner djm alre ocrouhdr lver tcae, tfe tc`cd ofdjnem veryhctthe, dhtflunf shcnft meoredses cj `ltf sfdpe cjmcoes cjmcodtealre ocrouhdr orlss-seotcljs ds wehh. Hdsthy, d scnjcgcodjtcjoredse cj tfetd sunnests d alre D-R lrcejtem-nredtestèjmcjn rcncmcty.

]fe mcdofrljco cjoredse cj hlwer hca` rlùstcocty requcresd gew wlrms lg olaaejt. Ct cs caplrtdjt tl jlte tfdt tferesuhts dre cjghuejoem `y tfe aetflm usem tl stdjmdrmcseorlss-seotcljdh mcaejscljs glr `lmy scze. ]fcs dppdrejtcjoredse cj rlùstcocty mcsdppedrs wfej d alre slpfcstcodtemdpprldof cs usem (see Flht 4333). Ct sfluhm è stressem,flwever, tfdt tfe aetflm usem mles jlt dggeot mcaejscljsregheotcjn orlss-seotcljdh sfdpe (Cx /Cy9 Cadx /'acj) scjoe rdtclsml jlt jeem tl è stdjmdrmcsem. ]fe scnjcgcodjt cjoredse seejcj gealrdh orlss-seotcljdh ocrouhdrcty cj tfe HUR sdaphesunnests d remuotclj cj dotcvcty heveh cjvlhvcjn tfe hlwer

hca`, c.e. meoredsem al`chcty. ]fcs oljohusclj cs oljscstejtwctf drofdelhlncodh evcmejoe lg cjoredsem terrctlrcdhcty djmmeoredsem rescmejtcdh al`chcty dgter tfe Hdst NhdocdhAdxcaua (Plzly 4363).

>. Gcjd h oljscmerdtcljs

]fe djdhyses revcewem fere lg teaplrdh djm nelnrdpfco-vdrcdjoe cj ordjcdh alrpflhlny, `lmy sfdpe djm stdture, djmupper djm hlwer hca` siehetdh rlùstcocty cj UpperRdhdelhctfco sdaphes prlvcme caplrtdjt cjglradtclj lj tfelrcncjs, acorlevlhutcljdry trejms, djm `clouhturdh dmdptdtcljslg tfese plpuhdtcljs. D juaèr lg cssues rdcsem cj tfese

suaadrces meserve olaaejt.^lri odrrcem lut `y _ofuadjj lj ordjclgdocdh glra cj

tfe hdter Rhecstloeje, wfche meteotcjn d sadhh menree lgalrpflhlncodh ofdjne (espeocdhhy wfej tfe edrhcest almerjfuadjs lg Eurlpe dre olapdrem wctf tfe sdaphes plstmdtcjn tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua), prlmuoes dj lverdhhpcoture lg alrpflhlncodh std`chcty murcjn tfcs tcae perclm.^fche tfe dssuaptclj tfdt tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco wds djcjscnjcgcodjt lr ujcjterestcjn perclm glr fuadj



=3 _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

]d`he 47. Mcggerejoes cj gealrdh djm tc`cdh nelaetrco prlpertces ètweej Acm UpperRdhdelhctfco djm Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

AUR HUR

Rrlperty' Aedj _M Aedj _M % Mcggerejoe0

Geaur-52% (j13 djm j14=)OD 55?.> 42?.? 734.7 4=?.0 0= .34* '

]D >23.? 420.? 677.= 47=.4 00.45*

AD 455.7 >0.5 4>=.6 5=. > 40.?=

Cadx 036.3 62.2 ?> ?. = 4 43.4 0=.30

Ca cj 46>.6 57.0 07> .? 62.5 =0 .??*

K =67.6 4?4.7 7=2 .6 43=.2 ?4. 7=*

]fetd 6= .0 42.= 73 .3 47.0 -47.36*

Cadx/Cacj 4.7 2.0 4.= 2.0 -40.5**

Cx/Cy 4.7 2. 0 4.? 2. 0 -0 2. 05 ** *

]c`cd-62% (j17 djm j14=)

OD 424>.7 076.? 4 424.0 022.4 6.00]D 4362.7 ?=>.7 466?.7 ?46.5 -=.32

AD 370.> 475.4 >60.? 005.3 -46.>=

Cadx 0?4 ?.= 377 .2 4377.6 7?7.4 -4=.36

Ca cj >00.> ?20.2 >=3.2 07=.6 ?.7=

K ?2?7.4 4004.0 0>45.> 652.4 -42.55

]fetd >=. 5 42.3 65. 5 42.0 4=.>>*

Cadx/hacj ?.= 2. 3 0.> 2.> -02.53

Cx/Cy 0.7 2.> 0.5 2.> -?.65

' _ee èhlw glr d``revcdtcljs

Dhh dreds dre stdjmdrmczem `y H , auhtcphcem `y 42", dhh seoljm alaejts lg dred dre

stdjmdrmczem `y H5", auhtcphcem `y 42400 Y(AUR-HUR)/AURQxh229 d plsctcve vdhue cjmcodtes HUR:AUR4 * R82.259 ** R82.249 *** R82.224

OD olrtcodh dred

]D tltdh dred

AD aemuhhdry dred

Cadx adxcaua seoljm alaejt lg cjertcd

Yacj acjcaua seoljm alaejt lg cjertcdC plhdr seoljm alaejt lg cjtertcd

]fetd djnhe ètweej A-H dxcs djm mcreotclj lg adxcaua èjmcjn rcncmcty

alrpflhlncodh evlhutclj wds ohedrhy ujglujmem (Grdyer436=), ct mles dppedr tfdt tfcs perclm wds ofdrdotercsem `yd nredter menree lg stdscs tfdj ofdjne cj ordjclgdocdhalrpflhlny. ]fe hdoi lg rencljdh mcggerejtcdtclj replrtem`y _ofuadjj cs espeocdhhy cjterestcjn, djm ady prlvcmesupplrt glr tfe cmed lg hdrne-sodhe pdtterjs lg neje ghlwdjm ouhturdh exofdjne dorlss Eurlpe murcjn tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco (Nda`he 4367). Pencljdh mcggerejtcdtclj

murcjn tfcs perclm cs hlw rehdtcve tl hcvcjn Eurlpedjs,rdcscjn tfe questclj lg wfej (lr lver wfdt perclm) tfemcggerejoes tfdt ofdrdotercse nelnrdpfco plpuhdtcljs lgextdjt Eurlpedjs odae cjtl ècjn. _ofuadjj's wlriplcjts tl tfe adklr scnjcgcodjoe lg tfe Hdst NhdocdhAdxcaua ds d very myjdaco pfdse murcjn tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco, djm ct ady è wctf tfe plpuhdtcljs lg plstnhdocdh Eurlpe, ofdhhejnem `y tfe ohcadtco lsochhdtcljs djm




hdrne-sodhe ejvcrljaejtd h ghuotudtcljs lg d wdracjn wlrhm,tfdt we sfluhm èncj tfe sedrof.

Pehdtcve alrpflhlncodh std`chcty dorlss rencljs, djmsupplrt glr tfe cmed lg 'lpej systeas' (Nda`he 4367), murcjntfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco cs dhsl sunnestem `y djdhyscs lgstdture. Glracolhd's wlri sflws tfdt `ltf Hcnurcdj

(Nrcadhmc) djm Alrdvcdj nrdvettcdj sdaphes dre ofdrdotercsem`y very tdhh stdture, oljscmerd`hy fcnfer tfdj tfdt cj hdtersdaphes. Dppdrejthy, tfe alst mrdadtcodh eggeots lj fecnftloourrem dt tfe ejm lg tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua, rdtfer tfdjdt tfe trdjsctclj grla tfe Rdhdelhctfco tl tfe Aeslhctfco.Gdotlrs nejerdhhy cjvliem tl exphdcj tfe jendtcve trejm grlaAcm tl Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco cjohume ofdjnes cj gujotcljdhrequcreaejts (d remuotclj cj dotcvcty hevehs) djm/lr mcetdrysuggcocejoy (d remuotclj cj prltecj cjtdie) rehdtem tl ofdjnemsu`scstejoe strdtences lr cjoredsem plpuhdtcljdh meadjm ljresluroes. D hess lgtej oljscmerem ùt pltejtcdhhy caplrtdjtgdotlr oluhm è meoredsem neje ghlw (djm dttejmdjtcj`reemcjn eggeots) cj tfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco cj d oljtext

lg meoredsem rescmejtcdh al`chcty djm mevehlpaejt lg alrerestrcotem adtcjn jetwlris. Dhalst everylje wfl fds vcewemtfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco grla d Eurlpedj (rdtfer tfdjalre jdrrlw rencljdh) perspeotcve fds èej struoi `y tfeouhturdh djm alrpflhlncodh scachdrctces lg nelnrdpfcodhhysepdrdte plpuhdtcljs. Glracolhd plcjts tl tfese `rldmnelnrdpfco pdtterjs ds cjmcodtcjn d slocdh djm eoljlacogrdaewlri `dsem lj fcnf hevehs lg al`chcty djm cjternrlupoljtdot lver vdst dreds - hedmcjn tl tfe adcjtejdjoe lgjetwlris lg neje ghlw djm ouhturdh exofdjne. ]fe HdstNhdocdh Adxcaua ady represejt d wdtersfem cj tfe evlhutcljlg Eurlpedj slocdh systeas, cj wfcof cjoredsem terrctlrcdh csa

djm remuoem cjternrlup exofdjnes (lg perfdps `ltf nejes djmadtercdh nllms) resuhtem grla tfe `rldmejcjn lg resluroeexphlctdtclj djm nredter oljtrlh lver tfe ejvcrljaejt (tfusl`vcdtcjn tfe jeem glr extejmem slocdh 'sdgety jets').

]fe `claeofdjcodh djdhyses lg tfe upper djm hlwer hca`prlmuoe d slaewfdt oljtrdstcjn pcoture. Flht's resuhts plcjttl d meoredse cj al`chcty djm, tfus, dre cj dnreeaejt wctf tfealmeh mevehlpem `y Glracolhd. Ofurofchh's djdhyscs,flwever, revedhs d scnjcgcodjt cjoredse cj strejntf djmrlùstcocty cj HUR upper hca`. ]fe wcme-spredm eolhlncodhofdjnes tfdt doolapdjcem tfe plst-Nhdocdh Adxcauaoredtem d olaphex sctudtclj, requcrcjn `rldm rdjnes lg

`clhlncodh djm ouhturdh dmdptdtcljs. ]rejms exfc`ctem `y`claeofdjcodh mdtd ady è regheotcljs lg tfcs olaphexcty.]fe cjoredse cj `lmy-scze stdjmdrmcsem upper hca` `ljestrejntf, regheotcjn ofdjnes cj hd`lur cjtejscty (alst hciehyùt jlt jeoessdrchy rehdtem tl su`scstejoe eoljlay), loour cjtfe oljtext lg d ghlurcsfcjn adtercdh ouhture. ]fe eaernejoelg slhutredj, adnmdhejcdj djm epcnrdvettcdj ouhtures cjohumesd rdpcm mevehlpaejt lg glrdncjn tllhs, ds wehh ds l`keots lgdrt djm persljdh dmlrjaejt plssc`hy mejltcjn cjoredscjn

olaphexcty cj slocdh lrndjczdtclj. ]fe trdmctcljdh pdrdmcna(trdmctcljdh cj Daercodj djtfrlplhlny, dt hedst) lg d mcreotoljjeotclj ètweej teofjlhlncodh evlhutclj djm remuotclj cj`lje djm ausohe strejntf cs jlt `lrje lut `y tfese djdhyses.Cjstedm, ct dppedrs tfdt `ltf teofjlhlny djm sladtco strejntfady è regheotcjn d perclm lg cjoredsem resluroe stress (djm

fejoe nredter glrdncjn cjtejscty) cj tfe Hdte rehdtcve tl tfeAcm Upper Rdhdelhctfco. ]fcs stress ady fdve èej mrcvej `ymealnrdpfco (expljejtcdh plpuhdtclj cjoredse djm cjoredsemplpuhdtclj mejscty) lr eolhlncodh (meterclrdtcjn oljmctcljsdsslocdtem wctf tfe ljset lg tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua)gdotlrs. ]fcs oljtrdsts wctf Glracolhd's vcew lg slocdh djmmealnrdpfco gdotlrs respljmcjn tl cjoredsem mcverscgcodtcljcj extrdotcjn resluroes grla tfe ejvcrljaejt. ]fesemcggercjn vcewplcjts sfluhm stdjm ds d glodh plcjt glr gurtferresedrof. Ct cs dhsl jltewlrtfy tfdt tfe ofdjnes mlouaejtem`y Flht djm Ofurofchh cj tfe plstordjcdh siehetlj dre jltregheotem `y ofdjnes cj tfe presejoe lr expressclj lggedtures lg ordjcdh 'rlùstcocty' (e.n., ordjcdh vduht

superstruotures). ]diej tlnetfer, tfe ordjcdh djm plstordjcdhmdtd pdcjt d pcoture lg alsdco evlhutcljdry trejms cj siehetdhalrpflhlny.

Ds oljoerjs `lmy sfdpe, Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco readcjstejm tl plssess d hljn, hcjedr pfyscque alre ohlsehydpprlxcadtcjn tfe _u`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodj oljmctclj tfdj tfdt lgreoejt Eurlpedjs. ]fe resuhts lg Flhhcmdy's djdhyscs gct alreedschy wctfcj d Pephdoeaejt (lr Cjteraemcdte almeh)grdaewlri tfdj wctfcj d almeh lg Pencljdh Oljtcjucty. ]fcswlri dhsl plcjts tl tfe d`sejoe lg strljn evcmejoe glr olhmdmdptdtclj cj tfe Eurlpedj almerj fuadj plpuhdtcljs lg tfepre-Nhdocdh Adxcaua. Cjterestcjnhy, ct cs ljhy dgter tfe HdstNhdocdh Adxcaua tfdt ofdjnes tlwdrms d alre olhm-dmdptem`lmy sfdpe (lje tfdt ofdrdotercses hcvcjn Eurlpedjs) odj èmeteotem. ]fus, ds wctf tfe wlri lg _ofuadjj, tfcs plcjts tltfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua djm tfe su`sequejt perclm dsècjn iey cj tfe evlhutclj lg almerj pdtterjs lg alrpflhlncodh vdrcdtclj cj Eurlpe. ]fe d`sejoe lg ohedr evcmejoe glrcjoredsem olhm dmdptdtclj murcjn tfe Aeslhctfco oluhm è muetl tfe rcse lg teaperdtures wctf tfe ljset lg tfe Flhloeje, lrperfdps tl caprlvem ouhturdh aedjs (tfrlunf ohltfcjn, sfehterdjm pyrlteofjlhlny) lg ejvcrljaejtdh ùggercjn.

]fe resuhts suaadrczem cj tfcs pdper plcjt ljoe alre tl tfeolaphex djm myjdaco jdture lg fuadj dmdptcve, slocdh djm

eoljlaco systeas cj tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Cg we dre tl drrcvedt d guhher djm alre doourdte pcoture lg tfe eolhlncodh, ouhturdh,djm `clhlncodh dspeots lg hdte Rhecstloeje Eurlpedjplpuhdtcljs, we aust ejmedvlur tl cjtenrdte djm syjtfescze tfevdrclus dpprldofes luthcjem fere, djm wlri tlwdrms d nredtermenree lg cjterdotcve wlri wctf tflse cjvestcndtcjn tfe myjdacos lg ouhturdh evlhutclj (tfrlunf tfe drofdelhlncodh rdtfertfdj tfe glssch reolrm) lg tfcs tcae perclm. ê flpe tfdt tfcspdper wchh serve tl stcauhdte wlri lg tfcs jdture cj tfe guture.



54 _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH.

doijlwhemneaejts

^lri supplrtem `y; tfe H._.@. Hediey Glujmdtclj, tfeJdtcljdh _ocejoe Glujmdtclj (nrdjt _@P-3?04??3), djm tfeC fccverscty lg Jew Aexcol (].^. F.)9 AUP_] djm OJP(3>.(V).'c>3.RG?7) nrdjts (W. G.)9 H._.@. Hediey Glujmdtclj

]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

djm tfe Jdtcljdh _ocejoe Glujmdtclj (nrdjt @J_-3400276)(_.E. O)9 H._.@. Hediey Glujmdtclj djm tfe Jdtcljdh _ocejoeGlujmdtclj (nrdjt _@P-35?2606) (@.A. F.). E. ]rcjidusicjmhy prlvcmem mdtd lj Mlhjc Wéstljcoe ? tl W. G., djm ljRdvchdjm 4, Orl Adnjlj 4-0-5, djm Lèridsseh 4 tl @.A. F.




regerejoes

@dier, R.].

@ejger, P.D. Kr.

@ernet, I.D.,

_.E. Ofurofch

@ernadj, O.D.

@chhy, N.

@rcmnes, R._.

4372 Ohcadte, ouhture, djm evlhutclj, Fuadj @clhlny ?0, ?-47.

4332 ]fe Rreoerdaco perclm scte lg Rdhlad, Reru; `clcjmcodtcljs lg caprlvcjn dmdptdtclj tlsemejtcsa, Hdtcj Daercodj Djtcqucty 4, 06=-?46.

433= _u`scstejoe dotcvcty djm fuaerdh fypertrlpfy daljn westerj Dheutcdj Cshdjmers, Daercodj

Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny, _upph. 46, 55 (d`s.).

433? ]fe mevehlpaejt lg tfe `lw cj westerj Eurlpe; d teofjlhlncodh djm gujotcljdh perspeotcve.Cj; N.H. Retericj, F.A. @rcoier djm R. Aehhdrs (ems), Fujtcjn djm Djcadh Exphlctdtclj cj

tfe Hdter Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco lg Eurlpe, Drofelhlncodh Rdpers lg tfe DaercodjDjtfrlplhlncodh Dsslocdtclj =, 35-425.

43>4 Cjghuejoe me 4'exlndace sur hes almcgcodtcljs oãpfdhcques et stdturdhes mes plpuhdtcljs

dotuehhes. @claetrce Fuadcje 7, >?-67.

4334 _iehetdh evcmejoe lg ofdjnes cj su`scstejoe dotcvctces ètweej tfe Drofdco djmAcsscsscppcdj tcae perclms cj Jlrtfwesterj Dhd`dad. Cj; A.H. Rlwehh, R._. @rcmnes djm

D.A. ^dnjer Acres (ems), ^fdt Aedj ]fese @ljes<, 63-424,]usodhllsd; ]fe Ujcversctylg Dhd`dad Rress.

@rloi, _.H.

@rloi, _.H.,O.@. Pugg

Ofurofchh, _.E.

Ofurofchh, _.E.,D.F. êdver,

^.D. Jcewlefjer

Orlnjcer, E.

Ozdrjetzic, D.

Mdrrlof. K.J.,

K.E. Alscadjj

Evehetf, R.@.,K.A. ]djjer

4365 @claeofdjcod! dmdptdtclj lg tfe hlwer hca` flje tfrlunf tcae cj tfe prefcstlrco slutfwest.

Rf.M. mcssertdtclj, Ujcverscty lg Jew Aexcol.

4366 Mcdofrljce pdtterjs lg ofdjne cj struoturdh prlpertces lg tfe geaur cj tfe prefcstlrcoDaercodj _lutfwest, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny >5, 44?-40>.

433= Fctadj Upper @lmy Evlhutclj cj tfe Eurdscdj Hdter Rhecstloeje. Rf.M. Mcssertdtclj,

Ujcverscty lg Jew Aexcol.

4337 Hdte Rhecstloeje fuadj teofjlhlncodh djm su`scstejoe èfdvclr; Gujotcljdh cjterpretdt cljs

lg upper hca` alrpflhlny. Cj; D. @cettc djm _. Nrcadhmc (ems), Pemuotclj Rrloesses

("Ofdcjes Lpãrdtlcres") cj tfe Eurlpedj Alustercdj, =4?- ==>, Tudteadrcd Jlvd 7.

4364 Ohcadte djm djtfrlplaetrco vdrcdtcljs cj Eurlpe djm tfe Aemcterrdjedj dred, Djjdhs lg

Fuadj @clhlny 6,33-42>.

4362 Rdtflhlncodh ofdjnes cj tfe alrpflhlny lg tfe ylujn Rdhelhctfco siehetdh readcjs grla

_tettej (_lutf-west Neradjy), Klurjdh lg Fuadj Evlhutclj 3, 45-4>.

4365 Odjljcodh djm prcjocpdh olapljejts lg sfdpe, @claetrcid >0, 0=4-050.

43>7 ^lrhmwcme Wdrcdtclj cj Fuadj Nrlwtf, Cjterjdtcljdh @clhlncodh Rrlnrdaae 6,

Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

4332 ^lrhmwcme vdrcdtclj cj fuadj nrlwtf. Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

Glracolhd, W., 4337 Penressclj equdtcljs glr estcadtcjn stdture grla hljn `ljes lg Edrhy Flhloeje Eurlpedj

A. Grdjoesofc sdaphes, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlphlny 422, 6?-66.



5? _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

Grdyor, M.^. 43>6 Evlhutclj lg tfe Mejtctclj cj Upper Rdhelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco Eurlpe. Wlh. 42. Ujcverscty

lg Idjsds; Ru`hcodtcljs cj Djtfrlplhlny.

4362 _exudh mcalrpfcsa djm ouhturdh evlhutclj cj tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje djm Flhloeje lg Eurlpe ,

Klurjdh lg Fuadj Evlhutclj 3, ?33-=45.

hh¹_C @lmy scze, wedplj use, djm jdturdh seheotclj cj tfe Eurlpedj Upper Rdhelhctfco djm

Aeslhctfco, Daercodj Djtfrlplhlncst 6? , 5>->?.

436= @clhlncodh djm ouhturdh ofdjnes cj tfe Eurlpedj Hdte Rhecstloeje djm Edrhy Flhloeje. Cj;

G.F. _actf djm G. _pejoer (ems). ]fe Lrcncjs lg Almerj Fuadjs; d ^lrhm _urvey lg tfe

Glssch Evcmejoe. 044-052, Jew Slri; D.P. Hcss Cjo.

4366 @clhlncodh Evcmejoe glr Mcggerejoes cj _locdh Rdtterjcjn cj tfe Eurlpedj Upper Rdhelhctfco

djm Aeslhctfco, Pcvcstd mc Djtrlplhlncd _upph. 77. 40>-4=2.

4330d ]fe Rerscstejoe lg Jedjmertfdh Gedtures cj Rlst-Jedjmertfdh Eurlpedjs . Cj; N. @rduer djm

G.F. _actf (ems). Oljtcjucty lr Pephdoeaejt; Oljtrlversces cj Flal sdpcejs evlhutclj,

4>6-466, Plttermda; D.D. @dhiead.

4330` Evlhutclj dt tfe Eurlpedj emne; Jedjmertfdh djm Upper Rdhelhctfco rehdtcljsfcps ,Rrcfcstlcre Eurlpãejje 0, 3-73.

Grdyer, M.^.,

K. Kehcjei,

J. Acjunf,

G.F. _actf.

A.F. ^lhplgg

j.m. Upper Rhecstloeje Fuadj Peadcjs grla tfe Ahdmeo Odve dt Ahdmeo (Hdutsof). Alrdvcd;

ujpu`hcsfem adjusorcpt.

f'rescd, D.C•'..O.@. Pugg.

O_. 4 .drslj

4332 ]eaplrdh meohcje cj `chdterdh dsyaaetry lg tfe upper hca` lj tfe Nelrncd Oldst. Cj;

O._. Hdrsej (em.). ]fe Drofdelhlny lg Acssclj _djtd Odtdhcjd me Nudhe; 0. @clouhturdh

Cjterpretdtcljs lg d Rlpuhdtclj cj ]rdjsctclj. Djtfrlplhlncodh Rdpers lg tfe Daercodj

Auseua lg Jdturdh Fcstlry 76, 404-4?0.

Nda`cer, M. 4363d Glssch Flacjcms grla tfe edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco (Durcnjdocdj) lg Grdjoe. Cj; R. Aehhdrs

djm O.@. _trcjner (ems), ]fe Fuadj Pevlhutclj, 43=-044, Emcjùrnf; Emcjùrnf Ujcverscty

Rress.

4363` Hes odrdotæres Jãdjmertdhcejs mes preacers flaaes almerjes mu Rdhãlhctf cque supãrceur

Grdjodcs. Cj; A. Ltte (em.), H'Flaae me Jãdjmertdh, vlh. >, A. Ltte djm @. Wdjmeraeersof

(ems), H'Extcjotclj, 7>-6=, Hcene; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH ?=).

4330 Lrcncje me 4'Flaae Almerje ej Eurlpe. Cj; A. ]lussdcjt (em.), Ocjq Achhcljs m'Djjães,

h'Dvejture Fuadcje, 073-06=, Hcæne; Ujcversctã me Hcæne (EPDUH 57).

Nda`he, O.

Nuchèduht, D..

H. Alrdzdcj

4367 ]fe Rdhdelhctfco _ettheaejt lg Eurlpe. Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

4375 Etume me hd orlcssdjoe ofez quehques ejgdjts Esqucadux, H'Ujclj Aemcodte mu Odjdmd

3=, 702-705.

C hejie, ^. 4330 D olapdrdt cve dpprldof tl tfe rehdtcljsfcps lg Eurlpedj djm jlj-Eurlpedj Hdte

Rhecstloeje djm Edrhy Flhloeje plpuhdtcljs. Cj; A. ]lussdcjt (em.), Ocjq Achhcljs

m'Djjães; H'Dvejture Fuadcje, 003-076, Hcæne; Ujcversctã me Hcæne (EPDUH 57).

Flhhcmdy, ].^. 4335 @lmy _cze djm Rrlplrtcljs cj tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje êsterj Lhm ^lrhm djm tfe Lrcncjs lg

Almerj Fuadjs. RfM Mcssertdtclj (Djtfrlplhlny), Ujcverscty lg Jew Aexcol.



5=

Flhhcmdy, ].^.


433> @lmy Rrlplrtcljs cj Hdte Rhecstloeje Eurlpe djm almea fuadj lrcncjs, Klurjdh lg Fuadj

Evlhutclj ?0, =0?-==>.

Flhhcmdy. ].^.,

D.@. Gdhsettc

Flht, @.A.

Flwehhs, ^.^.

4335 Hlwer hca` hejntf lg Eurlpedj edrhy almerj fuadjs cj rehdtclj tl al`chcty djm ohcadte,

Klurjdh lg Fuadj Evlhutclj 03, 4=4-45?.

4333 Al`chcty cj Upper Rdhelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco Eurlpe; `claeofdjcodh evcmejoe grla tfe

hlwer hca`. RfM mcssertdtclj. Ujcverscty lg Acsslurc.

43>? Ordjcdh Wdrcdtclj cj Adj. Oda`rcmne; Rdpers lg tfe Red`lmy Auseua, Fdrvdrm Ujcverscty

Rress.

Føhse. G._.

Kuhcej, A.

Kujners, ^.H.,

P.K. Acjjs

Hdfr, A.A.

Hdfr, A.A..

P.W. ^rcnft

Hctthe, @.@.,

P. Adhcjd

Hlvekly, OL.,

D.F. @urstecj.

I.N. Fecphe

Adhcjd. P.A.

Adrtcj. P.

Adrtcj, P.,

I. _dcher

435> Exlndace et feterls cs. Drofcves _ucsse m'Djtfrlplhlnce Nãjãrdhe 00, 42?-405.

4360 Hes Fdrpljs Adnmdhãjcejs, _upphãaejt í Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre 4>, Rdrcs ; Emctcljs mu OJP_.

43>3 Olaputem tlalnrdpfy djm `claeofdjcodh djdhyscs lg glssch hljn `ljes, Daercodj Klurjdh

lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny 52, 065-032.

4330 ]fe Lrcncjs lg Almerj Fuadjs; D ]est lg tfe Auhtcrencljdh Fypltfescs. Rf.M.

Mcssertdtclj, Ujcverscty lg Oda`rcmne.

4337 ]fe questclj lg rlùstcocty djm tfe rehdtcljsfcp ètweej ordjcdh scze djm sfdpe. Klurjdh lg

Fuadj Evlhutclj ?4, 45>-434.

4367 Neje ghlw djm vdrcdtclj cj stdture djm ordjclgdocdh mcaejscljs daljn cjmcnejlus

plpuhdtclj lg _lutferj Aexcol, Nudteadhd djm Fljmurds, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh

Djtfrlplhlny >2, 525-540.

43>7 ]fe `claeofdjcodh djdhyscs lg `lje strejntf; d aetflm djm cts dpphcodtclj tl phdtyojeacd. Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny ==, =63- 527.

43>3 _eouhdr ofdjnes cj scze djm adturcty, Aljlnrdpf lg tfe _locety glr Pesedrof lg Ofchm Mevehlpeaejt ==, 53-420.

436> Jutrctclj djm nrlwtf. Cj; G.E. Klfjstlj (em.), Jutrctcljdh Djtfrlplhlny, 4>?-437, Jew

Slri; Dhdj P. Hcss.

4306 Hefrùof mer Djtfrlplhlnce, 0jm emctclj. Kejd; Werhdn vlj Nustdv Gcsofer.

4353 Hefrùof mer Djtfrlplhlnce. _tuttndrt; Gcsfer Werhdn.

Adslj _.H.P.,

K.N. Fdtfer,N.O. Fchhadj

Alvcus, F.H.

Rrcjoe, K.A.

433= Rrehcacjdry cjvestcndtclj lg tfe phdjt adorl-readcjs grla Mlhjc Westljcoe CC, djm cts

caphcodtclj glr tfe rlhe lg phdjt gllms cj Rdhelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco Eurlpe, Djtcqucty 76,

=6-5>.

4373 ]fe D`rc lg Orl-Adnjlj, Hes Eyzces (Mlrmlnje) djm tfe prl`d`he dne lg tfe oljtdcjem

ùrcdhs lj tfe `dscs lg tfe jedr`y D`rc Rdtdum, Djudrcl me Estumcl Dthdjtcols 45, ?0?- ?==.

4335 Cjterseotclj lg eoljlacos, fcstlry djm fuadj `clhlny; seouhdr trejms cj stdture cj

Jcjeteejtf-oejtury _cux Cjmcdjs, Fuadj @clhlny 7>, ?6>-=27.

Plèrts, M.G. 435? @lmy wecnft, rdoe djm ohcadte, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny 44, 5??-556.

43>6 Ohcadte djm Fuadj Wdrcd`chcty. 0jm emctclj. Aejhl Rdri; Ouaacjns.



55 _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

Plzly, K.N.

Iuhc'. OCH

Pugg, O.@.,

^.O. Fdyes

4363 ]fe revlhutclj lg tfe `lwaej cj Eurlpe. Cj; O. @ljsdhh (em.), ]fe Aeslhctfco lg Eurlpe,

4?-06, Emcjùrnf; Klfj Mljdhm Ru`hcsfers Htm.

436> _exudh mcalrpfcsa cj fuadj hlwer hca` `lje struoture; rehdtcljsfcp tl su`scstejoe strdteny

djm sexudh mcvcsclj lg hd`lr. Klurjdh lg Fuadj Evlhutclj 47, ?34-=47.

4334 Ohcadte djm `lmy sfdpe cj flacjcm evlhutclj. Klurjdh lg Fuadj Evlhutclj 04, 64-425.

4330 @claeofdjcodh djdhyses lg drofdelhlncodh fuadj adtercdh. Cj; _.P. _dujmers djmA.D. Idtzejùrn (ems), ]fe _iehetdh @clhlny lg Rdst Relphes; Dmvdjoes cj Pesedrof

Aetflms, =4-74, Jew Slri; Dhdj P. Hcss.

433= Alrpflhlncodh dmdptdtclj tl ohcadte cj almerj djm glssch flacjcms, Sedr`lli lg Rfyscodh

Djtfrlplhlny ?>, 75-42>.

436?d Orlss-_eotcljdh nelaetry lg Reols Rue`hl gealrd djm tc`cde-d `claeofdjcodh cjvestcndtclj.4. Aetflm djm nejerdh pdtterjs lg vdrcdtclj, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny 72,?53-?64.

Pugg, O.@.,

F.F.Kljes

Pugg, O.@.,

O_. Hdrsej

Pugg, O.@.,

O_. Hdrslj,^.O. Fdyes

Pugg, O.@.,

E. ]rcjidus,D. ^dhier,O_. Hdrsej

436? Orlss-seotcljdh nelaetry lg Reols Rue`hl gealrd djm tc`cde-d `claeofdjcodh cjvestcndtclj.

CC. _ex, dne, djm scme mcggerejoes, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny 72, ?6?-=22.

4364 @chdterdh dsyaaetry cj olrtcodh `lje lg tfe fuaerus djm tc`cd-sex djm dne gdotlrs, Fuadj

@clhlny 5?, 73-67.

4332 Rlstordjcdh `claeofdjcodh dmdptdtclj tl su`scstejoe ofdjnes lj tfe Nelrncd Oldst. Cj;

O_. Hdrsej (em.), ]fe Drofdelhlny lg Acssclj _djtd Odtdhcjd me Nudhe; 0. @clou/turdh

Cjterpretdtcljs lg d Rlpuhdtclj cj trdjsctclj. Djtfrlplhlny Rdpers lg tfe Daercodj Auseualg Jdturdh Fcstlry 76, 3=-402.

436= _truoturdh ofdjnes cj tfe geaur wctf tfe trdjsctclj tl dnrcouh ture lj tfe Nelrncd Oldst,

Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny 7=, 405-4?7.

433? Rlstordjcdh rlùstcocty cj Flal, C; ]eaplrdh trejms djm aeofdjcodh cjterpretdtclj, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny 34 , 04-5?.

_drcof, W.A.

_ofrecmer, E.

_ofuhtz, D.F.

_ofuadjj. @.D.

_caaljs, ].,

G.F. _actf

4335 Pdoe djm Hdjnudne cj Rrefcstlry, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny 02, 463(d`strdot).

437> @lmy fecnft djm cj`reemcjn cj Grdjoe, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny 07, 4-?.

430? Getdh nrlwtf cj adj, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh Djtfrlplhlny =, ?63-?33.

4307 Getdh nrlwtf lg adj djm ltfer prcadtes. Tudrterhy Pevcew lg @clhlny 4, =75-504.

4335 @clhlncodh Evlhutclj djm Rlpuhdtclj ofdjne cj tfe Eurlpedj Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

Oda`rcmne; Ujcverscty lg Oda`rcmne.

4334 Fuadj Rlpuhdtclj Pehdtcljsfcps cj tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?0, 70?-70>.

_actf. G.F. 436= Glssch Flacjcms grla tfe Upper Rhecstloeje lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe djm tfe Lrcncj lg AlmerjEurlpedjs. Cj; G.F. _actf djm G. _pejoer (ems), ]fe Lrcncjs lg Almerj Fuadjs; D ^lrhm

_urvey lg tfe Glssch Evcmejoe, 4?>-023, Jew Slri; Dhdj P. Hcss.



57

_actf, G.F.

_trdus, H.N.

]djjer, K.A.,

]. Fdydsfc,

A.D. Rreeoe,

J. Odaerlj

]rcjidus, E.

]yhmeshey, K.D.,R. @dfj

Wdj Wdri, N.J.

Wdj Wdri, N.J.,

D. @chs`lrlunf,^. Fejie

^lhdjsiy, J..

E. Kdas/,,

A. Rlyrui

^lhgg, K.

S'Emyjdi, N.


4365 Oljtcjucty djm Ofdjne cj tfe Lrcncj lg Almerj Flal sdpcejs, [ectsofrcgt gør Alrpflhlnce

ujm Djtfrlplhlnce >5, 43>-000.

4334 ]fe Jedjmer tdhs; Evlhutcljdry Medm Ejms lr Djoestlrs lg Almerj Relphe< Klurjdh lg

Djtfrlplhlncodh Pesedrof =>, 043-0?6.

4332 ]fe lrcncjdh dras rdoe; Cèrcdj perspeotcves lj tfe _lhutredj pfejlaejlj. Cj; K. Ilzhlwsic

(em.), Geuchhes me Rcerre; Hes Cjmustrces d Rlcjtes Glhcdoães mu Rdhãlhctfcque _uperclr

Eurlpeej, =05-==>, Hcene; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH =0).

433? Upper Rdhdelhctfco fujtcjn tdotcos djm wedpljs cj westerj Eurlpe . Cj; N.H. Retericj,

F.A. @rcoier djm R. Aehhdrs (ems), Fujtcjn djm Djcadh Exphlctdtclj cj tfe Hdter

Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco lg Eurdscd, Drofelhlncodh Rdpers lg tfe Daercodj

Djtfrlplhlncodh Dsslocdtclj =, 6?-3?.

4360 Cjoredse cj hejntf lg hen rehdtcve tl truji cj Kdpdjese ofchmrej djm dmuhts grla 435>-43>>;olapdrcslj wctf @rctcsf djm wctf Kdpdjese Daercodjs, Djjdhs lg Fuadj @clhlny 3, =44-=0?.

4364 Jedjmertfdh hca` prlplrtcljs djm olhm dmdptdtclj. Cj; O.@. _trcjner (em.), Dspeots lg Fuadj Evlhutclj, 46>-00=, Hljmlj; ]dyhlr djm Grdjocs.

436? Use lg phdjts cj tfe Eurlpedj Rdhdelhctfco; d revcew lg tfe evcmejoe, Tudrterhy _ocejoe

Pevcew 0, 5?-64.

4332 D _tumy lg Eurlpedj Upper Rdhdelhctfco Ordjcd, Gyscsof-Djtrlplhlncsofe Aememehcjnej 0, >-45.

4330 Dggcjctces lg Eurlpedj Upper Rdhdelhctfco Flal sdpcejs djm hdter Fuadj Evlhutclj,

Klurjdh lg Fuadj Evlhutclj 0?, =24-=4>.

43>2 Feterlscs cj Adj. Nrlwtf cj lggsprcjns djm mcstdjoe ètweej pdrtjers `crtfphdoes, _locdh

@clhlny 4>, 4-47.

46>2 Øèr mce cjjere Drofcteiture mer Ijlofej ujm cfre @emeutujn gør mce Grdne vlaIjlofej wdofstua, Drofcves lg Djdtlay djm Rfysclhlny 52, ?63-=5?.

43>6 Hljn `lje nrlwtf cj westerj Esical djm Dheut siehetljs, Daercodj Klurjdh lg Rfyscodh

Djtfrlplhlny =5, 573-5>=.

_tevej E. Ofurofchh

Mepdrtaejt lg @clhlncodh Djtfrlplhlny djm DjdtlayMuie Ujcverscty

Murfda JO 0>>42

U._.D.

Wcjoejzl Glracolhd (tl wfla olrrespljmejoe sfluhm è dmmressem)

Mcpdrtcaejtl mc Etlhlncd, Eolhlncd em EvlhuzcljeUjcversctí mc Rcsd

vcd D. Wlhtd 757407 Rcsd

Ctdhy



5> _]EWEJ OFUPOFCHH E] DH. - ]FE URREP RDHDELHC]FCO RLRUHD]CLJ LG EUPLRE

]rejtlj ^. FlhhcmdyMepdrtaejt lg Djtfrlplhlny]uhdje UjcversctyJew Lrhedjs, HD >2446U._.D.

@rcnctte A. Flht

Mepdrtaejt lg DjtfrlplhlnyUjcverscty lg AcsslurcOlhua`cd AL 75044U._.D.

@etsy D. _ofuadjjMepdrtaejt lg DjtfrlplhlnyGhlrcmd Dthdjtco Ujcverscty@lod Pdtlj, GH ??=?4U._.D.





Lhnd _lgger 5 Nrdvettcdj teofjlhlnces cj slocdh oljtexts

Dgter mcggerejt hcjes lg evcmejoe, tfe nrdvettcdj sctes lg

Alrdvcd dre fehm ds dnnrendtclj hlodtcljs wfere sczd`he

nrlups lg pelphe ndtferem ètweej edrhy dutuaj djm tfe

sprcjn aljtfs. Dj ujpreoemejtem vdrcety lg percsfd`he djm

jlj-percsfd`he cteas fds èej ujedrtfem dt suof sctes,

regheotcjn tfe adstercjn lg dj drrdy lg mcggerejt teofjlhlnces

usem tl adie `ltf utchctdrcdj djm jlj-utchctdrcdj cteas.

Daljnst ltfers, tfe use lg phdjt gc`res tl adjugdoture

`dsietry, textches djm jettcjn cs jltewlrtfy. Cj tfcs pdper, ct cs

drnuem tfdt teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs scnjdh tfe cjoredsem

oljsuaptclj meadjms lg tfe ol-rescmejtcdh nrlups, requcrcjn

d nudrdjteem gllm supphy. Cjtejscgcem rctudh dotcvcty, ds wehh

ds gedstcjn, prl`d`hy dhsl ofdrdotercsem suof ndtfercjns lg

pelphe. _edsljdh dnnrendtclj wds requcrem tl olujterdot tfe

strdcj mue tl cslhdtclj lg sadhh, mcstdjt nrlups, hcvcjn lver

vdst meplpuhdtem terrctlrces murcjn alst lg tfe yedr. Jet

fujtcjn, wfcof requcres tfe ol-lperdtclj lg d wflhe ol

rescmejt ujct, cjohumcjn wlaej djm ofchmrej, wluhm fdve

dhhlwem tfe prlmuotclj lg tfe requcrem surphus gllm, wfcof

ltferwcse wluhm jlt fdve èej adme dvdchd`he `y alre

restrcotem fujtcjn pdrtces, ejmlwem wctf spedrs djm hdjoes

ljhy. ]fe prloesscjn lg phdjt gllm cs dhsl mlouaejtem, gurtferfcnfhcnftcjn tfe caplrtdjoe lg gllm prloureaejt teofjcques

usudhhy dsslocdtem wctf tfe geacjcje spfere lg dotcvcty.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Fujter-ndtferers wfl looupcem Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe

ètweej slae ?(),(II) djm 0(),(V)() yedrs dnl hegt èfcjm d

adtercdQ reolrm rcof cj teofjlhlncodh mcverscty. ]fese

teofjlhlnces fdve cjglraem lur reoljstruotcljs lg nrdvettcdj

Ccgew dys. ùt fdve mlje sl uscjn cjscnfts ljhy ndcjem grla tfe

stumy lg murd`he adtercdhs; stlje, cvlry, djther, djm `lje.

Etfjlnrdpfco djm drofdelhlncodh evcmejoe, flwever, cjmcodte

tfdt tfe lverwfehacjn adklrcty lg adtercdh ouhture lg dhhfujter-ndtferer nrlups, `ltf cj tfe presejt djm cj tfe jedr djm

mcstdjt pdst, wds adme lg percsfd`he adtercdhs - wctf tfe

mlouaejtem rdtcls lg murd`hes tl percsfd`hes flvercjn drlujm

5%; 35% (e.n. Olhhcjs 43?>9 ]dyhlr 43779 Feha 43649

Fdads 436=9 Orles 433>). ]fus, ncvej tfe wedhtf djm

mcverscty lg percsfd`hes tfdt were hciehy usem cj tfe Rdhdel

hctfco, lur pdst gdchure tl reolver tfea jlt ljhy strljnhy `cdses

lur ujmerstdjmcjn lg tflse eoljlaces djm teofjlhlnces, ùt

dhsl adies cjvcsc`he tfe cjvejtlrces adme djm usem `y tfe

adklrcty lg pdhdelhctfco pelphe - wlaej djm ofchmrej (Iefle

43329 Oljiey 43349 Lwej 4337). ]fcs loours èoduse

teofjlhlnces usem `y geadhes, djm `y extejsclj ofchmrej, dre

gdr alre percsfd`he tfdj tflse usem `y adhes - dj l`servdtclj

oljgcraem `y orlss-ouhturdh etfjlnrdpfco mdtd lj tfe mcvcsclj

lg hd`lur `y sex djm tfe oljolactdjt capheaejts dsslocdtem

wctf tfe mcggerejt tdsis (Adslj 43429 Aurmloi 43?>9

^dtdjdè 43769 Aurmloi djm Rrlvlst 43>?).

Cj tfcs ofdpter C èncj remresscjn tfese pdst lacsscljs `y

exdacjcjn tfe teofjlhlncodh repertlcre lg d su`set lg

nrdvettcdj nrlups - tflse wflse sctes djm cjvejtlrces dre

dsscnjem tl tfe Rdvhlv ouhture djm cts caaemcdte suooesslrs

(_vl`lmd et dh. 4337). C glous lj mdtd grla tfe Alrdvcdj

sctes jlt ljhy èoduse tfey revedh d juaèr lg caplrtdjt

teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs, ùt èoduse tfe glrtuctlus

preservdtclj djm reolvery lg percsfd`he teofjlhlnces fere

sfems hcnft lj tfe prlmuotclj djm use lg olrmdne djm suof

olrmdne `y-prlmuots ds jets, `dsiets, djm hllaem textches.

0. ]fe sctes

]fe mdtd C exdacje olae grla tfe sctes lg Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C

djm CC, Rdvhlv C djm CC, Retgilvcoe, djm Rgemalstc. _cjoe

tfese sctes dre tredtem cj metdch cj tfe _vl`lmd et dh. ofdpter

cj tfcs vlhuae, C wchh jlt mwehh lj tfea cj metdch. Glr tfe

purplses lg tfcs mcsoussclj ct cs caplrtdjt tl jlte gcrst, tfdt

tfey were dhh looupcem prclr tl tfe hdst nhdocdh adxcaua

mdtem tl 02-46,222 `p, djm tfus gdhh cjtl tfe Edrhy Upper

Rdhdelhctfco perclm cj tflse ohdsscgcodtlry sofeaes wfcof

mcvcme tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco cjtl Edrhy djm Hdte (e.n. Hcjmhy

djm Ohdri 4332). _eoljm, ds _vl`lmd djm fcs olhhednues jlte

cj tfcs vlhuae, tfe Alrdvcdj sctes were looupcem murcjn d

achmer perclm lg tfe hdst nhdocdtclj wfej tfe renclj wds

olverem `y d acx lg pdri glrest djm nrdsshdjm-steppevenetdtclj.

Dhtflunf adjy lg tfe sctes dre hdrne djm fdve ycehmem

fune cjvejtlrces (e.n. lver 4,222,222 pceoes dt Rdvhlv C -

_vl`lmd 433=, 433>), tfey ml jlt represejt scjnhe

looupdtcljs, ùt rdtfer resuhtem grla repedtem rescmejtcdh

stdys lg nrlups dhljn tfe shlpes lg tfe Rdvhlv fchhs (Ihcad

437?, 43359 _vl`lmd 4334, 433=, 4337, 433>9 _vl`lmd et

dh. 4337). ]fe tfcrm caplrtdjt plcjt d`lut tfese sctes cs tfdt



A) FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

tfe lverwfehacjn adklrcty lg tfecr hdrne hctfco cjvejtlrces

dre adme lj exltco rdw adtercdhs lrcncjdtcjn grla mcggerejt

odrmcjdh mcreotcljs dt mcstdjoes ètweej slae 72 djm ?22 ia

grla tfe sctes. ]fcs, tlnetfer wctf tfe wedhtf djm mcverscty lg

tfecr gedtures djm utchctdrcdj djm jlj-utchctdrcdj cjvejtlrces,

sunnests tfdt suof sctes ds Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C djm Rdvhlv C

servem ds dnnrendtclj hlodtcljs wfere sczd`he juaèrs lgpelphe ndtferem. Gcjdhhy, dhtflunf cjolaphete, extdjt

cjglradtclj l`tdcjem grla gdujdh djm `ltdjcodh readcjs, ds

wehh ds grla emnewedr stumces, sunnest tfdt tfese

dnnrendtcljs tlli phdoe ètweej tfe edrhy dutuaj djm tfe

sprcjn aljtfs (_vl`lmd 4334, 433=, 4337, 433>9 Lprdvch

433=9 _vl`lmd et dh. 4337).

?. ]fe teofjlhlnces

]fe cjvejtlrces grla tfese sctes dre very mcverse djm sflw

adsterguh use lg `ltf fdrm djm slgt aemcd cj prlmuotclj. Glr

tfe purplses lg tfcs mcsoussclj, C su`mcvcme tfea cjtl tfe

murd`he djm percsfd`he odtenlrces.

?.4 MUPD@HE_

Ds dt dhh ltfer pdhdelhctfco sctes, tfe vdst adklrcty lg tfe

Alrdvcdj capheaejts dre adme lg cjlrndjco adtercdhs ds

wehh ds lg alre murd`he lrndjco ljes suof ds cvlry, djther,

djm `lje. ]fcs odtenlry odj è su`-mcvcmem ds glhhlws;

.-<././ Cjlrndjco

Cjlrndjco adtercdhs usem `y nrdvettcdj nrlups cjohume stlje,

oldh, ohdy, acjerdh pcnaejts, djm glssch sfehhs.

hct ghcos. _tlje - alst speocgcodhhy ofert, ghcjt, hcaestlje,

aetdalrpfcte, qudrtz, qudrtzcte, rdmclhdrcte, rloi orystdh,

sdjmstlje, shdte, djm l`scmcdj - wds usem glr tfe prlmuotclj

lg d vdrcety lg tllhs, espeocdhhy suof mcdnjlstco tllh types ds

ùrcjs, `doiem capheaejts, ejmsordpers, djm acorlhctfs djm

`doiem acorlhctfs (Ihcad 437?9 D`slhlj djm Ihcad 43>>9

_vl`lmd 43379 _vl`lmd et dh. 4337). @eoduse tfese

cjvejtlrces fdve reoecvem d nredt medh lg dttejtclj cj tfe

hcterdture, ds wehh ds tfe gdot tfdt tfey dre mcsoussem cj tfe

_vl`lmd et dh. ofdpter cj tfcs vlhuae, C wchh jlt mcsouss tfea

ltfer tfdj tl ujmersolre tfdt tfese cjvejtlrces oljtdcj sczd`he

peroejtdnes lg acorlhctfs, cjohumcjn nelaetrco sfdpes.

Dhtflunf tfese cjvejtlrces fdve jlt èej stumcem cj metdch

glr scnjs lg mcdnjlstco wedr mdadne, ourslry exdacjdtcljs lgslae lg tfese `doiem `hdmes djm acorlnrdvettes fds hem

Ilzhlwsic (persljdh olaaujcodtclj, 433>) tl sunnest tfdt

slae ady fdve èej usem ds plcjts cj prlkeotche wedpljs.

]fe fcnf peroejtdnes lg nelaetrco lr pdrd-nelaetrco

acorlhctfs dt tfese sctes, represejtcjn lje lg tfe lhmest

acorlhctfco cjvejtlrces lj reolrm, plcjts tl tfe prlmuotclj lg

olaphex olaplscte prlpuhsclj wedpljry (_vl`lmd 43379

_irmhd 433>). _tlje wds dhsl usem tl prlmuoe rdre jlj-

utchctdrcdj pceoes suof ds tfe geadhe gcnurcje adme lg

fdeadtcte glujm dt Retgilvcoe (Ihcad 4355`, o).

Cj dmmctclj tl tfese ijdppem cjvejtlrces, tfe Alrdvcdj

sctes dhsl oljtdcj sadhh ùt u`cquctlus cjvejtlrces lg stlje

capheaejts sfdpem `y nrcjmcjn djm plhcsfcjn (_irmhd 433>).

]fese cjvejtlrces cjohume shdte pejmdjts lr wetstljes,

nrcjmcjn stljes lr shd`s djm nrcjmers, ds wehh ds nrlujm djmplhcsfem pe``hes hciehy usem ds retluofers. _irmhd (433>)

jltes tfdt wfche slae lg tfese capheaejts èodae nrlujm

djm plhcsfem tfrlunf use, ltfers were purplseguhhy sfdpem cj

tfcs adjjer tl prlmuoe mescrem glras - tfus oljstctutcjn tfe

lhmest evcmejoe tl mdte glr nrlujm stlje teofjlhlny.

oldh. If'ad's (435?, 4355`, o) exodvdtcljs dt Retgilvcoe

mlouaejt yet djltfer nrdvettcdj cjjlvdtclj - tfe ùrjcjn lg

oldh cj fedrtfs. ]fe use lg oldh glr gueh dt tfcs plcjt cj tcae

fds, tl mdte, èej ljhy mlouaejtem dt tfcs lje scte, d gdot

wfcof, tlnetfer wctf tfe hlodh dùjmdjoe lg tfcs glssch gueh cj

tfe dred, sunnests lpplrtujcstco rdtfer tfdj fd`ctudh use. Dt

tfe sdae tcae ct dhsl cjmcodtes d slpfcstcodtem oljtrlh lg

pyrlteofjlhlny, wfcof cs dhsl dttestem tl cj tfe prlmuotclj lg

oerdacos mcsoussem èhlw.

`lchcjn stljes. D juaèr lg fedrtfs dt tfe sctes, espeocdhhy dt

Mlhjc Wéstljcoe CC, were olverem `y gcre ordoiem hcaestlje

rlois. ]fese were hciehy usem cj ollicjn, djm tfe presejoe

lg sadhh pcts surrlujmcjn tfe fedrtfs caphces tfdt ollicjn

wds hciehy mlje `y stlje `lchcjn (_vl`lmd 4334, 43379

_vl`lmd et dh. 4337).

oerdacos. Hdrne cjvejtlrces lg oerdaco grdnaejts reolverem

grla Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C djm CC, Rdvhlv C djm CC, djm

Rgemalstc, tlnetfer wctf twl ichjs usem tl gcre tfe oerdacos,

èdr wctjess tl tfe u`cquctlus prlmuotclj lg oerdacos cj

nrdvettcdj Alrdvcd (Wdjmcver et dh. 4332 wctf regerejoes).

Pesedrof lj tfese grdnaejts cjmcodtes tfdt hlodh hless wds

acxem wctf wdter tl gdsfclj `ltf djcadh djm fuadj

gcnurcjes wfcof were tfej gcrem cj teaperdtures rdjncjn

ètweej 722-622 menrees.

Cj dmmctclj tl adicjn tfese gcnurcjes, tfe rescmejts lg tfe

sctes dhsl usem hlodh hless tl prlmuoe d juaèr lg ltfer

capheaejts wfcof we dre ourrejthy stumycjn (_lgger djm

Wdjmcver 433=, 433>). Rrehcacjdry gcjmcjns sunnest tfdt tfcs

odtenlry lg oerdaco grdnaejts, wfcof we fdve cmejtcgcem ds'struoturdh oerdacos', ady represejt ohdy hcjcjns lg `dsiets,

mdu` usem cj tfe oljstruotclj lg mwehhcjns djm, plssc`hy, lg

fluse gurjcsfcjns djm oljtdcjers. Hless wds dhsl usem tl

oljstruot twl ichjs dt Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C, ds wehh ds tl oeaejt

d oljstruotclj lg adaaltf `ljes dt Rdvhlv C (Ihcad 435>).

pcnaejts. Wdjmcver 's (433>) stumy lg pcnaejts dt Rdvhlv C

mlouaejts tfe use lg `ltf pure rem crlj lxcmes, acxtures lg



74 LHND _LGGEP - NPDWE]]4DJ ]EOFJLHLNCE_ CJ _LOCDH OLJ]EV]_

rem crlj lxcmes wctf hlodh hless, djm yehhlw ohdy-`dsem

pcnaejts. Fdrm rem crlj lxcmes were nrlujm cjtl olhlurem

plwmer wfcof wds tfej lgtej acxem wctf hlodh hless. ]fese

acjerdhs were puhvercsem djm acxem `y nrcjmcjn wctf

pe``hes lj stlje shd`s. D scachdr rdjne lg pcnaejts djm lg

nrcjmcjn shd`s/pdhettes djm nrcjmcjn stljes fds èej

reolverem grla ltfer Alrdvcdj sctes ds wehh (Ihcad 437?9D`slhlj djm Ihcad 43>>).

glssch sfehhs. Juaerlus perglrdtem glssch adrcje sfehhs were

dhsl reolverem grla tfe sctes (Ihcad 437?, 43359 D`slhlj

djm Ihcad 43>>9 _vl`lmd 4334, 433=, 433>9 _vl`lmd et dh.

4 ^l). ]fese, alst hciehy, lrcncjdtem grla hlodh ]ertcdry

meplscts (Kdrdslvm. persljdh olaaujcodtclj, 4333).

?.4.0 Lrndjco

]fe extejscve cvlry, djther, djm `lje drtegdots reolverem

grla tfe sctes fdve èej extejscvehy pu`hcsfem cj tfe hcterd

ture djm, hcie tfe hctfco cjvejtlrces, wchh jlt è mcsoussem cjmetdch fere. If'ad's (437?, 436>, 433=9 D`slhlj djm Ihcad

43>>) juaerlus pu`hcodtcljs lj tfcs tlpco mlouaejt tfe

gdsfcljcjn lg d wcme rdjne lg utchctdrcdj capheaejts ds wehh

ds lg cteas lg persljdh dmlrjaejt djm plrtd`he drt. Ct cs

caplrtdjt tl ujmersolre tfdt tfe utchctdrcdj cjvejtlrces

oljtdcj `ltf hciehy fujtcjn wedpljry (e.n. spedrs djm hdjoes)

ds wehh ds d hdrne sucte lg prloesscjn capheaejts usem ds

mcnncjn tllhs (fles djm adttlois), sflvehs, fdaaers, ohu`s,

tejt pens, plhcsfers, fdjmhes, pceroers djm dwhs. ]fey were

gdsfcljem `ltf `y ijdppcjn djm `y nrcjmcjn djm plhcsfcjn.

gcjdhhy, tfe scte lg Rgemalstc fds ycehmem tfe `rliej readcjs

lg d hdrne djther jeemhe, aedsurcjn 6.3 oa cj hejntf, wctf

reajdjts lg d out-tfrlunf eye (Ihcad 4332d, gcn. 06). Mdtcjn

tl slae 07,222 `p, tfcs ctea represejts tfe lhmest jeemhe

reolverem tl mdte djm oljgcras tfe fypltfescs expressem `y d

juaèr lg soflhdrs lj tfe `dscs lg cjmcreot evcmejoe, tfdt tfe

use lg jeemhes mdtes wehh èglre tfe hdst nhdocdh adxcaua

(e.n. ^fcte 43309 me @eduje 433?). ]fecr rdrcty cj Eurdscdj

sctes prclr tl slae 02,222 `p. tlnetfer wctf tfe cjmcreot

evcmejoe glr tdchlrem ohltfcjn dt _ujncr' (@dmer 43>6), mdtem

tl slae 05,222 `p, ds wehh ds dt Adh'td djm @uret' cj _cèrcd

dt plssc`hy 00,222 `p (Merevcdjil 4336), rdcse tfe questclj

cg ltfer phdstco adtercdhs, suof ds wllm, were alre

olaaljhy usem tl gdsfclj tfea.

Gcjdhhy, tfe cjvejtlrces dhsl oljtdcj juaerlus perglrdtem

djcadh teetf, usudhhy drotco glx odjcjes, usem ds cteas lg

persljdh dmlrjaejt.

?.4? Pdjne lg Cteas prlmuoem

]fe rdjne lg cteas prlmuoem grla murd`he adtercdhs cs very

wcme. ]fe utchctdrcdj cjvejtlry oljtdcjs d mcverscty lg fujtcjn

wedpljry djm prloesscjn equcpaejt dsslocdtem wctf d wcme

rdjne lg dotcvctces grla tfe ichhcjn lg prey tl aedt djm fcme

prloesscjn, tfe adicjn lg tllhs djm wedpljs grla stlje,

cvlry, djther djm `lje, djm tfe mcnncjn lg slch tl mdu`cjn, tfe

oljstruotclj lg ichjs, tfe stlje `lchcjn lg gllm, tfe nrcjmcjn

lg pcnaejts djm tfe hciehy prloesscjn lg tuèrs, gruct, djm

seems glr gllm (Adslj et dh. 433=), tl sewcjn lr hllpcjn.

]fe jlj-utchctdrcdj cjvejtlrces cjmcodte tfe prlmuotclj lg

èdms djm pejmdjts adme lg stlje, sfehh, cvlry, djm djcadhteetf, cvlry peotlrdhs djm rcjns, tfe ejnrdvcjn lg ourvchcjedr

djm nelaetrco mescnjs, djm tfe prlmuotclj lg redhcstco djm

styhcsem djcadh, djtfrlplalrpfco, djm fuadj gcnurcjes

mepcotcjn `ltf aej djm wlaej.

?.4.= Rrlmuotclj teofjcques

]fe rdjne lg teofjcques usem tl prlmuoe tfese cteas cs

equdhhy capresscve. ]fe remuotclj teofjcques cjohume

ijdppcjn, nrcjmcjn, plhcsfcjn, outtcjn, djm mrchhcjn. ^fche tfe

use lg dhh lg tfese teofjcques tl wlri cvlry, djther djm `lje

cs mlouaejtem grla tfe Durcnjdocdj ljwdrm (Ijeoft et dh.

433?), If'ad (433=) djm _irmhd (433>) jlte tfdt ct cs tfeNrdvettcdjs wfl expdjm tfe use lg d`rdsclj, nrcjmcjn, djm

plhcsfcjn tl wlricjn stlje ds wehh.

]fe dmmctcve teofjcques, seej cj tfe prlmuotclj lg oerdaco

cjvejtlrces djm cj tfe gdsfcljcjn lg olaplscte wedpljry,

cjohume tfe oljklcjcjn lg sepdrdte pre-gd`rcodtem pceoes tl

glra olaphete l`keots.

?.0 REPC_FD@HE_

]fe reolvery lg mcverse percsfd`hes grla Alrdvcdj

nrdvettcdj sctes - cjohumcjn wlriem wllm, olrmdne, textches,

`dsiets, jets, djm phdjt gllms - resuhtem grla glrtuctlus

Rhecstloeje èfdvclur, grla reolvery teofjcques djmaetflms usem ds wehh ds grla expeotdtcljs tfdt evcmejoe glr

tfese teofjlhlnces sfluhm è tfere. ]fe wcmespredm use lg

gcre `y Rdvhlv nrlups tl wdra tfeasehves, olli tfecr gllm,

djm hcnft tfecr mwehhcjns, ds wehh ds tfecr use lg pyrlteofjlh-

lny tl prlmuoe tfecr oerdaco cjvejtlrces, grla tcae tl tcae

hciehy hem tl `ltf cjtejtcljdh djm ujcjtejtcljdh oljghdnrd

tcljs. ]fese, cj slae odses, cjdmvertejthy preservem ofdrrem

readcjs lg struotures, ds cj tfe odse lg d wllm oljstruotclj

d`lve tfe trcphe ùrcdh dt Mlha' Wéstljcoe CC (Ihcad 4332`,

4335). Cj ltfer odses, tfe gcres mestrlyem tfe mwehhcjns ùt cj

mlcjn sl preservem capresscljs lg olrmdne, textches, `dsietry

djm jets - ds dt Rdvhlv C, Mlha' Wéstljcoe C djm CC (Dmlvdscl

et dh. 43339 _lgger djm Wdjmcver 433>9 _lgger et dh. cj

press). Cj yet djltfer odse, ds dt Mlha' Wéstljcoe CC, tfe

prepdrdtclj lg tuèr, gruct, djm seem nruehs cs mlouaejtem `y

ofdrrem adorl-`ltdjcodh readcjs reolverem tfrlunf ghltdtclj

grla d fedrtf (Adslj et dh. 433=).

?.0.4 ^llm

If'ad's (4332`, 4335) exodvdtcljs lg tfe trcphe ùrcdh dt

Mlha' Wéstljcoe CC reolverem d ofdrrem cjvejtlry lg wlriem




Gcn. 4. _ofeadtco mcdnrda lg twcjcjn djm phdctcjn types represejtem cj tfe Alrdvcdj textche djm `dsietry capresscljs (dgter Dmlvdscl et dh. 4333,gcn. ?. _lgger et dh. cj press, gcn. >)4. Ohlse scaphe twcjcjn, _ twcst wegt, 0. Lpej scaphe twcjcjn, _ twcst wegt, ?. Lpej mcdnljdh twcjcjn, _ twcst wegt, =. Ohlse scaphe twcjcjn, [twcst wegts, 5. Ohlse scaphe twcjcjn, [ djm _ twcst wegts, 7. Lpej djm Ohlse scaphe twcjcjn, [ djm _ twcst wegts, >. ^coierwdre-styhe phdctcjn,4/4 cjtervdh

wllm grdnaejts adme lg oljcgerlus tdxd. Fe drnues tfdt

tfese out djm sfdpem grdnaejts ljoe glraem d super

struoture lver tfe ùrcdh wfcof wds cjocjerdtem ds tfe gcjdh

pdrt lg tfe ùrcdh rctudh. Fe fds dhsl mlouaejtem tfe

sfdpcjn lg wllm tl adie d juaèr lg ltfer capheaejts dt

Rdvhlv C, cjohumcjn hciehy djtfrlplalrpfco gcnurcjes

(Ihcad 4355d, 4332`). Dhh lg tfese l`keots dre fcnfhy

grdnaejtdry djm preohume exdot cmejtcgcodtclj tl speocgco

capheaejts.

?.0.0 Rhdjt gcèrsLur resedrof lj tfe Rdvhlv C, djm Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C djm CC

cjvejtlrces fds mlouaejtem tfe use lg phdjt gcèrs tl

adjugdoture olrmdne, `dsietry, textches, djm jettcjn

(Dmlvdscl et dh. 43339 _lgger et dh. cj press- `ltf wctf

regerejoes). ]fe evcmejoe glr tfcs teofjlhlny olaes grla

jendtcve capresscljs lg gcèr-`dsem oljstruotcljs lj

grdnaejts lg gcrem ohdy djm represejt tfe lhmest cjmcodtcljs lg

gcèr-`dsem teofjlhlny cj tfe wlrhm tl mdte.

textches/`dsietry. ]fe capresscljs sflw tfdt textches were

prlmuoem `y twcjcjn djm exfc`ct sevej lg tfe ecnft

olaaljhy prlmuoem twcjcjn types, cjohumcjn lpej scaphe

twcjcjn ds wehh ds lpej djm ohlsem mcdnljdh twcjcjn. ]fey

dhsl mlouaejt scaphe phdctcjn tl prlmuoe `ltf hlla-wlvej

ohltf ds wehh ds alre rcncm `dsietry djm/lr adts. _lae

speocaejs sflw oljklcjcjn lg twl pceoes lg gd`rco `y

wfcppcjn stctof tl prlmuoe d seda (Dmlvdscl et dh. 4333

wctf regerejoes). ]fcs evcmejoe glr tfe oljklcjcjn lg twl

pceoes lg textches vcd d wfcppcjn stctof regheots sewcjn - d

prlmuotclj teofjcque cjmcreothy dttestem tl `y rdre jeemhesdjm tfe use lg tdchlrem ohltfcjn fypltfesczem lj tfe `dscs lg

gujerdh cjvejtlrces djm fuadj mepcotcljs.

]fe capressem textches were ohedrhy adme lg phdjt rdtfer

tfdj djcadh gcèrs. Rlhhej djm adorl`ltdjcodh mdtd cjmcodte d

glrest-steppe ejvcrljaejt wctf tfe presejoe lg `ltf `dst-

èdrcjn djm ltfer phdjts dt tfe sctes (Adslj et dh. 433=9

Lprdvch 433=9 _vl`lmd 433=9 _vl`lmd et dh. 4337). ]fe

capresscljs dre suggcocejthy mcstcjot tl sunnest tfdt tfe textches



7? LHND _LGGEP - NPDWE]]CDJ ]EOFJLHLNCE_ CJ _LOCDH OLJ]EV]_

4 oa

C 4

Gcn. 0. Rdvhlv C- 5= jl. 4 oerdaco grdnaejt (rcnft) djm cts capressclj(hegt) - lpej scaphe twcjcjn, [ twcst wegt (pfltl L. _lgter)

were hciehy adme lg suof `dst-èdrcjn gcèrs ds achiweem(Dsohepcds sp.) djm jetthe (Urtcod sp.). Gc`rlus `dri lg `ltf

dhmer (Acjcs sp.) djm yew (]dxus sp.) ady fdve servem glr tfe

prlmuotclj lg `dsietry. Dhh lg tfese speoces fdve wehh-

mlouaejtem etfjlnrdpfco djm prefcstlrco uses ds percsfd`he

prlmuotclj aemcd (@drèr 43349 Djmrews djm Dmlvdscl 4337).

]fe capresscljs represejt wehh-adme cteas. ]fe

typlhlncodh feterlnejecty oluphem wctf tfe nejerdh renuhdrcty

djm jdrrlw ndune lg tfe wdrp djm wegt eheaejts usem cj tfe

hextche/`dsietry types cmejtcgcem tl mdte, sunnest d fcnf heveh

lg stdjmdrmcsdtclj djm djteoemejt mevehlpaejt. ]fe sdae

l`servdtcljs ady è extejmem tl tfe olrmdne speocaejs

wfcof dre jlt plrtcljs lg textches.

olrmdne. Capresscljs lg olrmdne cj tfe dssea`hdnes

mlouaejt tfe prlmuotclj lg d acjcaua lg gcve mcggerejt

struoturdh types cjohumcjn scjnhe, auhtcphe, djm `rdcmem

speocaejs.

jettcjn. ]fe dssea`hdne dhsl oljtdcjs severdh capresscljs lg

ijlttem olrmdne prlmuoem tfrlunf tfe wedver's ijlt lr lje

lg cts vdrcdjts suof ds gcsfjet ijlt (Dmlvdscl et dh. 4333

wctf regerejoes). Mepejmcjn lj cts preocse oljgcnurdtclj,

etfjlnrdpfcodhhy djm drofdelhlncodhhy ijlwj ijlttem

olrmdne lgtej represejts grdnaejts lg jettcjn.

phdjt gllms. Dhtflunf tfe use lg phdjt gllms fds èej

plstuhdtem glr Eurdscdj fujter-ndtferers `y d juaèr lg

soflhdrs lj `ltf tfelretcodh djm dsslocdtem eapcrcodh nrlujms

(e.n. tfe presejoe lg nrcjmcjn stljes djm nrcjmers),

ujequcvlodh evcmejoe glr tfea fds èej surprcscjnhy spdrse.

Adslj djm fer olhhednues fdve cmejtcgcem cj tfe adorl`ltdj-

codh readcjs grla d fedrtf dt Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC ds readcjs

lg olliem phdjt gllm rescmue usem tl adie ausf lr nrueh -

plssc`hy `d`y gllms (Adslj et dh. 433=). Ct readcjs ujohedr

cg tfese readcjs represejt reguse tfrlwj cjtl tfe fedrtf lr

resuhtem grla spchhdne cj ollicjn lver lpej gcres.

?.0.? Pdjne lg cteas prlmuoem

]fe grdnaejtdry jdture lg dhh percsfd`he readcjs preohumes

ohedr cmejtcgcodtclj lg tfe rdjne lg cteas adme grla phdjtreadcjs. ê dre alst seoure cj cmejtcgycjn adorl`ltdjcodh

readcjs grla fedrtfs ds gllm rescmue djm lj hess gcra nrlujm

plstuhdtcjn tfe uses tfdt wlriem wllm wds put tl. Ds jltem

prevclushy, Ihgad (4335) fds sunnestem tfdt slae out wllm

wds usem ds struoturdh eheaejts cj d gujerdry oljstruotclj.

_fdpem wllm ady equdhhy represejt d rdjne lg cteas grla

gueh tl ùrjem mcsodrmem wllm capheaejts lg ujijlwj type,

cjohumcjn gcnurcjes. Ncvej tfe djtcqucty lg sfdpcjn wllm glr

fujtcjn wedpljry (e.n. dt _wdjsolaè, Hefrcjnej, djm

_of÷jcjnej), we odj djtcocpdte tfdt Alrdvcdj nrlups

gdsfcljem d hdrne sucte lg hcie capheaejts ds wehh. ]fe

fypltfetcodh cmejtcgcodtclj lg slae nelaetrco acorlhctfs dsdrrlw fedms ady fcjt dt tfe excstejoe lg `lws djm drrlw

sfdgts ds wehh.

@eoduse tfe Alrdvcdj oerdaco dssea`hdne cs fcnfhy

grdnaejtdry djm tfe capresscljs very sadhh cj scze,

Dmlvdscl djm fcs olhhednues jlte tfdt ct cs dhsl jlt plssc`he

tl speocgy wfetfer tfe cmejtcgcem textche struoturdh types

represejt `dns, adts, lr ohltf gd`rcos (Dmlvdscl et dh. 4333).

Cg tfey dre plrtcljs lg `dns lr adts, tfey ady fdve èej

usem lj ghllrs lr scttcjn/sheepcjn phdtglras cj tfe odse lg

adts, djm ds stlrdne/trdjsplrtdtclj mevcoes cj tfe odse lg

`dns. ]fey ady dhsl represejt wdhh fdjncjns djm/lr `hdjiets.

Cg tfey dre plrtcljs lg ohltf gd`rcos, djm tfe gcjejess lg slaesunnest tfey were, tfey oluhm represejt d wcme mcverscty lg

glras rdjncjn grla sfdwhs tl sicrts, sfcrts, sdsfes lr èhts

eto. _lae soflhdrs fdve, cj gdot, cjterpretem tfe meolrdtcljs

lj slae lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco geadhe gcnurcjes ds

mepcotcjn strcjn sicrts djm textche èhts (@drèr 4334).

Etfjlnrdpfco djdhlny sunnests tfdt slae lg tfe

capresscljs oluhm represejt tfe cjtejtcljdh dpphcodtclj lg ohdy

tl tfe 'lutscme' lg slae ghexc`he oljtdcjers tl prlvcme d

scaphe glra lg aluhm. ]fey ady dhsl represejt ohdy hcjcjn lg

`dsiets tl adie tfea wdtertcnft djm suctd`he ds oljtdcjers glr

stlje `lchcjn. Djltfer plssc`chcty dre cteas tfdt were scaphy

capressem cjtl alcst ghllrs ds d oljsequejoe lg use ds wehhds tfe prdotcoe lg trdjsplrtcjn ohdy cj `dns. Cjtejtcljdh use lg

suof cteas tl pdoi lr 'tdap' mlwj prepdrem ohdy ghllrs cs

plssc`he, ds cs tfe use lg wdhh fdjncjns dpphcem lver djm

capressem cjtl stchh wet ohdy wfcof wds su`sequejthy

doocmejtdhhy gcrem dgter tfe struoture wds mestrlyem.

]fe presuaem gujotclj lg olrmdne cs edscer tl stcpuhdte -

tfese cteas, hciehy, servem tfe sdae gujotclj tfdt olrmdne

gchhs cj dhh slocetces wfere ct cs prlmuoem - aeetcjn d wcme

rdjne lg hdsfcjn, `cjmcjn, djm tycjn jeems, ds wehh ds servcjn




ds tfe prlmuotclj aemcua glr ltfer olaplujm oljstruotcljs

suof ds cteas lg ohltfcjn, `dns, djm jets (Dmlvdscl et dh.

4333). ]fe cmejtcgcodtclj lg d sfeet èjm lr wedver's ijlt lj

glur lg tfe capresscljs supplrts tfcs fypltfescs djm sunnests

tfe prlmuotclj lg ijlttem jettcjn hciehy usem glr fujtcjn.

?.0.= Pdjne lg prlmuotclj teofjcques]fe Alrdvcdj percsfd`he cjvejtlrces regheot tfe use lg d wcme

rdjne lg prlmuotclj teofjcques. ]fe prepdrdtclj lg phdjt

gllms pre-supplses tfe mcnncjn up lg tuèrs djm tfe

ndtfercjn lg gructs djm puhses ds wehh ds tfe nrcjmcjn lg wchm

seems. ]fe presejoe lg prloessem phdjt gllm rescmue cj

fedrtfs fcjts tfdt, cj dmmctclj tl stlje `lchcjn cj ollicjn pcts

jext tl tfe fedrtfs, ollicjn ady dhsl fdve èej mlje cj

wdtertcnft oljtdcjers mcreothy lver tfe fedrtfs.

Peadcjs lg wlriem wllm sunnest tfe prlmuotclj lg

capheaejts `y remuotclj - tfrlunf outtcjn djm plhcsfcjn.

]fe capresscljs lg textches, `dsietry djm olrmdne revedh d

shew lg dmmctcljdh remuotclj teofjcques. ]fe prlmuotclj lgolrmdne resuhtem grla phdjt fdrvestcjn, prloesscjn (rettcjn

djm fdoicjn), djm twcstcjn djm/lr spcjjcjn hejntfs lg gc`rlus

adtercdh. ]fese cteas were tfej usem cj dj dmmctcve gdsfclj

vcd twcjcjn djm phdctcjn tl prlmuoe drtegdots oredtem tfrlunf

repetctcve oljklcjcjn lg hcie senaejts. ]fcs cjvlhvem `ltf

hllpcjn (cj tfe odse lg jets) djm wedvcjn (textches djm

`dsietry). ]fe gcjejess lg slae lg tfe wedvcjns cjmcodtes,

dhalst oertdcjhy, tfe use lg jlj-femmhe hlla lr wedvcjn

grdae (Dmlvdscl et dh. 4333 wctf regerejoes). Ct cs caplrtdjt

tl ujmersolre tfdt tfcs cjvejtlry cs ofdrdotercsem `y d very

fcnf heveh lg typlhlncodh mcverscty. Dmlvdscl djm fcs

olhhednues jlte tfdt ylujner Aeslhctfco/Drofdco djm

Jelhctfco/Glradtcve percsfd`he dssea`hdnes usudhhy exfc`ct d

gdr alre restrcotem drrdy lg types wctf d ohedr pregerejoe glr

oertdcj wdrp djm wegt adjcpuhdtcljs ds wehh ds pregerrem

cjctcdh spcj djm espeocdhhy gcjdh twcst mcreotcljs (Dmlvdscl et

dh. 4336). Ct ady wehh è tfdt tfcs hdter flalnejecty regheots

d std`chcsem teofjlhlny prdotcoem lver achhejjcd.

Gcjdhhy, ncvej tfe fcnfhy grdnaejtdry jdture lg tfese

readcjs djm tfecr dsslocdtclj wctf mwehhcjn struotures (_lgger

djm Wdjmcver 433>9 Dmlvdscl et dh. 4336), ct cs jlt plssc`he

tl fypltfescze wfetfer tfey dhh represejt utchctdrcdj

cjvejtlrces. Mepcotcljs lg plssc`he wlvej èhts djm strcjn

sicrts lr dprljs lj slae lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco gcnurcjes

(@drèr 4334), ds wehh ds Ihcad's (4332`) cmejtcgcodtclj lg

lje wllm grdnaejt ds d reajdjt lg dj djtfrlplalrpfco

gcnurcje, sunnest tfdt percsfd`he aemcd, hcie tfecr murd`he

equcvdhejts, were hciehy usem tl adie `ltf l`keots lg

utchctdrcdj djm jlj-utchctdrcdj vdhue.

=. ^fy tfese cjjlvdtcljs dt tfcs plcjt cj tcae<

]fe nrdvettcdj reolrm ohedrhy mlouaejts d juaèr lg

scnjcgcodjt cjjlvdtcljs slae lg wfcof, hcie olaphex cjsert

teofjlhlny, sflw oljtcjulus mevehlpaejt tfrlunf Upper

Rdhdelhctfco tcaes, wfche ltfers, hcie plhcsfem stlje

teofjlhlnces djm, plssc`hy, oerdaco teofjlhlnces, ady jlt.

]fcs jeoessdrchy rdcses questcljs `ltf d`lut wfy tfese

cjjlvdtcljs drlse ds wehh ds wfy slae lg tfea mcm jlt see

wcmespredm dmlptclj djm ehd`lrdtclj. ]l dmmress tfese

questcljs C jext turj tl slae ourrejt tfelrces lg teofjlhlny.

=.4 UJMEP_]DJMCJN CJJLWD]CLJ

]eofjlhlncodh ofdjne tfrlunf tcae fds èej lg prcae

cjterest tl drofdelhlncsts djm d glous lg auof resedrof (e.n.

Ofchme 43549 ^fcte 4353). ]fcs resedrof, flwever, mcm jlt

prl`headtcse ofdjne ùt dssuaem tfdt tfe evlhutclj lg

teofjlhlny wds d jdturdh prloess jlt jeemcjn dj exphdjdtclj.

]fcs eggeotcvehy sepdrdtem teofjlhlny grla slocety djm hem tl

ujsdtcsgdotlry exphdjdtcljs glr ofdjne tfdt glousem lj suof

prcae alvers ds fuadj 'nejcus' lr cjvejtclj, ohcadtco

ofdjne, mcggusclj, eto. (Ml`res djm Flggadj 433=). ]lmdy

soflhdrs see teofjlhlncodh ofdjne ds d fcstlrcodh prloesswfcof tdies phdoe wctfcj pdrtcouhdr eoljlaco, plhctcodh, djm

ouhturdh oljtexts (Rdrdych 433?). Cj oljscmercjn tfese

oljtexts, ct cs caplrtdjt tl reaeaèr tfe glhhlwcjn 'hdws'

glrauhdtem `y Irdjzèrn (4363) glr teofjlhlny cj nejerdh;

4. ]eofjlhlny cs jectfer nllm, `dm, jlr jeutrdh - aedjcjn

tfdt teofjlhlny cjterdots wctf slocety cj wdys tfdt

teofjlhlncodh mevehlpaejts fdve capdot èyljm

caaemcdte purplses djm odj fdve qucte mcggerejt resuhts

wfej cjtrlmuoem cjtl mcggerejt oljtexts.

0. Cjvejtclj cs tfe altfer lg jeoesscty - aedjcjn tfdt

teofjlhlny slhves peroecvem prl`heas.?. ]eofjlhlny olaes cj pdoidnes, `cn djm sadhh - aedjcjn

tfdt wfej lje olapljejt lg tfe slocdh, plhctcodh, eoljlaco,

djm ouhturdh ejvcrljaejt ofdjnes, ltfers dre dggeotem.

=. Dhtflunf teofjlhlny acnft è tfe prcae eheaejt cj adjy

pu`hco cssues, jlj-teofjcodh gdotlrs tdie preoemejoe cj

teofjlhlncodh meocscljs - wfcof fcnfhcnfts tfe slocdh

olapljejt lg teofjlhlncodh std`chcty lr ofdjne.

5. ]eofjlhlny cs d very fuadj dotcvcty djm sl cs tfe fcstlry

lg teofjlhlny.

Gurtferalre, ct cs jeoessdry tl vcew teofjlhlncodh

cjjlvdtclj ds d prloess djm tl sepdrdte ct cjtl cts oljstctuejt

olapljejts; cjvejtclj lr mcsolvery djm cts mevehlpaejt.

_prdtt (4360, 4363) plcjts lut tfdt cj medhcjn wctf cjjlvdtclj

prloess, ct cs jeoessdry tl ujmerstdjm wfdt capehs ct tl tdie

phdoe djm tfej tl mehcact tfe olurse tfdt tfe prloess tdies;

dooeptem djm mevehlpem lr jlt, cg dooeptem cs tfe

mevehlpaejt shlw lr rdpcm, eto.

]fese tfelretcodh cjscnfts mcreot us tl eaèm teofjlhlny

wctfcj fuadj meocsclj adicjn grla wfcof ct eadjdtes

(Healjjcer 4367, 4330, 433?9 Jehslj 43349 Wdj mer Heeuw



75 LHND _LGGEP - NPDWE]]CDJ ]EOFJLHLNCE_ CJ _LOCDH OLJ]EV]_

433?9 Ml`res djm Flggadj 433=). _cjoe, ds ]lrrejoe

(4363), daljn ltfers, plcjts lut, teofjlhlny cs mevehlpem cj

lrmer tl slhve prl`heas - ct glhhlws tfdt seecjn teofjlhlny

9cs d slhutclj tl prl`heas - odhhs glr speocgycjn tfe types lg

prl`heas wfcof ct dmmressem (]lrrejoe 43639 _tcjer djm

Iufj 4337).

Lur pdst stumces lg prefcstlrco teofjlhlnces fdve glhhlwemdmdptdtcljcst pdrdmcnas wfcof gdvlur seecjn eolhlncodh/eol

jlaco oljoerjs ds prcadry cj fuadj meocsclj adicjn (e.n.

]lrrejoe 43639 Jehslj 4334). Alre reoejt resedrof,

flwever, plcjts tl tfe caplrtdjoe lg eoljlaco, slocdh djm

plhctcodh, ds wehh ds cmelhlncodh (slaetfcjn Healjjcer (4330)

fds heraem "ouhturdh hlnco") oljoerjs lg tfe meocsclj

adiers.

Dhtflunf d juaèr lg tfese caplrtdjt vdrcd`hes, suof ds

cmelhlny lr strdtenco meocsclj adicjn `y pdrtcouhdr

cjmcvcmudhs ady jlt è dooessc`he cj tfe stumy lg pdhdelhctfco

cjjlvdtcljs, èoduse tfe reolrm we fdve tl wlri wctf cs tll

oldrse glr suof questcljs, jljetfehess tfere dre d juaèr lgcjscnfts tfdt dre dpphcod`he tl Upper Rdhdelhctfco Alrdvcd.

Glr tfe purplses lg tfcs mcsoussclj C wcsf tl stress @dsdhd's

(4366; 44) plcjt tfdt teofjlhlny cs ouhtcvdtem tl aeet

peroecvem jeems djm tfdt tfese jeems dre megcjem `y

cjmcvcmudhs cj d pdrtcouhdr slocdh adtrcx. ]fe slocdh adtrcx, cj

turj, cs oljstrdcjem `y d juaèr lg vdrcd`hes wfcof ady è

mcsoerjc`he cj tfe drofdelhlncodh reolrm. _peocgcodhhy, cg we

ola`cje eoljlaco cjscnfts tfdt ct cs oljsuaptclj tfdt

stcauhdtes prlmuotclj cj pre-adriet slocetces (Nrenlry 43609

Acjjendh 433>) wctf tfe ujmerstdjmcjn tfdt teofjlhlny cs d

seacjdh olapljejt lg prlmuotclj - we see, gcrst, tfdt

Alrdvcdj teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs hciehy scnjdh ofdjnem -

alre speocgcodhhy - cjoredsem oljsuaptclj meadjms.

ê odj expdjm lj tfcs `y adicjn d gew ltfer premcotcljs

d`lut tfe rehdtcljsfcp ètweej Alrdvcdj teofjlhlncodh

cjjlvdtcljs djm tfe slocdh lrndjcsdtclj lg tfe nrlups wfl

prlmuoem tfea. _cjoe teofjlhlny cs dsslocdtem wctf

prlmuotclj, ct glhhlws tfdt teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs

represejt dj cjtejscgcodtclj lg prlmuotclj. _eoljm, scjoe

prlmuotclj jeems dre meteracjem `y oljsuaptclj jeems, we

odj djtcocpdte tfdt teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs were mescnjem

tl aeet slae jew slocdhhy meteracjem jeems. Gurtferalre,

scjoe, ds ]lrrejoe djm Wdj mer Heeuw (4363; 42) fdve

plcjtem lut, cjjlvdtcljs dre alre hciehy tl è dooeptem cj

stress tcaes wfej trdmctcljdh wdys lg mlcjn tfcjns dre alre

hciehy tl è seej ds wdjtcjn, we jeem tl hlli glr plssc`he

oduses lg stress cj Alrdvcdj tcaes. Gcjdhhy, cj tfe d`sejoe lg

ujcque ejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs cj Alrdvcd ?2,222-02,222

yedrs dnl wfcof were ujpreoemejtem èglre lr dgter tfcs tcae

shcoe, we ohedrhy sfluhm seei suof evcmejoe glr stress cj tfe

slocdh rdtfer tfdj cj tfe jdturdh ejvcrljaejt - alre

speocgcodhhy - cj ofdjnem nrlup scze lg tfe ol-rescmejtcdh

ujcts.

=.0 _]UMSCJN ]EOFJLHLNS - AED_UPCJN CJJLWD]CLJ

D juaèr lg teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs dt tfe Alrdvcdj sctes

rehdtes tl alre eggcocejt gllm prloureaejt. ]l ujmerstdjm

tfea C jext turj tl Lswdht (43>7) wfl fds systeadtcsem tfe

stumy lg etfjlnrdpfco gllm prlmuotclj teofjlhlnces `y, gcrst,

cmejtcgycjn tfe teofjlhlncodh ujcts (teofjlujcts) eaphlyem tl

prlmuoe tfe capheaejts djm, seoljm, `y mehcactcjn tfeaetflms lg oljklcjcjn tfese ujcts cjtl tfe gcjcsfem prlmuot.

Fe sees tfe evlhutclj lg teofjlhlny regheotem cj tfe

cjoredscjn juaèr lg teofjlujcts usem djm cj tfe alre

olaphex wdys lg oljklcjcjn tfea. Lswdht (43>7; 433-026)

cmejtcgces glur speocgco prcjocphes ujcversdhhy usem cj drtegdot

prlmuotclj, wfcof dppedr sequejtcdhhy tfrlunf tcae;

4. remuotclj

0. oljkujotcljs - tfe ola`cjcjn lg mcggerejt teofjlujcts tl

adie olaplscte drtegdots (e.n. fdgtcjn)

?. rephcodtclj - tfe ola`cjdtclj lg twl lr alre hcie

struoturdh eheaejts tl gujotclj ds pdrts lg d olaphex glra(e.n. olaphex cjsert wedpljry, fluse oljstruotclj)

=. hcjidne - tfe adicjn djm use lg ol-mepejmejt drtegdots

(e.n. `lw djm drrlw, spedr tfrlwer djm spedr).

Cj oljscmercjn tfe gdochctces usem cj gllm prloureaejt,

Lswdht (43>7; 403) plcjts lut, gcrst, tfdt ct cs teofjlhlncodhhy

scapher tl ndcj d flhm lj wchm speoces tfdj ct cs tl ichh tfea

`y ltfer aedjs, djm seoljm, tfdt gdochctces mescnjem tl ml sl

fdve gewer teofjlujcts tfdj fujtcjn wedpljry. Uscjn

gdochctces cj gllm prloureaejt cs jlt ljhy teofjlhlncodhhy

scapher, ùt dhsl d prdotcoe wfcof nredthy cjoredses tfe

eggeotcvejess lg fujtcjn wedpljry. Gurtferalre, dhtflunftejmem gdochctces (tflse mepejmejt lj ohlse aljctlrcjn `y

pelphe - e.n. fujtcjn jets, mrcve hcjes), dre teofjlhlncodhhy

scapher tfdj ujtejmem ljes, tfey requcre nredter ol-lperdtclj

djm olhhd`lrdtclj tfdj mles tfe use lg ujtejmem gdochctces.

Ujtejmem gdochctces, lj tfe ltfer fdjm, oljscst lg alre

teofjlujcts - wfcof cs tfe prcoe pdcm glr su`stctutcjn

teofjlujcts glr pelphe. Gcjdhhy, Lswdht (43>7) dhsl

mealjstrdtes tfdt gdochctces usem tl odpture prey lj hdjm fdve

gewer teofjlujcts tfdj tflse usem cj wdter. ]fcs l`servdtclj

hedms fca tl oljohume tfdt suof fdrvestcjn teofjcques ds jet

fujtcjn hciehy lrcncjdtem lj hdjm glr odpturcjn terrestrcdh

resluroes djm tfdt tfecr use tl fdrvest dqudtco tdxd mevehlpem

hdter cj tcae (Lswdht 43>7; 403).

]fcs perspeotcve lj gllm prloureaejt teofjlhlnces dhhlws

us, gcrst, tl see tfdt dhh glur prcjocphes lg drtegdot prlmuotclj

dre cj evcmejoe cj tfe Alrdvcdj cjvejtlrces; remuotclj -

stlje djm `lje tllhs9 oljkujotclj - fdgtem capheaejt9

rephcodtclj - olaplscte cjsert teofjlhlny, tfe adicjn lg jets

djm `dsiets9 djm hcjidne - nrcjmcjn stljes djm shd`s,

plssc`he `lws djm drrlws. _eoljm, ct dhsl sfems hcnft lj tfe

plssc`he use lg jets ds tejmem gdochctces glr fujtcjn terrestrcdh




ndae djm tfe d`sejoe lg evcmejoe glr tfecr use glr prlourcjn

ectfer gcsf lr `crms. Gurtferalre, ct dhsl exphdcjs wfy, cj

spcte lg adjy sunnestcljs tfdt sjdres djm trdps were usem `y

pdhdelhctfco fujters (Rcmlphcofil 43>79 _trdus 436>9 Rcie-

]dy 433?9 Ausch 433=, 433>), tl mdte we fdve jl gcra

evcmejoe glr tfese ujtejmem gdochctces, wfcof ady jlt fdve

èej cj use èglre tfe Flhloeje.

5. Caphcodtcljs lg tfelry djm mdtd glr nrdvettcdj

Alrdvcd

Cj tfcs oljohumcjn seotclj C exdacje tfe Alrdvcdj

teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs tfrlunf tfe hejs lg tfelry djm

tejtdtcvehy luthcje slae prlxcadte djm uhtcadte oduses - dhh

slocdh cj jdture - wfcof ady doolujt glr tfese cjvejtlrces. C

stress tfdt cj mlcjn sl C ml jlt dssuae tfdt dhh lg tfea

jeoessdrchy drlse cj Alrdvcd slae 0>,222 yedrs dnl. Mdtd lj

nrdvettcdj textches djm `dsietry, glr exdaphe, ohedrhy sunnest

djteoemejts. Pendrmhess lg wfej edof wds cjvejtem, ay

prcadry oljoerj fere cs wctf tfecr ol-loourrejoe dt tfcs plcjtcj tcae. C èncj wctf wfdt we gcrahy ijlw djm prlnress tl

alre fypltfetcodh cjscnfts.

5.4 ]SR E_ LG _C]E_

Ds jltem prevclushy, alst lg tfe sctes dsscnjem tl tfe Rdvhlv

ouhture dre dnnrendtclj sctes wfere sczd`he juaèrs lg pelphe

ol-rescmem tlnetfer murcjn tfe dutuaj tl sprcjn sedsljs.

Ncvej tfe reolvery lg gllm readcjs cmejtcgcem ds hciehy

wedjcjn gllms, we odj dssuae tfdt tfese ol-rescmejtcdh nrlups

cjohumem wlaej djm ofchmrej. Ct cs caplrtdjt tl ujmersolre

tfdt tfcs cs tfe edrhcest ujequcvlodh evcmejoe we fdve glr

dnnrendtclj sctes cj tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Rreoemcjn

durcnjdocdj sctes cj `ltf Oejtrdh djm êsterj Eurlpe dre

oljscmerd`hy sadhher cj scze wctf sadhher cjvejtlrces djm alre

hcactem juaèrs lg hess mcverse gdujdh readcjs (Ejhle 433?9

Rcie-]dy 433?9 Rcie-]dy djm @rcoier 433?9 _vl`lmd etdh.

4337) - sunnestcjn tfdt tfey were looupcem `y sadhh nrlups.

Gurtferalre, Fdfj (436>) fds jltem tfdt nrdvettcdj nrlups cj

Neradjy were ectfer alre al`che lr fdm alre dttejudtem

exphlctdtclj terrctlrces tfdj mcm tfecr durcnjdocdj premeoesslrs,

dj l`servdtclj wfcof _vl`lmd et dh. (4337) oljgcra glr

Alrdvcd ds wehh. C sunnest tfdt ct cs preocsehy tfcs cjoredse cj

sedsljdh al`chcty lg sadhh nrlups, djm tfe oljolactdjt

dttejudtclj lg exphlctdtclj terrctlrces, wfcof put d strdcj lj

adtcjn, cjglradtclj exofdjne djm rcsi sfdrcjn jetwlris lg

nrdvettcdj fujters djm ndtferers, djm tfdt olhm wedtfer

dnnrendtcljs were tfecr slocdh slhutclj glr tfcs strdcj.

Dnnrendtcljs, flwever, wfche slhvcjn prl`heas odusem `y

nrlup mcspersdh, oredte tfecr lwj prl`heas glr `ltf

su`scstejoe prdotcoes djm glr mdy tl mdy slocdh cjterdotcljs

(see Klfjslj 4360 lj slocdh oljsequejoes lg dnnrendtcljs).

Hdrne nrlups requcre alre gllm djm dnnrendtcljs odj ljhy

è vcd`he cg tfere cs d nudrdjteem gllm supphy. Hdrne nrlups

requcre alre gllm tfdj sadhh ljes - djm tfcs meadjm, cj

turj, odhhs glr tfe cjtejscgcodtclj lg gllm prloureaejt egglrts.

]fese egglrts odj tdie d juaèr lg glras, slae lg wfcof -

suof ds alre olaphex wedpljry, olaaujdh jet fujtcjn

(Dmlvdscl et dh. 4333), tfe `rldmejcjn lg tfe resluroe `dse

tl cjohume aemcua djm sadhh sczem prey (Ausch 433=, 433>)

- dre evcmejt cj nrdvettcdj Alrdvcd djm oljstctute d glra lgcjtejscgcodtclj lg su`scstejoe pursucts.

5.0 FUJ]CJN CARHEAEJ]_

]fe presejoe lg acorlhctfs djm nelaetrco acorlhctfs cj tfe

Alrdvcdj cjvejtlrces cj sczd`he juaèrs ferdhm tfe presejoe

lg olaphex auhtc-olapljejt wedpljry - alst hciehy hetfdh

`drèm tfrlwcjn djm tfrustcjn spedrs djm hdjoes. ]fese

sflrt-rdjne wedpljs, wfche hciehy caprlvcjn fujtcjn

suooess, stchh hcactem prey oflcoe tl hdrne-sczem djcadhs djm

tfe fujtcjn aetflms tl daùsf. Ofurofchh (433?), lj tfe

`dscs lg orlss-ouhturdh etfjlnrdpfco mdtd, fds reoejthy

mealjstrdtem tfdt hljn-mcstdjoe fujtcjn wedpljry (c.e. spedrtfrlwers djm `lws djm drrlws) jlt ljhy oljscmerd`hy

cjoredses tfe eggeotcve rdjne lg fujtcjn capheaejts ùt dhsl

adies plssc`he eggeotcve fujtcjn lg aemcua djm sadhh sczem

djcadhs. Fe fds dhsl mealjstrdtem tfdt tfe d`sejoe lg hljn

mcstdjoe fujtcjn wedpljry gdvlurs ol-lperdtcve fujtcjn

(Ofurofchh 433?). ]fe nrdvettcdj reolrm oljtdcjs jl spedr

tfrlwers, djm wfche slae soflhdrs fdve drnuem tfdt slae lg

tfe acorlhctfs ady fdve servem ds drrlws - djm tfus

sunnestem tfdt fujtcjn wctf `lws djm drrlws odae cjtl

prdotcoe slae 07,222 yedrs dnl - evcmejoe glr tfcs cs

equcvlodh djm cj jeem lg eapcrcodh mealjstrdtclj. Gcjdhhy,

tfe dùjmdjt djm vdrcem gdujdh readcjs dt tfe Alrdvcdj sctes

fds hem d juaèr lg soflhdrs tl drnue glr olhhd`lrdtcve

fujtcjn (e.n. Ihcad 437?9 Ausch 433=, 433>9 _vl`lmd etdh.

4337).

5.? FUJ]CJN GDOCHC]CE_

]fe cjvejtlrces dhsl oljtdcj evcmejoe glr tfe prlmuotclj lg

jets wfcof were hciehy usem glr fujtcjn. ]l mdte tfe aesf

scze lg tfe fypltfesczem Rdvhlv jets cs qucte sadhh, wfcof

wluhm fdve adme tfea suctd`he glr tfe fujtcjn lg' ljhy

sadhh-sczem prey. ]fcs l`servdtclj cs cj nllm doolrm wctf tfe

fcnf juaèrs lg suof tdxd ds fdres djm glxes reolverem grla

tfe sctes (Ausch 433=, 433>). Ct cs dhsl cj nllm doolrm wctf

orlss-ouhturdh etfjlnrdpfco mdtd wfcof cjmcodte tfe use lg

jets tl odpture sadhh terrestrcdh gdujd, cjohumcjn gur-èdrers,

tfrlunflut tfe wlrhm (_tewdrm 43?69 _dttertfwdct 4367,

436>9 Plsole 4332, 433?9 Djmrews djm Dmlvdscl 4337).

^fche tfe etfjlnrdpfco hcterdture dhsl mlouaejts tfe

wcmespredm use lg jets glr glwhcjn djm gcsfcjn, tfe hdoi lg

gcsf readcjs djm tfe pduocty lg dvcdj eheaejts dt Alrdvcdj

sctes (Ausch 433=, 433>), sunnests tfdt gcsf djm `crms were

jlt dj caplrtdjt olapljejt lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco mcet dt



7> LHND _LGGEP - NPDWE]]CDJ ]EOFJLHLNCE_ CJ _LOCDH OLJ]EV]_

tfese sctes. ]fcs l`servdtclj olrrl`lrdtes Lswdht's (43>7)

fypltfescs tfdt jet fujtcjn lg terrestrcdh ndae hciehy

preoemem gcsfcjn djm glwhcjn wctf jets.

]fe gcje ndune lg vcrtudhhy dhh lg tfe nrdvettcdj wedvcjn

sunnests tfdt, perfdps, tfe hdrner ndune grdotclj lg tfe

percsfd`he cjmustry fds jlt èej preservem lr reolverem tl

mdte. Etfjlnrdpfco mdtd sflw tfdt jets, cj dmmctclj tl

odpturcjn sadhh-sczem adaadhs cj tfe ?-02 in wecnft rdjne,

were suooessguhhy usem tl odpture d wcme rdjne lg hdrner-

sczem fer`cvlres grla idjndrlls djm evej flrses cj plst-

oljtdot tcaes cj Dustrdhcd (_dttertfwdct 4367, 436>) tl

djtehlpe, meer, djm alujtdcj sfeep cj Jlrtf Daercod (Grcslj

et dh. 43679 Djmrews djm Dmlvdscl 4337). ]fcs caphces tfdt,

cg prdotcoem, jet fujtcjn ady fdve èej usem tl prloure

hdrner-sczem tdxd cj Upper Rdhdelhctfco Alrdvcd ds wehh.

]fe plssc`chcty lg jet fujtcjn odrrces caplrtdjt

caphcodtcljs. Orlss-ouhturdh resedrof cjmcodtes tfdt jet

fujtcjn cs d olaaujdh egglrt, wfcof, èoduse lg tfe rehdtcve

hdoi lg expertcse jeoessdry glr suooess, ds wehh ds tfe

acjcadh mdjner cjvlhvem cj suof d jlj-oljgrljtdtcljdh

fdrvestcjn teofjcque, requcres gewer sichhem fujters djm odj

djm mles utchcse tfe hd`lur lg tfe ejtcre ol-rescmejtcdh slocdh

ujct (_tewdrm 43?69 Djehh 43739 _dttertfwdct 4367, 436>9

Grcslj 436>9 ^chice djm Ourrdj 4334). Ct cs, tfus, tfe lje

fujtcjn aetflm strljnhy dsslocdtem wctf tfe hd`lur lg

wlaej djm ofchmrej (Aurmloi 43?>9 Aurmloi djm Rrlvlst

43>?). Ct cs hciehy tfdt jet fujtcjn ady fdve èej alre

grequejt cj tfe pdst tfdj mlouaejtem cj tfe etfjlnrdpfco

reolrm, wfere ct cs rdre ùt wcmespredm (Adjfcre et dh. 43659

_dttertfwdct 4367, 436>).

Gchcdhhy, jet fujtcjn cs dhsl dsslocdtem wctf hdrne fdrvests cj

sflrt perclms lg tcae djm, tfus, wctf tfe prlmuotclj lg d surphus

(_dttertfwdct 4367, 436>). Dhtflunf suof d surphus cj slae

etfjlnrdpfco odses cs dsslocdtem wctf pdrtcocpdtclj cj d adriet

eoljlay (e.n.. tfe Cturc glrest Y^chice djm Ourrdj 4334Q), cj

ltfer odses, suof ds cj D`lrcncjdh Dustrdhcd (_dttertfwdct 4367,

436>) lr cj Jew Nucjed (Plsole 4332, 433?), ct cs dsslocdtem

wctf hdrne ndtfercjns, gedstcjn, djm oerealjcdhcsa.

Cg, ds 4 fdve drnuem d`lve, tfe Alrdvcdj reolrm mles sflw

tfe dmvejt lg nrlup fujtcjn djm adss fdrvestcjn, tfej tfe

use lg pdrtcouhdr tejmem gdochctces tl ml sl - speocgcodhhy jets

- sunnests cjoredsem meadjms lj tfe hd`lur lg wlaej,

ofchmrej, djm lg lhmer cjmcvcmudhs. ^chice djm Ourrdj (4334)

fdve drnuem tfdt tfe Aùtc lg tfe Cturc Glrest tlli up

fujtcjn wctf jets tl cjolrplrdte geadhe hd`lur cjtl aedt

prloureaejt pursucts. Cj tfe Cturc tfcs wds mlje tl cjoredse

surphuses glr trdme. Cj Upper Rdhdelhctfco Alrdvcd ct ady

fdve èej mlje tl supplrt dnnrendtcljs.

5.= GLLM _]LPDNE DJM RPERDPD]CLJ

]fe stlrdne lg gllm cs ohedrhy djltfer aetflm glr cjsurcjn

gllm surphuses ùt ct cs d aetflm glr wfcof we fdve jl

mlouaejtem evcmejoe ujtch dgter tfe hdst nhdocdh adxcaua

(_lgger 4365, 4363). ]fe Alrdvcdj sctes oljtdcj jl stlrdne

pcts djm tfe lje pltejtcdh odjmcmdte ds suof, ujolverem dt

Rdvhlv C cj 4354, Ihgad (43>>) cjterpretem ds d pct fluse. ]fe

gdujdh readcjs dt suof sctes ds Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C, flwever, ml

oljtdcj dj dùjmdjoe lg gchhetcjn adris sunnestcjn tfdt aedt

wds remuoem tl sadhh strcps (_lgger 4363). ]fcs, tlnetfer wctf

tfe presejoe lg sadhh `lchcjn pcts drlujm adjy lg tfe fedrtfs

dt tfe sctes, wfcof sunnests tfdt aedt wds prloessem djm

olliem cj sadhh pdroehs, ady plssc`hy fcjt tfdt aedt strcps

ady fdve dhsl èej preservem `y mrycjn. Cg tfcs wds tfe odse,

tfej Alrdvcdj nrlups ady fdve prdotcoem d glra lg plrtd`he

stlrdne - ùt tfcs, wfche ct odj è fypltfesczem - readcjs tl

è eapcrcodhhy mealjstrdtem.

]fe Alrdvcdj cjvejtlrces dhsl oljtdcj adjy capheaejts,

suof ds sflvehs, nrcjmcjn equcpaejt, djm acorlhctfco cjserts

plssc`hy usem cj ijcves, wfcof dre dsslocdtem wctf phdjt

fdrvestcjn djm tfus wctf tfe hd`lur lg wlaej (Ihgad 437?9

[vehe`ch 433=). Mcreot evcmejoe glr phdjt gllms, ds jltem,

olaes grla tfe lje fedrtf dt Mlhjc Wéstljcoe CC wflse

oljtejts were ghldtem.

Hctthe evcmejoe excsts glr gllm prepdrdtclj - ùt tfdt lj

fdjm ohedrhy regheots tfe hd`lur lg wlaej wfl dre

ujcversdhhy respljsc`he glr gllm prepdrdtclj djm servcjn cj

tfe etfjlnrdpfco reolrm (Aurmloi 43?>9 Aurmloi djm

Rrlvlst 43>?). ]fe presejoe lg nrcjmers djm nrcjmcjn stljes

ady cjmcodte tfdt slae gllms were nrlujm èglre ollicjn.

]fe gchhet out adris lj djcadh `ljes sunnest tfdt aedt wds

remuoem cjtl sadhh pdoidnes. ]fe `lchcjn pcts, cj turj,

sunnest tfdt tfe aedt djm phdjts were olliem cj hcqucms

prlmuocjn slaetfcjn hcie nruehs, slups, lr stews.

Adslj (et dh. 433=) djm fer olhhednues' reolvery lg gllms

dt Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe CC, cg tfey represejt gllm spchhem cj tfe

prloess lg ollicjn ds lpplsem tl gllm rescmue mcsplsdh, ady

cjmcodte mcreot ollicjn lver lpej gcres. Cg tfcs wds tfe odse,

tfej slae textches/`dsietry capressem grdnaejts lg gcrem

ohdy, slae lg wfcof we fdve prehcacjdrchy teraem 'struoturdh

oerdacos', ady represejt grdnaejts lg ollicjn vessehs suof

ds ohdy hcjem `dsiets.

5.5 ADCJ]EJDJOE CARHEAEJ]_

Ds jltem èglre, tfe Alrdvcdj textches djm `dsietry dre qucte

mcverse. Ct cs teaptcjn tl fypltfescze tfdt suof mcverscty ady

regheot cmclsyjordtco prlmuotclj lj tfe heveh lg tfe fluseflhm

(Dmlvdscl et dh. 4333). Ct ady dhsl regheot tfe jdture lg

Alrdvcdj looupdtcljs. Dmlvdscl (et dh. 4333) djm fcs

olhhednues sunnest tfdt cg sctes suof ds Rdvhlv C djm Mlhjc'

Wéstljcoe C servem ds sedsljdh dnnrendtclj hloc glr d juaèr lg

cjmepejmejt slocdh ujcts wfl spejt tfe readcjmer lg tfe yedr

ehsewfere, tfej tfese sctes sfluhm presejt evcmejoe lg nredter

teofjlhlncodh vdrcd`chcty tfdj hlodhes wfere auhtcphe slocdh

ujcts ol-rescmem wctf edof ltfer lj d alre peradjejt `dscs.




]fe presejoe lg tfe textche/`dsietry capresscljs dt tfese

sctes odrrces ltfer slocdh caphcodtcljs dhsl. Orlss-ouhturdh

resedrof sflws tfdt cj pre-adriet slocetces tfe prlmuotclj lg

textches djm `dsietry cs dsslocdtem wctf tfe hd`lur lg wlaej

(Aurmloi 43?>9 Aurmloi djm Rrlvlst 43>?9 _ofjecmer djm

êcjer 43639 Icjn 4334). Ncvej suof pdtterjs lg prlmuotclj

djm use, tfe Alrdvcdj capresscljs tfus mcreothy revedhgeadhe hd`lur. ]fe gcjejess lg tfe ndune lg slae lg tfe

textches, cj turj, sunnests tfdt tfcs hd`lur wds qucte cjtejscve.

5.7 _UPRHU_ - _EMEJ]C_A - ]CAE @UMNE]_ -

CJJLWD]CLJ_

4 jext `rceghy exdacje slae aeofdjcsas wfcof adme tfe

cjvejtclj djm/lr extejscve use lg slae jew teofjlhlnces

plssc`he. Cj tfcs C glhhlw @rlwj (4363) wfl fds drnuem tfdt

cj lrmer tl ujmerstdjm tfe dmlptclj lg teofjlhlncodh

cjvejtcljs we jeem tl oljscmer jlt ljhy oljsuaer meadjm

ùt dhsl gdotlrs dotcjn tl oljstrdcj suof meadjm.

5.7.4 ]cae ùmnets djm teofjlhlnces

]fe Alrdvcdj sctes regheot `ltf nrlup dnnrendtclj djm

rescmejtcdh std`chcty lver d juaèr lg dutuaj tfrlunf edrhy

sprcjn aljtfs. ]fcs rescmejtcdh std`chcty wds adme plssc`he

tfrlunf gllm surphuses, cj pdrt hciehy l`tdcjem tfrlunf

olaaujdh jet fujtcjn. ]fcs, cj turj, `rlunft d`lut tfe re

mephlyaejt lg hd`lur grla mcreot prloureaejt pursucts tl tfe

prlmuotclj lg wedpljry glr guture use ds wehh ds tfe

prlmuotclj lg d ayrcdm lg capheaejts glr adcjtejdjoe

dotcvctces (e.n. ohltfes, oljtdcjers, kewehry, eto.). _uof dj

cjtejscgcodtclj cj tfe prlmuotclj lg mcverse cjvejtlrces murcjn

perclms lg nredter rescmejtcdh semejtcsa cs daphy mlouaejtem

glr fujter-ndtferer nrlups, espeocdhhy tflse cj jlrtferj

hdtctumes wfl requcre nredter dalujts lg tllhs djm

capheaejts glr survcvdh (Iehhy 4335 wctf regerejoes).

Mcggerejt teofjlhlnces requcre mcggerejt tcae ùmnets,

flwever. Ds @rlwj (4363) plcjts lut, slae teofjlhlnces

wcmehy usem `y fujter-ndtferers, dre oljnruejt wctf "stlp

djm nl" prlmuotclj sequejoes. ]fe adicjn lg spedr fedms,

tfe odrvcjn lg gcnurcjes, tfe hllpcjn lg jets, lr wedvcjn wctf

scaphe hllas odj è cjterruptem djm resuaem dt d hdter tcae

wctflut metrcaejt tl tfe gcjdh prlmuot. ]fese teofjlhlnces

dre tfus oljnruejt wctf al`che hcgewdys. Ltfer teofjlhlnces,

suof ds tfe fdrvestcjn djm prloesscjn lg `dst-èdrcjn phdjts

tl adie phdjt gcèrs glr wedvcjn, requcre oljtcjulus wlri

lver d juaèr lg mdys djm weeis djm, tfus, requcre nredter

rescmejtcdh std`chcty. Nrlujm stlje teofjlhlny tl adie hdrne

nrcjmcjn shd`s djm nrcjmers - cteas wfcof dre jlt edschy

odrrcem grla phdoe tl phdoe - cs djltfer exdaphe lg d

ejernetcodhhy expejscve teofjlhlny dsslocdtem wctf

rescmejtcdh std`chcty.

Gurtferalre, tfe sedsljdh dvdchd`chcty lr dooessc`chcty lg

tfe suctd`he rdw adtercdhs glr slae teofjlhlnces requcres

tfdt rescmejtcdh std`chcty loours murcjn tflse aljtfs wfej

tfe suctd`he rdw adtercdhs odj è l`tdcjem. Cj Rhecstloeje

Alrdvcd, glr exdaphe, hless glr oerdaco prlmuotclj wds

hciehy gdr alre edschy dooessc`he grla sprcjn tl dutuaj wfej

tfe nrlujm wds jlt grlzej. Etfjlnrdpfco mdtd lj tfe

fdrvestcjn lg suof `dst-èdrcjn phdjts ds jetthe djm

achiweem cjmcodte tfdt tfese phdjts dre fdrvestem djmprloessem cj tfe dutuaj aljtfs dgter tfe phdjts redof tfecr

adxcadh nrlwtf djm mry lut (@drèr 4334). ê odj presuae

tfdt tfey were fdrvestem murcjn tfe dutuaj cj nrdvettcdj

Alrdvcd ds wehh.

]fese `rceg l`servdtcljs cjmcodte tfdt glr slae

teofjlhlnces tfere cs dj dsslocdtclj jlt ljhy wctf rescmejtcdh

std`chcty ùt wctf suof std`chcty murcjn speocgco sedsljs djm

tfe Alrdvcdj evcmejoe sflws tfdt tfere wds tfe oljnruejoe

lg tfe twl dt tfe sctes.

5.7.0 Gllm sluroes djm types lg ollicjn

@rlwj (4363) dhsl plcjts lut tfdt slae types lg gllms -speocgcodhhy oeredhs - requcre hljn ollicjn dt rehdtcvehy fcnf

teaperdtures tl adie tfea mcnestc`he. ê odj dmm rllt orlps

tl tfcs ds wehh. _uof mcreot ollicjn stresses tfe ollicjn

vessehs auof alre tfdj mles cjmcreot ollicjn `y stlje

`lchcjn. ]fe Alrdvcdj mdtd ml cjmcodte stlje `lchcjn cj pcts.

Dt tfe sdae tcae, Adslj's (Adslj et dh. 433=) mdtd lj phdjt

gllms dt Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC, dhtflunf alre tejulus, fcjt tfdt

ltfer gllms ady fdve èej olliem mcreothy lver fedrtfs. Cg

tfcs wds tfe odse, we odj djtcocpdte tfe jeem glr wdtertcnft

oljtdcjers - plssc`hy aet `y tcnfthy wlvej djm/lr ohdy-hcjem

`dsiets. Gurtferalre, suof mcreot ollicjn wluhm fdve phdoem

nredter stress lj oljtdcjers, tfecr alre grequejt rephdoeaejt,

djm tfus cjoredsem oljsuaer jeem glr alre `dsiets. Alre

grequejt prlmuotclj, use, djm mcsodrm wluhm oredte alre

vcsc`he drofdelhlncodh readcjs - wfcof ady doolujt glr tfecr

presejoe dt tfe sctes.

Gcjdhhy, scjoe fujter-ndtferer dnnrendtcljs dre dhsl

dsslocdtem wctf gedstcjn requcrcjn cjtejscgcem prepdrdtclj lg

gllm (_dttertfwdct 4367, 436>9 Daes 43349 Fdymej 4335), ct

cs plssc`he tfdt cg suof gedstcjn tlli phdoe cj Upper

Rdhdelhctfco Alrdvcd, ct tll wluhm fdve oredtem cjoredsem

jeem glr tfe tfe use djm prlmuotclj lg oljtdcjers.

7. Dnnrendt cljs djm rctud hs

Gcjdhhy, C turj tl d `rceg exdacjdtclj lg tfe dsslocdtclj lg

rctudhs, dnnrendtclj, djm tfecr adtercdh adjcgestdtcljs.

Klfjslj (4360) fds oljvcjocjnhy mealjstrdtem tfdt tfere cs d

strljn struoturdh oljjeotclj ètweej teaplrdry dnnrendtcljs

lg hdrne juaèrs lg pelphe djm rctudh perglradjoes. _cjoe

oerealjces djm rctudhs usudhhy cjvlhve tfe adjcpuhdtclj lg

slae jlj-utchctdrcdj adtercdhs, we odj djtcocpdte gcjmcjn

hdrner juaèrs lg suof cteas dt drofdelhlncodh sctes wfcof

servem ds dnnrendtclj hlodhes.



73 LHND _LGGEP - NPDWE]]CDJ ]EOFJLHLNCE_ CJ _LOCDH OLJ]EV]_

Dhtflunf ct cs jedrhy caplssc`he tl ujequcvlodhhy

mealjstrdte tfdt speocgco drofdelhlncodh drtegdots were jlj-

utchctdrcdj rctudh pdrdpferjdhcd, slae readcjs grla tfe

Alrdvcdj sctes dre hciehy odjmcmdtes. _peocgcodhhy, Wdjmcver 's

(8> dh. 4332 wctf regerejoes) stumy lg tfe prlmuotclj djm

gcrcjn lg tfe oerdaco djcadh djm djtfrlplalrpfco gcnurcje

grdnaejts grla tfe sctes hem fer djm fer olhhednues tloljohume tfdt tfese gcnurcjes were jlt prlmuoem tl è

murd`he l`keots - lr "peradjejt drt". ]fey fdve drnuem,

cjstedm, tfdt tfcs cjvejtlry represejts tfe rescmue lg

"perglradjoe dr t" - cadnes tfdt were caplrtdjt murcjn tfe

prlmuotclj djm gcrcjn alaejts ljhy, djm tfdt suof

prlmuotclj perglradjoes were hciehy rctudh cj jdture. Gcjmcjn

suof 'drt' dt Alrdvcdj dnnrendtclj sctes cs tfus jlt ujusudh,

ùt. rdtfer, tl è expeotem.

>. Gcjdh hessljs

]fe d`lve mcsoussclj reacjms us, ljoe dndcj, lg tfe gdot

wfcof we dhh ijlw wehh, ùt tejm tl glrnet cj exdacjcjnofdjne cj drtegdots tfrlunf tcae - jdaehy, tfdt teofjlhlny

fds jl evlhutcljdry trdkeotlry lg cts lwj ùt cs eaèmmem cj

tfe slocdh oljtext wfcof `ltf `rcjns ct cjtl excstejoe djm

`rcjns d`lut cts d`djmljaejt. _lae lg tfe teofjlhlnces we

see cj use cj Alrdvcd, suof ds tfe prlmuotclj lg oerdacos, cs

ljhy gdcjthy eoflem dt ltfer Eurdscdj Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes

slaewfdt ylujner cj tcae - e.n. Ilstejic 4-4 (Rrdshlv

4334) lr dt Adcjd (Wdsch'ev djm Eralhlvd 436? )(glr dj

extejscve mcsoussclj lg pdhdelhctfco oerdaco teofjlhlny see

Wdjmcver et dh. 4332 wctf regerejoes). ]fese gdcjt eofles

sunnest ectfer cts d`djmljaejt glr d tcae lr cts meoredse cj

caplrtdjoe tfrlunf tcae, ujtch ct resurgdoes ljoe dndcj

drlujm 4?,522 `p cj tfe Pusscdj Gdr Edst

([fusfofciflvsidyd 433=9 Merevcdjil djm Aemvemev 4335)

djm dt tfe Klalj sctes cj Kdpdj, wfere ct cjohumes tfe

prlmuotclj lg plttery. Olaphex cjsert teofjlhlny, lj tfe

ltfer fdjm, dppedrs tl ujmernl oljtcjulus use djm

ehd`lrdtclj tfrlunf pdhdelhctfco tcae.

_cachdr pdtterjs cj tfe use lg teofjlhlny dre cj evcmejoe glr

fujter-ndtferers wfl hcvem cj alre reoejt tcae perclms ds wehh.

Adjfcre et dh. (4365), glr exdaphe, use rloi drt cadnery tl

persudscvehy drnue tfdt jet fujtcjn wds prdotcoem cj tfe pdst `y

tfe _dj - slaetfcjn jlt mlouaejtem cj tfe etfjlnrdpfco

reolrm. Djltfer exdaphe cs tfe scaphcgcodtclj lg ]dsadjcdj

teofjlhlny mlouaejtem tfrlunf tcae `y Kljes (436=).

]felretcodh cjscnfts djm tfese exdaphes ohedrhy sflw tfdt

teofjlhlnces dre dmlptem lr d`djmljem cj tfe slocdh redhas

lg slhvcjn prl`heas. @eoduse lg tfcs, tl ujmerstdjm ofdjnescj teofjlhlnces we aust hlli jlt dt tfe nhl`dh ùt dt tfe

purehy hlodh slocdh capetus djm oljstrdcjts. ]fese, ds Ml`res

djm Flggadj (433=) jlte, dre geht djm redotem tl `y

cjmcvcmudh slocdh dotlrs glr slae lg wfla cjjlvdtclj cs

alre dmvdjtdnelus wfche tfe stdtus qul sucts ltfers ètter.

Cj hcnft lg tfe jedr caplssc`chcty lg cmejtcgycjn cjmcvcmudh

dotlrs cj tfe realte pdst, we jeem tl cmejtcgy tfe dotcljs lg

ds adjy mcggerejt slocdh nrlups ds plssc`he - cjohumcjn tflse

lg wlaej, ofchmrej, djm tfe ehmerhy, ds wehh ds djy ltfer

nrlups we odj meteot. ]fcs ofdpter fds sflwj tfdt tfcs

aedjs hllicjn gdr èyljm hctfcos djm redhcscjn kust flw

gcjcte, `cdsem, djm wleguhhy cjolaphete d pcoture lg pdst

hcgewdys tfese murd`hes lgger.

doijlwhemneaejts

]fcs ofdpter cs `dsem lj resedrof oljmuotem cj Oejtrdh djm

Edsterj Eurlpe lj vdrclus dspeots lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco

ouhturdh prdotcoes ujmer tfe duspcoes lg d juaèr lg

lrndjcsdtcljs cjohumcjn tfe Cjterjdtcljdh Pesedrof djm

Exofdjne @ldrm, Jdtcljdh Ejmlwaejt glr tfe Fuadjctces,

tfe Jdtcljdh Nelnrdpfco _locety, tfe êjjer-Nrej

Glujmdtclj glr Djtfrlplhlncodh Pesedrof, ds wehh ds tfe

Pesedrof @ldrm lg tfe Ujcverscty lg Chhcjlcs. ]fecr gcjdjocdh

supplrt cs nrdteguhhy doijlwhemnem. C dhsl wcsf tl express

ay nrdtctume tl Mr Adrtcj Lhcvd, Djtfrlpls Cjstctute,

Alrdvcdj Auseua ds wehh ds tl Mrs @lfushdv If'ad djm

Kcgg _vl`lmd, Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny @rjl, Dodmeay lg

_ocejoes lg tfe Ozeof Pepu`hco glr tfecr ujgdchcjn nejerlscty

cj sfdrcjn tfecr adtercdhs, mdtd, cjscnfts, djm tfe muihd. ]fcs

ofdpter fds nredthy èjegctem grla cjscnftguh olaaejts lg

Kca Dmlvdscl, _tdjhey Da`rlse, N.R. Nrcnlr'ev, ^ch

Ple`rleis, Adfcr _duh, Klfj _petf, Wdh _ujtslv, djm

Achglrm ^lhplgg - wflse cjput cs nrdteguhhy doijlwhemnem.



>2 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

regerejoes

D`slhlj, I.,

@. Ihc'ad

Dmlvdscl, K.A..

L. _lgger,

M.O. Fyhdjm,

@. If'ad,

K. _vl`lmd

Daes, I.A.

Djmrews, P.H.,

K.A. Dmlvdscl

43>> Rgemalstc. Rrdfd; Dodmeacd.

4333 ]extc h, ilsgiígstvc' d scte v nrdvet tceju Alrdvy, Drofelhlncoic rlzfhemy HC, 56-3=.

Djehh, @.

4334 ]fe drofdelhlny lg tfe hljne mureã; D teaplrd h djm spdtcdh sodhe cj tfe evlhutclj lg slocdh

olaphexcty lj tfe slutferj Jlrtfwest Oldst, Djtcqucty 75, 3?5-3=5.

4337 ]fe Lrcncjs lg Gcèr Rercsfd`hes Rrlmuotclj Edst lg tfe Ploices. Cj; K.@. Reterslj (em.),

D Alst Cjmcspejsd`he Drt; Jdtcve Gcèr Cjmustrces grla Edsterj Jlrtf Daercod, ?2-=3,

Ijlxvchhe; ]fe Ujcverscty lg ]ejjessee Rress.

4373 Pujjcjn mlwj djm Mrcvcjn lg Ndae cj Jlrtf Daercod, _tumcd Etfjlnrdpfcod Upsdhcejscs

VVV.

@dmer, L.J.

@drèr, E.K.^.

@dsdhd, N.

@rlwj, K.

Ofchme.W.N.

Ofurofchh, _.

Olhhcjs. F.@. Kr.

Oljiey, A.^.

Orles, M.P.

Mdads, M. em.

me @eduje, _.D.

43>6 _ujncr'. Werfjepdhelhctcofesidcd stlcdjid. Alsolw; Jduid.

4334 Rrefcstlrco ]extches. Rrcjoetlj J.K.; Rrcjoetlj Ujcverscty Rress.

4366 ]fe Evlhutclj lg ]eofjlhlny. Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

4363 ]fe èncjjcjns lg plttery ds dj eoljlaco prloess. Cj; P. ]lrrejoe djm _. vdj mer Heeuw

(ems), ^fdt's Jew, 024-00=, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

4354 Adj Adies Fcasehg. Jew Slri; Aejtlr @llis.

433? êdplj teofjlhlny, Rrey _cze, _eheotclj, djm Fujtcjn Aetflms cj Almerj Fujter-

Ndtferers; Caphcodtcljs glr Fujtcjn cj tfe Rdhelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco. Cj; N.H. Retericj,

F.A. @rcoier djm R. Aehhdrs (ems), Fujtcjn djm Djcadh Exphlctdtclj cj tfe Hdter

Rdhelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco lg Eurdscd, 44-0=, Drofdelhlncodh Rdpers lg tfe Daercodj

Djtfrlplhlncodh Dsslocdtclj Jl. =.

43?> Drofdelhlny lg _t. Hdwrejoe Cshdjm, Dhdsid, _actfsljcdj Acsoehhdjelus Olhheotcljs 37,

^dsfcjntlj M.O; _actfsljcdj Cjstctutclj.

4334 Oljtexts lg Dotclj, Oljtexts glr Rlwer; Adtercdh Ouhture djm Nejmer cj tfe Adnmdhejcdj.

Cj; K.A. Nerl djm A.^. Oljiey (ems). Ejnejmercjn Drofdelhlny. 5>-30, Lxglrm'.

@hdoiwehh.

433> ]fe Jlrtf-Oejtrdh ouhturdh mcofltlay lj tfe Jlrtfwest Oldst lg Jlrtf Daercod; Cts

evlhutclj ds sunnestem `y wet-scte `dsietry djm wllmej gcsf-fllis, Djtcqucty >4, 53=-745.

436= Drotco. Fdjm`lli lg Jlrtf Daercod Cjmcdjs, vlh. 5. ^dsfcjntlj M.O; _actfsljcdj

Cjstctutclj.

433? Jljghcjt ]llhs lg tfe Edrhy Rdhelhctfco. Cj; F. Ijeoft , D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems) ,

@eglre Hdsodux, 47?-430, @lod Pdtlj; O.P.O. Rress Cjo.



>4 LHND _LGGEP - NPDWE]]CDJ ]EOFJLHLNCE_ CJ _LOCDH OLJ]EV]_

MereX cdjil, D.R. em.

C WI'X cdjil, D.R.,

W.E. Aemvemev

Ml`res, A.-D.,

K. Flggadj

4336 ]fe Rdhelhctfco lg _cèrcd. Ofdapdcnj, Chhcjlcs; Ujcverscty lg Chhcjlcs Rress.

4335 ]fe Daur Pcver @dscj ds Lje lg tfe Edrhcest Oejters lg Oerdacos cj tfe Gdr Edst. Cj;

Cjtejtcljdh _yaplscua lj tfe Lrcncj lg Oerdacos cj Edsterj djm Jlrtfedsterj Dscd.

Exphlrcjn tfe _luroes lgKlalj Ouhture. D`strdots, 4?-4=, _ejmdc, Kdpdj; ]lfliu-Guiusfc

Ujcverscty.

433= _locdh Dnejoy djm tfe Myjdacos lg Rrefcstlrco ]eofjlhlny, Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh

Aetflm djm ]felry 7, 044-056.

Ejhle, K. 433? _u`scstejoe Lrndjczdtclj cj tfe Edrhy Upper Rdhelhctfco; Pecjmeer Fujters dt tfe D`rc mu

Ghdnelhet, Oluofe W. Cj; F. Ijeoft, D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems). @eglre Hdsodux,

424-445, @lod Pdtlj; O.P.O. Rress.

Rrcslj, (c. 436> Rrefcstlrco, Rhdcj-Alujtdcj Hdrne-Adaadh Olaaujdh Fujtcjn _trdtences. Cj;

A.F. Jeteoic djm M.W. Jeteoic (ems). ]fe Evlhutclj lg Fuadj Fujtcjn, 4>>-00=, Jew

Slri; Rhejua Ru`hcsfcjn Olrp.

Grcslj, N.O.,

P.H. Djmrews,

K.A. Dmlvdscl,P.O. Odrhcshe,

E. Emndr

4367 D Hdte Rdhelcjmcdj Djcadh ]rdppcjn Jet grla Jlrtferj ^ylacjn, Daercodj Djtcqucty 54

?50-?74.

Nrenlry, O.D.

Fdha. K.

Fdymoj. @.

4360 Ncgts djm Olaalmctces. Hljmlj; Dodmeaco Rress.

436> Durcnjdocdj djm Nrdvettcdj _ettheaejt Rdtterjs cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe. Cj; L. _lgger (em.),

]fe Rhecstloeje Lhm ^lrhm, 054-070, Jew Slri; Rhejua Ru`hcsfcjn Olrp.

4335 Rdtfwdys tl Rlwer; Rrcjocphes glr Oredtcjn _locleoljlaco Cjequdhctces. Cj; ].M. Rrcoe djm

N.A. Gecjadj (ems), Glujmdtcljs lg _locdh Cjequdhcty, 45-67, Jew Slri; Rhejua Rress.

Feha, K. em. 4364 _u`drotco. Fdjm`lli lg Jlrtf Daercod Cjmcdjs, vlh. 7. ^dsfcjntlj M.O.; _actfsljcdj

Cjstctutclj.

Klfjslj. (c.D.

Kljes, I.

Iefle, D.@.

Iehhy, P.H.

Icjn, A.E.

Ihcad, @.

4360 Lrndjczdtcljdh struoture djm sodhdr stress. Cj; O. Pejgrew, A.K. Plwhdjms djm

@.D. _ednrdves (ems), ]felry djm Exphdjdtclj cj Drofdelhlny, ?63-=04, Jew Slri;

Dodmeaco Rress.

436= Fujters djm Fcstlry; D Odse _tumy grla êsterj ]dsadjcd. Cj; O. _frcre (em.). Rdst djm

Rresejt cj Fujter Ndtferer _tumces, 0>-75, Jew Slri; Dodmeaco Rress.

4332 Rlcjts djm Hcjes . Cj; _.A. Jehslj djm D.@. Iefle (ems), Rlwers lg L`servdtclj;

Dhterjdtcve Wcews cj Drofdelhlny, 0?-?>, Drofdelhlncodh Rdpers lg tfe Daercodj

Djtfrlplhlncodh Dsslocdtclj Jl. 0.

4335 ]fe Glrdncjn _peotrua. ^dsfcjntlj, M.O; _actfsljcdj Cjstctutclj Rress.

4334 ]fe Rercsfd`he Rreservem; Djocejt ]extches grla tfe Lhm ^lrhm wctf Olapdrcsljs grla tfe

Jew ^lrhm, ]fe Pevcew lg Drofdelhlny 4?(4), 0-4 4.

435? Jekstdríc pluzctc lstrdvsiãfl ufhc, Drofelhlncoiã rlzfhemy 5, ==4-==?.

4355d Rgcjls jlvã pdhelhctcoiã stdjcoe v Rdvhlvé i prl`headtcoe jekstdrsgof zeaéméhsiyof

jístrlkø, Rdaítiy drofelhlncoiã =7, >-03.

4355` Wyshemiy drofelhlncoiãfl vyziuau jd tí`lgcstc hlvoø adautø v Retgilvcocof, lir. Lstrdvd

v rloe 4350 d 435?, Odslpcs _hezsiãfl auzed ?, 4-?5.



>0 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Ihcad, @.

Ijeoft, F.,

D. Rcie-]dy,

P. ^fcte

Irdjzèrn, A.

Healjjcor, R.

Hcjmhy, K.A.,

N.D. Ohdri

Adslj. L.].

Adslj, _.H.P.,

K.N. Fdtfer,

N.O. Fchhadj

Adjfcre, ].,

K. Rdricjnhlj,

P. Sdtes

Acjjendh, A.

Aurmloi, N.R.

Aurmloi, N.R.,

O. Rrlvlst

4355o Wyziua pdhelh ctcoiãfl sc'mhcsé v Lstrdvé-Retgilvcocof, Drofelhlncoiã rlzfhemy >, 4=4-4=3.

435> Wyziua pdhelh ctcoiãfl sc'mhcsté u Rdvhlvd v rloe 435=, Drofelhlncoiã rlzfhemy 3, 4=5- 454,

4>>-46=.

437? Mlhjc Wëstljcoe. Jdihdmdtehstvc Oesilshlvejsiã didmeace vém. Rrdfd.

43>> Adhdcd plhuzeahydjid jd pdhelhctcofesilc stlcdjie Rdvhlv v Ofeiflshlvdicc. Cj;

J.M. Rrdshlv (em.), Rrl`heay Rdhelhctd Wlstlofjlc c ]sejtrdh'jlc Evrlpy, 4==-4=6,

Hejcjnrdm; Jduid.

436> Rdhelhctcoií pdrlflví cjmustrce z Rdvhlvd, Rdaítiy drofelhlncoiã >6, 063-?>2.

4332d Hlvoc adautø z Rgemalstc. Rrdfd; Dodmeacd.

4332` Mgevejã z`ytiy z pdhelhc tcoiã stdjcoe Mlhjc Wëstljcoe CC. Cj; Rrdvéiã d shlvdjsiã lscmhejh

Alrdvy, Aus. d vhdst, splh., @rjl, >-4=.

433= Mce Ijlofejcjmustrce, _cer-ujm Iujstnenejstíjme. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Rdvhlv C.

Exodvdtcljs 4350-435?, 35-472, EPDUH 77.

4335 Mlhjc Wëstljcoe CC. EPDUH >?.

433? Cjtrlmuotclj. Cj; F. Ijeoft, D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems) . @eglre Hdsodux, 4-=, @lod

Pdtlj; O.P.O. Rress.

4363 Lje Hdst ^lrm - ]eofjlhlny djm Fcstlry. Cj; _.F. Outohcgge djm P.O. Rlst (ems) , //9

Oljtext. Fcstlry djm tfe Fcstlry lg ]eofjlhlny, @etfhefea RD djm Hljmlj; Hecnf

Ujcverscty Rress, djm Dsslocdtclj lg Ujcverscty Rresses.

4367 ]fe _tumy lg Adtercdh Ouhture ]lmdy; ]lwdrm dj Djtfrlplhlny lg ]eofjcodh _ysteas,

Klurjdh lg Djtfrlplhlncodh Drofdelhlny 5, 4=>-467.

4330 Eheaejts glr dj Djtfrlplhlny lg ]eofjlhlny. Djtfrlplhlncodh Rdpers, Auseua lg

Djtfrlplhlny, Ujcverscty lg Acofcndj, Djj Dr`lr.

433? Cjtrlmuotclj. Cj; R. Heaaljcer (em.), ]eofjlhlncodh Oflcoes, 4-?5, Hljmlj; Pluthemne.

4332 _ya`lhcsa djm almerj fuadj lrcncjs. Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?4 , 0??-074.

4342 ^ladj's _fdre cj Rrcactcve Ouhture. Jew Slri; M. Dpphetlj & Ol.

433= Rrehcacjdry Cjvestcndtclj lg tfe Rhdjt Adorl-readcjs grla Mlhjc' Wëstljcoe CC, djm Cts

Caphcodtcljs glr tfe Plhe lg Rhdjt Gllms cj Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco Eurlpe, Djtcqucty

76, =6-5>.

4365 Jets djm guhhy reourvem `lws ; rloi pdcjtcjns djm fujtcjn aetflms cj tfe êsterj Odpe ,

_lutf Dgrcod, ^lrhm Drofdelhlny 4>, 474-4>=.

433> Oljsuaptclj djm Rrlmuotclj, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny 05, 4-=5.

43?> Olapdrdtcve Mdtd lj tfe Mcvcsclj lg Hd`lr `y _ex, _locdh Glroes 45, 554-55? .

43>? Gdotlrs cj tfe Mcvcsclj lg Hd`lr `y _ex; D Orlss-Ouhturdh Djdhyscs, Etfjlhlny 40, 02?-007.



>? LHND _LGGEP - NPDWE]]CDJ ]EOFJLHLNCE_ CJ _LOCDH OLJ]EV]_

Ausch. P.

Jehslj, A

Lprdvch. C..

Lswdht, ^.F.

Lwej, H.P.

Rdrdych, N.

Rcmlphcofil, C.L.

Rcie-]dy, D,

Rcie ]dy, D‚

F. @ccoior

Rrdshlv, J.M.

Plsele. R.@.

_dttertfwdct, H.

_efjecmer, K.,

D.@. êcjer

_irmhd, C'.

_lgger, L.

_lgger, L.,

R. Wdjmcver

433= ]fe gdujd. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Rdvhlv C. Exodvdtcljs 4350-435?, 464-042, EPDUH 77.

433> Fujtcjn Ndae Djdhyscs. Cj; K. _vlml`d (em.), Rdvhlv C -Jlrtfwest. ]fe Mlhjc Wéstljcoe

_tumces. Wlh. =., ==?-=76, @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny, Dodmeay lg _ocejoes lg tfe

Ozeof Pepu`hco.

4334 ]fe _tumy lg ]eofjlhlncodh Lrndjczdtclj. Cj; A. _ofcgger (em.). Drofdelhlncodh Aetflm djm

]felry ?, 5>-422, ]uoslj; Ujcverscty lg Drczljd Rress.

433= ]fe venetdt clj. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.) , Rdvhlv 4. Exodvdtcljs 4350-435?, 4>5-462, EPDUH 77.

43>7 Dj Djtfrlplhlncodh Djdhyscs lg Gllm Nettcjn ]eofjlhlny. Jew Slri; Klfj ^chey & _ljs.

4337 Mer Ne`rduof vlj Rghdjzej cj Kujnpdhílhctfciua Actteheurlpds, Etfjlnr.- Drofílh. [. ?>,

443-4=7.

433? Almehs lg ]eofjlhlncodh Ofdjne; D Orctcodh Pevcew lg Ourrejt Ijlwhemne, Fcstlry djm

]eofjlhlny 42, 425-407.

43>7 Aezfcrcofsice [fchcsfofd cz Ilstec Adaljtd. Icev; Jduilvd Muaid.

433? Fujtcjn cj tfe Upper Rercnlrmcdj; d Adtter lg _trdteny lr Expemcejoe< Cj; F. Ijeoft,

D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems), @eglre Hdsodux, 65-422, @lod Pdtlj; O.P.O. Rress.

433? Fujtcjn cj tfe Nrdvettcdj; dj Exdacjdtclj lg Evcmejoe grla _lutfwesterj Grdjoe. Cj;

N.H. Retericj, F.A. @rcoier djm R. Aehhdrs (ems), Fujtcjn djm Djcadh Exphlctdtclj cj tfe

Hdter Rdhelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco lg Eurdscd, 40>-4==, Drofdelhlncodh Rdpers lg tfe

Daercodj Djtfrlplhlncodh Dsslocdtclj Jl. =.

4334 2 ierdacie eplifc pdhelhctd. Cj; W.A. Adsslj (em.), Mrevjco Iuh'tury c Drifelhlncofesice

Czysidjcd, Adtercdhy i phejuau CCAI 07-06 jlcd`ryd 4334 n, =>-52, _djit Reterùrn; CCAI.

4332 ]fe @lw djm _predmjet; Eolhlncodh Lrcncjs lg Fujtcjn ]eofjlhlny, Daercodj

Djtfrlplhlncst 30, 734->24.

433? ]fe Jet djm tfe @lw cj tfe Cturc, Daercodj Djtfrlplhlncst 35, 45?-455.

4367 D`lrcncjdh Dustrdhcdj Jet Fujtcjn, Adjicjm 47, ?4-=6.

436> _locleoljlaco caphcodtcljs lg Dustrdhcdj D`lrcncjdh jet fujtcjn, Adj (J._.) 00, 74?- 7?7.

4363 Cjtrlmuotclj. Cj; D.@. êcjer djm K. _ofjecmer (ems), Ohltf djm Fuadj Expercejoe, 4-45,

^dsfcjntlj; _actfsljcdj Cjstctutclj Rress.

433> ]fe Rdvhlvcdj Hctfco ]eofjlhlnces. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Rdvhlv C - Jlrtfwest. ]fe Mlhjg

Wéstljcoe _tumces. Wlh. =., ?4?-?>0, @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny, Dodmeay lg _ocejoes

lg tfe Ozeof Pepu`hco.

4365 ]fe Upper Rdhelhctfco lg tfe Oejtrdh Pusscdj Rhdcj. Lrhdjml, Ghlrcmd; Dodmeaco Rress.

4363 _tlrdne, _emejtcsa, djm tfe Eurdscdj Rdhelhctfco Peolrm, Djtcqucty 7?, >43->?0.

433= ]fe Oerdacos . Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Rdvhlv 4. Exodvdtcljs 4350-435?, 474-4>=, EPDUH 77.

433> ]fe Oerdacos grla Rdvhlv C - 435> Exodvdtclj. Cj; K. _vlml`d (em.), Rdvhlv C - Jlrtfwest.

]fe Mlhjc Wéstljcoe _tumces. Wlh. =., ?6?-=20, @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny, Dodmeay lg

_ocejoes lg tfe Ozeof Pepu`hco.



>= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

_lgger, L.,

K.A. Dmlvdscl,

M.O. Fyhdjm,

K._. Chhcjnwlrtf.

@. Ihcad.

K. _vl`lmd

cj press Rercsfd`he Cjmustrces grla Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C; Jew Cjscnfts cjtl tfe Jdture djm Lrcncj lg

tfe Nrdvettcdj. Rrloeemcjns lg tfe 4336 Adsdryi Oljgerejoe, @rjl.

_prdtt. M.D.

_tewdrm, K.

_tcjer, A.O.,

_.H. Iufj

4360 ]fe Djdhyscs lg Cjjlvdtclj Rrloess, Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe 3, >3-3=.

4363 Cjjlvdtclj ]felry Adme Rhdcj. Cj; P. ]lrrejoe djm _. vdj mer Heeuw (ems). ^fdt's Jew.,

0=5-05>, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

43?6 @dscj-Rhdtedu D`lrcncjdh _loclplhctcodh Nrlups, @uredu lg Daercodj Etfjlhlny @uhhetcj 402.

4337 Lj tfe Rhdoe lg [lldrofdelhlny cj Pesedrof lj Rhecstloeje Fuadj _locdhcty. Rdper

presejtem dt tfe Glrua lj [lldrofdelhlncodh Dpprldofes tl _locdh @efdvclr djm

Pehdtcljs, Djjudh Aeetcjn lg tfe _locety glr Daercodj Drofdelhlny, Ady.

_trdus, H.N.

_vl`lmd. K.

_vl`lmd, K.,

W. Hlzei,

E. Whoei

436> Fujtcjn cj Hdte Upper Rdhelhctfco êsterj Eurlpe. Cj; A.F. Jetcoic djm M.W. Jetcoic

(ems), ]fe Evlhutclj lg Fuadj Fujtcjn, 4=>-4>7, Jew Slri; Rhejua Rress.

4337 ]fe Rdvhlvcdj; ]yplhlny djm @efdvclr. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), ]fe Rdhelhctfco cj tfe Acmmhe

Mdjuè Penclj, 06?-?20, @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny, Dodmeay lg _ocejoes lg tfe

Ozeof Pepu`hco.

4337 Fujters ètweej Edst djm êst. Jew Slri; Rhejua Ru`hcsfcjn Ol.

_vl`lmd, K. em. 4334 Mlhjc Wéstljcoe CC. êsterj _hlpe. EPDUH 5=.

433= Rdvhlv C. Exodvdtcljs 4350-435?. EPDUH 77.

433> Rdvhlv 4 - Jlrtfwest. ]fe Mlhjc Wéstljcoe _tumces. Wlh. =. @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny,Dodmeay lg _ocejoes lg tfe Ozeof Pepu`hco.

_vl`lmd, K.,

@. Ihcad,

H. Kdrlílví,

R. _irmhd


vlhuae

]dyhlr, ^.^. 4377 Drofdco Ouhtures dmkdoejt tl tfe Jlrtfedst Grljteers lg Aesldaercod. Cj; N.E. Eiflha djm

N.P. ^chhey (ems), Fdjm`lli lg Acmmhe Daercodj Cjmcdjs, vlh. =, 53-3=, Dustcj, ]exds ;

Ujcverscty lg ]exds Rress.

]lrrejoe, P. 4363 Petllhcjn; tlwdrms d èfdvclrdh tfelry lg stlje tllhs. Cj; P. ]lrrejoe (em.). ]cae, Ejerny

djm _tlje ]llhs, 5>-62, Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

]lrrejoe, P.,

_. vdj mer Heeuw

4363 Cjtrlmuotclj'. ^fd t' s Jew D`lut Cjjlvdtclj. Cj; P. ]lrrejoe djm _. vdj mer Heeuw (ems),

^fdt's Jew, 4-05, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

Wdj mer Heeuw, _. 4363 Pcsi, Reroeptclj, Cjjlvdt clj. Cj; P. ]lrrejoe djm _. vdj mer Heeuw (ems), ^fdt's Jew,

?22-?03, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

433? Ncvcjn tfe pltter d oflcoe. Cj; R. Heaaljcer (em.). ]eofjlhlncodh Oflcoes, 0?6-066,

Hljmlj; Pluthemne.



>5 LHND _LGGEP - NPDWE]]CDJ ]EOFJLHLNCE_ CJ _LOCDH OLJ]EV]_

Wdjmcver, h'.@.

Wdjmcver, R.@..

L. _lgger,

@. Ihcad.

.4. _vlflthd

433> Rdvhlv C Rcnaejts djm tfecr Rrloesscjn. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.) Rdvhlv C - Jlrtfwest. ]fe

Mlhjc Wéstljcoe _tumces. Wlh. =, ?>?-?60, @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny, Dodmeay lg

_ocejoes lg tfe Ozeof Pepu`hco.

C ^L Wejuses djm ^lhvercjes ; ]fe Lrcncjs lg Oerdaco ]eofjlhlny od. 07,222 @.R. Cj;

^.M. Icjnery (em.). ]fe Ofdjncjn Plhes lg Oerdacos cj _locety; 07,222 @.R. tl tfe

Rresejt. Oerdacos djm Ocvchczdtclj, vlh. 5, 46-64. êstervchhe. Lfcl; Daercodj Oerdaco

_locety.

Wdsch'ev, P.,

J. Eralhlvd

436? Adcjcjsidcd stlcdjid - jlvck pdacdtjci pdhelhctd _c`crc. Cj; P._. Wdsch' ev (em.), Rdhelhct

_cfcrc. 75->5, Jlvlsc`crsi; Jduid.

^dtdjdè, hh.

^fcte, H.D.

^fcte, P.

^chice. M.O.,

@. Ourrdj

[fusfofciflvsidyd, C._.

4376 _u`scs tejoe djm Eolhlny lg Jlrtferj Gllm Ndtferers wctf _peocdh Pegerejoe tl tfe Dcju.

Cj; P.@. Hee djm C. MeWlre (ems), Adj tfe Fujter, 73->>, Jew Slri; Dhmcje me Nruyter.

4353 ]fe Evlhutclj lg Ouhture. Jew Slri; AoNrdw-Fchh.

4330 @eyljm Drt, Djudh Pevcews lg Djtfrlplhlny 04, 5?>-57=.

4334 ^fy Ml Aùtc Fujters Use Jets< Ujnuhdte Fujtcjn Eggcocejoy lg Drofers djm Jet-

Fujters cj tfe Cturc Pdcj Glrest, Daercodj Djtfrlplhlncst 3?, 762-763.

4337 Ourrejt Mdtd lj tfe Edrhy Rlttery lg Rrcalrce Penclj, Pusscdj Gdr Edst, Klurjdh lg Ilredj

Fcstlrcodh _locety 04, ?24-?40.

[vohe`ch, A. 433= Rhdjt Use cj tfe Aeslhctfco djm cts rlhe cj tfe ]rdjsct clj tl Gdracjn, Rrloeemcjns lg tfe

Rrefcstlrco _locety 72, ?5->=.

Lhnd _lgger

Mepdrtaejt lg Djtfrlplhlny

423 Mdvejplrt Fdhh

Ur`djd. Chhcjlcs 74624

U_D





wch Ple`rleis 7 Rerclmcsdtcljs djm mlu`he stdjmdrms cj tfe stumyPdyaljm Olrèy lg tfe Rdhdelhctfco

Rerclmcsdtcljs lg tfe Rdhdelhctfco wfche cj gdot aere

wlricjn fypltfeses, tejm tl fe tdiej tll serclushy `y adjy

resedrofers. Uscjn vdrclus drofdelhlncodh odse stumces we

sflw flw mcggerejtcdhhy pfejlaejd dre tredtem mepejmcjn

uplj tfecr plsctclj cj rehdtclj tl tfe 'Drofdco-Almerj'

`lujmdry. ]fe `doinrlujm tl tfese socejtcgcodhhy ujfedhtfy

prdotcoes cs djdhysem, djm ct cs oljohumem tfdt tfe essejtcdhcst

tfcjicjn dt tfe rllt lg tfcs mlu`he stdjmdrm oljstctutes d

adklr prl`hea glr d mcsocphcje wfcof trces tl ofdrt djmexphdcj ouhturdh mevehlpaejts cj teras lg evlhutcljdry trejms

rdtfer tfdj cj typlhlncodh almes.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fe teras Hlwer, Acmmhe, djm Upper Rdhdelhctfco dre alretfdj kust jeutrdh djm strdcnftglrwdrm mcvcscljs lg 0.5 achhcljyedrs lg fuadj ouhturdh mevehlpaejt. ]fey dre essejtcdhùchmcjn `hlois glr lur ujmerstdjmcjn lg tfe prefcstlrco pdst(og. Nda`he djm Ple`rleis 4333). Rerclmcsdtcljs dre, cj gdot,jever jeutrdh lr 'l`keotcve'. Cj fcstlrcodh mcsocphcjes tfey dre,cj tfe gcrst cjstdjoe, wlricjn fypltfeses tfdt lrmer tfe

oljguscjnhy hdrne dalujt lg fcstlrcodh mdtd djm mevehlpaejtscjtl alre lr hess mcnestd`he tcae shcoes, wfche dt tfe sdaetcae expresscjn speocgco vcews lj flw èst tl senaejt tcaesequejoes, pregerrcjn speocgco ofdrdotercstcos tl mehcjedteperclms rdtfer tfdj dhterjdtcve ljes. Ds suof, tfey express doertdcj vcewplcjt lj flw èst tl dpprldof d stumy lg tfe pdstdjm lj tfe ofrljlhlny lg iey evejts djm trdjsctcljdh perclms.

Ds wlricjn fypltfeses, perclmcsdtcljs sfluhm cmedhhy èsu`keotem tl oljtcjulus testcjn djm redssessaejt. ]fcs csrdrehy mlje cj drofdelhlny, djm wfej ct cs, ct cs alsthy mljecj dj caphcoct djm ujsysteadtco wdy. Ct cs strcicjn tl see tfdtlur mcvcscljs lg tfe prefcstlrco pdst fdve survcvem dhh icjms

lg adklr ofdjnes lj `ltf tfelretcodh djm eapcrcodh hevehsscjoe tfe eaernejoe lg tfe `dsco grdaewlri cj tfe seoljmfdhg lg tfe 43tf oejtury. Rerclmcsdtcljs odj èolaemdjnerlus cjstruaejts wfej hljn perclms lg ujorctcodh usdnefdve cjocsem tfea tll meephy cj tfe semcaejtdry èmrloi lgsocejtcgco prdotcoe, wfej tfecr hljnevcty semuoes soflhdrs tltredt tfese wlricjn fypltfeses, tfese d`strdotcljs, ds redhctcesdjm tl tdie tfea tll serclushy. Cj tfe odse lg pdhdelhctfcodrofdelhlny, tfere cs tfe extrd mdjner lg tfcjicjn cjCmelhlncodh sequejoes. Ds Nda`he djm Ple`rleis (4333)

fdve jltem, drofdelhlncsts' pregerejoe tl tfcji cj tfrees(dnes lg stlje, `rljze djm crlj9 Nlrmlj Ofchme's tfreerevlhutcljs; Jelhctfco, ur`dj, djm cjmustrcdh, eto.) fds hem tld type lg redsljcjn cj wfcof tfe perclm cj tfe Acmmhe csolapdrem gdvlurd`hy wctf tfe Hlwer djm ujgdvlurd`hy wctftfe Upper, wctf Upper Rdhdelhctfco fuadjs lgtej tredtem dstfe uhtcadte nldh lg dhh preoemcjn evlhutcljdry prloesses.

Rerclmcsdtcljs dre dhsl 'glsschcsem expeotdtcljs', djm

expeotdtclj cs d plwerguh nucme tl dotclj djm cjterpretdtclj.Oljiey (4365) fds ncvej d ohedr exdaphe lg flw suofexpeotdtcljs steer lur dotcvctces tl wfdt sfe odhhs "spdtcl-teaplrdh olhhdpse" dpprldofes. ]fcs tera cjmcodtes tfehuapcjn lg sloclouhturdh pfejlaejd wfcof dre mcstrcùtem`ltf cj spdoe djm tcae cjtl sets lg dttrcùtes oljscmeremofdrdotercstco glr lje speocgco perclm. Glr cjstdjoe, tfe wflheAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco, rlunfhy 052,222 yedrs, cs tfusoljtrdstem wctf "tfe" Upper Rdhdelhctfco glr cts d`sejoe lgdrt, mespcte tfe gdot tfdt tfere were adjy rencljs djm perclmswctfcj tfe hdtter tfdt fdm jl drofdelhlncodhhy vcsc`he drtprlmuotclj dt dhh (Oljiey 4365; ?24). Cj tfe sdae vecj, tfeHlwer djm Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco dre lgtej plrtrdyem ds perclmslg std`he, ujofdjncjn djm aljltljlus dmdptdtcljs, cjoljtrdst tl 'tfe' Upper Rdhdelhctfco ouhturdh `ljdjzd. Cj suofd socejtcgco ohcadte, tfe plsctclj lj ectfer scme lg tfeAcmmhe/Upper Rdhdelhctfco `lujmdry nredthy meteracjes tfesocejtcgco tredtaejt tfdt gcjms reoecve; tfe cjgerrem heveh lg'fuadjcty' lg tfe flacjcm cjvlhvem glras tfe `dscs lgèfdvclurdh reoljstruotclj. _cachdr gcjms dre cjterpretemmcggerejthy. ]fe gdot tfdt adjy resedrofers tejm tl glous ljspeocgco tcae perclms dhsl trcnners d slocdh djm cjstctutcljdhohustercjn lg resedrofers drlujm tfe tcae `hlois djm fejoe doljtcjulus recjglroeaejt lg suof perclmcsdtcljs.

Lje lg tfe exphcoct dcas lg tfe Eurlpedj _ocejoeGlujmdtclj Jetwlri lj tfe Rdhdelhctfco - wfcof lrndjcsemtfe aeetcjn grla wfcof tfcs vlhuae resuhtem - wds tl `reditfrlunf tfcs stdte lg dggdcrs djm tl tredt tfe tfree perclmsujmer mcsoussclj murcjn tfe aeetcjns ds perclms dj scof

doolrmcjn tl tfecr lwj, flwever feterlnejelus struoture, jltds d pdrt lg tfe dsoejmejoe lg almerj fuadjs. ]fcs,flwever, prlvem tl è mcggcouht dt tfe Rdvhlv wlrisflp tfdtmedht wctf tfe perclm grla ?2,222 tl 02,222 yedrs `p.Mespcte tfese exphcoct nldhs djm dj dwdrejess lg tfe



>_ FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

prl`heas kust aejtcljem, vdrclus pdrtcocpdjts olaaejtemuplj tfe strcicjn mcggerejoes cj tfe dpprldof tl tfedrofdelhlny lg tfdt perclm ds olapdrem wctf tfe wlrisflpslj edrhcer perclms. Cj medhcjn wctf tfe Hlwer djm AcmmheRdhdelhctfco, d fcnfhy orctcodh dpprldof prevdchem cj wfcof,glr cjstdjoe, fedrtfs djm mwehhcjn struotures were oljoepts tl

è dpphcem ljhy dgter d odreguh sorutcjy lg tfe mdtd. _cachdrhy,tfere wds dhsl d icjm lg 'mlu`he stdjmdrm' wctf rendrm tl tfedsslocdtclj lg gdujdh readcjs djm stlje drtegdots; dt edrhcersctes, tfe dotudh menree djm type lg cjterdotclj ètweejfuadjs djm djcadhs fdm tl è oljvcjocjnhy mealjstrdtemtcae djm tcae dndcj, wfereds cj tfe oljtext lg almerjfuadjs, suof orctcodh exdacjdtcljs seeaem hess caplrtdjtdjm cjterpretdtcljs lg stljes djm `ljes ghlwem alre greehy cjteras lg fujters djm tfecr prey (Aussc djm Ple`rleis 4337).

ê wchh jlw ncve d gew alre exdaphes lg mlu`he-stdjmdrm lperdtcljs, tfej alve tl d nejerdh mcsoussclj djm dtejtdtcve exphdjdtclj lg wfdt ady è dt stdie fere. ê wchh

ejm wctf slae sunnestcljs lj flw tl medh wctf suof mlu`he-stdjmdrm dpprldofes.

0. Mlu`he stdjmd rms dt wlriAlst redmers dre dwdre lg exdaphes lg mlu`he stdjmdrms cj tfecrlwj gcehm lg expertcse. ê sfdhh presejt glur odses fere; glurvery speocgco ljes, djm d alre nejerdh lje, wfcof perfdpstluofes alst ohedrhy lj wfdt acnft è tfe olre cssue fere.

0.4 NPDWE _FLP]OLACJN_

Cj d pdper ejtcthem "Nrdve _flrtolacjns", Plèrt Ndrnett(4363) ndve d orctcodh revcew lg tfe evcmejoe glr cjtejtcljdh

ùrcdh `y Jedjmertfdhs. ]fe orctercd fe mevehlpem tl reolnjcsepurplseguh cjteraejt - d jew strdtua, c.e., d wehh-megcjemnrdve gchh djm nrdve wdhhs wctf vcsc`he oljtdot ètweej tfe gchhdjm tfe lverhycjn semcaejts - realvem cjtejtcljdh ùrycjnejtcrehy grla tfe Jedjmertfdh èfdvclurdh repertlcre. @ut dsRdlhd Wchhd (4363) plcjtem lut, cg tfcs orcterclj wds dpphcem dsstrcothy tl tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco evcmejoe, 00 lut lg 06Upper Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdhs cj Grdjoe djm Ctdhy wluhm jltohdsscgy ds ùrcdhs, cjohumcjn tfe mlu`he ùrcdh dt tfe Nrlttemes Ejgdjts djm tfe Nrltte Rdnhcooc ùrcdh lg d `ly olveremwctf lofre. ]fdt mcm jlt `ltfer Ndrnett tll auof ("sl èct")9 grla tfe èncjjcjn fe drnuem tfdt cj oljtrdst tl tfeAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco evcmejoe, cj tfe adklrcty lg Upper Rdhde

lhctfco odses tfe cjgerejoe lg mehcèrdte alrtudry cjteraejt csprl`d`hy wehh glujmem. Cj tfe sdae vecj, Djtljcl Nchadjplcjtem lut cj fcs olaaejts lj tfe pdper tfdt ct cs dppdrejttfdt tfe orctcodh prloemures Ndrnett usem tl rcnfthy odst mlu`tlj text`lli ùrcdhs suof ds _fdjcmdr djm Hd Ofdpehhe-dux-_dcjts wluhm sweep dwdy tfe evcmejoe grla vcrtudhhy dhh pre-4372 exodvdtcljs glr perclms prclr tl tfe Jelhctfco.

Cj dj exdacjdtclj lg tfe dttctumes tl tfe prl`hea lgAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdhs glujm cj ourrejt resedrof,

@ehger-Olfej djm Flvers (4330) olapdrem cjterpretdtcljs lgJdtugcdj ùrcdhs wctf cjterpretdtcljs lg tfe oljtrlverscdhHevdjtcje alustercdj cjteraejts. ]fe mesorcptclj lg tfeolaalj Jdtugcdj ùrcdh cs cmejtcodh tl tfdt lg adjy lg tfealustercdj cjfuadtcljs, ùt jevertfehess Jdtugcdj ùrcdhsdre nejerdhhy seej ds cjtejtcljdh, wfche Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco

ùrcdhs dre ncvej mcggerejtcdh tredtaejt djm dre flthy me`dtem.^ctfcj tfe nrlup lg Hevdjtcje Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdhs,tfe djdtlacodhhy almerj Tdgzef/_ifuh flacjcms fdve èejoremctem wctf slae sya`lhco èfdvclur, e.n., cjtejtcljdhùrcdh, wfereds Jedjmertfdh siehetljs cj olapdrd`he settcjnsdre jlt seej ds regheotcjn alrtudry prdotcoes. @ehger-Olfejdjm Flvers oljohume tfdt tfere cs d ohedr `cds dndcjst AcmmheRdhdelhctfco flacjcms ltfer tfdj F. sdpcejs sdpcejs. ]feydre tredtem ds pllr rehdtcljs wfl mcm jlt survcve djm "austtfereglre fdve èej cjgerclr tl tfecr F. sdpcejs sdpcejs

oljteaplrdrces" (4330; =>2).

0.0 PERE]C]CWE @EFDWCLUPCj tfe mcsoussclj lj èfdvclurdh mcggerejoes ètweej'djocejts' djm 'almerjs', d pdrt lg tfe me`dte fds glousem ljmcggerejoes cj tfe wdy `ltf 'nrlups' lperdtem cj tfecrrespeotcve hdjmsodpes, daljn ltfer tfcjns, tfe mcstdjoes lverwfcof rdw adtercdhs were trdjsplrtem (Ple`rleis et dh.

43669 _trcjner djm Nda`he 433?), tfe spdtcdh lrndjcsdtclj ljtfe scte-heveh (Nda`he 43679 Rettctt 433>9 Ilhej 4333), djmmcggerejoes cj tfe nelnrdpfcodh expdjsclj lg djocejts djmalmerjs. Cj nejerdh, tfese cjgerrem mcggerejoes fdve èejsuaadrcsem djm exphdcjem cj teras lg @cjglrm's (436>)mcstcjotclj ètweej d jcofe djm d ouhturdh nelnrdpfy; "êodj cadncje twl very mcggerejt types lg lrndjczem hdjm use.Lje drtcouhdtes d ouhturdh nelnrdpfy wctf dj ejvcrljaejtdhnelnrdpfy9 tfe ltfer scaphy oredtes dj drofdelhlncodhhdjmsodpe cj mcreot respljse tl tfe struoture lg tfe jdturdhnelnrdpfy ds ct mcggerejtcdhhy lggers "jeem servcocjn" djmoljmctcljs tfe èfdvclr lg dj djcadh speoces" (436>; 46).^fereds almerj fuadj plpuhdtcljs oljstruot ejvcrljaejts(rescmejoes, settheaejts, eto.) djm lperdte lut lg "odaps"cjtl dj ejvcrljaejt, pre-almerj drofdelhlncodh hdjmsodpeswere prl`d`hy nejerdtem epcslmcodhhy, cj tfe sdae wdy adjydjcadhs "alve wctfcj tfecr jdturdh ejvcrljaejts daljn tfephdoes wfere tfey ady l`tdcj tfe resluroes essejtcdh tl tfecr`clhlncodh suooess. ê olaaljhy sdy tfdt, dhtflunf djcadh

èfdvclr cs jlt lrndjczem ouhturdhhy, jevertfehess ct cs jltrdjmla cj dj ejvcrljaejt. Ct prlmuoes d pdtterj lgmcggerejtcdh phdoeaejt, mcggerejtcdtclj lg èfdvclr, djmcjtejscty lg use wctfcj d fd`ctdt, resuhtcjn cj d "jcofenelnrdpfy"" (436>; 46). ^fche tfcs cs oertdcjhy d vdhud`hemcstcjotclj, cts dpphcodtclj tl oljorete drofdelhlncodh adtercdhcs jlt ujprl`headtco djm, cj slae odses, very l`vclushysteerem `y expeotdtcljs. D nllm exdaphe cs gurjcsfem `y twlreoejt pdpers, lje lj cjtrdscte spdtcdh mdtd grla Acmmhe



>') ^CH PLE@PLEI_ DJM PDSALJM OLP@ES - REPCLMC_D]CLJ_ DJM MLU@HE _]DJMDPM_

Rdhdelhctfco sctes (Rettctt 433>) djm tfe ltfer lj tfedrofdelhlny lg Rdvchdjm Odve, ^dhes, djm, alre speocgcodhhy.lj tfe 'Pem Hdmy' ùrcdh tfere (Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt4336).

Cj fcs revcew lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco cjtrd-scte spdtcdh mdtd.wfcof cjohumes tfe Ie`drd (Csrdeh) Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdh,

Rettctt stresses tfdt alst Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco looupdtcljflrczljs dre pdhcapsests djm tfdt repetctclj cs d strcicjnofdrdoter lg tfe pce-almerj drofdelhlncodh reolrm; "...ctwluhm seea tfdt tfe repetctclj l`servd`he cj ltfer dreds lgJedjmertfdh èfdvclur, e.n. hctfco teofjlhlny, wfcof fdsèej mesorcèm ds drofdco djm repetctcve... cs equdhhyl`servd`he cj tfecr use lg spdoe. ^fere suof repetctclj csl`servd`he wctfcj tfe mcsorete nelhlncodh flrczlj, C cjterprettfcs ds regheotcjn èfdvclur tfdt wds `ltf hcactem cjvdrcd`chcty djm fd`ctudh cj jdture... ]fe Jedjmertfdhlrndjczdtclj lg spdoe, wfere l`servd`he, seeas tl fdve èejdhljn very scaphe hcjes, wfcof odjjlt è mcstcjnucsfem grlatfdt lg jlj-fuadj odrjcvlres" (Rettctt 433>; 043).

Cj 460?, Rdvchdjm Odve (^dhes) ycehmem glssch fuadjreadcjs stdcjem cj rem lofre, wfcof èodae ijlwj ds tfe'Pem Hdmy lg Rdvchdjm'. Jlwdmdys we ijlw tfdt tfe `ljesèhljnem tl d ylujn dmuht adhe, wfl fds d rdmclodr`lj dnelg o. 02,()()() `p (Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336). ]fe jewDA_ mdtes glr Rdvchdjm Odve dhsl sflw tfdt dgter tfe ùrcdhlg tfe 'Pem hdmy', `rceg vcscts tl tfe odve loourrem ètweej05.222-04.222 `p. Dpdrt grla tfe nrdvettcdj presejoe, tferecs evcmejoe lg dj durcnjdocdj pfdse lg settheaejt o. 03,522-06,222 `p. @eglre tfese mdtes èodae dvdchd`he, typlhlnywds tfe ljhy tllh tl cjterpret tfe Rdvchdjm sequejoe, ds tfe43tf djm edrhy 02tf oejtury exodvdtcljs ycehmem ljhy pllrmlouaejtdtclj. Set, mespcte tfe d`sejoe lg slhcmstrdtcnrdpfcodh djm spdtcdh mdtd lj tfe siehetlj, tfeoerealjcdh ùrcdh ofdrdoter lg tfe fuadj readcjs cs scaphytdiej glr nrdjtem. Ct cs grla tfdt plcjt lg mepdrture tfdt d'ouhturdh nelnrdpfy' speouhdtclj stdrts wfcof cs strljnhy dtlmms wctf tfe orctcodh tredtaejt lg tfe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfcoreolrm `y Rettctt, lje lg tfe dutflrs lg tfe Rdvchdjm Odvedrtcohe. Jlw tfe juacjlscty lg tfe scte "- d sejsdtcljexpercejoem `y adjy dt tfe presejt mdy wfl dre d`he - dthlw tcme - tl vcew tfe odve ds cts prefcstlrco looupdjts mcm,grla èhlw lj tfe phdcj" (4336; >7>) cs `rlunft cjtl tfeme`dte. Jext tfe l`servdtclj tfdt jdturdh hdjmadris,

cjohumcjn alujtdcjs lr fchhs, were lgtej peroecvem ds sdoremlr caùem wctf aytfcodh caplrtdjoe cj tfe djocejt djm pre-cjmustrcdh wlrhm (4336; >7>) tdies us tl tfe olcjocmejoe lgfchh djm odve dt Rdvchdjm djm tl tfe cmed lg tfe alrd sdord

(sco) ds d hdmmer ètweej Edrtf djm Fedvej cj Dscdtcosfdadjcsa; "]fe oljoept lg tfe scte ds d sdorem fchh djm/lrodve caphces tfdt ct wds d wehh-estd`hcsfem hdjmadri, perfdpsregheotcjn glhi aealry lg dj edrhcer pfdse lg djoestrdh,prl`d`hy durcnjdocdj settheaejt. Ct ady è, cjmeem, tfdt

Rdvchdjm wds scaphy d hlous oljseordtus wflse aytfcodhscnjcgcodjoe mcm jlt mepejm uplj cts tlplnrdpfcodh sctudtcljlr gedtures. Cj ectfer odse, tfcs almeh ady exphdcj tfeevcmejoe glr repedtem vcscts, perfdps epcslmes lg pchnrcadne,tl tfe scte wfcof seea tl fdve oljtcjuem ujtch d tcae wfejtfe @rctcsf cshes were ltferwcse vcrtudhhy meplpuhdtem..."

(Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336; >76).^fl wluhm serclushy tfcji lg cjvlicjn glhi aealry djmoerealjcdh pchnrcadne cj cjterpretcjn auhtc-heveh AcmmheRdhdelhctfco sctes, evej suof speotdouhdr 'hdjmadri' sctes dsHd Oltte me _t. @rãhdme (Kersey) lr Ie`drd (Csrdeh) wctf ctswehh-mlouaejtem ùrcdh< Rllrhy mlouaejtem almerj fuadjreadcjs odj èolae tfe rehcos lg nrdvettcdj pchnrcadnes tl daljs sdord, wfche repetctclj cj d Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco oljtextcs cjterpretem ds fd`ctudh, djm djcadh-hcie cj jdture.

0.? RDHDELHC]FCO 'MÊHHCJN _]PUO]UPE_'

Mespcte tfe hdrne juaèr lg gdjocguh reoljstruotclj mrdwcjns

lg pdhdelhctfco futs we ejolujter cj drofdelhlny text`llis -e.n., tfe ljes lj tfe slutferj Grejof èdof lg ]errd Dadtd -alst soflhdrs wluhm drnue tfdt struoturdh gedtures suof dsoljstruotem fedrtfs lr tfe readcjs lg 'mwehhcjns' dre veryrdre lr evej olaphetehy d`sejt cj tfe Hlwer djm AcmmheRdhdelhctfco reolrm. êhh-ijlwj exoeptcljs suof ds tfeadaaltf `lje pches ujolverem dt Alhlmlvd dre dhhrehdtcvehy hdte, mdtcjn grla tfe hdst nhdocdh, djm evej tfesehdter ljes dre cj jl wdy oljvcjocjn ds readcjs lg glraermwehhcjns (og. _trcjner djm Nda`he 433?9 Ilhej 4333).Adjy drofdelhlncsts flhm tfdt, cj oljtrdst tl tfe Hlwer djmAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco, tfe sctudtclj cj 'tfe' Upper Rdhdelhctfcowds scnjcgcodjthy mcggerejt, ds exeaphcgcem `y Rduh Aehhdrs'(4337) tredtaejt lg tfe su`keot; "]fere odj è jl mlu`t tfdtadjy Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes sflw gdr ohedrer djm alresfdrphy megcjem evcmejoe glr mehcèrdte hcvcjn struotures tfdjdjytfcjn sl gdr mlouaejtem grla Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco sctes".Gurtferalre, tfere cs "evcmejoe glr slae icjm lg ohedrhystruoturem, preoljoecvem glra cj tfe mescnj djm oljstruotcljlg adjy Upper Rdhdelhctfco hcvcjn struotures" djm "lje lgtfe alst strcicjn gedtures lg adjy mlouaejtem UpperRdhdelhctfco settheaejts cs tfe wdy cj wfcof tfe prcjocpdhdreds lg looupdtclj odj usudhhy è seej tl è oejtrem drlujmlje adklr djm oejtrdhhy hlodtem fedrtf" (Aehhdrs 4337; ?4?).Pcofdrm Ihecj (4363; ?45) cs evej alre pertcjejt; "êhh-

exodvdtem Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes dhalst dhwdys oljtdcjujda`cnulus djm lgtej speotdouhdr evcmejoe lg struotures, cjtfe glra lg drtcgcocdhhy exodvdtem mepresscljs djm pcts,pdtterjem drrdjneaejts lg hdrne `ljes lr stljes, plstflhes,lr slae ola`cjdtclj lg tfese."

]fese qultes ncve, we èhceve, d gdcr represejtdtclj lg tfeolaalj vcew lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco lj-scte pdtterjs dsolapdrem tl edrhcer ljes. Ct cs scnjcgcodjt tfdt vdrclusdutflrs, cjohumcjn Aehhdrs, fdve sunnestem tfdt evej tfe



sl FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

dppedrdjoe lg ofdtehperrljcdj struotures cj tfe Nrltte muPejje dt Droy, loourrcjn "hljn dgter tfe Almerjs drrcvem cjoejtrdh Eurlpe djm tfe Cèrcdj pejcjsuhd", wds dj "drofdco"èfdvclurdh jlvehty "cjghuejoem `y tfe Almerjs...jltmevehlpem cjmepejmejthy `y tfe Jedjmertfdhs" (_trcjner djmNda`he 433?; 022-0249 glr d mcsoussclj lg ltfer cjgerrem

olpycjn lg 'almerj' adtercdh ouhture `y tfe Ofítehperrljc-djs. see M'Errcol et dh. 4336). Flwever, cj dj caplrtdjtredpprdcsdh lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco 'mwehhcjn struotures' djmltfer gedtures, Kdj Ilhej (4333) fds reoejthy sflwj tfdttflse wfl dmfere tl suof dj cactdtclj soejdrcl tejm tl glrnettfdt tfere dre jl ijlwj oljteaplrdry prltltypes wfdtslevergrla wfcof tfe Jedjmertfdhs oluhm fdve olpcem. Cj gdot, wctfrendrm tl tfe spdtcl-teaplrdh olhhdpse cadne lg UpperRdhdelhctfco use lg spdoe glrauhdtem `y Aehhdrs, Ilhejdrnues tfdt tfe Eurlpedj Durcnjdocdj cs readrid`hy mevlcmlg lj-scte struotures, dhh tfe alre sl cg we evdhudte tfe gewohdcas doolrmcjn tl tfe sdae orctcodh stdjmdrms fe dpphcem tl

Hlwer djm Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco 'fd`ctdtclj struotures'. Jltljhy dre supplsem mwehhcjns grla edrhy 'almerj' sctes dsda`cnulus ds tfe ljes grla tfe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco, evejoljstruotem fedrtfs dre qucte rdre ujtch hdter cj tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco, djm cj gdot, wfche ujquestcljd`he UpperRdhdelhctfco mwehhcjns djm fut oljstruotcljs dre ijlwj grlanrdvettcdj oljtexts, ds sflwj cj tfcs vlhuae, alst mdte grladgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua (Ilhej 4333).

0.= DJOCEJ] ]EOFJLHLNCE_

Djltfer ohedr exdaphe lg d mlu`he stdjmdrm odj è glujm cjtfe wdy hctfco dssea`hdnes grla tfe Hlwer djm Acmmhe Rdhde

lhctfco dre lgtej tredtem ds lpplsem tl tflse grla tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco. ^fche tfe ujcglracty lg pre-almerj dssea`hdneswctf hctthe vdrcdtclj cs usudhhy tredtem ds d regheotclj lg d 'tllh-dsscstem' rdtfer prcactcve èfdvclur (og. @cjglrm 43639 Actfej4337), olapdrd`he pdtterjs cj tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco odj ècjterpretem cj d mcdaetrcodhhy lpplsem wdy. "Mespcte ctsrealtejess djm eolhlncodh mcggerejoe wctf ltfer Durcnjdocdjsctes." Ofchdrmc et dh. (4337; 570) wrcte lj tfe durcnjdocdj sctelg Gljtdjd Julvd cj _cochy, "tfe hctfco dssea`hdne sflws jlgujmdaejtdh vdrcdjoe grla sctes adjy ichlaetres dwdy. ]fcssunnests tfdt Durcnjdocdj dssea`hdnes regheot tfe d`chcty lgfuadj nrlups tl dmdpt tl d vdrcety lg eolhlncodh sctudtcljs,wctflut su`stdjtcdhhy dhtercjn tfe teofjlhlncodh, typlhlncodh

djm, prl`d`hy, gujotcljdh ofdrdotercstcos lg stlje tllhs". Cj tfeodse lg edrhcer flacjcms, ujcglracty tfrlunf vdrclus eolhlncodhzljes cs usudhhy seej ds d adjcgestdtclj lg d hdoi lg ghexc`chcty,ds dj expressclj lg "olnjctcve oljstrdcjts" (Actfej 4337; 4?4-

4?0), djm cj teras lg dj dhalst `clhlncodh rlhe lg stlje tllhs.

0.5 'DJD]LACODHHS ALMEPJ FUADJ_'

]fe hdst twl meodmes fdve wctjessem tfe rcse lg d oljoept(djm d iey dotlr) cj pdheldjtfrlplhlny wflse capdot cs

adtofem ljhy `y cts vdnuejess; tfe djdtlacodhhy almerjfuadj. Ds vdrclus soflhdrs fdve drnuem, tfe pfrdse'djdtlacodhhy almerj' fds jl ohedr lr estd`hcsfem aedjcjn,djm cs `dscodhhy "d socejtcgco slujmcjn wdy lg evdmcjn tfegdot tfdt tfere cs jl dnreeaejt lj tfe hcst djm mcstrcùtclj lgtfe megcjcjn dutdplalrpfces lg tfe fuadj speoces"

(Odrtachh 4333). Djdtlacodhhy almerj fuadjs, 'pelphe hcieus', dre supplsem tl plssess dhh tfe ofdrdotercstcos essejtcdhtl lur speoces, wctf tfe odpdocty glr d olaphex sya`lhcohdjnudne ècjn d adklr dttrcùte. ^fdt adies tfeNrdvettcdjs mcggerejt grla westerjers dt tfe ejm lg tfe 02tfoejtury cs jlt d adtter lg cjjdte odpdoctces, tfdt cs, `clhlncodhejmlwaejt, ùt scaphy slae 05,222 yedrs lg fcstlry djmouhturdh mevehlpaejt. ]fe mcggerejoes ètweej Dustrdhlp

ctfeous, Flal ereot us, djm tfe Jedjmertfdhs, flwever,oljoerj adjcpuhdtcve d`chctces, struoture lg tfe `rdcj, eto. Cjsflrt, tfey gdhh cj tfe mladcj lg `clhlncodh evlhutclj. Cj ]caCjnlhm's vcew, "grla tfe alaejt wfej "almerj fuadj"

odpdoctces were estd`hcsfem, teofjlhlny "tlli lgg",glhhlwcjn d fcstlrcodh trdkeotlry lg cts lwj, tfejoeglrtfeggeotcvehy meoluphem grla tfe prloess lg evlhutclj" (Cjnlhm4335; 0=?). @ut cj wfdt sejse, Cjnlhm dsis, mcm tfe(presuaem) gdchure lg Jedjmertfdhs lr edrhcer flacjcms tlspedi mcgger grla tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfcos' gdchure tl redm djmwrcte ds we ml< ^fy cs `clhlny cjvliem cj tfe gcrst odse djmujguhgchhem fcstlrcodh oljmctcljs cj tfe seoljm< "Cg Orl-Adnjlj Adj, fdm fe èej `rlunft up cj tfe twejtcetfoejtury, oluhm fdve adsterem tfe sichhs lg hcterdoy, wfysfluhm jlt Flal ereotus, fdm fe èej `rlunft up cj tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco, fdve adsterem hdjnudne<" (Cjnlhm 4335;

0=5-0=7).

?. ^fdt's dt stdie<

]fe hdtter odse, tfdt lg tfe djdtlacodhhy almerj fuadjs,ncves dj cjmcodtclj lg wfy suof mlu`he stdjmdrms dre dpphcem.]fe caphcoct stdrtcjn dssuaptclj lgtej seeas tl è tfdt tferecs d icjm lg 'cj-nrlup' lg 'djdtlacodhhy almerj' dotlrs, wflplssess dhh tfe 'essejtcdhhy fuadj' odpdoctces oljscmeremofdrdotercstco lg 'pelphe hcie us', evej wfej tfe drofdelhlncodh reolrm sflws jl trdoes lg tfese olapetejoes, c.e., wfejtfese cjgerrem olapetejoes dre jlt adjcgestem. ]fe lhmer'lut-nrlup' cs megcjem cj d jendtcve wdy, ds jlt yet ècjnodpd`he lg mlcjn wfdt tfe 'cj-nrlup' cs supplsem tl è

odpd`he lg. ]l pdrdpfrdse cj kurcmcodh teras, lje oluhm sdytfdt tfe 'almerjs' dre odpd`he ujtch prlvej cjodpd`he,wfereds tfe dttctume lg adjy soflhdrs tlwdrms tfe 'djocejts'odj è suaadrcsem ds cjodpd`he, ujtch prlvej odpd`he. ]fesecaphcoct ùt neradje dssuaptcljs ieep tfe ùchmcjn `hlois lglur cjterpretcve grdaewlris djm lur drofdelhlncodh soejdrclsjcoe djm tcmy, djm gct very wehh cj d mcsocphcje wfcof fdsdhwdys premlacjdjthy èej glousem lj tfe eaernejoe lgalmerj fuadjs.



64 ^CH PLE@PLEI_ DJM PDSALJM OLP@ES - REPCLMC_D]CLJ_ DJM MLU@HE _]DJMDPM_

Adt! Odrtachh (43329 cj press) fds medht extejscvehy wctftfe glous lj (almerj) fuadj ujcquejess cj tfe gcehm lgpdheldjtfrlplhlny. Fcs `dsco tfescs cj tfe 4332 drtcohe cstfdt pdheldjtfrlplhlny (djm lje fds tl cjohume pdhdelhctfcodrofdelhlny fere) fds suggerem grla cts perscstejtdjtfrlploejtrco dpprldof djm cts oljstdjt egglrts tl plhcoe

tfe fuadj-djcadh `lujmdry. Glr tfcs plhcocjn, fuadjessejtcdhs dre megcjem - suof ds uprcnft plsture, hdrne `rdcjs,teofjlhlny, djm hdjnudne - wfcof dre tflunft tl èofdrdotercstco lg fuadjs djm wfcof sepdrdte tfea grladjcadhs. ]fe fcstlry lg pdheldjtfrlplhlny sflws tfdt tfeseofdrdotercstcos dre remegcjem every tcae tfey ml jlt adjdnetl ieep djcadhs lut, tl suof d menree tfdt, glr exdaphe cj tfeodse lg tfe 'ujcquehy fuadj' odpdocty glr hdjnudne, "...wfdtwe aedj `y "hdjnudne" cs wfdtever su`stdjtcdtes tfe

kumnaejt tfdt jljfuadj djcadhs dre ujd`he tl tdhi" (4332;46=).

Glhhlwcjn Odrtachh (cj press), lje oluhm sdy tfdt

pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlncsts tejm tl dpprldof tfe pdst cj teraslg d acxture lg mesorcptcve (glousem lj essejtcdhs, dsaejtcljem d`lve) djm fcstlrcodh (nejedhlny, evlhutcljdrymesoejt) ohdsscgcodtclj, wfere grla d oertdcj plcjt cj tcaeljwdrms, dhh fcstlrcodh mesoejmdjts dre supplsem tl plssessdhh tfe dutdplalrpfces (mesorcptcve essejtcdhs) ofdrdotercstcolg 'pelphe hcie us'. ]fe Nrdve _flrtolacjns odse aejtcljemd`lve dndcj chhustrdtes tfcs jcoehy, wfej Ndrnett (4363; 466)stdtes tfdt ùrcdh, "ohedrhy, cs d mercvem ofdrdotercstco djm ljewfcof, lj tfe evcmejoe, cs adjcgestem ljhy `y UpperRdhdelhctfco, alrpflhlncodhhy almerj F. sdpcejs."

]l ieep tfe cj- djm lut nrlups ohedr, djm lur tfelretcodh

ùchmcjn `hlois jcoe djm tcmy, ct cs usudhhy suggcocejt tlreglrauhdte tfe megcjcjn essejtcdhs, ds sflwj glrpdheldjtfrlplhlny `y Odrtachh (4332), wfl replrts djuaèr lg fcstlrcodh odses lg remegcjctclj lg fuadj essejtcdhssuof ds `rdcj scze djm lrndjcsdtclj, tllhadicjn djmhdjnudne. Cj dhh tfese odses, tfe dutdplalrpfces, tfe ujcqueessejtcdh ofdrdotercstcos tfdt mcstcjnucsf d mesoejmdjt tdxljgrla cts alre prcactcve djoestlr, fdve d fcstlry lgremegcjctcljs tfdt serve tl ieep fuadjs cj djm djcadhs lut.Cj tfe odse lg hdjnudne, tfe nldh plsts were alvem grlaseadjtcos hl syjtdx. Aa tfere cs dj dhterjdtcve hl remegcjcjntfe essejtcdhs; cg jeoessdry, evej tfe nejedhlncodh nrlups, tfe

'èdrers' lg tfe essejtcdhs, odj scaphy è ofdjnem. ]fcs cschhustrdtem `y tfe fcstlry lg tfe dooeptdjoe lg UpperRdhdelhctfco drt. wfere tfe set lg megcjcjn essejtcdhs stdys tfesdae, wfche tfe fcstlrcodh 'lwjers' lg tfese ofdrdotercstcosfdve ofdjnem cj suof d wdy tfdt tlmdy's 'almerjs' dre cjgdot yestermdy's 'djocejts'. Jdtfdhce Pcofdrm (433?) fdsncvej d metdchem mesorcptclj lg tfcs caplrtdjt perclm cjpdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny djm tfe sfcgt cj cjterpretdtclj lgUpper Rdhdelhctfco drt grla tfe scaphcocty lg "drt humcque" tltfe olaphexcty lg "drt adncque."

]fe odse cs tfe glhhlwcjn. Cj tfe seoljm fdhg lg tfe 43tfoejtury, drt al`chcer wds seej ds dj expressclj lg dj'drofdco', 'prcactcve' styhe lg olnjctcve gujotcljcjn (Pcofdrm433?). Edrhy cjterpreters lg sadhh gcnurdtcve l`keots grla tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco hcie Ãmludrm Rcette (46>=, 46>5) djmNd`rceh Me Alrtchhet (46>3, 466?) plstuhdtem tfdt tfese

drtegdots aeofdjcodhhy reprlmuoem jdture ds peroecvem wctftfe sejses - d jdcve redhcsa, wctflut olaplsc tclj,perspeotcve, lr cjmeem djy trdoes lg sya`lhcsa lr d`strdottflunft. D gew typcodh qultes grla tfdt perclm chhustrdte tfe`dsco dttctume; tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfcos were supplsem tl fdvedj "esprct hãner", dj "d`sejoe me sya`lhcsae", tfey hdoiem"reghexclj et prãvlydjoe", were ljhy odpd`he lg cactdtclj,djm tfecr drt wds lje "jã me 4'cjstdjt, jlj m'uje reghexcljestfãtcque". ]fcs icjm lg tfcjicjn cjctcdhhy stllm cj tfe wdylg tfe dooeptdjoe lg tfe 'fcnf drt' grla tfe odves, e.n.,Dhtdacrd. Cj gdot, Upper Rdhdelhctfco glrdners werecjterpretem cj very auof tfe sdae wdy ds Acmmhe

Rdhdelhctfco Jedjmertfdh glrdners dre jlw cjterpretem `yadjy, alsthy Djnhl-_dxlj, dutflrs. ]fey were dssuaem, tlput ct cj almerj socejtcgco cmcla, jlt tl fdve ejterem tfemladcj lg 'olnjctcve djm èfdvclurdh almerjcty', djm tl èujd`he tl perglra tfe olaphex dotcljs we see hdter lj,wfcof presupplse tfe d`chcty tl d`strdot djm lrndjcseaejtdhhy.

ê fdve, lg olurse, tl sctudte tfcs dttctume wctfcj wfdtFerèrt Iøfj (43>7) fds odhhem tfe mlacjdjt grdaewlri lgadtercdhcstco pfchlslpfy djm tfe oljolactdjt olapheterekeotclj lg rehcnclscty' djm aetdpfyscos cj nejerdh `yvcrtudhhy dhh 43tf oejtury drofdelhlncsts. Evej tfe hdrne

juaèr lg siehetljs glujm cj tfe seoljm fdhg lg tfe 43tfoejtury (Durcnjdo, Orl-Adnjlj, _lhutrã, tfe Nrcadhmc odves,Rgemalstc, @rjl) ljhy very nrdmudhhy oljvcjoem tfe wcmersocejtcgco olaaujcty tfdt tfere wds alre cj tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco tfdj Nd`rceh Me Alrtchhet tflunft. ]l fca, drt

al`chcer wds meolrdtclj, djm "Hes nrdvures et hes souhptures,mdjs heur ejsea`he dussc `cej mdjs heur mãtdchs, oljmucsejt íhd aëae oljohusclj, 4'd`sejoe olaphete me rehcnclsctã. Oe jesljt que me scaphes altcgs m'lrjdaejtdtclj mes phusãhãaejtdcres lu mes reprlmuotcljs phus lu alcjs rãusscsm'l`kets jdturehs" (4322; ??5). "Ch j'y d pds me trdoe meprdtcques gujãrdcres mdjs tlus hes teaps qudterjdcres.H'flaae qudterjdcre ãtdct mlje olaphæteaejt mãplurvu musejtcaejt me hd rehcnclsctã" (466?; =>7)0. Rcette's readrid`he(djm exoeptcljdh) sunnestclj tfdt geadhe gcnurcjes acnftfdve èej d icjm lg dauhet, wds gceroehy rekeotem `y MeAlrtchhet (Iøfj 43>7; 402).

]fese cjterpretdtcljs lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco stdrtem tlofdjne drlujm tfe turj lg tfe oejtury (og. Pcofdrm 433?).Drofdelhlncsts hcie Eache Odrtdchfdo, wfl sflwem redhdadzeaejt lver tfe ùrcdhs djm wds capressem `y tfe rctudhofdrdoter lg tfe Nrcadhmc ùrcdhs (Odrtdchfdo 4637, 4320),



_0 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

(cccscdve Ofduvet (432?) djm _dhlalj Pecjdof (432?) jlwstdrtem tl stress tfe oljscmerd`he olaphexcty lg jewhymcsolverem Upper Rdhdelhctfco nrdves djm odve pdcjtcjns,wfcof tfey olapdrem tl scachdr prdotcoes daljnoljteaplrdry 'prcactcves'. Werjedu (4327) fds ncvej d nllmrevcew lg tfe fcstlry lg tfe cjterpretdtclj lg tfe Nrcadhmc

ùrcdhs (cjtejtcljdh ùrcdhs lr jlt, Rdhdelhctfco lr Jelhctfco,eto.). djm redmcjn fcs Pesuae fcstlrcque lj tfe dne lg tfeùrcdhs adies lje guhhy dwdre lg tfe gdot tfdt tfe dooeptdjoelg tfe siehetljs ds Upper Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdhs fdm d hljnfcstlry, gchhem wctf qucte cjtejse me`dte. Dhtflunf tfe gcjdhdooeptdjoe mcm jlt dutladtcodhhy caphy tfdt UpperRdhdelhctfco fuadjs djm tfe 'oljteaplrdry djoestlrs' wereds guhhy almerj ds oljteaplrdry Eurlpedjs, tfey jlw odaetl è seej ds ècjn lj tfe almerj scme lg tfe `lujmdry,wfche lhmer flacjcms hcie tfe Jedjmertfdhs were dsscnjem dphdoe lj tfe ltfer scme lg tfe gejoe.

ê dnree wctf Pcofdrm tfdt tfcs sfcgt wds dj caplrtdjt

lje, ùt dt tfe sdae tcae we dre oljvcjoem tfdt tfcs mcm jltrepresejt " tfe olhhdpse lg tfe cjscnfts lg 43tf-oejturyprefcstlrcdjs" (Pcofdrm 433?; 72), glr tfe `dsco oljoeptudhstruoture lg tflse cjscnfts mcm survcve tfe sfcgt cjcjterpretdtcljs9 tfe mcggerejoe wds tfdt tfe sofeae jlw odaetl è dpphcem tl tfe glrerujjers lg tfe Orl-Adnjljs, tfeJedjmertfdhs4. Fejoe, tfe set lg megcjcjn essejtcdhs stdyemtfe sdae, ùt wds trdjsgerrem tl djltfer nejedhlncodh nrlup.]fe ofdrdoter lg tfe `lujmdry ètweej 'almerj' djm edrhcerfuadjs stdyem cjtdot9 ljhy tfe nrlup qudhcgycjn glr tfe scnj'almerj' ofdjnem.

=. McsousscljD perscstejt glous lj cjgerrem essejtcdhs lg 'almerjfuadjcty' seeas tl è tfe fedrt lg tfe cssue. Flwever, tfdtfdvcjn èej sdcm, flw sfluhm we medh wctf tfcs prl`hea<]wl `dsco djswers tl tfcs questclj dre plssc`he; d prdnadtcolje, wfcof tdies mlu`he-stdjmdrm lperdtcljs glr nrdjtem djmlje wfcof tdies tfea tl è aetflmlhlncodhhy ujslujm djmremujmdjt.

Rrdnadtcodhhy, lje oluhm sdy tfdt mlu`he-stdjmdrmdpprldofes fdve tfe dmvdjtdne lg prlvlicjn redotcljsdndcjst suof lje-scmem stumces lg tfe pdst, djm tfdt uhtcadtehytfe alst redsljd`he perspeotcve wchh prl`d`hy eaerne grlatfe strunnhe. Ilhej's (4333) stumy lg pdhdelhctfco mwehhcjnstruotures wds cj gdot trcnnerem `y socejtcgco ujedse wctftehelhlncodh dpprldofes tl tfe edrhcer pdhdelhctfco reolrm,wfcof cjterpretem pdhdelhctfco mdtd cj d retrlspeot perspeotcveoejtrem lj tfe eaernejoe lg almerj fuadjs wctflut trycjntl stumy tfe vdrclus perclms lj tfecr lwj teras. Hciewcse,`lujmdry plhcocjn tejms tl nejerdte sfdrper megcjctcljs djmoljoepts, glr cjstdjoe, cj tfe odse lg 'phdjjcjn', 'ourdtclj',eto. Mlu`he stdjmdrms odj tfus fdve dj caplrtdjt feurcstcogujotclj.

Flwever, lj djltfer heveh, mlu`he stdjmdrms dre qucterevedhcjn wctf respeot tl tfe ofdrdoter lg lur mcsocphcje, wctfcts tejmejoy tlwdrms mcofltlaces, essejtcdhs, `lujmdrces, djmmcsoljtcjuctces. ]fe wdy lut lg d mlu`he-stdjmdrmdrofdelhlny acnft è tl net rcm lg tfe tlp-mlwj dpprldofwctf almerj fuadjs ds d stdrtcjn plcjt glr djdhyscs djm tl

lpt glr d oljtcjucty dpprldof wfcof wlris grla tfe `lttlaup, l`servcjn djm mlouaejtcjn wfdt pdhdelhctfco flacjcmsdotudhhy mcm djm flw tfecr èfdvclur ofdjnem lver tcae, jlt

kust wfetfer lr jlt tfey oluhm ml wfdt almerj fuadjs mcm(og. Icjn 433=; 4?6). D alre 'fcstlrcodh' dpprldof cs odhhemglr cj pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny, d mcsocphcje wfcof fdstrdmctcljdhhy fdm ljhy d hcactem cjterest cj rencljdhmevehlpaejts djm d very strljn glous lj ujcversdh prcjocpheslg dmdptdtclj djm evlhutcljdry ofdjnes, prl`d`hy ds d resuhtlg tfe mlacjdtclj lg gujotcljdhcst dpprldofes. ]fe hdstmeodme fds, flwever, seej d sfcgt tlwdrms tfe mlouaejtdtcljlg rencljdh mcverscty djm Rhecstloeje "plhypfljy" (og. _lggerdjm Nda`he 4332). ]fe presejt vlhuae testcgces tl tfcsmevehlpaejt, wfcof tl slae extejt cs djdhlnlus tlmevehlpaejts cj ouhturdh djtfrlplhlny, e.n., tfe (jlw dhalstextcjot) 'revcscljcst' me`dte cj fujter-ndtferer stumces.Oljtrdry tl tfe evlhutcljdry-eolhlncodh sofllh cj fujter-ndtferer stumces, tfe 'revcscljcsts' were jlt sl auofcjterestem cj tfe almehhcjn lg fuadj èfdvclur ds cjsctudtcjn edof glrdncjn nrlup cj cts lwj fcstlry, wferevdrycjn menrees lg oljtdots djm cjterrehdtcljsfcps wctfjecnf`lurs glr oejturces lr achhejjcd phdyem d scnjcgcodjtrlhe (_tches 4330). Cjstedm lg dj drofetypcodh djm tcaehess,ujofdjncjn djm prcstcje 'essejtcdh' fujter-ndtferer - wfcofdrofdelhlncsts hciem tl prlkeot cjtl tfe pdst - jlw d fcstlrco-

pdrtcouhdrcstco dpprldof fds l`tdcjem dj caplrtdjt phdoe cjfujter-ndtferer stumces. Erco ^lhg's (4360) orctcocsa lgdjtfrlplhlncsts' tredtaejt lg jlj-êsterjers ds "pelphewctflut fcstlry" oljtrcùtem auof tl tfe fcstlrcsdtclj lg tfcsgcehm (og. Ayers 43669 Hee 4330).

]l vdrycjn menrees, drofdelhlncsts fdve dhwdys èejdwdre lg tfe prl`heas mcsoussem fere=. _lae lg tfe reoejtprlplsdhs glr alre gcje-nrdcjem mcvcscljs lg tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco cjtl twl lr alre pfdses (e.n. Hcjmhy djm Ohdri4332, djm tfe tfreeglhm mcvcsclj usem cj tfcs vlhuae) dreprl`d`hy pdrtcdhhy rlltem cj djdhlnlus hcjes lg redsljcjn.Flwever, suof mcvcscljs, dndcj, ruj tfe rcsi lg odrcodturcsd-tclj lg tfe Rhecstloeje pdst cjtl perclms wctf 'tflse wflfdve' djm preoemcjn perclms wctf 'tflse wfl fdve jlt'.^fetfer tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua cs d oruocdh Pu`colj cj dmcvcsclj lr tfe Acmmhe tl Upper Rdhdelhctfco trdjsctclj cscrrehevdjt cj tfe sejse mcsoussem fere, ds hljn ds suofmcvcscljs ruj tfe rcsi lg tfrlwcjn hdrne `hdjiets lver tfe pdstdjm fcmcjn alre vdrcdtclj tfdj tfey ujolver. Wdrcdtclj cs tfeiey wlrm fere èoduse "...cg ouhture cs su`keot tlevlhutcljdry oljmctcljcjn, tfej surehy tfe edrhy mdys lg



6? ^CH PLE@PLEI_ DJM PDSALJM OLP@ES - REPCLMC_D]CLJ_ DJM MLU@HE _]DJMDPM_

plpuhdtcljs plssesscjn d ouhturdh odpdocty aust fdve èejcaplrtdjthy mcggerejt grla hdter tcaes. Glr exdaphe, wfchetfe edrhy Durcnjdocdj readcjs grla Neradjy fdve d very'almerj' geeh (Fdfj djm Lwej 4365), tfe oljteaplrdry djmevej alre reoejt 'Durcnjdocdj' lg oejtrdh Grdjoe, wfcofslaetcaes dhterjdtes cj d 'Alustercdj' gdsfclj wctf tfe

Ofgttehperrljcdj (Plo me Olaè Y@lrmes 437>Q), mles jlt"(@cjglrm 4363; ?7-?>). Ct cs jlt caplrtdjt fere wfetfer@cjglrm's dssessaejt lg durcnjdocdj djm ofítehperrljcdjofrljlhlny (see M'Errcol et dh. 4336 versus Aechdrs 4333) csrcnft9 wfdt olujts cs tfe ujmerhycjn vcew lg drofdelhlny ds dmcsocphcje wfcof trces tl ofdrt djm exphdcj ouhturdhmevehlpaejts cj evlhutcljdry teras rdtfer tfdj cj typlhlncodhalmes. Cj lrmer tl ml sl, we fdve tl net rcm lg mlu`he-stdjmdrm dpprldofes djm readcj lpej tl alsdcodh djm jljhcjedr mevehlpaejts, cj sflrt, tl 'fcstlry'. Djm hcie lurolhhednues cj fcstlry, we sfluhm use lur lhm djm wlrjperclmcsdtcljs ds hllse djm ghexc`he wdys lg lrndjcscjn lur

prcadry mdtd, jlt ds tfe typlhlncodh strdcnftkdoiets tfeynrdmudhhy fdve èolae.

jltes

4. "Mce vlhhstíjmcne D`hefjujn mes Pehcnc÷sej... èc kemeaWergdsser cj mceser [ect zwcsofej 46>2 ujm 4322" (43>7; 400).Djm; "_l stdri wcrit mce adtercdhcstcsofe Rfchlslpfce, mceD`jecnujn nenej mds Aetdpfyscsofe øèrfdupt" (404).

0. ^ctfcj suof 'adtercdhcstco' settcjns, ohdcas glr cjtejtcljdh ùrcdh`y Jedjmertfdhs were rendrmem wctf qucte slae socejtcgco suspcoclj.d gdotlr wfcof jeems tl è tdiej cjtl oljscmerdtclj wfej evdhudtcjnNdrnett's (4363) dssessaejt lg edrhcer wlriers' cjterpretdtcljs.

?. Doolrmcjn tl ^citlr _tlozilwsic (pers. olaa. 433>), tfeteracjlhlny usem cj tfe me`dte lj drt humcque ds qultem d`lve (hdoilg glrescnft, regheotclj eto.) wds usem cj tfe 46tf oejtury tlmcggerejtcdte westerjers grla 'Flttejtlts' djm ltfer 'jlj-wfctes'.

=. Glr exdaphe Hewcs @cjglrm (4363; 00); "Oljscmerdtclj lg tfetrdjsctclj grla edrhcer glras tl guhhy almerj adj lgtej tdies tfeglra lg octcjn tfe edrhcest evcmejoe glr oertdcj odtenlrcodh glras lgèfdvclr reolnjczem ds ofdrdotercstco lg tfe hdtter - tfe edrhcestevcmejoe glr sya`lhcsa, glr dj destfetco sejse, glr d "fuadj" glra

lg slocdh lrndjczdtclj. ]fere cs, C tfcji, d icjm lg ofduvcjcsa,etfjloejtrcsa, lr evej rdocsa dsslocdtem wctf tfcs dpprldof. Ct cs jltujolaalj tl fedr tfdt tfe prlpertces we oljscmer alst dmacrd`he cjlur èfdvclr dre tflse tl è mcggerejtcdhhy cjvestcndtem".



_= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

regerejoes

Dhmfluse-Nreej, _.,R. Rettctt

@ehger-Olfej, D.,E. Flvers

@cjglrm, H.P.

@lrmes, G.,K. Hd`rlt

Odrtdchfdo, E.

Odrtachh. A.

4336 Rdvchdjm odve; oljtextudhczcjn tfe 'Pem Hdmy ', Djtcqucty >0, >57->>0.

4330 Cj tfe Eye lg tfe @eflhmer; Alustercdj djm Jdtugcdj @urcdhs cj tfe Hevdjt, Ourrejt

Djtfrlplhlny ??, =7?-=>4.

436> _edrofcjn glr Odaps djm Acsscjn tfe Evcmejoe< Djltfer Hlli dt tfe Hlwer Rdhelhc tfco. Cj;L. _lgger (em.), ]fe Rhecstloeje Lhm ^lrhm. Pencljdh Rerspeotcves, 4>-?4, Jew Slri/

Hljmlj; Rhejua Rress.

4363 Cslhdtcjn tfe trdjsctclj tl ouhturdh dmdptdtcljs ; dj lrndjczdtcljdh dpprldof. Cj; E. ]rcjidus(em.), ]fe Eaernejoe lg Almerj Fuadjs. @clouhturdh Dmdptdtcljs cj tfe Hdter Rhecstloeje.

46-=4, Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

437> Hd strdtcnrdpfce mu ncseaejt mu Plo-me-Olaè (Hlt) et ses caphcodtcljs, @uhhetcj me hd

_locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse. Etumes et ]rdvdux 7=, 45-06.

4637 Hd Grdjoe prãfcstlrcque. 0ae Emctclj, Rdrcs.

4320 Hes odverjes lrjães me messcjs. Hd Nrltte m'Dhtdacrd, Espdnje, Aed ouhpd m'uj soeptcque, H'Djtfrlplhlnce 4?, ?=6-?5=.

4332 Fuadj ujcquejess djm tfelretcodh oljtejt cj pdheldjtfrlplhlny, Cjterjdtcljdh Klur ach lg

Rrcadtlhlny 44, 4>?-430.

cj press ]dxljlace revlhutcljs djm tfe djcadh-fuadj `lujmdry. Cj; P. Olrèy djm ^. Ple`rleis(ems), _tumycjn Fuadj Lrcncjs; Mcsocphcjdry Fcstlry djm Epcstealhlny. Dastermda; DUR.

Ofduvet, N.

Ofchdrmc, _.,M.^. Grdyer,R. Nclcd,P. Adoofcdrehhc,A. Aussc

Oljiey, A.^.

M'Errcol, G.,

K. [chfíl,A. Kuhcej.M. @dggcor,K. Rohenrcj

Me Alrt ch het. Oc.

432? Jlte sur 4'drt prcactcg. Extr. me @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã drofãlhlncque et fcstlrcque me hd

Ofdrejte, Djnluhëae.

4337 Gljtdjd Julvd mc Pdnusd (_cochy, Ctdhy) ; slutferjalst Durcnjdocdj scte cj Eurlpe, Djtcqucty

>2, 55?-57?.

4365 Pctudh olaaujcodtclj , slocdh ehd`lrdtclj djm tfe vdrcd`he trdkeotlrces lg Rdhelhctfco adtercdhouhture. Cj; ]. Rrcoe djm K.D. @rlwj (ems), ]fe Eaernejoe lg Ouhturdh Olaphexcty, 033-?0?,Lrhdjml; Dodmeaco Rress.

4336 Jedjmertfdh Doouhturdtclj cj êsterj Eurlpe< D Orctcodh Pevcew lg tfe Evcmejoe djm Cts

Cjterpretdtclj, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?3, 4 -==.

46>3 _ur 4'lrcncje mes djcadux mlaestcques, Adtãrcdux 0ae sãrce 42, 00>-0?=.

466? He Rrãfcstlrcque, Djtcquctã me h'flaae. Rdrcs; O. Pecjwdhm.

4322 He Rrãfcstlrcque, Djtcquctã me h'flaae, ?ae Emctclj. Rdrcs; O. Pecjwdhm.



65 ^CH PLE@PLEI_ DJM PDSALJM OLP@ES - REPCLMC_D]CLJ_ DJM MLU@HE _]DJMDPM_

Nda`he, O_.

(cda`co, O._.,^. Ple`rleis

Ldrnett, P.

Fdha. .4..

H.P. Lwej

Cjnlhm, ].

Icjn, @.K.

Ihecj, P.

Ilhej, K.

Iøfj. 44.

Hee, P.@.


4333 ]fe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco; d plcjt lg cjgheotclj. Cj; ^. Ple`rleis djm O. Nda`he (ems), ]fe

Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco Looupdtclj lg Eurlpe, ?-04, Hecmej; Hecmej Ujcverscty.

4363 Nrdve sflrtolacjns; tfe evcmejoe glr Jedjmertfdh ùrcdh, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?2, 45>-432.

4365 @hdme ]eofjlhlny cj tfe Durcnjdocdj djm Nrdvettcdj lg Necssejih÷sterhe Odve, _lutfwestNeradjy, ^lrhm Drofdelhlny 4>, 74->5.

4335 'Relphe hcie us '; ]fe Oljoept lg tfe Djdtlacodhhy Almerj Fuadj. Cj; P. Olrèy djm@. ]feujcssej (ems), Dpe, Adj, Dpeadj; Ofdjncjn Wcews scjoe 4722, 0=4-070, Hecmej;Mepdrtaejt lg Rrefcstlry, Hecmej Ujcverscty.

433= Evlhutcljcsa, essejtcdhcsa, djm dj evlhutcljdry perspeotcve lj hdjnudne; alvcjn èyljm dfuadj stdjmdrm. Hdjnudne djm Olaaujcodtclj 4=, 4-4?.

4363 ]fe Fuadj Odreer. Ofcodnl; ]fe Ujcverscty lg Ofcodnl Rress.

4333 Flacjcms wctflut flaes. Lj tfe jdture lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt cj Eurlpe. Cj;

^. Ple`rleis djm O. Nda`he (ems), ]fe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco Looupdtclj lg Eurlpe,Hecmej; Hecmej Ujcverscty.

43>7 Nesofcofte mer Wlrnesofcoftsglrsofujn. @erhcj djm Jew Slri; ^dhter me Nruyter.

4330 Drt, _ocejoe lr Rlhctcos< ]fe Orcscs cj Fujter-Ndtferer _tumces, Daercodj Djtfrlplhlncst

3=, ?4-5=.

Hcjmhy. K.A.,N.D. Ohdri

4332 _ya`lhcsa djm almerj fuadj lrcncjs, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?4 , 0??-074.

Aehhdrs. R.

Actfej. _.

Aussc. A..^. Ple`rleis

Ayers, G.

CWctctt, R.@.

Rcette, E,

4337 ]fe Jedjmertfdh Hendoy. Dj Drofdelhlncodh Rerspeotcve grla êsterj Eurlpe. Rrcjoetlj;Rrcjoetlj Ujcverscty Rress.

4333 ]fe Jedjmertfdh Rrl`hea Oljtcjuem, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny =2, ?=4-?52.

4337 ]fe Rrefcstlry lg tfe Acjm; D _edrof glr tfe Lrcncjs lg Drt, Pehcnclj djm _ocejoe. Hljmlj;]fdaes djm Fumslj.

4337 ]fe @cn Alsdco, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?>, 73>-733.

4366 Orctcodh trejms cj tfe stumy lg fujter-ndtferers, Djjudh Pevcew lg Djtfrlplhlny 4>, 074-060.

433> Fcnf reslhutclj Jedjmertfd hs< Cjterpretcjn Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco cjtrdscte spdtcdh mdtd, ^lrhm

Drofdelhlny 03, 026-00=.

46>= Hd Nrltte me Nlurmdj pejmdjt 4'dne mu rejje, Adtãrcdux 0ae sãrce 5, 5?->3.

46>5 _ur me jluvehhes gluchhes mdjs hd nrltte me Nlurmdj, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã m'Djtfrlplhlnce

me Rdrcs 0ae sãrce 42, 0>3-037.

Pecjdof. _.

Pcofdrm, J.

432? H'dr t et hd adnce í prlpls mes pecjtures et mes nrdvures me 4'dne mu rejje, H'Djtfrlplhlnce

4=, 05>-077.

433? Me h'drt humcque í h'drt adncque. Cjterpretdtcljs me h'drt pdrcetdh du VhVe scæohe, @uhhetcj me

hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse 32, 72-76.




Plo`rleis, ^.,K. Ilhej,E. Pejscji

_lgger, L.,O. Nda`he (ems)

_tches, A.

_trcjner, O,O. Nda`he

Werjedu, P.

Wchhd, R.

^lhg, E.P.

4366 Rhdjjcjn meptf, djtcocpdtclj djm tfe lrndjczdtclj lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco teofjlhlny; tfe'drofdco jdtcves' aeet 'Eve's mesoejmdjts', Fehcjcua 06, 4>- ?=.

4332 ]fe ^lrhm dt C_ 222 @R. Wlh. 4; Fcnf Hdtctumes. Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

4330 ]fe fujter-ndtferer 'revc scljcst' me`dte, Djtfrlplhlny ]lmdy 6(0), 4?-4>.

433? Cj _edrof lg tfe Jedjmertfdhs. Hljmlj; ]fdaes djm Fumslj.

4327 Hes Nrlttes me Nrcadhmc (@dlussã-Plussã). ]lae CC-Gdsocouhe C. Djtfrlplhlnce. Aljdol;Caprcaerce me Aljdol.

4363 Lj tfe evcmejoe glr Jedjmertfdh ùrcdh, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?2, ?0=-?07.

4360 Eurlpe djm tfe Relphe wctflut Fcstlry. @eriehey; Ujcverscty lg Odhcglrjcd Rress.

^ch Ple`rleis djm Pdyaljm OlrèyGdouhty lg DrofdelhlnyHecmej UjcversctyR.L. @lx 35450?22 PD Hecmej]fe Jetferhdjms



Kedj oclttes > Drt ètweej ?2,222 djm 02,222 `p

Peodhh mcsolverces djm djdhyses - e.n. dt Nrltte Ofduvet -

fdve gdhscgcem trdmctcljdhhy fehm jltcljs d`lut d nrdmudh djm

hcjedr mevehlpaejt lg pdrcetdh drt. ]fcs pdper evdhudtes tfe

ofrljlhlncodh vdhue lg ourrejt jltcljs lj drt djm styhcstco

oljvejtcljs. ]fe evcmejoe grla Nrltte Ofduvet djm ltfer

sctes sflws tfdt drlujm ?2.222 `p drt aust dhredmy fdve fdm

d hljn fcstlry, hdrnehy ujijlwj èoduse lg tdpfljlaco

prloesses. ]fe caphcodtcljs lg jew resedrof dro tfdt tfe

jltclj lg d orume durcnjdocdj èncjjcjn lg pdrcetdh drt cs jl

hljner tejd`he; grla tfe Durcnjdocdj ljwdrm, dhh drtcstco

teofjcques were adsterem djm usem tl mepcot tfeaes wfcof

sdw d nrdmudh sfcgt grla d glous lj 'mdjnerlus' djcadhs

suof ds rfcjloerls, gehcjes djm èdrs cj tfe Durcnjdocdj, tl

d glous lj olaaljhy fujtem djcadhs cj hdter perclms. ]fe

ofrljlhlny lg tfe tfeadtco ofdjnes cjmcodtes tfdt cj Oejtrdh

djm Edsterj Eurlpe tfcs sfcgt loourrem hdter tfdj cj

slutfwesterj Grdjoe.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Cj d reoejt pdper lj tfcs su`keot, @rcnctte djm Nchhes Mehhuo

(4337; 6>) ejvcsdnem "tfe `crtf lg mrdwcjn, dt tfe very

èncjjcjn lg tfe Durcnjdocdj, cj twl sepdrdte oejtres (tfe

renclj lg Hes Eyzces cj tfe Rãrcnlrm djm tfe fcnf Mdjuè cj

@dmej-^ørtteaèrn)9 d oljscmerd`he expdjsclj, espeocdhhy

jlrtfedstwdrms, lg tfese nrdpfco drts murcjn tfe Nrdvettcdj

(grla _pdcj tl tfe Mlj Wdhhey cj Pusscd)9 tfecr su`sequejt

retredt tlwdrms slae rencljs lg slutfwesterj Eurlpe murcjn

tfe _lhutredj (cj d very olhm perclm, jdaehy tfdt lg tfe Hdst

Nhdocdh Adxcaua dt 02,222 yedrs wfej Oejtrdh Eurlpe wds

eaptcem lg cts cjfd`ctdjts), djm tfej lje sees tfe teofjlhlny

caprlvcjn djm speocdhcscjn, djm èolacjn rcofer wctf jew

oljtrcùtcljs, alsthy rehdtem tl tfe adstercjn lg perspeotcve,

èglre `hlsslacjn dt Hdsodux dt tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe

Adnmdhejcdj".

]fese gew hcjes suaadrcze wehh tfe jltclj, ohdssco scjoe D.

Herlc-Nlurfdj, lg d hcjedr evlhutclj lg drt, wctf durcnjdocdj

èncjjcjns cj tfe Rãrcnlrm djm tfe _wd`cdj Kurd djm wctf

teofjcodh caprlveaejts - daljnst wfcof tfe cjvejtclj lg tfe

perspeotcve - cj tfe _lhutredj, èglre tfe dplnee lg Hdsodux,

mdtcjn tl tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe Adnmdhejcdj.

Set, cj tfe hdst gew yedrs djdhyses, mcsolverces, djm re-

evdhudtcljs fdve su`stdjtcdhhy ofdjnem tfcs rehdtcvehy scaphe

soeje. Wery edrhy mdtes fdve èej l`tdcjem glr Nrltte

Ofduvet (Oclttes et dh. 43359 Oclttes 4337`), Nrltte Olsquor

(Oclttes djm Olurtcj 433=9 Oclttes et dh. 4337) djm tfe

Nrdjme Nrltte lg Droy-sur-Oure (Ncrdrm et dh. 4335). Ltfers,

lhmer tfdj expeotem, fdve èej l`tdcjem glr Reof-Aerhe

(Hlr`hdjofet et dh. 4335) djm Olunjdo (Hlr`hdjofet 433=,

4335). ]fe flalnejecty lg Hdsodux cs oljtestem (@dfj 433=)

djm tfe tfeaes usem `ltf cj pdrcetdh drt djm cj plrtd`he drt

dre èhcevem tl fdve ujmernlje oljscmerd`he ofdjnes cj tfe

perclm ujmer oljscmerdtclj (Oclttes 4335, 4337d).

Pdtfer tfdj exdacjcjn tfe ourrejt stdte lg lur

ujmerstdjmcjn lg drt ètweej ?2,222 djm 02,222 yedrs `p

renclj `y renclj lr ouhture `y ouhture, we wluhm hcie tl

mcsouss fere slae lg tfe adklr prl`heas tfdt dre presejtem

`y tfe hdtest mevehlpaejts cj resedrof djm tfe ofdjnes tfdt

tfey `rcjn d`lut cj lur jltcljs lg pdhdelhctfco drt.

0. @eglre ?2,222 `p

Drlujm ?2,222 `p, drt fdm dhredmy d hljn fcstlry. Drt resuhts

grla tfe prlkeotclj lj tfe wlrhm tfdt surrlujms fuadjs lg d

strljn aejtdh cadne tfdt olhlurs redhcty èglre tdicjn sfdpe

djm trdjsgcnurcjn ct (Oclttes 433?). Oljsequejthy, `y uscjn

tfcs megcjctclj, we qudhcgy ljhy tflse dotcvctces ds drt wfcof

dca tl reprlmuoe d pfyscodh lr d sya`lhco redhcty cj twl lr

tfree mcaejscljs.

]fe gcrst drtcstco evcmejoe cs dhwdys su`keot tl me`dte. Ct

seeas, flwever, tfdt twl gdots eaerne very ohedrhy; lj tfe

lje fdjm, alre djm alre juaerlus adtercdh trdoes, glr

perclms tfdt nl gurtfer djm gurtfer `doi - cjohumcjn tfe

Hlwer Rdhdelhctfco - ètrdy dj dwdiejcjn tfdt nles èyljm

tfe oljtcjnejoces lg everymdy hcge, èyljm tfe scaphe quest

glr gllm djm survcvdh, djm wfcof odsts dj cjqucsctcve hlli

drlujm9 lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe 'sya`lhco represejtdtclj',

"oljohuscve evcmejoe lg dooess tl d`strdot vdhues" (Herlc-

Nlurfdj 4362; 4?0) olcjocmes wctf tfe mcggusclj lg Flal

sdpcejs sdpcejs, tfe redh oredtlrs lg drt. @eglre tfea we

ady, dt hedst sl gdr, spedi lg pre-drt.

]fe fuadjs tfdt preoemem Flal sdpcejs sdpcejs, wfetfer

we dre medhcjn wctf tfe Jedjmertfdhs lr Flal ereotus, fdve

hegt èfcjm severdh odtenlrces lg readcjs tfdt dre nejerdhhy

ohdsscgcem ujmer tfe fedmcjn lg 'drt', ùt wfcof aust è

mcsoussem sepdrdtehy. ]fe oupuhes dre daljn tfea. D stlje




Gcn. 4. Dofeuhedj 'Gcnurcje' (<) grla @ereifdt Pda (Csrdeh). ]fejdturdh glra oluhm fdve èej pdrtcdhhy almcgcem (dgter @emjdrci 433=`,gcn. 4, p. ?5?).

shd` wctf 46 oupuhes olverem d ùrcdh lg d alustercdj ofchmdt Hd Gerrdssce. D oupuhe djm d mlttem wdvy hcje fdve èej

cjmcodtem ujmer dj dofeuhedj hdyer cj Cjmcd, cj tfe @fcaètid

(@emjdrci 433=`). ]fese oupuhes, dre tfey redhhy drt cj tfe

sejse megcjem d`lve<

]fe sdae questclj odj è dsiem glr tfe serces lg pdrdhheh

hcjes wctf slaetcaes very edrhy mdtes, suof ds tfe hcjes lj

`lje grla @chzcjnsheèj, cj Neradjy, ujmlu`temhy tfe alst

gdalus ljes èoduse lg tfecr cjgerrem dne lg 002,222 tl

052,222 yedrs , lr tflse ejnrdvem lj d olrtex grla Tujectrd

cj Csrdeh (drlujm 5=,222). Dhsl cj Csrdeh, cj @ereifdt Pda, d

stlje, tfe jdturdh sfdpe lg wfcof evlies d fuadj schfluette

(Gcn. 4), wluhm fdve èej pdrtcdhhy ejnrdvem cj lrmer tl

dooejtudte tfcs resea`hdjoe; ct wluhm mdte grla dj extreaehy

edrhy perclm scjoe d hdvd ghlw tfdt lverhces tfe hdyer cj wfcof

ct wds glujm, cs mdtem tl 0?2,222 `p, wfche tfe lje

ujmerjedtf mdtes tl 622,222 yedrs dnl (Nlrej-Cj`dr 43679

@emjdrci 433=o).

Djm gcjdhhy, tfe use lg lofre fds èej mealjstrdtem cj

very edrhy perclms cj Eurlpe, Dgrcod, Dscd, djm Dustrdhcd.

Evej cg tfcs wds adcjhy glr tfe tdjjcjn lg fcmes lr ltfer

prdotcodh uses, tflse wfl usem ct aust surehy fdve jltcoem cts

olhlurcjn eggeot. Oljsequejthy drnuaejts were mrdwj grla

cts presejoe cj supplrt lg fypltfeses, jlt prlvej ùt

phdusc`he, lg tfe use glr `lmy pdcjtcjn lr lj percsfd`he

l`keots (Ilzhlwsic 4330).

Cg tfe evcmejoe lg dj drt mdtcjn `doi tl tejs, evej

fujmrems lg tflusdjms lg yedrs readcjs sodroe tfej tfcs

wluhm è glr tdpfljlaco redsljs, ds qucte l`vclushy ct

wluhm fdve èej hess susoeptc`he tl preservdtclj tfdj drt lg

tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco (@emjdrci 433=d9 @dfj 4335). Set, cg

cj Eurlpe tfe hdst Jedjmertfdhs lg tfe Ofítehperrljcdj

ejnrdvem hcjes lj `ljes lr stljes djm cg tfey cjmcsputd`hy

plssessem kewehry, tfey mcm jlt prlmuoe d redh plrtd`he drt

- lr pdrcetdh lje - oljtrdry tl tfe Durcnjdocdjs. Ncvej tfecr

oljteaplrdjecty wctf tfe hdtter, tfe tdpfljlaco drnuaejt

mles jlt seea tl wlri cj tfcs odse.

]fe gcrst Durcnjdocdjs drrcvem cj êsterj Eurlpe drlujm

dt hedst ?6,222 `p. @etweej tfcs mdte djm tfe èncjjcjn lg

tfe perclm tfdt cjterests us fere, dhh oruocdh prlnress fdm èej

adme ds gdr ds drt cs oljoerjem. ê jlw fdve evcmejoe tfdtprlves tfe excstejoe lg very vdrcem teofjcques djm tfeaes

tfdt dre su`sequejthy ejolujterem dndcj cj Grdjol-

Odjtd`rcdj drt.

^ctf tfe plrtd`he drt lg tfe rloi sfehters lg tfe _wd`cdj

Kurd, cj slutfwesterj Neradjy, djm tfe 4> cvlry stdtuettes

glujm cj tfe durcnjdocdj hdyers lg tfe rloi sfehters lg

Flfhejstecj-_tdmeh, Necssejih÷sterhe djm Wlnehferm, ds wctf

tfe stlje geadhe stdtuette lg Ndhnejèrn cj Dustrcd, tfe

Durcnjdocdjs fdve sflwj tfecr adstery lg tfree-mcaejscljdh

souhpture, wfere jdturdhcsa djm styhczdtclj lgtej ola`cje

wctf su`thety (Gcn. 0). ]fe ejnrdvcjns olapheaejt tfea djm

tfey dre slaetcaes olhlurem rem. ]fe tfree adcj teofjcques,

souhpture, ejnrdvcjn djm pdcjtcjn dre tfus klcjthy usem cj

plrtd`he drt grla tfcs perclm, èglre ?2,222 yedrs dnl.

]fe sdae dpphces tl pdrcetdh drt. Ujtch tfe mcsolvery lg

Nrltte Ofduvet, durcnjdocdj pdrcetdh drt wds fdrmhy ijlwj,

exoept grla tfe rloi sfehters cj tfe Mlrmlnje djm ct wds

oljscmerem ds dj drt lg tfe exterclr (Herlc-Nlurfdj 4375).

Flwever, tflse tfdt stumcem ct fdve loodscljdhhy jltcoem d

prehcacjdry prepdrdtclj lg tfe wdhh surgdoe (Hes @erjlus) lr

tfe dpphcodtclj lg d rem `doinrlujm lj wfcof tfe durcnjdocdj

mrdwcjns were trdoem cj `hdoi (@hdjofdrm, Hd Gerrdssce), lr

dhsl tfe gdot tfdt adjy wdhhs lg durcnjdocdj rloi sfehters

were olhlurwdsfem wctf rem (Mehhuo djm Mehhuo 4334; ?=2).

Rdcjtcjn - slaetcaes mcofrlaco - wds tfereglre olaaljhy

usem dt tfe sdae tcae ds tfe ejnrdvcjns lj `hlois. ]fe

ejnrdvcjns oluhm è gcje (Hd Orlze í Nljtrdj), lr alre

lgtej mlttem (@ehodyre, @hdjofdrm, Oehhcer), lr `ltf. ^fej

meep, tfey loodscljdhhy nl lver cj `ds-rehceg (vuhvds).

]fe mcsolvery lg Nrltte Ofduvet djm tfe mdtes cj exoess lg

?2,222 yedrs glr severdh lg cts `hdoi mrdwcjns (Ohlttes et dh.

4335) fdm, jevertfehess, d stujjcjn eggeot. Flw wds ct

plssc`he tfdt dt suof dj edrhy mdte, supplsemhy ljhy dt tfe very

èncjjcjns lg drt, tfcs odve cj tfe Drmæofe dhredmy oljtdcjem

redh adsterpceoes lg hcje mrdwcjns cjstedm lg tfe expeotem

ohuasy djm orume sietofes< ]fe oertdcjty tfdt suof d adstery

lg tfe drt oluhm jlt è ùt 'mevehlpem', c.e. rehdtcvehy hdte, wds

suof tfdt èglre tfese mdtes were ijlwj, tfe drt lg Nrltte

Ofduvet wds phdoem cj tfe Adnmdhejcdj lj tfe ofrljlhlncodh

sodhe cjtejmem glr d peradjejt exfc`ctclj dt Wdhhlj-Rljt-

m'Dro, dj errlr tfdt wds ljhy reotcgcem severdh yedrs hdter.

_everdh ltfer dutflrs oluhm jlt dooept tfe very edrhy mdtes

glr Ofduvet. ]fus, @rcnctte djm Nchhes Mehhuo (4337; 32)

oljtejt tfeasehves tl jlte, wctflut tfe shcnftest mcsoussclj,

tfdt "tfese mdtes dre ohedrhy auof lhmer tfdj tfe styhcstco



63 KEDJ OHL]]E_ - DP] @E] EEJ ?2,222 DJM 02,222 @R

4 oa

Gcn. 0. @cslj jl. 3, souhptem cjcvlry djm odrrycjn vdrclus scnjs,glujm cj dj durcnjdocdj hdyer cj tfeWlnehferm (Neradjy) rloi sfehter(pfltl Ujcverscty lg ]u`cjnej).

djdhyscs lg tfe wlri cjmcodtes". Jevertfehess, tfere cs d adklr

prl`hea; ectfer tfe mdtes lg Nrltte Ofduvet dre èhcevem tl è

errljelus, cj wfcof odse tfey sfluhm dt hedst è mcsoussem djm

redsljs sfluhm è put glrwdrm glr tfea jlt ècjn oremc`he, lrehse tfey sfluhm è dooeptem, djm cj tfdt odse tfe styhcstco

djdhyses jeem tl è revcsem, lr dt hedst tfe dssuaptcljs tfdt

ujmerhce tfea. ]fdt ohedrhy rdcses tfe questclj lg tfe

ofrljlhlncodh vdhue lg tfe ourrejt jltcljs lj drt djm lj tfe

styhcstco oljvejtcljs, wfcof dre evej hess oertdcj tfe lhmer tfe

drt cs, espeocdhhy wctf rendrm tl pdrcetdh drt.

?. Nrlt te Ofduvet djm tfe ofrljlhlncodh

prl`heas lg pdhdelhctfco pdrcetdh drt prclr tl

02,222 `p

_l gdr ljhy lje speocdhcst, Ofrcstcdj [ccofjer, fds exphcocthy

oljtestem tfe mdtes glr Nrltte Ofduveh djm fds drnuem fcsplcjt lg vcew ([ccofjer 433=-35, 4337). Fe dttrcùtes tfe rem

pdcjtcjns lg tfe Drmæofe odve tl tfe Nrdvettcdj djm hlwer

_lhutredj, djm tfe `hdoi pdcjtcjns tl tfe gcjdh _lhutredj djm

tfe edrhy Adnmdhejcdj (oljteaplrdry wctf Hdsodux djm

Nd`chhlu). Cj mlcjn sl fe uses tfree drnuaejts; tfe

teofjcques (rem djm `hdoi), tfe tfeaes (scnjs, mcggerejt

djcadh speoces), djm tfe oljvejtcljs glhhlwem cj tfe

represejtdtclj lg tfe djcadhs.

]fese drnuaejts dre `dsem lj d gujmdaejtdh plstuhdte,

wfcof cs dj caphcoct dooeptdjoe lg tfe vdhue lg lur ourrejt

ijlwhemne. Glr exdaphe, cj lrmer tl regute tfe mcreot

rdmclodr`lj mdtes, [ccofjer wrctes tfdt "tfe recjmeer cs d

tfeae lg adnmdhejcdj drt. Ct cs jlt represejtem edrhcer"([ccofjer 4337; 07), djm tfdt "tfe adjjer cj wfcof tfe

djdtlacodh metdchs, tfe vlhuaes, tfe perspeotcve, djm tfe

alveaejt dre presejt cj Ofduvet cs ujijlwj èglre tfe

gcjdh _lhutredj djm edrhy Adnmdhejcdj" (lp. oct.). ]fe

caphcoct dssuaptclj èfcjm tfese dssertcljs cs tfdt we ijlw

ejlunf lg tfe mevehlpaejt lg pdhdelhctfco drt, `ltf d`lut tfe

use djm murdtclj lg cts tfeaes djm cts oljvejtcljs djm

teofjcques, tfdt tfe `rldm luthcjes dre megcjctehy gcxem, djm

tfdt jew mcsolverces sfluhm lg jeoesscty gct wctfcj

estd`hcsfem grdaewlris.

Ct cs true tfdt tfe stumy lg tfeaes, teofjcques, superplsc

tcljs djm oljvejtcljs odj dhhlw dj dpprldof tfdt, cj djuaèr lg odses, prlves tl è lj tfe wflhe olrreot ds h=O

mdtcjns èolae dvdchd`he. ]fcs wds tfe odse, glr cjstdjoe,

wctf tfe dttrcùtclj tl tfe Nrdvettcdj lg pdrt lg Reof-Aerhe

(Hlr`hdjofet et dh. 4335), ds cj tfcs odve tfe plssc`chcty lg

tfe Rdjeh lg tfe splttem Flrses èhljncjn tl tfe Nrdvettcdj

fdm dhredmy èej ejvcsdnem (Ohlttes et dh. 4330; 0>?-=9

Ohljes djm Olurtcj 433=; 47>).

Flwever, expercejoe prlves tfdt every tcae d adklr

mcsolvery cs adme, ct `rcjns wctf ct dadzcjn jlvehtces djm




Gcn. ?. Nrltte Ofduvet (Wdhhlj-Rljt-m'Dro, Grdjoe). Ohdsfcjn rfcjloerlses, wfcof fdve èej ncvej tfree ,=O mdtes; tfe rfcjloerls lj tfe rcnft;

?0,=42 ´ >02 `p (Ncg D 354?0) djm ?2,>32 ´ 722 `p (Ncg D 354??)9 tfe rfcjloerls lj tfe hegt; ?2,3=2 ´ 742 `p (Ncg D 35407) (pfltl K. Ohlttes).

prlvlies slaetcaes very caplrtdjt redmkustaejts lg lur

ijlwhemne djm lur jltcljs. Glr cjstdjoe, murcjn tfe hdst tej

yedrs dj lpej dcr pdhdelhctfco drt lg nredt adnjctume fds èej

mcsolverem, dndcjst dhh expeotdtcljs, cj tfe Cèrcdj pejcjsuhd

(Glz O7d cj Rlrtundh, _cend Werme, Mlacjnl Ndrocd djm

ltfers cj _pdcj).

Cj gdot, tfese surprcses were jltfcjn lut lg tfe lrmcjdry

djm tfecr loourrejoe wds glreseed`he. Rdhdelhctfco drt fds dj

estd`hcsfem hcge lg alre tfdj twejty tflusdjm yedrs. Glr tfcs

very hljn perclm d hctthe lver tfree fujmrem sctes gedturcjn

pdrcetdh drt dre ijlwj cj tfe wflhe lg Eurlpe, grla tfe

slutferj tcp lg _pdcj tl tfe Urdhs. ]fcs cs d very sadhh

juaèr wfej we tdie cjtl oljscmerdtclj tfe jeoesscty lg tfe

trdjsacssclj lg ijlwhemne djm rctudh prdotcoes. ]flusdjms lg

sctes aust fdve mcsdppedrem lr readcj ujmcsolverem

(@emjdrci 433=d). ê fdve jl aedjs tl ijlw preocsehy

wfetfer tflse tfdt we fdve glujm oljstctute d represejtdtcve

sdaphe lg tfe wflhe. ê dssuae tfcs tl è tfe odse èoduse

we odjjlt ml ltferwcse. Ujmer tfese oljmctcljs, we sfluhm

expeot almcgcodtcljs tl, djm evej d sfdie-up lg, lur

ijlwhemne ds mcsolverces dre adme. ]l kumne tfe vdhcmcty lg

mdtes l`tdcjem grla suof lr suof d odve, we sfluhm tfereglre

oljscmer edof odse cjmcvcmudhhy lj cts lwj aercts. ^fdt dre

tfe caphcodtcljs lg tfcs glr Nrltte Ofduvet, ncvej cts

caplrtdjoe, djm alre nejerdhhy glr sctes mdtem ètweej

02,222 djm ?2,222 `p<

Cg we fdm fdm ljhy d scjnhe mdte glr Nrltte Ofduvet, ct

wluhm alst prl`d`hy fdve èej mcsacssem ds 'dèrrdjt',

glhhlwcjn tfe lhm sdycjn 'lje mdte cs jl mdte'. Cj gdot, tfere

dre gcve mdtes l`tdcjem grla tfree sdaphes, olacjn grla

tfree mcggerejt djcadhs (Gcn. ?). ]fese mdtes gdhh cj tfe sdae

rdjne, ètweej ?2,222 djm ?0,222 `p. ]fey dre oljgcraem

`y tfe mdtcjn lg ofdroldh lj tfe ghllr, tfdt ndve d mdte lg

03,222 ´ =22 `p. Alrelver, d jlj-odhoctem tlrof adri

supercaplsem lj d tfcj hdyer lg odhocte tfdt olvers tfe

djcadhs pdcjtem cj `hdoi (Gcn. =) fds èej mdtem tl 07,402 ´

=22 `p, d mdte olrrl`lrdtem `y tfe djdhyscs lg djltfer

aluofdne, cj d mcggerejt ofdaèr, tfdt fds ncvej twl



34 KEDJ OHL]]E_ - DP] @E]ÊEJ ?2,222 DJM 02,222 @R

Gcn. =. Nrltte Ofduvet. Lj tfe veryhegt lg tfe pdjeh, tlrof adris dre

supercaplsem lj tfe odhocte tfdtolvers tfe edrhcer pdcjtcjns. ]feyfdve èej ncvej d mdte lg 07,402 ´=22 `p (Ncg D 3540>)(pfltl K. Ohlttes).

cmejtcodh mdtes (07,362 ´ =42 djm 07,362 ´ =02 `p9 Ohlttes

et dh. 4335). Ct cs d nejucje pdrcetdh strdtcnrdpfy wctf d

olferejt sequejoe lg mdtes tfdt fds tfus èej l`tdcjem.

]fese l`servdtcljs ehcacjdte lje lg[ccofjer's fypltfeses;

cj lrmer tl exphdcj tfe very edrhy mdtes lg tfe `hdoi djcadhs

lg Ofduvet, tfe drtcsts oluhm fdve usem glssch wllm, lr

pcoiem up ofdroldh tfdt wds hycjn lj tfe nrlujm. Ct wluhm

fdve èej jeoessdry cj tfdt odse tfdt `y exoeptcljdh




olcjocmejoe tfe wllm usem glr tfe tlrofes wds suggcocejthy

lhm, ùt jlt tll auof sl, tl readcj olapdtc`he wctf tfe

l`servem pdrcetdh strdtcnrdpfy. Gcjdhhy, tfe lhmest mdtes lg

Ofduvet tce cj wctf tfe mcsolverces lg plrtd`he drt adme cj

tfe _wd`cdj Kurd wfere cvlry stdtuettes, glujm cj durcnjdocdj

hevehs wctf scachdr mdtes, mepcot cmejtcodh su`keots tl tflse lg

Nrltte Ofduvet; adaaltf, gehcjes, `csljs, èdr, flrse,rfcjloerls djm olaplscte ècjns. ]fe mdtcjn lg pdrt lg tfe

pdrcetdh mepcotclj lg Ofduvet, prlvcscljdh ds ct ady è ujtch

ltfer h=O mdtes fdve èej l`tdcjem, mles tfereglre jlt rest lj

d scjnhe mdte ùt lj d serces lg mdtes djm lj d set lg

l`servdtcljs. ]fdt adies Ofduvet lje lg tfe alre oertdcj

sctes lj tfe ofrljlhlncodh adp. ^fdt d`lut ltfers<

Cj d reoejt wlri, A. Hlr`hdjofet fds mrdwj up tfe hcst lg

sctes wctf "l`keotcvehy mdtem Rdhdelhctfco pdrcetdh drt"

(Hlr`hdjofet 4335; 06=). ]fe perclm medht wctf fere (?2,222-

02,222 `p) olvers tfe Durcnjdocdj, tfe Nrdvettcdj djm tfe

very èncjjcjn lg tfe _lhutredj. Glr tfe Durcnjdocdj, scx

sctes dre aejtcljem (tfe rloi sfehters lg @hdjofdrm, Odstdjet,Oehhcer, Hd Gerrdssce djm Hd Wcjd, djm Nrltte Ofduvet)9 glr

tfe Rercnlrmcdj tfese dre Droy-sur-Oure, Olsquer, Olunjdo,

Guejte meh _dhcj, Ndrnds, Hd`dttut, Hdussec, Rdcr-jlj-Rdcr, Hd

Wcjd, djm Reof-Aerhe, tfdt cs tl sdy tej sctes9 Olsquer,

Olunjdo, He Glurjedu mu Mcd`he, He Rhdodrm, Hd ]ëte mu

Hclj, djm Hd Wcjd (scx sctes) represejt tfe _lhutredj sdaphe.

]fcs hcst wds estd`hcsfem "uscjn tfe alst l`keotcve aetflms,

tfdt aedjs adcjhy tfe cjtenrdtclj lg represejtdtcljs wctfcj d

strdtcnrdpfco oljtext, tfecr rehdtclj tl dj drofdelhlncodh heveh

djm glr 0> pdrcetdh altcgs dne aedsureaejts mcreothy lj tfe

pcnaejts" (p. 0>3).

]fese orctercd oluhm è me`dtem. Mcreot rdmclodr`lj mdtesdre jl pdjdoeds djm sfluhm è phdoem cjtl oljtext, ds we

fdve kust seej glr Ofduvet. Ds glr tfe mdtes l`tdcjem lj

drofdelhlncodh readcjs lj tfe ghllr, tfere odj è jl questclj

lg extrdplhdtcjn tfea tl tfe pdcjtem wdhhs lg tfe odves

(exoept cj speocdh odses, suof ds Hd ]ëte mu Hclj wfere tfe

mdtem heveh oljtdcjem mrlps lg pcnaejt). A. Hlr`hdjofet

ijlws tfcs (p. 0>4) djm yet fe uses tfcs orcterclj tl ohdsscgy

oertdcj ejsea`hes daljnst tflse tfdt dre 'mdtem l`keotcvehy'

(Droy-sur-Oure, Guejte meh _dhcj). Cj tfe odse lg He Rhdodrm,

fe ejvcsdnes tfe very tfelretcodh plssc`chcty lg "d meolrdtem

percnlrmcdj odve" (p. 076-3) lg wfcof tfe drtcsts wluhm jlt

fdve hegt djy trdoes. ]fe sdae redsljcjn oluhm è dpphcem tl

adjy ltfer sctes wfere tfe pdrcetdh drt cs auof hess wehh

mdtem tfdj tfdt lg He Rhdodrm, djm ct oluhm è sdcm wctf ds

auof phdusc`chcty, glr cjstdjoe, tfdt tfe drt lg tfe Nrdjme

Nrltte lg Droy-sur-Oure lr tfdt lg Rdcr-jlj-Rdcr oluhm è

Durcnjdocdj. ^fereds, "cg ds d ruhe tfe ejnrdvcjns lg Rdcr-

jlj-Rdcr dre alre lgtej dttrcùtem tl tfe Nrdvettcdj tfdj tl

tfe Durcnjdocdj tfej ct cs tl tfe styhcstco altcgs tfdt tfey lwe

tfcs pregerejoe" (Mehhuo djm Mehhuo 4334; 7=). ]fcs sflws

flw strljn tfe cjghuejoe lg estd`hcsfem cmeds cs, evej lj

tflse tfdt ofdhhejne tfea d prclrc.

Jevertfehess, tfcs hcst, capergeot ds ct ady è, ncves d `dse

tl wfcof lje odj dmm severdh ltfer odves djm meolrdtem rloi

sfehters lg wfcof tfe dttrcùtclj tl tfe perclms oljoerjem cs

prl`d`he, ectfer èoduse lg tfecr drofdelhlncodh oljtext, lr

èoduse lg styhcstco scachdrctces wctf wehh-mdtem odves (og.

Mehhuo djm Mehhuo 4334). Glr tfe Durcnjdocdj tfese dre EhOljme, Hes @erjlus, @ehodyre, Hd Orlze-d-Nljtrdj, Hdrtet,

He Rlcsslj, Hd _luquette, djm @rdsseapluy. ]fdt wluhm

tfereglre adie 4= sctes cj tltdh glr tfe Durcnjdocdj, twehve

lg wfcof dre cj Grdjoe djm ljhy twl cj _pdcj. Glr tfe

Nrdvettcdj tfe hcst wluhm olae tl 04 cj tltdh, lg wfcof twl

ljhy dre cj _pdcj, wctf tfe dmmctclj lg tfe glhhlwcjn sctes; He

Rlcsslj, Klvehhe, Pluodmlur, Rdtdum, Wcnjdum, Lrechhe

m'Ejger, Hdunerce-Fdute, He Gdoteur, Hd Odvdchhe, Gljndh,

djm Hes ]rlcs-Græres (Ndherce mes Ofluettes). Ds glr tfe

_lhutredj, tfere wluhm ljhy è jcje sctes, twl lg wfcof dre

cj _pdcj, wctf daljnst ltfers Plo me _ers, Luhhej, djm

Da`rlscl. ]dicjn cjtl doolujt tfdt d oertdcj juaèr lg tfeseslhutredj sctes dre ujmlu`temhy ylujner tfdj 02,222 yedrs `p

djm tfdt oertdcj ltfers fdve èej aejtcljem ujmer twl

mcggerejt ofrljlhlncodh fedmcjns, tfere wluhm è cj tltdh

d`lut glrty odves djm meolrdtem rloi sfehters tfdt èhljn tl

tfe perclm wctf wfcof we dre oljoerjem. Feretl dmmem

sfluhm alst prl`d`hy è odves glr wfcof we fdve jlt d

scjnhe slhcm mdtcjn eheaejt, suof ds Hd @duae Hdtrlje, Hd

Nrltte dux Rlcjts (Ndrm), adyè Adyejje-_ocejoes, djm dt

hedst pdrt lg tfe surgdoe drt (Glz O÷d).

ê odj see grla tfe evcmejoe tfdt we dre wehh èfcjm

wfdt oluhm fdve èej expeotem, scjoe tfese dpprlxcadtehy =2

sctes olrrespljm tl hess tfdj lje sevejtf lg tfe tltdhejsea`he lg pdhdelhctfco odves djm meolrdtem rloi sfehters,

wfche tfe perclm oljoerjem olvers alre tfdj fdhg tfe

murdtclj lg tfe pdrcetdh drt.

=. Mevehlpaejt djm speocdhcsdtclj lg drt

]fcs sflrtdne lg cjglradtclj cs mue tl lje lg tfe adklr

ujslhvem prl`heas, jdaehy tfe mdtcjn djm tfe murdtclj lg

styhcstco orctercd wfcof supplrt oljvcotcljs lj tfe oredtclj

mdte lg sctes djm lj tfecr use lver tcae. C ml jlt tfcji tfdt

we fdve ejterem d "plst-styhcstco erd", ds fds èej premcotem

(Hlr`hdjofet djm @dfj 433?9 Hlr`hdjofet 4335; 0609 see lj

tfcs su`keot Ohlttes 433=). _trcothy spedicjn, tfcs wluhm aedj

tfdt 'styhe', tfdt cs tfe adjjer cj wfcof gcnures dre

represejtem, tfe metdchs lg tfecr redhcsdtclj, tfecr teofjcques

djm evej tfecr tfeaes, dre fdrmhy caplrtdjt. Jltfcjn odj

supplrt suof d pdrdmlx. Cg tfe jltclj lg d 'plst-styhcstco erd'

ljhy dpphces tl orctercd lg tfe ofrljlhlncodh meteracjdtclj lg

gcnures, tfej tfe expressclj èolaes alre megejsc`he ùt ct

stchh readcjs exdnnerdtem. Cj gdot, we wchh jever adjdne tl

fdve ejlunf rdmclodr`lj mdtes djm hd`lrdtlry djdhyses tl

mdte dhh tfe pdrcetdh gcnures cj d odve. Dt èst, oertdcj



3? KEDJ OHL]]E_ - DP] @E] EEJ ?2,222 DJM 02,222 @R

Gcn. 5. Nrltte Ofduvet. D hdrne hclj turjem tlwdrms tfe rcnft fds mehcèrdtehy èej phdoem cj d spdtcdh perspeotcve cj rehdtclj tl tfree edrhcer

flrses `y cjterruptcjn tfe hcjes, tl adie fca dppedr tl è èfcjm tfea (pfltl K. Ohlttes).

represejtdtcljs - ds adjy ds plssc`he - wchh è mdtem ùt jlt

tfe ejnrdvcjns jlr tfe rem gcnures, djm ljhy d sadhh pdrt lg

tfe `hdoi mrdwcjns; slae lg tflse adme wctf ofdroldh tfdt

dre suggcocejthy wehh preservem, ùt jlt tflse adme wctf

adjndjese mclxcme (Hdsodux lr Pluggcnjdo). ]fese `dses,

dhwdys cjdmequdte, fdvcjn èej redofem, we wchh lg jeoesscty

prloeem ds we fdve mlje scjoe @reuch - evej tflse dndcjst ct

- jdaehy `y styhcstco olapdrcslj; cg D, @, lr O, wfcof

resea`he edof ltfer èoduse lg tfe reourrejoe lg tfe

ofdrdotercstcos x, y lr z, fdve èej ncvej mdtes ètweej 02djm 0?,222, ct cs dssuaem tfdt M wfcof sflws tfe sdae trdcts

x, y djm z sfluhm rlunfhy è dttrcùtem tl tfe sdae perclm.

]fe mcggcouhty cs tfereglre tl fdve gcxem plcjts cj suof

juaèrs tfdt tfe èncjjcjn djm ejm lg tfeaes, oljvejtcljs,

djm teofjcques odj è meteracjem. ]fcs aedjs evdhudtcjn tfe

rehevdjoe lg tfe mdtes l`tdcjem djm lg tfe l`servdtcljs

odrrcem lut, djm tl fdve d suggcocejt juaèr lg qudsc-

oertdcjtces tl è cj d plsctclj tl extrdplhdte grla tfea. Dt

presejt we dre d hljn wdy grla suof d sctudtclj.

Mespcte tfcs gujmdaejtdh reservdtclj, d oertdcj dalujt lg

ijlwhemne dppedrs dhalst dssurem. ]fcs oljoerjs cj tfe gcrst

phdoe tfe adstery lg teofjcques grla tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe

Durcnjdocdj. Ct cs jl hljner plssc`he, dgter tfe mcsolverces lg

tfese hdst gew yedrs, tl ejvcsdne dj drofdco djm orume _tyhe C

djm d nrdmudh mevehlpaejt cj tfe olurse lg tfe tej lr gcgteej

tflusdjm yedrs tfdt glhhlwem. Pcnft grla tfe stdrt tfe drtcsts

dre odpd`he lg sichguhhy djm doourdtehy ejnrdvcjn, pdcjtcjn

djm souhptcjn tfe cadnes lg tfe djcadhs tfdt surrlujm tfea.

]fe Durcnjdocdjs lg Nrltte Ofduvet fdve jlt ljhy rejmeremtfe spdtcdh perspeotcve ùt tfey fdve mlje sl `y aedjs lg

mcggerejt teofjcques. Cj tfcs we jlte d redh aet couhlusjess;

tfe hclj lg tfe Rdjeh lg tfe Flrses (Gcn. 5) wds mehcèrdtehy

phdoem cj tfe `doinrlujm `y stlppcjn tfe hcje dt tfe heveh lg

tfe djcadhs tfdt were mrdwj edrhcer (Ofduvet et dh. 4335,

gcn. 5=), tfe flrjs lg d nrlup lg rfcjloerlses (Gcn. 7) were

sietofem cj d mcacjcsfcjn perspeotcve grla tfe flrj cj tfe

glrenrlujm tl tflse cj tfe `doinrlujm {lp. oct., gcn. 67)9 d

`cslj wds mrdwj lj d mcfemrlj, tfe gdoe seej guhh gdoe lj




Gcn. 7. Nrltte Ofduvet. ]fe flrjslg tfe upper rfcjloerlses tfdt sflwtfe sdae oljvejtcljs ds tfe twl

mdtem rfcjloerlses (og. gcn. ?), fdveèej represejtem doolrmcjn tl tfehdws lg perspeotcve(pfltl K. Ohlttes).

lje heveh djm tfe `lmy seej cj prlgche lj djltfer, dt 32², tl

dooejtudte tfe eggeot lg tfe perspeotcve (lp. oct., gcn 66). ]fe

use lg stuap-mrdwcjn, cj tfe sdae odve, cs olaalj. ]fe

djcadhs dre lgtej represejtem cj dotclj, "djcadtem" ds

D. Herlc-Nlurfdj odhhem ct, wfcof oljtrdmcots fcs readris lj

"tfe nrlwcjn prelooupdtclj wctf represejtcjn alveaejt cj

tfe olurse lg tfe mevehlpaejt lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco drt"

(Herlc-Nlurfdj 4360; =0).



35 KEDJ OHL]]E_ - DP] @E]ÊEJ ?2,222 DJM 02,222 @R

Gcn. >. Cj tfe Nrltte Olsquer (Adrsechhe, Grdjoe) jendtcve fdjms suof ds tfese dre juaerlus (55). _lae fdve èej ncvej very fcnf mdtes;0>,>=2 ´ =42 `p (Ncg D 372>?) glr fdjm jl. 43, 0>,442 ´ ?32 `p (Ncg D 30=23) djm 0>,442 ´ ?52 `p glr fdjm jl. AP> (pfltl Jdtcljdh Jdvy).

]fese l`servdtcljs fdve very caplrtdjt caphcodtcljs. ê

odj jl hljner oljscmer tfdt, murcjn tfese tej tflusdjm yedrs,

drt shlwhy mevehlpem dhljn d alre lr hess oljstdjt hcjedr

sofeae lg prlnress. Grla tfdt plcjt lg vcew, tfe pdrcetdh drt

lg Ofduvet olrrespljms wctf tfe plrtd`he drt lg tfe _wd`cdj

Kurd djm cs ohlsehy dicj tl ct; cj oertdcj perclms very

slpfcstcodtem drt glras fdve olae tl hcnft, ùt ujmer wfcof

cjghuejoes< Ouhturdhhy< Cjmcvcmudhhy< Fdve tfese adklr

suooesses èej gurtfer mevehlpem djm oljtcjuem< ê fdve

tll gew eheaejts tl sdy sl. ]fe gdot readcjs tfdt cj tfe

sdae perclms djm cj ltfer rencljs (Rãrcnlrm, Ryrejees,

Odjtd`rcd), we ml jlt reolrm tfe presejoe lg suof

adsterpceoes. Ujmlu`temhy we sfluhm èhceve, ds Uoil djm

Plsejgehm fdve sunnestem grla 437> ljwdrms (og. dhsl Uoil

436>) tfdt tfere oluhm fdve èej adjy dplnees djm adjy

meohcjes, kust ds tfe olexcstejoe, dt tfe sdae tcae ùt cj

mcggerejt phdoes, lg tdhejtem drtcsts djm hess ncgtem

prdotctcljers. ]fdt rehdtcvcses tl d nredt extejt tfe vdhue

doolrmem tl tfe orctercd tfdt Herlc-Nlurfdj (4375), djm

su`sequejthy tfe Mehhuos (4334), fdve ncvej glr megcjcjn fcs

_tyhes C djm CC. ]fe cadne lg d hcjedr djm prlnresscve

evlhutclj lg drt cj tfe olurse lg tfese tej tflusdjm yedrs,

wctf d shlw doqucsctclj lg alre djm alre olaphex

teofjcques, cs tfereglre su`stctutem glr tfe jltclj lg d

seesdw-hcie evlhutclj.

Daljnst tfe speocgcos lg tfe perclm, tfe gcjner trdocjns

fdve tl è aejtcljem, ds tfey dre oertdcjhy alre juaerlus

djm wcmespredm dt tfdt tcae, evej cj tfe adklr odves

(Olsquer, Ofduvet, Ndrnds, ]rlcs-Græres) tfdj hdter (]ue

m'Dumluèrt). Jendtcve fdjms, lr plsctcve ljes, dre

dttrcùtd`he tl tfe Nrdvettcdj (Guejte meh _dhcj, Olsquer

(Gcn. >), Ndrnds, Hd`dttut) djm ct cs plssc`he tfdt tfey nl

`doi tl tfe Durcnjdocdj (Nrltte Ofduvet, wfere tfey dre

ohlsehy dsslocdtem wctf rem gcnures tfdt sflw tfe sdae

ofdrdotercstcos ds tfe mdtem `hdoi mrdwcjns9 og. Ofduvet et

dh. 4335, gcn. 05).




Gcn. 6. Geadhe souhpture (serpejtcje) grla Ndhnejèrn (Dustrcd),

mdtem tl alre tfdj ?4,222 `p (dgter @emjdrci 433=`, gcn. 0, p. >3).

Cj plrtd`he drt, twl serces lg typcodh l`keots fdve èej

ijlwj glr d hljn tcae. ]fecr mcggusclj cs very speocgco. ]fe

urdvettcdj-pdvhlvcdj-ilstejicdj geadhe stdtuettes olver tfe

wflhe lg Eurlpe djm dre glujm ds gdr dwdy ds _cèrcd. @ut

tfey were dppdrejthy jlt adme slutf lg tfe Ryrejees, wfcof

cs very surprcscjn. ]fe pseuml-stdtuette replrtem grla

_etu`dh (Rlrtundh) (Gdrcjfd mls _djtls 4362-64) cs d husus

jdturde wctflut tfe shcnftest fuadj cjtervejtclj. _cjoe tfe

mcsolvery lg tfe 'Wejus' lg Ndhnejèrn (Gcn. 6) ct cs ijlwj

tfdt tfcs tfeae nles `doi tl tfe Durcnjdocdj. Lj tfe ltfer

fdjm, tfe reoejt mcsolverces cj Odjdmd, lg d serces lg >

gcnurcjes grla tfe exodvdtcljs `y Kuhhcej dt Nrcadhmc

(@csslj djm @lhmuo 433=) sfluhm jlt è questcljem; tfecr

odreguh exdacjdtclj sflws tfdt we dre redhhy medhcjn wctf

dutfejtco pdhdelhctfco stdtuettes, cj spcte lg oertdcj chh-

glujmem mlu`ts (@dfj 4335; 02=). ]fey dre very prl`d`hy

dttrcùtd`he tl tfe Nrdvettcdj, hcie tfecr olhhednues (@lhmuo

et dh. 4337). Cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe qucte d sadhh

stdtudry, prclr tl 02,222, fds èej ijlwj glr d hljn tcae

(Ilzhlwsic 4330).]fe ejnrdvem phdquettes lg Eh Rdrpdhhÿ, cj _pdcj, fdve

reoecvem auof hess dttejtclj. Flwever, ct cs tfe ljhy ijlwj

odse wfere d very caplrtdjt plrtd`he drt lj phdquette fds

survcvem hlodhhy glr d`lut tej tflusdjm yedrs, grla tfe

Nrdvettcdj up tl djm cjohumcjn tfe hdte Adnmdhejcdj.

Doolrmcjn tl tfe mdtes l`tdcjem cj slutfedsterj _pdcj, tfe

perclm oljoerjem, èscmes tfe jlj-represejtem Durcnjdocdj cj

Eh Rdrpdhhÿ, olverem tfe Nrdvettcdj djm tfe hlwer djm edrhy

acmmhe _lhutredj. Meolrdtem phdquettes dre rdre cj tfe

Nrdvettcdj lg Eh Rdrpdhhÿ (>, wctf 4? meolrdtem scmes) djm

tfey èolae auof alre juaerlus cj tfe _lhutredj (hlwer;

45=, wctf 43? scmes9 edrhy acmmhe; ?07, wctf =20 scmes)(Wchhdverme @ljchhd 433=`; 4=7). Ct cs tfereglre caplssc`he tl

meteracje d mevehlpaejt. Ct sfluhm è jltem, flwever, tfdt,

doolrmcjn tl tfe dutflr wfl fds adme d very metdchem

djdhyscs trycjn - lgtej jlt wctflut mcggcouhtces - tl dpphy tfe

orctercd djm prcjocphes lg Herlc-Nlurfdj, tfe perspeotcve djm

tfe sfdmcjn glr tfe cjterclr lg tfe `lmces lg tfe djcadhs were

dhredmy adsterem (Wchhdverme @ljchhd 433=d, 433=`).

^fetfer we dre medhcjn wctf tfe durcnjdocdj stdtuettes

grla tfe _wd`cdj Kurd, tfe d`sejoe lg 'Wejuses' cj _pdcj

djm Rlrtundh, tfe hljn trdmctclj lg ejnrdvem djm pdcjtem

phdquettes cj Eh Rdrpdhhÿ, lr evej tfe pdvhlvcdj djm

ilstejicdj stdtudry, tfe olujterpdrt lg wfcof cs jlt glujm cjêsterj Eurlpe, d speocdhcsdtclj doolrmcjn tl renclj djm

ouhturdh nrlup cs jltcoed`he prclr tl 02,222 `p. Oertdcj

teofjcques djm su`keots seea speocgco glr pdrtcouhdr rencljs

dt suof lr suof tcaes. ^fdt d`lut tfe tfeaes<

5. Djcadh tfeaes djm tfecr mevehlpaejt

Doolrmcjn tl Herlc-Nlurfdj, tfe gcnurdtcve tfeaes fdrmhy

ofdjne grla tfe Durcnjdocdj tl tfe Adnmdhejcdj; "]fe

tfeaes lg perclm C (...) dre tfe sdae wfcof mlacjdte tfe

ejtcre Rdhdelhctfco drt" (4375; 4=6). _cjoe tflse mcstdjt

èncjjcjns, we dre, doolrmcjn tl fca, medhcjn wctf "d systea

lg sya`lhco represejtdtclj lg tfe hcvcjn wlrhm tfdt perscsts

wctf acjlr vdrcdtcljs glr tfe wflhe murdtclj lg Rdhdelhctfco

drt" (p. 4=>). Herlc-Nlurfdj fds hdcj nredt eapfdscs lj tfe

survcvdh lg tfe sdae oljtejt grla èncjjcjn tl ejm, tl

oljohume tfdt "tfe cmelhlncodh ujcty tfereglre meprcves

pdrcetdh drt lg tfe regerejoe plcjts tfdt wluhm è prlvcmem `y

tfe ofdjnes cj tfe gujmdaejtdh gcnurdtcve tfeae. Ljhy tfe

vdrcdtcljs cj tfe represejtdtclj lg tfcs ujcglra oljtejt

readcj peroeptc`he tfrlunf styhcstco stumy" (p. 4?>). Ds glr

tfe Mehhuos, tfey olapchem (Mehhuo djm Mehhuo 4334; ?06) dj



3> KEDJ OHL]]E_ - DP] @E] EEJ ?2,222 DJM 02,222 @R

Gcn. 3. Nrltte Ofduvet. ]fe represejtdtcljs lg èdrs djm ltfer d prclrc jlj-fujtem djcadhs dre juaerlus cj tfcs odve. Fere d hdrne rem èdr grlad scme ndhhery jedr tfe ejtrdjoe (pfltl K. Ohlttes).

cjterestcjn ejuaerdtclj lg pdrcetdh djcadhs tl wfcof we wchh

returj, djm tfey jlte tfdt rfcjloerls djm èdr dre ljhy

represejtem cj tfe Durcnjdocdj (p. ??=) wfche tfe oervcms dre

hdoicjn, djm tfdt, ds fds èej plcjtem lut adjy tcaes, tfe

vuhvds dre tfej juaerlus (p. ?=>). Flwever, tfey ml jlt

mrdw djy oljohuscljs grla tfcs ejuaerdtclj wfcof wluhm è

dt lmms wctf tfe tfelrces mevehlpem `y Herlc-Nlurfdj.

Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, K. Fdfj fds stressem tfe lrcncjdhcty lg

tfe tfeaes lg tfe Neradj stdtuettes, wfcof cs jl hess nredt

tfdj tfe slpfcstcodtclj lg tfecr teofjcques. ]fcs lrcncjdhcty

wds suof tfdt fe evej ejvcsdnem dj durcnjdocdj ouhturdh

cslhdtclj cj slutferj Neradjy (Fdfj, cj Dh`reoft et dh.

4363; ?5). Fe readriem tfdt tfe represejtem speoces were

tfe hdrnest, tfe alst plwerguh djm tfe alst mdjnerlus, dj

cmed recjglroem `y tfe tfredtejcjn plsture lg slae djcadhs

djm `y tfecr sexudh ofdrdotercsdtclj ds adhes; "Doolrmcjn tl

tfe oflcoe lg djcadhs, glroe djm strejntf seea tl è tfe

olapljejts tfdt tfey were trycjn tl express" (Fdfj 4367;

000). Fe dhsl aejtcljs tfe cjghuejoe lg tfe sedsljs lg

looupdtclj djm tfe gujotcljs lg tfe sctes lj tfcs oflcoe

(Fdfj 4332; 464), ds wehh ds tfdt lg tfe ejvcrljaejt lj tfe

nredter lr hesser dùjmdjoe lg adaaltfs, wfcof dre alre

juaerlus cj tfe Rhejcnhdocdh tfdj dt tfe ejm lg tfe

Rhecstloeje (lp. oct. p. 4609 og. dhsl me _ljjevchhe-@lrmes, cj

Fdfj 4332; 46?)9 tfe cjtejscve fujtcjn lg adaaltfs djm

rfcjloerlses oluhm fdve èej tfe meteracjcjn orcterclj glr

tfese oflcoes (Fdfj, cj Dh`reoft et dh. 4363; ?5). Flwever,

fe speocgces tfdt tfcs readri oluhm jlt dpphy tl hcljs djm

èdrs djm tfdt tfese hdst ljes `y tfecr presejoe exohume tfe

fypltfescs lg fujtcjn adnco (Fdfj 4367; 004).

K. Ilzhlwsic dhsl cjscsts lj tfe gdot tfdt tfese stdtuettes

represejt djcadhs tfdt were mcggcouht tl fujt, ùt fe mrdws

lpplscte oljohuscljs grla ct ds, doolrmcjn tl fca, tfey seea

"ds tfe expressclj lg d adnco mestcjem tl dpprlprcdte tfe

qudhctces lg tfe djcadhs djm, perfdps, tl ejsure tfe suooess lg

tfe fujt. (]fcs drt) mles cj jl wdy olrrespljm wctf d olaphex

djm struoturem rehcnclus systea" (4330; =2). ]fe èncjjcjns

lg tfcs rehcnclus tflunft cj êsterj Eurlpe were ljhy




Gcn. 42. Nrltte Ofduvet. Ejnrdvcjn lg d vuhvd, d very grequejt altcg cj durcnjdocdj pdrcetdh drt (pfltl K. Ohlttes).

peroeptc`he tfrlunf "tfe rdtfer orume represejtdtcljs" (p. =0)

cj tfe Mlrmlnje. wfereds tfe durcnjdocdj adnco trdmctclj

wluhm è odrrcem lj tfrlunf nrdvettcdj zllalrpflhlncodh

stdtuettes cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe; "Cj gdot, cj Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe, glr cjstdjoe, tfe djcadhs alst grequejthy mepcotem

dre gehcjes djm èdrs, tfus djcadhs mcggcouht tl fujt, tfe ljes

tfdt prl`d`hy alst capressem nrdvettcdj adj" (Ilzhlwsic

4330; 76). Mespcte tfcs oljvernejoe, fe tfcjis tfdt tfe

nrdvettcdj wlris lg drt, wfetfer pdvhlvcdj lr ilstejicdj,

oljtrdry tl durcnjdocdj ljes, oluhm è cjterpretem wctfcj tfe

grdaewlri lg d olferejt rehcnclus systea èoduse lg tfe alre

olaphex sya`lhco èfdvclur tl wfcof tfey testcgy (p. 77).D gcrst cjvejtlry lg tfe djcadhs represejtem cj Nrltte

Ofduvet fds sflwj tfdt speoces tfdt were jlt fujtem ohedrhy

mlacjdte fere (Ohlttes 4335, 4337d9 Ohlttes et dh. 4333). Lg

tfe ?4? djcadh represejtdtcljs glujm, rfcjloerls (Gcn. 7)

(74, tfdt cs 43%), adaaltf (7=, tfdt cs 02%), djm hclj (74,

tfdt cs 43%) (Gcn. 5) dre `y gdr tfe alst juaerlus. ]fe alst

olaalj djcadhs cj tfe Grdjol-Odjtd`rcdj odves, flrses,

`lvcms, oervcms djm odprcms, represejt cj dhh 445 ujcts, c.e.

?7% lg tfe cmejtcgcd`he djcadhs cj Nrltte Ofduvet, wfereds

tfe mdjnerlus djm nejerdhhy rdrer djcadhs cj pdrcetdh djm

plrtd`he drt, rfcjloerls, gehcjes, adaaltfs djm èdrs (44,

tfdt cs =%) (Gcn. 3) juaèr 43>, dhalst twcoe ds auof

(70%).

]fcs cjversclj lg tfeaes cj rehdtclj tl wfdt we ijlw grla

ehsewfere plses d prl`hea. Evej cg hcljs, rfcjloerlses djm

adaaltfs were alre dùjmdjt cj tfe durcnjdocdj gdujd

tfdj tfey wluhm è d gew tflusdjm yedrs hdter, wfcof

readcjs tl è prlvej, ct fds hljn èej dooeptem tfdt tfe

djcadhs represejtem were jlt jeoessdrchy represejtdtcve lg

tfe `cltlpe lg tfe drtcsts. Jlr mcm tfey olpy ct ohlsehy,

ltferwcse we wluhm fdve tl pcoture tfe Mlrmlnje drlujm

Pluggcnjdo olverem wctf adaaltfs murcjn tfe Adnmdhejcdj.

Cj tfe Rãrcnlrm tfe rloi drt sctes oljscmerem ds

drofdelhlncodhhy mdtem tl tfe Durcnjdocdj dre jlt very

juaerlus, ds we fdve seej. ]fe cjvejtlry lg djcadhs ncves

7 cèxes, ? flrses, 0 `lvcms, 0 adaaltfs, 0 rfcjloerlses,

0 èdrs, djm 7 cjmeteracjdtes (Mehhuo djm Mehhuo 4334;

?06). ]fe tltdh juaèr (0?) cs jlt very fcnf djm djy




peroejtdne odj ljhy è cjmcodtcve wctf suof d sadhh tltdh.

Jevertfehess, we odj see tfdt mdjnerlus djcadhs oljstctute

dj d`jlradhhy fcnf prlplrtclj (07%, lr ?0% lg tfe

cmejtcgcd`he djcadhs), espeocdhhy cg we olapdre ct wctf tfe

metdchem doolujt tfdt tfe sdae dutflrs ncve glr tfe nrdvettcdj

pdrcetdh djcadhs; 3 cèxes, 3 oervcms, > flrses, = adaaltfs,

? `lvcms, 4 aendoerls. 4 sdhalj, djm 42 cjmeteracjdtes (lp.ech.). ]fe mdjnerlus djcadhs lg tfe Nrdvettcdj tfereglre ml

jlt oljstctute alre tfdj 3% lg tfe ejsea`he djm shcnfthy

alre tfdj 44% lg tfe meteracjd`he djcadhs, wfcof aedjs

tfdt tfey dre jedrhy tfree tcaes hess juaerlus tfdj cj tfe

preoemcjn perclm. ]fey readcj, jevertfehess, dt d fcnfer

grequejoy tfdj hdter cj tfe _lhutredj djm Adnmdhejcdj, wfej

rfcjloerlses, èdrs, djm hcljs wchh è oljscmerem ds rdre

djcadhs, kust ds tfe adaaltf wchh è cj ejtcre rencljs

(Ryrejees, Odjtd`rcd).

]fe pregerrem tfeaes lg Nrltte Ofduvet tfus gcjm d

megcjcte eofl cj slutfwesterj Grdjoe murcjn tfe Durcnjdocdj.

]fese pdrdhhehs dre gurtfer dooejtudtem `y tfe presejoe lgtfree ejnrdvem djm twl pdcjtem vuhvds cj Ofduvet (Gcn. 42)

wfcof reodhh tfcs (feae, sl dùjmdjt cj tfe Durcnjdocdj lg

tfe Mlrmlnje.

D oertdcj juaèr lg ltfer ujmdtem odves sflw

resea`hdjoes wctf Ofduvet. ]fus, tfe Nrdjme Nrltte lg

Droy-sur-Oure. dpdrt grla 6 jendtcve fdjms djm d plsctcve

lje, fds severdh plcjts cj olaalj wctf tfe odverj cj tfe

Drmæofe, wctf tfe presejoe lg rfcjloerls (4 , djm 4 plssc`he

ùt jlt oertdcj), gehcje (4), èdr (=), djm adaaltf (0>).

Ltfer speoces dre; 7 oervcms, 4 cèx, 0 `lvcms, 4 flrse, 4

`crm, djm 3 cjmeteracjdtes (@dggher djm Ncrdrm 4335). Dhsl cj

tfcs odse, tfe juaèr lg djcadhs cs shcnfthy tll hlw tl fdve

rehcd`he peroejtdnes, exoept glr cjglradtclj ljhy. Flwever, ct

cs jlt ujcjterestcjn tl jlte tfdt tfe mdjnerlus djcadhs tfdt

adme tfe resedrofers qudhcgy tfcs èstcdry ds 'lrcncjdh'

represejt alre tfdj 70% lg tfe tltdh juaèr djm >5% lg tfe

cmejtcgcd`he djcadhs.

Daljnst tfe ltfer ujmdtem odves, tfe strdjnest `y cts styhe

cs Hd @duae Hdtrlje (Ndrm), wfcof wds cjtuctcvehy dttrcùtem

tl tfe Nrdvettcdj `y F. @reuch, `y D. Herlc-Nlurfdj, djm

jext `y Mr Mrlult. wfl stumcem ct. ]fe hcst lg represejtem

speoces, doolrmcjn hl tfcs hdst dutflr, oljscsts lg; 42

adaaltfs . 0 cèxes, 0 oervcms, 4 flrse, 4 lvcm, 4 èdr, 4

gehcje, djm 4 rfcjloerls (Mrlult 436=`). Dhh tfe mdjnerlus

djcadhs lg tfe Nrltte Ofduvet dre fere. ]fey doolujt glr

alre tfdj 57% lg tfe ejsea`he djm glr alre tfdj 76% lg

tfe meteracjd`he su`keots. Cj dmmctclj tl tfese oljvernejoes

tfere cs tfe presejoe lg gcjner trdocjns djm lg 5 plsctcve

fdjms cj ohdy.

]fe sdae readris dpphy tl tfe Nrltte @dylh, dhsl cj tfe

Ndrm, wfere tfere dre ? cèxes, 4 adaaltf, C èdr, 4 gehcje,

4 oervcm, djm 4 flrse, djm 7 plsctcve fdjms (Mrlult 436=d).

Rlsctcve fdjms dre extreaehy rdre cj pdhdelhctfco drt. ]fecr

presejoe, cj @dylh, ds cj Hd @duae Hdtrlje djm cj Ofduvet,

cs tfe alre readrid`he. ]fcs mles jlt aedj, lg olurse, tfdt

we sfluhm dutladtcodhhy oljscmer @dylh lr Hd @duae

Hdtrlje ds Durcnjdocdj, ds we jever ijlw glr flw hljn d

oertdcj tfeae oluhm fdve perscstem. Mrlult fds dttrcùtem

oertdcj gcnures lg @dylh tl tfe _lhutredj `y olapdrcslj wctf

Luhhcjs, ùt fe reoiljs tfdt tfe represejtdtcljs lg fdjms djmseverdh ltfer gcnures oluhm è jltd`hy lhmer (Mrlult 436=d;

?07).

]fese l`servdtcljs sflw tfdt cj tfe Durcnjdocdj, cj

slutfedsterj Grdjoe djm Neradjy djm tl d hesser menree cj

tfe Mlrmlnje, tfe tfeae lg jlj-fujtem djcadhs, tfe alst

gedrslae lr capresscve ljes, mlacjdtem cj `ltf pdrcetdh djm

plrtd`he drt. ]fese tfeaes dre dhsl presejt cj ujmdtem odves

wfetfer tfey è Durcnjdocdj lr lg d hdter mdte, cg tfey fdve

perscstem fere djm tfere.

Cj tfe Grejof odves, tfe meolrdtem ejsea`hes dttrcùtem tl

tfe Nrdvettcdj, lj tfe ltfer fdjm, sflw d strljn prepljmer

djoe lg fujtem djcadhs, wctf tfe flrse very wcmehymlacjdjt. ]fe djcadhs cteacsem cj Ndrnds (@drrcære 43>7)

dre 4=6, d respeotd`he juaèr tfdt dhhlws stdtcstcodh

olapdrcslj. Cj gdot, tfcs èstcdry fds jectfer gehcje, jlr

rfcjloerls lr èdr, djm tfe adaaltfs ljhy dalujt tl =%

fere, wfereds tfe rest lg tfe gdujd cs alre oljscstejt wctf

tfe usudh sofeae, wctf ?7.5% `lvcms (`csljs djm durlofsej),

03% flrses, 42% cèxes, 7% oervcms, 6% cjmeteracjdtes,

dpdrt grla 0 `crms djm 4 wchm `ldr. ]fe tfeadtco pregerejoes

lg tfe Nrdvettcdjs lg Ndrnds tfereglre mcggerem rdmcodhhy grla

tflse lg tfecr caaemcdte premeoesslrs.

]fe sdae dpphces tl tfe Ndherce mes Ofluettes lg tfe

]rãgljms mes ]rlcs-Græres wflse styhcstco djm teofjcodhscachdrctces wctf Ndrnds dhhlw ct tl è megcjctehy dttrcùtem tl

tfe Nrdvettcdj. Uscjn tfe trdocjns adme cj tfcs ndhhery `y tfe

D``ã @reuch (@ãnluéj djm @reuch 4356), M. Wcdhlu (4367;

40=) fds olujtem 0 `crms (lwhs), 5 ejnrdvem `csljs, 6 `lvcms,

6 flrses, djm ?3 cjmeteracjdtes.

Ct seeas tfereglre tfdt d tfeadtco ofdjne fds tdiej phdoe cj

tfe Grejof Acmc grla tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe Nrdvettcdj

(Ndrnds, He ]rãgljms mes ]rlcs-Græres, perfdps Olsquer) lr dt

tfe ejm lg tfe Durcnjdocdj. Ct cs jlt caplssc`he tfdt tfere

oluhm è ofrljlhlncodh mcsorepdjoces, pdrtcouhdrhy cj edsterj

Grdjoe (Hd Nrdjme Nrltte) djm tfdt cj slae rencljs tfey fdve

oljtcjuem tl use tfe sdae tfeaes hljner tfdj cj ltfers. ]fdt

oluhm exphdcj tfe auhtcphcocty lg adaaltf represejtdtcljs cj

oertdcj odves cj alre reoejt perclms (Reof-Aerhe, Olunjdo).

Rerscstejoces suof ds tfese fdve èej mealjstrdtem cj

Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe kumncjn `y tfe dùjmdjt plrtd`he

drt cj tflse rencljs. Cj tfe Rdvhlvcdj djm Ilstejicdj,

olrrespljmcjn nrlssl alml tl tfe Nrdvettcdj, tfe

peroejtdnes lg mdjnerlus djcadhs dre alre lr hess tfe sdae

djm oljtcjue tfe durcnjdocdj trdmctclj. Daljn tfe 7> djcadh

stdtuettes cj tfe Rdvhlvcdj reolrmem d gew yedrs dnl. tfere




were 04 èdrs, 44 sadhh odrjcvlres, 3 gehcjes, 6 adaaltfs,

7 `crms, 7 flrses, = rfcjloerlses, 4 odprcm djm 4 oervcm. Evej

wctflut olujtcjn tfe sadhh odrjcvlres, tfe tltdh lg tfe

mdjnerlus djcadhs olaes tl =0 (70.7%). Glr tfe ilstejicdj

stdtuettes tfe respeotcve prlplrtcljs lg tfese djcadhs vdry ùt

tfecr tltdh readcjs oljstdjt, scjoe ?7 adaaltfs fdve èej

olujtem, 44 `crms, 6 rfcjloerlses, 7 gehcjes, 5 èdrs, ? flrses,0 `csljs, 4 odprcm, 4 oervcm, 4 sadhh odrjcvlre, 4 ltfer djm

47 cjmeteracjdtes (Fdfj 4332; 4>6). Glr tfese 34

represejtdtcljs tfe lverdhh peroejtdne lg tfe 55 mdjnerlus

djcadhs redofes 72.=%9 ct nles up tl >? % cg ljhy cmejtcgcd`he

djcadhs dre oljscmerem. Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe mcggerejoe

wctf tfe Adnmdhejcdj lg tfe sdae rencljs cs strcicjn, wfere

djcadh souhpture cs jlt hess dùjmdjt tfdj prevclushy ùt

wctf d speotdouhdr cjversclj lg tfeaes. Cj gdot, 4?3 djcadh

stdtuettes fdve èej reolrmem (Fdfj 4332; 4>6) lg wfcof 57

flrses, == `csljs, 3 èdrs, 0 gehcjes, 0 `crms, 4 adaaltf, 4

odprcm, 4 oervcm, 5 acsoehhdjelus speoces djm 46 cjmeterac

jdtes. Lje jltes tfe d`sejoe lg rfcjloerls djm tfe sadhhjuaèr lg ltfer mdjnerlus speoces; 40 cj tltdh, tfus `drehy

6.7 '9 lg tfe ejsea`he djm X()'c lg tfe meteracjd`he djcadhs.

Glr redsljs tfdt we odj ljhy dssuae, perfdps pdrthy hcjiem

tl tfe jdture lg tfe `cltlpe, we tfereglre jltcoe d mrdstco

ofdjne cj tfe represejtem tfeaes, tfdt cs tl sdy cj tfe èhcegs

djm ouhturdh prdotcoes lg tfe ouhtures oljoerjem (Ohlttes 4335,

4337d). ]fcs ofdjne loourrem rdtfer edrhy, dt tfe ejm lg tfe

Durcnjdocdj lr tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe Nrdvettcdj, cj êsterj

Eurlpe, auof hdter cj Edsterj Eurlpe. ]fese l`servdtcljs ruj

olujter tl Herlc-Nlurfdj's tfelrces lj tfe ujcocty lg tfeaes

grla tfe èncjjcjn tl tfe ejm lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

7. Oljohuscljs

]l oljohume tfcs `rceg lvervcew, we wluhm hcie tl aejtclj

ljoe alre tfe jltewlrtfy gdots lg tfcs hljn perclm prclr tl

02,222 `p, ds tfey dppedr tl us dgter tfe sfdie-ups lg tfe hdst

yedrs.

_tchh very gew oertdcj eheaejts dre dt lur mcsplsdh. Cj

pdrtcouhdr, tfe ofrljlhlncodh dttrcùtcljs lg juaerlus pdrcetdh

sctes aust è ohdrcgcem djm surprcses dre plssc`he djm evej

prl`d`he. Flwever, we jlw ijlw tfdt grla tfe Durcnjdocdj

ljwdrms tfe pelphe adsterem dhh drtcstco teofjcques, cj dhh

tfecr dspeots, djm tfdt loodscljdhhy tfey oluhm sflw tfe alst

slpfcstcodtem qudhctces cj tfe rejmercjn lg glras djm plstures

lg djcadhs. Ltfer mcsolverces, cj tfe guture, wchh surehy

oljgcra tfcs l`servdtclj. Grla jlw lj ct ofdjnes lur

jltcljs lg tfe dppedrdjoe djm espeocdhhy tfe mevehlpaejt lg

drt. ê ml jlt ijlw exdothy wfdt wchh è tfe murdtclj lg tfe

oljvejtcljs djm wfdt tflse dre tfdt oluhm prlve tl è

meocscve glr ofdrdoterczcjn ujmdtem sctes. Cj tfcs respeot, tfe

sctudtclj cs slaewfdt olapdrd`he tl tfe lje tfe prefcstlrco

speocdhcsts lg cjmustrces wejt tfrlunf wfej tfey d`djmljem

tfe oljoept lg tfe type glssch.

Ds glr tfe tfeaes, oertdcj ohdssco ljes fdve èejoljgcraem; tfe represejtdtcljs lg vuhvds dre dhwdys dùjmdjt

cj tfe Durcnjdocdj, djm tfe 'Wejuses' cj tfe Nrdvettcdj, ùt

glr tfe hdtter jlw wctf dj djoestlr cj tfe Durcnjdocdj

(Ndhnejèrn). ]fe tfeae lg tfe olaplscte gcnure, fdhg

fuadj/fdhg djcadh, ijlwj d`lve dhh grla tfe acmmhe

Adnmdhejcdj (]rlcs-Græres) djm perfdps grla tfe edrhy

Adnmdhejcdj (Nd`chhlu), ds wehh ds grla tfe Nrdvettcdj djm

tfe _lhutredj (Olunjdo, Reof-Aerhe), cs jlw reolnjcsem cj

`ltf tfe plrtd`he durcnjdocdj drt (Flfhejstecj-_tdmeh) djm

tfe pdrcetdh lje (Ofduvet). ]fe èhceg cj tfercdjtfrlpco

ècjns, mealjstrdtem wlrhmwcme cj every perclm, glras

wctflut mlu`t pdrt lg tfe ujcversdhs lg tfe fuadj acjm. Cg,

ds lje oluhm tfcji, d hdrne pdrt lg tfe wlris lg Ofduvet

èhljns tl tfe sdae perclm, tfej tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe

jendtcve fdjms oluhm alrelver è lhmer `y severdh tflusdjm

yedrs. ]fcs lrcncjdh durcnjdocdj drt, oertdcj dspeots lg wfcof

dre scachdr cj plrtd`he djm cj pdrcetdh drt, fds ijlwj

mcggerejt oljtcjudtcljs cj mcggerejt phdoes. Ct seeas tl fdve

hdstem murcjn tfe ejtcre Nrdvettcdj cj Edsterj Eurlpe, wfche

cj slutfwesterj Grdjoe tfe djcadhs olaaljhy fujtem tlli

lver grla tfe mdjnerlus djcadhs djm èodae nejerdhhy tfe

adklrcty grla tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe Nrdvettcdj.

Gcjdhhy, oljtrdry tl wfdt Herlc-Nlurfdj tflunft, tfe

lhmest drt cs jlt ljhy dj exterclr drt, presejt cj rloi sfehterswctf mdyhcnft. ]fe mcsolverces lg Ofduvet, Olsquer, djm Hd

Nrdjme Nrltte lg Droy-sur-Oure sflw tfcs wehh. D reoejt

cjvejtlry lg tfe meolrdtem odves djm rloi sfehters cj Grdjoe

fds sflwj tfdt cj tfe 'edrhy' perclms, tfdt cs tfe Durcnjdocdj

djm tfe Nrdvettcdj, rloi sfehters explsem tl mdyhcnft djm

meep odves were usem oljourrejthy, cj olapdrd`he

prlplrtcljs (Ohlttes 433>).

Dhh tfese l`servdtcljs oljgcra tfe sejse lg ujcty cj

pdhdelhctfco drt. ê odj jl hljner spedi lg 'drofdco' drt lr lg

tfe 'prcactcve perclm' glr tfe perclm prclr tl 02,222 `p.

Mcstcjotcljs excst, oertdcjhy, ùt tfey dre alre mue tl hlodh

pdrtcouhdrctces - glr wfcof we sfluhm dtteapt tl ehuocmdte tfe

redsljs djm aetflms - tfdj tl d mevehlpaejt wctf tfe

pdsscjn lg tflusdjms lg yedrs, djm evej hess tl d prlnress cj

teofjcques djm oljoepts.




regerejoes

Dh`reoft, N‚

N. @lscjsic.

P. Geusteh,K. Fdfj,

@. Ihcad.

F. Aøhher-@eoi

Fdhgcor, M..

A. ('adcm

@dfj, R.L.

@drrcære, O.

@emjdrci, P.N.

4363 Hls olacejzls meh Drte ej Eurlpd oejtrdh. Admrcm; Ausel Drquelhÿncol Jdocljdh.

@ãnlugcj, F.,

F. @reuch

@csslj, A.-_.,

R. @lhmuo

@lhmuo, R.,C, ('cjq-Adrs,

A. Aussc

Ofduvet, K.-A.,

E. @rujeh-Mesofdaps,

O. Fchhdccv

Ohlttes, c

4335 Hd Nrdjme Nrltte m'Droy-sur-Oure (Sljje). _eoljm sdjotudcre pdhãlhctfcque `lurnucnjlj,

H'Djtfrlplhlnce 422(0), 026-047.

433= Hdsodux; olaplsctclj lu doouauhdt clj<, [epfyrus VHWCCC, ?-4?.

4335 Jew mevehlpaejts cj Rhecstloeje Drt, Evlhutcljdry Djtfrlplhlny =(7), 02=-045 .

43>7 H'drt pdrcetdh me hd Nrltte me Ndrnds, Lxglrm; @DP (_uppheaejtdry _erces 4=-4).

433=d D tdpfljlay lg pdhdeldrt, Djtcqucty 76, 76->=.

433=` ]fe lhmest drt cj tfe wlrhm, Espdocl, ]ceapl y Glrad, _erce C, Rrefcstlrcd y Drquelhlncod

>,>5-34.

433=o ]fe Rhecstloeje Drt lg Dscd, Klurjdh lg ^lrhm Rrefcstlry 6(=), ?54-?>5.

4356 Hes Odverjes mu Wlhp. ]rlcs-Græres, ]ue m'Dumluèrt, í Aljtesquceu-Dvdjtæs (Drcæne). Rdrcs.

433= Rrevclushy ujmesorcèm gcnurcjes grla tfe Nrcadhmc odves, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?5(=),

=56-=76.

4337 Hes gcnurcjes mes @dhzc Plssc (Ctd hcé); uje olhheotclj permue et retrluvãe, @uhhetcj me hd_locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Drcæne-Ryrãjães HC, 45-5?.

4335 Hd Nrltte Ofduvet í Wdhhlj-Rljt- m'Dro. Rdrcs; He _euch.

433? Hd jdcssdjoe mu sejs drtcstcque, Pevue mes _ocejoes alrdhes et plhctcque!, 4>?-46=.

433= Rlst-_tyhcstco< Cj; A. Hlr`hdjofet djm R.N. @dfj (ems), ]fe Rlst-_tyhcstco Erd lr ^fere ml

we nl grla fere<, _eoljm DUPD Oljnress, 43-05, Odcrjs, Dustrdhcd.

4335 Ofdjneaejts tfãadtcques mdjs Rdrt mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur. @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã

Rrãfcstlrcque Drcæne-Ryrãjães H, 4?-?=.

4337d ]feadtco ofdjnes cj Upper Rdhdelhctfco drt; d vcew grla tfe Nrltte Ofduvet, Djtcqucty >2,

0>7-066.

4337` Hes mdtes me hd Nrltte Ofduvet sljt-ehhes cjvrdcsea`hd`hes<, CJLPD 4?, 0>-03.

433> Drt lg tfe Hcnft djm Drt lg tfe Meptfs. Cj; A.^. Oljiey, L. _lgger, M. _trdtadjj djm

J.N. Kd`hljsic (ems), @eyljm Drt. Rhecstloeje Cadne djm _ya`lh, 02?-047, Aealcrs lg tfe

Odhcglrjcd Dodmeay lg _ocejoes 0?, _dj Grdjocsol; Odhcglrjcd Dodmeay lg _ocejoes.




Ohlttes, K.,

K. Olurtcj

433= Hd Nrltte Olsquer. Recjtures et nrdvures me hd odverje ejnhlutce. Rdrcs; He _euch.

Ohlttes, K.,

F. Wdhhdmds,

F. Odofcer,

A. Drjlhm

4330 Mes mdtes plur Jcdux et Ndrnds, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcso 63(3), 0>2-0>=.

Ohlttes, K.,

K.-A. Ofduvet,

E. @rujeh-Mesofdaps,

Of. Fchhdcre.

K.-R. Mdunds,

A. Drjlhm,

F. Odofcer,

K. Evcj,

Rf. Glrtcj,

Of. Lèrhcj,

J. ]csjerdt,

F. Wdhhdmds

4335 Hes pecjtures pdhãlhctfcques me hd Nrltte Ofduvet-Rljt -m'Dro, í Wdhhlj-Rljt-m'Dro

(Drmæofe, Grdjoe); mdtdtcljs mcreotes et cjmcreotes pdr hd aetflme mu rdmclodr`lje, OP.

Dodm. _ec. ?02(CCd), 44??-44=2.

Ohlttes, K.,

K. Olurtcj,

F. Wdhhdmds

4337 Jluvehhes mdtes mcreotes plur hd Nrltte Olsquer, CJLPD 45, 0-=.

Ohlttes, K.,

@. Nãhy,

S. He Nuchhlu

4333 4336 oejsus lg djcadh represejtdtcljs cj tfe Ofduvet Odve (Wdhhlj-Rljt-m 'Dro, Grdjoe),

CJLPD 0?, 46-05.

Mehhuo, @.,

N. Mehhuo

Mrlult, E.

Gdrcjfd mls _djtls, A.

Tcrdrm, A.,

M. @dggcer,

F. Wdhhdmds,

P. Femnes

Nlrej-Cj`dr, J.

Fdfj, K.

4334 H'drt pdrcetdh drofdìque ej Dquctdcje. Rdrcs; OJP_ (VVWhCCtf suppheaejt tl Ndhhcd

Rrãfcstlcre).

4337 H'drt pdhãlhctfcque drofdìque ej Grdjoe. Cj; D. @ectríj djm D. Wcnhcdrmc (ems), Drt cj tfe

Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco, Vhhhtf Cjterjdtcljdh Oljnress lg Rrefcstlrco djm Rrltlfcstlrco

_ocejoes, 6-4= _epteaèr 4337, 6>-32, Glrhc; UC_RR.

436=d Nrltte @dylh. Cj; H'Drt mes Odverjes, ?0?-?07, Rdrcs; Acjcstære me hd Ouhture-Caprcaerce

jdtcljdhe.

436= Nrltte me Hd @duae-Hdtrlje . Cj; H'Drt mes Odverjes, ???-??3, Rdrcs; Acjcstære me hd

Ouhture-Caprcaerce jdtcljdhe.

4362-64 Estdtuetd pdhelhgtcod mesolèrtd ea _etø`dh (jltc'ocd preh cacjdr), _etc't`dh Drquelhÿncod WC-

WCC, 03-?7.

4335 Mdtes 4=O í hd Nrdjme Nrltte m'Droy-sur-Oure (Sljje, Grdjoe), CJLPD 40, 4-0.

4367 D gcnurcje grla tfe Dofeuhcdj scte lg @ereifdt Pda, Ac']eiugdt Kd'Evej 43, >-40.

4367 Irdgt ujm Dnnressclj. Mce @ltsofdgt mer Ecszectiujst ca Durcnjdocej _ømmeutsofhdjms<

]ø`cjnej; Cjstctut gør Urnesofcofte mer Ujcversctít ]ø`cjnej.

4332 Gljotclj et scnjcgcodtclj mes stdtuettes mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur eurlpeej. Cj; K. Ohlttes

(em.), H'drt mes Lfkets du Rdhãlhctfcque. t. 0; Hes Wlces me hd Peoferofe, 4>?-46?, Dotes

mes Olhhlques me hd Mcreotclj mu Rdtrcalcje.



42?

Ilzhlwsik, CI.

Herlc-Nlurfdj. D.

KEDJ OHL]]E_ - DP] @E] EEJ ?2,222 DJM 02,222 @R

4330 H'drt me hd Rrãfcstlcre ej Eurlpe lrcéjtdhe. Rdrcs; OJP_.

4375 Rrãfcstlcre me h'drt loocmejtdh. Rdrcs; Adzejlm.

4362 Hes mãùts me ]drt. Hes Rrloessus me h'Flacjcsdtclj, 4?4-4?0, Olhhlques cjterjdtcljdux mu

OJP_ 533.

Hlr`hdjofet, A.

Hlr`hdjofet. A.,

R.L. @dfj (ems)

Hlr`hdjofet, A.,

F. Odofcer,

F. Wdhhdmds

4360 ]fe mdwj lg Eurlpedj drt - dj cjtrlmuotclj tl Rdhdelhctfco odve pdcjtcjn. Oda`rcmne;

Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

433= Hd mdtdtclj me h'drt pdrcetdh pdhãlhctfcque, @uhhetcj me hd _locëtc mes Etumes Hcttãrdcres,

_ocecctcgcquos et Fcstlrcques mu Hlt OVW-?, 474-460.

4335 Hes nrlttes lrjães me hd Rrohccstlcro. Jltcvedj.x rendrms. Rdrcs; Errdjoe.

433? Ploi Drt _tumces; tfe Rlst-_tyhcstco Erd lr wfere ml we nl grla fere< Lxglrm; Lx`lw

Aljlnrdpf ?5.

4335 Mdtdtclj mes ofevdux pljotuãs mu Reof-Aerhe, CJLPD 40, 0-?.

Uoil, R.K.

Uoil, R.K..

D. Plsejtehm

436> Meùts chhuslcres mdjs 4'ãtume me hd trdmctclj drtcstcque, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque

Drcæno-Ryrãjães VHCC, 45-64.

437> H'drt pdhãlhctfcque. Rdrcs; Fdofette.

Wcdhlu, M. 4367 H'drt mes nrlttes ej Drcæne adnmdhãjcejje. Rdrcs; Em. mu OJP_ (VVCCtf suppheaejt tl

Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre).

Wchhdverme @ljchhd. W.

[ccofjer, O.

433=d Drte pdhelhctcol me hd Olvd meh Rdrpdhhÿ. Estumcl me hd olheoocÿj me phdquetds y odjtls

nrdfdmls y pcjtdmls. Wdhejocd; Mcputdocÿj me Wdhejocd.

433=` Drte aue`he me hd Espdjd aemcterríjed; `reve scjtescs y dhnujds oljscmerdocljes teÿrcods,

Olaphutua 5, 4?3-470.

433=-5 Nrltte Ofduvet (Drmæofe, Grdjirecof) lmer auss mce Iujstnesofcofte wcrihcof jeu

nesofrceèj wermej<, Tudrtír =5-=7 (4337), 004-007.

4337 Hd Nrltte Ofduvet. Pdmclodr`lj oljtre Drofãlhlnce, CJLPD 4?, 05-0>.

Kedj Ohlttes

44, rue mu Glurodt

23222 Glcx

Grdjoe





Adrnferctd Aussc

Kdoques Ocjq-Adrs

Rcerre @lhmuo

6 Eofles grla tfe adaaltf steppe; tfe odse lg tfe@dhzc Plssc

]fe C< @dhzc Plssc gcnurcjes were mcsolverem cj tfe hdte 43tf

oejtury dt tfe @urad Nrdjme djm Nrltte mu Rrcjoe, twl

ohlsehy dsslocdtem odve sctes hlodtem lj tfe Ctdhcdj Pcvcerd.

D`lut fdhg lg tfea fdve hljn èej lj mcsphdy cj drofdelhlnc

odh auseuas, wfche tfe ltfers fdve readcjem fcmmej grla

tfe drofdelhlncodh olaaujcty. ]fese fdve ljhy reoejthy

resurgdoem cj Odjdmd wfere H.D. Kuhhcej, wfl fdm lrcncjdhhy

glujm tfe stdtuettes, fdm eacnrdtem èglre tfe turj lg tfe

oejtury. Ct cs `y gdr tfe hdrnest olhheotclj lg tfcs type grlaêsterj Eurlpe. D systeadtco djdhyscs lg tfe 45 speocaejs

dhhlws us tl adie olapdrcsljs lj d auof wcmer sodhe tfdj

èglre, djm tl adie wfdt we tfcji cs slae prlnress tlwdrm

tfe ehuocmdtclj lg tfecr gujotclj cj pdhdelhctfco slocetces. ê

gcjm ohlse teofjlhlncodh djm typlhlncodh scachdrctces wctf

stdtuettes mcsolverem cj lgtej mcstdjt pdrts lg Eurlpe djm

evej _cèrcd. ê dhsl jlte ofdjnes djm dmdptdtcljs, cj

spdoe djm alst prl`d`hy cj tcae, wfcof dre evcmejoe lg d

myjdaco set lg rehdtcljsfcps tfdt dre rdrehy mcsphdyem cj dj

drofdelhlncodh reolrm ujglrtujdtehy ofdrdotercsem alre `y

ndps tfdj `y slhcm evcmejoe. Gurtferalre, slae lg tfe @dhzc

Plssc evcmejoe odj è usem tl sunnest tfdt d slpfcstcodtem

set lg èhcegs excstem cj Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco Eurlpe,

wfcof cjohumem tfe jltclj tfdt oertdcj cjmcvcmudhs (jltd`hy

wlaej) fdm tfe d`chcty lr tfe plwer tl sfcgt grla lrmcjdry tl

d hess lr jlj-lrmcjdry heveh lg excstejoe. ]fese ds wehh ds

ltfer strljn cmelhlncodh tces prl`d`hy oljtrcùtem tl tfe

suooessguh olhljcsdtclj lg tfe caaejse Eurdscdj adaaltfsteppe murcjn tfe AUR.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fe @dhzc Plssc lr Nrcadhmc odves dre d strcjn lg jdturdh

odvctces hlodtem dt tfe `dse lg d ohcgg tfdt gdoes tfe

Aemcterrdjedj sflre, dt tfe grljtcer ètweej Ctdhy djm Grdjoe

(Gcn. 4). Cj tfe hdte 43tf oejtury, qudrrycjn dotcvctces, tfe

oljstruotclj lg d rdchwdy oljjeotcjn tfe twl olujtrces, ds

wehh ds dadteur djm, hdter, socejtcgco exodvdtcljs hem tl tfe

Gcn. 4. ]fe @dhzc Plssc (dgter Pcvcere 466>).

Nrltte me Ghlrestdj Nrltte mu Rrcjoe

Nrltte mu Odvchhlj

@drad Nrdjme

@dlussl md ]lrre

:.K

52 a

AEMC]EPPDJEDJ _ED



DNE

]FE MLU@HE] LP ]FE @EDU]S DJM ]FE @ED_]'

_tedtcte. - Sehhlwcsf nreej (trdjshuoejt). - =>x0?x42 aa. - 44.= n. -

Olaphete. - Odjdmd.

D jlj-fuadj ècjn wctf d trcdjnuhdr fedm djm ohepsymrd-sfdpem`lmy, `doi-tl-`doi wctf d wehh-prlplrtcljem wladj9 tfey dre

klcjem dt tfe fedm, sfluhmers, djm hlwer extreactces.

]FE @COERFDHLU_

_tedtcte. -Sehhlwcsf nreej (trdjshuoejt). - 0>.5x40x46 aa. -4.3 n. -

Olaphete. Odjdmd.

D wladj wctf prltrumcjn d`mlaej djm ùttlois9 d seoljm,trcdjnuhdr, jlj-fuadj fedm hllicjn `doiwdrm cs oljjeotem tl tfegcrst lje `y d `rcmne-sfdpem eheaejt resuhtcjn trla d trdjsverseperglrdtclj.

]FE KDJU_

_tedtcte. - Mdri nreej. - 74.5x04 x44 aa. - 47.3 n.- Cjolaphete;

hegt scme `rliej. - U._.D.

Ghdttcsf gcnurcje wctf d wladj odrvem lj edof gdoe9 d perglrdtcljcs hlodtem ètweej tfe ofcj djm tfe `redsts.

]FE FEPADRFPLMC]E

_tedtcte. - Musiy yehhlwcsf nreej. - 54 x4>x44 aa. -44 n. -Cjolaphete; acsscjn tfe fedm djm tfe hlwer extreactces. - Grdjoe.

Ghdttcsf geadhe gcnurcje exfc`ctcjn d seoljm fedm hlodtem ètweejtfe tfcnfs.

]FE JUJOfhlrcte. - Musiy nreej/musiy `hue nreej. - ==x06x6.5 aa. - 4= n. -

Cjolaphete; acsscjn mcstdh ejm. - Odjdmd.

]wl geadhe represejtdtcljs hlodtem lj lpplscte gdoes lg d ghdt,lvlcm pe``he9 lje metdchem, tfe ltfer lje `drehy sunnestem9d perglrdtclj cs hlodtem kust èhlw tfe fedm.

]FE NLC]EPEM HDMS

Djther. - Hcnft remmcsf-`rlwj/remmcsf `rlwj. - =5x4=x6 aa. - ?.7 n.-Cjolaphete; acsscjn gdoe, hegt `redst, rcnft fcp, djm hlwer hca`s. -Grdjoe.

Ghdttcsf geadhe gcnurcje wctf reversem pyrcglra `redsts djm

d`mlaej9 rlujm dppejmdne èhlw tfe ofcj9 tfe ùttlois dred dhslexfc`cts d seoljm pu`co trcdjnhe.

]FE LOFPEM HDMS

Cvlry. - Wery musiy rem/mdri remmcsf `rlwj. - >5x46x00 aa. - 02 n.-Cjolaphete; acsscjn hlwer extreactces9 cvlry surgdoe extejscvehymeterclrdtem. - Odjdmd.

Geadhe gcnurcje ofdrdoterczem `y d prlacjejt olcggure djm wehh-mevehlpem ùttlois9 d flhe mrchhem ètweej tfe `redsts lpejs up cjtfe `doi cj d gujjeh-sfdpem gdsfclj.



42> ADPO.FEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

]FE D@PDOFCDH

Cvlry. - Pem/yehhlwcsf rem. - 76x02x0? aa. -43.= n. - Cjolaphete;acsscjn hlwer extreactces.- Odjdmd.

^ladj wctf d gdoehess oyhcjmrcodh fedm djm prlacjejt d`mlaejdjm ùttlois9 reajdjts lg d plssc`he perglrdtclj dt tfe mcstdh ejm.

]FE HL[EJNE

_tedtcte. - Musiy nreej. - 70x0=x4> aa. -4>.5 n. - Cjolaphete;acsscjn mcstdh ejm. - Grdjoe.

^cme-`lmcem geadhe gcnurcje ofdrdoterczem `y plcjtem fedm djmhlwer hca`s, djm exfc`ctcjn prlacjejt d`mlaej djm ùttlois

74x44x02 aa.- 6.3 n.

]FE RUJOFCJEHHL

_tedtcte. - Musiy yehhlwcsf nreej.Olaphete. - Grdjoe.

Jdrrlw-`lmcem geadhe gcnurcje ofdrdoterczem `y plcjtem fedm djmhlwer hca`s, djm exfc`ctcjn prlacjejt d`mlaej djm ùttlois.

]FE SEHHL^ WEJU_

_tedtcte. - Mdri yehhlwcsf `rlwj. - =6x04x4? aa. - 45.= n. -Cjolaphete; acsscjn hlwer extreactces. - Grdjoe.

Fedvy-set wladj wctf prlacjejt pejmuhlus `redsts9 dhslexfc`ctcjn d plcjtem gdoe djm d juofdh dppejmdne.

]FE CJJLACJD]E

_tedtcte. - Nreejcsf `hdoi. - ?6x40x4= aa. - >.> n. - Cjolaphete;acsscjn tfe grljtdh pdrt lg tfe d`mlaej ds wehh ds hlwerextreactces. - Grdjoe.

^ladj wctf prltrumcjn `redsts djm ùttlois9 rlujmem fedm wctf

gdcjt gdocdh gedtures.

]FE @U_]

Ofhlrcte. - Musiy nreej/musiy `hue nreej. - 03x4>x3 aa. - 6.4 n. -Cjolaphete; acsscjn hlwer pdrt lg tfe `lmy èhlw tfe `redsts. -Odjdmd.

Ghdttcsf ùst lg d wladj sflwcjn d ohedr mehcjedtclj lg tfe gdoedjm plssc`he reajdjts lg d perglrdtclj lj tfe `rliej mcstdh emne

]FE JENPLCM FEDM

_tedtcte. - Musiy nreej. - 05x4=x0= aa. -40.3 n. - Cjolaphete;

acsscjn plrtcljs cj tfe ordjcdh dred. - Grdjoe.

Fedm sflwcjn ofeoierem, ejnrdvem pdtterjs9 prltrumcjn ghdt gdoeèhlw d shlpcjn glrefedm9 gdocdh dred adriem wctf eyes djm alutf.

]FE AD_I

_tedtcte. - Sehhlwcsf rem/yehhlwcsf nreej. - 43x0?x5 aa. - 0.6 n. -Olaphete. - Odjdmd.

]wl jlj-fuadj gdoes, lje alre metdchem tfdj tfe ltfer, adme `ycjocscljs djm mrchhem flhes lj `ltf scmes lg d ghdt, mcsi-sfdpemsupplrt.




Gcn. ?

AUR geadhe cadnery(tlt. 1 =0)

Gcn. =

AUR gcnurcjes(tlt. • ?=)

tl tfe AUR. ^fetfer lr jlt lje cjohumes tfe `ds-rehceg glra

lg represejtdtclj, lje ejms up wctf tfe @dhzc Plssc fdvcjn

ycehmem alre tfdj lje tfcrm (Gcn. ?), lr jedrhy fdhg (Gcn. =)

lg tfe tltdh sdaphe. Cg lje tdies cjtl doolujt, flwever, tfe

gdot tfdt severdh speocaejs dre 'mlu`hes' (see èhlw), ct

èolaes evcmejt tfdt tfe dotudh oljtrcùtclj lg tfe @dhzc

Plssc serces tl tfe lverdhh êsterj Eurlpedj sdaphe cs gdralre caplrtdjt tfdj prevclushy ijlwj, djm tfcs jlt ljhy cj

teras lg scze ùt dhsl scnjcgcodjoe. Cj tfcs rendrm djm ds wchh

è sflwj èhlw, tfe 'reujctem' olhheotclj mealjstrdtes very

ohedrhy tfdt tfe 'ohdssco' (c.e., _dcjt-Neradcj-ej-Hdye) @dhzc

Plssc oljtcjnejt lg gcnurcjes, wfcof phdyem d adklr rlhe cj

tfe oljstruotclj djm glrauhdtclj lg stereltypem almehs lg

geadhe pdhdelhctfco cadnery, wds d fcnfhy siewem djm jlj-

represejtdtcve sdaphe.

jedr tltdh erdmcodtclj lg wfdt were ujmlu`temhy very rcof

drofdelhlncodh meplscts. Ds lje lg tfe adklr pdhdelhctfco hlodheslg êsterj Eurlpe, ct jltd`hy cjohumem Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco

(AUR) hdyers cj d acjcaua lg scx odves djm sfehters. ]fese

ycehmem vdst dalujts lg hctfco drtegdots djm gdujdh readcjs, ds

wehh ds severdh ùrcdhs, djm gcnurcjes olaaljhy ijlwj ds

'Wejuses'. ê sfdhh mesorcè fere readcjs grla @drad Nrdjme

djm tfe Nrltte mu Rrcjoe. ^fche tfe @djjd Nrdjme wds

cjtejsehy setthem murcjn tfe AUR, tfe Nrltte mu Rrcjoe wds d

seohumem odve, `y tfej dhalst olaphetehy gchhem wctf Acmmhe

Rdhdelhctfco meplscts. Ct seeas tl fdve èej ljhy loodscljdhhy

usem drlujm tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua, djm oertdcjhy jlt lj d

renuhdr `dscs (Aussc et dh. cj press).

]fe @dhzc Plssc gcnurcjes, tltdhhcjn 45 (Gcn. 0), were dhh

mcsolverem `y d Grejof dadteur, Hlucs Dhexdjmre Kuhhcej,

ètweej 466? djm 4635 (@lhmuo et dh. 4337), cj tfe olurse

lg socejtcgcodhhy ujoljtrlhhem exodvdt cljs. ]wl lr alre were

gcrst glujm cj tfe @drad Nrdjme, djm tfe ltfer ljes were

hdter mcsolverem cj tfe Nrltte mu Rrcjoe. Rdrt lg tfe

olhheotclj wds slhm `y Kuhhcej èglre tfe ejm lg tfe oejtury,

djm sevej stdtuettes evejtudhhy ejmem up dt tfe Ausãe mes

Djtcquctãs Jdtcljdhes lg _dcjt-Neradcj-ej-Hdye, jedr Rdrcs

(Grdjoe). Glr redsljs tfdt we sfdhh jever guhhy ujmerstdjm,

tfe ecnft ltfers were iept `y Kuhhcej, ejmcjn up cj Odjdmd

wfej fe eacnrdtem tl tfdt olujtry. Dgter Kuhhcej's medtf, lje

lg fcs mdunfters slhm d scjnhe gcnurcje tl tfe Red`lmy

Auseua dt Oda`rcmne (U_D) cj 43== (Adrsfdoi 4367). ]fe

sevej ltfers, wfcof were iept `y tfe hdst mesoejmdjts lg

Kuhhcej, ljhy resurgdoem reoejthy cj Aljtredh (Odjdmd). ]fus,

glr tfe gcrst tcae, ct fds èolae plssc`he tl ujmertdie d

nejerdh dssessaejt lg tfcs rdtfer ujcque olhheotclj, tfe

hdrnest cj êsterj Eurlpe, c.e. tfe pdrt lg Eurlpe west lg tfe

Pfcje-Dmrcdtco mcvcme.

Doolrmcjn tl Mehplrte's cjvejtlry (433?), tfcs renclj fds

sl gdr ycehmem 4= hlodhctces oljtdcjcjn suof souhptures, mdtcjn

0. Aetflm lg djdhyscs djm lverdhh mesorcptclj lg

tfe gcnurcjes

Lur djdhyscs èncjs wctf d aetflmcodh djm systeadtcomesorcptclj lg every stdtuette, ourrejthy tdicjn cjtl doolujt

alre tfdj 52 ejtrces glr edof speocaej. ]fese rdjne grla

aedsureaejts tl rdw adtercdh, grla teofjcodh dspeots lg

odrvcjn tl tfe typlhlny lg every pdrt lg tfe `lmy, grla stdte

lg preservdtclj tl tfe evcmejoe sunnestcve lg use. ê dhsl

stress tfe jeem glr metdchem djm doourdte djdtlaco

mesorcptcljs. Cj lur lpcjclj, suof dj dpprldof, cjvlhvcjn

odreguh djm systeadtco exdacjdtclj djm reolrmcjn lg dhh djm

every dspeots lg pdhdelhctfco wlris lg drt, cs tfe ljhy

socejtcgcodhhy vdhcm aedjs lg dvlcmcjn tfe gdoche djm

ujwdrrdjtem speouhdtcljs tfdt grequejthy adr tfe hcterdture

(see, glr cjstdjoe, ^fcte 433>, djm fcs sl-odhhem 'cjterpretd

tclj' lg geadhe cadnery). ]flunftguh djm systeadtco

dpprldofes, evej cg `dsem lj dssuaptcljs mcggerejt grla

lurs, fdve èej presejtem ehsewfere; glr exdaphe, `y A.

Nvlzmlver (4363) glr geadhe gcnurcjes, djm reoejthy `y

Cdilvhevd djm Rcjclj (433>) glr zllalrpfco pdrcetdh drt.

]fere cs jl mlu`t cj lur acjm tfdt suof dtteapts wchh hedm tl

tfe mevehlpaejt lg tfe icjms lg olaprefejscve mdtd`dses

tfdt sfluhm, evejtudhhy, prlvcme us wctf tfe aedjs tl drrcve

dt d guhher dppreocdtclj lg wfdt cs su`suaem ujmer tfe

pdhdelhctfco drt hdèh. Cj tfe aedjtcae, djm ds d gcrst step cj

tfe rcnft, alre l`keotcve mcreotclj, tfcs prloess wchh dhhlw glr

tfe orlss-ofeoicjn lg l`servdtcljs.

D suaadry mesorcptclj lg tfe olhheotclj cs presejtem cj

gcnure 0. Cj lur oljvejtcljdh hcst, we stdrt wctf tfe mlu`he

gcnurcjes, grla tfe alre exphcoct tl tfe hess exphcoct, djm we

ejm wctf tfe fedms djm adsis. ]fey fdve dhredmy èej

mesorcèm cj slae metdch, djm wehh chhustrdtem cj pcotures djm

mrdwcjns (@lhmuo et dh. 43379 Aussc et dh. cj press). D

olaprefejscve stumy wchh è presejtem ehsewfere wfej tfe

djdhyscs cs olaphetem djm tfe mdtd dre guhhy prloessem. Cj tfe

jext gew pdnes, we sfdhh glous lj slae dspeots lg lur



I^ ADPOFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

Gcn. 5, perglrdtcljs

d`sejt

plssc`he

prl`d`he

presejt

Gcn. 7, grdotures

prlxcadh

mcstdh

hdterdh

acsoehhdjelus

6 42

Gcn. >, restcjn plsctclj

plsterclr

hdterdh

djterclr

ola`cjem

Gcn. 6, sfdpes lg fedm

ujijlwj

aljstrlus

meglraem

fuadj

2 4 42 40

djdhyscs wfcof, cj lur lpcjclj, dre rehevdjt tl `ltf d ètter

megcjctclj lg tfe @dhzc Plssc speocaejs, djm dj ujmerstdjm

cjn lg tfecr phdoe cj tfe hdrner Eurdscdj oljtext.

?. Rejmdjts

]fe @dhzc Plssc olhheotclj oljscsts lg d juaèr lg olaphete

lr jedrhy olaphete gcnurcjes, slae lg wfcof dre cj prcstcje

oljmctclj. ê fdve dhredmy mcsoussem ehsewfere tfecr stdte lg

preservdtclj djm, cj lur lpcjclj, tfcs strljnhy sunnests tfdt

tfey were lrcncjdhhy meplsctem cj oljtexts tfdt were

oljmuocve tl preservdtclj (Aussc et dh. cj press). Mue tl tfcs

exoehhejt stdte lg preservdtclj, perglrdtcljs dre wehh

mlouaejtem. Ohedrhy cmejtcgcd`he cj scx cjstdjoes, tfey dre

dhsl oljscmerem tl loour cj tfree dmmctcljdh odses (tfe @ust,

tfe D`rdofcdh, djm tfe Hlzejne) wfere vdrclus senaejts lg

perglrdtcljs odj è cmejtcgcem lj `rliej emnes (Gcn. 5). Cj

gdot, tfere cs nrlujm tl èhceve tfdt doocmejtdh grdotures dre

alre hciehy tl fdve loourrem kust wfere perglrdtcljs were

ècjn adme lr fdm èej olaphetem. ]fcs oljohusclj cs

supplrtem `y tfe djdhytcodh stumy lg grdotures (Gcn. 7). Evej

cg pllhem tlnetfer, tfe mcstdh grdotures lutjuaèr dhh tfe

ltfers. ]fcs sflws tfdt tfe mcstdh pdrts lg tfe @dhzc Plssc

gcnurcjes seea tl fdve èej auof alre grdnche tfdj tfe

prlxcadh ejms djm tfe fedms. Cg we oljscmer tfe 'ehljndtem'

stdtuettes (c.e., exohumcjn tfe Jenrlcm Fedm djm tfe Adsi), ct

cs qucte ohedr tfdt, lj tfe cjolaphete speocaejs, ct cs tfe

mcstdh ejm tfdt cs cjevctd`hy grdoturem. Cj lur vcew, tfcs

pdtterj cs èst exphdcjem `y tfe presejoe lg d perglrdtclj dt

tfcs `rliej ejm. ]fere dre ljhy twl exoeptcljs tl tfcs

pdtterj; tfe Rujofcjehhl wfcof wds ohedrhy jlt perglrdtem,

djm tfe Jenrlcm Fedm wflse pdrtcouhdr oljgcnurdtclj

preohumes djy icjm lg stdteaejt cj tfcs rendrm.

]fe gcjmcjn tfdt alst lr dhh tfe stdtuettes were cjtejmem tl

è pcjjem, suspejmem lr ltferwcse gcxem, cs cj nllm doolrm

wctf tfe nejerdh survey lg `ltf djtfrlplalrpfco djm

zllalrpfco gcnurcjes adme `y K. Fdfj (4332). Doolrmcjn tl

fca, tfe stdtuettes hess tfdj 422 aa cj hejntf, djm hess tfdj

?2 aa cj wcmtf - tfe sl-odhhem 'sadhh stdtuettes' - dre ètter

cjterpretem ds pejmdjts. ]fe @dhzc Plssc ljes dhh gdhh wctfcj

tfe hcacts prlplsem `y Fdfj (dotudhhy cj tfe hlwer rdjne lg

tfcs ohdss).

Mrchhem lr ltferwcse perglrdtem gcnurcjes dre wehh ijlwj

cj Eurdscd. ]fe èst exdaphes dre prl`d`hy tflse grla

Adh'td, wctf flhes lr shlts dt tfe mcstdh ejm. Dt hedst d gew lg

tfe stdtuettes mcsolverem dt Ilstejic djm Dvmeevl dhsl

exfc`ct ehljndtem flhes lr shlts ètweej tfe hens, (c.e.,

ètweej ijees djm geet), wfcof oluhm plssc`hy fdve fdm d

gujotcljdh purplse. Cj êsterj Eurlpe, d flhe ètweej tfe

oljklcjcjn geet fds dhsl èej meteotem lj tfe _creuch

speocaej.

]fdt tfe @dhzc Plssc gcnurcjes dre hciehy tl fdve èej wlrj

djm, perfdps, mcsphdyem cj slae gdsfclj cs sunnestem `y

alre tfdj kust tfecr scze djm tfe dglreaejtcljem perglrdtcljs.

D mcstcjot plhcsf tfdt we cjterpret ds use-wedr odj è seej

jltd`hy drlujm tfe flhe ètweej tfe twl fedms lg tfe

Mlu`het, djm ètweej tfe twl fedms lg tfe @coepfdhlus. Cj

dmmctclj, tfe hdtter speocaej exfc`cts d scachdr plhcsf lj tfe

tfcnfs, èhlw tfe ùttlois, djm lj tfe scme. Ct dppedrs tl




fdve èej tcnfthy gcxem lr seourem ljtl slae icjm lg

supplrt. ]fcs cs dhsl sflwj `y vdrclus gdoets (cjmcodtcve lg d

prlhljnem oljtdot wctf d salltf djm slaewfdt rcncm

surgdoe) tfdt odj è meteotem lj lje lr alre gdoes lg edof

gcnurcje djm dhhlw d std`he restcjn plsctclj (Gcn. >). ]fese

vdrclus dttrcùtes sunnest tfdt tfe @coepfdhlus (ds wehh ds,

perfdps, d gew ltfer gcnurcjes) were jlt jeoessdrchy pejmdjts(sejsu strcotl) lr eheaejts lg d strcjn lr jeoihdoe. ]fcs

sfluhm olae ds jl surprcse scjoe, ds sflwj `y tfe

etfjlnrdpfco reolrm, tfere fdve èej tfrlunf tcae olujthess

systeas mevcsem `y fuadj plpuhdtcljs glr seourcjn sadhh

ùt rcncm l`keots glr pu`hco mcsphdy lr glr prcvdte djm alre

seoretcve uses.

=. Mlu`he ècjns, aljsters djm pdhdel-alrpfcjn

]fe @dhzc Plssc olhheotclj cs dhsl ofdrdotercsem `y d juaèr

lg mlu`he represejtdtcljs wfcof, cj dmmctclj, exfc`ct dt hedst

tfree `dsco types lg rehdtcljsfcps. ]fere dre tflse

olrrespljmcjn tl dotudh 'oluphes', suof ds wctf tfe Mlu`het(twl wehh-mehcjedtem `lmces) lr tfe @coepfdhlus (lje `lmy,

ùt twl wehh-mehcjedtem fedms)9 ltfers olrrespljmcjn tl

gcnures glujm lj tfe lpplscte gdoes lg tfe sdae speocaej,

suof ds cj tfe Kdjus djm tfe Adsi (olaphete) djm tfe Juj

djm tfe Nlcterem Hdmy (cjolaphete)9 djm yet ltfers oredtem

`y d mcstdh/prlxcadh lpplsctclj lg gcnures (phdycjn-odrm type

lg represejtdtclj) glujm lj tfe sdae gdoe lg d stdtuette (suof

ds wctf tfe Feradpfrlmcte). @y tdicjn tfcs mudh lr mlu`he

olaplsctclj cjtl oljscmerdtclj ct odj è sflwj tfdt tfe 45

@dhzc Plssc stdtuettes represejt 00 ècjns.

Dhsl wlrtf jltcjn cs tfdt lj tfese mlu`hes, tfe

represejtdtcljs dre jlt scaphy acrrlr-hcie. ^fdt odj èl`servem, cjstedm, dre sfcgts grla lje type lg rejmctclj tl

djltfer. ]fese odj è very su`the, c.e., d shcnft vdrcdtclj lg tfe

sdae tfeae, suof ds wctf tfe Juj. Ltfers dre alre l`vclus,

suof ds wctf tfe Mlu`het djm tfe @coepfdhlus (Gcn. 3) lj

wfcof mcggerejt ècjns dre ohedrhy represejtem. ]fere cs,

flwever, lj dhh lg tfea, d megcjcte heveh lg represejtdtcljdh

olrrespljmejoe, evej cg expressem `y mcggerejt aedjs; tfe

twl `lmces lg tfe Feradpfrlmcte dre syaaetrcodhhy lpplsem

lj edof scme lg tfe rlujm d`mlaej, wfcof cs olaalj tl

`ltf9 tfe twl gdoes lg tfe Kdjus, tfe Adsi, tfe Juj, tfe

Nlcterem Hdmy, dhh olrrespljm tl ècjns wfcof dre lg tfe

sdae sc/o, dre plsctcljem cj tfe sdae mcreotclj, djm exfc`ct

tfe sdae nejerdh sfdpe tl sunnest djdtlacodh metdchs,

cjohumcjn tfe fedm. ]fe equcvdhejoces ètweej tfe twl drofem

`lmces lg tfe Mlu`het dre hess l`vclus, cg ljhy èoduse tfey

dre jedrhy olaphetehy sepdrdtem grla edof ltfer (Gcn. 3).

Flwever, tfe nejerdh syaaetry lg tfe l`keot, tfe olaalj

plsctclj djm lrcejtdtclj, tfe equcvdhejt scze lg tfe nrlss

djdtlacodh pdrts, tfe meglraem dspeot lg tfe wladj's fedm

wfej seej cj prlgche, djm tfej tfe tfree oljjeotcljs dt tfe

fedm, sfluhmers djm hlwer ejm. dhh ujmerhcje d su`the hcji

ètweej tfe lpplsem `lmces. ]fcs cs dhsl true glr tfe acjute

@coepfdhlus lj wfcof tfe prlplrtcljs djm lrcejtdtcljs lg `ltf

(fuadj djm jlj-fuadj) fedms prlvcme d sejse lg `dhdjoe djm

syaaetry tl wfdt cs ohedrhy d olaphex represejtdtclj.

_uof mlu`he gcnures dre jlt peouhcdr tl tfe @dhzc Plssc, djm

fdve èej reolnjcsem ehsewfere cj Eurlpe. Glr exdaphe, tfey

fdve èej glujm dt Hdusseh, Hespunue, _dvcnjdjl, Ndndrcjl(]drdsslv 43>49 Olppejs 43639 Aussc 4335, 4337), djm dt

Aduerj wfere tfe 'Wejus' odj è seej ds `ltf d geacjcje

djm d adsouhcje represejtdtclj ([ltz 43559 Aussc 433>).

Cj lur vcew, alst lg tfese l`keots odj è cjterpretem ds

cjmcodtcve lg dtteapts lj tfe pdrt lg tfe AUR drtcsts tl

chhustrdte auof alre tfdj kust mcggerejt types lg ècjns lr

ejtctces ùt, perfdps alre caplrtdjthy, tfe olaphex set lg

rehdtcljsfcps tfdt tfese ècjns (fuadj ds wehh ds jlj-

fuadj) fdm wctf lje djltfer djm wctf tfe wlrhm(s) tfey

hcvem cj. Oljtrdry tl tfe scaphcstco, lpplrtujcstco djm

"doolaalmdtcve drnuaejts" (sejsu @cjglrm, pdssca) djm

exphdjdtcljs tfdt tejm tl see tfese gcnurcjes ds 'klies',

represejtdtcljs lg sexudh cjterolurse, wlaej ncvcjn `crtf,

feradpfrlmctes, lr cjolaphetehy severem stdtuettes

d`djmljem cj tfe olurse lg adjugdoture (see Mehplrte 433?

glr d odtdhlnue lg suof 'cjterpretdtcljs'), tfe mlu`hes ohedrhy

èspedi lg d rcof djm olaphex systea lg èhcegs tfdt, ds

edrhy ds tfe AUR, wds dmmresscjn questcljs pertdcjcjn tl

mudhcty djm auhtcphe hevehs lg redhcty. Cj tfcs respeot, tfe

alst ehlquejt exdaphes (tfe Mlu`het djm tfe @coepfdhlus)

ml sunnest tfdt wfdt wds ècjn chhustrdtem wds jlt sl auof

mcggerejt ècjns (c.e., fuadj djm jlj-fuadj) ùt pdrts lg, lr

adjcgestdtcljs lg scjnhe ejtctces ujmernlcjn lr fdvcjn

dofcevem d prloess lg trdjsglradtclj.

]fcs trdjsglradtclj prloess cs wehh chhustrdtem `y tfe fedm

sfdpes djm tfecr rehdtcljsfcps tl lje djltfer. Uplj metdchem

exdacjdtclj, tfey odj è sflwj tl represejt alre tfdj kust

d 'fuadj '/'aljster' lpplsctclj (ds cj Herlc-Nlurfdj's 436?

megcjctclj lg "gcnures fuadcjes et djcadhes prãsejtdjt mes

odrdotæres cjslhctes"); tfere dre dhsl tfe jlt-guhhy-fuadj

ljes, tfdt we fdve hdèhhem ds 'meglraem' (Gcn. 6). ^fej

tdiej tlnetfer, tfese sflw wfdt dppedrs tl è d oljtcjuua

rdjncjn grla truhy fuadj fedms, tl lmm-sfdpem ljes, tl

pdtejthy meglraem fedms, djm tfej tl guhhy aljstrlus ljes

(Gcn. 42). ]fdt cs, we odj peroecve cj tfe ejtcre sdaphe alre

tfdj tfe mcggerejoes djm ofdjnes tfdt dre sl l`vclus cj tfe

pdcrem ècjns lg tfe mlu`hes (e.n., tfe Mlu`het lr tfe

@coepfdhlus). Cj ltfer wlrms, `ltf tfe cjterjdh djm exterjdh

vdrcdtcljs l`servd`he cj tfe wflhe serces presejt us wctf dj

l`vclushy olaphex djm very su`the set lg prlnresscve

pfyscodh djm, hciehy, sya`lhco trdjsglradtcljs djm sfcgts. ê

prlplse tfdt tfcs myjdaco alme lg represejtdtclj è odhhem

alrpfcjn lr, ètter, pdhdel-alrpfcjn.

Rdhdel-alrpfcjn cs oertdcjhy jlt ujcque tl tfe Nrcadhmc

serces. Hljn dnl, Herlc-Nlurfdj (4375) ujmerhcjem d scachdr



Chh ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

Gcn. 3. ]fe Mlu het (d`lve) djm

prloess lg meglradtclj cj tfe 'pdjjedu mes geaaes-`cslj' lg

tfe Nrltte mu Reof-Aerhe, cj Grdjoe. ê dhsl suspeot tfdt

slaetfcjn scachdr oluhm è fcnfhcnftem cj tfe rcof serces lg

Ilstejic C, ds D`rdalvd (437>, 4335) ohedrhy mesorcès, cj

fer teracjlhlny, severdh "djtfrlpl-zllalrpfco" gcnurcjes

(Gcn. 44), djm Nvlzmlver (4335) chhustrdtes "plhycoljco"

represejtdtcljs dt Dvmeevl.

Ct cs qucte evcmejt tfdt suof l`servdtcljs odj ljhy è

drrcvem dt tfrlunf tfe metdchem exdacjdtclj lg suggcocejthy

tfe @coepfdhlus (èhlw).

hdrne sdaphes lg ouhturdhhy flalnejelus represejtdtcljs.

]fcs exphdcjs wfy tfe fdhg olhheotclj iept dt _dcjt-Neradcj-

ej-Hdye, wfche cjohumcjn mlu`hes suof ds tfe Feradpfrlmcte

djm tfe Nlcterem Hdmy, djm speocaejs wctf meglraem fedms,

suof ds tfe Hlzejne, tfe Rujofcjehhl djm tfe Jenrlcm Fedm,

wds jever put cj d prlper perspeotcve9 evej cg tfe

Feradpfrlmcte, ds tfe jdae adies ohedr, wds tfe l`keot lg

olujthess speouhdtcljs, djm evej cg Oflhhlt (437=), cj tfe

lggcocdh odtdhlnue lg tfe Rcette olhheotclj, fdm rcnfthy plcjtem




C

"•.•g.*W«!'g

c C

Gcn. 42. Exdaphe lg 'pdhdel-alrpfcjn' (ohloiwcse djm grla tfe upper hegt; tfe Jenrlcm Fedm, tfe

Hlzejne, tfe Rujofcjehhl, tfe Sehhlw Wejus, tfe Juj, tfe Mlu`het, tfe @coepfdhlus, djm tfe Cjjlacjdte).

lut cj regerejoe tl tfe meglracty lg tfe Jenrlcm Fedm, tfdt ct

mcsphdyem d "augghe hãljcj".

Cj lur lpcjclj, tfe jltclj lg pdhdel-alrpfcjn dmms dj

caplrtdjt mcaejsclj tl lur ujmerstdjmcjn lg tfe aedjcjn

djm gujotclj lg tfe geadhe gcnurcjes lg tfe AUR. Ct prlvcmesohedr cjmcodtcljs lg tfe excstejoe lg d very olaphex systea

lg èhcegs wfcof cjohumem tfe plssc`chcty, glr seheotem ècjns,

lg ofdjncjn grla lje stdte tl tfe jext, grla d guhhy fuadj

ofdrdoter tl d jlj-fuadj lje. Ds phdstcodhhy chhustrdtem `y

tfe Mlu`het djm tfe @coepfdhlus (Gcn. 3), wlaej lr, perfdps

alre preocsehy, wladjfllm wds slaeflw peroecvem `y tfe

AUR plpuhdtcljs ds ejmlwem wctf tfe d`chcty lr tfe plwer

tl sfcgt grla lje heveh lg redhcty tl djltfer, perfdps ds

cjteraemcdrces ètweej mcggerejt wlrhms.

5. Ghux lg cjglradtclj cj spdoe djm tcae

Lur djdhyscs lg tfe @dhzc Plssc olhheotclj fds dhsl prlvcmem us

wctf evcmejoe lg scachdrctces wctf speocaejs mcsolverem cj

ltfer, mcstdjt pdrts lg tfe pdhdelhctfco wlrhm. Cj lrmer tl ujmer

stdjm cg we dre medhcjn wctf odsudh lr doocmejtdh trdct oljver

nejoe, lr wctf dotudh evcmejoe lg ouhturdh rehdtcljsfcps dorlss

vdst mcstdjoes, slae exdaphes wchh è mcsoussem cj metdch.

]fe gcnurcjes lg Ilstejic-Hespunue type

Daljn tfe nredt vdrcd`chcty lg AUR geadhe gcnurcjes, we

ujmerhcje tfe flalnejecty lg d speocgco type lg represejtdtclj,

glujm dhh lver Eurlpe, djm tfdt we sfdhh odhh tfe Ilstejic-

Hespunue type. Ct ejolapdsses speocaejs tfdt Nvlzmlver

(4335) ohdsscgces cjtl mcstcjot types djm su`-types.

Cj lur megcjctclj, tfe Ilstejic-Hespunue gcnurcjes dre cj

dj uprcnft plsctclj, wctf d èjt fedm, djm tfe adxcauawcmtf cj tfe trlofdjterco renclj. ]fe prlgche lg tfe ordjcdh

pdrt lg tfe fedm cs rlujmem, stdrtcjn wctf tfe èjt jdpe lg tfe

jeoi. ]fe rlujmem sfdpe ejms cj tfe djterclr pdrt lg tfe fedm

wctf d strdcnft surgdoe wfcof oljjeots tfe fedm tl d sflrt lr

evej jltof-hcie jeoi. ]fe upper tflrdx cs ghdt, wctf acjute

sfluhmers. ]fe hlwer tflrdx ùhnes wctf vlhuacjlus

pejmuhlus `redsts, mcreothy restcjn lj d rlujmem èhhy wfcof.

cj turj, prltrumes lver d redhcstco pu`co trcdjnhe. Cj plsterclr

vcew, tfe `doi cs strdcnft. Ct ejms wctf d W-sfdpem wdcst, lj

tlp lg ghdttcsf ùttlois exfc`ctcjn adriem hdterdh expdjsclj.

Gurtferalre, edof lg tfe twl ùttlois cs reolnjcsd`he ds

suof, djm tfe djus lr olooyx cs adriem. @ltf rcnft djm hegt

hlwer hca`s dre guhhy djm ohedrhy mehcjedtem, cj grljtdh ds

wehh ds cj mlrsdh vcews.

Acjlr vdrcdtcljs dsslocdtem wctf tfcs nejerdh pdtterj

cjohume tfe redhcstco represejtdtclj lg d odp lr lg ltfer metdchs

lg ndraejts, lrjdaejts lr fdcr, djm tfe presejoe lg tcjy

upper hca`s djm ijees. _uof l`keots were adme grla `ltf

cvlry djm stlje.

]fe westerjalst exdaphe lg tfcs type lg souhpture cs tfe

wehh-ijlwj Hespunue speocaej. Cj oejtrdh Eurlpe, tfe



C 4? ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

Gcn. 44. Exdaphe lg 'pdhdel-alrpfcjn'; seheotem 'djtfrlpl-zllalrpfco' gcnurcjes grla Ilstejic (dgter D`rdalvd 437>).

^chhejmlrg gcnurcje cs djltfer rejmercjn lg tfe sdae nejerdh

almeh. Adjy alre dre glujm cj tfe sctes lg tfe Pusscdj

phdcjs, wctf auhtcphe exdaphes dt Ilstejic C, Dvmeevl,

Ndndrcjl, Ifltyhevl djm, dt tfe extreae slutferj hcact lg

tfcs vdst nelnrdpfcedh mcstrcùtclj, lje gcjms tfe @dhzc Plssc

Sehhlw Wejus (Gcn. 40).

]fe ocrouhdr adsis]fe adsis dre auof rdrer tfdj tfe gcnurcjes, djm tfe scze lg

tfe sdaphe mles jlt dhhlw, sl gdr, glr tcnft megcjctcljs. ]fere

cs. flwever, slae nrlujm glr d prehcacjdry mesorcptclj lg

tfcs pdrtcouhdr type lg represejtdtclj (Gcn. 4?).

Adsis dre ghdt, sadhh-sczem, su`-ocrouhdr represejtdtcljs lg

tfe gdoe lg jlj-fuadj ècjns, ectfer cj stlje, lr cj cvlry.

Mrchhem lr pdrtcdhhy mrchhem eyes dre d prlacjejt gedture. ]fe

@dhzc Plssc adsi dhsl exfc`cts d wcmehy lpej, ocrouhdr

alutf, adme `y mrchhcjn, scachdr tl tfe lje glujm lj tfe

Rgemalstg grdnaejt. ]fe speocaej grla tfe glraer scte, lj

tfe ltfer fdjm, ohlsehy resea`hes tfe prlxcadh, ocrouhdr ghdt

ejms lg tfe sl-odhhem 'spdtuhds' grla Ilstejic djm Dvmeevl,

jltd`hy cj tfe odt-hcie eyes wfcof fdve èej ejhdrnem `y

meep trdjsversdh cjocscljs. D pdtterj lr serces lg sflrt rdmcdh

cjocscljs hlodtem drlujm tfe gdoe - dicj tl d gur trca - odj

dhsl è seej lj adjy speocaejs.ê ml jlt ijlw tfe gujotclj lg tfe @dhzc Plssc djm

Rgemalstg adsis, jlr ml we fdve auof tl sdy d`lut tfe

ejcnadtco 'spdtuhds' lg tfe Pusscdj sctes. Dhh tfe sdae, we

tfcji tfdt slae lg tfe alrpflhlncodh dttrcùtes sfdrem `y tfe

aeaèrs lg tfcs dmacttemhy sadhh sdaphe odj è usem tl

sunnest tfdt suof speocaejs ady wehh è rencljdh vdrcdtcljs

lj d yet-tl-è ehuocmdtem represejtdtcljdh tfeae (tfdt lg tfe

'adsi') wfcof extejmem grla tfe Pusscdj Rhdcj tl tfe

Aemcterrdjedj sflres lg êsterj Eurlpe.

]fe êsterj type gcnurcjes

D nrlup lg gcnurcjes tfdt we fdve odhhem ehsewfere tfeêsterj type fds dhredmy èej presejtem cj tfe hcterdture

(Aussc 4337, 433>). Adme lg olhlurem slgt stljes, tfey dre

ofdrdotercsem `y d fcnf heveh lg d`strdotclj, ds wehh ds `y d

phdstco sejse lg vlhuae. ]fe gcjdh sfdpe mercves grla d

ohever exphlctdtclj lg tfe lrcncjdh sfdpe lg tfe supplrt

ol``he lr pe``he. Cj tfese odses, syaaetry seeas tl fdve

èej vdhuem alre tfdj tfe redhcstco rejmercjn lg djdtlay. Cj

alst cjstdjoes, tfe rejmctclj lg tfe upper djm/lr hlwer pdrt

lg tfe `lmy olrrespljms tl d oljcodh eheaejt.

^fche tfere cs jl guhhy 'êsterj' gcnurcje dt tfe @dhzc

Plssc, ct cs wlrtf jltcjn tfdt tfe Rujofcjehhl fds hljn èej

olapdrem tl tfe _dvcnjdjl Wejus wfcof cs lje lg tfe gcjestexdaphes lg tfe êsterj nrlup (Aussc 4335, 4337). Cjmeem,

tfere odj è seej lj tfe @dhzc Plssc speocaej tfe sdae

syaaetry lg tfe upper djm hlwer oljcodh ejms, ds wehh ds dj

l`vclus olaaljdhcty cj tfe rejmercjn lg tfe prltrumcjn

ùttlois, cj tfe sfdpe lg tfe hens, djm cj tfe gcjdh dmmctclj lg

d hdterdh cjocsclj stdrtcjn dt tfe plcjt lg tfe fedm. Dhh cj dhh,

tfcs cjmcodtes tfdt slae lg tfe dttrcùtes lg tfe Rujofcjehhl

ml lverhdp wctf tflse lg tfe êsterj nrlup, wflse gcnurcjes

dre dhh ofdrdotercsem `y oljcodh extreactces, c.e., wctf tfe

ljes glujm ectfer gurtfer slutf, suof ds tfe d`lve aejtcljem

_dvcnjdjl Wejus, ds wehh ds tfe ]rdscaejl Wejus, lr

ehsewfere cj êsterj Eurlpe, suof ds tfe ]ursdo stdtuette,djm tfe Aduerj lr êcjèrn lje (Gcn. 4=).

7. Cvlry wlricjn

Hcjis ètweej tfe @dhzc Plssc djm ltfer alre lr hess mcstdjt

phdoes odj è cmejtcgcem lj tfe `dscs lg alre tfdj kust tfe

typlhlny/alrpflhlny lg tfe gcnurcjes. _uof odj dhsl è

dmmuoem grla tfe metdchem exdacjdtclj lg vdrclus

teofjlhlncodh dttrcùtes tfdt pertdcj tl tfe adjugdoture lr

odrvcjn lg l`keots glujm lver vdst stretofes lg Eurdscd.




HE_RUNUE SEHHL^ WEJU_ ^CHHEJMLPG IL_]EJIC NDNDPCJL

0

DWMEEWL

Gcn. 40. ]fe gcnurcjes lg Ilstejic-Hespunue type; exdaphes djm hlodtcljs.

Cvlry odrvcjn cs truhy exoeptcljdh cj Ctdhy, djm ujijlwj

lutscme westerj Hcnurcd, c.e. lutscme tfe oldstdh strcp lg hdjm

wfcof, kust slutf lg tfe Dhps, cs tfe jdturdh ndte hcjicjn tfe

Ctdhcdj pejcjsuhd tl êsterj Eurlpe. Cj dmmctclj tl tfe twl

cvlry stdtuettes lg tfe @dhzc Plssc (tfe D`rdofcdh djm tfe

Lofrem Hdmy), lje odj ljhy hcst d mlzej pejmdjts grla AUR

ùrcdhs lg tfe @drad Nrdjme djm tfe Nrltte mes Ejgdjts9 glur

alre pejmdjts grla tfe AUR ùrcdh lg Nrlttd mehhe Dreje

Odjmcme, 422 ia edst lg tfe @dhzc Plssc (Ncdol`cjc djm

Adher`d 4335)9 djm, fypltfetcodhhy, tfree plcjts mcsolverem

`y E. Pcvcere cj tfe @drad Nrdjme dndcj, tfdt fdve scjoe

èej hlst (@lhmuo et dh. 4337).

]fcs sodrocty lg cvlry cteas olaes ds jl surprcse, scjoe

tfere wds d jedr d`sejoe lg adaaltfs cj Ctdhy, ds wehh ds cj

dmkdoejt slutferj Grdjoe, murcjn LC_ 0 (@lhmuo et dh. 4337).

@y tfej, cvlry cteas, wfche stchh olaalj dt fcnf hdtctumes,

were dhsl èolacjn cjoredscjnhy rdre lver hdrne stretofes lg

êsterj Eurlpe, d hciehy regheotclj lg ljnlcjn eolhlncodh

ofdjnes (Fdfj et dh. 4335) tfdt were oduscjn dj caplrtdjt

remuotclj lg adaaltf ferm mcstrcùtclj lver adjy pdrts lg



445 ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

CU C AD_I RPEMAL_]C IL_]EJIC DWMEEWL

M0

Gcn. 4?. ]fe Adsis; exdaphes djm hlodtcljs.

Eurlpe. Ds sflwj `y etfjlnrdpfco replrts, tfe use lg glssch

cvlry, ds dj dhterjdtcve tl gresf cvlry, cs wehh ijlwj cj

ocrouaplhdr rencljs, djm fds dotudhhy èej sunnestem ds d

plssc`chcty dt Flfhe Gehs `y _ofeer (4335). ]fcs, flwever, cs

ljhy adme plssc`he `y speocgco rencljdh eolhlncodh

oljmctcljs cjohumcjn, daljn ltfer tfcjns, tfe presejoe lg

peradgrlst wfcof dhhlws glr exoehhejt, hljn-tera

preservdtclj lg ùrcem lrndjco adtercdhs, cjohumcjn cvlry.

]fcs, flwever, oluhm jlt fdve loourrem cj tfe Aemcterrdjedj

renclj wfere tfe ohcadtco oljmctcljs were jlt oljmuocve tl

tfe mevehlpaejt lg peradgrlst.

Cvlry odrvcjn, lj tfe ltfer fdjm, cs jlt dj caprlvcsem

sichh djm requcres qucte d `ct lg teofjlhlncodh expertcse. Cvlry

ctsehg cs d fdrm adtercdh, wctf d ? tl = vdhue cj Alfs' sodhe.

Ct mrces tfrlunf tcae, murcjn tfe djcadh's hcge ds wehh ds dgter

cts medtf. Jlt surprcscjnhy, ehepfdjt cvlry cs ourrejthy

wlriem wctf tfe fehp lg plwerguh eheotrco adofcjery. ]fe

trdmctcljdh ordgtsadjsfcp cjohumes d serces lg stdnes, suof ds

slgtejcjn, sdwcjn, sordpcjn, odrvcjn, mrchhcjn, djm plhcsfcjn.

]fe mcggcouhtces lg suof d prloess glr pelphe uscjn hctfco

tllhs ljhy dre wehh ijlwj tfrlunf tfe stumy lg wlricjn

me`rcs, djm expercaejtdh rephcods (_eaejlv 437=9 Fdfj

43679 Rdwhci 4335). Ds d nejerdh oljohusclj, tfe sichhs

jeemem tl odrve slpfcstcodtem cvlry l`keots wluhm ljhy fdve

èej doqucrem tfrlunf d hejntfy 'dpprejtcoesfcp' wfcof,

ctsehg, wluhm fdve èej dofcevem cj tfe oljtext lg dj

ehd`lrdte ouhturdh djm teofjlhlncodh trdmctclj. Cj ltfer wlrms,

ct seeas alst caprl`d`he tfdt tfe cjfd`ctdjts lg tfe @dhzc

Plssc oluhm fdve - glhhlwcjn d ofdjoe ejolujter wctf d

strdy adaaltf (dhsl d realte plssc`chcty) - caprlvcsem

tfeasehves ds qudhcgcem cvlry wlriers. Ds d rdw adtercdh ,

cvlry wds megcjctehy jlt pdrt lg tfecr repertlcre.

Set, tfe mehcodtehy odrvem D`rdofcdh djm Lofrem Hdmy dre

megcjctehy jlt èncjjer's wlri. ]fe strdcnft mrchhem flhe lg




RUJOFCJEHHL ]UP_DO _DWCNJDJL ]PD_CAEJL ADUEPJ

Gcn. 4=. ]fe êsterj type

gcnurcjes; exdaphes djm hlodtcljs.

tfe Lofrem Hdmy cs d adsterhy perglrdtclj. ]fe D`rdofcdh

preserves tfe stcnads lg aetflmcodh djm repetctcve, evej

stdjmdrmcsem dotcljs wfcof resuht cj ohedr-out vlhuaes. ]fere

cs jl evcmejoe lg errlrs lr re-sfdpcjn, djm tfe drtcst wds

l`vclushy dt edse wctf fca- lr fersehg, djm guhhy cj olaadjm

lg tfe teofjcques requcrem tl sfdpe cvlry.

]fe presejoe lg cvlry odrvcjns dt tfe @dhzc Plssc odj è

exphdcjem cj tfree mcggerejt wdys wfcof dre jlt jeoessdrchy

autudhhy exohuscve. D gcrst plssc`chcty cs tfdt tfe stdtuettes

were lrcncjdhhy odrvem auof gdrtfer tl tfe jlrtf djm,

glhhlwcjn d hljn klurjey cjvlhvcjn, perfdps, cjter-nrlup

trdme, evejtudhhy ejmem up lj tfe Aemcterrdjedj sflres.

Djltfer plssc`chcty cs tfdt tfey oluhm fdve èej odrvem

alre lr hess cj sctu, c.e., gdr dwdy grla tfe hdjm lg tfe

adaaltfs, djm tfcs `y dj drtcst wfl wluhm fdve doqucrem

fcs lr fer sichhs ehsewfere, djm wluhm fdve adme use lg

caplrtem pceoes lg cvlry. ]fe tfcrm plssc`chcty cs tfdt tfe

stdtuettes were odrvem jedr lr dt tfe @dhzc Plssc, dgter tfe

exoeptcljdh ichhcjn lg tfe strdy adaaltf aejtcljem

edrhcer, ùt, ljoe dndcj, tfey wluhm fdve èej adme `y dj

drtcst wfl wluhm fdve fdm prclr ijlwhemne - doqucrem

edrhcer djm ehsewfere - lg tfe teofjcque requcrem tl prloess

cvlry.

^fcofever tfe pregerrem exphdjdtclj cs, tfe cjesodpd`he

oljohusclj cs tfdt tfe presejoe lg cvlry odrvcjns dt tfe @dhzc

Plssc cs evcmejoe lg hcjis lr hljn mcstdjoe oljtdots, murcjn

LC_ 0 tcaes, ètweej tfe sflres lg tfe Aemcterrdjedj djm

fcnfer Eurlpedj hdtctumes.



44> ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

>. Mcsoussclj

]fe evcmejoe presejtem sl gdr - espeocdhhy ds ct pertdcjs tl

vdrclus dspeots lg typlhlny, teofjlhlny, djm almes lg

mcsphdy djm, evej, cmelhlny - odj è usem tl sunnest tfdt

vdrclus eheaejts lg Eurlpedj (djm èyljm) AUR cadnery

were dotudhhy sfdrem. Pegerejoe cs jlt adme fere tl scaphe

djm mcreot oljjeotcljs, ùt tl vdrclus types djm hevehs lgdggcjctces tfdt we geeh dre èst exphdcjem cj d oljtext lg d

myjdaco tcae-trdjsnresscve prloess lg ofdjne djm

dmdptdtclj. _lae lg tfe exdaphes tfdt plcjt tl tfcs ghucm djm

su`the pdtterj lg rehdtcljsfcps dre ncvej èhlw.

Fedms djm gdoes lg tfe Ilstejic-Hespunue gcnurcjes

Hllicjn dt tfe èjt fedm lg tfe Ilstejic-Hespunue gcnurcjes,

ch cs qucte ohedr tfdt, dt Ilstejic ctsehg kust ds dt ^chhejmlrg,

dj lrjdaejtem tcnft odp cs represejtem, djm tfdt tfe strdcnft

gdoet kust èhlw cs tfe gdoe. _uof d gdoe cs ghdt, wctflut djy

ofcj, djm tfe gcnurcje hllis mlwjwdrms (Gcn. 45).

Dt Hespunue, flwever, tfe ghdt, djterclr gdoet oljjeotcjnfedm tl jeoi ohedrhy cs tfe tfrldt. ]fe gdoe ctsehg, odppem wctf

fdcr, cs strdcnft, djm mcsphdys d megcjcte ofcj. ]fe sdae odj è

seej lj tfe Sehhlw Wejus, wflse ofcj cs ètter mesorcèm ds

prltrumcjn. ]fdt cs. olapdrcjn tfe hdst twl gcnurcjes tl tfe

prevclus ljes, tfe gdoe fds slaeflw shcppem upwdrms,

squeezcjn tfe vlhuae lg tfe ordjcdh pdrt lg tfe fedm, djm

dhhlwcjn glr tfe rejmctclj lg `ltf d ofcj djm d tfrldt.

@ltf tfe fdcry glrwdrm-hllicjn gcnurcjes, djm tfe odppem,

mlwjwdrm-hllicjn ljes, dre tl slae extejt redhcstco. ]fecr

plsture cs ujmerstdjmd`he, evej cg d hctthe lmm, ds ct cs jedrhy

caplssc`he, glr d fuadj ècjn, tl ieep `ltf fcs gdoe strdcnft

djm fcs jeoi èjt, lr tl èjm tfe jeoi tl tfe plcjt lg adicjntfe ofcj djm tfrldt tltdhhy mcsdppedr. Cjteraemcdte plstures,

flwever, dre dhsl glujm dt Dvmeevl; tfe prlgche lg tfe fedm

rdtfer sunnests d glrwdrm-hllicjn gdoe, wctf d ofcj djm d tfrldt.

ùt tfe lrjdaejtdtclj lg tfe odp cs extejmem grla tfe tlp lg tfe

fedm, dhh lver tfe gdoe tl tfe putdtcve ofcj. ]fcs tfcrm plsture

cjmcodtes tfdt tfe pdrdhheh rlws usem ds tfe odp lrjdaejtdtclj

were hlodhhy peroecvem ds ècjn lg tfe utalst caplrtdjoe glr d

megcjctclj lg tfe ècjn lr ejtcty represejtem `y tfe stdtuette, sl

auof sl tfdt tfese were dpphcem dhh lver djdtlacodh gedtures,

dppdrejthy wctflut auof cjterest glr redhcsa.

Cj dmmctclj tl tfe dppdrejt flalnejecty aejtcljem edrhcer,

ct cs ohedr tfdt tfe mcggerejt 'plstures' cmejtcgcem wctfcj tfeIlstejic-Hespunue nrlup dre dhsl tehhcjn lg tfe caaejse

vdrcd`chcty (cj teras lg rencljdh djm hlodh styhcstco

dmdptdtcljs, dmmctcljs, mevcdtcljs, eto.) tfdt sfluhm è

expeotem cj tfe oljtext lg d trdmctclj tfdt ljoe spdjjem dhh

lg Eurlpe.

]fe rejmercjn lg ùttlois

Cj tfe gcnurcjes lg tfe êsterj type, tfe rejmercjn lg

ùttlois cs nejerdhhy rdtfer redhcstco. ]fe rehceg lg twl

syaaetrcodhhy prltrumcjn vlhuaes cs glujm lj edof scme lg d

meep nrllve. ]fey dre ohedrhy mcstcjnucsfem `ltf grla tfe

hlwer hca`s, djm grla tfe hlcjs.

Dj exdaphe lg d tltdhhy mcggerejt dpprldof tl tfe tredtaejt

lg tfcs pdrt lg tfe `doi wds jltem hljn dnl `y Herlc-Nlurfdj

(4375). Fe chhustrdtem flw d serces lg stdtuettes (wfcof

fdppej tl èhljn tl lur Ilstejic-Hespunue type) dreofdrdotercsem `y d prlnresscve ejhdrneaejt lg tfe sadhh lg

tfe `doi, wfche tfe ùttlois dre ujredhcstcodhhy squeezem (Gcn.

47). ]fey evejtudhhy jedrhy mcsdppedr, ècjn represejtem

alre djm alre hcie d glhm, lr ds pdcrem glhms, adicjn rlla

glr tfe expdjmem, sdmmhe-hcie hlcjs, wctf tfe olooyx ejmcjn

up cj tfe plsctclj lg tfe djus.

^ctf tfe D`rdofcdh, we dre slaeflw dt tfe very ejm lg

tfcs mrcgtcjn represejtdtcljdh prloess. ]fe prlnressscvehy

mcsphdoem ùttlois dre jl alre tfdj d strcp lg ghesf dt d rcnft

djnhe wctf tfe tfcnfs. Dt tfcs plcjt, tfe drtcst cs gdoem wctf

tfe jeem tl gchh tfe rest lg tfe hlwer `doi wctf dpprlprcdte

djdtlacodh pdrts. ]fe trdjsversdh cjocsclj wfcof mehcjedtestfe tlp lg tfe wdm-hcie ùttlois - wfcof cs tfe hdst

trdjsglradtclj lg tfe olooyx - cs evejtudhhy usem tl stdrt tfe

nrllve mcvcmcjn twl redhcstco ùttlois, wfcof, cj tfe ejm, dre

phdoem lj tlp lg tfe lhm ljes. ]fe prloess lg tfe

trdjsglradtclj lg tfe `doi, dhsl seej cj tfe Ilstejic-

Hespunue gcnurcje, fds nlje guhh ocrohe. D prlnresscvehy

meglraem pdrt lg tfe `lmy fds èolae tltdhhy ujreolnjcs

d`he. Dhh tfe sdae, tfe trdmctcljdh, cg cjolaprefejsc`he,

pdtterj fds èej odreguhhy retdcjem, djm jew djdtlacodh

hdjmadris fdve èej scaphy dmmem tl tfe lhm ljes.

_tedtcte djm tfe rltdtcjn ùrcj teofjcque lg mrchhcjn_tedtcte odj è seej ds tfe slutferj olujterpdrt lg cvlry. Ct cs

glujm cj aetdalrpfco rloi glradtcljs djm mles jlt loour cj

tfe Eurlpedj phdcjs, kust ds adaaltfs (djm tfecr tusis) dre

`drehy represejtem cj tfe gdujd lg Aemcterrdjedj olujtrces.

@ltf stedtcte djm cvlry dre ijlwj tl è suctd`he glr odrvcjn

pejmdjts djm gcnurcjes (Aussc 4366-4363, 43349 Fdfj et dh.

4335). @ltf rdw adtercdhs fdve dmvdjtdnes djm mcsdmvdj

tdnes; stedtcte cs olhlurem djm evej trdjshuoejt, slgt djm

edschy odrvem, ùt odj ljhy è glujm ds sadhh pe``hes cj

rcver èms dt tfe gllt lg alujtdcjs, dgter hljn djm

pdcjstdicjn sedrofes9 cvlry tusis were prl`d`hy alre edschy

splttem, ectfer lj hcvcjn djcadhs lr lj odrodsses lr siehetdh

readcjs, ùt tfey dre oljscmerd`hy fdrmer djm requcre

teofjcodhhy adjy steps cj lrmer tl è remuoem tl suctd`hy-

sczem, adjdned`he grdnaejts lr supplrts.

^fche tfe lverdhh prloess lg prlmuocjn d odrvcjn grla

cvlry mcggerem oljscmerd`hy grla tfdt usem lj stedtcte, ct

dppedrs tfdt lje pdrtcouhdr teofjcque wds dpphcem tl `ltf

adtercdhs. ê dre regerrcjn tl tfe prlmuotclj lg flhes lr

perglrdtcljs (hllicjn hcie tcjy sfdgts wctf vertcodh wdhhs) tfdt

exfc`ct `ltf oljstdjt mcdaeters djm jedrhy ghdt `lttlas.



C C_ FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

8

Gcn. 45. ]fe Ilstejic-Hespunue

gcnurcjes, wctf eapfdscs lj fedms

djm gdoes.

HE_RUNUE SEHHL^ WEJU_ ^CHHEJMLPG IL_]EJIC NDNDPCJL DWMHEWL

Expercaejts fdve sflwj tfdt suof flhes odj è prlmuoem `yodreguhhy rltdtcjn lj tfe surgdoe (cvlry lr stedtcte) tfdt

requcres perglrdtclj, ectfer d tcjy ùrcj lr, ètter, d

reotdjnuhdr-sfdpem fdgtem ùrcj spdhh. _uof flhes dre edschy

mcstcjnucsfem grla tfe oljcodh, crrenuhdr ljes tfdt fdve èej

adme wctf d rltdtcjn plcjtem tllh. Cvlry cteas mcsphdycjn

meolrdtcljs lr altcgs adme `y flhes lg tfcs type dre glujm

tfrlunflut Eurdscd (c.e. grla Adh'td tl _ujncr', grla

Adautlwd odve tl Nlurdj), wfche we dre dwdre ljhy lg d

scjnhe stedtcte l`keot tl wfcof tfcs pdrtcouhdr teofjcque fds

èej dpphcem; tfe Adsi lg tfe @dhzc Plssc (@lhmuo et dh.

4337) (Gcn. 0, Gcn. 4?).

Ct odjjlt è ruhem lut tfdt tfcs mrchhcjn aetflm ady fdveèej gcrst dpphcem tl stedtcte, lr tl ltfer types lg rdw

adtercdh, djm tfej tl cvlry. Flwever, tfe auof nredter

grequejoy, djm wcmer nelnrdpfcodh mcstrcùtclj lg cvlry cteas

meolrdtem cj tfcs wdy seea tl sunnest tfe lpplscte.

Pendrmhess lg tfe dotudh lrcncj lg tfcs teofjcque, we ady

fdve fere evcmejoe lg slae edrhy glra lg teofjlhlncodh

`lrrlwcjn; tfe dpphcodtclj tl d mcggerejt rdw adtercdh, glujm

cj djltfer ejvcrljaejt, lg d aetflm gcrst estd`hcsfem

ehsewfere, ujmer mcggerejt teofjcodh oljstrdcjts.

Djltfer exdaphe lg teofjcodh ds wehh ds styhcstco

dmdptdtclj cs perfdps presejt cj tfe rejmercjn lg tfe

D`rdofcdh djm Lofrem Hdmy. Cj `ltf cjstdjoes, tfe ùttlois

dre alre ùhncjn tfdj lj alst cvlry stdtuettes (Gcn. 0).

Cvlry tejms tl sphct dhljn alre lr hess hljnctumcjdh phdjes

lg grdoture. D scjnhe, prltrumcjn djdtlacodh pdrt wluhm

requcre d hlt lg odrvcjn cj lrmer tl su`trdot ejlunf cvlry dhh

drlujm ct, djm adie tfe rehceg dppedr. Ct cs tfereglre jl

surprcse tfdt, lverdhh, ùttlois dre jlt lverhy prlacjejt lj

cvlry gcnurcjes. @uhncjn djdtlacodh metdchs (fedm, `redsts,

djm èhhy) dre dhh oljoejtrdtem lj tfe djterclr gdoe lg tfe

stdtuettes. Pehdtcvehy hess wlri (djm hess wdste lg rdw

adtercdh) cs requcrem tl mehcjedte tflse vlhuaes grla ljedjltfer. ^fej ct olaes tl tfe ujredhcstco vlhuaes lg tfe

êsterj gcnurcjes, ct fds dhredmy èej jltem ehsewfere

(Aussc 4337, 433>) tfdt tfey fdve èej 'odrvem drlujm'

crrenuhdr pceoes lg stlje, sl tl spedi - wfcof prl`d`hy

exphdcjs tfe gequejthy prltrumcjn ùttlois, tfdt fdve èej

mesorcèm ds 'stedtlpcnco'.

]fe drtcst wfl odrvem tfe D`rdofcdh djm tfe Lofrem Hdmy

seeas tl fdve adme dj egglrt tl sfdpe tfe gcnurcjes cj d wdy

wfcof, wfej ct olaes tl tfe hlwer `doi, reodhhs auof alre

tfe slgt stlje gcnurcjes lg êsterj Eurlpe tfdj tfe cvlry

ljes olaaljhy glujm gurtfer Edst. Cj `ltf tfe d`lve

aejtcljem exdaphes, speocgco teofjcques lr styhcstcooljvejtcljs dppedr tl fdve èej trdjsgerrem djm dmdptem tl d

mcggerejt aedjs djm rdw adtercdh supplrt.

êsterj Eurlpe djm _cèrcd

Cg tfe vdrcety lg su`the teofjlhlncodh ofdjnes, trdjsgers,

dmdptdtcljs, djm 'mrcgts' sl gdr chhustrdtem, fehps tl fcnfhcnft

tfe rcof djm olaphex jetwlri lg exofdjnes wfcof excstem dhh

lver Eurlpe murcjn tfe AUR, ct odj dhsl è usem tl prlplse

- ds sunnestem `y scachdrctces jltem ètweej tfe @dhzc Plssc

djm Adh'td gcnurcjes - auof hljner mcstdjoe rehdtcljsfcps,

jedrhy spdjjcjn tfe wflhe lg Eurdscd.

ê fdve dhredmy mcsoussem tfe peouhcdr fdcrml lg tfe

Lofrem Hdmy (@lhmuo et dh. 4337). Cts mcstcjot vlhuae

surrlujms tfe gdoe, ejmcjn wctf d strdcnft `djn lj tfe

glrefedm. Ct cs dhsl sfdrphy out lj tfe upper `doi djm

sfluhmers. ]fe sdae nejerdh pdtterj odj è seej cj tfe Mdae

lg @rdsseapluy, ds wehh ds cj slae gcnurcjes grla Ilstejic

(jl. 6?-4) djm Dvmeevl (jl. >>-4) (Rrdshlv 43659 Mehplrte

433?). Flwever, `y gdr tfe èst olapdrcslj odj è

estd`hcsfem wctf lje lg tfe stdtuettes mcsolverem dt Adh'td

(D`rdalvd 4335, gcn. 42?, jl. =) (Gcn. 4>). ]fe sfdpe lg tfe



C C ' ) ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

Gcn. 47. ]fe rejmercjn lg ùttlois;

d gew exdaphes.

]FE D@PDOFCDH IL_]EJIC DWMEEWL ADUHFJ

fdcr cs tfe sdae, drlujm d gedturehess, oljvex gdoe cj dstrdcnft plsctclj. Cj `ltf cjstdjoes tfe sdae ehljndtem hlois,

adme `y scjulus cjocscljs, dre evcmejoem cj tfe hlwer pdrt.

D strdcnft, ghdt gdoe, surrlujmem `y d `ljjet, ofdrdotercses

severdh lg tfe @dhzc Plssc stdtuettes, c.e. tfe '@eduty' lg tfe

Mlu`het, `ltf hdoes lg tfe Kdjus, djm tfe @ust. ]fcs peouhcdr

rejmercjn lg gdoes djm `ljjets cs jlt mlouaejtem ehsewfere

cj Eurlpe, ùt ct cs glujm lj severdh speocaejs grla Adh'td .

Djltfer eheaejt tfdt cs sunnestcve lg slae glra lg hljn

mcstdjoe rehdtcljsfcp cs glujm lj tfe @ust wflse plcjtem

`redsts dre rehdtcvehy olaalj dt Adh'td ùt ujusudh lj

Eurlpedj AUR gcnurcjes.

]fe hlwer pdrt lg tfe Hlzejne, wctf cts adxcaua wcmtf cjtfe trlofdjter renclj, cs dhsl wctflut djy strcot olujterpdrt cj

Eurlpe. ]fe ujdrtcouhdtem hlwer hca`s èncj dt fcp heveh, djm

dre essejtcdhhy expressem `y twl glhms wfcof aerne tlnetfer

wehh èhlw tfe pu`cs. ]fe nejerdh sfdpe grdacjn tfe èhhy cs

d salltf 'W' wfcof ejms mlwjwdrms cjtl d pu`co trcdjnhe.

_everdh lg tfe Adh'td gcnurcjes mcsphdy tfcs sdae

drrdjneaejt lg tfe hlwer lr mcstdh ejm (Gcn. 4>`). ]fe 'W'

sfdpe grla fcps tl hlwer extreacty cs exdothy tfe sdae. ]fe

èhhy djm pu`cs aerne tlnetfer cjtl d vdst, ghdt djm cjmcstcjot

trcdjnhe. ]fe scachdrcty wctf tfe @dhzc Plssc cs evej alre

strcicjn cg lje tdies cjtl oljscmerdtclj, ds we fdve sunnestem

edrhcer, tfdt d flhe wds ljoe mrchhem dt tfe mcstdh extreacty lg

tfe Hlzejne. _uof mcstdh flhes dre mcsphdyem `y severdh lg

tfe Adh'td gcnurcjes, cjohumcjn slae 'W' sfdpem ljes.

Cj lur vcew, tfe scachdrctces tfdt odj è cmejtcgcem cj tfe

geadhe cadnery grla tfe @dhzc Plssc djm Adh'td dre tll

juaerlus djm mcverse tl è exphdcjem ds purehy olcjocmejtdh,

djm tfcs evej cg tfey represejt, dmacttemhy, ljhy d very sadhh

plrtclj lg dj dssea`hdne lg trdcts wfcof dre ltferwcse

su`stdjtcdhhy mcggerejt. _uof eheaejts lg mcsscachdrcty odj è

seej, glr cjstdjoe, cj tfe ghdt rejmercjn lg tfe Adh'td

stdtuettes versus tfe vcnlrlus sejse lg vlhuaes dt tfe @dhzcPlssc , jlt tl aejtclj tfe juaerlus types lg gcnurcjes grla

Adh'td tfdt dre scaphy tltdhhy dhcej. ]fcs ohedrhy cjmcodtes

tfdt tfe dglreaejtcljem scachdrctces dre èst vcewem ds

represejtcjn tfe gdcjt luthcjes djm mcstdjt eofles lg d very

hljnhdstcjn, olaphex, djm myjdaco ofdcj lg olaaujcodtclj

tfdt ljoe hcjiem vdrclus senaejts lg tfe Eurdscdj oljtcjejt.

6. Oljohuscljs

]fe gdsocjdtcjn nrlup lg gcnurcjes dssea`hem `y Kuhhcej cs

kust èncjjcjn tl è ujmerstllm cj dhh cts cjtrcnucjn

olaphexcty. Adjy dspeots wfcof, dt tfe tcae lg mcsolvery,

dppedrem lmm djm cjmeocpferd`he, jlw odj è gcttem cjtl tfehdrner olrpus lg sctes tfdt fds shlwhy mevehlpem lver lje

fujmrem yedrs lg drofdelhlncodh resedrof. Flwever, ds we

jltem, ct cs ljhy wctf tfe reoejt reujcgcodtclj lg tfe lrcncjdh

olhheotclj tfdt cs fds èolae plssc`he tl tfrlw hcnft lj wfdt

dt èst wds d `hurrem cg jlt cjolaprefejsc`he pdtterj.

]fe wedhtf lg cjglradtclj oljtdcjem cj tfe @dhzc Plssc

olhheotclj fds dhhlwem us tl oljjeot dj ltferwcse adrncjdh

djm nelnrdpfcodhhy eooejtrco scte tl tfe wcmer jet lg AUR

sctes ejolapdsscjn Eurlpe. ]fe mdtd resuhtcjn grla lur

djdhyscs fdve dhsl gdochctdtem tfe cjtenrdtclj lg sodtterem

evcmejoe cjtl d olaalj perspeotcve djm dj Eurdscdj

oljtext. Cg ct cs evcmejt tfdt mcverse, stereltypem almehs lg

geadhe gcnurcjes mcm excst, tfey, hlodhhy lr rencljdhhy, were

oljstdjthy su`keotem tl su`the ofdjnes, ectfer tfrlunf

teofjlhlncodh dmdptdtcljs djm doolaalmdtcljs, lr cj tfe

oljtext lg dj ever-ofdjncjn prloess lg recjterpretdtclj lg

trdmctcljdh pdtterjs lg represejtdtclj. Nelnrdpfcodh nrdmcejts

dre shlwhy eaerncjn ùt, ujglrtujdtehy, we fdve yet tl nrdsp

tfe teaplrdh ljes. ]fcs cs pdrthy mue tl tfe gdot tfdt tfe

stumy lg pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny èndj cj êsterj Eurlpe.

Rdrdmlxcodhhy, tfe stdjmdrms lg almerj resedrof were shlwhy




]FE @U_] ]FE LOFPEM HDMS ADH]D ADH]D ]FE HL[EJNE ADH]D

X Rf

•f ..

Gcn. 4>d djm `. Fdcr, `ljjets djm 'W' sfdpem hlwer `lmces ; exdaphes djm hlodtcljs.

dofcevem dt tfe expejse lg adjy caplrtdjt westerj sctes

suof ds tfe @dhzc Plssc.

@e tfdt ds ct ady, lur djdhyscs sflws tfdt adjy lg tfe

dglreaejtcljem eheaejts lg vdrcd`chcty odj èst è exphdcjem

ds pdrt lg d represejtdtcljdh oljtcjuua wflse adcj

ofdrdotercstco fds tl ml wctf sfdpe sfcgtcjn lr trdjsglradtclj,

djm wfcof we fdve odhhem 'pdhdel-alrpfcjn'. Dt tfcs stdne ct

cs qucte ohedr tfdt tfe AUR gcnurcjes dre, cj dhh tfecr drtcstco

djm sya`lhco olaphexcty, tfe expressclj lg d slpfcstcodtem

set lg èhcegs lr d wlrhm vcew. Cj tfcs wlrhm, tfe sfdpe lg

slae lr dhh ècjns, jltd`hy wlaej, wds jlt jeoessdrchy

caalvd`he, ds ct mcm sflw ohedr rehdtcljsfcps wctf slae slrt

lg dj djcadh djm/lr d jlj-fuadj mcaejsclj, sunnestcjn tfdt

tfere excstem èhcegs d`lut lrmcjdry djm jlj-lrmcjdry

excstejoe djm tfdt oertdcj cjmcvcmudhs fdm tfe d`chcty lr tfe

plwer tl sfcgt grla lje heveh lr mcaejsclj tl djltfer. _uof

d wlrhm vcew, djm cts drtcstco expressclj murcjn tfe Upper

Rdhdelhctfco, wds reoejthy rehdtem tl sfdadjcsa `y Ohlttes

djm Hewcs-^chhcdas (4337), djm fdm dhredmy èej put cjtl d

scachdr perspeotcve `y Hlaaeh (437>) djm _treet (4363).

Flwever, tl err lj tfe scme lg odutclj, djm jlt tl gdhh prey tl

tfe "tyrdjjy lg tfe etfjlnrdpfco reolrm" (^l`st 43>6), we

wluhm rdtfer oljscmer AUR geadhe cadnery djm pdhdel-

alrpfcjn ds adjcgestdtcljs lg 'prltl' lr 'pdhdel-

sfdadjcsa'. Cjmeem, ct cs ujredhcstco tl dssuae tfdt suof d

myjdaco systea lg èhcegs djm olrlhhdry prdotcoes oluhm fdve



404 ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

readcjem tltdhhy capervclus tl alre tfdj 02 achhejjcd lg

ouhturdh ofdjne.

Cj oljohusclj, djm tl phdoe tfcjns cj d `rldmer perspeotcve.

ch wchh suggcoe hl jlte tfdc cfo @dhzc Plssc gcnurcjes odj è

vcewem, cj dhh tfecr olaphexcty, ds cjtrcnucjn scnjdhs djm

eofles lg d rcof djm myjdaco ouhturdh repertlcre tfdt

extejmem lver vdst terrctlrces. D repertlcre tfdt `ltf regheotsdjm adme plssc`he tfe caaejsehy olaphex prloess lg

dmdptdtclj wfcof resuhtem, cj AUR tcaes, cj tfe suooessguh

caphdjtdtclj lg fuadjcty dorlss tfe wflhe lg tfe Adaaltf

_teppe, grla tfe sflres lg tfe Dthdjtco loedj djm tfe

Aemcterrdjedj sed tl tfe edsterjalst adrncjs lg tfe

@eccjncdj wlrhm.

doijlwhemneaejts

ê nrdteguhhy doijlwhemne As Huoce djm Hdurejoe Kuhhcej-

Hdvcnje glr tfecr oljstdjt ejolurdneaejt djm glr dhhlwcjn

us tl stumy tfe @dhzc Plssc gcnurcjes cj tfecr oustlmy. A.A.

wds gujmem `y tfe Acjcsterl mehh'Ujcversctí e mehhd Pcoerod

socejtcgcod e teofjlhlncod (Pcoerod socejtcgcod 72%) ds wehh

ds `y dj dnreeaejt lg ol-lperdtclj ètweej tfe Mcpdrtc-

aejtl mc _ocejze mehh'Djtcofctí mehh'Ujcversctí mc Plad "Hd

_dpcejzd" (Ctdhy) djm tfe Mepdrtaejt lg Djtfrlplhlny lg tfe

Ujcverscty lg Dhèrtd (Emaljtlj, Odjdmd) wfcof dhsl

gdochctdtem tfe pdrtcocpdtclj lg K.O.-A. tl tfe ljnlcjn stumy.A.A. cs dhsl tfdjiguh tl H. Ghyjj glr dhhlwcjn tfe stumy lg

tfe Kdjus gcnurcje dt tfe Red`lmy Auseua (Fdrvdrm

Ujcverscty, Oda`rcmne, U_D) wfche Lger djm Mdjcehhd @dr-

Slseg icjmhy fehpem cj adjy wdys lrndjcscjn tfe rehdtem

vcsct. A.A. dhsl tfdjis, dt _dcjt-Neradcj-ej-Hdye (Grdjoe),

Adrce-Fãhæje ]fcduht wfl ndve peracssclj tl stumy tfe

@dhzc Plssc gcnurcjes cj fer ieepcjn, djm M. @ucsslj wfl

lrndjcsem dhh tfe prdotcodh dspeots lg tfe stumy.

R.@. stumcem tfe stlry lg tfe olhheotclj, K.O.-A. tfe

teofjlhlncodh dspeots, djm A.A. tfe typlhlncodh ljes. ]fe

oljohuscljs dre cj olaalj.




regerejoes

Dfrdjclvd, [.D.

@lhmuo, R.. 4337

K. Ocjq-Adrs,

A. Aussc

Ohlttes, K., 4337

M. Hewcs-^chhcdas

Oflhhlt, A. 437=

Olppejs, S. 4363

Mohplrte, F. 433?

Ncdol`cjc , N., 4335

N. Adher`d

Nvlzmlver, A.M.

Nvlzmlvor, A.M.

Fdfj, K.

Fdfj, K.,

A. Aeju,

S. ]d`lrcj,

Rf. ^dhher.

G. ^cmeadj (ems)

hdilvhevd, H.,

N. Rcjolj

Herlc-Nlurfdj, D.

437> Rdhdelh ctfco drt cj tfe U._._.P., Drotco Djtfrlplhlny CW, 4->>.

4335 H'drt pdhclhctfcque m'Eurlpe lrcéjtdhe et me _cèrcé. Nrejl`he; K. Achhlj.

Hes gcnurcjes mes @dhzc Plssc (Ctdhcé); uje olhheotclj permue et retrluvãe. @uhhetcj me hd

_locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque me h'Drcæne HC, 45-5?.

Hes Ofdadjes me hd Rrãfcstlcre. Rdrcs; _euch.

Ausãe mes Djtcquctãs Jdtcljdhes, Olhheotclj Rcette. Rdrcs; Em. mes Ausães Jdtcljdux.

H'da`cnuctã mes mlu`hes Wãjus mu Nrdvettcej ej Grdjoe, Olaptes Pejmus Dodm.

Cjsorcptcljs & @ehhes-Hettres (Kuchhet-Mãoea`re), 577-5>4.

Y.'cadne me hd geaae mdjs h'drt prãfcstlrcque. Rdrcs; Rcodrm.

Hes pejmehlques ej cvlcre me hd sepuhture pdhãlhctfcque mu "Keuje Rrcjoe" (Nrltte mes

Dreje Odjmcmo, Gcjdhe Hcnuro, Ctdhco). Cj; K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhter djm

G. ^cmeadj (ems), He trdvdch et h'usdne me h'cvlcro du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrcer, 4>?-46>.

Plad, Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e [eood mehhd _tdtl.

4363 ]fe typlhlny lg geadhe gcnurcjes lg tfe Ilstejic Rdhelh ctfco Ouhture, _lvcet Djtfrlplhlny

djm Drofelhlny 0>, ?0-3=.

4335 Drt lg tfe Adaaltf Fujters. ]fe Gcjms grla Dvmeevl. Lxglrm; Lx`lw @llis.

4367 Irdgt ujm Dnnressclj, Drofdelhlncod Wejdtlrcd 4.

4332 Gujotclj et scnjcgcodtclj mes stdtuettes mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur eurlpeej. Cj; K. Ohlttes

(em.), H'drt mes lfkets du Rdhãlhctfcque, t.0, 4>?-46?, Rdrcs; Mcreotclj mu Rdtrcalcje.

4335 Hes cvlcres ej Dhheadnje; mã`ctdne, gdoljjdne et utchcsdtclj du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur. Cj;

K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhter djm G. ^cmeadj (ems). He trdvdch et C'usdne me

h'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur, 445-4?5, Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e [eood mehhl _tdtl.

4335 He trdvdch et h'usdne me h'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur. Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e

[eood mehhl _tdtl.

433> Hdgrcse souhptãe mu Plo-dux-_lrocers. Rdrcs; Peujclj mes Ausães jdtcljdux et Olactã mes

trdvdux fcstlrcques et socejtcgcques.

4375 Rrãfcstlcre me h'drt loocmejtdh. Rdrcs; Adzejlm.

436? Hes ejtctãs cadncjdcres. Esqucsse m'uje reoferofe sur hes aljstres pdrcãtdux pdhãlhctfcque.

Cj; Flaejdke dh Rrlg. Adrtcj Dhadnrl @dsof, vlh. 4, 054-07?, Admrcm; Acjcsterl me

Ouhturd.

Hlaaec, D. 437> _fdadjcsa. ]fe fencjjcjn lg drt. Jew Slri; AoNrdw-Fchh.



40?

Adrsfdoi, D.

Aussc, A.

Aussc, A.,

R. @lhmuo,

K. Ocjq-Adrs

Rdwhci, D.

Rrdshlv, J.M.

IcX core. C-.

_eaejlv, _.D.

_ofeer, D.

_treet, A.

]drdsslv, H.A.

^fcte, P.

^l`st, F.A.

[lt/. C .

ADPNFEPC]D AU__C E] DH. - EOFLE_ GPLA ]FE ADAAL]F _]ERRE

4367 Uje gcnurcje me Nrcadhmc "remãoluverte "; djdhyse et mcsoussclj, H 'Djtfrlplhlnce 32, 62>-64=.

4366-63 H'us l mehhd stedtcte jeh Rdhelhctcol superclre ctdhcdjl, Lrcncjc VCW, 463-025.

4334 H'utchcsdtclj me hd stedtcte mdjs hes nrlttes mes @dhzc Plssc (lu nrlttes me Nrcadhmc ), Ndhhcd

Rrãfcstlcre ??, 4-47.

4335 Hes stdtuettes ctdhcejjes me pcerre tejmre me _dvcnjdjl et Nrcadhmc. Cj; F. Mehplrte (em.), Hd Mdae me @rdsseapluy, EPDUH >=, 473-465.

4337 Rrl`hæaes rãoejtes et mãoluvertes djocejjes; hd stdtuette me _dvcnjdjl (Almæje, Ctdhcé),

@uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrcfcstlrcque me h'Drcæne HC, 55->3.

433> Mce Plte vlj Aduerj; hd "Mdae rlun e" me Aduerj revcsctãe. @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã

Rrcfcstlrcque me h'Drcæne Hch, =5-72.

cj press He 45 gcnurcje pdhelhctcofe solperte md Hlucs Dhexdjmre Kuhhcej dc @dhzc Plssc. Cj; N. Wcocjl

djm M. Drl``d (ems), Dttc meh Oljnressl.

4335 Cvlry expercaejtdtclj cj use-wedr djdhyscs. Cj; K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhterdjm G. ^cmeadj (ems), He trdvdch et C'usdne me h'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur, 0=5-05>,

Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e [eood mehhl _tdtl.

4365 H'drt mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur í Hest me 4'Eurlpe, H 'Djtfrlplhlnce 63, 464-430.

466> Me h'djtcquctc me h'feaae mdjs hes Dhpes-adrctcaes. Rdrcs ; @dchccere.

437= Rrefcstlrce ]eofjlhlny. @dtf; Dmdas & @drt.

4335 Rejmehlques ej cvlcre murdjt he Nrdvettcej ej Dhheadnje mu _um; uj cjmcoe ofrljlhlncque

et slocdh< Cj; K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhter djm G. ^cmeadj (ems), He trdvdch

et h'usdne me h'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur, 4?>-4>4. Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e

[eood mehhl _tdtl.

4363 Kíner ujm _ofdadjej. Adcjz; Werhdn mes P÷acsof-Neradjcsofej [ejtrd hauseuas.

43>4 Hd mlu`he stdtuette pdhãlhctfcque me Ndndrcjl, Tudrtír 00, 45>-47?.

433> _u`stdjtcdh dots; grla adtercdhs tl aedjcjn cj Upper Rdhelhctfco represejtdtclj. Cj;

A.^. Oljiey, L. _lgger, M. _trdtadjj, J.N. Kd`hljsic (ems), @eyljm Drt. Rhecstloeje

Cadne djm _ya`lh, 3?-404, Aealcrs lg tfe Odhcglrjcd Dodmeay lg _ocejoes 0?, _dj

Grdjocsol.' Odhcglrjcd Dodmeay lg _ocejoes.

43>6 ]fe drofdel-etfjlhlny lg fujter-ndtferers, lr tfe tyrdjjy lg tfe ejtfjlnrdpfco reolrm cj

drofdelhlny. Daercodj Djtcqucty =?, ?2?-?23.

4355 Mds Rdhdlh ctfciua cj mej êcjèrnf÷fhej èc Aduerj, Tudrtír-@c`hcltfei 0.

Adrnferctd Aussc

Mcpdrtcaejtl mc _ocejze mehh 'Djtcofctí'

Ujcversctd mc Plad *Hd _dpcejzd'

Wcd Rdhestrl 7?

22465 Plad

Ctdhy




Kdoques Ocjq-Adrs

Ausãe odjdmcej mes ocvchcsdtcljs

422 rue Hdurcer

O.R. ?422, suoo. @

Fuhh

R.T. K6V =F0

Odjdmd

Rcerre @lhmuo

=53 Huscnjdj

Aljtredh

R.T. F?O 4S>

Odjdmd



Humachd hdilvhevd ]fe nrdvettcdj drt lg Edsterj Eurlpe ds exeaphcgcemcj tfe gcnurdtcve drt lg Ilstejic 4

]fcs pdper glouses lj tfe rcof olhheotclj lg gcnurdtcve drt

mcsolverem cj fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. C lg Ilstejic C lj tfe

Mlj, d adklr scte lg tfe Edsterj Nrdvettcdj, ourrejthy mdtem

dt 00-0= iyr fp. Djtfrlplalrpfco ècjns, ds wehh ds

djcadhs, dre represejtem, wfcof dre alsthy odrvem cj adrh,

djm alre rdrehy cj cvlry. ^laej, vuhvds, adaaltf, gehcjes,

èdrs, `crms djm olaplscte zllalrpfs dre glujm cj serces lg

severdh speocaej edof, wfche ltfer tfeaes dre rdrer. ]fere

cs d pdtterjcjn mcsoerjd`he cj tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj wfcof

dhhlws tfe fd`ctdtclj tl è sphct cjtl twl, perfdps regheotcjn

tfe slocdh struoture lg tfe fuadj nrlup. Cj lje fdhg,

odrjcvlres djm olaplscte zllalrpfs were ujedrtfem, cj tfe

ltfer, fer`cvlres, jltd`hy adaaltf, ohusterem. @crms djm

wlaej were mcsolverem dhh lver tfe fd`ctdtclj. Geadhe

gcnurcjes, ds wehh ds djcadh stdtuettes, dhsl mcsphdy styhcstco

ofdrdotercstcos wfcof hcji Ilstejic tl ltfer edsterj

nrdvettcdj sctes. ]fe adjy cjtejtcljdhhy `rliej slgt adrh

stdtuettes fdve pdrdhhehs wctf tfe `diem ohdy gcnurcjes lg

Mlhjg Wcstljcoe djm Rdvhlv cj Alrdvcd, mdtem tl 07-0> iyr

`p. Doolrmcjnhy, olaalj styhcstco djm sya`lhco gedtures odj

è reolnjcsem dt nrdvettcdj sctes wfcof dre mcstdjt cj tcae

djm spdoe.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Murcjn tfdt pdrt lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco wfcof

ofrljlhlncodhhy olrrespljms tl tfe Nrdvettcdj, severdh dreds

wctf oljoejtrdtcljs lg sctes ycehmcjn al`chcdry drt dre ijlwj

lj tfe nredt Edsterj Eurlpedj phdcj. ]fe Nrdvettcdj lg

Edsterj Eurlpe cs prcjocpdhhy ijlwj grla tfe sctes lg tfe

Mlj djm Mesjd wfcof èhljn tl tfe ^chhejmlrgcdj-

Ilstejicdj trdmctclj lg tfe hdte Nrdvettcdj wctf plcjtes í

ordj. ]fe Nrdvettcdj lg tfe Mjcestr `dscj cj tfe Uirdcje

(Alhlmlvd W, Ilradj CW), lg Alhmdvcd djm Pladjcd

(Actlo) cs pdrt lg d mcggerejt nrdvettcdj nrlup. ]fe sdae

dpphces tl tfe strehetcdj scte lg _ujncr', ds wehh ds tfe sctes

dttrcùtem tl tfcs ouhture.

]wl rencljs, nelnrdpfcodhhy ohlse tl edof ltfer, odj è

cmejtcgcem. ]fey oljtdcj caplrtdjt sctes wctf d pdrtcouhdrhy

rcof al`chcdry drt wfcof èhljns tl tfe edsterj nrdvettcdj

ouhture. ]fese twl rencljs dre tfe Mlj, wctf tfe twl sctes lg

Ilstejic C, hdyer 4 djm Ndndrcjl, djm tfe Mesjd, wctf tfe

twl sctes lg Dvmeevl djm Ifltchevl 0.

]d`he 4. C=O mdtes cmejtcgycjn tfe ofrljlhlncodh mcvcsclj cj

tfe Mlj djm Mesjd rencljs (dgter @lrcsilvsick 436=).

_C]E MD]E HD@. jl.

Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4 00,?22 ´ 0?2 `p NCJ 46>2

04,?22 ´ =22 `p NCJ 05?=

00,?22 + 022 `p NCJ 05??

00,622 ´ 022 `p NCJ 05?2

0?,222 ´ 522 `p NCJ 05060?,522 ´ 022 `p NCJ 050>

0=,422 ´ 522 `p NCJ 0503

Dvmeevl 04,022 ´ 022 `p NCJ 4573

00,=22 ´ 722 `p NCJ 4373

00,022 + >22 `p NCJ 43>2

04,222 ´ 022 `p NCJ 4>=6

Ifltchevl 0 0?,772 ´ 0>2 `p HU ?53

0=,372 ´ =22 `p CNDJ >?

Ndndrcjl 04,622 ´ ?22 `p NCJ 46>0

]fe caplrtdjoe lg tfese sctes cs mealjstrdtem `y tfe

presejoe lg d hdrne juaèr lg `ltf gcnurdtcve djm meolrdtcve

al`chcdry drt l`keots. ]fey dhsl lgger tfe plssc`chcty lg

pcjplcjtcjn tfe drofdelhlncodh oljtext lg edof lg tfese

l`keots wctfcj d fd`ctdtclj struoture. Cjglradtclj lj tfcs hdst

plcjt cs very rdrehy dvdchd`he cj êsterj Eurlpedj sctes,

tfere`y ujmerhcjcjn tfe caplrtdjoe lg tfe sctes lj tfe nredt

Edsterj Eurlpedj phdcj.

]fese sctes fdve d serces lg '=O mdtes tfdt doourdtehy

cmejtcgy tfe ofrljlhlncodh mcvcsclj cj tfcs renclj (see ]d`he 4).

0. Fd`ctdtclj struotures lg tfe nrdvettcdj sctes

]fe reoljstruotclj lg fd`ctdtclj struotures cj nrdvettcdj sctes

suof ds Dvmeevl, Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4 djm Ifltchevl 0 odjjlt

è oljscmerem cj metdch èoduse tfey dre stchh ujmer

exodvdtclj. Dvdchd`he mdtd cjmcodte d rehdtcvehy olaphex

fd`ctdtclj struoture; d hdrne lvdh hcvcjn dred wctf fedrtfs

dhcnjem dhljn tfe adklr dxcs. Cj tfcs hdrne lvdh dred adjy

jdturdh lr drtcgcocdh flhhlws odj è glujm cj tfe nrlujm.

_urrlujmcjn tfcs dred, hdrne pcts lg vdrcem sfdpes dre presejt.




@dsem lj alrpflhlncodh orctercd, severdh lg tfese hdrne pcts

fdve èej cjterpretem ds seac-ujmernrlujm mwehhcjns wctf

`ljes djm adaaltf tusis usem ds struoturdh eheaejts cj tfe

prlteotclj djm olvercjn lg tfese mwehhcjns. ]fe ltfer pcts

fdve èej cjterpretem ds stlrdne pcts glr `ljes djm ltfer

types lg l`keots (Egcaejil 43569 Rrdshlv djm Plndtofev

4360; =?-52). Dhh tfese seac-ujmernrlujm oljstruotcljs dreglujm d gew aetres grla edof ltfer cj d ocrouhdr pdtterj

drlujm tfe hdrne oejtrdh lvdh dred. ]fe cjterpretdtclj lg tfcs

dred ds lje hdrne hcvcjn spdoe cs stchh ujmer mcsoussclj. D

pdrtcouhdr scte ady oljtdcj severdh lg tfese fd`ctdtclj

struotures, ds sflwj `y Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4 djm Dvmeevl.

Cj Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4, glur fd`ctdtclj struotures fdve èej

glujm, lg wfcof ljhy jl. 4 fds èej tltdhhy exodvdtem. ]fcs

fd`ctdtclj struoture lg ?7 x 45 a oljscsts lg d hdrne lvdh dred

wctf tej fedrtfs dhljn tfe oejtrdh dxcs, surrlujmem `y glur

seac-ujmernrlujm mwehhcjn pcts djm tej stlrdne pcts

(Egcaejil 43569 Gcn. 4). ]fe seoljm fd`ctdtclj struoture lg

Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4, aedsurcjn ?2 x 00 a, cs ourrejthy ujmerexodvdtclj. Ct exfc`cts tfe sdae type lg lrndjcsdtclj wctf

mcggerejoes cj tfe juaèr lg seac-ujmernrlujm mwehhcjns

djm stlrdne pcts (Rrdshlv djm Plndtofev 4360; =5). Cj

Dvmeevl, twl scachdr struotures fdve èej glujm. ]fe gcrst

oljtdcjs dj dred lg =5 x 02 a wctf sevej seac-ujmernlujm

mwehhcjns djm ecnft stlrdne pcts. ]fe seoljm struoture,

ourrejthy ujmer exodvdtclj, olaprcses dj dred lg 06 x 45 a

wctf tej surrlujmcjn pcts (Nvlsmlver 4335; 0).

]fe scachdrcty ètweej tfese ejsea`hes sflws tfe

excstejoe lg d rehdtcvehy ehd`lrdte fd`ctdtclj struoture,

ofdrdotercstco lg Dvmeevl djm Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4 djm

perfdps mcdnjlstco lg tfe Edsterj Nrdvettcdj.]fe lrndjcsdtclj lg tfe Ifltchevl 0 fd`ctdtclj cs ourrejthy

hess ohedr. ]fe exodvdtclj sl gdr ujmertdiej fds ljhy revedhem d

serces lg fedrtfs djm stlrdne pcts ([dverjcdev 43>=; 4=0-474).

Dt presejt lg dhh tfese fd`ctdtclj struotures, ljhy

fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 lg Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4 fds èej

guhhy exodvdtem, ncvcjn d oertdcj preocsclj tl tfe drofdelhlnc

odh oljtext lg tfe l`keots (Egcaejil 4356).

?. ]fe al`chcdry drt lg fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4

lg Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4

Fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 lg hdyer 4 lg Ilstejic 4 fds

ycehmem lje lg tfe rcofest olhheotcljs lg gcnurdtcve drt cj

Edsterj Eurlpe. ]fe repertlcre lg cadnes odj è ohdsscgcem cj

tfe gcrst cjstdjoe cjtl twl adklr nrlups; djtfrlplalrpfco

represejtdtcljs djm djcadh represejtdtcljs.

]fe djtfrlplalrpfco represejtdtcljs dre geadhe stdtuettes,

souhptem cj tfe rlujm cj adrh djm cvlry. ]flse cj adrh dre

juaerlus wfereds ljhy d gew cvlry stdtuettes excst. ]fe

odrvem vuhvds were exeoutem cj adrh.

]fe djcadh represejtdtcljs dre fcnfhy vdrcem. ]fey dre

stdtuettes lg djcadhs odrvem cj tfe rlujm cj adrh; adaaltfs,

gehcjes, èdrs, flrses djm dhsl `crms. ]fere dre dhsl speocdh

represejtdtcljs lg zllalrpfco fedms, souhptem cj adrh, ds

wehh ds very sofeadtco djcadh stdtuettes djm `rliej

stdtuettes wfere`y ct cs mcggcouht tl cmejtcgy wctflut da`cnucty

tfe djcadh speoces represejtem, suof ds rfcjloerls lr wlhg.

Daljn tfese djcadh cadnes, ljhy tfe stdtuettes lg

adaaltfs, gehcjes, èdrs, `crms djm zllalrpfs dre glujm cjserces lg adjy speocaej.

]fe pregerejoe glr tfe use lg adrh cj tfe oredtclj lg tfese

hctthe wlris lg al`chcdry drt cs lje lg tfe speocgco trdcts lg

Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4. Cvlry souhptures dre ljhy glujm cj d gew

exdaphes.

Lg tfe olhheotclj lg gcnurdtcve drt glujm cj fd`ctdtclj

struoture jl. 4 lg Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4, tfe adklrcty lg tfe

djcadh djm geadhe stdtuettes dre cjolaphete. ]fey oljscst lg

fedms djm `lmy grdnaejts lg tfe souhptures, tfe adklrcty lg

wfcof èdr trdoes lg `redidne. Cj gdot, tfe adklrcty lg tfe

stdtuettes d`djmljem cj tfe fd`ctdtclj sflws scnjs lg djocejt

mdadne, tfere`y mealjstrdtcjn scnjs lg tfe oredtclj djmmestruotclj lg tfese wlris cj tfe fd`ctdtclj spdoe.

]fe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg tfe l`keots lg gcnurdtcve drt

wctfcj tfcs fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 cj hdyer 4 lg Ilstejic 4

odj è reoljstruotem grla tfe exodvdtclj replrts lg R.R.

Egcaejil (Egcaejil 4356; ?=4-=24).

=. Djdhyscs lg tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg tfe

djcadh stdtuettes

Djdhyscs lg tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg tfe djcadh stdtuettes

ejd`hes us tl mcstcjnucsf twl sepdrdte pdrts lg tfe fd`ctdtclj,

dhalst equcvdhejt cj mcaejsclj.

Cj tfe gcrst pdrt, ètweej fedrtfs 42 djm 7, dre glujmseverdh stdtuettes lg fedms lg odrjcvlres (> exdaphes), dhh tfe

zllalrpfco fedms (> exdaphes), fedms lg `crms (7 exdaphes)

djm lje fedm lg d flrse. ]wl gehcje fedms (squdres N-03 djm

N-?49 Gcns 0;7, >) djm lje èdr fedm (squdre F-069 Gcn.

0;44) dre sctudtem jedr fedrtfs 42 djm 3. Cj tfe sdae zlje twl

`crm fedms (squdres E-?2 djm I-039 Gcns 0;4=, 46) were dhsl

glujm, ds wehh ds d gehcje fedm (squdre E-?29 Gcn. 0;6) djm d

zllalrpfco fedm (squdre C, I-039 Gcn. 0;00). ]wl alre èdr

fedms were glujm jedr fedrtf 6 (squdres 4-07 djm I-059 Gcns

0;4?, 40). Lje zllalrpfco fedm wds dhsl glujm cj squdre C-

07 (Gcn. 0;0=), wfche djltfer zllalrpfco fedm wds glujm lj

tfe ltfer scme lg fedrtf 6, cj squdre G-07 (Gcn. 0;04).

Cj tfe jext zlje, drlujm fedrtfs 6 djm >, severdh djcadh

stdtuettes were glujm sepdrdtehy lj tfe fd`ctdtclj surgdoe djm

cj sadhh pcts. ]fe hdoi lg metdch lj tfese gcnures djm tfecr

grdnaejtem stdte ml jlt dhhlw us tl megcje wctflut da`cnucty

tfe type lg djcadh. Daljnst tfese, glur zllalrpfco fedms

were mcsolverem. ]wl fedms were glujm cj squdre 4-0= (Gcns

0;07, 0>), jedr tl fedrtf > djm d gurtfer twl dt d sflrt

mcstdjoe cj squdre A-0= (Gcns 0;0?, 05). D `crm fedm wds

dhsl glujm cj tfcs dred, cj squdre A-0= (Gcn. 0;4>).



40> HUMACHD CDILWHEWD - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ DP] LG ED_]EPJ EUPLRE

Cj tfe jext zlje, ohlse tl fedrtf 7, lje èdr fedm wds

glujm cj squdre I-04 (Gcn. 0;42), lje flrse fedm cj squdre

I-02 (Gcn. 0;06) djm twl `crm fedms cj squdres H-04 djm

F-04, 00 (Gcns 0;02, 45).

Cj tfe seoljm pdrt lg tfe fd`ctdtclj, ètweej fedrtfs 5 djm

C djm cj twl seac-ujmernrlujm mwehhcjns, severdh wflhe djm

pdrtcdh stdtuettes lg adaaltfs were glujm (5 exdaphes), dswehh ds `crm fedms (5 exdaphes), d flrse fedm djm ltfer

pdrtcdh cjmeteracjdte stdtuettes. @etweej fedrtfs 5 djm 7, cj

jecnf`lurcjn squdres, d grdnaejtem stdtuette lg tfe `lmy lg d

fer`cvlre wds glujm (squdre I-45), ds wehh ds d grdnaejt lg

d `lmy lg dj cjmeteracjdte djcadh (squdre 4-4=) djm d flrse

fedm (squdre E-4=9 Gcn; 0;03). Djltfer pdrtcdh stdtuette wds

glujm cj d sadhh flhhlw (squdres J, A-h 4, 40) ètweej

fedrtf = djm seac-ujmernrlujm mwehhcjn D.

Dj ujgcjcsfem adaaltf stdtuette wds glujm cj squdre

R-46, dt slae mcstdjoe grla fedrtfs 7 djm 5. ]fe ltfer

stdtuette lg d adaaltf wds ujedrtfem jedr fedrtf 4 cj

squdre R-> (Gcn. 0;5).Cj seac-ujmernrlujm mwehhcjn D, d olaphete adaaltf

stdtuette (squdre T-409 Gcn. 0;4) djm d `crm fedm (squdre

T-h 49 Gcn. 0;43) were mcsolverem. Cj seac-ujmernrlujm

mwehhcjn @, twl cjtdot adaaltf stdtuettes were glujm cj

squdres D-47 djm @-45 (Gcns 0;?, =). Cj tfcs mwehhcjn d

grdnaejt lg d `crm fedm (squdre D-47) djm d fedm sunnestcve

lg d gehcje (squdre @-4=9 Gcn. 0;3) were dhsl glujm.

]fe tfree ltfer `crm fedms were glujm sepdrdtehy lj tfe

fd`ctdtclj surgdoe (squdres N-42, H-42, G-4?9 Gcn. 0;47).

Grdnaejts lg cjmeteracjdte djcadh stdtuettes djm mcsputem

meteracjdtcljs fdve jlt èej cjohumem cj tfcs djdhyscs.

5. Djdhyscs lg' tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg tfe

geadhe stdtuettes

Cj fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 cj hdyer 4 lg Ilstejic 4, tfe

geadhe stdtuettes cj adrh djm cvlry dre scachdrhy cjolaphete.

]fe geadhe stdtuettes cj adrh cjohume fedms, tlrsl

grdnaejts djm grdnaejts lg tfe hlwer pdrts lg tfe geadhe

`lmy. Daljnst tfese juaerlus l`keots, rlunf sfdpes djm

gcjcsfem wlris, pdrtcdhhy `rliej lr sadsfem cjtl severdh

pceoes (Gcns ?;4-07), dre mcstcjnucsfd`he. Ljhy d gew adrh

stdtuettes represejt alre lr hess olaphete geadhe gcnures

(Gcns ?;0>-?0). ]fe gcrst lje cs d hdrne, ujgcjcsfem stdtuette,

reoljstruotem grla severdh pceoes olhheotem cj mcggerejt pdrts

lg tfe drofdelhlncodh hdyer (Gcn. ?;03). ]fe seoljm cs d sadhh

stdtuette, dhsl ujgcjcsfem, djm wctf d `rliej hlwer pdrt (Gcn.

?;06). ]fe tfcrm cs d geadhe represejtdtclj wctf dj

cjolaphete prlgche, ejnrdvem lj d grdnaejt lg d hcaestlje

phdquette (Gcn. ?;0>).

Cj tfcs fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4, ljhy tfree cvlry geadhe

stdtuettes were glujm, dhsl mdadnem d hljn tcae dnl (Gcns

?;?2-?0). ]fe gcrst lje, tfe alst olaphete, wds shcnfthy

mdadnem dt `redst djm stladof heveh (Gcn. ?;?0). ]fe seoljm

fds jectfer fedm jlr hens, `ltf lg wfcof were `rliej

glraerhy (Gcn. ?;?4). ]fe tfcrm wds dhsl `rliej dt tfe jeoi,

`redst djm stladof (Gcn. ?;?2).

]fe geadhe stdtuettes were wcmehy mcspersem tfrlunf tfe

ejtcrety lg fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 (Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4). ]fe

fedms djm `lmy grdnaejts lg tfe geadhe stdtuettes were hlodtem

lj tfe fd`ctdtclj surgdoe djm cj sadhh flhhlws (jdturdh lrdrtcgcocdh pcts). Cj oertdcj odses tfey were glujm jedr fedrtfs.

- ]fe fedms were glujm jedr fedrtf 6 (squdre H-07), jedr

fedrtf 5 (squdre 4-47), jedr fedrtf = (squdre H-4?), jedr

fedrtf 0 (squdre I-42), djm jedr fedrtf 4 (squdre 2 ->).

- Geadhe `lmy grdnaejts were glujm jedr tl fedrtf 6

(squdres I-0> djm I-06) djm fedrtf 5 (squdre 4-4>).

- Gurtfer fedms djm geadhe `lmy grdnaejts were glujm lj

tfe surgdoe djm cj tfe sadhh pcts cj tfe dred ètweej

fedrtfs 5 djm =.

- Ltfer fedms djm geadhe `lmy grdnaejts were dhsl glujm

mcspersem lver tfe wflhe fd`ctdtclj spdoe.

Cj tfcs fd`ctdtclj struoture slae geadhe represejtdtcljs

were ohusterem tlnetfer cj sadhh stlrdne pcts (Egcaejil

4356; ?=7-?=39 D`rdalvd 4335; >7). Cj pdrtcouhdr, d odrvem

grdnaejt lg d geadhe tlrsl djm d phdquette wctf dj ejnrdvem

geadhe prlgche were glujm cj d sadhh pct cj squdre M-5, E-5.

]fey were glujm tfere wctf d meolrdtem `lje `hdmehet djm d

perglrdtem tlltf lg d `hue glx.

]fe tfree cvlry geadhe stdtuettes were d`djmljem cj sadhh

pcts cj mcggerejt zljes lg tfe fd`ctdtclj. ]fe cvlry geadhe

stdtuette, wctflut ectfer fedm lr hens, wds put cj d sadhh pctcj squdre M-7 (Gcn. ?;?4). ]fe seoljm lje wctflut d fedm

wds glujm cj d pct cj squdre J-6, wctf dj cvlry fedmem

spdtuhd djm grdnaejts lg d scachdr geadhe gcnurcje cj adrh,

wfcof fds èej restlrem (Gcns ?;?2-03). Dt tfe ltfer ejm lg

tfe fd`ctdtclj, cj squdre M-0>, tfe tfcrm cvlry stdtuette,

dhalst olaphetehy cjtdot, wds glujm dt tfe `lttla lg d pct, cj

dsslocdtclj wctf d grdnaejt lg d `crm fedm djm d meolrdtem

cvlry `hdmehet (Gcn. ?;?0).

Rdrtcdh geadhe stdtuettes, odrvem cj adrh, were dhsl glujm

cj tfe seac-ujmernrlujm mwehhcjns. Cj seac-ujmernrlujm

mwehhcjn D, grdnaejts lg tfe tlrsl lg tfree geadhe stdtuettes

were mcsolverem (squdres R-42, T, P-42, P-42). Cj seac-

ujmernrlujm mwehhcjn @, twl fedms djm grdnaejts lg tfe

`lmces lg twl geadhe stdtuettes were glujm cj squdre D-45.

Odrvem vuhvds were glujm cj d hdrne dred lg tfe fd`ctdtclj,

grla tfe hcjes lg squdre 0= tl tfe hcjes lg squdre 42.

7. Oljohuscljs lj tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg tfe

gcnurdtcve drt

]fe pdrtcdh geadhe stdtuettes were mcstrcùtem ectfer wcmehy lr

ohusterem tfrlunflut tfe fd`ctdtclj surgdoe, ectfer ohlse tl lr




Gcn. 4. ]fe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg

tfe djcadh stdtuettes (lg gcnure 0) cj

fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 lg

Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4 lg

R.R. Egcaejil's exodvdtcljs (dgter

H. hdilvhevd).

÷ g ? t V D @ O M E G N - 4

-0

-?

A J



403 HUMACHD CDILWHEWD - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ DP] LG ED_]EPJ EUPLRE

4 5 = 5

7-3

42-4?

4=-02

L 04-0>

L 06-03

2 5 oa

C 4 4 4 4 4

Gcn. 0. Adrh djcadh stdtuettes grla fd ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 lgIlstejic 4, hdyer 4 (reoljstruotem grla tfe mdtd lg R.R.Egcaejil).4-5; adaaltfs, 7-3; gehcjes, 42-4?; èdrs, 4=-02; '`crm' fedms,04-0>; zllalrpfco fedms, 06-03; flrse fedms. ]fe nrdpfcodhsya`lhs dsslocdtem wctf tfe vdrclus nrlups cjmcodte tfe hlodtcljlg tfese l keots cj gcnure 4. _ee text glr gurtfer exphdjdtclj.



4?2 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

dt d mcstdjoe grla tfe fedrtfs. ]fey were dhsl glujm ectfer

cj lr lutscme tfe pcts, djm cj tfe seac-ujmernrlujm

mwehhcjns, chhustrdtcjn tfe mcverscty lg tfecr plsctcljcjn cj tfe

fd`ctdtclj. Ct cs cjterestcjn tl plcjt lut tfdt tfe odrvem vuhvds

dre ljhy presejt cj lje hdrne zlje lg tfe fd`ctdtclj, wfereds

tfe geadhe stdtuettes fdve d auof hdrner spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj.

]fe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg tfe `rliej djcadh stdtuettes cs

ofdrdotercsem `y scachdr vdrcd`chcty. Jevertfehess, tfe spdtcdh

mcstrcùtclj lg edof icjm lg djcadh stdtuette mcggers ohedrhy cj

tfe twl pdrts lg tfe fd`ctdtclj; tfe odrjcvlre stdtuettes djm

tfe zllalrpfco stdtuettes were hlodtem cj lje pdrt lg tfe

fd`ctdtclj, wfereds tfe fer`cvlre stdtuettes, jltd`hy

adaaltfs, were hlodtem cj tfe ltfer pdrt lg tfe fd`ctdtclj.

]fcs spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj fds perfdps d oertdcj aedjcjn wfcof

dhhlws d mcstcjotclj ètweej lje pdrt lg tfe fd`ctdtclj djm

tfe ltfer.

]fe `crm stdtuettes djm geadhe stdtuettes, wfcof were

glujm tfrlunflut tfe fd`ctdtclj struoture, cj severdh odses

jedr djcadh stdtuettes, were cj lje pdrt lg tfe fd`ctdtclj

ohlse tl gehcjes djm èdrs djm cj tfe ltfer pdrt lg tfe

fd`ctdtclj ohlse tl adaaltfs. ]fcs spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj

perfdps dhsl mealjstrdtes d gurtfer speocdh aedjcjn, wfcof

ady è cjgerrem grla tfe spdtcdh dsslocdtclj lg tfe gcnurdtcve

stdtuettes lg tfe fd`ctdtclj.

>. ]fe drtcstco trdmctcljs lg Ilstejic 4 wctfcj tfe

oljtext lg edsterj nrdvettcdj drt

]fe gcnurdtcve drt lg fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 cj hdyer 4 lg

Ilstejic 4 fds ncvej us tfe rcofest olhheotclj lg nrdvettcdj

drt lg Edsterj Eurlpe, wctfcj d preocse djm wehh-mdtem

drofdelhlncodh oljtext. ]fe wedhtf lg tfe gcnurdtcve

repertlcre lg Ilstejic 4 mealjstrdtes tfdt tfe pregerejoe glr

geadhe represejtdtcljs cj serces cj tfe edsterj nrdvettcdj drt

cs lje lg tfe ofdrdotercstcos lg al`chcdry drt cj lpej dcr

settheaejts lj tfe nredt phdcj, ds oljgcraem `y tfe serces lg

geadhe stdtuettes grla Ndrndrcjl, Ifltchevl 0 djm Dvmeevl.

]fe djcadh represejtdtcljs lg Ilstejic 4 dhsl mealjstrdte

djltfer ofdrdotercstco, wctf serces lg djcadh stdtuettes lg

mcggerejt speoces. ]fcs trdmctclj cs dhsl oljgcraem `y tfe

fer`cvlre stdtuettes lg Ilstejic 44, hdyer 0 (adaaltfs djm

rfcjloerls) djm Ilstejic =, hdyer 4 (adaaltfs). Flwever,

ct sfluhm è plcjtem lut tfdt jectfer cj Ndndrcjl, jlr cj



4?4 HUMACHD CDILWHEWD - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ DP] LG ED_]EPJ EUPLRE

Gcn. ?. Adrh djm cvlry geadhe stdtuettes grla fd ctdtclj struoture jl. 4lg Ilstejic 4, hdyer 4 (reoljstruotem grla tfe mdtd lg R.R. Egcaejil).

Ifltchevl 0, djy djcadh stdtuettes were glujm. Grla

Dvmeevl, ljhy tfree adaaltf gcnurcjes dre ijlwj, wfche

geadhe stdtuettes dre d`sejt cj Ilstejic 44 djm Ilstejic =.

Ilstejic 4 cs tfe ljhy scte wfere wctfcj d hdrne olhheotclj

lg gcnurdtcve drt souhptem cj tfe rlujm `ltf geadhe stdtuettes

djm odrvem vuhvds, djm djcadh stdtuettes djm olaplscte

zllalrpfs ol-loour cj lje fd`ctdtclj struoture. ]fe oflcoelg represejtdtcljs lg oertdcj speoces lg djcadhs, jltd`hy

fer`cvlres (adaaltf) djm odrjcvlres (gehcjes djm èdrs),

wfcof fdve mcggerejt mcstrcùtcljs cj tfe fd`ctdtclj spdoe

adies tfcs olhheotclj lg gcnurdtcve drt very ofdrdotercstco. ]fe

presejoe lg serces lg odrvem vuhvds djm d serces lg `crms djm

slae rdre flrses olaphetes tfe oflcoe lg tfcs repertlcre.

]fe al`chcdry drt lg Ilstejic 4 èhljns tl d very mcsorete

djm wehh-mdtem looupdtclj heveh, fejoe tfe dssea`hdne odj

è oljscmerem ds lje drtcstco ujcty, wfcof ejd`hes us tl

megcje tfe styhcstco trdmctcljs lg tfe nrdvettcdj souhptlrs.

Cj tfe serces lg grdnaejtem geadhe stdtuettes lg Ilstejic 4.

d glradh oljoept eaernes lg tfe wflhe vdrcd`chcty lg tferepresejtdtcljs. ]fcs cs expressem `y tfe represejtdtclj lg dj

uprcnft, jdiem geadhe `lmy, wctf d strdcnft lr shcnfthy

cjohcjem fedm, wctf dras dhljn tfe `lmy lr dorlss tfe

stladof, djm wctf hens wfcof dre strdcnft lr shcnfthy èjt dt

tfe ijees. D hcnfthy ejnrdvem nelaetrco meolrdtclj sunnests

lj oertdcj stdtuettes d fdcrml, `rdoehets wctf lr wctflut

lrjdaejtdtclj, èhts wctf lr wctflut lrjdaejtdtclj djm ltfer

types lg `lmy meolrdtclj.

Cj gdot, tfese geadhe represejtdtcljs, wfche respeotcjn tfe

schfluette djm prlplrtcljs lg tfe geadhe `lmy djm ejrcofcjn

ct wctf `lmy meolrdtclj, dre cj hcje wctf tfe redhcst trdmctclj

lg nrdvettcdj drt, `y tfe use lg tfe teofjcque lg souhpture cjtfe rlujm. ]fcs glradh lrndjcsdtclj lg tfe geadhe `lmy odj

dhsl è seej, wctf slae vdrcdtclj, cj tfe ltfer nrdvettcdj

sctes lg Edsterj Eurlpe, cj Dvmeevl, Ndndrcjl djm Ifltchevl

0 (D`rdalvd 4370; 3-45, ?2-?4, 55-56, 4335;0=-0>9

]drdslv 43>3; 40?-4=7 Nvlsmlver 4365; 0>-77, 4335; 04 -

?79 Cdilvhevd 4334; 7-4>).

Cj tfe serces lg djcadh stdtuettes lg Ilstejic 4, djltfer

glradh oljoept hces dt tfe lrcncj lg tfe oredtclj lg sadhh

wlris souhptem cj tfe rlujm. Cj tfe odse lg tfe represejtd

tcljs lg adaaltfs, d scaphe schfluette, kust dooejtudtem `y

slae ofdrdotercstco gedtures lg tfe djcadh's `lmy, oredtes dj

doourdte cadne lg tfcs nredt adaadh cj very sadhh stdtuettes.

]fcs trdmctclj lg d scaphe djm gdcrhy sofeadtco represejtdtclj

lg djcadhs odj è glujm cj tfe ltfer nrdvettcdj sctes lg

Edsterj Eurlpe, dt Ilstejic =, Ilstejic 44 djm Dvmeevl.

^ctf respeot tl tfe odrjcvlre fedms lg Ilstejic 4, severdh

dhsl qucte sofeadtco represejtdtcljs lg gehcjes djm èdrs dre

scaphy odrvem ùt wctf tfe preocse ofdrdotercstcos lg tfecr

speoces.

Flwever, tfere dhsl excsts d very redhcstco represejtdtclj

lg d hclj. ]fe fedm lg tfcs hclj, odrvem wctf auof odre,




dhhlws us tl cmejtcgy tfe djcadh, jlt ljhy `y tfe gdoe djm

prlgche lg tfe fedm, ùt dhsl `y tfe djdtlaco metdchs lg tfe

edrs, eyes djm tfe gcjehy almehhem djm ejnrdvem alutf

(Gcn. 0;7).

]fe represejtdtcljs lg tfe `crms, mespcte tfe scaphcocty djm

restrdcjt, fdve èej gcjcsfem wctf preocsclj, oredtcjn

pdrtcouhdrcty daljnst tfea.]fe ejsea`he lg gcnurdtcve drt lg Ilstejic 4 dhsl cjohumes

slae speocdh souhptures. ]fese dre zllalrpfco cadnes,

sflwcjn d acxture lg vdrclus djcadh djm djtfrlplalrpfco

gedtures. ]fese souhptures lg zllalrpfco fedms were odrvem

wctf nredt preocsclj, dooejtudtcjn tfe cjmcvcmudhcty lg tfe

su`keots.

_cachdr represejtdtcljs fdve èej mcsolverem cj `ltf

al`chcdry djm pdrcetdh drt ehsewfere, mdtcjn grla tfe

Durcnjdocdj tl tfe Adnmdhejcdj (D`rdalvd 4370; 45-479

Fdfh) 43>4; 44-0?9 Wcdhlu 4367; =39 Drofdaèdu djm

Drofdaèdu 4334; 72, >59 Cdilvhevd 433=; 66-34, 35,

4337; 54-509 @lhmuo et dh. 4337; 00-0=, ?7).

6. Oljohuscljs

]fe wedhtf lg cjglradtclj supphcem `y tfe olhheotclj lg

gcnurdtcve drt l`keots grla fd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 cj hdyer

4 lg Ilstejic 4, wfcof cs ofdrdotercstco lg tfe nrdvettcdj drt

lg Edsterj Eurlpe, mealjstrdtes tfe nejerdhcty lg tfe drtcstco

trdmctcljs lg tfe Edsterj Nrdvettcdj djm tfe pdrtcouhdrcty lg

dj exoeptcljdh scte lg tfcs ocvchcsdtclj.

4. ]fe juaèr lg gcnurdtcve stdtuettes sflws tfe nredt

caplrtdjoe lg phdstco drt cj tfe fd`ctdtclj lg Ilstejic 4. ]fe

mcggerejoes cj tfe stdte lg tfe stdtuettes - rlunfluts,

olaphete stdtuettes djm espeocdhhy cjtejtcljdhhy `rliejstdtuettes cj hdrne juaèrs - sflw tfe stdnes lg oredtclj, use

djm d`djmljaejt lg phdstco drt cj tfe hcvcjn spdoe. ]fcs

olaphete oyohe `rcjns tl hcnft tfe strljn hcji lg tfe

gcnurdtcve drt wctf tfe settheaejt, d spdoe wfere drt expresses

tfe slocdh, sya`lhco djm destfetco gujotcljs.

0. ]fe phdstco drt l`keots adme grla adrh djm cvlry sflw

d readrid`he adstercjn lg tfese adtercdhs wfcof dre sl

mcggerejt cj qudhcty. ]fe pregerrem oflcoe lg adrh ds d rdtfer

slgt rdw adtercdh, glujm lj tfe splt, glr tfe oredtclj lg

gcnurdtcve stdtuettes cj tfe rlujm odj, daljnst ltfers, è

hcjiem tl tfe use lg tfese l`keots wfej tfe adklrcty were

cjtejtcljdhhy `rliej lr sadsfem cjtl severdh pceoes cj tfe

Ilstejic 4 settheaejt. ]fe oflcoe lg d slgt rdw adtercdh tfdt

cs edschy `rliej odj è olapdrem tl tfe prlmuotclj lg `diem

ohdy gcnurdtcve stdtuettes, wfcof were glujm, grdnaejtem lr

cjolaphete, cj hdrne juaèrs cj tfe settheaejts lg Mlhjc'

Wéstljcoe 4 djm Rdvhlv 4.

?. ]fe repertlcre lg souhptem drt grla Ilstejic 4 chhustrdtes

tfe rcofest coljlnrdpfy lg gcnurdtcve drt lg tfe Edsterj

Nrdvettcdj djm mealjstrdtes tfe mehcèrdte oflcoe lg redhcstco

djm cadncjdry cadnes. Cj cts lwj èstcdry, olaplsem lg

djcadhs wfcof ohedrhy represejt tfe gdujdh speoces lg tfe

ejvcrljaejt, djm oljgcraem `y tfe readcjs lg tfe gdujd

cj tfe settheaejt; odrjcvlres (hclj, èdr), adaaltf djm`crms. _everdh very sofeadtco djcadh stdtuettes were dhsl

glujm, suaadrchy presejtem wctflut djy doourdte cjglradtclj

lj tfe speoces represejtem. ]fe repertlcre lg djcadhs dhsl

cjohumes gcnures tfdt dre tltdhhy cadncjdry, represejtem `y tfe

zllalrpfco djm olaplscte djtfrlplzllalrpfco stdtuettes.

]fe mcstcjotclj lg tfese èstcdh gcnures cs dhsl expressem cj tfe

lrcncjdhcty lg edof lg tfese cadncjdry ofdrdoters. ]fe ltfer

hdrne pdrt lg tfe gcnurdtcve repertlcre cs ofdrdotercsem `y rdtfer

redhcstco ùt tltdhhy mcggerejt geadhe represejtdtcljs. Lje serces

fds geadhe stdtuettes, djltfer odrvem vuhvds. ]fe excstejoe lg

tfese twl mcggerejt serces lg represejtdtcljs fds perfdps d

mcstcjot aedjcjn glr edof lg tfe geacjcje cadnerces.

]fcs olaphex gcnurdtcve repertlcre lg tfe hdte Nrdvettcdj lg

Edsterj Eurlpe cj Ilstejic 4 (0=,222-00,222 `p) èdrs d

resea`hdjoe tl tfe gcnurdtcve olhheotclj grla Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe 4 djm Rdvhlv 4 lg tfe lhmer Nrdvettcdj (0>,222-

07,222 `p) lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe, wfcof cs expressem cj

represejtdtcljs lg serces lg adaaltfs, odrjcvlres, suaadry

djcadh su`keots djm dhsl `y geadhes represejtem `y d

olaphete `lmy lr `y vuhvds. ]fe resea`hdjoe lg tfe

gcnurdtcve repertlcres lg tfese settheaejts, sepdrdtem cj spdoe

djm tcae, mealjstrdtes tfe mlacjdjt, std`he trdcts lg tfe

nrdvettcdj coljlnrdpfy.

=. ]fe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg tfe gcnurdtcve stdtuettes cjfd`ctdtclj struoture jl. 4 cj Ilstejic 4 sflws djltfer dspeot

lg tfe presejoe lg tfe mcggerejt su`keots `y tfecr plsctcljcjn

djm ohustercjn cj tfe spdoe lg tfe settheaejt. Cj tfe gcrst

phdoe, tfe djcadh djm geadhe stdtuettes dre wcmehy mcspersem

lver tfe dred lg tfe settheaejt. @ut d ohedr mcggerejoe cs

mealjstrdtem `y tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg oertdcj l`keots cj

tfe ncvej zljes. Cj tfe plsctcljcjn lg tfe geadhe represejtd

tcljs tfcs cs chhustrdtem `y tfe hcactem mcstrcùtclj zlje lg tfe

vuhvds cj olapdrcslj wctf tfe wcme mcstrcùtclj lg tfe geadhe

stdtuettes. ]fe mcstrcùtclj lg tfe djcadh gcnures cs

mcstcjnucsfem `y d wcme mcstrcùtclj lg tfe `crm stdtuettes

olapdrem tl d auof alre restrcotem mcstrcùtclj lg adaaltf

stdtuettes cj lje zlje, djm odrjcvlre djm olaplscte

zllalrpfs cj djltfer zlje lg tfe settheaejt. ]fcs gcnurdtcve

dssea`hdne wctfcj tfe settheaejt odrrces d aedjcjn lg cts

lwj, wfcof perfdps odj è hcjiem tl, daljnst ltfers, tfe

slocdh struoture lg tfe settheaejts.



4?? HUMACHD CDILWHEWD - ]FE NPDWE]]4DJ DP] LG ED_]EPJ EUPLRE

regerejoes

D`rdalvd, [.D.

Dro`daèdu Oh., 4334A. Drofdaèdu

@lhmuo, R., 4337

.4. Ocjq Adrs.

A. Aussc

@lrcsilvsick, R.E. (em.) 436=

Fgcaojil. R.R. 4356

Nvlsmlver, A.M. 4365

4335

Fdha. K. 43>4

hdilvhevd. H.

Rrdshlv, J.M..

D.J. Plndtofev

]drdsslv, H.A.

Wcdhlcc. C).

4335 H'drt pdhãlhctfcque m'Eurlpe Lrcejtdhe eh me _cèrcé. Nrejl`he; Kãr÷ae Achhlj.

4334 Hes gcnurdtcljs fujcdcjes pdrcetdhes me hd nrltte mes Ola`drehhes , Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre ??, 5?-64.

4337 Hes gcnurcjes me @dhzc Plssc (Ctd hcé); uje olhheotclj permue et retrluvãe, @uhhetcj me hd

_locãtc Rrofcstlrcque Drcehe-Ryrejees HC, 45-5?.

Rdhelhct ___P. Alsolu; Jduid.

Ilstcejic C. Alsolu-Hejcjnrdm; Jduid (cj Pusscdj).

Hd typlhlnce mes stdtuettes geacjcjes me hd ouhture pdhãlhctcque me Ilstcejic, Tuestcljs

m'Djtfrlplhlnce >5, 0>-77 (cj Pusscdj).

Drt lg tfe adaaltf Fujters; tfe gcjms grla Dvmeevl. Lxglrm; Lx`lw Aljlnrdpf =3.

Ecje Kujnpdhølhctfcsofe Ehgejècjphdstci dus mea Flfhojstecj-_tdmeh, _ljmermruoi dus

Gujmèrcofte dus _ofwdèj. Jeue Glhne 43, 44-0?.

He r÷he me hd geaae mdjs hes ocvchcsdtcljs mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur (m'dpræs hes l`kets m'drt

m'Eurlpe Lrcejtdhe et me _cèrcé). Cj; H'fcstlcre djocejje mes peupheaejts m'Uirdcje, 7-4>

(cj Pusscdj).

4334

433= _ya`lhcsae mes sepuhtures mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur m'Eurlpe me 4'Est et me _cèrcé,

Drofãlhlncd =, 6=-36 (cj Uirdcjcdj).

4337 H'drt gcnurdtcg mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur (cadne, olaplsctclj, ejsea`he),

Drofãlhlncd ?, 54-72 (cj Uirdcjcdj).

4360 He Rdhãlhctfcque me hd renclj me Ilstcejic-@lrofevl sur he Mlj 46>3-43>3. Hejcjnrdm;

Jduid (cj Pusscdj).

43>3 He scte me Ndndrcjl et sd phdoe mdjs he Rdhãlhctfcque eurlpeej. Hejcjnrdm; Jduid (cj

Pusscdj).

4367 H'dr t mes nrlttes ej Drcæne adnmdhãj cejje. VVUtf suppheaejt lg Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre, Rdrcs;

OJP_.

Humachd hdilvhevd

Mcreoteur mu reoferofe m'Cjstctut m'Drofãlhlnce JDJ m'Uirdcje40, Dvejue mes Fãrls me _tdhcjnrdm

05=755 Icev

Uirdcje

plstdh dmmress;

OJP_ UAP >2=4

Adcslj Pejã Ncjluvæs

04 , Dhhee me 4'Ujcversctã

3020? Jdjterre Oemex

Grdjoe





Svette ]d`lrcj 42 Nrdvettcdj `lmy lrjdaejts cj êsterj djmOejtrdh Eurlpe

Cj tfe Durcnjdocdj, tfe remujmdjoy cj tfe oflcoe lg glras,

sed sfehhs, djcadh teetf lr glraem lrjdaejts cj cvlry, djther

lr flje, cs d wehh-ijlwj dspeot. ]fe Nrdvettcdjs remuoem

tfecr oflcoe djm sflwem oljscmerd`he vdrcd`chcty ètweej

hlodh nrlups. Cj tfe westerj pdrt lg Grdjoe, Dthdjtco sfehhs

were usem, wfche cj tfe lrcejtdh pdrt djm dhsl cj Neradjy

sljco aemcterrdjedj glras excst. ]fe glssch speoces dre

presejt gdr grla tfe sed. Glx odjcjes djm glraem lrjdaejts

cj cvlry lr slgt stlje dre alre grequejt cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe

tfdj cj êsterj Eurlpe. Exoept glr tfe prlmuotclj lg èdms

cj sorces, tfe nrdvettcdj pelphe dhwdys iept tfe durcnjdocdj

sya`lhco lrjdaejts ùt tfey mcverscgcem tfecr gdsfcljem

lrjdaejts cj edof renclj.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fe glradh mcverscty djm teofjcodh ujmerpcjjcjns lg

durcnjdocdj persljdh lrjdaejts dre jlw wehh ijlwj.

Doolrmcjn tl ourrejt ijlwhemne, tfe Durcnjdocdjs were tfe

gcrst fuadjs tl mevehlp d jeem glr persljdh dmlrjaejt,

testcgycjn tl d olfescve slocety djm dj ehd`lrdte systea lg

vdhues su`sorcèm tl `y dhh aeaèrs lg tfdt slocety. ]fe

remujmdjoy cj tfe oflcoe lg glras, wfetfer ct è sed sfehhs,

djcadh teetf lr glraem lrjdaejts cj cvlry, djther lr `lje, cs

dstljcsfcjn. ]fcs fcnfhy seheotcve dpprlprcdtclj lg glras cs

evcmejt grla tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe Durcnjdocdj, wctf jl

perclm lg cjocpcejoy lr trdjsctclj, djm cs d ofdrdotercstco lg

fuadj persljdh dmlrjaejt up tl tfe presejt.

@ut nejerdtcljs rephdoem edof ltfer djm slocetces ofdjnem

shlwhy. ]fe plwer dttrcùtem tl tfe gcrst persljdh lrjdaejts

wluhm jlt è glrnlttej, ùt lrjdaejts odae tl express jew

djm rencljdhhy mcverscgycjn vdhues, djm tfese jew jeems hem

tl almcgcodtcljs cj tfe oflcoe djm olaplsctclj lg persljdh

lrjdaejts.

4.4 OUH]UPDH WDHUE_ LP ]PC@DH GD_FCLJ<

Oflcoe, olaplsctclj djm adjugdoturcjn teofjcques dre jlt

tfe rdjmla resuht lg cjmcvcmudh tdste. Pdtfer, tfey dre d

gujmdaejtdh aedjs lg olaaujcodtcjn aedjcjn tl ltfers.

]fe iey prl`hea glr resedrofers cs tl ujmerstdjm tfe

caplrtdjoe lg d ofdjne cj speoces oflcoe lr qudhctces lg

glraem lrjdaejts. Cs ct tfe prlmuot lg d prlglujm

evlhutcljdry ofdjne lr aerehy d ofdjne cj hlodh gdsfclj<

]fe djswer cj edof odse mepejms lj tfe mcstrcùtclj djm

qudjtcty lg jew icjms lg lrjdaejts. @ut lur ijlwhemne cs

hcactem djm dj d`sejoe lg oertdcj l`keots mles jlt jeoessdrchy

oljstctute prllg lg tfecr true d`sejoe. Lje lg tfe mcggcouhtces

cjferejt cj tfe stumy lg persljdh lrjdaejts cs tfdt tfere cs d

hdrne `dse lg oflsej glras djm l`keots olaalj tl tfe ejtcre

Upper Rdhdelhctfco djm fejoe wctflut preocse ouhturdh vdhue.

Alrelver, cjoredses cj tfe lverdhh qudjtcty djm cj tfe

mcverscty lg glras lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco persljdh dmlrjaejt

dre very ujevej djm tfecr stdtus ds ouhturdh adriers odj ljhy

è evdhudtem cj rehdtclj tl tfe hctfco dssea`hdnes wctf wfcof

tfey dre dsslocdtem. Ct cs cjmeem wlrtf jltcjn tfdt

trdjsglradtcljs cj hctfco cjmustrces djm drt/lrjdaejtdh

repertlcres fdve mcggerejt teapls djm rfytfas.

]fe ljhy slujm resedrof dpprldof cs lje wfcof estd`hcsfes

mcggerejoes tfrlunf tcae wctf respeot tl d trdmctcljdh 'gujm'

lg lrjdaejts, tfe `dsco sluroe lg wfcof cs tfe Durcnjdocdj.

^fej cj turj tfese mcggerejoes std`chcse lver severdh

nejerd tcljs, tfey express d suggcocejthy std`he djm lrcncjdh

olrpus tfdt odj serve ds d pdrtcdh `dscs glr megcjcjn d jew

ouhture. ]fe dpprldof tfej cs tl mealjstrdte d sucte lg

oljscstejt mcggerejoes wctf respeot tl tfe preoemcjn ouhture,

evej cg tfe trdmctclj eadjdtcjn grla tfcs preoemcjn ouhture cs

stchh dhcve djm wehh.

Glrtujdtehy, jew l`keots djm glras lg persljdh

lrjdaejtdtclj rejmer ct plssc`he tl cmejtcgy ejsea`hes tfdt

dre alre gcje-nrdcjem tfdj tfe lverdhh ouhturdh mcvcsclj.

Lgtej tfecr prlmuotclj cs fedvchy oljoejtrdtem cj d ncvej

renclj (terrctlry) wfere d nrlup fds mcstdjoem ctsehg grla cts

ouhturdh premeoesslrs. Essejtcdhhy, persljdh lrjdaejts, tfe

gcjdh purplse lg wfcof cs tfe expressclj lg vdhues, cjglra us

mcreothy d`lut tfe gcehm lg cmeds wctfcj d nrlup, wctf tfe

sdae sejsctcvcty ds drt ùt wctf gewer aedjs lg expressclj.

]fcs reolnjctclj dhhlws us tl dsi questcljs lg persljdh

lrjdaejts tfdt rehdte alre tl tfe cmejtcgcodtclj lg nrlups

tfdj lg ouhtures.

]fe hljn perclm gdhhcjn rlunfhy ètweej ?2,222 djm

02,222 `p sdw tfe trdjsctclj grla tfe hdst Durcnjdocdjs tl

tfe gcrst Nrdvettcdjs, djm tfej d hljn-hdstcjn nrdvettcdj perclm

tfdt wds rehdtcvehy flalnejelus cj cts styhe lg hctfco

prlmuotclj, ùt fcnfhy mcverscgcem nelnrdpfcodhhy. Cj cts gcjdh

pfdses, tfcs Nrdvettcdj sdw tfe eaernejoe lg mcstcjot,




4 oa

Gcn. 4. Aemcterrdjedj sedsfehhs; Oyohlpe jercted H.

qudsc-oljteaplrdjelus nrlups evlhvcjn cj mcggerejt

mcreotcljs.

]wl questcljs dre l`vclus; gcrst, flw were lrjdaejtdh

trdmctcljs adcjtdcjem, djm seoljm, wfdt cs tfe rlhe lg

oredtcvcty< ]fese twl mladcjs aust è dpprldofem `y tfe

odtenlry lg persljdh lrjdaejts èoduse tfecr prlmuotclj cs

su`keot tl mcggerejt adtercdh pdrdaeters (dvdchd`chcty lg rdw

adtercdhs9 teofjcodh mcggcouhty) doolrmcjn tl tfe type lg

l`keot.

0. _fehh lrjdaejts; ?2,222 tl 02,222 `p

Lg dhh persljdh lrjdaejts, tflse lg sfehh dre alst mepejmejt

lj hlodh dvdchd`chcty, tfe presejoe lg oljteaplrdry adrcje

sflrehcjes lr glssch lutorlps. Cj ay lpcjclj, cj rdre odses tfese

hljn-mcstdjoe alveaejts dttest tl cjter-trc`dh rehdtcljs glujmem

lj jeems ltfer tfdj glr sfehhs. ]fe oljtcjuem excstejoe lg tfe

durcnjdocdj trdmctclj cj sfehh lrjdaejts djm lg tfe rlhe lg

cjjlvdtclj odj ljhy è dppreocdtem renclj `y renclj.

0.4 PENCLJ_ OHL_E ]L ADPCJE _FLPEHCJE_

^fdt cs ct tfdt ofdjnes lver tfe olurse lg achhejjcd< Gcrsthy,

tfe surgdoe teaperdture lg tfe loedj, wfcof ollhs hdter tfdj

tfdt lg tfe oljtcjejts, djm tfe loedjs' sdhcjcty wfcof

cjoredses wctf tfe expdjsclj lg tfe oljtcjejtdh coe sfeets.

]fe adrcje sflrehcjes retredt, shcnfthy cj tfe Aemcterrdjedj

djm nredthy lj tfe Dthdjtco oldst. ]fere cs jl cjmcodtclj lg

scnjcgcodjt almcgcodtcljs cj tfe olaplsctclj lg tfe

adhdolgdujd. ]fe trdmctcljdh speoces seheotem `y tfe gcrst

Durcnjdocdjs dre stchh presejt. Flwever, drlujm 02,222 `p

tfe alst olhm-sejsctcve Aemcterrdjedj speoces, suof ds

Fladhlplad sdjnucjeus djm Oyprded sp., acnrdtem tl alre

slutferhy zljes, wfcof exphdcjs tfecr rdrcty cj tfe lrjdaejts

lg tfdt perclm.

]fe oflcoe lg oertdcj speoces cj wfcof tl cjvest aedjcjn

lrcncjdtes cj durcnjdocdj nrlups cj tfe Aemcterrdjedj zlje.

Grla tfe alst drofdco Durcnjdocdj, we gcjm tfe sdaeperglrdtem speoces dt Isdr-'Dqch cj tfe Jedr Edst, dt Hd Odhd

djm Guadje cj Ctdhy, dt ]lurjdh cj Grdjoe, djm dt Pladjc cj

_pdcj; Fladhlplad sdjnucjeus H., ]rcvcd eurlped Atn.,

Olhuaèhhd rustcod H., djm Oyprded sp. dre lgtej dsslocdtem

wctf Oyohlpe jercted H. cj durcnjdocdj lrjdaejtdh

dssea`hdnes. ]fese speoces adcjtdcj tfecr sya`lhco

caplrtdjoe ujtch tfe ejm lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco djm slae,

hcie ]rcvcd, Oyprded djm Olhuaèhhd rustcod, were stchh

slunft dgter `y plst-nhdocdh pelphes (]d`lrcj 433?d, 433>).

]fe èst exdaphe lg d rehdtcljsfcp ètweej Upper

Rdhdelhctfco aej djm tfe sed olaes grla tfe Hcnurcdj ouhture

cj Ctdhy, glr cjstdjoe cj oertdcj hevehs lg tfe Nrcadhmc odves(Aussc 4335). Ct cs tfe ljhy exdaphe mealjstrdtcjn d

mevehlpaejt cj sfehh lrjdaejts cj oldstdh plpuhdtcljs. Ct cs

lg olurse plssc`he tfdt adjy drofdelhlncodh sctes hlodtem lj

ltfer oldstdh hcjes fdve excstem, espeocdhhy lj tfe Dthdjtco

phdtedu. ^ctf tfe rcse lg tfe sed heveh, tflse sctes mcsdppedrem

djm tfus èodae cjdooessc`he.

Ds wehh ds ieepcjn djoestrdh trdmctcljs lg sfehh lrjdaejts,

tfe pdhdelhctfco Hcnurcdj nrlups ndve d speocdh djm caplrtdjt

rlhe tl d ohdssco speoces lg sfehh; tfe hctthe Oyohlpe jercted,

wfcof tfe Durcnjdocdjs fdm dhredmy caùem wctf d sya`lhco

sejse, èolaes mlacjdjt cj olrplrdh lrjdaejts. Odps,

jeoihdoes djm `rdoehets were olaplsem lg fujmrems lgOyohlpe jercted wfcof were sewj lr tfredmem.

Oljsequejthy, lje odj wljmer cg tfe dùjmdjoe djm tfe

edsy dooess tl tfe sluroes lg lje sfehh speoces cs d gdotlr lg

almcgcodtclj lg sya`lhco sejse. D scachdr odse cs ijlwj

grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe wfere nrdvettcdj pelphe, hlodtem jedr d

glssch sfehh heveh, ndtferem djm usem adjy lg tfese glr

olrplrdh lrjdaejts. Djm cj _ujncr', wfere tfere wds jl

dooess tl sfehhs, cvlry èdms were usem djm drrdjnem cj tfe

adjjer lg êsterj Eurpedj sfehh lrjdaejts.

Glhhlwcjn Plhdjm @drtfes' cmeds (437>), tfe aedjcjn lg

dj l`keot (cj Grejof; 'he scnjcgcdjt') cs hess caplrtdjt tfdj

tfe sya`lhco sejse (cj Grejof; 'he scnjcgcã'). Ct cs tfereglre

henctcadte tl tfcji tfdt tfe sdae sya`lhco sejse odj dpphy tl

mcggerejt types lg lrjdaejts. Flwever, cj tfe odse lg

Hcnurcdj lrjdaejts, tfe prlhcgerdtclj lg lje sfehh speoces odj

hedm lje tl tfcji tfdt ct ady express d vdrcety lg sya`lhco

sejses.

Flwever, Oyohlpe jercted cs jlt tfe ljhy speoces exphlctem

`y tfe Hcnurcdj pelphe. D gew Oyprded, tfe ehljndtem

@uoocjua olrjcouhua, Fcjcd cjordssdtd, ds wehh ds rem meer

vestcncdh odjcjes djm gcsf verte`rde dre mcsoretehy presejt



4?> : A c CC ]DC« CPCJ (CPDWF'C]CDJ @LMS LPJDAEJ]_

dhljn tfe capresscve doouauhdtclj lg Oyohlpe jerctede.

_lae cvlry èdms dre cjterestcjn èoduse tfecr ohdvcglra

sfdpe cs cjspcrem `y rem meer vestcncdh odjcjes lr Oyprded.

]fe alst èdutcguh exdaphes olae grla tfe Dreje Odjmcme

ylujn adj (Ncdol`cjc djm Adher`d 4335). Fe wds wedrcjn

glur ohdvcglra pejmdjts, lje jedr fcs fedm, lje lj fcs hegt

wrcst, djm tfe ltfers jedr `ltf fcs ijees. ]wl lg tfe alstdoolaphcsfem èdms dre very ohlse cj sfdpe djm meolrdtclj tl

tfe jcdnmdhejcdj cvlry èdms lg Hd Adrofe. ]fcs cs tfe èst

exdaphe lg oljtcjucty djm ujcversdhcty lg sya`lhco tflunft.

Mespcte tfe rdrcty lg tfcs type lg sadhh pejmdjt cj tfe

Eurlpedj Upper Rdhdelhctfco, lje odj see tfdt tfey were

dhwdys dppreocdtem.

]fus lje odj see sadhh ofdjnes cj tfe sya`lhco sejse lg

Hcnurcdj lrjdaejts wfej olapdrem tl tfe trdmctcljdh

durcnjdocdj lje. Jlje lg tfe lrjdaejtdh l`keots cs jew, jlt

evej tfe sadhh cvlry lr `lje pejmdjts. ^fdt megcjes djm

cmejtcgces tfe Hcnurcdj nrlup glr tfe dutflr cs tfe cjtejscve

use lg Oyohlpe jercted. ]fcs lrcncjdh oflcoe cs oertdcjhy dnllm wdy tl megcje d ujcty lg tflunft cj d hlodh pdhdelhctfco

nrlup (Aussc 4330).

]fe Nrdvettcdjs-hjctcdh Epcnrdvettcdjs lg tfe rest lg Ctdhy

ml jlt seea tl fdve fdm tfe sdae olaactaejt tl Oyohlpe

jercted, jlr cj gdot, tl sfehh lrjdaejts cj nejerdh (exoept tfe

wladj grla Lstujc 49 Olpplhd djm Wdood 4335). ê tfus

jlte cj @drad Nrdjme djm Dreje Odjmcme d type lg lrjd

aejtdtclj cj tfe djoestrdh trdmctclj, ùt wctf almcgcodtcljs

tfdt odj è cjterpretem ds hlodh gdsfclj, rdtfer tfdj djy icjm

lg ouhturdh evlhutclj.

Cj tfe Grejof Dthdjtco zlje, percnlrmcdj nrlups fdm dooess

tl sfehhs grla `ltf loedj sflrehcjes djm glssch lutorlps cjtfe Dquctdcje `dscj. Ct cs plssc`he tfdt tfe mcstdjoe lg 022-

?22 ia glr tfe Rãrcnlrm-Hlt ohuster adme prlvcscljcjn alre

mcggcouht. ]fcs cs flwever jlt tfe odse glr Csturctz, wfere tfe

Dthdjtco sflrehcje olapljejt cs dùjmdjt. ]fe speoces

oflsej glr lrjdaejtdtclj dre premlacjdjthy ndstrlplms djm

mejtdhcd hcvcjn lj tfe oljteaplrdry Dthdjtco oldst. Mcverscty

cs very restrdcjem. Grla alst tl hedst dùjmdjt; Hcttlrcjd

l`tusdtd H., Mejtdhcua sp., Juoehhd hdpchhus H., Fcjcd

retcouhdtd H. djm Hcttlrcjd hcttlred H. ]fese gcve glras

oljstctute tfe `dse ùt tfere dre ltfer cjgrequejt speoces,

slae grla tfe Aemcterrdjedj suof ds Oyohlpe jercted,

_pfderljdssd autd`chcs H., Oyprded sp.. _eacodsscs sdùrlj

@ru., djm ltfers kust ds cjgrequejt tfdt olae grla tfe

Acloeje lutorlps lg tfe Dquctdcje `dscj, suof ds ]urrctehhd

tere`rdhcs Hcji., Actrdrcd sdhlaejscs Adyer, ]yapdjltljls

adrndrctdoeus @rloofc (]d`lrcj 433?`).

]fe Rercnlrmcdjs lg tfe Dthdjtco renclj tfus adcjtdcjem

rehdtcljs wctf tfe Aemcterrdjedj cj dj epcslmco wdy, ùt tfey

prcadrchy exphlctem tfe Dthdjtco oldst wfere tfey seheotem d

sadhh juaèr lg speoces. ]l net tl djm grla tfe oljteapl

rdry èdofes, tfey orlssem tfe Acloeje lutorlps, djm lj

loodscljs olhheotem glssch speoces lg scachdr glra tl tfe

hcvcjn speoces tfdt tfey reolverem lj tfe èdof.

Cs ct plssc`he tl cmejtcgy mcstcjot ofdrdotercstcos lg tfe

Rercnlrmcdj wctf respeot tl tfecr durcnjdocdj premeoesslrs

hcvcjn cj tfe sdae rencljs djm exphlctcjn tfe sdae sfehh

sluroes< ]fe durcnjdocdj oflcoe lg sfehh speoces glr

lrjdaejtdtclj cs auof alre lpej-ejmem. ]fe gcve mlacjdjtspeoces dre, cj lrmer lg grequejoy; Hcttlrcjd l`tusdtd,

Hcttlrcjd hcttlred, Mejtdhcua, Juoehhd hdpchhus djm Fcjcd

retcouhdtd. @ut tfere dre dhsl scnjcgcodjt qudjtctces lg Jdtcod,

]urrctehhd, ]rcvcd eurlped, djm Hcttlrcjd sdxdtchcs Lhcvc. ]fe

Aemcterrdjedj olapljejt cs alre dùjmdjt djm vdrcem;

_pfderljdssd autd`chcs, Drouhdrcd nc``lsuhd H., _eacodsscs

sdùrlj, Fladhlplad sdjnucjeus, Oyohlpe jercted,

Olhuaèhhd rustcod, djm Oyprded. ]fe sdae tejmejoy excsts

cj tfe sfehhs olhheotem grla Acloeje èms, lg wfcof tfere dre

adjy exdaphes.

]fe Rercnlrmcdjs cj tfe Dthdjtco zlje retdcjem tfe sdae

oflcoe lg speoces ds tfe Durcnjdocdjs lg tfcs renclj wctfrespeot tl `ltf Dthdjtco djm Aemcterrdjedj speoces, ùt tfey

remuoem tfcs oflcoe tl d very gew speoces, preocsehy tflse

tfdt were tfe alst juaerlus cj tfe Durcnjdocdj. ]fe juaèr

lg sfehhs dotudhhy olhheotem cs olapdrd`he ùt tfe oflcoe wds

alre restrcotem, djm Mejtdhcua èolaes alre grequejt. ]fcs

tejmejoy, dhredmy jltem glr tfe Nrdvettcdj lg tfe

Aemcterrdjedj zlje, ady wehh è d ouhturdh ofdrdotercstco

(Ljlrdtcjc djm Ola`cer 4335).

0.0 PENCLJ_ GDP GPLA ADPCJE _FLPEHCJE_

Pencljs gdr grla adrcje sflrehcjes revedh tfe plwerguh

cjterest lg hlodh nrlups cj sed sfehhs. Cj @urnujmy, Neradjy,Dustrcd djm cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe, tfe Nrdvettcdjs djm rehdtem

nrlups slunft tl l`tdcj sfehhs èoduse tfey were pdrt lg tfecr

ouhture. ]wl prloureaejt plssc`chctces excst; tfe exphlctdtclj

lg glssch lutorlps djm hljn expemctcljs tl adrcje sflres. Cg

jectfer lg tfese wds gedsc`he, gdoscaches were adjugdoturem

cj ltfer adtercdhs; `crm `ljes glr Mejtdhcua, djm sadhh èdms

djm pejmdjts alre lr hess rlujm cj glra.

]fe sctes lg ]rchl`cte djm Pejje dt Droy-sur-Oure prlve tfdt

tfe Rercnlrmcdjs solurem Eloeje glssch lutorlps, prl`d`hy tflse

lg tfe Rdrcs @dscj, glr sfehh speoces resea`hcjn trdmctcljdh,

ohdssco glras. Glr exdaphe, Dapuhhcjd resea`hes Oyohlpe

jercted, djm @dydjcd hdoted cs ehljndtem hcie Juoehhd hdpchhus.

Cj Neradjy, tfe Nrdvettcdjs fdm dooess tl hlodh glsschs

(Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, Necssejih÷sterhe, @rchhejf÷fhe) ùt

loodscljdhhy were d`he tl l`tdcj Aemcterrdjedj speoces suof

ds glujm dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn djm _prejmhcjnej.

Cj Dustrcd, glssch speoces grla tfe Wcejjd @dscj were

olhheotem `y tfe Epcnrdvettcdjs dt Nru`nrdèj, wfere tfey

dppdrejthy dhsl glujm d wdy tl l`tdcj exltco mejtdhcua

sfehhs. ]fcs cs dhsl tfe odse dt Dnns`dof djm ^chhejmlrg CC

(Nrdvettcdj), wfere mejtdhcua sfehhs were glujm cj dhh hevehs.




]fe Durcnjdocdjs lg tfcs sdae renclj glousem lj tfe

gd`rcodtclj lg èdms cj cvlry. ê ijlw hctthe d`lut tfecr sfehh

olhheotclj prdotcoes. Glssch speoces grla tfe Wcejjd renclj

fdve èej glujm cj durcnjdocdj hevehs dt Ireas-Fujmsstecn

djm mejtdhcua sfehhs were presejt dt ^chhejmlrg (Fdfj 43>0).

]fe mejse nrdvettcdj/pdvhlvcdj looupdtclj cj Alrdvcd fds

dhh tfe ofdrdotercstcos lg d hlodh nrlup tfdt mevehlpem cts lwjpdrtcouhdr vdhues, wfche adcjtdcjcjn cts trdmctcljdh tdste glr

sfehhs cj spcte lg cts nredt mcstdjoe grla adrcje sflres. ]fcs

hlncstcodh gdotlr ady exphdcj tfe nredt oredtcvcty cj

lrjdaejtdh glras gdsfcljem cj cvlry, cj rcver pe``hes, cj slgt

stlje djm cj gcrem hless (Lje 4364).

_peoces reolverem dre lgtej mejtdhcd, slaetcaes cj nredt

juaèrs, suof ds cj tfe Grdjoluzsií _treet ùrcdh cj @rjl.

@ut tfere dre dhsl ]ertcdry speoces suof ds Aehdjlpscs grla

tfe Acloeje djm juaerlus djm vdrcem Acloeje sfehh speoces

cj Mlhjc Westljcoe C djm CC, Rdvhlv C djm CC, djm Rremalstc

djm Achlvcoe (Ihcad 437?9 Fhdmchlvd 433>). D gcje-nrdcjem

olapdrcslj wctf tfe percnlrmcdj exphlctdtclj lg tfe ]ertcdry

lutorlps lg tfe Dquctdcje @dscj cs plssc`he. ]fe speoces

oflsej grla tfe Acloeje hevehs lg tfe Wcejjd @dscj, hlodtem

hess tfdj 02 ia grla Achlvcoe, dre alre juaerlus ùt

hdrnehy tfe sdae ds tflse oflsej `y tfe Rercnlrmcdjs cj tfe

Dquctdcje @dscj.

Ct cs equdhhy cjterestcjn tl olapdre ohlsehy tfe twl

percnlrmcdj/nrdvettcdj oljtexts wctf respeot tl tfe speoces

oflsej `y tfe Durcnjdocdjs cj extreae êsterj Eurlpe. ]fe

scachdrcty cs strcicjn djm cs recjglroem `y tfe presejoe lg d

Aemcterrdjedj speoces dt Alrdvdjy-Rlmilvcod.

Gurtfer edst, sfehh trdmctcljs were mcggcouht tl adcjtdcj mue

tl dj d`sejoe lg glssch lutorlps. Jevertfehess, sctes suof ds

Alrdvdjy-Hlpdtd, [dilvsid djm Oertlvd peo cj tfe Wdf

vdhhey djm L`hdzlwd cj tfe @cdhid vdhhey, sflw hljn

mcstdjoe prloureaejt.

Rdvhlvcdj/Nrdvettcdj nrlups hcvcjn jedr Acloeje lutorlps

sflwem nredt cjterest cj sfehhs grla tfese glssch sluroes, wfche

tfecr êsterj Eurlpedj olujterpdrts ljhy olhheotem grla glssch

lutorlps wfej ct wds oljvejcejt, pregerrcjn speoces (tfe sdae

speoces olhheotem `y tfecr durcnjdocdj premeoesslrs) olhheotem

grla tfe oljteaplrdry Dthdjtco lr Aemcterrdjedj hcttlrdh.

?. Djcadh teetf lrjda ejts ètweej ?2,222 djm

02,222 `p

Cj oljtrdst tl sfehhs, tfe dvdchd`chcty lg djcadh teetf glrlrjdaejts wds alre lr hess tfe sdae dorlss Eurlpe.

Glr tfe Grejof Rercnlrmcdj, d revcew lg tfe perglrdtem lr

ocrouacjocsem teetf dhhlws dj dppreocdtclj lg tfe oflcoes

adme. Glx odjcjes djm `lvcje cjocslrs dre tfe alst grequejt

teetf daljn dhh nrlups, wctf glx teetf ècjn shcnfthy alre

dùjmdjt cj tfe Ryrejees djm `lvcje teetf shcnfthy alre

dùjmdjt cj tfe Rãrcnlrm. Pem meer vestcncdh odjcjes dre

flalnejelushy mcstrcùtem ùt hess grequejt tfdj tfe twl

speoces aejtcljem edrhcer. Odjcjes djm cjocslrs lg èdr, wlhg,

djm hclj dre presejt ùt cjgrequejt cj dhh nrlups . Flrse

cjocslrs dre evej rdrer (exoept lj tfe `lmy lg d wladj grla

Lstujc 49 Olpplhd djm Wdood 4335). _lae speoces dre glujm

cj exoeptcljdhhy hlw juaèrs, suof ds glr exdaphe cjocslrs

lg cèx djm recjmeer.

Cj olapdrcjn slae glrty Grejof durcnjdocdj sctes wctfperglrdtem lr ocrouacjocsem teetf, we see tfdt glx odjcjes

adie up alre tfdj lje tfcrm lg tfe tltdh, glhhlwem `y `lvcje

cjocslrs djm wlhg odjcjes. Pem meer vestcncdh odjcjes dre

rehdtcvehy hess juaerlus. ]fere cs tfej d shcnft almcgcodtclj

cj tfe Rercnlrmcdj, wctf `lvcje cjocslrs djm rem meer

vestcncdhs tdicjn lj nredter caplrtdjoe. Flwever, wfej dhh

Grejof rencljs dre ola`cjem, jl lrcncjdh oljtrcùtclj tl tfe

trdmctcljdh repertlcre lj tfe pdrt lg tfe Rercnlrmcdjs cs

mcsoerjc`he.

Ehsewfere cj Eurlpe, tfe alst grequejthy octem teetf dre

glx odjcjes, wctf wlhg djm èdr odjcjes trdchcjn gdr èfcjm.

]fere dre slae exoeptcljdh odses, suof ds tfe flrse teetf

grla tfe Grdjoluzsií _treet ùrcdh cj @rjl djm grla

^chhejmlrg CC, tfe rem meer vestcncdhs grla Necssejih÷sterhe

djm Flfhe Gehs, djm tfe wlhg teetf grla tfe Mlhjc Westljcoe

trcphe ùrcdh. Ct seeas tfdt d nejerdh sodrocty lg rem meer

vestcncdhs resuhtem cj tfe gd`rcodtclj lg cactdtcljs cj cvlry

djm stlje.

]fe Durcnjdocdjs cj tfese sdae rencljs seea tl fdve

exerocsem d wcmer oflcoe; glx, èdr, flrse djm wlhg odjcjes,

djm flrse, èdver djm recjmeer cjocslrs.

=. Glraem lrjdaejts ètweej ?2,222 djm

02,222 `p

]fcs odtenlry lg lrjdaejts dhhlws oljscmerd`he oredtcvcty cj

rdw adtercdh oflcoe (cvlry, slgt stlje, `lje, djther) djm

l`keot glra. Ct dhsl dhhlws glr tfe plssc`chcty lg meolrdtcve

ejnrdvcjn. Ds d oljsequejoe, gdsfcljem lrjdaejts dre

exoeptcljdhhy nllm nrlup adriers. Dvdchd`chcty lg rdw

adtercdh seeas tl fdve phdyem d acjlr pdrt. Cvlry, glr

exdaphe, wds oertdcjhy edscer tl gcjm cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj

Eurlpe tfdj cj tfe êst, ùt ct wds jever d`sejt (]d`lrcj

43309 ^fcte 4330).

=.4 @EDM_ DJM REJMDJ]_

]fese twl suòdtenlrces dre mcstcjnucsfd`he ljhy `y tfecr

rehdtcve mcaejscljs. @edms, lgtej jlj-spfercodh, dre aerehysadhh pejmdjts. Cj Grdjoe, percnlrmcdj èdms dre rdre djm

exeoutem cj vdrclus adtercdhs; ket, `lje, daèr, lofre, rcver

pe``hes. Cvlry lrjdaejts dre rdre.

]fe alst wcmespredm glra cs tfe cactdtclj rem meer

vestcncdh, wctf cts tedrmrlp sfdpe. ]fese dre usudhhy exeoutem

cj djther lr cvlry. Ehljndtem pejmdjts dre dùjmdjt dt Csturctz

ùt rdre ehsewfere. _lgt stlje, ket djm djther dre tfe alst

grequejthy eaphlyem rdw adtercdhs. Dhtflunf cvlry wds



4?3 SWE]]E ]D@LPCJ - NPDWE]]CDJ @LMS LPJDAEJ]_

wcmehy usem cj tfe Grejof Rercnlrmcdj, ct cs jlt pdrtcouhdrhy

dùjmdjt daljn lrjdaejts. _lae pceoes dre jltewlrtfy,

suof ds tfe serpejt pejmdjt grla @rdsseapluy djm tfe

cactdtclj olwrce grla Rdcr-jlj-Rdcr (Gcn. 0). Dppdrejthy cj

lrjdaejtdh oljtexts, cvlry wds usem glr extrdlrmcjdry

l`keots.

Meolrdtclj cs jljexcstejt lr hcactem tl d gew pdrdhhehstrcdtuas. ]fere dre, flwever, slae exoeptcljs, suof ds tfe

pejmdjt wctf twl ejnrdvem vcpers grla Hespunue-Pcmedux lr

tfe 'ùpreste' cj hcaestlje grla Adsjdcnre (]d`lrcj 436>).

]fe Durcnjdocdjs prlmuoem tflusdjms lg èdms, alst lg

tfea cj cvlry djm grla d gew sctes cj tfe Rãrcnlrm.

Nejerdhhy, tfere dre gew ehljndtem pejmdjts. Cvlry wds usem

wcmehy, djm dhsl glr exoeptcljdh pejmdjts, suof ds tflse grla

]utl me Odadhflt djm D`rc @hdjofdrm (^fcte 433?).

]flusdjms lg cvlry èdms djm slae cvlry djm sofcst

pejmdjts grla tfe _ujncr' ùrcdhs (^fcte 4335) oljgcra tfe

durcnjdocdj Eurlpedj tejmejoy; tfe èst teofjlhlny tl adie

èdms cj serces djm tfe jeem glr rcof cjmcvcmudh lrjdaejt.

@ut tfcs exdaphe gdhhs lutscme tfe nelnrdpfco regerejoes lg

êsterj djm Oejtrdh Eurlpe tfdt dre tfe su`keot lg tfcs

drtcohe.

]fe dhtctume lg tfe Rercnlrmcdjs seeas tl fdve èej d

oljtcjudtclj lg tfdt lg tfe Durcnjdocdjs exoept glr tfe

prlmuotclj lg èdms cj serces.

Cj @ehncua djm Neradjy, wfere tfe use lg cvlry cs

wcmespredm cj tfe Durcnjdocdj, tfe Nrdvettcdjs oljtcjuem tfcs

trdmctclj cj tfe prlmuotclj lg èdms djm pejmdjts. _ofeer

(4330) fds sflwj tfe caplrtdjoe djm tfe mcstrcùtclj lg

cvlry pejmdjts tfdt cactdte rem meer vestcncdhs. ]fcs glra

nles `doi tl tfe Durcnjdocdj, djm tfe èst exdaphes olae cj

tfe Nrdvettcdj (Dreje Odjmcme) djm tfe Adnmdhejcdj (Hd

Adrefe). Ct cs plssc`he tfdt tfese l`keots dre pdrt lg d wcmer

gdachy hcjiem `y tfecr nhlùhdr djm dsyaaetrcodh glra; rem

meer vestcncdhs, Oyohlpe jorctod, Drouhdrcd nc``lsuhd,

Oypred, ]rcvcd eurlped, geadhe schfluettes grla N÷jjersmlrg

djm Plofe me Hdhcjme, djm ohdvcglra scnjs. ]fcs cs lje lg

tfe strljnest cjmcodtcljs lg tfe eterjdh, trdjsouhturdh vdhues

tfdt pervdme tfe Eurlpedj Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

Oertdcj nrlups dmdptem tfcs trdmctcljdh dsyaaetrco glra tl

tfecr lwj pdrtcouhdr oljtexts; tfe gdalus `chl`dte pejmdjts

grla Mlhjg Wæstljcoe C djm tfe `chl`dte djm phdjl-oljvex

èdms grla @drad Nrdjme. Ct cs dhsl wlrtf reaeaèrcjn tfdt

tfe ( yprded grla tfe adhe ùrcdh dt Hdunerce-@dsse were

dttdofem cj `doi-tl-`doi pdcrs.

Dpdrt grla tfcs nrlup wctf d rdtfer geacjcje vdhejoe,

ltfer glras lg pejmdjts were oredtem, dùjmdjt cj Alrdvcd

(Ihcad 437?), ùt wctf cslhdtem exdaphes ehsewfere;

mcdmeas, fdcr `djms, rcjns, mcsos, tuès. Alst dre cj cvlry, ds

4 oac 4

Gcn. 0. Olwrce cj cvlry grla Rdcr-jlj-Rdcr.

dre tfe adklrcty lg perglrdtem zllalrpfco gcnures, wfcof dre

jlt jeoessdrchy persljdh lrjdaejts.

]fcs super` lrjdaejt prlmuotclj èdrs hctthe rehdtcljsfcp

tl tfe Durcnjdocdj cj tfe sdae renclj.

5. Nejerdh dspeots lg dmlrjaejt ètweej ?2,222

djm 02,222 `p

Wcewem nhl`dhhy, Eurlpedj lrjdaejts grla tfcs 42,222 yedr

perclm sflw oljscmerd`he vdrcd`chcty. ]fe Hcnurcdj dmacrers

lg Oyohlpe jercted djm tfe pdvhlvcdj oredtlrs lg jew glras

cj cvlry djm cj gcrem hless were wlrhms dpdrt! Ectfer tfey

were jlj-oljteaplrdrces lr tfey were kust wljmerguhhy

cnjlrdjt lg edof ltfer... ]fecr terrctlrces dre gdr dpdrt djm

sepdrdtem `y tfe Dhps. ]fecr ouhturdh lrcncjs ady evej fdve

èej mcggerejt.

^fdt cjmcodtcljs dre tfere tfdt tfese twl nrlups were

ouhturdhhy rehdtem< ]fe djswer hces cj tfe use lg sfehhs. Gdr

grla tfe sed, tfe Rdvhlvcdjs exphlctem Acloeje glssch

lutorlps cj tfecr renclj. ]fey oluhm jlt gcjm Oyohlpe

jorctod, wfcof lrcncjdtem alre reoejthy tfdj tfe Acloeje. _l

cjstedm tfey olhheotem glssch speoces lg d scachdr glra, cj tfe

sdae wdy ds tfe Oyohlpe jercted meprcvem Rercnlrmcdjs tl

tfe west. ]fe oljjeotclj cs tejulus9 ct cs jlt persljdh

dmlrjaejt tfdt mealjstrdtes aeaèrsfcp lg mcggerejt nrlups

(lver 42,222 yedrs) cj tfe sdae ouhture. Ct aerehy sflws tfe

dmferejoe lg mcstcjothy hlodh nrlups tl d set lg trdjs-ouhturdh

vdhues.



4=2 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

regerejoes

@drtfes. P.

Olpplhd, M.,

E. Wdood

Ncdol`cjc. N..

N. Adher`d

Fdfj, K.

Ihcad, @.

Aussc, A.

Ljlretcjc, N.,

K. Ola`cer

Ltte, A.

_ofeer, D.

]d`lrcj, S.

^fche. P.

437> _ysteae me hd Alme. Rdrcs; He _euch.

4335 Hes sepuhtures pdhclhctfcques me hd nrltte me _occjte Adrce m'Dnjdjl í Lstujc (Ctdhcé). Cj;

Jdture et Ouhture, Olhhlque me Hcene (4?-4> mãoea`re 433?), >35-626, Hcene; Ujcversctã me

Hcene (EPDUH 76).

4335 Hes pejmehlques ej cvlcre me hd sepuhture pdhãlhctfcque mu "Keuje Rrcjoe" (Nrltte mes

Dreje Odjmcme, Gcjdhe Hcnurce, Ctdhcé). Cj; K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhter djm

G. ^cmeadj (ems), He trdvdch et h'usdne me h'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur. 4>?-463,

Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e [eood mehhd _tdtl.

43>0 Durcnjdocdj scnjs, pejmdjts djm drt l`keots cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe, ^lrhm

Drefdelhlny ?(?), 050-0>0.

437? Mlhjc Wãstljcoe. Rrdfd; Dodmeacd.

4330 Rlplhc e ocvchtí mehh'Ctdh cd djtcod, @c`hclteod mc _tlrcd pdtrcd 42.

4335 Pctuehs gujãrdcres mdjs hes sepuhtures nrdvettcejjes mes nrlttes me Nrcadhmc et me hd nrltte

mehhe Dreje Odjmcme; uje acse du plcjt. Cj; Jdture et Ouhture, Olhhlque me Hcene

(4?-4> mãoea`re 433?), 6?4-6==, Hcene; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH 76) .

4335 Pestes m 'ejgdjt et pdrure me olquchhdnes mu scte nrdvettcej mu Adrljjcer (_dcjt-Pãaozo-

Drmæofe); tãalcjs me h'expdjsclj leocmejtdhe me hd ouhture me trdmctclj jldchhcejje

aãmcterrdjãejje. Cj; Jdture et Ouhture, Olhhlque me Hcene (4?-4> mãoea`re 433?),

053-0>4, Hcene; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH 76).

4364 He Nrdvettcej ej Eurlpe oejtrdhe. @runne; Me ]eapeh.

4330 Rejmehlques ej cvlcre murdjt he Nrdvet tcej ej Dhheadnje mu sum - uj cjmcoe ofrljlhlncqueet slocdh< Cj; K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhter djm G. ^cmeadj (ems), He trdvdch

et h'usdne me h'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur, 4?>-4>0, Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e

[eood mehhl _tdtl.

436> He meolr mes l`kets me pdrure. Cj; h'Drt mes Lfkets du Rdhãlhctfcque, Dotes mes Olhhlques me

hd Mcreotclj mu Rdtrcalcje, 43-?>, Rdrcs.

4330 Glraes et meolrs mes eheaejts me pdrure ej cvlcre mu Rdhãlhc tfcque grdjodcs. Cj; K. Fdfj,

A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhter djm G. ^cmeadj (ems), He trdvdch et h'usdne me h'cvlcre du

Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur, 7?-3?, Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e [eood mehhl _tdtl.

433?d _fehhs lg tfe Grejof Durcnjdocdj djm Rãrcnlrmcdj. Cj; F. Ijeoft, D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte

(ems), @eglre Hdsodux; tfe olaphex reolrm lg tfe Edrhy Upper Rdhelhctfco, 044- 006, @lod

Pdtlj; OPO Rress.

433?` Hd pdrure ej olquchhdne du Rdhãlhctfcque, Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre supph. VVCV, OJP_.

433> Hd aer et hes preacers flaaes almerjes, Oljnres O]F_ Jcoe 4337.

4330 Cvlry persljdh lrjdaejts lg Durcnjdocdj dne; teofjlhlncodh, slocdh djm sya`lhco

perspeotcves. Cj; K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhter djm G. ^cmeadj (ems), He

trdvdch et h'usdne me h'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur, 03-70, Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e

[eood mehhl _tdtl.



Chh SWE]]E ]D@LPCJ - NPDWE]]CDJ @LMS LPJDAEJ]_

^fche. P. 433? ]eofjlhlncodh djm _locdh Mcaejscljs lg "Durcnjdocdj-Dne" @lmy Lrjdaejts dorlss

Eurlpe. Cj; F. Ijeoft, D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems). @eglre Hdsodux; tfe olaphex

reolrm lg tfe Edrhy Upper Rdhelhctfco, 0>>-?22, @lod Pdtlj; OPO Rress.

Svette ]d`lrcj

Ujcversctã me Rdrcs C

?, rue Acofehet>5227 Rdrcs

Grdjoe





Upper Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdhAdrtcj lccvd 44 ]fe @rjl CC

]fe @rjl CC ùrcdh wds mcsolverem `y doocmejt cj 4634, djm pdrt lg ct sdhvdnem `y D. Adilwsiy. Cts plsctclj lj tfe

hlwest erlsclj heveh lg tfe _vctdvd Pcver djm tfe upper hless`dse mdte ct tl d tcae kust èglre tfe Rhejcnhdocdh @. ]festrdtcnrdpfcodh plsctclj tfus olrrespljms wctf tfdt lg ijlwjsctes lg adaaltf fujters lg tfe (crdvettcdj (Rdvhlvcdj). ]feùrcdh cs ofdrdotercsem `y severdh ujusudh gedtures; ctshlodtclj lutscme `ltf tfe scte djm tfe settheaejt dred, tfe

stccte lg fedhtf lg tfe ùrcem adj (mcspersem perclstctcs,gheotclj lg tfe geaur), ujusudh nrdve nllms suof ds d adhecmlh (tfe ljhy djtfrlplalrpfco souhpture tl è glujm cj d

pdhdelhctfco ùrcdh), rlujmehs adme lg mcggerejt rdwadtercdhs wctf sya`lhco lrjdaejtdtclj, adjy fujmrems lgglssch sfehhs lg d scjnhe type, d hdrne dalujt lg `ljes grla dhdrne ndae djcadh, djm tfe d`sejoe lg djy ctea lg prdotcodh(c.e., teofjcodh) use. ]fe ùrcem adj dppdrejthy fehm dscnjcgcodjt plsctclj cj tfe rctudh spfere.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Cj _epteaèr 4634 wlriers mcnncjn tl meepej d mrdcjdne mctof

lj Grdjz Klseg @luhevdrm cj @rjl (tlmdy Grdjoluzsií _treet)odae uplj d ohuap lg hdrne djcadh `ljes doolapdjcem `y

severdh ujusudh l`keots. ]fey replrtem tfecr mcsolvery tl d

prlgesslr dt tfe Neradj teofjcodh olhhene, D. Adilwsiy, wfl

ujmertlli d sadhh sdhvdne exodvdtclj tfere. Cj 4357, K. Kehcjei

fdm dj cjspeotclj prlè sejt mlwj cj tfe sdae nejerdh dred.

Flwever, ds tfcs splt hces dt hedst 4?2 a dwdy grla djm slae

7 a fcnfer tfdj tfe dotudh gcjmsplt, tfe prlgche pu`hcsfem `y

Kehcjei et dh. (4353) cs jlt rehevdjt glr tfe ùrcdh scte. ]fe scte

hces lj d very nejthe slutfedst cjohcje cj tfe Oerjí Rlhe

mcstrcot lg @rjl, dt dj ehevdtclj lg 026 a d`lve sed heveh, djm

0?2 a grla tfe ourrejt `dji lg tfe _vctdvd Pcver.

Grla Adilwsiy's mesorcptclj (4630) lg tfe gcjmsplt, ctglhhlws tfdt tfe gcjms were presejt ujmerjedtf d tfcj sdjm

djm nrdveh olver, olverem `y =.5 a lg ujcglra hless wctflut

glrecnj dmacxture. ]fe tfree survcvcjn sdaphes lg tfe

'ouhturdh hdyer' lg Adilwsiy's resedrof, cj wfcof Mejtdhcuasfehhs ds wehh ds sdjmy semcaejt wctf sadhh pe``hes were

glujm, hciewcse dttest tl tfe jdture lg tfe hdyer wfere tfe

gcjm wds adme.

]fe `dse lg tfe tfcrm ('Fuslvcoe') terrdoe, tfe semcaej

tdtclj lg wfcof ejms cj tfe hlwer ûra (Ausch djm Wdhlof

4374; 0?6), cs glujm cj tfe jlrtfedsterj pdrt lg tfe @rjl

`dscj, dt d fecnft lg 5 a d`lve tfe rcver. ê dre tfereglre

medhcjn fere wctf tfe readcjs lg erlsclj dotcvcty grla hdter

tcaes (perfdps tfe Cjterphejcnhdocdh), `dscodhhy cmejtcodh wctf

tfe ourrejt heveh lg tfe ghllm phdcj (og. dhsl Idrdsei 4330).

]fe ùrcdh wds prl`d`hy mun cj dj ehevdtem seotclj lg tfe

ghllm phdcj dt d tcae wfej tfe rcver oluhm fdve doouauhdtem

d terrdoe hycjn rdtfer alre tl tfe edst. ]fe ghllm phdcj, dt dj

dhtctume lg 02?-02= a d`lve sed heveh, cs dpprlxcadtehy ljeia wcme fere. ]fe dofcevem erlsclj heveh lg 02? a d`lve

sed heveh cj tfe ûra Cjterphejcnhdocdh (<) represejts tfe

teracjus plst querj djm tfe adsscve upper ûra

doouauhdtclj lg hless tfe teracjus djte querj glr tfe tcae lg

tfe ùrcdh. ]fe ofrljlhlncodh plsctclj lg tfe ùrcdh tfus gdhhs

ejtcrehy wctfcj tfe perclm lg tfe Alrdvcdj Nrdvettcdj, wfcof

wds reoejthy oljgcraem `y dj Lxglrm DA_ rdmclodr`lj

mdtcjn lg 0?,762 ´ 022 `p (Rettctt djm ]rcjidus pers olaa.).

0. Mcsplsctclj lg tfe ùrcdh

ê ijlw rehdtcvehy hctthe d`lut tfe dotudh drrdjneaejt lg tfe

`ljes djm nrdve nllms scjoe d oljscmerd`he pdrt lg tfeoljtejts wds tdiej `y tfe wlriers grla tfe exodvdtclj scte.

Adilwsiy hdter glujm d tusi d`lut 4 a hljn fere, èjedtf

wfcof hdy tfe ejtcre sfluhmer`hdme lg d adaaltf djm, ohlse

èscme ct, d fuadj siuhh9 jedr tfcs were ltfer fuadj `ljes,

hciewcse olhlurem rem. ]fe hless jedr tfe siuhh, grla wfcof

Adilwsiy realvem slae 722 Mejtdhcua sfehhs, oljtdcjem

pcnaejt ds wehh. Dhsl glujm cj tfe ùrcdh were d hdrne

qudjtcty lg plssc`he rfcjloerls rc`s aedsurcjn up tl d aetre

cj hejntf, sadhh grdnche rlujmehs djm orua`hcjn pceoes lg

adaaltf cvlry, wfcof, nhuem tlnetfer, glra d adhe gcnure.

Jl ofdroldh lr trdoes lg gcre were l`servem, djm jl l`keots

were glujm dt d mcstdjoe nredter tfdj 0 a grla tfe `ljes.

Lg tfe mcsturèm pdrt lg tfe ùrcdh Adilwsiy mesorcès 'slae

jltcoed`hy rem stdcjem sadhher `ljes, ètweej wfcof severdh

hdrner djm sadhher stlje djm `lje mcsos were eaèmmem'

(Adilwsiy 4630; >5). _cjoe fe mles jlt aejtclj rem

olhlrdtclj cj oljjeotclj wctf tfe hdrne djcadh `ljes grla tfcs

pdrt lg tfe ùrcdh, tfcs dppdrejthy regers tl fuadj `ljes (rem

olhlurem grdnaejts lg fuadj hca`s djm rc`s fdve evej èej

preservem). ]fe hdrne stlje mcsos aejtcljem ujmlu`temhy

represejt tfe twl stlje rcjns dhredmy mcsolverem cj Lotlèr



4== FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Gcn. 4. Fuadj uhjd grla tfe @rjl CC ùrcdh wctf perclstctco ofdjnes

(sodhe ?;0).

(c`cm.; 64). ]fe meolrdtem rlujmehs were prl`d`hy `ltf glujm

hycjn jedr tfe fedm cj tfe pdrt lg tfe ùrcdh wfcof wds exdacjem

djm ètweej tfe plstordjcdh siehetlj, tlnetfer wctf tfe stlje

rcjns. ]fe djcadh `ljes were glujm jedr tfe fedm (adaaltf

sfluhmer`hdme, tusi djm rc`s) djm tfe hlwer pdrt lg tfe `lmy

(tusis, rfcjloerls siuhh, rc`s, flrse teetf). ]fere cs jl regerejoe

tl tfe phdoe wfere tfe wlriem recjmeer djther wds glujm.

?. Mesorcptclj lg tfe gcjms

Ujglrtujdtehy jlt ljhy tfe hess tfdj pergeot ocrouastdjoes lg

tfe gcjm odusem d hlss lg cjglradtclj d`lut tfcs ujcque

mcsolvery. Lj d hdter loodsclj, odses wctf olhheotem l`keots,

stlrem dt gcrst dt tfe Neradj ]eofjcsofe Flofsofuhe, were

hlst. Ds Adilwsiy fcasehg stdtes, lje lg tfe twl stlje rcjns

wds hlst djm adjy Mejtdhcua sfehhs dhsl mcsdppedrem lver

tcae. Dgter tfe _eoljm ^lrhm ^dr, tfe Neradj teofjcodh

olhhene wds d`lhcsfem, djm cts Tudterjdry olhheotclj wds

trdjsgerrem tl tfe olhheotcljs lg tfe Djtfrlpls Cjstctute lg tfeAlrdvcdj Auseua. ]fdjis tl tfese ocrouastdjoes, tfe gcjm

wds jlt hlst hcie sl adjy ltfer ujcque cteas grla tfe

Alrdvcdj Rdhdelhctfco cj d gcre dt Aciuhlv Odsthe cj 43=5.

]fe djtfrlplhlncodh readcjs djm tfe oljtejts lg tfe ùrcdh

fdve dhwdys ejklyem oljscmerd`he cjterest grla `ltf Ozeof

djm glrecnj resedrofers, wfl stumcem tfese adtercdhs wfche

tfey were stchh cj tfe olhheotclj lg tfe Neradj teofjcodh

olhhene (e.n., K. @dyer, F. @reuch, F. Lèradcer, L. Aejnfcj).

]fe oljtejts lg tfe ùrcdh wds su`keotem tl tflrlunf stumy

dt tfe Djtfrlpls Cjstctute cj tfe 4352's (Kehcjei 43539

Wdhlof 4353). C fdve mrdwj cj pdrt lj tfese mesorcptcljs,

djm suppheaejtem tfea wctf jew cjglradtclj.

?.4 FUADJ PEADCJ_

Daljn tfe fuadj readcjs Adilwsiy glujm wds d

mlhcofloepfdhco siuhh wctf preservem odhvdrcua djm d

prljlujoem suprdlr`ctdh glrdaej. D sadhh prltrusclj

(lstela), wfcof oluhm fdve èej tfe resuht lg d fedhem

cjkury, ady è l`servem ?5 aa djterclr tl tfe hda`md. ]fe

`rlw `lje cs tfcoihy olverem wctf nrllves djm ujevej-

jesses, wfcof F. Uhhrcof (4360) oljscmerem tl è scnjs lg

mehcèrdte plstalrtea cjtervejtclj. Fe cjterpretem tfe ejtcre

ùrcdh ds tfe seoljmdry meplsctclj lg dj cjolaphete siehetlj.

Grdnaejts lg tfe adjmc`he, fuaerus, uhjd, d rc` djm twlgeaurs fdve dhsl èej preservem. Lj `ltf geaurs djm tfe

uhjd oljscmerd`he adjcgestdtcljs lg perclstctcs ady è

l`servem (Gcn. 4).

?.0 DJCADH @LJE_

Lg tfe djcadh `ljes, ljhy tfe hesser pdrt fds èej preservem;

d grdnaejt lg d adaaltf sfluhmer`hdme, > grdnaejts lg tfe

rc`s lg d adaaltf lr wllhhy rfcjloerls, djm grdnaejts lg

adaaltf cvlry. Adilwsiy (4630; >5->>) stdtes tfdt tfe

wlriers glujm d pche lg `ljes, daljnst wfcof dj ejtcre

kuvejche siuhh, pdrts lg tfe siehetlj djm teetf lg d rfcjloerls,

hdrne adaaltf tusis (lrcncjdh hejntf dpprlx. 4.5-0 a), tfe

teetf lg d ylujn flrse olhlurem lofre djm, perfdps, 0 alhdrs

lg d `lvcje. Fe fcasehg ujedrtfem d juaèr lg rc`s lg up tl

4 a cj hejntf (supplsemhy lg d rfcjloerls), d tusi 4 a hljn

djm tfe jedrhy ejtcre sfluhmer`hdme lg d adaaltf, glujm

hycjn jedr tfe fuadj siuhh.

?.? DP]EGDO]_

- Cj tfe vcocjcty lg tfe siuhh, Adilwsiy olhheotem slae

722 sfehhs lg tfe Acloeje alhhuso Mejtdhcua `dmejse.



4=5 ADP]CJ LHCWD - ]FE @PJL CC URREP RDHDELHC]FCO @UPCDH

]fecr lrcncjdh juaèr wds prl`d`hy auof fcnfer, djm

tfey dppdrejthy lrcncjdhhy servem ds meolrdtclj glr fedm

olvercjns. D seheotclj lg sadhher speocaejs cs evcmejt

fere, djm tfey were lgtej out perpejmcouhdrhy dt tfecr

extreactces.

- D recjmeer djther wctf plhcsfem extreactces.

- D rcjn lg adrh shdte (Gcn. 0), sphct flrczljtdhhy cjtl twloljklcjcjn pceoes. ]fe emnes lg tfe gcssure dre shcnfthy

rlujmem, tfereglre tfe drtegdot wds prl`d`hy dhredmy sphct cj

prefcstlrco tcaes. ]fere dre rem splts djm mejmrctes lj tfe

shcnfthy oljvex mlrsdh scme, wfche tfe ltfer scme cs shcnfthy

oljodve. ]fe luter percpfery glras d salltf gdoet, djm tfe

shcnfthy oljcodh dperture cs plsctcljem rdtfer eooejtrcodhhy

djm jlj-dxcdhhy - ct glras dj djnhe lg d`lut 62 menrees

wctf tfe surgdoe lg tfe mcso. ]fere dre trdoes lg d`rdsclj dt

phdoes cj tfe dperture, rujjcjn vertcodh tl tfe surgdoe lg tfe

rcjn, perfdps tfe resuht lg fdvcjn èej suspejmem.

Mcaejscljs; mcdaeter 4=2 aa, dperture mlrsdhhy 52 aa,

vejtrdhhy =5 aa, tfcoijess 0= aa, wecnft >45 n. Djltferrcjn, jlw hlst, fdm d mcdaeter lg 452 aa, dj dperture

aedsurcjn 00 aa djm d tfcoijess lg 0= aa.

- 4= rlujmehs adme lg vdrclus rdw adtercdhs (Gcn. ?; 4

fdeadtcte, 0-? adrhcte, =-7 `lje9 Gcn. =; 4-? adaaltf

alhdr, =-6 cvlry). _lae lg tfese dre meolrdtem wctf sflrt

cjocscljs lj tfecr ocrouagerejoe (Gcn. ?; 0-?, 59 Gcn. =; ?-

7), d meep rdmcdh nrllve (Gcn. ?;7 9 Gcn. =; 4, ?) lr d

oejtrdh cjmejtdtclj (Gcn. ?; 4, 59 Gcn. =; =, 5, >), wfcof cj

lje odse nles 'tfrlunf' (Gcn. =; 5). ]fe pceoe cj gcnure =;

7 cs rdmcdhhy mrchhem.

- D odrvcjn lg d adj (Gcn. 5), lg wfcof ? sepdrdte pdrts

fdve èej preservem; tfe fedm, truji djm tfe hegt dra.]fe prlplrtcljs lg tfe fedm dre djdtlacodhhy very exdot,

ljhy tfe glrefedm cs rdtfer hlw djm tfe alutf cs jlt

adriem. Rdrt lg tfe jlse dppdrejthy `rlie lgg èglre tfe

gcnure wds meplsctem cj tfe edrtf. ]rdoes lg lofre pcnaejt

readcj vcsc`he cj tfe fedvchy olrrlmem eye sloiets, djm

tfe edrs dre cjmcodtem `y d hdterdh wcmejcjn djm hcnft

vertcodh nrllves dt tfe sdae fecnft ds tfe eyes. ]fe hlwer

pdrt wds pdrtcdhhy `rliej lgg dt dj edrhcer tcae, lr

readcjem ujwlriem. ]fe souhpture wds adme grla tfe

olre lg d tusi, tfe oejtre lg wfcof glras tfe dxcs lg d

vertcodh dperture (mcdaeter èhlw 5-7.5 aa, 0.5 aa dt

tfe orlwj lg tfe fedm). Exdacjdtclj wctf d adnjcgycjnnhdss revedhs d tdjnhe lg very gcje nrllves (prl`d`hy

trdoes lg wlri) lj tfe hegt ofeei djm tfe hlwer pdrt lg tfe

hegt durcohe. ]fese dre hess mejse lj tfe rcnft ofeei,

èfcjm tfe hegt edr djm lj tfe ofcj, djm dre d`sejt lj tfe

surgdoe hegt wfere tfe jlse wds `rliej lgg. Mcaejscljs;

fecnft 77 aa, adxcaua wcmtf 54 aa, adxcaua

tfcoijess =3 aa.

Wcewem cj orlss-seotclj, tfe truji cs strdcnft cj grljt djm

rlujmem èfcjm. Cj prlgche, `ltf luthcjes dre alre lr hess

Gcn. 0. @rjl CC, rcjn lg adrh shdte.

strdcnft, oljverncjn shcnfthy ds tfey dpprldof tfe fedm.

Rrltrumcjn grla tfe grljtdh surgdoe dre d pejcs (> aa), wctf

d shcnft nrllve tl cjmcodte tfe alutf lg tfe urcjdry trdot, d

jdveh (0 aa) djm tfe rcnft jcpphe (? aa). Dgter tredtaejt,

dj dperture wctf oyhcjmrcodh wdhhs wctf d mcdaeter lg = aa

djm d meptf lg 7 aa dppedrem lj tfe adriemhy salltf djm

rdtfer remuoem surgdoe tl tfe rcnft (djdtlacodhhy) lg tfe

pejcs. ]fe rlujmem hlwer pdrt lg tfe `doi cs gurrlwem `y d

4= aa hljn, ? aa meep nrllve, ujmlu`temhy represejtcjntfe reotua. Wcewem grla èhlw, ct cs evcmejt tfdt fere ds

wehh tfe jdturdh dxcs lg tfe tusi wds usem tl adie dj

dperture rujjcjn tfrlunf tfe ejtcre truji (mcdaeter èhlw

>-5.5 aa, d`lve 5-7 aa). ]fe ejtcre surgdoe lg tfe truji

sflws adriem trdoes lg olrrlsclj djm fds èej wlrj mlwj

oljscmerd`hy, evej tfe `redi lj tfe hegt scme. ]fcs drnues

dndcjst tfe lpcjclj, dmlptem grla Adilwsiy (4630; 609

Pzefdi 43449 Wdhlof 4353; 05) tfdt tfcs pdrt lg tfe cmlh wds

mdadnem cj hdter tcaes. D adnjcgcodtclj lg tfcs `rliej




Gcn. ?. @rjl CC, rlujmehs lg stlje(4-?) djm `lje (=-7).

surgdoe sflws juaerlus nrllves mcggercjn cj mcreotclj,

hejntf djm menree lg sfdrpjess. Ct odjjlt è rehcd`hy

meteracjem wfetfer fuadj dotcvcty (tfe wlricjn lg tfe

surgdoe) lr semcaejt dotclj phdyem tfe nredter rlhe cj

prlmuocjn tfese nrllves. ]fe sfdrpest djm hljnest cjocscljs

dre, flwever, mehcèrdte, ds tfey ofdjne mcreotclj severdh

tcaes. Nrllves wfcof lrcncjdtem jdturdhhy ruj cj d strdcnft

hcje lr drof shcnfthy (M'Errcol djm Ncdol`cjc 4366; gcn. >-3).

Alst lg tfese trdoes lg 'wlri' dre glujm preocsehy lj tfe

`rliej hegt scme lg tfe souhpture. Mcaejscljs; fecnft 4?>.5

aa, wcmtf d`lve 00 aa, èhlw ?> aa, adxcaua tfcoijess

50 aa.

]fe hegt dra wds oljjeotem tl tfe cmlh's hegt scme wfcof

wds `rliej d hljn tcae dnl. Ct fds d rlujm salltfem

sfluhmer djm d mehcodtehy glraem eh`lw, wfche tfe fdjm cs

acsscjn (dj lhm `redi). ]fe cjjer scme lg tfe sfluhmer cs

glraem `y dj evej surgdoe wctf twl mcstcjot ùjofes lg

nrllves. Lje meep nrllve sepdrdtes tfe sfluhmer grla tfe



4=> ADP]CJ LHCWD -]FE @PJL CC URREP RDHDELHC]FCO @UPCDH

4 oa

C 4

Gcn. =. @rjl CC, rlujmehs lgadaaltf alhdrs (4-?) djm cvlry(=-6).




C 4 F

5 oaF 4

Gcn. 5. @rjl CC adhe cmlh lg cvlry



4=3 ADP]CJ LHCWD -] FE @PJL CC URREP RDHDELHC]FCO @UPCDH

dra, wfche djltfer nrllve grla tfe cjjer scme lg' tfe eh`lw

eapfdsczes tfe eggeot lg d èjt hca`. ]fe surgdoe cs

olrrlmem. Mcaejscljs; hejntf 36 aa. tfcoijess dt tfe

sfluhmer 0? aa, dt tfe eh`lw 4> aa.

Adilwsiy (4630; 60) èhcevem tfdt tfcs wds d grdnaejt

lg C sadhh stdtue adme Erla d scjnhe pceoe lg adaaltf

cvlry. Ct wds ljhy P/efdi (4344) wfl reolnjczem tfdt tfedra oluhm jlt glra d scjnhe pceoe wctf tfe truji èoduse lg

tfe mcsplsctclj lg tfe hdaehhde, djm fe tfereglre dsscnjem ct

tl d mcggerejt souhpture. Jlt ujtch auof hdter mcm Wdhlof

(4353; 02) cjterpret ct ujequcvlodhhy ds d gcnurcje adme up

lg severdh pdrts. Lje odj ljhy dnree wctf tfcs exphdjdtclj.

]fere readcjs, flwever, tfe questclj lg flw tfe cjmcvcmudh

pdrts were oljjeotem tl lje djltfer. ]fe fedm djm truji

oluhm perfdps fdve lrcncjdhhy glraem d scjnhe ujct, ùt tfej

tfe dperture dhljn tfe dxcs lg `ltf pdrts wluhm jlt è

jeoessdry (jlr wluhm ct fdve èej jeoessdry glr tfe dperture

tl ruj tfrlunf tfe ejtcre truji cj lrmer tl klcj ct wctf tfe

fedm). ê odjjlt l`serve djy almcgcodtclj lj tfe cjtdot

rcnft scme lg tfe truji wfcof wluhm serve tfe purplse lg

dttdofcjn tfe rcnft dra. cjslgdr ds tfcs wluhm fdve èej tfe

acrrlr cadne lg tfe preservem hegt dra, c.e., wctf d vertcodh

surgdoe dt tfe sfluhmer. Ct odjjlt, tfereglre, è ruhem lut tfdt

tfe hegt dra wds dmdptem tl tfe ghdt seoljmdry `redidne lj

tfe hegt scme. Ct gcts tfe truji èst wfej tfe upper pdrt lg tfe

dra cs mcreotem shdjtcjn tlwdrms tfe `doi lr, cj tfe reverse

mcreotclj, wctf tfe dra shdjtcjn upwdrms. ]fe remuoem

plhcsfem surgdoe wctf dj dperture dt tfe hlwer pdrt lg tfe

rcnft scme lg tfe truji prl`d`hy servem tl dttdof d alvd`he

rcnft hen. ]fe d`sejoe lg tfe hlwer hca`s djm tfe rcnft dra

jeem jlt aedj tfdt Adilwsiy lverhlliem tfea cj fcs

exdacjdtclj - wfcof cs, cj djy odse, very ujhciehy.

Oljscmercjn tfe seoljmdry almcgcodtclj lg tfe `rliej hegt

scme lg tfe cmlh djm tfe lverdhh mcscjtenrdtclj lg cts surgdoe, ct

ady è dssuaem tfdt tfe gcnure wds put cjtl tfe nrdve cj dj

dhredmy cjolaphete stdte. ]fe lrcncj lg tfe dperture dhljn tfe

dxcs lg tfe fedm djm truji cs dhsl ujohedr. Ct ady è sdcm

wctf oertdcjty ljhy tfdt cts presejoe cs mehcèrdte. Ectfer tfcs

wds d odse lg tfe seheotclj lg dj exoeptcljdh pceoe lg rdw

adtercdh wctf d pdtflhlncodhhy extejmem jerve odjdh

(flwever, suof speocaejs prdotcodhhy jever loour, doolrmcjn

tl Ausch), lr tfe dperture wds mrchhem lr wcmejem `y slae

aedjs wfcof odjjlt è speocgcem cj nredter metdch (og. tfe

ujusudh hdterdh mrchh flhe cj tfe rlujmeh cj gcnure =; 7).- D wlriem grdnaejt lg cvlry, oyhcjmrcodh cj sfdpe,

prl`d`hy èhljncjn tl d mcggerejt drtegdot.

=. Mcsoussclj

]fe @rjl CC ùrcdh lg d adj ujquestcljd`hy èhljns tl tfe

(crdvehtcdj lr Rdvhlvcdj, ds Wdhlof (4353) oljvcjocjnhy

mlouaejtem glr tfe gcrst tcae. ]fe ujolaalj ocrouastdjoes

lg cts mcsolvery djm cts ujusudh oljtejts, flwever,

mcstcjnucsf tfe @rjl ùrcdh scte grla ltfer pdhdelhctfco

nrdves. Daljn tfese ujusudh gedtures dre, cj pdrtcouhdr;

- tfe ùrcdh's plsctclj cj d ghllm phdcj, lutscme tfe scte djm

tfe settheaejt dred lg tfe nrdvettcdj plpuhdtclj cj

Alrdvcd,

- tfe stdte lg fedhtf lg tfe meoedsem.

Rerclstctcs cs daljn tfe sl-odhhem jlj-speocgco cjgeotclus`lje mcsedses (slaetcaes tfe tera lstelayehctcs cs usem, cj

wfcof odse, flwever, tfe ejtcre `lje, cjohumcjn tfe

spljnclscs, wluhm fdve tl è dggeotem). V-rdy pcotures lg tfe

uhjd (Gcn. 4) sflw tfdt pdtflhlncodh ofdjnes fere dre hcactem

tl tfe perclsteua. ^ctf rendrm tl tfe gdot tfdt pdtflhlncodh

ofdjnes dggeot jlt ljhy tfe geaur ùt dhsl tfe uhjd djm

fuaerus, dj cjgeotclus lr aetd`lhco lrcncj seeas alre

prl`d`he, wfche d trduadtco lrcncj ady è ruhem lut. ]fe

cjghdaadtclj wds ofrljco, djm tfe adj aust fdve èej cj

oljscmerd`he pdcj glr yedrs, wfcof ujmlu`temhy adjcgestem

ctsehg cj fcs psyoflhlncodh stdte ds wehh (tfe oljjeotclj lg

tfcs pfejlaejlj tl sfdadjcsa fds èej eapfdsczem `y A.

Ehcdme Y43>=; 0>-06Q , daljn ltfers). Jlj-speocgco cjgeotclus

`lje cjghdaadtcljs dre olaalj grla tfe Jelhctfco ljwdrm

(_tecj`loi 43>7; 60), wfche jl suof odse grla tfe

Rdhdelhctfco wds pu`hcsfem ujtch 4337. D oljjeotclj ètweej

`lje cjghdaadtclj djm tfe ourvdture lg tfe geaur cj tfe adj

grla tfe ùrcdh lj Grdjoluzsií _treet odj è jectfer prlvem

jlr mejcem. ]fe adj grla tfe @rjl CC ùrcdh ady è pcoturem

ds dj ujusudhhy rlùst, ausouhdr cjmcvcmudh lg acmmhe dne

(Kef'jei 4353; 02-04) wctf jeurltcocsem ofrljco pdcj

tfrlunflut fcs ejtcre `lmy.

Djltfer peouhcdrcty cjvlhves tfe ujusudh nrdve nllms; tfe

@rjl CC ùrcdh wds prlvcmem wctf oljscmerd`he dalujts lg`ljes grla hdrne ndae djcadhs9 flwever, tfe ocrouastdjoes

lg tfe gcjm ml jlt dhhlw d meteracjdtclj ds tl wfetfer tfe

`ljes olaplsem slae icjm lg 'tla`' (ds, glr cjstdjoe, dt

Ilstejic 0 djm 46; @lrcsilvsic 437?9 Rrdshlv djm Plndoev

4360) lr were phdoem fere ds sya`lhco dttrcùtes. Cj oljtrdst

tl odses lg djcadh `ljes loourrcjn cj nrdves cj pdhdelhctfco

settheaejt sctes, tfecr mcreot oljjeotclj wctf tfe ùrcdh cs

dppdrejt fere. ]fe scnjcgcodjoe lg tfcs pdrt lg tfe oljtejts cs

tfus lg d alre sya`lhco jdture, djm cs dppdrejthy tcem wctf

tfe meoedsem's exoeptcljdh stdtus. ]fere cs extejscve

hcterdture lj tfe trdjsoejmejtdh dspeots lg meplscts lg `ljes

lg hdrne ndae djcadhs (glr exdaphe, Flhaèrn 4305; ?= gg.9

[ehejcj 43?79 Grcemrcof 43=?9 Hlt-Gdhoi 435?; 020-0469

Gcjmecsej 435>; 0=-069 Rduhslj 437?9 Ehcdme 43>=; 456 gg.).

Grla tfcs perspeotcve ct cs jlt plssc`he tl cjterpret tfe hdrne

adaaltf `lje muaps glujm cj alcst mepresscljs cj tfe

vcocjcty lg nrdvettcdj sctes (Rremalstg, Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C djm

CC, Achlvcoe, _pytcfjév) ds aere wdste adtercdh lr supphces

lg rdw adtercdhs lr gueh.

]fe exoeptcljdh stdtus lg tfe meoedsem cs dhsl sflwj `y

tfe hdrne loourrejoe lg meolrdtcljs adme grla glsschcsem




Mejtdhcua `dmej.se Rdrtsof alhhusos, wfcof jever loourrem

lj d adsscve sodhe djywfere cj tfe _lutf Alrdvcdj

Acloeje. Cj tfe ùrcdh lj Grdjoluzsií _treet, tfese sfehhs

were oljoejtrdtem drlujm tfe siuhh, tfdt cs, drlujm tfdt pdrt

lg tfe `lmy wfcof cs alst ohlsehy dsslocdtem wctf

trdjsoejmejtdh djm sya`lhco dspeots (og. ]d`lrcj 4360; =5).

Alhhuso meolrdtcljs cj Upper Rdhdelhctfco nrdves cj Ctdhywere hciewcse oljoejtrdtem drlujm tfe fedm ([dapettc djm

Aussc 4334; 454). ]fe extejscve d`rdsclj lj tfe

hljnctumcjdh rc`s lg tfe sfehhs èdrs wctjess tl hljn use. ]fe

ndtfercjn tlnetfer lg suof d hdrne juaèr lg glsschs lg tfe

sdae type oluhm fdve hdstem glr severdh nejerdtcljs.

]fe adhe cmlh glujm fere cs tfe ljhy djtfrlplalrpfco

souhpture ijlwj grla d pdhdelhctfco nrdve tfus gdr (Mehplrte

433?; 30), djm cts olaplsctclj mepdrts grla tfe djdhlny lg

tfe Eurlpedj Rdhdelhctfco cj severdh respeots. Gcnurcjes

represejtcjn d fuadj ècjn, lgtej ohltfem djm phdoem cj d

fluseflhm lr rctudh dred, gujotclj ds dauhets lr prlteotcve

spcrcts wctf megcjem plwers. ]fe sfdadj odpturem tfe spcrctlg adhdmces, pelphe djm djcadhs cj tfea (Grcemrcof 43=4-=?;

?2), djm tfey èodae tfus tfe cjstruaejts lg vdrclus rctudh

perglradjoes (Muprã 43>5; 32-34), lgtej cj oljjeotclj wctf

fujtcjn adnco - hurcjn lut tfe sfdmlw sluh lg tfe djcadh

(Rduhslj et dh. 4370; >3, 64).

]fe alst caplrtdjt sfdadjcstco tllh cs, lg olurse, tfe

mrua. Cts excstejoe cj tfe @rjl CC ùrcdh cs perfdps evcmejoem

`y tfe plhcsfem recjmeer djther. Dhtflunf cj tfcs glra ct

oluhm fdve servem ds d slgt fdaaer cj tfe gd`rcodtclj lg tfe

ofcppem cjmustry, tfe salltf surgdoe lg cts gujotcljdh pdrt

ruhes lut suof d use (og. E. @lémd). Ct cs tfereglre plssc`he

tfdt ct wds d mruastcoi.]fe set lg meolrdtcve rlujmehs fds d oertdcj djdhlny wctf

tfdt cj Ilstejic, jdaehy, tfe rlujm scht l`keots grla

Ilstejic 4 djm = (D`rdalvd 4370). Rdrtcouhdrhy

jltewlrtfy cs tfe gdot tfdt tfecr exeoutclj cs scachdr (djm

dhwdys pergeot cj teras lg ordgtsadjsfcp), evej tflunf tfe

rdw adtercdhs usem vdrcem, requcrcjn mcggerejt prloesscjn

teofjcques. ]fe alst meadjmcjn aust fdve èej tfe tfree

rlujmehs adme lg rlunf-luts, wfcof were l`tdcjem `y

mcvcmcjn adaadh alhdrs mcdnljdhhy tl tfecr jdturdh

hdaehhdr struoture. ]fe adrncjdh cjocscljs dre sl hcnft djm

cjoljspcoulus tfdt we acnft fesctdte cj mescnjdtcjn tfea

ds meolrdtcve eheaejts9 perfdps tfey fdm slae fcmmej

aedjcjn ijlwj ljhy tl tfecr plssesslr. ^ctf tfe exoeptclj

lg tfe lje ctea tfdt cs mrchhem tfrlunf, tfe l`keots hdoi djy

icjm lg almcgcodtclj wfcof wluhm dhhlw tfea tl è strujn

lr sewj lj, tfus exohumcjn tfea grla tfe hdrne rdjne lg

meolrdtcve l`keots lg tfe Alrdvcdj Nrdvettcdj. ]fcs oluhm

è d odse lg olsalhlncodh sya`lhs expresscjn 'oejtre' djm

'rdmcdtclj'9 jlr odj d sexudh scnjcgcodjoe lg tfese meep

rdmcdh nrllves è ruhem lut (@reuch 430=; 5=39 Wdhlof

4353; 06).

_fdadj ocrohes, wfcof lur rcjns mcstcjothy resea`he, dhsl

servem ds olsalhlncodh sya`lhs (Ehcdme 43>=; 03, 4=6). D

prdotcodh gujotclj fds jever èej oljvcjocjnhy meteracjem

glr tfea, djm ct cs cjterestcjn tfdt suof d rcjn wds dhsl glujm

jedr tfe adss nrdve cj Rremalstc (Wdhlof 4372). Cslhdtemmeplscts lg ejtcre serces lg suof l`keots fdve dhsl èej

ejolujterem cj Alrdvcd (Kcgcoe, @lgetcoe<). ]fey reodhh tfe

ocrouhdr peotlrdhs glujm cj tfe sfdadj's nrdve dt Ust'Umd cj

_cèrcd (Lihdmjcilv 43>5; td`. 407).

]fe djdhlnces wctf su`-reoejt sfdadjcsa sflwj `y tfe

@rjl ùrcdh scte dre truhy surprcscjn, djm oertdcjhy oluhm è

mue cj pdrt tl ofdjoe. Cj djy odse, tfey cjmcodte tfe

meoedsem's exoeptcljdh stdtus cj tfe rehcnclus djm rctudh

spfere. Cg tfcs were aerehy d nrdvettcdj fujter, wfy wluhm

fe è ùrcem dhlje cj lpej terrdcj lutscme tfe settheaejt, djm

equcppem glr tfe jext wlrhm slhehy wctf l`keots wfcof odjjlt

è usem ectfer ds wedpljs lr glr meolrdtclj<_everdh lg tfe tfeaes lg pdhdelhctfco drt (Ohlttes djm

Hewcs-^chhcdas 4337), tfe oljspcoulus meplsctcjn lg `ljes

(Lzlhs 43>49 ]rlajdu 4330) djm severdh ùrcdh sctes fdve

lgtej èej presejtem ds plssc`he evcmejoe lg prefcstlrco

sfdadjcsa. @escmes tfe @rjl CC ùrcdh, tfe ùrcdh sctes dt

Rdvchdjm djm Nrcadhmc-Nrlttd meh Odvcnhclje dre dhsl

cjohumem cj tfe Nrdvettcdj. @ltf were mcsolverem cj tfe hdst

oejtury djm cjglradtclj d`lut tfea cs jlt preocse (og. Ady

4367). ]fe nrdve lg d adj grla Dreje Odjmcme cj Hcnurcd

(Odrmcjc 43=0, hlwer Epcnrdvettcdj) djm tfdt lg d wladj

grla _t. Neradcj-hd-Pcvcære (@hdjofdrm et dh. 43>0,

Adnmdhejcdj) stdjm lut glr tfecr ujusudhhy rcof gurjcsfcjns.

Edof lg tfese nrdves exfc`cts oertdcj gedtures wfcof ady è

hcjiem tl tfe exoeptcljdh stdtus lg tfe meoedsem cj tfe rctudh

spfere; jlj-prlgdje l`keots, rlujmehs, rcof lrjdaejtdtclj

drlujm tfe fedm, pdtflhlncodh pfejlaejd, tfe `ljes lr flrjs

lg hdrne ndae djcadhs, lr tfe ujusudh mescnj lg tfe nrdve.

]fe nrdves aejtcljem dre dhsl ofdrdotercsem `y tfe mcstcjot

presejoe lg lofre, wfcof fds èej glujm cj ljhy fdhg lg dhh

reolrmem pdhdelhctfco ùrcdhs (@cjdjt 4334; 403). ]fcs

cjmcodtes tfe prestcnclus stdtus lg tflse cjmcvcmudhs wfl, evej

dgter medtf, were represejtem ltferwcse tfdj ds `rdve fujters.

Lg dhh tfese nrdves, tfe lje glujm lj Grdjoluzsií _treet

cj @rjl cs tfe lhmest djm, dt tfe sdae tcae, tfe lje wfcofprlvcmes tfe alst olaphete seheotclj lg 'sfdadjcstco'

dttrcùtes. 'Pehcncljcsts' wchh presuad`hy jlt è sdtcsgcem

wctf suof dj dssertclj. ]fey wchh gcjm, glr cjstdjoe, tfdt

evcmejoe lg tfe eostdtco prdotcoes essejtcdh glr d sfdadj cs

hdoicjn. Dhtflunf tfe scachdrcty lg dttrcùtes oluhm dttest tl

tfe excstejoe lg scachdr aeofdjcsas, tfe questclj lg wfcof

cmeds, wfcof aytf tfey were mercvem grla stchh readcjs.

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/baden.se





454 ADP]CJ LHCWD - ]FE @PJL CC URREP RDHDELHC]FCO @UPCDH

regerejoes

Dfrjcjlvd, [. 4370

@cjdjt. h'. 4334

@hdjofdrm, P., 43>0

M. Reyrljy.

F.-W. Wdhhlcs

@lrcsilvsic, R.h. 437?

@reuch, F. 430=

Odrmcjc, H. 43=0

Ohlttes, K., 4337

M. Hewcs-^chhcdas

Mehplrte. CH 433?

M'Err col, G.. 4366

2 . Lcdol`cjc

Mclszenc, W. (em) 437?

Muprã, ^. 43>5

4 hcdcI'. X C. 43>=

Gcjmecsej, F. 435>

Grcemrcof. D. 43=4-

Flhaèrn, U.

Kehgjei, K,

Kehgjei, K.,

K. Rehcsoi,

I. Wdhlof

Idrísei, K.

Hlt-Gdhoi, E.

4370 Rdhelhctcoesilke csiusstvl jd terrctlrcc ___P, Alsivd-Hejcjnrdm, _DC D ?-=.

Hd Rrãfcstlcre me hd alrt. Rdrcs; Errdjoe.

43>0 He ncseaejt et he squehette me _dcjt-Neradcj-hd-Pcvcære, Rdrcs; Drofcves me CRF ?=.

Loeric pl pdhelhctu @dssecjd Mljd, Alsivd-Hejcjnrdm; ACD 404.

Jlte me vlydne pdhãlhctfcque ej Eurlpe oejtrdhe, H 'Djtfrlplhlnce ?=, 545-550.

Julvc mlouaejtc suhh'djtcofctd mehh'ulal cj Ctdhcd; repertl uadjl meh Rdhelhctcol superclre

jehhd Nrlttd mehhe Dreje Odjmcme, Pdzzd e Ocvchtm ?, 5-05.

Hes Ofdadjes me hd Rrãfcstlcre. ]rdjse et Adnce mdjs hes nrlttes lrjães. Rdrcs; _euch.

Wcjtdne me hd geaae mdjs W drt prãfcstlrcque. Rdrcs; Rcodrm.

H'dpplrt mes ãtumes me surgdoe plur 4'cjterprãtdtclj mes almcgcodtcljs sur 4'ls du

Rdhãlhctfcque alyej. Cj; A. Ltte (em.), H'Flaae me Jãdjmertdh, vlh. =, A. Ltte, H. @cjglrm

djm K.-Rf. Pcndum (ems), Hd ]eofjcque, ?3-=>, Hcene; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH ?4).

Nhduèjswef ujm Glhihlre mer sc`crcsofej W÷hier. @umdpest; Didmãacdc Icdmÿ.

Pehcnclj cj Rrcactcve Ouhtures. D _tumy cj Etfjlpfchlslpfy. ]fe Fdnue/ Rdrcs; Alutlj.

_fdadjcsa. Drofdco ]eofjcques lg Extdsy. Rrcjoetlj; Rrcjoetlj Ujcverscty Rress.

_ofdadjejtua. mdrnestehht da @ecspceh mer @esessejfectsprcester jlrmeurdscdtcsofer W÷hier.

_tuttndrt; Ilfhfdaaer.

43=4-=? Mce Glrsofujn øèr mds grøfzecthcofe Kínertua, Rdcmeuad 0, 02-=?.

43=? Ijlofej ujm _iehett cj mer Wlrsteh hujnsweht Jlrmdscejs, ^cejer @ectríne zur

Iuhturnesofcofte ujm Hcjnucstci 5, 463-0=>.

4305 Øèr mce Kdnmrctej mer j÷rmhcofej W÷hier Dscejs ujm Eurlpds. Fehscjic; _locãtã Gcjjl-

Lunrcejje.

4353 Ecjhec tujn. @estdttujn ujm _iehettadtercdh . Cj; K. Kehgjei, K. Rehgsei djm I. Wdhlof (ems),

Mer glssche Aejsof @rjl CC, 5-7, 4>-00, @rjl; Djtfrlpls, J._. 4.

4353 Mer glssche Aejsof @rjl CH @rjl; Djtfrlpls, J._.4.

4330 ]fe alrpflstrdtcnrdpfcodh plsctclj lg plst`dmejcdj nrdvehsdjms lj tfe terrctlry lg @rjl,

_orcptd 00, Nelhlny, 64-67, @rjl; Adsdryilvd ujcverzctd.

435? Hes rctes me ofdsse. Rdrcs; Ndhhcadrm.




Adilwsiy, D.

Ady, G.

Ausch, P.,

I. Wdhlof

Lihdmjcilv, D.R.

Lhcvd, A.

Lzlhs, K.

Rduhslj. C.

Rduhslj, C.,D. Fuhtirdjtz,

I. Kettadc

Rrdshlv, J.M..

D.J. Plndoev (ems)

Pzefdi, D.

_tecj`loi, P.].

]d`lrcj, S.

]rlajdu. N.

Uhhrcof, F.

Wdhlof, I.

Whoei, E.

[dapettc, A.,A. Aussc

4630 Mer mchuvcdhe Aejsof ca H÷ss vlj @rccjj, Actt. Djtfrlp. Nes. ^cej 00, >?-6=.

4367 Hes sepuhturesprãfcstlrcques. Rdrcs; OJP_.

4374 Mce ujterej ]errdssej mer _vctdvd èc @rjl, Rríoe `rjejsic zíihdmjy O_DW ??(7), 005-057,

Rrdfd.

43>5 Jelhctcoesicke pdakdtjcic sremjek Djndry (lm ust'kd r. @ehlk ml Ust-Umy). Jlvls`crsi;Jduid.

4337 Ahdmlpdhelhctcoiy frl` @rjl CC kdil pgc'spévei i ploítiøa sdadjcsau, Drofelhlncoiã

rlzfhemy =6, ?5?-?6?.

43>4 [ua _ofdadjcsaus mer kujnpdhílhctfcsofej Pejtcerkíner vlj Adhtd, I÷hjer Kdfrùof g.

Wlr- ujm Grøfnesofcofte 40, 0>-=3 .

437? [ur Dugèwdfrujn mer ]cerijlofej ca Kdnmrctudh mer Jlrmeurdscsofej W÷hier. Cj;

W. Mcÿszenc (em.), Nhdufejsweht ujm Glhihlre mer sc`crcsofej W÷hier, =6?-=32, @umdpest;

Didmãacdc Icdmÿ.

4370 Mce Pehcncljej Jlrmeurdscejs ujm mer daercidjcsofer Dritcs. _tuttndrt; ^. IlfhfdaaerWerhdn.

4360 Rdhelhct ilstejilvsil - `lrsevsilvl rdkljd jd Mlju. Hejcjnrdm; Jduid.

4344 Mds Cmlh dus mea `røjjer H÷ss , [ectsofrcgt m. Meutsofej Werecjes g. mce Nesofcofte Aífrejs

u. _ofhescejs X5, 40=-4?=.

43>7 Rdhelpdtflhlnces Mcdnjlscs djm Cjterpretdtclj. _prcjngcehm; Of._. ]flads pu`h.

4360 Hd pdrure mes alrts, Fcstlcre et drofãlhlnce, hes mlsscers 77, =0-54.

4330 Drofílhlncsofe Gujme ujm @egujme zua _ofdadjcsaus. Cj; N. ]rlajdu djm P. H÷mmiwe(ems), _ofdadjej. Actther zwcsofej Aejsofej ujm Necsterj, 00-?3. Mucsùrn.

4360 Drtcgcocdh cjkurces lj glssch fuadj `ljes djm tfe prl`hea lg odjjc`dhcsa, siuhh-ouht, djm

ùrcdh-rctes. Cj; K. Kef'jei (em.), Adj djm fcs lrcncjs, 05?-070, @rjl; Djtfrlpls J._. 4?.

4353 Mce Nrd`ècndèj. Cj; K. Kef'jei, K. Rehcsei djm I. Wdhlof (ems), Mer glssche Aejsof

@rjl CC, 0?-?2, @rjl; Djtfrlpls, J._. 4.

4372 @eaeriejswerte kujnpdhílhctfcsofe _tecjneríte dus Rgemalstc cj Aífrej, Dotd Aus. Alr.,

sec. slo. =5, 04-07.

4334 Mce Adaautkíner vlj Mlhjc Wãstljcoe. Hcestdh.

4334 _enjc meh pltere, sca`lhc meh pltere ; hd prl`headtcod meh Rdhelhctcol _uperclre ctdhcdjl. Cj;E. Ferrcjn, P. ^fctefluse djm K. ^chicjs (ems), Rdpers lg tfe Glurtf Oljg. lg Ctdhcdj

Drofdelhlny, ]fe Drofdelhlny lg Rlwer 0, 4=3-472.

[ehejcj. M.I. 43?7 Iuht ljnljlv v _c`crc. Alsivd-Hejcjnrdm.



45? ADP]CJ LHCWD - ]FE @PJL CC URREP RDHDELHC]FCO @UPCDH

Adrtcj Lhcvd

Alrdvsiã [easie Auzeua

[ehjy ]rf 7

753?> @rjl

Ozeof Pepu`hco





Hdrs Hdrsslj 40 Rhejty lg adaaltfs ùt jl fuadjs<

_odjmcjdvcd murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj

@eoduse lg tfe dhalst tltdh nhdocdtclj lg _odjmcjdvcd murcjntfe Hdte êcofsehcdj, tfe evcmejoe glr oljmctcljs murcjn tfe

Acmmhe êcofsehcdj cs extreaehy grdnaejtdry. Auof lg jlrtferj _odjmcjdvcd wds prl`d`hy olverem `y hdjm coe, djm cj tfeslutferj pdrts tfe perclm ejmem wctf d rdpcm nhdocdtclj

prloess shcnfthy èglre 02 iyr `p. ]fe excstcjn pdhdeleolhlnc-odh djdhyses sflw drotco tl su`drotco venetdtclj. Gdujd csadcjhy mlouaejtem tfrlunf pdrts lg adaaltf siehetljs.

Pdmclaetrco mdtcjns sflw tfe presejoe lg tfcs hdrne nrendrclusdjcadh cj Mejadri djm slutferj _wemej ujtch o. 02 iyr `p.]fere cs jl ujda`cnulus evcmejoe lg fuadj presejoe murcjntfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj. _cjoe tfere wds hdjm oljtdotètweej slutferj _odjmcjdvcd djm tfe oljtcjejt, tfere werejl nelnrdpfcodh l`stdohes tl prevejt pelphe grla setthcjn cjtfe dred. ]fe gdot tfdt tfe dred wds usem `y ferms lgfer`cvlres sfluhm fdve adme ct dttrdotcve tl fuadjs.

@eoduse lg tfe auof hlwer djm fejoe tlmdy cjujmdtemoldstdh zlje, tfere dre jl mcreot readcjs lg oldstdhsettheaejt grla tfcs perclm cj Eurlpe. Murcjn tfemenhdocdtclj pfdse dt tfe ejm lg tfe Hdte êcofsehcdj tferewds rdpcm olhljcsdtclj lg tfe hljn Dthdjtco oldst lg

_odjmcjdvcd. ]fcs sunnests tfdt ijlwhemne djm use lg adrcjeejvcrljaejts wds ùcht up lver d hljn perclm. Oldstdhsettheaejt murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj ady tfereglre fdveèej d scnjcgcodjt gedture lg êsterj Eurlpedj settheaejt.

4. @clhlncodh mdtd

@eoduse lg tfe mestruotcve eggeot lg tfe hdjm coe, dhljn wctfofdjnes odusem `y tfe menhdocdtclj, tfere dre gew readcjsmcdh odj è mdtem tl tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj (Adjnerum djm@ornhujm 43>6). Wery gew hcajco meplscts wctf lrndjcooljtejt cj slutferj _odjmcjdvcd mdtcjn grla dgter tfe @r2rupdjm Lmmerdme cjterstdmcdhs fdve èej dssuaem wctf oertdcjty

tl è cj sctu (Djmersej 43>39 @ernhujm djm Hdnerhujm 43649Ilhstrup 4330).

Lj tfe cshdjm lg _ekerl cj tfe slutferj Idttendt, d plhhejèdrcjn sequejoe oljscstcjn lg slae lrndjco oljtejt cjohdyey sdjm djm scht fds èej mdtem tl o. ?7 iyr `p (Fluadri-Jcehsej djm Ilhstrup 4364) djm sfluhm tfereglre èolrrehdtem wctf tfe Fejnehl cjterstdmcdh. ]fe plhhej djdhyscssflws tfdt Rcjus. _dhcx, djm @etuhd tlnetfer olaprcse hesstfdj 42% lg tfe plhhej oljtejt. Oyperdoede djm Nrdacjede

mlacjdte. ]feralhuacjesoejoe mdtcjns lg aehtwdter meplsctscj slutfwest Mejadri sflw tfdt tfe hdjm coe redofem tfesedreds ètweej 00 djm 02 iyr `p (Irlj`lrn 436?).

D ghuvcdh meplsct olverem wctf tchh èms grla Nírmsh÷v, cjslutferjalst _wemej, fds èej mdtem ètweej ?0 djm 04 iyr`p (Achher 43>>)9 ct sflws d oertdcj dmacxture lg lrndjcoadtercdh (@ernhujm djm Hdnerhujm 4364; ?5=). ]fevenetdtclj odj è cjterpretem ds drotco-su`drotco.

Ds rendrms tfe evcmejoe grla Jlrwdy, ct sunnests tfdt tfeDthdjtco oldst wds gree lg coe drlujm ?2 iyr `p djm tfdt tferewds gdujd cjmcodtcjn d rehdtcvehy wdra perclm, odhhem tfeÍhesujm cjterstdmcdh (Adjnerum 4334). D olver lg coeprl`d`hy èndj tl glra dgter tfcs cj tfe fcnfer pdrts lgJlrwdy (_ekrup et dh. 433=). ]fere cs oljscmerd`heujoertdcjty d`lut tfe extejt lg tfe hdjm coe ùt ct prl`d`hywds dt cts nredtest ètweej 03 djm 00 iyr `p. Ct cs plssc`hetfdt tfe luteralst oldstdh trdots were coe gree murcjn dhh lralst lg tfe hdst nhdocdtclj.

Cj jlrtferjalst _odjmcjdvcd tfere dre severdh hlodtcljswctf lrndjco meplscts grla tfe êcofsehcdj (Fcrvds et dh.43649 Hdner`íoi djm Plèrtsslj 43669 Lhsej 4366). ]fcs csèoduse tfere wds extejscve peradgrlst djm hcactemalveaejts cj tfe coe olvercjn tfe dred dgter tfe Eeacdj. Djcoe-gree stdne cj tfe jlrtfedsterj pdrt lg _wemej preoemcjntfe hdst nhdocdtclj cs mescnjdtem tfe ]írejm÷ cjterstdmcdh(Hdner`íoi djm Plèrtsslj 43669 Drljsslj et dh. 433?).]fcs cs ofdrdotercsem `y steppe venetdtclj wctf slae sfru`sdjm `crof ùt dhsl `y stdnes wctf cjtejscve grlst wedtfercjn.]fe ]írejm÷ cjterstdmcdh ady plssc`hy è oljteaplrdry wctftfe Lmmerdme. Jl ylujner lrndjco meplscts dre mlouaejtem,wfcof acnft aedj tfdt tfe stdne preoemcjn tfe nhdocdtcljolaprcsem d olhm perclm cj wfcof tfe nhdocdtclj èndj auofedrhcer tfdj ct mcm gurtfer slutf.

Lpcjcljs dre mcvcmem d`lut flw gdr slutf tfe coe sfeetady fdve redofem murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj. Ct cs dhslplssc`he tfdt tfe extejt lg tfe coe sfeet vdrcem scnjcgcodjthy(Djmersej djm @lrjs 433=; 5?9 Hujmqvcst djm Plèrtsslj433=; 40=9 Mljjer 4335).

0. Gdujd

]fe perclm èglre tfe extejscve nhdocdtclj cj tfe hdte pdrt lgtfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj olaprcsem d venetdtclj sflwcjn




4222 _LU]F MEJADPI

SP_M p I-=6>2-=6>4

I-=>66 I-=6>=-=6>> I-=?02 I?73>c j C "= U*:t I =?04-=?00

45 SLUJN @DH]CO ]CHH

JLP]F MEJADPI

# .JLP]F ED_] ]CHH DJM JLPÊNCDJ ]CHH

Z A I-?62'

=¹I?626 I-=430

KDT£V I-=434

I-=466 | \ Z I - = 5 6

#

-442

LHM @DH]CO ]CHH

EEACDJ _ED _IDEPUAFEME _ED

Gcn. 4. D tejtdtcve presejtdtclj lg tfe rehdtclj ètweej hdjm djm sed cj Mejadri, djm tfe loourrejoe lgoertdcj djcadh speoces `dsem lj , =O mdtcjns. (Dgter Ddrcs-_lrejsej et dh. 4332)

oljscmerd`he scachdrctces tl d adaaltf steppe ds megcjem `yNutfrce (4360). ]fe gcjms lg adaaltf sflw tfdt hcvcjnoljmctcljs were nllm glr oertdcj djcadhs. D oljscmerd`hedalujt lg adtercdh fds èej glujm. ]fe mlacjdjoe lgadaaltf ady è mue tl tfdt gdot tfdt tfe hdrne siehetdh pdrts

lg tfese djcadhs dre èst d`he tl survcve tfe meolaplscjnglroes dsslocdtem wctf nhdocdtclj djm tfe su`sequejt olurselg menhdocdtclj. ]fese siehetljs dre dhsl edscest glrjljexperts tl meteot wfej qudrrycjn lr mcnncjn. ]fere dre405 gcjms grla Mejadri, lver twejty grla _wemej,slaewfdt gewer grla Jlrwdy (oljoejtrdtem cj tfe slutf),djm jcje grla Gcjhdjm (Ddrcs-_2rejsej et dh. 43329Hepcisddr 4330). Lg tfese gcjms, 45 grla Mejadri fdve èejh=O mdtem.

]free sdaphes ndve cjgcjcte vdhues, lje gcjm mdtem tl o. =5iyr `p, lje mdtem tl tfe Hdte êcofsehcdj (4?,0=2 ´ >72/732`p) (I-?73>). wfereds tej gcjms, sodtterem lver tfe wflhe lg

Mejadri, ndve vdhues ètweej ?0,=72 ´ 3>2/6>2 `p(I-=432) djm 04,5?2 ´ =02 `p (I-?>2?) (Ddrcs-_2rejsej etdh. 4332) (Gcn. 4).

Mdtcjns lg adaaltf gcjms cj slutferj djm westerj_wemej dnree wehh wctf tfe Mdjcsf resuhts. Lg glur mdtcjns,lje cs Hdte êcofsehcdj - tfree vdhues ètweej 4?,?72 + ?32`p (Hu->37) djm 4?,232 ´ 402 `p (Hu->37;0) - wfche tfeltfer tfree ndve vdhues lg ?7,222 ´ 4552/4?22 `p (Hu-662),?4,022 ´ ?222/0752 `p (Hu->=7), djm 00,222 ´ 322/622 `p(Hu-66>) (@ernhujm et dh. 43>7; 465). Dhtflunf tfere dre

gew mdtcjns grla tfe dred lutscme slutfwest _odjmcjdvcd,tfey olrrl`lrdte tfe sdae pdtterj ds cj slutfwest_odjmcjdvcd. ]fe glur Jlrwencdj h=O mdtem adaaltf gcjmsncve vdhues ètweej =7 djm 43 iyr `p (@ernhujm et dh. 43>7;46=). Gcjms lg adaaltf cj tfe slutferj pdrt lg jlrtferj

_wemej prl`d`hy èhljn tl dj Edrhy êcofsehcdjcjterstdmcdh9 tfcs cs supplrtem `y dj cjgcjcte vdhue ncvej `y drdmclaetrco aedsureaejt (Hujmqvcst 43>=9 Hujmqvcst djmRheckeh 43>7).

]fe adaaltf fdm suctd`he hcvcjn oljmctcljs cj tfe hdtterpdrt lg tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj, ds cs pdrthy evcmejt grla tfepdhdeleolhlncodh mdtd. ]fe mdtcjns dhsl sflw tfdt adaaltfloourrem cj slutfwest _odjmcjdvcd ds hdte ds 00 iyr `p,prl`d`hy shcnfthy hdter, tfus supplrtcjn tfe fypltfescs tfdttfe mevehlpaejt lg hdjm coe cj tfcs dred glhhlwem d rdpcmolurse jlt preoemem `y djy prltrdotem gdhh cj teaperdture.

]fe excstejoe lg dj ejvcrljaejt suctd`he glr adaaltf

dhsl sunnests tfdt severdh ltfer djcadh speoces ady fdveexcstem (Idfhie 433=) cj oertdcj pdrts lg _odjmcjdvcd. Gcjmslg pdrts lg siehetljs lg Aendhloerls ncndjteus, Pdjncgertdrdjmus, Lvc`ls alsofdtus, djm @cslj prcsous fdve èejtdiej tl èhljn tl tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj (Ddrcs-_2rejsejet dh. 4332; 0>9 Ddrcs-_2rejsej 4330). D gcjm lg ausi lxgrla tfe west oldst lg _wemej fds ycehmem d mdte lg ?0 iyr`p (Hchkenrej djm Hdnerís 433?).

Lg speocdh cjterest dre tfree gcjms lg wdhrus, Lmlèjusrlsadrus, grla jlrtferj Mejadri, 4=O mdtcjns lg wfcof



45> HDP_ HDP__LJ - RHEJ]S LG ADAAL]F_ @U] JL FUADJ_<

sflw tfea tl èhljn tl tfe perclm ?4-0? iyr `p (A2fh4365). ]fese gcjms wfcof, hcie tfe adaaltf, olae grla tfe`cnnest speoces cj cts pdrtcouhdr ejvcrljaejt, fdm tfe nredtestrescstdjoe tl meolaplscjn glroes. ]fecr siuhhs djm tusis dredhsl edschy cmejtcgcd`he `y tfe nejerdh pu`hco ds mcggercjngrla ltfer adtercdh, ]fe wdhrus gcjms cjmcodte tfe loourrejoe

lg d rcof adrcje gdujd wfere mcggerejt speoces lg wfdhe, sedhdjm gcsf aust fdve loourrem.

Cj odve meplscts grla d oldstdh scte lg westerj Jlrwdytfere dre gcjms lg `ljes grla d oljscmerd`he juaèr lg sed`crms, recjmeer, djm drotco glx. Jl ohedr evcmejoe wds glujmlg fuadj presejoe cj tfcs odve. ]fe mdtcjns cjmcodte tfdt tfemeplsct olaes grla d achmer perclm - tfe Dhesujmcjterstdmcdh - wfcof cs mdtem o. ?2 iyr `p (Hdrsej et dh.436>). ]fe loourrejoe lg recjmeer djm drotco glx sunneststfdt tfere were oertdcj coe-gree zljes dhljn tfe oldst. Mdtcjnslg recjmeer cj tfe sdae oldstdh renclj wctf vdhues drlujm40.5 iyr `p odj fdrmhy è exphdcjem `y caacnrdtclj lg tfcs

speoces cj tfe cjctcdh stdne lg tfe menhdocdtclj (Hce 4332). ]fealst prl`d`he exphdjdtclj cs tfdt tfere were regunes lj tfewest oldst lg Jlrwdy wfcof were `cn ejlunf tl prlvcme dfd`ctdt glr d ferm lg recjmeer murcjn tfe nhdocdh adxcaua, dswehh ds murcjn d oljscmerd`he perclm èglre tfcs.

?. Fuadj dotcvcty<

]rdoes lg fuadj presejoe cj _odjmcjdvcd murcjn tfe Acmmheêcofsehcdj dre fcnfhy ujoertdcj. D mlzej ghdies wfcof adymdte grla tfe perclm prclr tl tfe alst reoejt nhdocdtclj fdveèej glujm cj d serces lg nrdveh pcts dt _eest, lj tfe westerjlutsicrts lg Ilhmcjn, slutfedst Kuthdjm (êster`y 435>). ]fe

gcjms lg djcadh `ljes djm ghcjt drtegdots lrcncjdte grla dthedst sevej nrdveh pcts cj tfe Ilhmcjn Dmdh. ]fe semcaejts cjtfe nrdveh pcts oljscst glr tfe alst pdrt lg ghuvcdtche sdjm djmnrdveh meplscts. Ujglrtujdtehy, dhh tfe drtegdots were glujm cjseoljmdry plsctcljs. ]fe alst hciehy exphdjdtclj cs tfdt tfesdjm djm nrdveh meplscts grla wfcof tfe `ljes djm ghcjtolae were meplsctem `y aehtwdter murcjn tfe Hdteêcofsehcdj, ùt d mdtcjn tl tfe Edrhy êcofsehcdj odjjlt èruhem lut (Flha djm Hdrsslj 4335).

Cj oljjeotclj wctf d resoue exodvdtclj dt Plhhs`l cjwesterj _wemej, ofdroldh wds glujm cj trdjsnressclj hdyers(Ferjei 4337). Jl drtegdots were glujm, flwever. D

rdmclaetrco mdtcjn lg ofdroldh grla tfcs flrczlj ndve d vdhuelg 03,362 ´ >=2 `p (Ud-5=>7). ]fe ofdroldh wds prl`d`hyglujm cj seoljmdry plsctclj, djm ct cs jlt plssc`he tl meteracjects rehdtclj tl djy fuadj dotcvcty tfdt ady fdve loourrem.

Dhtflunf trdoes lg fuadj dotcvcty cj tfe Acmmheêcofsehcdj odj è questcljem, oertdcj gdotlrs sfluhm èseej ds caplrtdjt ocrouastdjtcdh evcmejoe glr tfe presejoe lgadj cj _odjmcjdvcd dt tfcs tcae. ]fe adaaltf steppe wctfcts gdujd wds dj dttrdotcve ejvcrljaejt glr fuadjs. Dsnelhlncodh stumces fdve sflwj, tfere wds d jdrrlw strdct

ètweej oljtcjejtdh jlrtferj Eurlpe djm tfe Gejjlsodjmcdjpejcjsuhd (Gcn. 0), wfcof wluhm fdve dhhlwem acnrdtclj glrsedsljdh looupdtclj lr glr ltfer redsljs.

Cj jlrtferj Pusscd, wfere tfe hdst nhdocdtclj mcm jlt fdve dnredt mestruotcve eggeot, settheaejt sctes fdve èej glujm uptl tfe 7=tf pdrdhheh (Rdvhlv djm Cjmrehcm, tfcs vlhuae). ]fcs

hdtctume mcvcmes _odjmcjdvcd cjtl twl dreds lg rlunfhy equdhscze. Cj dmmctclj, tfe eggeot lg tfe Jlrtf Dthdjtco lj jlrtferj_odjmcjdvcd wluhm prl`d`hy fdve èej lj suof d sodhe tfdttfe ohcadtco oljmctcljs tfdt dhhlwem settheaejt cj jlrtferjPusscd aust fdve excstem cj pdrts lg _odjmcjdvcd.

Adrcje semcaejts sflw tfdt d `rldm cjhet lg tfe sedredofem cj ds gdr ds tfe presejt-mdy Idttendt, olvercjn tfejlrtf lg Kuthdjm, wfche oljscmerd`he pdrts lg tfe Jlrtf _edwere mry hdjm (Fluadri-Jcehsej 4363; gcn. 449 Retersej4365; gcn. =) (Gcn. 0). D gresfwdter `dscj olverem pdrts lgtfe slutferj @dhtco wctf dj lutghlw mcdnljdhhy dorlss _odjcd.Lpcjcljs dre sfdrphy mcvcmem, flwever, d`lut tfe extejt lg

tfe hdjm coe murcjn tfe perclm ?2-00 iyr `p. _lae soflhdrstfcji tfdt hdrne pdrts lg tfe Gejjlsodjmcdj pejcjsuhd werecoe gree, wfche ltfers sdy tfdt ljhy slutfwesterj _wemej djmpdrts lg tfe Jlrwencdj Dthdjtco oldst were coe gree.

]fe mcstrcùtclj lg settheaejt readcjs murcjn tfe hdstnhdocdh adxcaua sflws tfdt trdoes lg fuadj dotcvcty loour dgew fujmrem ichlaetres slutf lg tfe coe adrncj (Ltte 4332;gcn. ?.5). Plunfhy tfe sdae pdtterj odj è meteotem dt tfe coeadrncj cj Hdte Nhdocdh tcaes cj jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe. ]feremles jlt seea tl fdve èej djy settheaejt cj tfe vcocjcty lgtfe coe. _ettheaejts murcjn tfe Nrdvettcdj cj tfe jlrtferjpdrts lg oljtcjejtdh Eurlpe dre hlodtem dt d oljscmerd`he

mcstdjoe grla tfe adxcaua extejt lg tfe hdjm coe (êjcner4332; gcn. 3.4). Cg tfcs mcstrcùtclj regheots true oljmctcljs,tfe mcstdjoe lg tfese sctes grla _odjmcjdvcd wluhm seea tlsunnest hcactem lr jl utchczdtclj lg tfcs dred `y tfe pelphesetthem cj jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe murcjn tfe tej tflusdjm yedrscaaemcdtehy preoemcjn tfe nhdocdtclj. Cj oljtrdst, tfesettheaejt lj tfe Pusscdj Rhdcj dppedrs tl fdve olae ohlsertl tfe coe adrncj tfdj cj westerj Eurlpe (_lgter 4332). ]fcsodj è wehh rehdtem tl tfe jew gcjmcjns lg stumces lg tfejlrtferj Urdh dreds (Rdvhlv djm Cjmrehcm, tfcs vlhuae). ]fcsoluhm è vcewem ds sunnestcjn tfdt oljtdot ètweej dplstuhdtem settheaejt cj _odjmcjdvcd djm cts oljtcjejtdholujterpdrt wluhm ofceghy fdve èej adcjtdcjem tfrlunfedsterj oljjeotcljs.

^fej oljscmercjn tfe spredm lg settheaejt cj tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco, oldstdh settheaejt cs lg hcactem cjterest ljdoolujt lg tfe gcjm sctudtclj. @eoduse lg tfe hlwer wdterheveh murcjn auof lr dhh lg tfe êcofsehcdj, wfdt wds tfejtfe oldstdh zlje cs jlw ujmer wdter.

Dhtflunf tfere dre jl oldstdh settheaejts preservem, gcjmsgrla cjhdjm settheaejts jevertfehess sflw slae evcmejoe lgoldstdh oljtdots. Dt Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes cj slutferj




Gcn. 0. ]fe rehdtclj ètweej hdjm,

wdter, djm coe cj slutfwest_odjmcjdvcd ?5-05 iyr `p, `dsemlj Fluadri-Jcehsej 4363.

Eurlpe, gcjms fdve èej adme lg `ljes lg gcsf, `crms, djmadaadhs grla d adrcje ejvcrljaejt (Oheyet-Aerhe 43329m'Errcol 433=9 @urlv 43359 Oheyet-Aerhe djm Admehdcje4335). Lrjdaejts adme lg sedsfehhs olhheotem lj tfe sflreslg tfe Dthdjtco Loedj, Aemcterrdjedj _ed, djm @hdoi _edwere plpuhdr cj Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco slocetces. ]feydppedr cj tfe nrdves grla tfcs perclm, djm dre dhsl glujm dtslae settheaejt sctes gdr dwdy grla tfe oldst. _fehhs fdveèej glujm dt oejtrdh Eurlpedj sctes djm lj tfe Pusscdjsteppes (_trduof djm ]ea`rloi 43>6; 0?4 gg.9 _lgger 4365;==2 gg). ]fese gcjms aust è tdiej ds dj cjmcodtclj lg oldstdhdotcvcty murcjn tfcs perclm. Cj pdhdelhctfco drt we loodscljdhhysee mepcotcljs lg adrcje gdujd suof ds tfe nredt dui, sedh,djm ghdt-gcsf (Oheyet-Aerhe 43329 Ohlttes djm Olurtcj 433=9m'Errcol 433=9 AoMljdhm 433=9 Oheyet-Aerhe djmAdmehdcje 4335). ]fese dre glujm ds gdr ds 022 ichlaetrescjhdjm grla tfe presejt oldst.

Cj tfe jlrtf lg tfe Cèrcdj pejcjsuhd tfere cs evcmejoe lgtfe olhheotclj lg adrcje alhhusos ds gllm murcjn tfe_lhutredj (_trdus djm Ohdri 4367; ?5=). ]fese gcjms cjmcodtetfdt oldstdh exphlctdtclj djm gcsfcjn cj tfe sed fdm slae icjmlg caplrtdjoe evej gdr grla tfe oldstdh zlje ctsehg.

Ejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs murcjn tfe menhdocdtclj cjslutfwest _odjmcjdvcd sflw scnjcgcodjt scachdrctces tl tflsetfdt excstem èglre tfe nhdocdtclj. Flwever, tfere cs stchh jlevcmejoe tl sunnest tfdt fuadj acnrdtclj cjtl tfe cjterclrtlli phdoe cj mcreot oljkujotclj wctf tfe retredt lg tfe coe.]fe prl`d`he redslj glr tfcs cs tfdt tfe coe aehtem qucoihy(@k÷roi et dh. 4366), wfcof hem tl d mehdy cj tfe estd`hcsfaejt lg d ghlrd dttrdotcve tl tfe drotco gdujd. ]fe sctudtclj csolaphetehy mcggerejt wfej we oljscmer tfe utchczdtclj lg jewstretofes lg oldst wfcof eaernem grla tfe coe. D gdujd-rcofejvcrljaejt oluhm è estd`hcsfem very qucoihy fere. ]felhmest stretof lg oldst wctf nllm preservdtclj oljmctcljs,



453 HDP_ HDP__LJ - RHEJ]S LG ADAAL]F_ @U] JL FUADJ_<

tfdjis tl `djis lg sfehhgcsf djm ltfer gdotlrs, cs glujm dhljntfe _wemcsf Jlrtf _ed oldst (Gremej 4366), wfcof cs edschydooessc`he glr cjvestcndtclj tfdjis tl uphcgt. Gcjms lg`lwfedm wfdhe, `hue wfdhe, djm wfcte wfdhe, lg èdrmemsedh, fdrp sedh, djm rcjnem sedh, ds wehh ds severdh speoces lgsdhtwdter gcsf, fdve èej mlouaejtem (Hchkenrej djm Hdnerís

433?). _everdh gcjms lg plhdr èdr fdve dhsl èej adme(@ernhujm et dh. 4330).

]fe lhmest gcjms lg fuadj settheaejt dre mdtem o. 42 iyr`p (Icjmnrej 4337). ]fe hlodtclj lg tfe sctes, djm tfe gdottfdt tfe oldstdh zlje wds hess tfdj 422 ia grla tfe coeadrncj, sflws tfdt tfe eoljlay wds mcstcjothy lrcejtem tladrcje gllm. ]fe juaèr lg settheaejt sctes ujtch 3.> iyr `p,wfej tfe drotco/su`drotco gdujd mcsdppedrem, cs very hdrne,jlt hedst cj rehdtclj tl tfe juaèr lg cjhdjm sctes cj ltferpdrts lg Jlrtferj Eurlpe. ]fcs sflws tfdt tfe oldstdh zljewds dhredmy wehh utchcsem cj tfe cjctcdh pfdse lg caacnrdtclj.Dhljn tfe Jlrwencdj Dthdjtco oldst, murcjn tfe menhdocdtclj

tfere wds d gdujd olrrespljmcjn tl tfdt lg tfe west oldst lg_wemej (@djn-Djmersej 4337). ]fe lhmest settheaejt cjslutfwest Jlrwdy odj è mdtem o. 42 iyr `p. ]fe lhmestsettheaejt readcjs cj jlrtferj Jlrwdy dre lg rlunfhy tfesdae dne (]flaaessej 4337). ]fcs sflws tfdt hdjm wdsqucoihy looupcem dhljn d stretof lg oldst 4722 ia hljn, jltolujtcjn tfe gklrms.

^ctf tfe presejt stdte lg resedrof, we fdve jl ijlwhemnelg oldstdh settheaejt murcjn tfe êcofsehcdj. Flwever, tfelhmest oldstdh zljes dooessc`he glr cjvestcndtclj sflwoljscmerd`he fuadj exphlctdtclj. Cj vcew lg tfe cjmcodtcljsgrla tfe cjterclr aejtcljem d`lve, djm tfe evcmejoe grla

tfe oldst lg Jlrtferj Eurlpe, tfere dre nllm nrlujms glrdssuacjn tfdt oldstdh settheaejt wds scnjcgcodjt cj d hdte pdrtlg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Grla ltfer pdrts lg tfe wlrhm,suof ds Dgrcod djm Dustrdhcd, tfere cs evcmejoe sflwcjn tfdtfuadjs were d`he tl use tfe adrcje resluroes djm tl trdveh`y `ldt lver lpej wdters murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj

(]rlejn 433?; 450). ]fere cs tfereglre every redslj tlsuspeot tfdt fujtcjn, gcsfcjn, djm ndtfercjn cj tfe oldstdhrenclj wds pdrt lg êsterj Eurlpedj settheaejt evej cj tfeperclm èglre tfe hdrne-sodhe nhdocdtclj.

ê net gllm glr tflunft wfej djdhyses lg cjhdjmsettheaejt oljscmer gdotlrs suof ds sedsljdh acnrdtcljs,resluroe utchczdtclj, djm plpuhdtclj mejscty. Ct cs ujglrtujdtetfdt tfe stumces tfdt fdve èej oljmuotem lg tfe ghllr lg tfeJlrtf _ed djm tfe Jlrtf Dthdjtco cj oljjeotclj wctf lchprlspeotcjn fdve jlt èej mlje cj oljkujotclj wctfdrofdelhlncodh experts. ]fere dre Hdte Nhdocdh readcjs ljtfe èm lg tfe Jlrtf _ed. D ghcjt ghdie wds `rlunft up `y

ofdjoe `y d mrchh olre grla d meptf lg 4=? a (Hljn et dh.4367). Ct sfluhm fdve èej plssc`he tl wlri lut redsljd`hesettheaejt almehs djm tl hlli glr sctes lj tfe `dscs lg tfesealmehs. ]frlunf suooessguh egglrts lj d scachdr `dscs, ct fdsèej plssc`he tl hlodhcse sctes lg Aeslhctfco dne cjujmerwdter plsctcljs cj edsterj Mejadri djm slutferj_wemej (Hdrsslj 436?, 43339 Gcsofer 4335). ]fe gcjmcjn lgUpper Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt sctes jedr tfe oldst requcresauof nredter egglrts. Cj vcew lg lur very pllr ijlwhemne lgwfdt wds d very scnjcgcodjt ejvcrljaejt glr fuadjs, tfcswlri wluhm è dj caplrtdjt oljtrcùtclj tl pdhdelhctfcoresedrof.



C ()(¹ FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

regerejoes

Ddrcs-_2rejsej, I. 4330 Menhdocdtclj ofrljlhlny djm re-caacnrdt clj lg hdrne adaadhs. D slutf _odjmcjdvcdj

exdaphe grla hdte êcofsehcdj-edrhy Ghdjmrcdj. Cj; ^. vlj Ilejcnswdhm djm H. êrmehcj

(ems), Adaadhcdj Acnrdtclj djm Mcspersdh Evejts cj tfe Eurlpedj Tudrtejdry, 4=?-4=3,Grdjigurt d. A.; Olurcer Glrsofujnscjstctut _ejoiejèrn 45?.

Ddrcs-_2rejsej, I.,I. _trdjm. Retersej,

F. ]duèr

4332 Mdjcsf Gcjms lg Adaaltf (Adaautfus prcacnejcus (@huaej`dof)). _trdtcnrdpfcodh

plsctclj, mdtcjn djm evcmejoe lg Hdte Rhecstloeje ejvcrljaejt, Mdjadris NelhlncsieUjmers2nehse, _erce @, Jl. 4=.

Djmersej. @.O.F.^. @lrjs Kr.

433= ]fe Coe Dne ^lrhm. Lshl; _odjmcjdvcdj Ujcverscty Rress.

Djmersej, _.]. 43>3 Cstcmer ln aehheacstcmer. Cj; D. Jlrrevdjn djm ].K. Aeyer (ems), Mdjadris jdtur. @cjm 4,

433-052, I2èjfdvj; Hdjmsidèrjes Lpstíej.

Drljsslj, A.,H. Femejds,

P. Hdner`íoi,N. Heamdfh.

D.-A. Plòrtsslj

433? Ghlrd lof gdujd c Jlrr`lttej glr 422.222 ír semdj, _vejsi @ltdjcsi ]cmsircgt 6>, 0=4-05?.

@djn-Djmersej, _. 4337 ]fe Olhljczdtclj lg _lutfwest Jlrwdy. Dj Eolhlncodh Dpprldof. Cj; H. Hdrsslj (em.), ]feEdrhcest _ettheaejt lg _odjmcjdvcd djm cts rehdtcljsfcp wctf tfe jecnf`lurcjn dreds. Dotd

Drofdelhlncod Hujmejscd 6;0=, 043-0?=, Hujm; Dhaqvcst & ^cisehh Cjterjdtcljdh.

@ernhujm, @.E.,E. Hdnechujm

4364 Eeacdj djm êcofsehcdj strdtcnrdpfy cj _lutf _wemej, @lreds 42(=), ?0?-?70.

@ernhujm, @.E.,

_. Fíidjsslj,E. Hdnerhujm

43>7 Pdmclodr`lj-mdtem adaaltf (Adaautfus prcacnejcus @huaej`dof) gcjms cj _lutf

_wemej, @lreds 5, 4>>-434.

@ernhujm, @.E.,

_. Fíidjsslj,K. Hepcisddr

4330 Hdte êcofsehcdj plhdr èdr (Ursus adrctcaus Rfcpps) cj slutferj _wemej, _vercnes

Nelhlncsid Ujmers÷ijcjn, _er. Od 64 , ?4 -=0.

@k÷roi, _.,

@.E. @ernhujm,N. Mcnergehmt

4366 Jew Dspeots lj tfe Menhdocdtclj Ofrljlhlny lg _lutf _wemej, Nelnrdpfcd Rlhljcod 55,

?>-=3.

@urlv, N.A. 4335 Exphlctdtclj lg adrcje resluroes murcjn tfe prefcstlrco perclms cj tfe Orcaed, Uirdcje. Cj;

D. Gcsofer (em.), Adj djm sed cj tfe Aeslhctfco. Oldstdh settheaejt d`lve djm èhlw

presejt sed heveh, Lx`lw Aljlnrdpf 5?, ?43-?0?, Lxglrm; Lx`lw Rress.

('heveh-Aerhe, K.-K.

Oheyet-Aerhe, K.-K.,_. Admehdcje

4332 Hd Rrãfcstlcre me hd Rëofe. Rdrcs; Emctclj Errdjoe.

4335 Cjhdjm evcmejoe lg fuadj sed oldst exphlctdt clj cj Rdhdelhctfco Grdjoe. Cj; D. Gcsofer (em.),

Adj djm sed cj tfe Aeslhctfco. Oldstdh settheaejt d`lve djm èhlw presejt sed heveh,Lx`lw Aljlnrdpf 5?, ?2?-?26, Lxglrm; Lx`lw Rress.

Ohljes, K.,K. Olurtcj

433= Hd nrltte Olsquer. Recjtures et nrdvures me hd odverje ejnhlutce. Rdrcs; _euch.



474 HDP_ HDP__LJ - RHEJ]S LG ADAAL]F_ @U] JL FUADJ_<

M'Errcol, G.

Mljjer, K.

Gcsofer, D.

Gremej, O.

Nutfrce, P.M.

Ferjei, P.

433= @crms lg tfe Nrltte Olsquer; tfe Nredt Dui djm Rdhdelhc tfco prefcstlry, Djtcqucty 056, ?3-=>.

4335 ]fe Tudterjdry Fcstlry lg _odjmcjdvcd. Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

4335 Dj ejtrdjoe tl tfe Aeslhctfco wlrhm èhlw tfe loedj. _tdtur lg tej yedrs' wlri lj tfeMdjcsf sed ghllr. Cj; D. Gcsofer (em.), Adj djm sed cj tfe Aeslhctfco. Oldstdh settheaejtd`lve djm èhlw presejt sed heveh. Lx`lw Aljlnrdpf 5?, ?>4-?6=, Lxglrm; Lx`lw.

4366 Adrcje hcge djm menhdocdtclj ofrljlhlny lg tfe Wdjerj `dscj, slutfwesterj _wemej,

_vercnes Nelhlncsid Ujmers÷ijcjn Od >4.

4360 Adaadhs lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe ds pdhelejvcrljaejtdh cjmcodtlrs. Cj; M.A. Flpicjs etdh. (ems), Rdheleolhlny lg @ercjncd, ?2>-?03, Jew Slri; Dodmeaco Rress.

4337 @lphdtser grmj íhmre stejochmer c Plhhs`l. Drielhlncsid ujmers÷ijcjndr dv glrjhíajcjn =>,35 lof 465 c Sttor`y sloiej, Iujníhv. Drielhlncsid resuhtdt UW Wdst Pdpplrt 4337;0._tloiflha; Pcisdjtcivdrceíaètet.

Fcrvds, F‚I. Ilrpehd.P. Iukdjsuu

Flha, K.,H, Hdrsslj

Fluadri-Jcehsej, A.

Fluadri-Jcehsej, A..E. Ilhstrup

Idfhio, P.-M.

Icjmnrej, F.

Ilhstrup, E.

Irlj`lrn, O.

4364 êcofsehcdj cj Gcjhdjm èglre 45,222 @.R., @lreds 42, =00-=?4.

4335 ]fe edrhcest looupdtclj lg Eurlpe; _odjmcjdvcd. Cj; ^. Ple`rleis djm ]. vdj Ilhgsofltej(ems), ]fe Edrhcest Looupdtclj lg Eurlpe. Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Eurlpedj _ocejoe Glujmdtclj^lrisflp dt ]dutdveh (Grdjoe), 433?, 43?-025, Hecmej; Ujcverscty lg Hecmej.

4363 Mdjadri c cstcmej - ej tenjeserce , Wdrv 0, =?->0.

4364 D rdmclodr`lj mdtem êcofsehcdj sequejoe grla _eker2, Mejadri, Nelhlncsid G÷rejcjnejsc _tloiflha G÷rfdjmhcjndr 42?(4), >?->6.

433= Mce Ejtstefujns-, Ejtwcoihujns- ujm Wer`rectujnsnesofcofte mes lèrphecstlzíjej Adaautfus-Olehlmljtd-Gdujejilaphexes cj Eurdscej (NrlÜsíuner). D`fdjmhujnej mersejoiejèrncsofej jdturglrsofejmej Nesehhsofdgt. Grdjigurt d. Adcj; ^dhmeadr Irdaer.

4337 Pecjmeer lr _edh s< _lae Hdte Rdhelh ctfco _ctes cj Acmmhe @lfushdj. Cj; H. Hdrsslj (em.),]fe Edrhcest _ettheaejt lg _odjmcjdvcd djm cts rehdtcljsfcp wctf tfe jecnf`lurcjn dreds,Dotd Drofdelhlncod Hujmejscd 6;0=, 434-025, Hujm; Dhaqvcst & ^cisehh Cjterjdtcljdh.

4330 Mdjcsf plhhej reolrms rdmclodr`lj-mdtem tl ètweej 52 222 djm 5> 222 yr @R, Klurjdh lgTudterjdry _ocejoe >(0), 47?-4>0.

4360 Rrehcacjdry resuhts lg dne meteracjdtclj `y ]H lg cjternhdocdh djm cjterstdmcdh semcaejts,

RDO] 3, 535-725.

Hdner`ccoi. P..D.-A. Plèrtsslj

4366 Ietthe flhes - strdtcnrdpfcodh drofcves glr êcofsehcdj nelhlny djm pdhdelejvcrljaejt cjjlrtferjalst _wemej, @lreds 4>, =?3-=76.

Hdrsej, E,_. Nuhhrcisej,_.-E. Hdurctzsej,P. Hce,P. H2vhce,

K. Adjnerum

Hdrsslj, H.

436>

436?

Odve strdtcnrdpfy cj westerj Jlrwdy9 auhtcphe êcofsehcdj nhdocdtcljs djm cjterstdmcdhverte`rdte gdujd, @lreds 47, 07>-030.

Aeslhctco _ettheaejt lj tfe _ed Ghllr cj tfe _trdct lg Lresujm. Cj; R.A. Adsters djmJ.O. Gheaacjn (ems), Tudterjdry Oldsthcjes djm Adrcje Drofdelhlny. ]lwdrm tfeRrefcstlry lg Hdjm @rcmnes djm Oljtcjejtdh _fehves, 06?-?24, Jew Slri; Dodmeaco Rress.




Hdrsslj, H. 4333 _uàdrcje settheaejt readcjs lj tfe `lttla lg tfe Lresujm _trdct, _lutferj _odjmcjdvcd.

Cj; D. ]fãvejcj (em.), H'Eurlpe mes merjcers ofdsseurs. Ãpcpdhãlhctfcque et Acslhctfcque.Reupheaejt et pdhãlejvcrljjeaejt me 4'Ãpcpdhãlhctfcque et mu Aãslhctfcquo, ?0>-??=,

Nrejl`he.

Hepcisddr. K.

Hce, ^.P.

Hchkenrej. P.,

R. Hdnerís

Hljn. M.,

OP. ^coifda-Kljes,

J.D. Puoihey

Hujmqvcst, K.

Hujmqvcst, K.,O. Rheckeh

Hujmqvcst. K..

D.A. Plèrtsslj

4330 Peadris lj tfe êcofseh cdj aendgdujd (Adaautfus, Olehlmljtd djm @cslj) lg tfe

"cjternhdocdh" dred drlujm tfe @dhtco `dscj. Djjdtes [llhlncoc Gejjcoc 06, 003-0=2.

4332 @hlavínsgujjet , me ehmste splr etter aejjesier c Jlrne, Wcicjn @cjm HCCC, >-02.

433? Gríj adaautstípp tchh ilfdne. Mkurejs fcstlrcd c _vercne. Hujm.

4367 D Ghcjt Drtegdot grla tfe Jlrtferj Jlrtf _ed. Cj; M.D. Ple (em.), _tumces cj tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco lg @rctdcj djm Jlrtfwest Eurlpe, @DP Cjterjdtcljdh _erces, 037, 55-70,

Lxglrm.

43>= Luthcjes dt tfe êcofseh Nhdocdh cj _wemej, Nelhlncsid G÷rejcjnejs c _tloiflhaG÷rfdjmhcjndr 37, ?0>-??3.

43>7 Adaautètej gríj Iíjièrn, Pdnustd sj, Kíathdjm, Gdujd lof Ghlrd >4(?), 63-37.

433= Íhmre cstcmer lof aehhdjcs tcmer. @ern lofklrm. _vercnes Jdtcljdhdthds, 402-40=, _tloiflha;@rd @÷oier.

Adjnerum, K,

Adjnerum, K.,@.E. @ernhujm

AoMljdhm, K.G.

4334 ]fe Hdst Cjternhdocdh/Nhdocdh Oyohe cj Jlrtferj Eurlpe. Cj; H. _fdje djm O.E.K. Odsfcjn

(ems), Tudterjdry Hdjmsodpes, ?6->5. Acjjedplhcs.

43>6 ]fe su`mcvcsclj lg tfe Tudterjdry lg Jlrmej; d mcsouss clj, @lreds >, 4>3-464.

433= Cmejtcgycjn Nredt Duis djm ltfer `crms cj tfe Rdhdelhctfco drt lg westerj Eurlpe; d rephy tl

m'Errcol, Djtcqucty 074, 652-655.

Achher, U. 43>> Rhecstloeje meplsc ts lg tfe Dhjdrp Wdhhey, slutferj _wemej. Acorlglsschs djm tfecrstrdtcnrdpfcodh dpphcodtclj. Ujcverscty lg Hujm, Mepdrtaejt lg Tudterjdy Nelhlny ]fescs =.

Hujm.

Aljc. U.

Lhsej, H.

Ltte, A.

Rdvhlv, R.S.,

_. Cjmrehcm

4365

4366

4332

tfcs

vlhuae

]fe wdhrus Lmlfejus rlsadrus (H.), ds d "Md jcsf" gdujdh eheaejt murcjn tfe êcofsehcdjCoe Dne, @uhhetcj lg tfe Nelhlncodh _locety lg Mejadri ?=, 6?-65.

_tdmcdhs djm cjterstdmcdhs murcjn tfe êcofseh nhdocdtclj lj Gcjjadrisvcmmd, jlrtferjJlrwdy, @lreds 4>, 54>-5?3.

]fe jlrtfwesterj Eurlpedj phdcj drlujm 46 222 @R. Cj; L. _lgter djm O. Nda`he (ems),

]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. C. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 5=-76, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

Fuadj looupdtclj cj Jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe cj tfe perclm ?2,222-46,222 fp.

Retersej, I._. 4365 ]fe Hdte Tudterjdry Fcstlry lg Mejadri. ]fe êcofsehcdj Coesfeets djm Hdjm/_ed

Oljgcnurdtclj cj tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje djm Flhloeje, Klurjdh lg Mdjcsf Drofdelhlny =, >-00.



47? HDP_ HDP__LJ - RHEJ]S LG ADAAL]F_ @U] JL FUADJ_<

_ekrup. CC.R..

CC. Chdghcmdslj.

C. Ddrsetf,

E. Icjn,

O.G. Glrsèrn,

M. Hljn,

I. Plilejnej

_lgger, l.

_trduof, G.,A.-H. ]ea`rloi

433= Hdte êcofse hcdj nhdocdtclj fcstlry lg tfe Jlrtf _ed, @lreds 0?, 4-4?.

4365 ]fe Upper Rdhelhctfco lg tfe Oejtrdh Pusscdj Rhdcj. Jew Slri; Dodmeaco Rress.

4332 ]fe Pusscdj Rhdcj dt tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he (ems), ]fe^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 006-050, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

43>6 Adrcje Alhhusiejres te. Cj; I. @rujjdoier (em.), Nelwcssejsofdgthcofe Ujtersuofujnej cjN÷jjersmlrg. Mer Adnmdhãjcej-Gujmphdtz N÷jjersmlrg. @djm =, 0?4-?05. ^ces`dmej; Grdjz_tecjer.

_trdus, H.N.,

N.D. Ohdri

]flaaessej, ].

]rlejn, K.

êjcner, N.-O.

ôstor`y, E.

4367 Hd Pcerd Odve. _tlje Dne Fujter-Ndtferers cj Jlrtferj _pdcj. Drczljd _tdte Ujcverscty,

Djtfrlplhlncodh Pesedrof Rdper Jl. ?7.

4337 ]fe Edrhy _ettheaejt lg Jlrwdy. Cj; H. Hdrsslj (em.), ]fe Edrhcest _ettheaejt lg_odjmcjdvcd djm cts rehdtcljsfcp wctf tfe jecnf`lurcjn dreds. Dotd Drofdelhlncod

Hujmejscd 6;0=, 0?5-0=2, Hujm; Dhaqvcst & ^cisehh Cjterjdtcljdh.

433? ^lrhmwcme Ofrljlhlny lg Gcgty-tfree Rrefcstlrco Cjjlvdt cljs, Dotd Drofdelhlncod Hujmejscd 6;0 4, Hujm; Dhaqvcst & ^cisehh Cjterjdtcljdh.

4332 Neradjy dt 46 222 @R. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he (ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R.Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 4>4-430, Hljmlj ; Ujwcj Fyadj.

435> Cstcmsadjmejs remsidè r<, _idhi 435>;0, 4=-47.

Hdrs HdrssljCjstctute lg Drofdelhlny

Ujcverscty lg Hujm

_djmndtdj 4

00?52 Hujm_wemej





Rdveh Rdvhlv 4? Fuadj looupdtclj cj Jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe murcjn_vecj cjmreccm tfe perclm ?5,222 - 46,222 `p

h 'pper Rdhdelhctfco sctes fdve èej mcsolverem cj tfe Jlrtferj

Urdhs ètweej 52²-76² Jlrtf, djm 72²->2² Edst, wfcof

prlvcme evcmejoe lg tfe olhljcsdtclj lg d su`drotco

ejvcrljaejt èglre tfe HNA. D gcrst nrlup lg sctes, dhh cj tfe

lpej, cs mdtem ètweej ?7 djm 05 iyr. ]fe hctfco cjmustry

èhljns tl tfe sl-odhhem '`cgdoe trdmctclj', djm mcsphdys hcjis

wctf tfe Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj ouhture. ]fe seoljm nrlup

cjohumes `ltf odve djm lpej dcr sctes, wfcof dre rehdtem tl d

fuadj looupdtclj stdrtcjn jl hdter tfdj 46 iyr. ]fe hctfco

cjmustry èhljns tl tfe '`hdme trdmctclj'. Flrse readcjs dre

mlacjdjt dt alst sctes lg tfe gcrst nrlup, wctf tfe exoeptclj lg

@yzlvdyd, wfere tfey jedrhy dhh èhljn tl adaaltf,

prl`d`hy mrcgtem dsflre dgter odtdstrlpfco mrlwjcjn. Pecjmeer

readcjs prevdch dt dhh sctes lg tfe seoljm nrlup.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Cj tfcs pdper we wchh presejt mdtd oljoerjcjn tfe Upper

Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt cj tfe jlrtferj pdrt lg Jlrtfedst

Eurlpedj Pusscd djm mcsouss prl`heas rehevdjt tl tfe cjctcdh

settheaejt lg C`cs renclj.

]fe sctes cj questclj dre mdtem tl tfe perclm o. ?5,222-46.222 `p djm dre sctudtem jlrtfedst lg tfe Pusscdj Rhdcj.

jedr tfe westerj glltfchhs lg tfe Jlrtf djm _u`-Rlhdr Urdh

alujtdcjs, ètweej hdtctumes 56²-76² jlrtf djm hljnctumes

72²->2² edst. ]fe sctes dre hlodtem wctfcj twl hdrne rcver

`dscjs, tfe Idad rcver, wfcof mrdcjs cjtl tfe Odspcdj cjjer

`dscj, djm tfe Reoflrd rcver, wfcof mrdcjs cjtl tfe Drotco

Loedj. Dt presejt tfcs pdrt lg Pusscd cjohumes severdh

ohcadtco djm venetdtcljdh zljes, grla tfe drotco tujmrd tl tfe

slutferj pdrt lg tfe tdcnd.

]fe gcrst pdhdelhctfco sctes cj tfcs extreae jlrtferj pdrt

lg Eurlpe were mcsolverem cj tfe Reoflrd _u`-Urdhs cj tfe

èncjjcjn lg tfe 4372's `y W.h. Idjcvets djm @.C.

(cushctser. ]fese sctes dre tfe Aemvezfyd odve dt hdtctume

70² jlrtf, djm tfe @yzlvdyd scte dt hdtctume 75² jlrtf

(Nushctser djm Idjcvets 43759 Idjcvets 43>7). ]lnetfer

wctf tfe ]dhctsiy scte dt hdtctume 56² jlrtf, sctudtem cj tfe

Idad `dscj djm mcsolverem `y A.W. ]dhctsiy cj 43?6

(]dhctsiy 43=29 @dmer 43729 _fer`dilvd 433=), tfese sctes

readcjem glr adjy yedrs tfe ljhy sluroes lg evcmejoe glr

Upper Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt cj tfe Eurlpedj fcnf

hdtctumes.

Jew mdtd were olhheotem `y R.Su. Rdvhlv djm @.C.

Nushctser murcjn tfe yedrs 4360-4330. ]fese cjvestcndtcljs

oljtcjuem cj 433= djm were odrrcem lut `y tfe presejt

dutflrs wctfcj tfe grdaewlri lg tfe klcjt Pusscdj-Jlrwencdj

cjtermcsocphcjdry resedrof prlkeot REOFLPD (Rdhel

Ejvcrljaejt djm Ohcadte Fcstlry Lg tfe Pusscdj Drotco).

]fe prlkeot cs gcjdjoem `y tfe Jlrwencdj Pesedrof Olujoch,

tfe Ujcverscty lg @ernej, djm tfe Urdh Mcvcsclj lg tfe

Pusscdj Dodmeay lg _ocejoes.

0. ]fe jlrtferjalst Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes lg

Eurlpe

]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes cj tfe jlrtfedsterj pdrt lg

Eurlpedj Pusscd dre mcvcmem cjtl twl ofrljlhlncodh nrlups;

lje grla tfe Acmmhe Wdhmdc cjterphejcnhdocdh (=2,222-0=,222

`p) djm tfe edrhy pdrt lg tfe Hdte Wdhmdc nhdocdh (0?,222-

47,222 `p), djm lje grla tfe very ejm lg tfe

Rhecstloeje/Hdte Nhdocdh perclm (Rdvhlv 43669 Nushctser djm

Rdvhlv 433?d). Cj tfe presejt pdper we wchh ljhy oljscmer

mdtd èhljncjn tl tfe lhmer lg tfe twl nrlups. ]fcs adtercdh

cs prcadrchy mercvem grla d gew exodvdtem lr pdrtcdhhy

exodvdtem sctes, lg wfcof scx wchh è `rceghy presejtem fere.

Adtercdh grla tfree lg tfe sctes (]dhctsiy, @yzlvdyd djm

Aemvezfyd) fds èej pu`hcsfem cj Pusscdj, ùt wctf d gew

exoeptcljs (Nushctser djm Rdvhlv 433?d djm 433?` wctf

regerejoes) jlt cj d westerj hdjnudne, wfcof ady è tfe

redslj wfy tfese sctes dre hctthe ijlwj tl westerj soflhdrs.

]fe sctes lg Ndrofc C, Adaljtlvdyd Iuryd djm Ryavd

_flr C fdve reoejthy èej exodvdtem `y tfe dutflrs djm fdve

jlt èej pu`hcsfem èglre.

0.4 ]DHC]_IS

]fe ]dhctsiy scte cs sctudtem lj tfe Ofuslvdyd rcver, d

trcùtdry lg tfe Idad rcver, dt hdtctume 56² jlrtf (Gcn. 4).

]fe dvdchd`he drofdelhlncodh djm nelhlncodh mdtd cjmcodte d

mdte murcjn tfe @rydjsi cjterstdmcdh (?2,222-0=,222 `p). ]fe

ljhy dvdchd`he rdmclodr`lj mdte, d`lut 46,222 yedrs `p, cs

ylujner tfdj tfe expeotem drofdelhlncodh dne djm cs rekeotem

(_fer`dilvd 433=).

]fe gdujdh adtercdh lg tfe scte cjohumes recjmeer, adaaltf,

flrse djm heaacjn. ]fe drofdelhlncodh cjvejtlry cs

ofdrdotercsem `y prcsadtco djm ujcgdocdh olres, ùt dhsl ghdt




Gcn. 4. ]fe adcj Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes cj tfe oejtrdh pdrt lg Edsterj

djm Jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe.

4; Ilstejic9 0; _ujncr'9 ?; ]dhctsiy9 =; Ndrofc9 5; Aemvezfyd97; @yzlvdyd9 >; Adaljtlvdyd Iuryd9 6; Ryavd _flr.

olres loour. @hdmes djm `hdme tllhs dre grequejt, lg wfcof

ejmsordpers, scmesordpers, trujodtem `hdmes, `doiem `hdmes djm

`hdmes djm acorl`hdmes wctf hdterdh retluof dre ofdrdotercstco.

Plujm ghdie sordpers loour, ds wehh ds jltofem pceoes,

sfluhmerem `lrers, jlsem tllhs djm sodhem pceoes. ]lnetfer

wctf tfcs adtercdh were dhsl glujm hdrne, adsscve tllhs suof

ds oflppers djm hdrne scmesordpers. Daljn tfe `lje

cjvejtlry èdms, jeemhes, plcjts djm fdois ady è aejtcljem.

]fe ouhturdh oljjeotcljs lg tfcs scte dre mcsputem. ]dhctsiy

(43=2), @dmer (4372) djm Rdvhlv (4366) èhcevem tfdt tfe

scte ady è oljjeotem wctf _cèrcdj Upper Rdhdelhctfco

ouhtures, wfche Egcaejil (435?) djm Plndofev (4374)

eapfdscsem tfe scachdrctces wctf tfe Ilstejic-

Nlrlmtslvsidyd ouhture djm hlliem glr dj Edst Eurlpedj

lrcncj. _lae dutflrs fdve dhsl mcsoussem tfe plssc`chcty tfdt

tfe ]dhctsiy scte ady represejt d speocdh Urdhs trdmctclj lg

tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco ouhturdh mevehlpaejt (Retrcj 43679

_fer`dilvd 4367).

0.0 NDPOFC C

]fe Ndrofc C scte cs sctudtem lj tfe tlp terrdoe lg tfe rcnft

`dji lg tfe Idad rcver dt hdtctume 53² jlrtf (Gcn. 4). ]fere

dre twl gcjm oljoejtrdtcljs lj tfe terrdoe, d`lut >5 aetres

dpdrt. Ofdroldh grla d fedrtf cj tfe adcj oljoejtrdtclj fds

ycehmem d rdmclodr`lj mdte lg 06,>52 + >35 (]Ud-3=4).

Dhalst dhh tllhs dre adme lg ghdies. Alst olres dre ghdt._ordpers glra tfe alst grequejt odtenlry, lg wfcof

prdotcodhhy dhh fdve d trcdjnuhdr lr lvdh sfdpe wctf vejtrdh

retluof. _lae lg tfe sordpers fdve fcnf emnes djm dre

typlhlncodhhy ohlse tl durcnjdocdj types.

]rcdjnuhdr `cgdocdh plcjts ady è mcvcmem cjtl tfree types.

]fe gcrst lje fds d jltofem `dse, typcodh glr tfe edrhy

Ilstejic-_trehezicdj sctes. ]fe seoljm type cs represejtem `y

ehljndtem plcjts wctf d strdcnft `dse, lg _ujncr' type. ]fe

tfcrm type ady è mesorcèm ds d hdrne plcjt wctf d wehh-

adriem `dse djnhe.

]fe scmesordpers sflw strdcnft hljnctumcjdh glras adme

lj `hdme-hcie, hdrne ghdies wctf d ujcgdocdhhy retluofemwlricjn emne grla tfe mlrsdh surgdoe. ]wl grdnaejts lg

sordpers wctf oljodve emnes fdve mlu`he-scmem retluofem

wlricjn emnes.

]fe drofdelhlncodh adtercdh lg tfe Ndrofc C scte cs d ohlse

pdrdhheh tl tfdt lg Ilstejic C, hdyer 5 lj tfe Upper Mlj.

]fe gdujdh readcjs lg Ndrofc C dre sodroe, mue tl

ujgdvlurd`he preservdtclj oljmctcljs. Flwever, `ljes lg

recjmeer, flrse djm adaaltf fdve èej cmejtcgcem.

0.? AEMWE[FSD ODWE

]fe Aemvezfyd odve scte cs sctudtem lj tfe upper Reoflrd dt

hdtctume 70² jlrtf (Gcn. 4). ]fere dre tfree mdtes grla tfeouhturdh hdyer; 47,4?2 ´ 452 `p (HE-?272), 4>,362 ´ 022 `p

(HE-06>7) djm 46,>22 ´ 462 (N4J-6?33). ]fese mdtes dre

auof ylujner tfdj tfe dne sunnestem `y Nushctser djm

Rdvhlv (4330), `dsem lj nelhlncodh djm pdheljtlhlncodh mdtd

(?2,222-05,222 `p).

]fe drofdelhlncodh cjvejtlry cjohumes types hcie

ejmsordpers lj `hdmes, rlujm ghdie sordpers, jltofem pceoes

djm trujodtem `hdmes, `hdmes djm acorl`hdmes wctf hdterdh

retluof, djm jlsem tllhs. _lae fedvy tllhs, espeocdhhy hdrne

scmesordpers oljtrdst `y tfecr scze wctf tfe rest lg tfe hctfco

adtercdh. Daljn tfe `lje cjvejtlry, sadhh adttlois, plcjts

djm fdois adme lg cvlry ady è aejtcljem.

]fe stlje djm `lje capheaejts lg tfe Aemvezfyd odve

sflw adjy scachdrctces wctf tfe adtercdh lg tfe ]dhctsiy scte,

ds wehh ds ltfer pdhdelhctfco odve sctes lg Jlrtfedst Eurlpedj

Pusscd.

0.= @S[LWDSD

]fe @yzlvdyd scte cs sctudtem lj tfe rcnft `dji lg tfe

Reoflrd rcver dt hdtctume 75² jlrtf (Gcn. 4). ]fe glhhlwcjn

rdmclodr`lj mdtes fdve èej l`tdcjem grla tfe ouhturdh hdyer



42> RDWEH RDWHLW DJM _WECJ CJMPEHCM - FUADJ LOOURD]CLJ CJ JLP]FED_]EPJ EUPLRE

Gcn. 0. Adaaltf tusi wctf

cjocscljs, Adaljtlvdyd Iuryd.

lg tfe scte; ??,462 ´ 02?2 (HU-=22>)9 03,4>2 ´ ?=2

(HU-?36?)9 03,472 ´ =?2 (HU-?3>3)9 06,542 ´?42 (HU-

?330)9 06,=65 ´032 (]-4?=?3)9 06,0?2 ´ 302 (HU-=242)9

0>,345 ´ ?75 (]-4?==4)9 0>,>=2 ´ =62 (]-h 4=36)9 0>,=32

´ ??2 (HU-?363)9 0>,442 ´ 0=2 (HU-?335)9 05,>=2 ´ 522

(HE-?2=>)9 05,5=2 ´ ?62 (Nushctser djm Hccvd 43>0).

]fe drofdelhlncodh adtercdh cs ofdrdotercsem `y dj

extreaehy fcnf grequejoy lg tllhs. Alre tfdj =2% lg dhh

stlje drtegdots dre tllhs. Olres dre represejtem `y prcsadtco

djm Fdt glras, tfe adcj `hdjis glr tllh adicjn ècjn ghdies.

Hedg-hcie `cgdoes dre presejt. _ordpers wctf fcnf emnes loour,ùt types wctf ghdt emnes lj ehljndtem `hdjis dre alre

grequejt. _peocaej wctf mlu`he emnes dre dhsl ijlwj.

Ghdies wctf mejtcouhdr djm gcje adrncjdh retluof dre very

olaalj. ]fe rdjne lg capheaejts dhsl cjohumes oflppers

djm hdrne tllhs lg fdaaer-types.

Adaaltf `ljes represejt 36% lg dhh tfe gdujdh adtercdh

dt tfe @yzlvdyd scte. Peadcjs were dhsl glujm lg recjmeer,

flrse, ausi lx, `rlwj èdr, wlhg djm heaacjn.

0.5 ADALJ]LWDSD IUPSD

]fe Adaljtlvdyd Iuryd scte cs sctudtem lj tfe hegt `dji lg

tfe Hcsd rcver, d trcùtdry lg tfe Reoflrd, dt hdtctume 77²jlrtf, kust lj tfe plhdr ocrohe (Gcn. 4).

D =2 oa tfcoi gcjm-èdrcjn hdyer wctf `ljes lg adaaltf,

recjmeer, flrse djm wlhg wds glujm ùrcem èjedtf d 4?-45

aetre tfcoi meplsct lg hdacjdtem sdjm djm scht. D adaaltf

tusi wctf adj-adme cjocscljs (Gcn. 0) fds èej mdtem tl

?7,7?2 +4?42 -44=2 `p (]-h 4=2?). ]eetf lg adaaltf djm

flrse grla tfe sdae hdyer ycehmem mdtes lg ?=,?72 ´ 7?2 `p

(]-h 452=), ?7,>>2 +0702 -4362 `p (]-h 452?) djm ?>,?72

´ 3>2 (HU-=224) (Cjmrehcm djm Rdvhlv 4335).

_tlje drtegdots dre very gew. D `cgdoe grdnaejt cs tfe ljhy

tllh glujm dt tfe scte sl gdr.

0.7 RSAWD _FLP C

]fe Ryavd _flr C scte cs sctudtem cj d sadhh rcver vdhhey, 0

ia grla tfe Dmzvd rcver, d trcùtdry lg tfe Usd rcver, dt

hdtctume 7>² jlrtf (Gcn. 4).

]fe scte cs sctudtem ohlse tl d hcaestlje rloi wctf idrst

glradtcljs, cjohumcjn d sadhh odve. ]fe upper hdyers dre lg

Flhloeje dne. Dt d meptf lg 4.4-4.0 aetres dj Upper

Rdhdelhctfco hdyer wds glujm. D rdmclodr`lj mdte ndve dj dnelg 04,342 ´ 052 `p (]-h 4524). Peoejthy grla d ouhturdh hdyer

lg tfe scte auof ylujner mdtes were l`dcjem; 44,405 ´ 62

(]Ud-4?3=)9 44,=72 ´ 62 (]Ud-4?3?)9 4?,232 ´ 72 (ODA_-

?6004) djm 4?,5?2 ´ 72 (ODA_-?6000).

Drtegdot gcjms dre gew, cjohumcjn prcsadtco olres, sadhh,

orume `hdmes djm d hdrne sordper-hcie tllh. ]fe adtercdh

sflws pdrdhhehs wctf tfe drtegdots lg tfe Aemvezfyd odve.

]fe `lje adtercdh grla tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco hdyer

cjohumes fdre, plhdr glx, recjmeer, ausi lx, `cslj djm flrse.

?. Drofdelhlncodh adtercdh djm ouhturdh

trdmctcljs]fe drofdelhlncodh adtercdh grla tfe tfree lhmest sctes,

Adaljtlvdyd Iuryd, Ndrofc C djm @yzlvdyd, cs

ofdrdotercsem `y d mevehlpem `cgdoe teofjcque. Dt tfe tfree

ylujnest sctes, ]dhctsiy, Ryavd _flr C djm Aemvezfyd, tfe

`cgdoe eheaejts dre dhalst d`sejt. Dt tfese sctes d orume

`hdme cjmustry loours.

Oljsequejthy, twl Upper Rdhdelhctfco teofjlhlncodh

trdmctcljs odj è reolnjcsem cj tfe jlrtfedsterj pdrt lg

Eurlpedj Pusscd, d `cgdoe trdmctclj hdstcjn ujtch dt hedst




05,222 `p, djm d `hdme trdmctclj dppedrcjn jlt hdter tfdj

46,222 `p.

?.4 ]FE @CGDOE ]PDMC]CLJ

]fe `cgdoe trdmctclj cs presejt dt tfe lhmest scte, Adaljtl-

vdyd Iuryd, ds edrhy ds ?7,222 `p djm ds gdr jlrtf ds hdtctume

77²?='. ]fe dalujt lg adtercdh grla tfcs scte cs flwever tllsadhh tl mrdw djy gcra oljohuscljs lj ouhturdh oljjeotcljs.

]fe gcjms grla tfe Ndrofc C scte revedh tfe alst

ofdrdotercstco typlhlncodh djm teofjlhlncodh eheaejts lg tfe

Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj ouhture, ds represejtem `y hdyer 5 dt tfe

Ilstejic C scte (Djcilvcof djm Plndofev 436=9 Djcilvcof

4334). ]fese cjohume d ghdicjn teofjcque `dsem lj d

prevdhejoe lg ghdt olres, d retluofcjn teofjcque wctf ghdt

`cgdocdh djm phdjl-oljvex retluof, tllh types hcie trcdjnuhdr

sordpers, slae lg wfcof fdve vejtrdh retluof, ehljndtem

sordpers, `cgdoes, trcdjnuhdr `cgdocdh plcjts wctf d `dsdh

jltof, djm trcdjnuhdr plcjts wctf d oljodve `dse.

Ct sfluhm è jltem tfdt tfe gcjms grla Ndrofc C dhsl cjohumeadtercdh tfdt cs typlhlncodhhy lhmer ds wehh ds ylujner tfdj

Ilstejic C, hdyer 5. Daljn tfe edrhcer eheaejts, djm sflwcjn

scachdrctces wctf Ilstejic VCC, hdyer ?, cs tdùhdr ghcjt wctf

phdjl-oljvex retluof, djm `cgdocdh sordpers wctf oljodve

emnes. ]fe hdtter eheaejts cjohume trcdjnuhdr plcjts lg _ujncr'

type.

Ndrofc C cs jlt tfe ljhy scte grla tfe Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj

ouhture tfdt wds mcsolverem reoejthy cj Jlrtfedst Pusscd.

]estpcts dt tfe [dlzerye scte, sctudtem 62 ia slutf lg Ndrofc

C, fdve revedhem scachdr adtercdh grla olapdrd`he

strdtcnrdpfco oljmctcljs. Cj dmmctclj, dt hedst tfree Upper

Rdhdelhctfco hlodhctces, jlt yet exodvdtem, dre ijlwj cj tfe

vcocjcty lg Ndrofc C, wctf gcjms lg trcdjnuhdr `cgdocdh plcjts lg

Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj types.

Dhsl tfe @yzlvdyd scte cs ohedrhy oljjeotem wctf tfe

`cgdocdh teofjlhlncodh trdmctclj, ds `cgdoes dre represejtem `y

dt hedst twl types, hedg-hcie tllhs djm tllhs wctf strljnhy

oljodve emnes. Ct sfluhm, flwever, è aejtcljem tfdt plcjts

djm `lrers fdve jlt èej glujm dt tfe @yzlvdyd scte.

Pusscdj soflhdrs fdve mcggerejt lpcjcljs lj tfe ouhturdh

dggcjctces lg tfe @yzlvdyd scte. Idjcvets (43>7; 73->2)

tflunft tfdt hdyer 5 dt Ilstejic C wds tfe ohlsest djdhlny tl

@yzlvdyd. @dmer (43>6; 0=2) dhsl jltem tfe teofjlhlncodh djm

alrpflhlncodh scachdrctces ètweej tfese twl dssea`hdnes, ùt

fe sunnestem tfdt @yzlvdyd ady represejt d ouhture lg cts

lwj, wctfcj tfe Ilstejic-_ujncr' ouhturdh dred (43>6; 00=). Cj

lrmer tl ujmerstdjm tfe rehdtclj ètweej @yzlvdyd djm tfe

Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj ouhture, Plndofev djm Djcilvcof glujm

ct caplrtdjt tl olapdre tfe adtercdh grla tfese sctes wctf tfdt

lg tfe _ujncr' scte (05,=52 + ?62 `p djm 05,>=2 ´ 522 `p).

]fey sunnestem tfdt `ltf sctes fdm d olaalj lrcncj wctfcj

tfe Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj olaphex (Djcilvcof djm Plndofev

436=; 46>9 Djcilvcof 4367; =7). Flwever, @dmer evcmejthy

mcm jlt gcjm ct plssc`he tl oljjeot tfe twl sctes, scjoe fe jever

adme suof olapdrcsljs cj fcs wlris.

Cj lur lpcjclj, tfere dre scachdrctces ds wehh ds mcggerejoes

cj tfe hctfco adtercdh lg tfe @yzlvdyd djm _ujncr' sctes. @ltf

sflw d prevdhejoe lg ghdie tllhs, espeocdhhy sordpers, djm

`ltf sctes fdve `cgdoes. Flwever, @yzlvdyd hdois severdh lg

tfe alst ofdrdotercstco types lg tfe _ujncr' scte, cj pdrtcouhdrtrcdjnuhdr `cgdocdh plcjts, sodhem pceoes, plcjtem ijcves, hdrne

olrmcglra ujcgdoes, mcso-hcie `cgdoes, ùrcjs, djm ehljndtem

sordpers (@dmer 43>6). Drt l`keots dre dhsl d`sejt dt

@yzlvdyd. Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, @yzlvdyd sflws glras tfdt

dre jlt typcodh dt _ujncr', suof ds hdrne `cgdocdh ijcves djm

jeemhe-hcie plcjts.

Cj lur lpcjclj, @yzlvdyd djm tfe sctes lg tfe Ilstejic-

_trehetzicdj ouhture, cjohumcjn _ujncr', dre scachdr ljhy cj tfe

adcj adjcgestdtcljs lg tfe hctfco teofjlhlny. ]fe scachdrctces

ady cjmcodte nejetco rehdtcljs ètweej tfese sctes, plssc`hy

resuhtcjn grla d olaalj Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco lrcncj. @ut

`dsem lj tfe ourrejt megcjctclj ct seeas dt presejt mcggcouht tl

cjohume tfe @yzlvdyd scte cj tfe Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj

ouhture, evej tflunf tfe adcj sctes lg tfcs ouhture djm tfe

@yzlvdyd scte seea tl è lg tfe sdae dne.

?.0 ]FE @HDME ]PDMC]CLJ

]fe ylujner ouhturdh trdmctclj reolnjcsem cj tfe jlrtferj

renclj fds tfe glhhlwcjn hctfco ofdrdotercstcos.

]fe ghdicjn teofjcque cs `dsem lj prcsadtco djm seoljmdry

wlriem olres, evej tflunf ghdt glras dhsl loour. _flrt

`hdmes dre qucte olaalj. D ofdrdotercstco gedture cs tfe

loourrejoe lg hdrne oflpper type tllhs, djm orume sordpers

wfcof `y tfecr hdrne scze sfdrphy oljtrdst wctf tfe ùhi lg

tfe hctfco adtercdh grla tfese sctes. ]fe tllh cjvejtlry

cjohumes ejmsordpers lj `hdme grdnaejts, rlujmem sordpers

lj ghdies, scmesordpers, mejtcouhdtes, sadhh `doiem `hdmes,

sodhem pceoes, sfluhmerem `lrers, retluofem `hdmes djm

acorl`hdmes, djm trujodtem `hdmes.

@lje capheaejts dre dhsl glujm, cjohumcjn èdms, jeemhes,

djm cjsertem plcjts, slae lg wfcof dre adme grla adaaltf

tusi, djm djther adttlois.

=. ]fe jdturdh ejvcrljaejt

Metdchs lg tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje jdturdh ejvcrljaejt cj

Jlrtfedst Eurlpedj Pusscd dre pllrhy ijlwj. ]fe presejt

ijlwhemne oljoerjcjn gdujd djm venetdtclj cs adcjhy `dsem

uplj gdujd stumces lg sadhh rlmejts grla odve meplscts cj tfe

Jlrtf Urdhs (Nushctser djm Rdvhlv 436>, 4330), djm

pdhdelzllhlncodh (Iuzacjd 43>4, 43>5) djm pdhyjlhlncodh

(Nushctser djm Hlsevd 43>3) stumces grla tfe wflhe renclj.

Nejerdhhy tfe ohcadtco oljmctcljs murcjn tfe acmmhe stdnes

lg tfe Acmmhe Wdhmdc (=2,222-?2,222 `p) ady è ofdrdo

tercsem ds ujstd`he djm rdtfer olhm. ]fe venetdtclj oljscstem

lg wcme, lpej spdoes lg tujmrdsteppes wctf spdrse glrest



!(,8: RDWEH RDWHLW DJM _WECJ 4JMPEHCM - FUADJ LOOURD]CLJ CJ JLP]FED_]EPJ EUPLRE

olver dhljn slae rcver vdhheys (Nushctser djm Hlsevd 43>3).

Murcjn tfe @rydjsi cjterstdmcdh (?2,222-0=,222 `p)

shcnfthy wdraer oljmctcljs prevdchem. ]fcs cs ohedrhy

cjmcodtem `y tfe presejoe lg djcadhs typcodh lg tfe Upper

Rdhdelhctfco olaphex, hcie adaaltf lg hdte type, wllhhy

rfcjl, recjmeer, flrse, `cslj, ausi lx, plhdr glx, djm

heaacjn (Iuzacjd 43>4, 43>5).D oljscmerd`he gdhh cj teaperdture odj è trdoem lver dhh lg

Jlrtf Eurlpedj Pusscd dt tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe Hdte Wdhmdc,

wctf d ohcadtco acjcaua murcjn tfe perclm 0?,222-46,222

`p. Lver tfe ejtcre renclj ohedr orylnejco rloi meglradtcljs

odj è trdoem cj tfe meplscts lg rcver terrdoes. @hloi-gdhh

flrczljs cj idrst odvctces were glraem, wfcof were odusem

`y dj cjoredse cj tfe prloesses lg grlst wedtfercjn.

^ctf tfe plssc`he exoeptclj lg tfe Aemvezfyd odve djm

Ryavd-_flr C, jl settheaejt sctes fdve èej glujm cj tfe

renclj mdtcjn tl tfe Hdte Wdhmdc. _uof sctes dre, flwever,

ijlwj grla tfe _lutf Urdhs, daljn tfese cs tfe wehh-ijlwj

Idplvd odve wctf wdhh pdcjtcjns (@dmer 4377).

5. _u`scstejoe djm settheaejt strdtences

]fe Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj sctes fdve prlvcmem metdchem

cjglradtclj lj gllm adjdneaejt djm su`scstejoe strdtences

glr tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco plpuhdtclj lg tfe Pusscdj Rhdcj

murcjn tfe seoljm fdhg lg Acmmhe Wdhmdc. ]fe adcj hdrne

adaadh resluroes were adaaltf, flrse, `cslj djm

recjmeer.

Dhsl cj tfe jlrtferj renclj we gcjm tfe sdae speoces cj

tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco `lje dssea`hdnes, ùt recjmeer seeas

tl è alre grequejt dt alst sctes lg tfe Eurlpedj Jlrtf

Urdhs tfdj dt tfe sctes lg tfe Rhdcj. Lje exoeptclj cs tfe

@yzlvdyd scte, wfere 36% lg dhh `ljes were lg adaaltf.

Rrdotcodhhy dhh `ljes were uj`rliej djm èhljnem tl

cjmcvcmudhs lg mcggerejt dnes djm sex. Ouhturdh readcjs glujm

tlnetfer wctf tfe `ljes dre prcadrchy stlje tllhs, wctf d

prevdhejoe lg ijcves. ]fe tlplnrdpfco hlodtclj lg tfe scte cs

dhsl lg cjterest, ècjn lj tfe rcver`dji cj d èjm lg tfe

Reoflrd rcver. Dhh tfese dspeots adie ct, cj lur lpcjclj,

plssc`he tl supplse tfdt tfe @yzlvdyd scte cs d 'adaaltf

`lje oeaetery', hcie tfe lje mcsolverem dt @erehylif cj

Sdiutcd (@drysfjcilv oh dh. 43>>9 Weresofdncj 43>>). Cg sl,

tfe tllhs glujm dt @yzlvdyd ady fdve èej usem cj tfe

prloesscjn lg adaaltf odrodsses dt tfe phdoe wfere tfe

djcadhs mrcgtem dsflre dgter odtdstrlpfco mrlwjcjn.

Doolrmcjn tl L. _lgger (4365; 0>3), tfe hcvcjn scte lg tfe

sodvejners sfluhm è expeotem jedr`y, ùt jlt dt tfe very

splt lg tfe odrodss readcjs. ]fe fcnf grequejoy lg tllhs,

espeocdhhy outtcjn tllhs, djm tfe hlw grequejoy lg wdste

Fdies strljnhy cjmcodte tfdt tfe @yzlvdyd scte cs jlt dj

lrmcjdry hcvcjn scte.

Adaljtlvdyd Iuryd. stchh ujmer exodvdtclj, sflws slae

lg tfe sdae trdcts ds @yzlvdyd, ùt sl gdr tfe dalujt lg

adtercdh cs tll sadhh tl mrdw djy gurtfer oljohuscljs.

]fe ljhy scte cj tfe jlrtferj dred wctf plssc`he mwehhcjns

cs Ndrofc C. Dj lvdh sfdpem, tfcj ouhturdh hdyer wctf drtegdots

djm `lje readcjs revedhem twl fedrtfs dhljn cts hljn dxcs.

]fcs ady represejt slae icjm lg mwehhcjn oljstruotclj,

perfdps hcie tflse stumcem `y Plndofev cj tfe upper hdyer lg

Ilstejic CW (Plndofev 435>), lr tflse reoljstruotem `y@dmer glr tfe _ujncr' scte (@dmer 43>6). Ct sfluhm, flwever,

è plcjtem lut tfdt tfe plssc`he struoture lg Ndrofc C fds jlt

yet èej tltdhhy exodvdtem.

]fe sctes lg tfe `cgdoe trdmctclj lg Jlrtfedst Pusscd,

cjohumcjn tflse lg tfe Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj ouhture, dre

ijlwj ljhy ds lpej dcr settheaejt sctes. Jl odve hlodhctces lg

tfcs trdmctclj fdve sl gdr èej glujm cj tfcs renclj.

Ouhturdh readcjs lg tfe `hdme trdmctclj dre flwever

grequejthy, ùt jlt dhwdys, glujm cj odves. D olaalj trdct

glr prdotcodhhy dhh Upper Rdhdelhctfco odve sctes cj tfe Urdhs cs

d sodrocty lg stlje capheaejts. Gdujdh readcjs grla tfe

ouhturdh hdyers lg tfe odves dre mlacjdtem `y recjmeer `ljes.

7. Oljohuscljs

Mespcte tfe gdot tfdt lur adtercdh cs grdnaejtdry djm cs

mercvem grla ljhy d sadhh juaèr lg sctes, we gcjm ct

caplrtdjt tl presejt tfese prehcacjdry resuhts, scjoe tfcs

renclj, tfe glltfchhs lg tfe Jlrtf djm _u`-Rlhdr Eurlpedj

Urdhs djm tfe Jlrtfedst lg tfe Pusscdj Rhdcj, dre hctthe ijlwj

tl êst Eurlpedj drofdelhlncsts. Cj lur lpcjclj, tfe

pdhdelhctfco sctes cj tfe Eurlpedj su`drotco renclj fdve nredt

caplrtdjoe glr ujmerstdjmcjn tfe prloesses lg cjctcdh

settheaejt lg Jlrtferj Eurlpe djm edrhy fuadj dmdptdtclj tl

drotco ohcadtes djm jdturdh ejvcrljaejts. ]fecr hlodtclj

ètweej Eurlpe djm Dscd adies tfea cjterestcjn cj tfe

mcsoussclj lg tfe spredm djm mevehlpaejt lg Upper

Rdhdelhctfco ouhtures cj tfe jlrtf lg Eurdscd.

Lj tfe `dscs lg tfe presejtem adtercdh, we tfcji tfe

glhhlwcjn cjgerejoes odj è mrdwj;

4. ]wl teofjlhlncodh trdmctcljs odj è cmejtcgcem cj tfe

presejt su`drotco renclj lg Jlrtfedst Eurlpedj Pusscd

murcjn tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco; d `cgdocdh trdmctclj

reolnjcsem ètweej ?7,222 djm 05,222 yedrs `p, djm d

`hdme trdmctclj, dppedrcjn jlt hdter tfdj 46,222 `p.

0. ^ctfcj tfe `cgdocdh trdmctclj, tfe Ndrofc C scte dt tfe Upper

Idad rcver odj è mcreothy rehdtem tl tfe Ilstejic-

_trehetzicdj ouhture. ]fcs scte, rdmclodr`lj mdtem tl 06,>52

´ >35 `p, djm sflwcjn ohlse typlhlncodh scachdrctces wctf

Ilstejic C hdyer 5 cs, wctf cts plsctclj ohlse tl tfe Acm

Urdhs dt 53² jlrtf 57² edst, tfe jlrtferj djm edsterjalst

ijlwj scte lg tfe Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj ouhture.

?. ]fe `cgdocdh trdmctclj cj tfe renclj cjohumes sctes grla tfe

Ilstejic-_trehetzicdj perclm wfcof dre typlhlncodhhy

mcggerejt grla tfcs ouhture.



4>2 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

=. ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco `hdme trdmctclj, cjohumcjn

acorl`hdmes, cs represejtem cj severdh odve sctes, ds

wehh ds dt lpej dcr sctes, wfche ouhturdh readcjs lg tfe

`cgdoe trdmctclj fdve jever èej glujm cj odves cj tfcs

renclj.

5. ]fe sctes lg Adaljtlvdyd Iuryd dt 77² jlrtf djm

Ryavd _flr C dt 7>² jlrtf oljstctute tfe jlrtferjalst

ijlwj evcmejoe glr pdhdelhctfco settheaejt cj Eurlpe,

djm dt tfcs fcnf dne, ?7,222 djm 4?,222 `p respeotcvehy,

tfe jlrtferjalst ijlwj trdoes lg adj cj tfe wlrhm.



4>4 RDWEH RDWHLW DJM _WECJ 4JMPEHCM - FUADJ LOOURD]CLJ CJ JLP]FED_]EPJ EUPLRE

regerejoes

Djcilvcof, A.W.

Djcilvcof, A.W.,

D.J. Plndofev

@dmer, L.J.

@drysfjcilv, OHE.,

C.S. Iuzacjd,

W.A. Ifrd`rcc

Egcaejil, R.R.

Nushctser, @.C.,

W.h. Idjcvots

4367 L jeiltlryof splrjyf prl`headf pdhelhctd `dssecjd Reoflry. Rdhelhct c Jelhct, ?7-=>,

Hejcjnrdm; Jduid.

4334 Pdjjcd plrd verifjenl pdhelhc td Wlstlofjlc Evrlpy. Dvtlregerdt mcssertdtscc jd slcsidjce

uofejlc stepejc mlitlrd cstlrcefesicf jdui. Reterùrn; DJ ___P.

436= Rlzmjcc pdhelhct Pussilc rdvjcjy c Iryad, Rdhelhct ___P, 470-0>4, Alsolw; Jduid.

4372 Lsjlvjye etdpy etjliuhyurjlc cstlrcc c pdhelnelnrdgcc Urdhd, Adtercdhy c Csshemlvdjccd pl

Drifelhlncc >3, 4>4-022.

4377 Idplvd peeferd - pdhelhctcofesidyd zhtcvlpcs. Alsolw; Jduid.

43>6 _ujncr - verfjepdhelhctcefesidyd stlcdjid. Alsolw; Jduid.

43>> Pezuhtdtc uzaerejcc truòfdtyif ilstyoy adaljtlv @erehylifsilvl "ihdm`csf ofd" . Cj;

Sd.C. _tdrl`lndtlv (em.), Adaljtlvdyd gdujd russily rdvjcjy c vlstlofjly _c`crc, 56-7>,

]rumc [llhlncofesilvl Cjstctutd, >0.

435? Rervl`ytjlye l`sofestvl. Icev.

4375 Reofery Reoflrsilnl Urdhd. Alsolw/Hejcjnrdm; Jduid.

Nushctser, @.C.,

D. Hccvd

Nushctser, @.C.,

E.C. Hlsevd

Nushctser, @.C.,

R.Su. Rdvhlv

Cjmrehcm, _.,

R.Su. Rdvhlv

Idjcvets, W.h.

Iuzacjd. C.E.

43>0 L vlzrdste aestljdflzfmejcd phecstlysejlvlc gdujy c pdhelhctcofesilc stlydjic @yslvdyd jd

sremjec Reoflre, fvestcyd DJ E__P @clhlncyd 04(?), 052-05=, ]dhhcj.

43>3 Werfjck Idcjlslc Reoflrsilc jczaejjlstc, _erccd preprcjtlv. Jduofjye Mlihdmy, =?.

_yityvidr; Ilac Gchcdh DJ ___P.

436> L pervljdofdhjla zdsehejcc severl-vlstlid Evrlpy, _erccd preprcjtlv, Jduofjye Mlihdmy

4>0, ?5-=0, _yityvidr; Ilac Gchcdh DJ ___P.

4330 Rrcaejejce pdhelacirlterclhlncofesilnl aetlmd prc rdsilpidf verfjepdhelhctcofesilc

stlcdjic Aemvezfcd pesoferd (verfjcd Reoflrd), Irdtice sll`sofejcd cjstctutd drofelhlncc,

_OC D 020, 4?=-4=0, Alsivd.

433?d Adj djm Jdture cj Jlrtfedsterj Eurlpe cj tfe Acmmhe djm Hdte Rhecstloeje Cj; L. _lgter

djm J. Rrdshlv (ems), Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs. 44?-40?, Jew Slri; Rhejua Rress.

433?` Jew Cjglradtclj lj Edrhy Adj cj tfe Jlrtfedsterj Pusscd. Rlhdr Nelnrdpfy djm Nelhlny.

Wlh. 4>, Jl. 0, 36-44>, ^dsfcjntlj.

4335 Jytt la adaaut ln cstcmsglhi c Jlrmvest-Pusshdjm, Jdturej 7, 0>6-06?, @ernej;

Ujcversctetsglrhdnet.

43>7 Rdhelhct irdcjenl severd-vlstlid Evrlpy. Alsolw; Jduid.

43>4 Glracrlvdjce terclgdujye severjlnl Urdhd v plzmjea djtrlplneje , Adtercdhcc plgdujda

djtrlplnejd ___P =3, ==-400, Hejcjnrdm; Jdui.



4>0

Iuzacjd, C.E.

Rdvhlv, R.Su.

Retrcj, W.].

Plndofev, D.J.

_fer`dilvd, ].C.

_lgger, L.

]dhctsiy, A.W.

Weresfdncj, J.I.


43>5 Jeiltlrye mdjjye l aheilpctdyusofcf _remjenl Urdhd v plzmjea phecstltseje, @OCTR =?,

7=->>.

4366 Rdhelhct severl-vlstlid evrlpecsilc ofdstc ___P, Dvtlregerdt mcssertdhscc jd slcsidjce

uofejjlk stepejc idjmcmdtd cstlrcofesicif jdui, Hejcjnrdm; DJ ___P.

4367 Rlzmjepdhelhctcofesice pdacdtjcic zdpdmjl-sc`crsilc rdvjyjy. Jlvlsc`crsi; Jduid.

435> Ajlnlshlyjye stlcdjic Ilstcljilvsil-@lrsofevsilnl rdcljd jd Mljy c prl`heay rdzvctcd

verfjepdhelhctcofesilc iuhturc jd Pussilc rdvjcje, Adtercdh}' c Csshemlvdjød pl Drifelhlncc

53,3-4?=.

4374 Jeiltlrye prl`heay strdtcnrdgcc c perclmczdtscc verfjenl pdhelhctd Wlstlofjlc Evrlpy,

ÔCTR VWCCC, ?>-=5.

4367 Rdhelhct _remjenl c Suzfjlnl Urdhd (i vlprlsy l fdrditere c svcdzcdif urdhsilnl pdhelhctd,

Dvtlregerdt mcssertdtscc jd slcsidjce uofejjlk stepejc idjmcmdtd cstlrcofesicif jdui,

Hejcjnrdm; DJ ___P.

433= Adterchy vefjepdhelhctcofesilc stlcdjic ]dhctsilnl (Lstrlvsilc). Eidtercjùrn.

4365 ]fe Upper Rdhelhctfco lg tfe Oejtrdh Pusscdj Rhdcj. Lrhdjml; Dodmeaco Rress.

43=2 Lstrlvsidyd pdhelhctcofesidyd stlcdjid `hcz nlrlmd Rerac, I_CCAI =, DJ ___P.

43>> @erehylifsilye "ihd m`cso fe" adaljtlv. Cj; L.D. _idrhdtl (em.), Adaljtlvdcd gdujd

Pussilc Pdvjcjy c Wlstlofjlc _c`crc, 5-=3, ]rumc [llhlncofesilnl Cjstctutd DJ ___P.

R.Su. Rdvhlv

Cjstctute lg Hdjnudne, Hcterdture djm Fcstlry

Mepdrtaejt lg Drofdelhlny

Pusscdj Dodmeay lg _ocejoes

Ilaaujcstcofesidyd st. 07

47>242 _yityvidr

Pusscd

_. Cjmrehcm

Ujcverscty lg @ernej

Ujct lg Drofdelhlny

@ernej Auseua

Fdrdhm Fdrgdnrdsnt. 4

5202 @ernej

Jlrwdy



_erney D Wdsccev 4= ]fe _cèrcdj alsdco; Upper Rdhdelhctfcodmdptdtcljs djm ofdjne èglre tfe Hdst NhdocdhAdxcaua

]fe pdper revcews vdrclus dspeots lg tfe Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco reolrm cj _cèrcd, olvercjn tfe wdra Hcplvid-

Jlvlsehlvl pfdse lg tfe Idrncjsiy aend-cjterstdmcdh (o.

?2,222-05,222 fp) djm edrhy (Nymdjsiy) pfdse lg tfe _dhtdj

Nhdocdtclj (grla o. 05,222 fp). ]fe adklrcty lg sctes dre

ohusterem cj tfe rcver vdhheys lg _lutferj _cèrcd. ]fe Edrhy

_drtdj sdw tfe ghlurcsfcjn lg d ouhture lg fujters lg recjmeer

djm adaaltf, ds evcmejoem `y mcverse `hdmehet hctfco

cjmustrces, rcof sorces lg `lje djm djther capheaejts,

persljdh lrjdaejts, djm al`che drt l`keots.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

^fej dsiem tl tdie pdrt cj tfcs vlhuae djm tl suàct d

pdper lj Rhecstloeje _cèrcd murcjn tfe 42,222 yedrs èglre

tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua, C plsem aysehg tfe questclj;

'wfdt ml we redhhy ijlw d`lut pdhdelhctfco ouhture murcjn

tfcs tcae spdj<" ^lricjn glr adjy yedrs lj tfe

drofdelhlncodh reolrm lg Jlrtferj Dscd, we dre medhcjn

alsthy wctf sctes mdtcjn tl tfe seoljm fdhg lg tfe Hdst

(_drtdj) Nhdocdtclj, c.e. ètweej 47,222 djm 42,222 `p, ds

tfere dre jlt adjy sctes cj _cèrcd mdtem ètweej ?2,222 djm

02.222 `p. ]fe gcrst scte olacjn tl acjm wds Adh'td, tfe

wlrhm-gdalus scte wfcof scjoe cts mcsolvery odj è glujm cj

every nejerdh text`lli lj pdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny.

Jevertfehess, tfe scte readcjs ujtch tlmdy truhy ejcnadtco,

espeocdhhy cj tfe hcnft lg tfe resuhts lg ljnlcjn exodvdtcljs

(og. èhlw). Aedjwfche, mue tl resuhts lg reoejt mcsolverces

cj tfe Dhtdc, Sejcsec, Djndrd, Hejd, djm ]rdjs-@dcidh

rencljs, alre tfdj 02 ohedrhy strdtcgcem sctes rehevdjt tl tfe

su`keot lg tfcs pdper, fdve èolae ijlwj. ]fe sodrocty lg

mdtd djm tfe dppdrejt hdoi lg gcje-nrdcjem ofrljlhlncodh djm

pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh grdaewlris adie ct mcggcouht tl presejt

dj lvervcew djm fdaper d olapdrcslj wctf tfe rcof djm

mcverse Eurlpedj evcmejoe. ]fus d `rceg mesorcptclj lg tfe

adcj sctes cs odhhem glr èglre dj dtteapt cs adme tl mcstchh

nejerdh gedtures lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (AUR)

mevehlpaejt cj _cèrcd. Lje gcjdh readri èglre tfe

presejtdtclj lg tfe olre lg tfe pdper cs jeoessdry. ]fe solpe

lg tfe pdper cs hcactem tl tfe terrctlry lg _cèrcd sejsu

strcotl, c.e. grla tfe Urdh Alujtdcjs tl tfe Drotco/Rdocgco

wdtersfem, tfus lacttcjn tfe mdtd (flwever gdr grla

juaerlus) grla tfe Pusscdj Gdr Edst.

0. Ejvcrljaejtdh fcstlry

]fe gcrst fdhg lg tfe perclm ujmer oljscmerdtclj cs tfe acm-

[yrcdjid (êcsofehcdj) wdra pfdse, cj Pusscd ijlwj ds tfe

Idrncjsiy cjternhdocdh lr aend-cjterstdmcdh, wfcof mcvcmes tfe

hdst nhdocdh cjtl tfe Edrhy (lr Hlwer [yrcdjid, Eradilvl,

Auruitd) djm Hdte [yrcdjid (lr _drtdj) Nhdocdhs. Icjm

(43>=) fds sunnestem d metdchem su`mcvcsclj lg tfe Idrncjsiy

(Gcn. 4). _fe phdoes tfe Idrncjsiy cjternhdocdh ètweej

52,222 djm 05,222 `p. @etweej =0,222 djm ?5,222 `p, tfe

ohcadte wds jltcoed`hy wdraer, espeocdhhy drlujm ?3,222 `p.

djm tfcs perclm wds jdaem tfe Adhlifetsi wdra pfdse. D

mrdstco ohcadtco meterclrdtclj èndj drlujm ?=,222 `p, djm

tfe glhhlwcjn ?222 yedrs èodae ijlwj ds tfe Iljlsfofeh'e

olhm epcslme. ]fe hdst 7222 yedrs, ètweej ?4,222 djm

05,222 `p, glra tfe Hcplvid-Jlvlsehlvl wdra pfdse. ]fe

_drtdj èndj wctf dj edrhy adxcaua pfdse ètweej 00,222

djm 47,222 `p, wfcof cs dhsl odhhem tfe Nymdj lr Idrduh.

Cj tfe slutferj pdrt lg êsterj _cèrcd, semcaejts dt tfe

`dse lg tfe seoljm rcver terrdoe dre oljscmerem tl è lg

Idrncjsiy dne, wfche tfe dhhuvcdh èms lg tfe gcrst terrdoe lg

tfe L`' djm Crtysf dre èhcevem tl è lg _drtdj dne.

Doolrmcjn tl tfe strdtcnrdpfco sofeae prlplsem glr tfe L`'

vdhhey drlujm Jlvlsc`crsi, tfe Idrncjsiy pfdse wds adriem

`y tfe glradtclj lg tfe Csictca _lch Olaphex wctf twl

ùrcem slchs, wfcof dre olverem `y Eh'tslvid hless lg _drtdj

dne.

Cj tfe Dhtdc renclj, cj cjteraljtdje `dscjs semcaejts lg

tfe seoljm Hdte Rhecstloeje cjternhdocdh dre represejtem `y

hdoustrcje djm nhdocdh èms lg tfe @eh'tyr Glradtclj,

cmejtcgcem cj d juaèr lg mepresscljs djm dhhuvcdh èms lg tfe

'45 a rcver terrdoe' meplscts. Loodscljdhhy, tfese dre lverhdcj

`y alrdcjes lg tfe Diiea (lr Hdte Drty`dsf) Nhdocdtclj. Cj

tfe Idtuj' djm @ccd vdhheys, d Idrncjsiy dne wds sunnestem

glr tfe dhhuvcua lg tfe tfcrm lr Sejcsec ]errdoe, hycjn 02 tl

?2 a d`lve tfe ghllmphdcj, djm glr tfe ùrcem slchs

eaèmmem cj tfe su`dercdh semcaejts. ]fe èncjjcjn lg tfe

hdst nhdocdh wds adriem `y tfe glradtclj lg dhhuvcua lg tfe

seoljm lr ]dhctsd ]errdoe, wfcof hces d`lut 4= tl 46 a d`lve

tfe ourrejt rcver. Glr tfe jecnf`lurcjn Iuz`dss, d Idrncjsiy

dne wds sunnestem glr nrdveh, sdjm djm tchh meplscts lg tfe

seoljm terrdoe, ds wehh ds glr hlda meplscts lg tfe

Irdsjl`rlmsi Glradtclj. Fere, tfe dhhuvcua lg tfe gcrst



4>= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

52

8MO

KLV

4222 yrs. @R

2

4

0

?

=5

7

>

6

42

44

44'

4?

4=

45

02

05

?2

?5

=2

=5

wdra olhm

OL

lK<ejozOM

rOL

2?

!

cg

Lptcadh pfdse

Jlrch'si pfdse]dcayr cjterstdmcdh

Ililrevl cjterstdmcdh

J'cdpdj pfdse

Nymdj pfdse

Hcplvl-Jlvlsehlvlwdra pfdse

Iljlsofeh' pfdse

Edrhyolhm pfdse

CCGcn. 4. Ohcadtco ourve glr tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje (dgter Icjm 43>=).

Adhlifetsilptcadh wdrapfdse

Edrhywdra pfdse

Z

terrdoe, hycjn dt 42 tl 45 a d`lve tfe rcver, djm su`dercdh

hlda meplscts dre olrrehdtem tl tfe Eh'tslvid _lch, djm dre

tfus lg _drtdj dne. Cj tfe Acjuscjsi Mepressclj, tfe upper

plrtclj lg tfe ghuvcdtche semcaejts lg tfe Irdsjlcdrsi ]errdoe

cs oljscmerem tl è lg Idrncjsiy dne, wfche dhhuvcdh sdjm djm

sdjmy hlda meplscts lg tfe seoljm lr Hdmecic ]errdoe dre

tflunft tl è lg Edrhy _drtdj dne (Jdhcvicj djm _lilhlv436=).

Glr tfe fcnf terrdoes dhljn tfe Sejcsec, d slaewfdt

mcggerejt strdtcnrdpfco sofeae wds prlplsem (Merevcdjil et

dh. 4330). Doolrmcjn tl tfese dutflrs, tfe Idrncjsiy cs

represejtem `y tfe Iurtdi Remlolaphex hycjn èhlw tfe

hless-hcie @eznuzcj sdjmy hldas lg _drtdj dne.

Cj tfe Djndrd vdhhey, meplscts lg tfe seoljm terrdoe djm

tfe `dsdh pdrts lg tfe gcrst terrdoe, dt respeotcvehy 4= tl 47 a

djm 42 tl 40 a d`lve tfe rcver, dre oljscmerem tl è lg

Idrncjsiy dne. Cj tfe Upper Djndrd dred, Idrncjsiy stdtus

wds dsscnjem tl d ùrcem slch wctf evcmejoe lg oryltur`dtclj,

hycjn lver dhhuvcua lg tfe ' 45 tl 47 a' terrdoe, dhljn wctftfe `lttla pdrt lg tfe ghuvcdtche meplscts lg tfe '40 a

terrdoe'. Pesedrofers stdtcljem cj Criutsi reoejthy sunnestem d

jew sofeae glr tfe su`mcvcsclj lg tfe Hdte Tudterjdry

su`dercdh semcaejts (Wlrl`'evd et dh. 4332). Cj tfcs sofeae,

tfe seoljm pfdse lg tfe Idrncjsiy cs represejtem `y twl

ùrcem slchs lg tfe Lsd _lch Olaphex, lverhdcj `y tfe Edrhy

_drtdj slhcghuotclj hdyer djm hless-hcie sdjmy hlda djm hlda

meplscts mdtem tl o. 0=.222 tl 4>,222 `p.

Cj tfe ]rdjs-@dcidh , meplscts lg tfe sl-odhhem _tepdjlvsiy

Flrczlj, wfcof mevehlpem ds dhhuvcua cj tfe seoljm terrdoe

> tl 3 a d`lve tfe rcver, dre oljscmerem tl è lg Idrncjsiy

dne. ]fe upper pdrt lg tfe terrdoe cs èhcevem tl è lg _drtdjdne. ]fe Lsfurilvl Flrczlj cs dhsl èhcevem tl è d _drtdj

meplsct, djm ct cjohumes dhhuvcua lg tfe gcrst terrdoe ('5 tl >

a terrdoe ') wctf auof evcmejoe lg peradgrlst dotcvctces, djm

shlpe meplscts djm olhhuvcdh semcaejts (Jdhcvicj djm _lilhlv

436=).

Ds odj è seej d`lve, tfere dre stchh fcdtuses cj lur

ujmerstdjmcjn lg tfe Tudterjdry nelhlncodh fcstlry lg

_cèrcd. ]fe sdae odj è sdcm glr lur ijlwhemne lg tfe

pdhdelejvcrljaejt lg tfe renclj. ]fe sfeer vdstjess lg tfe

renclj scaphy mles jlt dhhlw us tl fdve djy slrt lg nejerdh

pcoture lg tfe nelnrdpfco djm ohcadtco fcstlry lg tfe pdst, ùt

wfdt we ijlw ady è suaadrcsem ds glhhlws.Ohcadtco oljmctcljs murcjn tfe Idrncjsiy dre èhcevem tl

è scachdr tl tlmdy's. Murcjn tfe lptcaua pfdses, wllmhdjms

expdjmem ds gdr jlrtf ds tfe hlwer redofes lg tfe L`' djm

Sejcsec. Jlrtferj pdrts lg êst djm Edst _cèrcd were

alsthy olverem `y ùsf tujmrd, mlacjdtem `y suof speoces ds

mwdrg `crof, dhmer, wchhlw semnes djm nrdss. ^llmhdjm

oljmctcljs lg olurse mcggerem grla dred tl dred. ]fus, wfche

cj tfe west tfe Sejcsec vdhhey wds mlacjdtem `y mdri

oljcgerlus tdcnd, djm rdre gcr-hdrcx djm `crof wllmhdjm



4>5 _EPNES WD_CH'EW -]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

Gcn. 0. D prlvcscljdh pdhdelnelnrdpfco adp lg _c ercd murcjn tfe Idrncjsiy Adxcaua (dgter Ncteradj erd/. 4376) djm tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco_ctes.4. auss djm adrsf tujmrd9 0. ùsf tujmrd9 ?. glrest-tujmrd9 =. aljtdje tujmrd9 5. pcje wllmhdjm9 7. aljtdje tujmrd djm ehgcj wllmhdjm9 >. mdrioljcgerlus glrest9 6. pcje-hdrof wllmhdjm wctf crof9 3. pcje- crof wllmhdjm9 42. glrest-steppe9 44. aljtdje mdri oljcgerlus djm acxem glrest wctfpcje djm hdrof, djm fcnfhdjm steppe9 40. steppe9 4?. pcje djm _c ercdj pcje glrest wctf gcr9 4=. aljtdje hdrof wllmhdjm wctf _c ercdj pcje, pcje,djm crof9 45. oljcgerlus djm meocmulus glrest9 47. aljtdje mdri oljcgerlus glrest wctf meocmulus trees9 4>. Rdhdelhctfco sctes (D. Ust'Idrdilh C,Djuc CC9 @. Mvunhdzid9 O. Adhtd9 M. Jepd9 E. Idaejid C9 G. Iujdhec9 N. _lifdtcjl CC).

olverem tfe jlrtferj pdrt lg tfe Acmmhe _cèrcdj Rhdtedu,

hcnft oljcgerlus pcje-hdrcx glrests were alst olaalj cj

Sdiutcd cj tfe edst. _lutferj pdrts lg êst _cèrcd weresteppes wctf wlrawllms, glr`, nrdss djm vdrclus fer`s.

Dhtflunf tfe pcemaljt lg tfe Dhtdc Alujtdcjs wds olverem

`y pcjes, _cèrcdj pcjes, gcrs, schver gcrs djm dhmers, tfere cs

jl ujda`cnulus evcmejoe glr d mcsoljtcjucty lg nhdocdh

dotcvctces cj tfe Dhtdc renclj murcjn tfe Idrncjsiy, sl tfdt tfe

renclj ady fdve èej ujmer nhdocdtclj tfrlunflut tfe

[yrcdjid. Cj tfe Djndrd vdhhey, wllmhdjm oljmctcljs excstem

cj tfe glra lg pcje djm _cèrcdj pcje glrest wctf slae gcrs

djm `crofes, ]fe westerj ]rdjs-@dcidh, espeocdhhy cj tfe

_ehejnd djm Ofcilc vdhhey, wds mlacjdtem `y wlrawllm

steppe oljmctcljs, ùt pcje-hdrcx glrest mevehlpem lj tfe

shlpes. ]fe edsterj ]rdjs-@dcidh sdw d scachdr mevehlpaejtlg wlrawllm djm nrdss steppe wctf sadhh-sodhe glrests

mevehlpcjn dt fcnfer dhtctumes (Ncteradj et dh. 43769 Gcn. 0).

^ctf tfe dmvejt lg tfe _drtdj, nhdocdh dotcvctces adriemhy

cjoredsem cj tfe jlrtferj pdrt lg êst _cèrcd. Lpcjcljs vdry

d`lut tfe extejt djm cjtejscty lg tfe _drtdj nhdocdh dmvdjoe,

ùt adjy èhceve tfdt hdrne coe sfeets olverem tfe wflhe lg

tfe Jlrtf _cèrcdj hlwhdjms, ds wehh ds tfe Cdadh djm Nymdj

Rejcjsuhds cj tfe gdr jlrtfwest, djm tfey klcjem tfe alujtdcj

nhdocers olacjn grla tfe jlrtfwesterj pdrt lg tfe Acmmhe




Gcn. ?. D prlvcscljdh pdhdelnelnrdpfcodh adp lg _cèrcd murcjn tfe _drtdj Adxcad (olapchem dgter Wehcofil, Gdustlvd, Csdevd, Dvejdrcus,Aurdtlvd, _pdssidcd djm ltfers) djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco _ctes.

4. êhh-megcjd`he coe sfeets9 drrlws cjmcodte presuad`he extejsclj lg nhdocers9 0. aljtdje nhdocer9 ?. nhdocdh `dscj9 =. percnhdocdh tujmrd wctfslae venetdtclj9 5. tujmrd9 7. glrest-tujmrd9 >. pdtofes lg hdrof-pcje-`crof glrest acxem wctf tujmrd-steppe djm hcnft oljcgerlus-`crof wllmhdjm96. glrest-steppe9 3. aljtdje glrest djm pdtofes lg glrest9 42. aljtdje tujmrd mlacjdjt `y xerlpfctco steppe venetdtclj9 44. _teppe.Rdhdelhctfco sctes; D. Djuc CC9 @. _festdilvl9 O. Dofcjsidcd9 M. Adhdcd _ycd9 E. _d`djcifd, Iurtdi CW, Jlvlsehlvl VCCC, Idsftdjid C9 G. Ust'Ilvd9N. Cnetecsicc Hln C9 F. Adh'td9 C. @uret'9 K. _lsjlvyc @lr9 I. Adidrlvl WC, _fcsficjl WCCC9 H. Dhexeevsi C9 A. Ofctidj, Aeh'jcofjle, _tumejle CC9J. Adsterlv Ihcuof9 L. Drtd CC.

_cèrcdj Rhdtedu, jltd`hy tfe @yrrdjnd (]dcayr) Alujtdcjs

djm Rutlrdj Rhdtedu. ]fcs aedjs tfdt nhdocers expdjmem dstdr ds tfe Jczfjcdcd ]ujnusid Pcver. Gdrtfer tl tfe slutf,

dhljn tfe mrdcjdne lg tfe L`' djm Crtysf, ncndjtco `dscjs

mevehlpem jedr tfe emnes lg tfe coe sfeets (Wehcofil 436=).

Flwever, slae rekeot suof d 'ncndjt co coe sfeet' almeh (og.

[u`dilv djm @lrzejilvd 4332). ]fese dutflrs sunnest

mcggerejt mdtes glr tfe glradtclj lg ejm alrdcjes lg

supplsemhy _drtdj dne, djm tejm tl èhceve tfdt nhdocdtclj

wds restrcotem ljhy tl pcemaljt pdrts lg tfe Rutlrdj Rhdtedu

djm tfe Ocrouaplhdr Urdh Alujtdcjs.

]fe _lutf _cèrcdj alujtdcj systeas were dhsl ujmer tfe

cjghuejoe lg nhdocers sl tfdt vdhheys djm nlrnes were gchhem `ycoe. Cj tfe Dhtdc, tfe _drtdj nhdocers olverem tfe fcnf hycjn fchhs

djm dmkdoejt rcver vdhheys. @ut cj tfe Iuzjetsi Dhdtdu djm tfe

Edst djm êst _dydjs, nhdocdtclj wds hess extejscve sl tfdt

ljhy tfe cjjeralst pdrts lg tfe alujtdcjs were olverem `y

sadhh nhdocers. ]fe mry ohcadtco oljmctcljs lg tfe ]rdjs-@dcidh

renclj capemem tfe mevehlpaejt lg nhdocers. ]fcs lg olurse

mles jlt aedj tfdt tfe renclj wds olaphetehy gree lg coe, djm

fcjts lg nhdocers odj è seej lj slae sflre rcmnes drlujm Hdie

@dcidh, ds wehh ds tflse cj tfe _tdjlvlc Fcnfhdjm tl tfe jlrtf.



4>> _EPNES WD_CH'EW - ]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

]fe èncjjcjn lg tfe _dhtdj wds adriem `y mrdstco

ohcadtco sfcgts, wfcof resuhtem cj nejerdh messcodtclj djm

expdjsclj lg tfe percnhdocdh hdjmsodpe. Mlacjdjoe lg rdre

`crof wllmhdjm djm ùsfes cs ofdrdotercstco glr tfe slutferj

pdrts lg êst _cèrcd, wfere sadhh-sodhe glrests hcjem tfe

hcver vdhheys. ]fe Acmmhe _cèrcdj Rhdtedu wds olverem `y

percnhdocdh venetdtclj (e.n., nrdss, glr`, wlrawllm,hyolplms, eto.) ùt wctf wllmy speoces lg `crof, dhmer djm

hdrcx. Cj tfe Acjuscjsi Mepressclj, d acxture lg `crof glrest

djm steppe murcjn tfe edrhy pfdses lg tfe _drtdj wds hdter

rephdoem `y glr`s djm nrdss steppe oljmctcljs, wfche tfe

glrest glujm d regune cj tfe surrlujmcjn fcnfhdjms. Cj tfe

Djndrd `dscj, steppes expdjmem dt tfe olst lg glrest lg rdre

pcje djm hdrcx tdcnd djm `crof wllmhdjm. Cj tfe Ocs-@dcidh

djm ]rdjs-@dcidh, percnhdocdh steppes wctf mwdrg `crofes

mlacjdtem, djm cj tfe Ofcilc vdhhey xerlpfctco speoces lg

seac-mesert ejvcrljaejts were jlt ujolaalj. Sdiutcd wds

mlacjdtem `y d olhm percnhdocdh steppe hdjmsodpe (Ncteradj

et dh. 43769 Gcn. ?).

Het us olaphete tfcs revcew lg tfe pdhdelejvcrljaejt lg

_cèrcd wctf d `rceg readri lj tfe gdujdh dssea`hdne ijlwj

grla drofdelhlncodh hlodhctces (]d`he 0). ]fe _cèrcdj AUR

cs wehh dsslocdtem wctf ofdrdotercstco gdujdh dssea`hdnes lg

tfe perclm. ]ypcodh speoces cjohume d 'hdte' glra lg

adaaltf, flrse, Dscdtco wchm dss, 'sflrt-olrjem' `cslj, wchm

sfeep lr drndhc. sdcnd, sjlw sfeep, recjmeer, djm drotco glx.

]fcs gdujdh olaplsctclj cs ejrcofem `y tfe loodscljdh wllhhy

rfcjloerls, rem meer, wlhg, rem glx, `rlwj èdr, eto.

(Weresfofdncj djm @drysfjcilv 436=).

?. Pencljdh reolrm?.4 ]FE DH]DC

^fche êst _cèrcd fds jlt ycehmem djy trdoes lg fuadj

presejoe èglre tfe Gcjdh Rhecstloeje, het us èncj lur `rceg

survey grla tfe Dhtdc Alujtdcjs. Cj spcte lg tfe ejlralus

rcofjess lg tfe terrctlry cj alustercdj djm Edrhy Upper

Rdhdelhctfco readcjs, mdtd lj tfe tcae spdj ujmer

oljscmerdtclj dre sodjty. ]fese were alsthy l`tdcjem cj

reoejt yedrs djm wfdt cs pu`hcsfem cs stchh tll sietofy. ]fe

olhm Iljlsfofeh'e pfdse sdw tfe mevehlpaejt lg Edrhy

Upper Rdhdelhctfco `hdme cjmustrces mdtem dt o. ?4,222-03,222

`p (Idrd-@la, Idrd-]ejesf, Ust'Idrdilh C djm CC, Djuc C,

eto.).

Ust'Idrdilh C, dt 3 tl C 4 a d`lve tfe Djuc Pcver, ycehmem

d fdjmguh lg drtegdots wfcof were mcsolverem d`lve tfe adcj,

tfcrm ouhturdh hdyer. ]fcs Hdyer 0 prlmuoem `ljes lg `cslj

djm rem meer wctf d rdmclodr`lj mdte lg o. 03,222 `p

(dhh rehevdjt rdmclodr`lj mdtes dre sflwj cj ]d`he 49 glr

gdujd! readcjs og. ]d`he 0). Rdhyjlhlncodh mdtd cjmcodte d

olhm steppco ejvcrljaejt wctf tfcoi Drteacscd venetdtclj

(Merevcdjil et dh. 4332). D jew exodvdtclj odapdcnj

(Merevcdjil et dh. 4335) revedhem d serces lg d`lut 45

ouhturdh flrczljs dttrcùtem tl mcggerejt pfdses lg tfe

Alustercdj djm tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Flwever, tfecr

ofdrdoter djm olrrehdtclj wctf lhm exodvdtcljs cs ujoertdcj.

]fe dutflrs regerrem tl tfe Hcplvid-Jlvlsehlvl pfdse

readcjs lg d pemlolaphex cj wfcof Hdyers 5 djm 7 dre

eaèmmem. D rdmclodr`lj mdte lg o. 07,222 `p cs replrtem glr

tfe glraer flrczlj.]fe scte lg Djuc CC, hlodtem jedr`y lj tfe 6 tl 3 a terrdoe,

prlmuoem Upper Rdhdelhctfco hdyers, mdtem `y rdmclodr`lj tl

ètweej 07,222 djm 02,222 `p (Lrhlvd 4335).

?.0 ]FE OFUHSA @D_CJ

]fe Ofuhya Pcver @dscj, hlodtem jlrtfedst lg tfe Dhtdc,

ycehmem shcnfthy alre mdtd rehevdjt tl Edrhy _drtdj fuadj

settheaejt. Cj tfe Iuz`dss renclj, tfe lhmest scte cs

_festdilvl wfcof cs hlodtem cj tfe Iccd Pcver `dscj. Pesuhts

lg dj cjvestcndtclj odrrcem lut `y Lihdmjcilv djm Alhlmcj

(4362/4364) readcj ujtch tlmdy fdrmhy tluofem uplj cj tfe

hcterdture. Drtegdots were dsslocdtem wctf d nrdveh hejseaèmmem cj semcaejts lg d 02 tl ?2 a terrdoe. Gdujdh

readcjs cjohume adcjhy adaaltf. D rdmclodr`lj mdte lg o.

0?,222 `p cs replrtem (Hcsctsyj 4337`). D juaèr lg stlrdne

pcts gchhem wctf adaaltf `ljes wds ujedrtfem. Daljn tfe

olres dre sadhh scjnhe- djm mlu`he-phdtglra ljes, ghdt djm

prcsadtco, ùtt-ejmem djm oljcodh ljes. Alst tllhs dre

retluofem sadhh `hdmes ùt tfere dre dhsl sphcjterem pceoes,

plcjts, acorl ejmsordpers, eto. ]fe dssea`hdne cjohumes d

readrid`he juaèr lg `lje pceoes, cjohumcjn dj ehljndtem

mdnner, dwhs, djm ejnrdvem djm lrjdaejtem cteas.

]fe reoejt rejewdh lg tfe exphlrdtclj revedhem d juaèr

lg olapljejts djm tfe dssea`hdne aejtcljem d`lve cs jlwregerrem tl Hdyer 7 wfcof ycehmem rdmclodr`lj mdtes cj

exoess lg 02,222 `p. D `lje pceoe cjterpretem ds d rlunf-lut

lg d stdtuette cs replrtem (Merevcdjil djm [ejcj 4335d, `).

Gdrtfer tl tfe jlrtf cj tfe Ofuhya Wdhhey, tfe AUR cs

represejtem `y Dofcjsidcd. Gcrst mcsolverem `y Dvrdaejil

(437?), tfcs scte wds exodvdtem `y Adtcusfofejil

(Djcilvcof 43>7) djm `y Hdrcofev. Pesuhts lg tfe hdst

odapdcnj dre jlt very wehh ijlwj (Hdrcofev djm Drustdacdj

436>). ]fe scte wds hlodtem cj d hdrne rdvcje cj tfe vdhhey lg

d sadhh trcùtdry lg tfe Ofuhya. ]fe ouhturdh hdyer wds

ujedrtfem wctfcj shlpe hlday oryltur`dtem meplscts dt d

terrdoe-hcie heveh olrrespljmcjn tl tfe fcnf terrdoe lg tfeOfuhya. Gdujdh readcjs oljscst lg flrse djm sdcnd

(mlacjdjt speoces), wfche adaaltf `ljes were dhsl

cmejtcgcem. Dj Edrhy _drtdj dne seeas tl è alre oljscstejt

wctf `ltf tfe nelhlncodh djm drofdelhlncodh evcmejoe.

]fe exodvdtcljs revedhem severdh gcrephdoes. ]fe mcsolvery

lg dj cj phdcj vcew rlujm oljoejtrdtclj lg adaaltf tusis

djm geaurs cs replrtem, wfcof cs cjterpretem ds tfe rucjs lg d

mwehhcjn struoture. ]fe cjfd`ctdjts lg tfe scte exphlctem hlodh

pe``hes wfcof d`lujm lj tfe shlpes lg tfe vdhhey. Alst



C>_ FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

]d`he C. _eheotem Pdmclodr`lj Mdtes lg tfe Acmmhe Upper Rdhdelhctfco _ctes lg _cèrcd.

HD@. JL _DARh.C; GCJM_RL] MD]E (@R) PEGEPEJOE

_LDJ-074= @ Ust'Idrdilh C, Hdyer 0 06,>22 ´ 652 Merevcdjil et dh. 4332

_LDJ-?074 O Ust'Idrdilh C, Hdyer 5 (jew 07,?25 ´ 062 Merevcdjil et dh. 4335

ejuaerdtclj)

_LDJ-?225 O Djuc CC, Hdyer 40 07,642 ´ 032 Lrhlvd 4335

_LDJ-?227 O Djuc CC, Hdyer 6 0=,025 ´ =02 Lrhlvd 4335

_LDJ-0676 O Djuc CC, Hdyers = lr ? 0>,405 ´ 562 Lrhlvd 4335

_LDJ-0670 o Djuc CC, Hdyer ? 00,742 ´ 4=2 Lrhlvd 4335

_LDJ-?22> o Djuc CC, Hdyer ? 04,062 ´ ==2 Lrhlvd 4335

_LDJ-067? o Djuc CC, Hdyer ? 02,?52 ´ 032 Lrhlvd 4335

_LDJ-4?62 @ _festdilvl, Hdyer 7 00,362 ´ 405 Hcsctsyj 4337`

_LDJ-?046 < _festdilvl, Hdyer 7

_festdilvl, Hdyer 7

Adhdcd _ycd

Adhdcd _ycd

02,>>2 ´ 572 Merevcdjil djm [ejcj 4335d

_LDJ-476= <

_festdilvl, Hdyer 7

_festdilvl, Hdyer 7

Adhdcd _ycd

Adhdcd _ycd

02,=32

05,052

02,?22

´

´

´

´

452 Merevcdjil djm [ejcj 4335d

HE-=346 @

_festdilvl, Hdyer 7

_festdilvl, Hdyer 7

Adhdcd _ycd

Adhdcd _ycd

02,=32

05,052

02,?22

´

´

´

´

4,022 Hcsctsyj 4337d

_LDJ-440= O

_festdilvl, Hdyer 7

_festdilvl, Hdyer 7

Adhdcd _ycd

Adhdcd _ycd

02,=32

05,052

02,?22

´

´

´

´

?52 Merevcdjil et dh. 4330

HE-=626 @ Mvunhdzid, Hdyer = 07,562

´

´

´

´ 502 Hcsctsyj 4337d

HE-?>=> D _d`djcifd, surgdoe gcjmcjn 05,352 ´ 522 Hcsctsyj 4337d

HE-=>37 O _d`djcifd 05,==2 ´ =52 Hcsctsyj 4337d

HE-?744 O _d`djcifd 00,3?2 + ?52 _vezfejtsev et dh. 4330

HE-=>24 O _d`djcifd 00,322 ´ =62 _vezfejtsev et dh. 4330

HE-06?? O Iurtdi CW. _trdtd 44-40 0>,=>2 ´ 022 _vezfejtsev et dh. 4330

HE-??5> @ Iurtdi CW, _trdtua 44 0=,632 ´ 7>2 _vezfejtsev et dh. 4330

NCJ-5?52 O Iurtdi CW, _trdtua 44 0=,622 ´ =22 _vezfejtsev et dh. 4330

HE-??54 O Iurtdi CW, _trdtua 4 4 0=,4>2 ´ 0?2 _vezfejtsev et dh. 4330

HE-=457 @ Iurtdi CW, _trdtua 44 0=,222 c 0,352 _vezfejtsev et dh. 4330

]fe DA_-mdtes dre cjmcodtem `y dj dstercsi9 ltfer mdtes dre oljvejtcljdh. _daphe iey; D1djther9 @1`lje9 O1ofdroldh9 F1fuaus

gdvlurem were qudrtzctes, schcocgcem hcaestlje, sdjmstlje, eto.,

wfche loodscljdhhy ghcjt, kdsper djm schcocgcem wllm were

usem. ]fe cjmustry cs ofdrdotercsem `y `hdmes. ]fere dre

sadhh scjnhe-, mlu`he- djm trcphe-phdtglra prcsadtco type

olres. Daljn tfe tllhs dre mejtcouhdtes djm jltofes,

retluofem `hdmehets, ejmsordpers (cjohumcjn odrcjdtem djm

juohecglra pceoes), trujodtem `hdmehets, `doiem `hdmehets,

ùrcjs, sphcjterem pceoes, djm scmesordpers. Cvlry plcjts, d

pejmdjt djm d pfdhhus-hcie stdtuette lrjdaejtem `y twl spcrdh

mlttem hcjes (Gcn. =;4) dre dhsl replrtem.

Adhdcd _ycd, hlodtem lj tfe edsterj shlpe lg Iuzjetsicc

Dhdtdu, cj tfe @ehyc Ccus Pcver vdhhey, cs lje lg tfe alst

oljtrlverscdh loourrejoes cj _cèrcd. Cjvestcndtem `y Lvlmlv,

tfe scte wds hdter tfe l`keot lg gcehmwlri `y Hdrcofev, tfe

resuhts lg wfcof dre essejtcdhhy ujpu`hcsfem (og. `rceg replrts

cj; Merevcdjil et dh. 43309 Hdrcofev djm Iflhcusficj 4335).

]fe scte cs hlodtem lj tfe shlpe lg d rdvcje d`lut ?0 tl ?5 a

d`lve tfe almerj rcver heveh. ]fcoi ouhture-èdrcjn strdtd

(hdter su`mcvcmem cjtl tfree flrczljs) dre dsslocdtem wctf

hlday shlpe djm gdj-hcie meplscts wfcof èdr trdoes lg

remeplsctem ùrcem oryltur`dtem slch. ]fe gdujdh dssea`hdne

cs mlacjdtem `y recjmeer, wchm sfeep djm cèx. Rdhyjlhlncodh

djdhyscs cjmcodtes d olhm steppe ejvcrljaejt wctf Drteacscd

djm Nrdacjede. D sdaphe lg ofdroldh grla tfe strdtd, alsthy

olhheotem cj tfe seoljm flrczlj, ycehmem d mdte cj exoess lg

02,222 `p djm d `lje sdaphe d mdte lg o. 05,222 `p, wfche

ltfer `lje sdaphes dre surprcscjnhy lhmer (o. ?=,222 `p).

]dicjn cjtl doolujt tfe nelhlncodh djm pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh

mdtd, lje oluhm speouhdte d`lut dj Edrhy _drtdj dne lg tfe

upper pdrt lg tfe ouhture-èdrcjn strdtd. ^fdt fds èej

pu`hcsfem odjjlt prlvcme d gcra `dscs glr tfe mesorcptclj lg

ouhturdh adtercdh èoduse dhh mdtd lj tfcs supplsemhy

auhtcolapljejt scte were presejtem cj sua.

?.? ]FE SEJC_EC @D_CJ

]fe lhmest loourrejoe seeas tl è tfe dssea`hdne lg Hdyer =

lg tfe Mvunhdzid rloi sfehter, lverhycjn alustercdj strdtd.

Doolrmcjn tl d rdmclodr`lj mdte, ct oluhm è lg Hdte



4>3 _EPNES WD_CH'EW - ]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

]d`he 4 oljtcjuem. _eheotem Pdmclodr`lj Mdtes lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco _ctes lg _cèrcd.

HD@. JL _DARHE GCJM_RL] MD]E (@R)

HE-=455 O

HE-06?? O

C c ?>?3 O

NCJ-7333 O

CNDJ-42=6 oCNDJ-4252 o_LDJ-065? oYNDJ-42=3 oNCJ-7376 oNCJ-=?0> @

_LDJ-=25 O

HE-4530 O

HE-4532 O

NCJ->>27 @

NCJ->>23 P

NCJ-6> @

_LDJ-4762 @

IPCH-?64 O

DD-6660 @

_LDJ-?2?0 <

_LDJ-032= @

NCJ-740= F

DD-6666 @

HE-037> O

Iurtdi CW. _trdtua 44 0?,622 ´ 322

Iurtdi CW, _trdtua 4 4 0?,=>2 ´ 022

Jlvlsehlvl VCCC. Hdyer ? 00,222 ´ >22

Idsftdjid C. Hdyer 0 03,=22 ´ =22

Idsftdjid C. up grla Hdyer 0 0=,=22 ´ 4,522

Idsftdjid 4, up grla Hdyer 0 0?,6?2 ´ 652

Idsftdjid C, Hdyer 4 0=,625 ´ =05

Idsftdjid 4, Hdyer 4 04,622 ´ 022

Idsftdjid C, Hdyer 4 02,622 ´ 722

Cnetecsicc Hln 4, _trdtua 7 0=,=22 ´ 422

Cnetecsicc Hln C, _trdtua = 0?,>72 ´ 4,422

Cnetecsicc Hln C, _trdtua = 0?,526 ´ 052

Cnetecsicc Hln C, _trdtua = 04,072 ´ 0=2

Adh'td 04,222 ´ 4=2

Adh'td 02,>22 ´ 452

Adh'td 4=,>52 ´ 402

@uret' 04,432 ´ 422

Ust'Ilvd, Acmmhe Olapljejt 0?,302 ´ ?42

_fcsficjl WCCC 04,432 ´ 4>5*

Idaejid C, Olapljejt @ 06,645 ´ 452

Idaejid C, Olapljejt @ 06,272 ´ =>5

Iujdhec, èhlw Hdyer ? 04,422 ´ ?22

Adsterlv Ihcuof, Hdyer = 0=,?72 ´ 0>2*

Drtd CC, Hdyer ? 0?,022 ´ 0222

PEGEPEJOE

_vezfejtsev etdh. 4330

_vezfejtsev et dh. 4330

_vezfejtsev etdh. 4330

Merevcdjil etdh. 4330



Merevcdjil et dh. 4330



Wlrl`'evd etdh. 4332




Iuzacj 433=

Iuzacj 433=

]secthcj 43>3

D`rdalvd 4363

Mrlzmlv etdh. 4332

Disejlv 433?

H`lvd 4337`

H`lvd 4337`

Iljstdjtcjlv 433=

Aesfoforcj 4337

Icrchhlv djm Idspdrlv 4332

]fe DA_-mdtos dre cjmcodtem `y dj dstercsi9 ltfer mdtes dre oljvejtcljdh. _daphe iey; D1djther9 @1`lje9 O1ofdroldh9 F1fuaus

Idrncjsiy dne. ]fe alst mlacjdjt gdujdh readcjs dre wchm

sfeep, ùt tfere dre dhsl `ljes lg flrse, wchm dss, @dcidh ydi,

eto. Rdhyjlhlncodh evcmejoe cjmcodtes d olhm xerlpfctco glrest-

steppe ejvcrljaejt wctf slae gcr (Ilh't slvd 4330). ]fe

sadhh hctfco olhheotclj cs ofdrdotercsem `y `hdme teofjlhlny,

djm d scjnhe-phdtglra olre lj d pe``he wds glujm. ]fe tllhs

cjohume retluofem `hdmes, ejmsordpers lj retluofem `hdmes,

djm plcjts. D wemne-hcie `lje tllh wctf meolrdtclj djm

pejmdjts dre wlrtf aejtcljcjn (D`rdalvd 4365).

Ltfer strdtcgcem loourrejoes lg Edrhy _drtdj dne odj è

glujm cj d sadhh plrtclj lg tfe hegt `dji lg tfe Sejcsec rcver

(jlw tfe Irdsjlcdrsi reservlcr) cj tfe jlrtferj pdrt lg tfe

Acjuscjsi Mepressclj. Dt _d`djcifd (Hcsctsyj 4335),

drtegdots were mcsolverem d`lve tfe `rlwjcsf sdjmy hlda

(wfcof cs èhcevem tl è d ùrcem slch lg Idrncjsiy dne) cj

tfe semcaejts glracjn d =2 a heveh d`lve tfe rcver. Pem

meer, `cslj djm wchm sfeep mlacjdte tfe gdujd. Ofdroldh

grla ujedrtfem gcrephdoes ycehmem rdmclodr`lj mdtes lg o.

0?.222 `p. ]fe hctfco cjmustry cs `dsem lj `hdme teofjlhlny

djm olaprcses hdrne scjnhe- djm mlu`he-phdtglra olres,

retluofem `hdmes, ejmsordper/plcjts, `cgdocdh scmesordpers,

oflppers, eto. Ltfer gcjms cjohume `lje djm djther pceoes -

dmzes, plcjts, jeemhes djm stlje èdms.

]fe adcj dssea`hdne lg Iurtdi CW (Hcsctsyj et dh. 4335) cs

rlunfhy lg tfe sdae dne ds _d`djcifd. Hlodtem lj d terrdoe

hcie heveh dt 72 tl 62 a, tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco hdyer wds

glujm cj tfe upper hdacjdtem sdjmy hldas (shlpe djm gdj olje

meplscts). ]fe adklrcty lg `ljes dre grla adaaltf, wctf

slae `cslj, rem meer, `rlwj lr odve èdr, eto. Rdhyjlhlncodh

mdtd cjmcodte olhm steppe djm glrest-steppe ejvcrljaejts wctf

rdre pcje-`crof-hdrof wllmhdjm. ]fe ùrcem slch èhlw tfe

drtegdots ycehmem d rdmclodr`lj mdte cj exoess lg 0>,222 `p,

wfche juaerlus mdtes glr tfe ouhturdh hdyer ohuster tcnfthy

drlujm 0=,222 tl 0?,222 `p. Exodvdtcljs dhsl revedhem

gcrephdoes. ]fe hctfco olhheotclj cs surprcscjnhy drofdco-hcie

djm oljscsts lg pe``he olres, juaerlus ejmsordpers,

retluofem ghdies, scmesordpers, èes, jltofes djm pe``he tllhs.

Ltfer gcjms cjohume cvlry djm `lje tllhs djm lrjdaejts.



C_L FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

]d`he 0d. Hdrne Adaadhs grla tfe _cèrcdj Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco _ctes.

_C] C_

HDSEP_

PEGEPEJOE_

Ust'Idrdilh 4 _festdilvl Dofcjsidcd Adhdcd _ycd

Rrl`lsocmedeAdaaltf Adaautfus prcacnejcus '

Rercsslmdotyhd

Flrse Equus od dhhus '

Dscdtco wchm dss Equu.s feacljuc

^llhhy Olehlmljtd djtcquctdtcs

rfcjloerls

Mvunhdzid _d`djcifd

=

5 7

• • 7(4) 70

0(4) 4 (4) 70

4?

Drtclmdotyhd

Pem meer

Plo meer

Pecjmeer

Sdi

@cslj

^chm sfeep

_jlw sfeep

_dcnd djtci

Yèx/_dcnd

Cèx/_feep

Pem meer Oervus ehdpfus • 7(4) 4 (4) 4 •Plo meer Odprelhus odprelhus 0

Pecjmeer Pdjncger tdrdjmus •(<) 0?(4) 0(4) • •Sdi Rlepfdnus `dcidhejscs •@cslj @cslj prcsas • >(4) 5(4) > •^chm sfeep Lvcs dajclj •(<) 4 (4) 6> •_jlw sfeep Lvcs jcvcolhd 4

_dcnd djtchlpe _dcnd tdtdrcod •Cèx/_dcnd Odprdh_dcnd •

OdprdhLvcs 5? (5) ?( 4)

Odrjcvlrd

^lhg

Drotco glxPem glx

Olrsdo

@rlwj èdr

Odve fyejd

Odjcs hupus

Dhlpes hdnlpusWuhpes vuhpes

Wuhpes olrsdo

Ursus drotls

Orloutd spehded

0

4(>)

03

Hcsctsyj (4337`) rendrmem tfe hlweralst hdyer lg

Jlvlsehlvl VCCC ds shcnfthy ylujner. ]fe scte cs hlodtem dt

tfe ?2 tl ?5 a terrdoe-hcie heveh. ]fe upper pdrt lg tfe

seotclj sflws sdjmy hldas wctf ouhturdh strdtd lg Hdte _drtdj

dne, wfche cj tfe ujmerhycjn hdacjdtem sdjmy hlda, tfe tfcrm

ouhturdh hdyer, mdtem `y rdmclodr`lj tl o. 00,222 `p, wds

ujedrtfem. Ct wds doolapdjcem `y recjmeer `ljes. ]fe

exodvdtclj revedhem d fedrtf djm d shd`-hcjem fedrtf. ]fe

hctfco dssea`hdne cs rdtfer sadhh.

Daljn tfe ltfer Edrhy _drtdj sctes, Idsftdjid C

(Merevcdjil et dh. 4330) meserves tl è aejtcljem. Grla

explsem surgdoes, ouhturdh flrczljs eaèmmem cj

oryltur`dtem ùrcem slchs lg tfe Iurtdi Glradtclj èhlw tfe

sdjmy hldas lg _drtdj dne were ujedrtfem. ]fe adcj (gcrst)

ouhturdh hdyer cs dsslocdtem wctf tfe upper pdrt lg tfcs

pemlolaphex, ujmerhdcj `y fuacgcem sdjmy hldas djm d

ùrcem oferjlzea-type slch. ]fe remeplsctem drtegdots grla

tfe glraer strdtd dre hdèhhem Hdyer 0. ]fe adcj hdyer

prlmuoem d gdujdh dssea`hdne mlacjdtem `y recjmeer djm

`cslj, wfche `ljes lg rem meer djm `cslj were cmejtcgcem

grla tfe seoljm hdyer. Rdhyjlhlncodh mdtd cjmcodte olhm

ohcadtco oljmctcljs wctf d venetdtclj typcodh lg rloiy shlpes

lj tfe `lrmerhcje ètweej wllmhdjm djm steppe. Hdyer 0

prlmuoem d rdmclodr`lj mdte cj exoess lg 03,222 `p wfche

tfe lverhycjn strdtd djm Hdyer 4 ycehmem dnes grla 0=,222 tl

04,222 `p. Exodvdtclj lg Hdyer 4 revedhem d fedrtf djm

severdh gcrephdoes. Drofdelzllhlncodh djdhyscs lg recjmeer

djthers djm ltfer evcmejoe cjmcodte dutuaj ds tfe sedslj lg



464 _EPNES WD_CH'EW -]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

]d`he 0`. Hdrne Adaadhs grla tfe _cèrcdj Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco _ctes.

_C]E_

4DSFP_

PEGEPEJOE_

Iurtdi CW Jlvlsehlvl VCCC

?

7 >

Idsftdjid 4 Ynetecsicc Hln C Adh'td

0 4

6 3 42

Rrl`lsocmedeAdaaltf Adaautfus prcacnejcus (47)

Rercsslmdotyhd

Flrse Equus od`dhhus

Dscdtco wchch dss Eqcas feacljus

^llhhy Olehlmljtd djtcquctdtcs

rfcjloerls

Drtclmdotyhd

Pem meer Oervus ehdpfus

Plo meer O 'dprelhus odprelhus

Pecjmeer Pdjncger tdrdjmus

Ehi Dcres dhoes

h c h A h h h Fc.slj prcslj

Durlofs @ls sp.

^chm sfeep Lvcs (achcua

_jlw sfeep Lvcs jcvcolhd

_feep Lvcs sp.

Odrjcvlrd

^lhg Odjcs hupus

Drotco glx Dh lpes hdnlpus

Pem glx Wuhpes vuhpes@rlwj èdr Ursus drotls

^lhvercje Nuhl nuhl

Odve hclj Rdjtferd spehded

0(4)

4 (4) 4

00? (5)

=4 (0)

0(4)

(<)

(0)

(05)

(563)

(5)

•(<)

(4)

(C)

(52)

(?)•(<)

(=)

( 4 )

looupdtclj lg tfe scte. ]fe cjvestcndtlrs (@lidrev djm

Adrtyjlvcof 4330) put glrwdrm d fypltfescs d`lut tfe

hlodtclj lg tfe scte jedr tfe sedsljdh acnrdtclj rlutes lg

recjmeer dorlss tfe Ofuhya-Sejcsec wdtersfem djm èhceve

tfdt Idsftdjid C wds d sflrt-tera fujtcjn odap. Daljn tfe

recjmeer `ljes, dhh siehetdh pdrts dre presejt wfcof cjmcodtes

tfe excstejoe lg ichh sctes jedr`y. ]fe scte prlmuoem d hctfco

dssea`hdne essejtcdhhy `dsem lj exphlctdtclj lg schcoelus

rlois extrdotem grla tfe hlodh Sejcsec pe``he èdofes. ]fere

dre fedvy scjnhe- djm mlu`he-phdtglra olres, oljcodh

acorlolres, ejmsordpers lj `hdmes djm ghdies, `doiem

`hdmehets, scmesordpers, sphcjterem pceoes, djm oflppers, ds

wehh ds cvlry djm djther pceoes suof ds plcjts, jeemhes, djm

èdms.

?.= ]FE DJNDPD @D_CJ

]fe Upper Djndrd Wdhhey cs d renclj wctf dùjmdjt AUR

readcjs. ]fe lhmest scte lg tfcs pfdse cs Cnetecsicc Hln C,

hlodtem lj tfe `dji lg tfe @rdtsi reservlcr jedr tfe Lsd Pcver

alutf, djm d`lut ?6 tl =0 a d`lve tfe rcver (Aemvemev

4360). Drtegdots djm `ljes lg durlofs, recjmeer, wllhhy

rfcjloerls djm flrse were remeplsctem cj tfe upper pdrt lg

sdjmy shlpe hldas djm sdjm djm nrdveh meplscts lg dj djocejt

rdvcje. D rdmclodr`lj mdte lg o. 0=,522 `p cs ncvej glr tfe

hlweralst drtegdot-èdrcjn strdtua (scxtf), wfche sdaphes grla

fuacgcem hejses lg _trdtua = lg tfe adcj heveh lg tfe drtegdot

oljoejtrdtclj djm shcnfthy d`lve tfcs heveh, dre mdtem ètweej

0?,222 djm 04,222 `p. Lg olurse tfese mdtes cjmcodte ljhy tfe

tcacjn lg tfe hdst remeplsctclj ùt tfe Edrhy _drtdj dne glr tfe




]d`he 0o. Hdrne Adaadhs grla tfe _cèrcdj Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco _ctes.

_C]E_ @uret' _lsjlvyc @lr Ust'Ilvd Dhexeevsi C Jepd Idaejid C

HDSEP_ 5 0 @

PEGEPEJOE_ 42 4 4 40 4? 4= 45

Rrl`lsocmedeAdaaltf Adaactchws prcacnejcus 7(0) • 4 (4)

Rercsslmdotyhd

Flrse

Dscdtco wchm dss

Flrse/dss

Equus od`dhhus

Equus feacljus

Equus sp.

^llhhy Olehlmljtd djtcquctdtcs 6(?) • 0(4)

rfcjloerls

Drtclmdotyhd

Pem meer Oervus ehdpfus =(=) 4

Ple meer Odprelhus odprelhus 4 (4)

@cslj @cslj prcsous 0(0 ) 4 ?(4 )

('djccvlrd

Drotco glx Dhlpes hdnlpus •

drtegdots seeas tl è fcnfhy prl`d`he. ]fe hctfco dssea`hdne

hllis rdtfer flalnejelus, oljscstcjn lg qudrtzcte djm drnchhcte

scjnhe- djm mlu`he-phdtglra ghdt olres, ùtt-ejmem acorl olres,

ejmsordpers lj retluofem `hdmes, retluofem `hdmes,

scmesordpers, `lrers, eto. Cj dmmctclj tl tfe hctfcos, d tfcj djtherplcjt djm dj djther pcoi dre dhsl ijlwj grla tfcs scte.

^fej mcsousscjn tfe AUR lg _cèrcd, lje odjjlt dvlcm

tfe gdalus scte lg Adh'td. Mespcte cts gdae, we ijlw jext tl

jltfcjn d`lut tfe metdchs lg tfcs scte, exoept glr oertdcj

dspeots lg tfe dssea`hdne reolverem tfere. Mcsolverem `y

Nerdscalv cj 4306, tfe scte wds exodvdtem cjteracttejthy

ujtch 43?>. Dgter dj cjtervdh lg jedrhy 02 yedrs, fe re-

exodvdtem tfe scte ètweej 4357 djm 4356. D replrt lg tfe

cjvestcndtcljs cs ljhy dvdchd`he cj tfe glra lg sflrt pdpers

(Nerdscalv 43?4, 43?5, 437=). D guhh replrt wchh prl`d`hy

jever dppedr, wfche tfe olhheotcljs dre mcspersem tfrlunflut

Pusscd, iept cj d juaèr lg auseuas cj mcggerejt octces.

_cjoe 4334 Aemvemev fds rejewem tfe cjvestcndtclj wfcof

fds hem tl d rdmcodh revcsclj lg tfe ofdrdoter lg tfe scte.

Doolrmcjn tl tfe trdmctcljdh mesorcptclj, Adh'td cs hlodtem

lj d 45 tl 47 a fcnf terrdoe lg tfe @ehdcd Pcver, d hegt

trcùtdry lg tfe Djndrd. Mcreothy èhlw tfe almerj slch hces

tfe upper ouhturdh hdyer lg Gcjdh Rhecstloeje dne, wfcof cs

oljtcjuem `y tfe adcj olapljejt dsslocdtem wctf tfe upper

surgdoe lg d fedvchy oryltur`dtem ùrcem slch lg presuad`hy

Gcjdh Idrncjsiy dne. ]secthcj (43>3) èhcevem tfdt tfcs

ouhturdh hdyer wds meplsctem dgter tfe glradtclj lg tfe slch.

Ct seeas extreaehy mcggcouht, cg jlt caplssc`he, tl

ofdrdotercse tfe gdujdh dssea`hdne lg Adh'td, tdicjn cjtl

doolujt tfe rdjne lg lpcjcljs lg tfe soflhdrs ejndnem cj

cmejtcgcodtclj, djm tfe hlss lg slae olhheotcljs. Flwever,Eralhlvd (43>6) fds olapchem tfe rehevdjt mdtd djm ncves

tfe glhhlwcjn dpprlxcadtcve stdteaejt. Pecjmeer cs tfe alst

mlacjdjt speoces. Adaaltf, wllhhy rfcjloerls djm drotco

glx dre dhsl wehh represejtem, wfche `cslj, rem meer, wchm

sfeep, flrse, wlhvercje djm rem glx dre loodscljdhhy presejt.

]fere dre dhsl `crm djm gcsf `ljes. Rdhyjlhlncodh djdhyscs mcm

jlt ycehm ejlunf resuhts glr d pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh

reoljstruotclj, tfe ouhture-èdrcjn strdtd ljhy ycehmem slae

plhhej lg gcr, _cèrcdj pcje djm dhmer. Djtfrdolhlncodh

djdhyscs cjmcodtes `crof djm gcr. ]fus d percnhdocdh hdjmsodpe,

olrrespljmcjn tl tfe Edrhy _drtdj, oluhm è memuoem. D

rdmclodr`lj mdte lg o. 4=,>22 `p wds oljscmerem tl è

slaewfdt prl`headtco wfche dj Cljcua mdte lg 0? ´ 5 iyr

`p adme lj d pceoe lg `lje, cs rendrmem ds alre oljscstejt

wctf tfe pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh evcmejoe.

]fe adcj ouhturdh hdyer ujedrtfem lver 4=62 squdre aetres

oljtdcjem adjy struoturdh gedtures, tflunf pu`hcsfem

doolujts dre tll `rceg tl mcsouss tfe jdture lg tfese.

Glralzlv (43>7) olapchem dhh exodvdtclj phdjs dvdchd`he,

djm memuoem tfe excstejoe lg twl rlws lg fedvy oljoejtrd

tcljs lg me`rcs (cjterpretem ds mwehhcjn ujcts) dhljn tfe rcver



cx9 _EIO.ES WD_CHEW - ]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

]d`he 0m. Hdrne Adaadhs grla tfe _cèrcdj Acmmhe Upper Rdhdelhctfco _ctes.

_C]E_ Iujdhec _lifdtcjl CC Drtd CC

HDSEP_ ? 5 4-?

PEGEPEJOE_ 47 4>

Rrl`lsocmedeAdaaltf Adaautfus prcacnejcus •

Rercsslmdotyhd

4 hlrse Equus od`dhhus • • •

^llhhy rfcjloerls Olehlmljtd djtcquctdtcs • • •

Drtclmdotyhd

Meer Oervus sp. •(<)

@cslj @cslj prcsous •(<) • •

_dcnd djtehlpe _dcnd tdtdrcod •

Odrjcvlrd

@rlwj èdr Ursus drotls

JC_R cs cjmcodtem wfere plssc`he9 AJC cs sflwj ètweej `rdoiets.

Pegerejoes; 4; Merevcdjil et dh. 43329 0; Lihdmjcilv djm Alhlmcj 4362 /C3649 ?; Dvrdaejil 437?, Djcilvcof 43>7,

Hdrcofev djm Druscdacdj 436>9 =; Hdrcofev djm Iflhcusficj 43359 5; Lvlmlv djm Adrtyjlvcof 43309 7; Hcsctsyj 4337d9

>; Hcsctsyj 4337`9 6; Merevcdjil et dh. 43309 3; Aemvemev 43609 42; Eralhlvd 43>69 44; Hezfjejil et dh. 43609

40; Mrl/mlv et dh. 43329 4?; [dmljcj et dh. 43349 4=; [dmljcj djm _eacj 43329 45; Neraljprã djm H`lwd 43379

47; Iljstdjtcjlv et dh. 43649 4>; Icrchhlv djm Idspdrlv 4332

sflre. Glur oljoejtrdtcljs (jls. 5 tl 6) oljstctute tfewesterj nrlup hlodtem jedr wdter. Oljoejtrdtclj jl. 5 wds d

flhhlw struoture, = a cj mcdaeter djm olvercjn 44 squdre

aetres. ]free ltfer flhhlw struotures (jls. 7 tl 6),

aedsurcjn ?.2-?.5 `y > a, were mcsolverem jedr`y. Dhh tfese

ujcts dre ofdrdotercsem `y d scachdr spdtcdh pdtterjcjn, jdaehy

tfe dsslocdtclj lg oljoejtrdtcljs wctf 'edrtf wdhhs' `lrmercjn

lj lje scme. ]fe true ofdrdoter lg tfese supplsemhy drtcgcocdh

struotures readcjs ejcnadtco.

Cj tfe oejtre lg tfe adcj rlw lg oljoejtrdtcljs, lje odj

see dj ehljndtem struoture (jl. 3), tfe sl-odhhem 'hljn

mwehhcjn', aedsurcjn 4= `y 5-7 a. ]fcs mepressclj lg

trdpezlcmdh glra oljscsts lg recjmeer djthers, `ljes

(cjohumcjn fedvy `ljes lg adaaltf djm rfcjloerls) djm

juaerlus hcaestlje shd`s. ]free fedrtfs were ujedrtfem

cjscme ct.

Gurtfer mlwjstreda, d jew nrlup lg glur oljoejtrdtcljs

(jls. 4 tl =9 Gcn. 5) wds exodvdtem (lje lg tfese struotures

wds mestrlyem). ]fe oljoejtrdtcljs, ohusterem drlujm oejtrdh

fedrtfs, were d`lujm cj hcaestlje shd`s djm ouhturdh me`rcs.

Cj lje odse d supplsem `dseaejt lg d reotdjnuhdr mwehhcjn

surrlujmem `y shd`s wds cmejtcgcem.

Cj tfe lpplscte mcreotclj lg tfe 'hljn mwehhcjn', tfere were

scx ltfer ujcts (jls. 42 tl 45), ùt ljhy twl lg tfese dre

mesorcèm. ]fe gcrst lje, hlodtem dt tfe jlrtfwesterj pdrt lg

tfe scte, wds cjterpretem ds d rlujm mwehhcjn, =.5 a cj

mcdaeter, wctf dùjmdjt hcaestlje shd`s djm djthers. ]fe

cjjer mepressclj lg tfcs ujct wds olhlurem `y lofre, djm d

shd`-hcjem fedrtf wds hlodtem dsyaaetrcodhhy, jedr tfe

jlrtfedsterj wdhh. Nerdscalv (437=) reoljstruotem tfcs

struoture ds d olje-sfdpem tcpc-hcie mwehhcjn wctf shd`s put

drlujm tfe percaeter djm djthers lj tfe sicj rllg. ]fe hdst

metdch seeas tl è oljtrlverscdh (Eralhlvd 43>6). Djltfer,

pdrthy mestrlyem, flhhlw mwehhcjn, wctf dj cjjer fedrtf

aedsurcjn ? `y = a, wds reotdjnuhdr cj phdcj vcew.

Dj estcadte lg tfe sedslj lg looupdtclj readcjs d adtter

lg me`dte. Doolrmcjn tl Eralhlvd (43>6), tfe ofdrdoter lg tfe

recjmeer readcjs cjmcodtes trdoes lg `ltf wcjter djm suaaer

fujts. ]fe cmejtcgcodtclj lg acnrdtcjn `crms (nllse, nuhh)

seeas tl olrrl`lrdte tfe hdtter sedslj. Flwever, tdicjn cjtl

doolujt tfdt Adh'td redhhy wds d auhtcolapljejt scte (og.

èhlw), lje odj speouhdte d`lut vdrclus fd`ctdtclj epcslmes.

Adh'td fds ycehmem d ujcque ùrcdh struoture glr tfe

_cèrcdj Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Grla tfe sodjty pu`hcsfem




(K 4 (402)

•>

A

4

;O-4.

0 (400)

W

6 (37)

42 (6=)

3(=5)

44 (4?7)

Gcn. =. Drt l`keots trla vdrclus _cèrcdj Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes (dgter D`rdalvd 4363 djm Mrlzmlv et dh. 4332).

4; Dofcjsidcd9 0; @uret'9 ?-3, 44, 40; Adh'td9 42; Ust'Ilvd. Hejnft cj aa ètweej `rdoiets.4. cvlry 'rlm'9 0, =, >, 6, 44. geacjcje stdtuette9 ?, 7. `crm gcnurcje9 5. adaaltf ejnrdvcjn9 3. lrjdaejtem pceoe9 42. adaaltf gcnurcje9 40. phdquette.



css _EPNES WD_CH'EW - ]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

Gcn. 5. _pdtcdh struoture lg pdrt lgtfe Adh'td settheaejt (dgter _erncj4337).

4. fedrtf9 0. Drtce glx, recjmeer djmltfer djcadh siehetljs9 ?. ùrcdhpct9 =. luthcjes lg oljoejtrdtcljs95. mestrlyem pdrts.

doolujts (Nerdscalv 43?5), we hedrj tfdt tfe ùrcdh wds cjdj lvdh-sfdpem pct mun grla tfe `lttla lg tfe ouhturdh hdyer

mlwj cjtl tfe ujmerhycjn nrdveh èm. _iehetdh readcjs were

olverem `y d flrczljtdhhy hycjn stlje shd`, wctf twl

vertcodhhy stdjmcjn shd`s jedr`y. @ehlw tfe olver stlje tfe

`dmhy mestrlyem readcjs were glujm, gdocjn jlrtf djm

olverem `y rem lofre. Ljhy grdnaejts lg d siuhh djm

adjmc`he, djm slae verte`rde djm hljn `ljes were

reolverem. Dj cvlry mcdmea wds glujm jedr tfe siuhh, dhljn

wctf d jeoihdoe oljscstcjn lg èdms djm pejmdjts. Dj

lrjdaejtem phdte, grdnaejts lg d `crm-sfdpem pejmdjt, dj

cvlry `rdoehet, severdh ghcjt tllhs djm dj cvlry plcjt were

nrdve nllms. Pe-exdacjdtclj lg tfe readcjs mealjstrdtem

tfdt tfe ùrcdh sfluhm fdve oljtdcjem `ljes lg twl (jlt lje

ds èhcevem `y Nerdscalv) ofchmrej lg mcggerejt dnes, lje

ylujner tfdj twl yedrs lhm, tfe ltfer 0-? lr ?-= yedrs lhm

(Dhexeev djm Nlofadj 436>).

]fe hctfco dssea`hdne lg Adh'td (Gcn. 7) wds `dsem alsthy

lj exphlctdtclj lg ghcjt pe``hes, olhheotem grla tfe rcver

nrdveh djm extrdotem grla hcaestlje lutorlps. Dhsl qudrtzcte

djm ofert were usem. Dhh stdnes lg rdw adtercdh prloesscjn

dre represejtem - grla fedvy scjnhe-phdtglra, ùtt-ejmem,

mcsolcmdh djm Hevdhhlcs olres tl sadhh prcsadtco djm oljcodh

olres. Daljn tfe tllhs, vdrclus retluofem sadhh `hdmes

(loodscljdhhy resea`hcjn ofgttehperrljcdj ijcves),ejmsordpej LM `hdmes djm retluofem `hdmes (cjohumcjn

odrcjdtem types) mlacjdte. Jltofem pceoes dre dhsl caplrtdjt,

dhljn wctf `lrers, scmesordpers, scjnhe- djm mlu`he plcjts,

ùrcjs, trujodtem `hdmes, sphcjterem pceoes djm oflppers. Dhsl

replrtem cs d ujcque nelaetrco pceoe d trcdjnuhdr acorlhctf.

Adhtd cs dhsl rcof cj slpfcstcodtem djther, cvlry djm `lje

drtegdots. Daljn tfese tllhs dre hdrne djther capheaejts

resea`hcjn fune dmzes, alrtdrs, djther fdgts wctf cjset stlje

tllhs, dwhs, sadhh spdmes, ijcves, `lje djm cvlry plcjts

wctflut nrllves, pcjs wctf fedms, rlms, ùttljs, djm jeemheswctf eyes lr ocrouhdr flhhlws. Rersljdh lrjdaejts cjohume d

rcof serces lg `rdoehets, perglrdtem cvlry phdques, èdms,

pejmdjts, eto. ]fe ùrcdh ycehmem dj lrcncjdh lvdh-sfdpem

pejmdjt wctf prlkeotcljs olverem `y pcttcjn lrjdaejtdtclj. D

ujcque trdpezlcmdh perglrdtem cvlry phdquette wctf spcrdh

rlws lg pcts djm zcnzdn hcjes (cjterpretem ds sjdies) lj tfe

`doi cs wehh ijlwj (Gcn. =; 40).

Jl ltfer _cèrcdj scte cs olapdrd`he tl Adh'td cj rcofjess

djm mcverscty lg drt l`keots (Gcn. =; ?-3, 44). D`rdalvd

(4335) mesorcès ?2 geadhe stdtuettes, cjohumcjn grdnaejts

djm "preglras". ]fey were ohdsscgcem cjtl slae types, suof

ds tflse represejtcjn gdt wlaej, wlaej lg aemcuaprlplrtcljs djm ehljndtem gcnurcjes represejtcjn tfcj

geadhes. ]fe hdtter type nrdmes cjtl dhalst rlm-hcie

sofeadtco pceoes. ]fere dre dhsl sadhh gcnurcjes wflse

surgdoes dre tltdhhy olverem `y cjocscljs djm pcts, ds wehh ds

stdtuettes lg mcstcjotcve styhe, wctf dj exdnnerdtem acmmhe

plrtclj lg tfe `lmy. Fedms lg stdtuettes dre lrjdaejtem `y

odrvem hcjes wfcof dre usudhhy cjterpretem ds d fedmmress.

]fere cs dhsl d serces lg crm gcnurcjes, 4? cj tltdh, wctf

ehljndtem jeois djm sflrt wcjns. D adaaltf ejnrdvcjn lj

cvlry `hdme, dj cvlry gcnurcje lg dj djcadh, prl`d`hy

mepcotcjn d wlhvercje, twl ehljndtem `crm gcnurcjes

cjterpretem ds swcaacjn `crms, djm d stdtuette lg d swdj dre

wlrtf aejtcljcjn. Cj dmmctclj, Adh'td cs rcof cj vdrclus cvlry

rlms djm pceoes olverem wctf meolrdtcljs lg hcjedr, wdvy,

zcnzdn djm spcrdh hcjes, dhljn wctf `rdoietcjn.

]fe gcrst resuhts lg tfe reoejthy rejewem exphlrdtclj lg

Adh' td (Hcpjcjd djm Aemvemev 433?) were d true sejsdtclj.

Adh'td cs jlw rendrmem ds d auhtcolapljejt scte wctf dj

extreaehy olaphcodtem strdtcnrdpfy djm d`lut tej hevehs lg

drtegdots sl gdr cmejtcgcem. ]fe dutflrs èhceve tfdt tfe adcj

olapljejt lg Adh'td odj è olrrehdtem wctf hevehs 5 djm 7




ujedrtfem cj tfe jew exodvdtclj dred, wfche ltfer drtegdots

dre dsslocdtem wctf `ltf ujmerhycjn semcaejts lg Idrncjsiy

dne djm lverhycjn _drtdj strdtd.

@uret', hlodtem lj tfe rcnft `dji lg tfe Djndrd Pcver cs

wcmehy ijlwj ds Adh'td's 'twcj'. ]fe scte wds cjvestcndtem

`y Lihdmjcilv ètweej 43?7 djm 43=2, ùt evej hess

cjglradtclj tfdj Adh'td cs dvdchd`he grla tfe pu`hcsfemdoolujts. @uret' cs sctem lj d gdj olje 4= a d`lve tfe rcver

djm olvers d hcactem dred, tfus prdotcodhhy tfe wflhe surgdoe

lg tfe scte wds exphlrem. Drtegdots dre grla tfe `lttla pdrt

lg tfe hldas d`lve d ùrcem slch lg presuad`hy Hdte

Idrncjsiy dne. ]fe ouhturdh hdyer wds pdrthy remeplsctem djm

wdsfem. ]fe nelhlncodh oljmctcljs dre wehh olapdrd`he wctf

tflse cj Adh'td. Pecjmeer mlacjdtes tfe gdujd, wfche `ljes

lg adaaltf, wllhhy rfcjloerls, `cslj, djm rem meer were

dhsl cmejtcgcem. D`rdalvd (4363), pu`hcsfcjn glr tfe gcrst

tcae d mrdwcjn lg slae lg tfe hctfcos tfdt survcvem, replrtem

d rdmclodr`lj mdte lg o. 04,222 `p.

Lihdmjcilv (43=4) replrtem tfe mcsolvery lg d rlw lg gluroljoejtrdtcljs, adme lg hcaestlje shd`s, recjmeer djthers,

fune adaaltf djm rfcjloerls `ljes djm ltfer ouhturdh

me`rcs. Loodscljdhhy tfese shd`s djm rfcjloerls siuhhs

surrlujmem tfe oljoejtrdtcljs. ]wl lg tfese ujcts

(cjterpretem ds flhhlw mwehhcjn struotures) revedhem oejtrdh

fedrtfs. Flwever, tfe phdjs dre tll sietofy tl express dj

lpcjclj lj tfe spdtcdh lrndjcsdtclj lg tfe scte.

]fe hctfco cjmustry cs scachdr tl Adh'td. Ds wehh ijlwj, d

juaèr lg persljdh lrjdaejts djm drt l`keots, dhsl

djdhlnlus tl tflse grla Adh'td, were mcsolverem. Daljn tfe

hdtter, gcve geadhe stdtuettes adme lg cvlry djm serpejtcje dre

tfe alst jltewlrtfy. Dj ehljndtem stdtuette olverem `y rlws

lg fdhg-allj sfdpem cjocscljs cs mepcotem cj gcn. =; 0. Cj

dmmctclj, d scachdr `crm gcnurcje ds grla Adh'td djm d rlm-hcie

pceoe wctf tfe fedm lg d `crm were glujm.

]fe mdtcjn lg twl ltfer strdtcgcem sctes plses adjy

questcljs. ]fe gcrst lje cs _lsjlvyc @lr, hlodtem lj d 00 tl

05 a fcnf `dji lg tfe @ehdcd Pcver (Hezfjejil et dh. 43609

Hezfjojil 4334). Drtegdot-èdrtcjn strdtd dre dsslocdtem wctf

djocejt delhcdj (muje) semcaejts. Meplsctem cj tfe sdjms djm

sdjmy hldas, Hdyers ? tl 7 dre oljscmerem Rhecstloeje ujcts.

Hdyer 5, wfcof prlmuoem `ljes lg `cslj, rem meer djm flrse,

cs doolrmcjn tl tfe cjvestcndtlrs olapdrd`he tl tfe adcj

olapljejt lg Adh'td (c.e., d`lut 0=,222 tl 00,222 `p), wfche

]secthcj (43>3) èhcevem cj d ylujner mdte (o. 47,222 `p).

]fcs hdyer sflws ohustercjn lg ouhturdh me`rcs djm gedtures

drlujm fedrtfs (slae shd`-hcjem) djm cslhdtem ofcppem stlje

oljoejtrdtcljs. ]fe scte cs cjterpretem ds d hctfco wlrisflp

speocdhcsem cj tfe prloesscjn lg ouè-sfdpem ghcjt jlmuhes

wfcof were extrdotem grla mlhlacte terrdoe slohes. Fere

were glujm ghdt scjnhe- djm mlu`he-phdtglra `hdme olres,

wemne-sfdpem acorlolres djm tfecr `cgdocdh rlunf-luts.

]llhs dre represejtem `y ejmsordpers, ùrcjs, sphcjterem

pceoes djm scmesordpers (daljn tfe hdtter lvdh-sfdpem

`cgdocdh pceoes dre jltewlrtfy), oflppers djm lrcncjdh dmze

hcie capheaejts.

]fe hlwer djm acmmhe redofes lg tfe Djndrd Pcver ycehmem

jl alre tfdj d fdjmguh lg Rhecstloeje sctes. Rrl`d`hy tfe

alst jltewlrtfy cs Ust'Ilvd, hlodtem lj d 4= tl 4> a

terrdoe (Mrlzmlv et dh. 4332). Drtegdots were glujm cjoryltur`dtem sdjms, ohdys djm hldas. ]fe acmmhe olapljejt

lg tfe scte cs eaèmmem cj d odr`ljcsem hlda adtrcx d`lve

tfe ùrcem slch wctf tfe lhmest olapljejt (mdtem tl o.

?=,222-06,222 `p). Drtegdots were doolapdjcem `y `ljes lg

recjmeer, `cslj, djm flrse. ]fe dne lg tfcs olapljejt cs

plstuhdtem dt o. 0=,222 `p. ]fe hctfco cjmustry cjohumes d

juaèr lg glhcdtem `cgdoes. Cvlry djm `lje tllhs djm persljdh

lrjdaejts (pejmdjts, èdms, rcjns) were mcsolverem tll. D

readrid`he cvlry adaaltf gcnurcje, èdrcjn trdoes lg lofre

djm `hdoi pcnaejt, cs dsslocdtem wctf tfcs olapljejt (Gcn.

=; 42). Dhtflunf tfe lverdhh dssea`hdne lg Ust'Ilvd cs

cjmcsputd`hy olaplsem lg feterlnejelus adtercdhs lg

mcggerejt dnes, oljscmercjn tfe severe orylnejco mcstur`djoes,

tfe doourdoy lg d mcvcsclj lg dhh tfe drtegdots cjtl

'olapljejts' ds prlplsem `y tfe dutflrs cs slaewfdt

questcljd`he.

?.5 ]FE HEJD @D_CJ

]fe adklrcty lg prefcstlrco sctes cj tfe Upper Hejd vdhhey dre

ohusterem cj tfe upperalst redofes lg tfe rcver cj tfe

Adidrlvl-_fcsficjl dred. ]fe Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco cs

represejtem `y remeplsctem drtegdots grla Adidrlvl CW djm

CCC (tfe hdtter scte cs mdtem tl o. ?2,222 `p). Adidrlvl WC djm

_fcsficjl WCCC oluhm è dsscnjem tl tfe AUR. _fcsficjl

WCCC ycehmem slae remeplsctem drtegdots cj d nrdveh hejs lg

presuad`hy Edrhy _drtdj dne (Rerzfdilv 436>) wctf d

rdmclodr`lj mdte lg o. 04,222 `p.

Mlwjstreda tfe Hejd, tfe caplrtdjt scte lg Dhexeevsi C,

jedr tfe tlwj lg Icrejsi, sfluhm è aejtcljem ([dmljcj et

dh. 4334). Hlodtem lj tfe `dji lg tfe Hejd, dt d rehdtcve

fecnft lg 40-4? a, drtegdots djm recjmeer `ljes were glujm

lj tfe surgdoe lg d hlda (ùrcem slch<) wctf trdoes lg

slhcghuotclj olverem `y hless-hcie hldas. ]fe slch cs

oljscmerem tl è lg Idrncjsiy dne. ]fe scte ycehmem d `hdme

cjmustry wctf dùjmdjt sadhh ghdt, ùtt-ejmem djm oljcodh

olres. ]rujodtem djm retluofem `hdmes mlacjdte daljn tfe

tllhs.

]fere dre ljhy prehcacjdry replrts wfcof sunnest dj AUR

looupdtclj lg tfe dred gurtfer tl tfe jlrtf, dt tfe upper

olurse lg tfe Jczfjcdcd ]ujnusid Pcver jedr tfe Hejd @dscj.

D adklr mcsolvery sfluhm è tfe scte lg Jepd, hlodtem lj d

02 a terrdoe. ]fe adcj ouhturdh hdyer wds glujm èhlw tfe

hldas lg presuad`hy _drtdj dne djm tfe scte cs èhcevem tl è

Idrncjsiy. ]fe hdyer ycehmem severdh drtegdots (ghdies, d

sphcjterem pceoe) doolapdjcem `y recjmeer djm flrse `ljes.



46> _EPNES WD_CH'EW -]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

Gcn. 7. Drtegdots grla Adh'td (dgter D`rdalvd 4363).

4, 0. jltofem `hdmehet9 ?, 6, 3, 4=. ejmsordper9 =. trujodtem `hdmehet9 5. retluofem `hdmehet9 7, >. plcjt9 42, 44, 47. ùrcj9 40. ùrcjdtem tllh9

4?. trujodtem retluofem `hdmehet9 45. scmesordper9 4>. sphcjterem pceoe9 46, 43, 00. `lrer9 02. mcsolcmdh tllh9 04. ejmsordper/`lrer9 0?. oflpper90=, 05. olre.





reolrm, lr glr speouhdtcljs d`lut hljn-mcstdjoe acnrdtclj lg

tfe Eurlpedj Upper Rdhdelhctfco plpuhdtclj. ]fe dssea`hdne

lg Adh'td mealjstrdtes adjy drofdco olapljejts cj tfe tllh

ict lr cj hctfco teofjlhlny scjoe tfere dre d juaèr lg

scmesordpers djm pe``he tllhs lr Hevdhhlcs djm mcsolcmdh

olres cj tfe dssea`hdne. D`rdalvd (4335), lj tfe `dscs lg d

odreguh styhcstcodh djdhyscs lg Eurlpedj djm _cèrcdj geadhe

stdtuettes, mealjstrdtem peouhcdr gedtures cj tfe pceoes grla

Adh'td djm @uret'. Ds suof, tfe Adh'td Ouhture cs jlw

rendrmem ds fdvcjn slae hlodh rllts.

]fe _cèrcdj AUR cs, hcie cts oljteaplrdry cj ltfer pdrts lg

tfe Lhm ^lrhm, rcof cj drtegdots regheotcjn tfecr jlj-adtercdh

wdy lg hcge, suof ds super` al`chcdry drt l`keots djm persljdh

lrjdaejts. Jl ltfer perclm cj tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco

mevehlpaejt cj Jlrtferj Dscd cs olapdrd`he tl tfcs tcae spdj,

wfcof ycehmem d serces lg drt l`keots grla Adh'td djm @uret',

dhljn wctf cslhdtem mcsolverces grla Dofcjsidcd djm Ust'Ilvd.

]fcs perclm prlmuoem tfe ljhy ijlwj pdhdelhctfco ùrcdh

struoture, grla Adh'td. Ct cs rdtfer mcggcouht tl ujmerstdjm tfe

sl-odhhem 'rdocdh type' lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco cjfd`ctdjts

lg _cèrcd lj tfe `dscs lg tfe mdtd. ]urjer (4363) drnuem tfdt

tfe mejtctclj lg tfe ofchmrej lg Adh'td cs alre scachdr tl tfe

Eurlpedj Flal sdpcejs sdpcejs, suof ds tfe readcjs grla

_ujncr' djm Ilstejic, tfdj tl Dscdtco Upper Rdhdelhctfco

adj, suof ds glr cjstdjoe lg [fluilumcdj Upper Odve, lr

tfe Rdhdelcjmcdjs. Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, flwever, Dhexeev djm

Nlofadj (436>) èhceve tfdt tfe cjocslrs lg tfe Adh'td

ofchmrej dre sflveh-sfdpem wfcof cs dooeptem ds d speocgco

Aljnlhlcm gedture. D`rdalvd (4335) fds sunnestem tfdt tfe

mcggerejt styhes lg geadhe gcnurcjes oluhm prlvcme d ohue tl

tfcs adtter djm sfe fds plcjtem lut tfdt tfe @uret' stdtuette

ady è tdiej ds evcmejoe glr d Aljnlhlcm stloi plpuhdtclj

glr _cèrcdj cjfd`ctdjts.

doijlwhemneaejts

C lwe d me`t lg nrdtctume tl tfe glhhlwcjn drofdelhlncsts,

wfl nejerlushy prlvcmem ae wctf dooess tl tfecr mdtd; [lcd

D. D`rdalvd, _erney J. Dstdiflv, Acofdeh W. Djcilvcof,

Djdtlhy R. Merevcdjil, Pushdj _. Wdsch'evsicc, Wdhery ].

Retrcj, _erney W. Adricj, Acofdeh W. _fuj'ilv, Jcoflhds 4.

Mrlzmlv, Neradj C. Aemvemev, Lhen W. [dmljcj, _erney N.

Rerzfdilv, Crcjd H. Hezfjejil, Acofdeh W. Iljstdjtcjlv,

Cnlr C. Icrchhlv, Dhexdjmer W. Iljstdjtcjlv, Wcotlr I.

Ilhlslv, Lhen W. Iuzjetslv, Hdrcsd W. H`lvd. C èjegcttem

grla tfe fehp djm dmvcoe lg Djdtlhy G. Sdasicif, Ndhcjd S.

Sdasicif, _tdjcshdv D. Hduifcj, Wdhery R. Ofeifd, Hdrcsd

M. @dzdrlvd, Ndhcjd D. Wlrl`'evd, Jcoflhds M. Lvlmlv,

Dhexey I. Idspdrlv, djm tfe hdte _eaej A. ]secthcj djm

Jcjd A. Eralhlvd. C da equdhhy cj me`t tl Lhnd _lgger djm

_elj`li Sc glr tfecr fehp cj trdjshdtcjn slae Pusscdj

drofdelhlncodh jltcljs. ]fdjis tl tfe Emctlrs lg tfe vlhuae

glr olrreotcjn tfe Ejnhcsf versclj lg tfe pdper.



C'A _EPNES WD_CH'EW - ]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

regerejoes

D`rdalvd, [.D.

Disejlv. A.R.

Dhexeev, W.R.,

C.C. Nlofadj

Djcilvcof. A.W.

43>3 I vlprlsu l vlzrdste dhmdjsilnl pdhelhctd, _lvetsidcd drifelhlnccd =, 5-4=.

4365 Aust'ersicc nrlt v Ifdidscc, Irdtice sll`sfofejccd Cjsctctutd drifelhlncc 464, 30-36 .

4363 Rdhelhct _evorjlc Dzcc. Cj; R.C. @lrcsilvsiy (em.), Rdhelhct Idvidzd c _everjlc Dzcc,

4==-0=?, Hejcjnrdm; Jduid.

4335 H'drh pdhãlhctfcque m'Eurlpe lrcéjtdhe et me _cèrcé. Nrejl`he; Em. Kãr÷ae Achhlj.

433? Mljelhctcofesice aestljdiflzfmejccd jd Werifjec Heje. Cj; D.R. Merevcdjil (em.),

ftlrffesicc lpyt lsvlejccd vlstlofjyif rdcljlv Plsscc 4, 7>->2, Whdmcvlstli; MWL PDJ.

436> Ilstjye lstdtic metsicif siehetlv cz plnreèjccd jd pdhelhctcofesilc stlcdjie Adh' td,

Czvestccd _L DJ ___P, _erccd cstlrcc. gchlhlncc c gchlslgcc 47(?), 5=-5>.

43>7 Jeiltlrye ctlnc rdsilpli Dofcjsilc pdhelhctcofesilc stlcdjic. Cj; W.E. Hdrcofev (em.),

_c`cr', ]sejtrdh'jdcd c Wlstlofjdcd Dzccd v mrevjlstc, 455-473, Jlvlsc`crsi; Jduid.

Dvrdaejil, N.D. 437? Rdhelhctcofesicdcd stlcdjid u n. Dofcjsid. Cj; D.J. Hcpsiy (em.), Adtercdh} c csshemlvdjccd

pl drifelhlncc. etjlnrdgcc c cstlrcc Irdsjlcdrsilnl irdcd, 04-07, Irdsjlcdrsi; Irdsjlcdrsile

ijczfjle czmdteh'stvl.

@lidrev, D.D.,

J.W. Adrtyjlvcof

4330 Rrcofcjjlst' rdsplhlzfejccd idsftdjilvsilc nruppy plzmjepdhelhctcofesicif

aestljdiflzfmejcc. Cj; D.R. Merevcdjil et dh. (ems), Rdheleilhlnccd c rdssehejce mrevjenl

ofehlveid v _everjlc Dzcc c Daercie, 00-07, Irdsjlcdrsi; CDcE.

Merevcdjil, D.R.,

W.J. [ojcj

4335d Rdhelhctcofesidcd stlcdjid _festdilvl; lslèjjlstc cjmustrcc sfestlnl iuh'tu rjlnl shlcd. Cj;

S.G. Icrcusfcj (em.), Rrl`heay lifrdjy, czuofejccd c csplh'zlvdjccd iuh'turjlnl jdshemccd

Dhtdcd, ?6-?3, @drjduh; DNU.

4335` Jeiltlrye rezuh'td ty csshemlvdjcc ajlnlshlcjlc stlcdjic _festdilvl. Cj; D.R. Merevcdjil

djm W.E. Hdrcofev (ems), L`lzrejce rezuh'tdtlv plhevyif c hd`lrdtlrjyif csshemlvdjcc

drifelhlnlv, etjlnrdglv c djtrlplhlnlv _c`crc c Mdh'jenl Wlstlid v 433? nlmu, 57-5>,

Jlvlsc`crsi; CDcE.

Merevcdjil, D.R.,

S.W. Nrcofdj,

A.C. Merndofevd,

D.J. [ejcj.

_.D. Hduifcj,

N.A. Hevilvsidcd.

D.A. Adhlhetil,

_.W. Adricj,W.h. Alhlmcj.

J.M. Lvlmlv,

W.]. Retrcj,

A.W. _fuj'ilv

4332 Drifelhlnccd c pdheleilhlnccd pdhelhctd Nlrjlnl Dhtdcd. Jlvlsc`crsi; CCGcG.

h)ocvX cdjil, D.R.,

J.C. Mrlzmlv,

W.R. Ofeifd.

P. Mdvcs,

4330 Drifelhlnccd, nelhlnccd c pdhelnelnrdgccd pdhelhctcofesicif pdacdtjcilv cund _remjec _c`crc.

Irdsjlcdrsi; CDcE.




W.E. Hdrcofev,

S.R. Iflhcusficj,

E.W. Dicalvd,

E.W. Drtea'ev,

D.D. Wmlvcj

Merevcdjil, D.R.,

A.W. _fuj'ilv,

D.W. Rlstjlv.

W.D. Uh'cdjlv

Mrlzmlv, J.C.,

W.R. Ofeifd,

_.D. Hduifcj,

W.N. Ilh'tslvd,

E.W. Dicalvd,

W.R. Heljt'ev,

_.D. Wdsch'ev.

D.G. Sdasicif,

N.D. Meacmejil,

E.W. Drtea'ev,D.D. Wciuhlv,

D.D. @lidrev,

C.W. Glrljlvd,

_.M. _cmlrds

Eralhlvd, J.A.

Glralzlv, D.D.

Nerdscalv, A.A.

Neraljprã, A.,

H. H`lwd

Ncteradj, P.E.,

H.W. Nlhuèvd,

E.M. [dihcjsidcd,

E.W. Ilrejevd,

L.W. Adtveevd,

H.D. _ic`d

Icjm. J.W.

Icrchhlv, 4.4.,

D.I. Idspdrlv

Ilh'tslvd, W.N.

4335

4332

43>6

43>7

43?4

43?5

437=

4337

4376

43>=

4332

4330

Jlvyc etdp czuofejccd pdhelhctcofesilc stlcdjic Ust'Idrdilh 4 jd severl-zdpdme Nlrjlnl

Dhtdcd. Cj; D.R. Merevcdjil djm W.E. Hdrcofev (ems), L`lzrejce rezuh'tdtlvplhevyif c

hd`lrdtlrjyif csshemlvdjcc drifelhlnlv, etjlnrdglv c djtrlplhlnlv _c`crc c Mdh'jenl

Wlstlid v 433? nlmu, >4->3, Jlvlsc`crsi; CDcE.

Ifrljlstrdtcnrdgccd pdhelhctcofesicif pdacdtjcilv _remjec _c`crc. Jlvlsc`crsi; CCGcG.

]erclgdujd mlhcjy Djndry v plzmjea djtrlplneje. Jlvlsc`crsi; Jduid.

I ifdrditercstcie pdhelhctcofesilnl plsehejccd Adh'td, _lvetsidcd Drifelhlnccd 0, 025-042.

Adh'td - pdhelh ct cofesidcd stlcdjid. Criutsi; CNLA.

Pdsilpic pdhelhctcofesilc stlcdjic v sehe Adh'td, fvestccd Nlsumdrstvejjlc Didmeacc cstlrcc

adtercdh'jlc iuh'tury 446, >6-40=.

]fe Rdhelhctfco scte lg Adh'td; exodvdtclj lg 4357->. Cj; F.A. Acofdeh (em.), ]fe

drofdelhlny djm nelalrpflhlny lg Jlrtferj Dscd; seheotem wlris, 5-?0, ]lrljtl;

Ujcverscty lg ]lrljtl Rress.

Adaadhcdj readcjs grla tfe Upper Rdhelhctfco scte lg Idaejid, @urydtcd (_cèrcd),

Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe ?0(4), ?=-5>.

Lsjlvjye etdpy rdzvctccd rdstcteh'jlstc _everjlc Dzcc v djtrlplneje. Alsolw; Jduid.

Nelifrljlhlnccd plzmjenl djtrlplnejd pl czltlpjya mdjjya. Alsolw; Jduid.

Drifelhlnccd [d`dcidh'cd; prl`heay c perspeitcvy. Cj; Ifrljlstrdtcnrdgccd pdhelhctd

_everjlc, ]sejtrdh'jlc c Wlstlofjlc Dzcc c Daercic, 43=-436, Jlvlsc`crsi; CCGcG.

Rdhyjlhlncofesile czuofejce aust'ersilnl pdacdtjcid "Nrlt Mvunhdzid". Cj;

D.A. @urlvsiy (em.), Rrl`heay drifelhlncc, etjlnrdgcc, cstlrcc c irdevemejccd Rrcejcsecsilnl

irdcd 4, 77-73, Irdsjlcdrsi; INU.



C'A _EPNES WD_CHEW -]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

Iljstdjtcjlv, A.W.

Iljstdjtcjlv, A.W.,

M.F. @d/drlv,

D.@. Caotifejlv,

C ..C). @dzdrlX d,

H.W. _eacjd,

W.W. _dvcjlvd

433= Idaejjyc vei vlstlofjlnl rencljd @dcidh'silc Dzcc. Uhdj-Ume - Ofctd; @JO-ONRC.

4364 Mrevjee plsehejce Iujdhec. Cj; R.@. Iljlvdhlv (em.), Jlvle v drifelhlncc [d`dcidh'cd,

7-43, Jlvlsc`crsi; Jduid.

Iuzacj, S.W. 433= Rrefcstlrco olhljczdtclj lg Jlrtfedsterj _cèrcd djm acnrdtclj tl Daercod; rdmclodr`lj

evcmejoe, Pdmclodr`lj ?7(?), ?7>-?>7.

4 drcofov, W.E.,

D.h. Drustdacdj

Hdrcofev, W.E.,

S.R. Iflhcusficj

436> Dofcjsidcd siuh'ptu rd cz `cvjcd adaljtd - djdhlnlvyc vyofcshcte h' pdhelhctd _c`crc. Cj;

W.E. Hdrcofev (em.), Mrevjlstc _c`crc c Mdh'jenl Wlstlid, 427-402, Jlvlsc`crsi; Jduid.

4335 _trdtcnrdgccd c prl`heay mdtcrlvic plsehejccd Adhdcd _ycd. Cj; D.R. Merevcdjil djm

W.E. Hdrcofev (ems), L`lzrejce rezuh'tdtlv plhevyif c hd`lrdtlrjyif csshemlvdjcc

drifelhlnlv, etjlnrdglv c djtrlplhlnlv _c`crc c Mdh'jenl Wlstlid v 433? nlmu, 470-47=,

Jlvlsc`crsi; CDcE.

Hduifcj, _.D.,J.C. Mrlzmlv

H`lvd, H.W.

Hezfjejil, CH.

Hezfjejil, C.H.,

N.C. Aemvemev,

N.J. Acifjcui

4363 Rervle aestljdiflzfmejce drtegditlv jdofdhd plzmjenl pdhelhctd jd severe Ofuiltsilnlplhulstrlvd. Cj; Rrl`heay irdevemejccd, ?>-=4, Ussurccsi; UNRC.

4337d @rcdjsicc drifelhlncofesicc ilaphex. Cj; A.W. Iljstdjtcjlv (em.), Jlvye pdhelhctcofesice

pdacdtjcic [d`dcidh'cd, 5-42, Ofctd; ORC.

4337` Rdhelhctcofesile aestljdiflzfmejce Idaejid. Cj; A.W. Iljstdjtcjlv (em.), Jlvye

pdhelhctcofesice pdacdtjcic [d`dcidh'cd, 0=-=>, Ofctd; ORC.

4334 Rdhelhctcofesice nlrczljty stlcdjic _lsjlvyc @lr. Cj; N.C. Aemvemev (em.),

Rdheletjlhlncofesice csshemlvdjccd jd cune _remjec _c`crc, 07-?7, Criutsi; CNU.

4360 Csshemlvdjccd pdhelhctcofesicif c aezlhctcofesicif nlrczljtlv stlcdjic _lsjlvyc @lr jd reie

@ehlc v 4377-43>4 n.n. Cj; A.R. Disejlv (em.), Rdhelhct c aezlhct cund _c`crc, 62-42>,

Criutsi; CNU.

Hcpjcjd, F.D.,

N.C. Aemvemev

Hcsctsyj, J.G.

Hcsctsyj, J.G.,

S._. _vezfejtsev,

D.G. Sdasicif.

NS. Sdasicif

Aemvemev, N.C.

Aesfofercj, A.J.

433? Jlvye mdjjye l Adh'tcjsila pdhelhctcofesila aestljdiflzfmejcc. Cj; D.R. Merevcdjil

(em.), Cstlrcofesicc lpyt lsvlejccd vlstlofjyif rdcljlv Plsscc 4, >2->?, Whdmcvlstli; MWL

PDJ.

4335 I vlprlsu l jdofdh'jla etdpe plzmjenl pdhelhctd _c`crc, Plssccsidcd Drifelhlnccd 4, 5-4?.

4337d Rlzmjcc pdhelhct Irdsjlcdrsilnl irdcd c Pespu`hcic Ifdidsccd. D`strdot lg Mlotlrdh

Mcssertdtclj, _t. Retersùrn; CCAI.

4337` _remjcc etdp plzmjenl pdelhctd _c`crc. Plssccsidcd Drifelhlnccd =, 5-4>.

4335 _remd l`ctdjccd c iflzcdcstvejjdcd mecdteh'jlst' verifjepdhelhctcofesilnl ofehlveid jd

stlcdjie Iurtdi-=. Cj; D.G. Sdasicif (em.), Rdhelnelnrdgccd _remjec _c`crc 0, 4?7-4=3,

Irdsjlcdrsi; INRU.

4360 Csshemlvdjce pdhelhctcofesilnl aestljdiflzfmejccd Cnetecsicc Hln C. Cj; A.R. Disejlv

(em.), Rdhelhct c aezlhct cund _c`crc, 7-04, Criutsi; CNU.

4337 Ifdrditercstcid cjmustrcc plzmjeidrncjsilnl-rdjjesdrtdjsilnl vreaejc [dpdmjlnl

[d`dcidh'cd. Cj; J.D. Iljljejil (em.). Hdte Rdhelhctfco-Edrhy Jelhctfco. Edsterj Dscd djm

Jlrtferj Daercod, 46=-467, Whdmcvlstli; Mdhjduid.



C'A FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Jdhcvicj, M.@..

@._. _lilhlv (ems)

Lihdmjcilv, D.R.

Lihdmjcilv, D.R.,

W.h . Alhlmcj

Lrhlvd, H.D.

Lvlmlv. J.M.,

J.W. Adrtyjlvcof

Rerzfdilv. _.J.

_erncj, W.S.

_vezfejtsev, S._.,

J.G. Hcsctsyj,

_.D. Wdsch'ev

]secthcj. _.A.

]urjer, O.

Wdsch'ev. _.D.

Wehcofil. D.D. (em.)

Weresfofdncj, J.I.,

N.G. @drysfjcilv

Wlrl`'evd, N.D.,

N.C. Aemvemev,

W.h. @d/uhccsiv.

J.E. @ermjcilvd.

W.W. Wdsfuievcof,

L.C. Nlrcujlvd,

J.C. Nrdjcjd.

L.W. [dmljcj,

].J. Iljljlvd,

_.J. Rerzfdilv,

J.D. _dveh'ev,

W.W. _vcjcj,

A.S. _eacj,

D.@. Gemlrojil

436= _trdtcnrdgccd ___P - Ofetvetcofjdcd scstead 0, Alsolw; Jduid.

43=4

4362-

4364

Rdhelhctcofesice zfchcsfofd v @uretc, Irdtice sll sfofejccd Cjstctute cstlrcc adtercdh'jlc

iuh'tury 42, 47-?4.

_festdilvl, Edrhy Adj Jews 5/7, ?=.

4335 Pdmclunherlmjle mdtcrlvdjce drifelhlncofesicif pdacdtjcilv _c`crc c Mdh'jenl Wlstlid. Cj;

D.R. Merevcdjil djm W.E. Hdrcofev (ems), L`lzrejce rezuh'tdtlv plhevyif c hd`lrdtlrjyif

csshemlvdjcc drifelhlnlv, etjlnrdglv c djtrlplhlnlv _c`crc c Mdh'jenl Wlstlid v 433? nlmu,

02>-0?0, Jlvlsc`crsi; CDcE.

4330 Jlvye mdjjye pl aheilpctdcusfofca c ptctsda nrltd Mvunhdzid v Ifdidscc. Cj;

D.A. @urlvsiy (em.). Rrl`hea}- drifelhlncc. etjlnrdgcc, cstlrcc c irdevemejccd Rrcejcsecsilnl

irdcd 4, >6-6?, Irdsjlcdrsi; INU.

436> _fcsficjsicc ilaphex mljelhctcofesicif aestljdiflzfmejc c. Cj; N.C. Aemvemev (em.),

Rrl`heay djtrlplhlncc c drifelhlncc idaejjlnl veid Evrdzcc, ==-=5, Criutsi; CNU.

4337 Rdhelhctcofesice zfchcsfofd plsehejccd Adh' td, Plssccsidcd drifelhlnccd 0, 4=?-45=.

4330 Pdmclunherlmjdcd ifrljlhlnccd ejcsecsilnl pdhelhctd. Cj; Ifrljlstrdtlnrdgccd pdhelhctd

_everjlc, ]sejtrdh'jlc, Wlstlofjlc Dzcc c Daercic, 5>-7=, Jlvlsc`crsi; CDcE.

43>3 Nelhlnccd pdhelhctd _everjlc Dzcc. Alsolw; Jduid.

4363 ]eetf djm prefcs tlry cj Dscd, _ocejtcgco Daercodj 072(0), 66-37.

433? ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg Jlrtferj Dscd, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?=( 4), 60-30.

436= Hdte Tudterjdry ejvcrljaejt lg tfe _lvcet Ujclj. Hljmlj; Hljnadj.

436= Tudterjdry Adaadhcdj extcjotcljs cj Jlrtferj Eurdscd. Cj; R._. Adrtcj (em.). Tudterjdry

extcjotcljs - d prefcstlrco revlhutclj, =6?-547, ]uoslj; Ujcverscty lg Drczljd Rress.

4332 _trdtcnrdgccd, pdhelnelnrdgccd c drifelhlnccd cund _remjec _c`crc. Uriutsi; CNU.

Sc. _.,

N. Ohdri

4365 ]fe "Myuitdc ouhture" djm Jew ^lrhm lrcncjs. Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny 07(4), 4-02.



435 _EPNES WD_CH'EW - ]FE _C@EPCDJ AL_DCO

[dmljcj, L.W., 4332 ]fe edrhcest drofdelhlncodh sctes cj tfe Hejd-]ujnusid renclj, Edrhy Adj Jews 45, 44-4=.

A.S. _tddj

[dmljcj, L.W., 4334 Rlzmjephecstltsejlvye c rdjjenlhltsejlvye pdacdtjcic severd Werifjec Hejy. Cj;

_.J. Iflaci, J.C. Mrlzmlv et dh. (ems), Rrl`heay drifelhlncc c etjlnrdgcc _c`crc c Mdh'jenl Wlstlid 4,

@.W. Irdsjlsfofeilv =5-=6 , Irdsjlcdrsi; INRC.

[u`dilv, W.D.. 4332 ]fe nhl`dh pdhdelohcadtes lg tfe Hdte Oejlzlco. Hljmlj; Ehsevcer.C.C. @lrzejilvd

_erney D. Wdsch'ev

Cjstctute glr tfe Adtercdh Ouhture Fcstlry

46 Mvlrtslvdcd ea`.

434467 _t. Retersùrn

Pusscd





Kcj _vl`lmd 45 ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj Alrdvcd; ohcadte, èfdvclur djm@lfuscdv Ihcad teofjlhlncodh olaphexctyHejid Kdrlslví

Retr _irmhd

]fcs pdper sunnests tfdt tfe nrdvettcdj reolrm lg Alrdvcd,

wctf nredter semejtcsa, ehd`lrdte resluroe exphlctdtclj

systeas, djm cjjlvdtcljs cj teofjlhlny djm cmelhlny,

prl`d`hy represejts lje lg tfe edrhy odses lg d olaphex

fujter-ndtferer slocety. Cj dmmctclj, tfe pdper dcas tl sflw

tl wfdt extejt dj cjtermcsocphcjdry dpprldof tl nrdvettcdj

stumces odj phdoe tfese systeas cjtl rldmer ejvcrljaejtdh

djm slocdh oljtexts. Ct cs prl`d`he tfdt suof d olaphex

slocety wluhm fe alre sejsctcve tl tfe ohcadtco meterclrdtclj

drlujm tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua.

C. Rdst resedrof djm jew strdtences

]fe hdrne nrdvettcdj sctes lg Alrdvcd fdve èej exodvdtem

scjoe 46>C (Kdrlshdvcoe), 4662 (Rgemalstg), 430= (Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe djm Retrilvcoe) djm 4350 (Rdvhlv). ]fe scte lg

Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe C fds èej exodvdtem dhalst oljtcjulushy,

grla 430= tl 43?6 y I. D`slhlj, grla 43?3 tlh3=0 `y D.

@÷faers, grla 43=5 tl 43=7 `y I. [eèrd, grla 43=> tl

4350, cj 4377 djm 4376, djm grla 43>4 tl 43>3 `y @.

Ihcad, djm cj 4332 djm 433? `y K. _vl`lmd. Rdvhlv C wds

exodvdtem grla 4350 tl 4375, djm cj 43>4 djm 43>0 `y @.

Ihgad, djm Rdvhlv CC cj 4377 djm 437> `y tfe sdae dutflr._cjoe 4365, tfe scte lg Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe CC fds èej tfe

su`keot lg sdhvdne exodvdtcljs `y @. Iht'ad djm K. _vl`lmd,

djm scjoe 4367 tfe sdhvdne exodvdtclj fds èej extejmem tl

tfe jedr`y scte lg Achlvcoe `y A. Lhcvd. ]fcs extejscve

gcehmwlri ycehmem nrlujmphdjs lg mwehhcjns, fedrtfs djm

ichjs, fuadj ùrcdhs, adaaltf-`lje meplscts djm ltfer

gdujd! readcjs, tllhs, meolrdtcve l`keots, tfe edrhcest

oerdacos djm textches fctfertl ijlwj, djm drt l`keots.

Ds glr Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe C, I. D`slhlj fds pu`hcsfem tfree

aljlnrdpfs lj fcs gcrst gcehm sedsljs; 430=, 4305, djm 4307

(D`slhlj 43?6d djm `, 43=5). I. [eèrd pu`hcsfem djltfer

replrt lj fcs exodvdtcljs, wfcof cs prcadrchy lg strdtcnrdpfcovdhue (Ijlr et dh. 435?). _u`sequejthy, @. Iht'ad presejtem d

hdrne aljlnrdpf suaadrcscjn fcs lwj gcehmwlri ètweej

43=>-4350 (Ihgad 437?d), glhhlwem `y replrts lj tfe dmkdoejt

adaaltf-`lje meplsct (Ihcad 4373) djm tfe sctudtclj cj tfe

acmmhe zlje lg tfe scte (Ihgad 4364)9 tfe upper zlje readcjs

tl è reoljstruotem djm pu`hcsfem cj metdch. Djm gcjdhhy, @.

Ihgad pu`hcsfem d plpuhdr syjtfescs suaadrcscjn cssues

dmmressem ujtch tfej (Ihcad 436? wctf gurtfer regerejoes).

Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe CC fds èej presejtem cjterjdtcljdhhy cj d

serces lg drtcohes djjlujocjn mcsolverces lg tfe fuadj ùrcdhs

(Ihgad 436>d9 _vl`lmd 436>9 _vl`lmd djm Whéei 4334,

eto.), tfe presejoe lg d wllmej cjmustry (Ihcad 4332d), djm

pdrtcouhdr senaejts lg tfe scte (_vl`lmd 43329 _vl`lmd et

dh. 433?). ]fese prehcacjdry replrts were olaphetem `y

olaphex pu`hcodtcljs lj tfcs scte `y _vl`lmd em. (4334) djm

Ihcad (4335).

Rdvhlv C wds fctfertl ijlwj ljhy grla prehcacjdry

sedsljdh replrts djm speocdhcsem stumces lg tfe djther tllhs

(Ihgad 4355d, 436>`), tfe hcljess odrvcjn (Ihgad 437?`),

tfe jlj-schcoelus stlje (Ihcad 436=), tfe ejnrdvcjn lg d

pdhdelhctfco 'adp ' (Ihgad 4366), ltfer phdstco drt (Iht'ad

4363), tfe fuadj ùrcdh (Whoei 4374), djm gdujd (Ausch

4353). Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, Rdvhlv CC, wfcof cs d auof sadhher

scte, fds d suaadrcscjn aljlnrdpf (Ihcad 43>7).

Rrehcacjdry pu`hcodtcljs lj Achlvcoe were presejtem `y

Lhcvd (4366, 4363). Grla d`rldm, tfe Alrdvcdj evcmejoe fds

èej suaadrcsem `y Lje (4364) djm Ilzhlwsic (4367).

Gdoem wctf tfcs sctudtclj, tfe Mepdrtaejt lg Rdhelhctfco

djm Rdheletfjlhlny dt tfe Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny, Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe, geht tfdt tfe alst urnejt tdsi wluhm è tl adie d

alre prlglujm djm cjtermcsocphcjdry djdhyscs lg tfe sctes

fctfertl exodvdtem djm tl phdoe tfese sctes cjtl d aedjcjnguh

ofrljlhlncodh djm spdtcdh grdaewlri. Cj tfe gcrst cjstdjoe, we

meocmem tl dpprldof tfe cjjer struoturcjn lg tfe Rdvhlv C scte

(_vl`lmd, em. 433=, 433>)9 tfe dmvdjtdne lg tfcs scte cs jlt

ljhy cts scze djm tfe olaphexcty lg tfe exodvdtem reolrm

(ljhy tfe hctfcos tltdh dhredmy d`lut 4,222,222 pceoes), ùt

dhsl tfe gdot tfdt ct fds èej exodvdtem systeadtcodhhy, djm `y

lje perslj uscjn lje exodvdtclj strdteny (Ihgad 437?o).

Flwever, tfe jdture djm tfe cjtermcsocphcjdry ofdrdoter lg

tfcs prlkeot sflwem tfdt every tlpco dmmressem dt Rdvhlv C, è

ct ejvcrljaejt, mdtcjn, su`scstejoe, adtercdhs, teofjlhlnces lrrctudhs, revedhem cj gdot d jew set lg prl`heas tl è

cjvestcndtem.

Cj dmmctclj, Rdvhlv C cs olapdrem wctf tfe ltfer sctes cj

Alrdvcd (Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C-CC, Rgemalstg), _chescd

(Retrilvcoe), djm Hlwer Dustrcd, djm wctf tfecr hlodtclj cj

tfe hdjmsodpe. Cj lrmer tl oljtrlh tfe extejsclj lg tfe setthem

zljes dt tfese sctes, tl revcew tfecr strdtcnrdpfco seotcljs, djm

tl dpphy jew aetflms lg mlouaejtdtclj, `ltf nelhlncodh djm




Gcn. 4. _ofeadtco adp lg tfe

nrdvettcdj settheaejt cj tfe Acmmhe

Mdjuè.

Iey; ]rcdjnhes; Rdvhlvcdj stdne.

_fluhmerem plcjt scnj;

chhejmlrgcdj-Ilstejicdj stdne.

Rlcjts; Ujmeteracjem Nrdvettcdj.

D. Mdju`cdj sctes (Dnns`dof,^chhejmlrg, Ireas-^doftèrn)9

@. _lutf Alrdvcdj sctes (Mlhjc

Wæstljcoe, Rdvhlv, Achlvcoe)9

O. Acmmhe Alrdvcdj sctes (Iyklv,

@lræcoe, Kdrlélv, _pytcfjæv)9

M. Rgemalstc9 E. Retgilvcoe9

G. Irdilwcdj sctes (Rceidry,

Adautlwd Odve, _pdmzcstd)9

N. Wdj vdhhey sctes (]rejocdjsiã

@lfushdvcoe, Alrdvdjy, Pdmlscjd

Odve).

_ctes cj presejt-mdy Dustrcd dre

hlodtem dgter Jeune`duer-Adresof

(433?), _hlvdicd dgter @drtd (4362),

Fujndry dgter Ml`lsc (433=),Rlhdjm dgter Ilzhlwsic djm

Ilzhlwsic (43>>), Alrdvcd dgter

_vl`lmd erd/. (433=). D alre

metdchem odrtlnrdpfco reolrm lg

tfese sctes, lj d acorlrencljdh

heveh, seeas tl è lje lg tfe adcj

tdsis glr guture resedrof.

ejvcrljaejtdh stumces djm gurtfer gcehmwlri (exodvdtcljs djm

surgdoe surveys) dre odrrcem lut scauhtdjlushy, ùt jlw lj d

sadhher sodhe tfdj tfe hdrne-sodhe exodvdtcljs lg tfe pdst.

Oertdcj dspeots lg tfcs prlkeot, requcrcjn d `rldmer

olapdrdtcve `doinrlujm ds wehh ds speocgco sichhs djm

teofjcques, dre exeoutem cj tfe oljtext lg cjterjdtcljdh

olhhd`lrdtclj (_lgger et dh. 433?9 _lgger djm Wdjmcver 433=9

]laísilví 433=9 _vl`lmd et dh. 4335, 43339 êst 43379

Dmlvdscl et dh. 433>9 ]rcjidus 433>9 Wdj mer Rhcoft 433>9

Werpllrte 433>9 _lgger, tfcs vlhuae).

0. Ejvcrljaejtdh djm ofrljlhlncodh `doinrlujm

0.4 CJ]PLMUO]CLJ

Murcjn tfe Hdst Nhdocdtclj, Oejtrdh Eurlpe represejtem d

jdrrlw steppco èht tfdt prlvcmem d olrrcmlr glr olaaujcod

tclj ètweej jlj-nhdocdtem rencljs cj tfe west djm edst lg

tfe oljtcjejt. Ds d resuht lg tfe estd`hcsfaejt lg caplrtdjt

ouhturdh oejtres cj Edsterj Eurlpe murcjn tfe AUR, d icjm lg

'oljtcjejtdh `dhdjoe' seeas tl fdve èej oredtem, wctf dj

capdot lj tfe cjoredscjnhy slocdh caplrtdjoe lg tfe oejtre.

Alrdvcd glras d jdturdh olrrcmlr sepdrdtcjn tfe @lfeacdj

Adsscg grla tfe Odrpdtfcdjs, djm dhhlwcjn acnrdtcljs lg `ltf

djcadhs djm fuadjs grla tfe Mdjuè vdhhey cj tfe slutfwest

tl tfe Jlrtf Eurlpedj Rhdcj cj tfe jlrtfedst. ]fcs terrctlry fds

d systea lg jdrrlw pdssdnes oljjeotcjn tfe phdcjs; tfe

Alrdvcdj Ndte cj tfe jlrtfwest, tfe Wysilv Ndte djm tfe

Jdpdkemhd Ndte cj tfe oejtre, djm tfe cslhdtem ofdcj lg tfe

Rdvhlvsiã Fchhs ds d adriem lrcejtdtclj plcjt cj tfe Myke

ghllmphdcjs cj tfe slutf. Egglrts tl net dj lverdhh vcew lg

nrdvettcdj settheaejt struotures cj tfcs dred (Gcn. 4) dre adme

mcggcouht `y tfe cjolapdtc`chcty (`ltf qudhctdtcve djm

qudjtctdtcve) ètweej tfe exodvdtem aend-sctes, wctf fujmrems

lg tflusdjms lg drtegdots, djm tfe acjc-sctes, wctf slaetcaes

kust drtegdot sodtters grla tfe surgdoe, djm `y tfe hdoi lg

megcjctcljs lg tfe cjjer struoture djm fcerdrofy lg tfese sctes.

Cj nejerdh, flwever, dhh reoejt stumces lg tfe nrdvettcdj

settheaejt pdtterj mealjstrdte d rdmcodh mcggerejoe wctf tfe

ltfer Upper Rdhdelhctfco ouhtures; tfe Nrdvettcdjs pregerrem

tfe hdrne Alrdvcdj rcver vdhheys, lg tfe Myke, Alrdvd, @eovd

djm Lmrd (terrctlrcdh type O lr, tfe "Nrdvettcdj hdjmsodpe",

cj _vl`lmd et dh. 4337). ]fese sctes dre dt hlwer dhtctumes

(022-?22 a d.s.4.) tfdj tfe EUR ouhtures, ùt stchh fcnf

ejlunf tl oljtrlh tfe vdhheys. ^ctf tfe exoeptclj lg tfe

jlrtferjalst pdrt (Lmrd vdhhey), tfese terrctlrces ml jlt

prlvcme nllm qudhcty hctfco rdw adtercdhs. Pdtfer, tfey seea

tl è dmvdjtdnelushy hlodtem glr tfe oljtrlh lg djcadh

alveaejts, djm ady dhsl fdve lggerem juaerlus 'jdturdh

trdps' cj tfe scme nlrnes lg tfe vdhhey shlpes. Cj nejerdh, tfe

nrdvettcdj settheaejt struoture seeas tl regheot dj dmdptdtclj

tl tfe lptcadh adaaltf ejvcrljaejts.



433 KCPh' _WL@LMD E] DH. - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ CJ ALPDWCD

0.0 REMLHLNS DJM _EMCAEJ]LHLNS

]fe Nrdvettcdj olrrespljms strdtcnrdpfcodhhy tl tfe tcae lg

tfe _tcíjsid sidhu slch glradtclj dt d`lut ?2 iyr `p, djm tfe

meplsctclj lg tfe lverhycjn hless, ujtch tfe Hdst Nhdocdh

Adxcaua (02-46 iyr `p). ]fe èst strdtcnrdpfco sequejoes

lg tfe ?2-02 iyr perclm dre reolrmem grla tfe auhtc-heveh

sctes, suof ds ^chhejmlrg CC (Fdesderts et dh. 4337) lrAlhlmlvd W. Cj tfe hdrne Alrdvcdj sctes, ujmer cjterruptem

lr hcactem hless meplsctclj, evlhvem d olaphex lg ouhturdh

flrczljs wfcof dre mcggcouht tl djdhyse (Gcn. 0).

Mepejmcjn lj tfe su`strdte djm ltfer hlodh oljmctcljs, tfe

`dsdh _tcdjsid sidhd slch ady typlhlncodhhy rdjne grla tfe

oferjlzeas djm pdrdrejmzcjes (_tríjsií siíhd CCd, Chcd9

Ozumei et dh. 4334), wedihy mevehlpem pdrdrejmzcjes (Mlhjc

Wãstljcoe CC; _alhgilví 4334), pseumlnheys (Achlvcoe9

_alhgilví 4334), tl hejses lg fualus semcaejts (^chhejmlrg

CC9 Fdesderts et dh. 4337). ]fe plsctclj djm acorlstrdtcnrdpfy

lg tfe ouhturdh hdyers, cj Alrdvcd dhwdys hycjn d`lve tfe

_tríjsií sidhd slch, wds reoejthy pu`hcsfem `y Ihcgjd (433=d),wfche _alhcilvd (4334) glousem lj tfe acorlalrpflhlny lg

tfese hdyers9 sfe sflws tfdt tfe adtter lrcncjdtes grla

djtfrlplnejco dotcvctces, ùt tfe adtrcx dhsl cjohumes edrhcer

slch pdrtcohes. Dt tfe ejm lg tfe nrdvettcdj settheaejt, we

l`serve dj cjstd`chcty tfdt odusem tfe glradtclj lg teotljco

Gcssures, slaetcaes qucte meep (Mlhjc Wãstljcoe, Retgilvcoe),

djm su`sequejt hdjmshcmcjn lg wflhe `hlois lg tfe ouhturdh

hdyer (Mlhjc Wãstljcoe)9 dhh tfese prloesses loourrem prclr tl

tfe meplsctclj lg tfe hdst hless olver. Gcjdhhy, tfe hdst hless

olver lverhycjn tfe ouhturdh hdyer wds stumcem cj metdch `y

Ihcad dt Mlhjc' Wãstljcoe C, `y _alhgilví dt Mlhjc' Wãstljcoe

44 djm Achlvcoe, djm `y Fdesderts dt ^chhejmlrg. ]fese

dutflrs l`servem djm mesorcèm severdh pseumlnhey flrczljs,

delhcdj sdjm, djm slhcghuetclj hdyers wctfcj tfe hless, wctflut

trdoes lg fuadj looupdtclj.

0.? RDHDEL@L]DJS DJM ADHDOL[LLHLNS

]fe plhhej djm ofdroldh djdhyses lg tfe nrdvettcdj ouhturdh

hdyers sflw tfdt tfe hdjmsodpe wds pdrthy olverem `y

wllmem dreds (dr`lredh plhhej usudhhy exoeem 52%), wctf

mlacjdtcjn oljcgers djm doolapdjycjn meocmlus trees,

cjohumcjn d gew alre meadjmcjn speoces (ldi, èeof, yew9

Py`jcoilvm djm Py`jgoei 43309 _vl`lmlví 4334d djm `9

Lprdvch 433=9 Adslj et dh. 433=). Glr tfe upper nrdvettcdj

djm epcnrdvettcdj perclm, tfe pdhdel`ltdjcodh evcmejoe cs

sodroer, ùt tfe sctudtclj dt Rgemalstc CC (sdaphes 7->9

_vl`lmlví cj _vl`lmd et dh. 433=) sunnests d meoredse cj

dr`lredh plhhej (?4% - 47%) djm dj cjoredse cj fehclpfchlus

phdjts cj tfe hdyers caaemcdtehy glhhlwcjn tfe nrdvettcdj

looupdtclj. _tumces lg tfe alhhusos, cj oljtrdst, sunnest

adriemhy olhmer ejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs tfdj tfe phdjts

tfrlunflut tfe nrdvettcdj perclm (olhm su`drotco tujmrd9

Ilvdjmd 4334).

RemlhlnyRercnhdocdh

gedtures

]fe hdst

hless olver

N>

C4CCN7

?^8gghKKghHN5

aujc!

Mlhjc' Wãstljcoe/Rdvhlv

ouhturdh hdyers

@I C •8

Cjterphejcnhdocdh

slch

Cjterphejcnhdocdh

slch

r

rutsof.””¹r

rutsof.

rutsof. \' slh.

rutsof. - c ~ slh.

e r l s c l j

4=622

46722

0=222

05222

07=22

067>2

033=2

?0222

Gcn. 0 . Olaplscte hless strdtcnrdpfy lg tfe Rdvhlv renclj (dmdptem

grla Ihcad 433=d djm 4335). Iey; N4-N>; nhey flrczljs, @I4;

pemlolaphex C, slh; slhcghuetclj.




]d`he 4. Olapdrdtcve nrdvettcdj ofrljlhlny cj edsterj Oejtrdh Eurlpe, `dsem lj oljvejtcljdhh=O mdtcjns.

ISP

@R

NPDWE]]CDJ

_]DNE

^CHHEJMLPG

_C]E CC

MLHJg WÉ_]LJCOE

_C]E C

MLHJg WE_]LJCOE

_C]E_ CC, CCC

02 ^chhejmlrgcdj-ilstejicdj

04

00

hdyer 3;

0? 0? 462

0? 672

0= 0= ?>2 scte CCC, ujct 4;

0= 342 acmmhe djm 0= 572

05 Rdvhlvcdj hdyer 6; upper pdrt; scte 44, ujct 4;

0= >42 05 602 05 5>2 - 05 >=2

05 622

07 hdyer > 05 352 ujct HR;

hdyer 7; 07 ?32

07 452 trcphe ùrcdh;

07 522 07 7=2

0> 722 adklrcty lg ujcts;

0> 0> 702 hlwer pdrt; 07 322 - 0> 422

0> 052 ujcts D-O;

0> 772

06 (ofdroldh hdyers

hdyer 5;

wctflut drtegdots) hlwer pdrt;

06 ?22

0> 0>2

03 ?2 522 hlwer pdrt; 03 222

03 ?22

0.= OFPLJLHLNS

Drofdelhlncodh dpprldofes tl tfe hdrne fujter-ndtferer sctes

ady è `dsem lj d vdrcety lg dssuaptcljs. Extreae

vcewplcjts ady ectfer exphdcj tfea ds dj extejscve,

ofrljlhlncodhhy oljteaplrdjelus 'vchhdne', lr dhterjdtcvehy,

ds dj doouauhdtclj lg d juaèr lg sepdrdte looupdtclj

evejts. ]fe trutf prl`d`hy hces slaewfere cj ètweej.

]frlunf d hdoi lg strdtcnrdpfco superplsctcljs, tfe

nrdvettcdj ofrljlhlny cj Alrdvcd cs stchh `dsem prcadrchy lj

tfe h=

O aetflm. Ds jltem `y Rettctt (tfcs vlhuae), tfe

adklrcty lg tfe mdtes lhmer tfdj 02,222 yedrs ady è

ujmerestcadtcljs. Lur nrdvettcdj sdaphes, alsthy lg ofdroldh,

were aedsurem cj severdh hd`lrdtlrces, ùt tfe Nrljcjnej mdtd

presejt usudhhy fcnfer vdhues, sadhher mevcdtcljs, djm d alre

aedjcjnguh mevehlpaejtdh pdtterj. Cj lrmer tl ndcj

olapdrd`chcty, we `dsem lur ofrljlhlncodh grdaewlri

prcadrchy lj tfe Nrljcjnej mdtd (Gcn. ?9 og. Wdj mer Rhcoft

433>; gcn. 0). Ofrljlhlncodh rehdtcljsfcps ètweej tfe vdrclus

settheaejt ujcts dt tfe hdrne nrdvettcdj sctes, ds luthcjem `y tfe

mdtes, sfluhm è olrrehdtem wctf tfe ltfer evcmejoe, suof ds

spdtcdh rehdtcljsfcps, typlhlny djm regcttcjns (]d`he 4).

Lj tfe `dscs lg tfe dvdchd`he ' =O mdtes, ct seeas tfdt Mlhjg

Wéstljcoe C djm CC were repedtemhy setthem ètweej 03 djm 05

iyr `p, Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CCC dt 07.0 (ujct 0) djm 0=.5 (ujct 4)

iyr `p, Rdvhlv C ètweej 0> djm 05 iyr `p, Rgemalstc' C

ètweej 0> djm 07 iyr `p, Rgemalstc CC drlujm 05 iyr `p,



024 KCPC' _WL@LMD E] DH.- ]FE NPDWE]]4DJ CJ ALPDWCD

]d`he C oljtcjuem. Olapdrd tcve nrdvettcdj ofrljlhlny cj edsterj Oejtrdh Eurlpe, `dsem lj oljvejtcljdh '=O mdtcjns.

ISP NPDWE]]CDJ

@R _]DNE

RDWHLW 4; ACMMHE RPEMAL_]h ACHLWCOE RE]PILWCOE _RDM[C_]D ALHLMLWD

D, @ ALPDWCD C, CC _C]EO0 _C]E W

02 ^chhejmlrgcdj-ilstejicdj

04

02 >32

00

0?

0=

00 422

0? ?>2 hdyer CCC;

0=,2=2

hdyer >;

0?,222

0?,>22

05 Rdvhlvcdj 05 202 - @lr_coe; scte CC;

05 5?2 - 05 2=2 05 2=2

Kdrlslv;

05 442

05 >62

07 07 4>2-d scte 4;

07 702 - 07 ?02

07 752 -

07 >?2 - 07 6>2

0>

06

0=,?62

05 002

hdyer CW

hdyer 3;

06,422

0') hdyer 3;

03, 752

Achlvcoe ètweej 05 djm 00 iyr `p, Retrilvcoe ètweej 0?

djm 04 iyr `p, djm Kdrlshdvcoe, cg tfe mdte lg dj lhm sdaphe

cs olrreot, wluhm è evej hdter. Ofrljlhlncodh djm

strdtcnrdpfcodh olrrehdtcljs sunnest tfdt tfe Nrdvettcdj wds

oljteaplrdjelus wctf tfe Upper Durcnjdocdj. @y ola`cjcjn

tfese mdtes wctf tfe ohdssco ^chhejmlrg CC strdtcnrdpfy

(Fdesderts oc dh. Ch:h:m), wctf spdtcdh rehdtcljsfcps djm

typlhlny, we drrcvem dt d `rldmer ofrljlhlncodh su`mcvcsclj

lg tfe Nrdvettcdj cj Alrdvcd djm Hlwer Dustrcd djm dt d

jdrrlwer megcjctclj lg tfe Rdvhlvcdj ds dj edrhcer nrdvettcdj

stdne (_vl`lmd 4337d djm `);

- ]fe edrhcest Nrdvettcdj (Rdvhlvcdj) cj tfe Acmmhe Mdjuè

terrctlry (?2-0> iyr `p) cs mlouaejtem dt ^chhejmlrg CC

(hdyer 5), Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C (hlwer pdrt lg tfe scte) djm CC

(hlwer pdrt lg tfe scte djm oertdcj hlodtcljs cj tfe upper

pdrt, suof ds ujcts 0 djm ? lg tfe westerj shlpe). ]fe

cjmustrces dre mlacjdtem `y ùrcjs, `doiem capheaejts

djm ejmsordpers, ùrcjs dre d`lut twcoe ds juaerlus ds

ejmsordpers, djm tfe juaèr lg nelaetrco acorlhctfs cs

usudhhy hlwer, wfche ghcjt mlacjdtes tfe rdw adtercdhs.

]fe evlhvem Nrdvettcdj (Rdvhlvcdj) stdne (0>-05 iyr `p)

wds l`servem cj hdyers 7-6 dt ^chhejmlrg CC, dt Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe C (acmmhe djm upper pdrts lg tfe scte), Mlhjc'

Wéstljcoe CC (oertdcj settheaejt ujcts), Rdvhlv C (dhh

fctfertl djdhysem adtercdhs) djm Rgemalstc (hdrner pdrt lg

tfe cjmustry), wfereds d rencljdh sepdrdtclj cjtl gdoces lr




Id

42

Epcnrdvettcdj

02

?2

=2

52

C

C'

-.4 " '

C¹'

Nrdvettcdj

Durcnjdocdj

Fc'_zehetcdj

@lfujcocdj

Gcn. ?. Pdmclodr lj mdtes lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco cj Alrdvcd, `dsem

lj tfe Nrljcjnej mdtd. Grla tfe `dse tl tfe tlp; @lfujcocdj,

_zehetcdj, Durcnjdocdj, Nrdvettcdj, Epcnrdvettcdj.

]fe sodhe cs ncvej cj tflusdjms lg yedrs.

styhes cj typlhlny odj è l`servem, tlnetfer wctf dj

cjstd`chcty cj tfe ghcjt/rdmclhdrcte rdtcl. ]fe gcrst gdoces,

represejtem `y Rgemalstg, ^chhejmlrg CC, djm Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe CC (ujct HR/ 4-=), cs ofdrdotercsem `y ehd`lrdte

adrncjdh retluof lj `hdmes djm ghdies, `y retluofem

plcjtem `hdmes, djm `y slae typcodh scmesordpers. ]fe

seoljm gdoces glujm premlacjdjthy dt Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C

djm CC, djm alst ofdrdotercstcodhhy dt Rdvhlv C (4350-5?),

odj è mcggerejtcdtem `y d sodrocty lr d`sejoe lg adrncjdh

retluof, djm `y dj dùjmdjoe lg acorlhctfs suof ds

oresoejts, trdpezlcms djm trcdjnhes, wfche Mlhjc Wéstljcoe

cs rcof cj mejtcouhdtem acorlsdws. Alrdvcd phdyem d

oejtrdh rlhe murcjn tfcs perclm.

- ]fe Upper Nrdvettcdj (^chhejmlrgcdj-Ilstejicdj) stdne

(0=-02 iyr `p) cs adcjhy represejtem `y tfe sctes lg

^chhejmlrg 4 djm CC (hdyer 3) djm Retgilvcoe hd. Adrncjdh,slaetcaes steep retluofes lj tfe drtegdots djm d meoredse

cj tfe juaèr lg acorlhctfs reodhh tfe Rgemalstg styhe

rdtfer tfdj tfe Mlhjc Wéstljcoe djm Rdvhlv styhe. _lae

lg tfese sctes (Retgilvcoe, ]rejocdjsiã @lfushdvcoe,

Rgemalstg) dhsl prlvcmem hedg plcjts. Flwever, tfe alst

caplrtdjt typlhlncodh gedture ujctcjn tfese dssea`hdnes

dre tfe sfluhmerem plcjts lg tfe Ilstejic type (_lòzyi

4335), dhsl cjmcodtcjn tfe eaernejoe lg rehdtcljsfcps wctf

Edsterj Eurlpe.

- ]fe Epcnrdvettcdj (d`lut 46 iyr `p djm hdter), wfej

cjterpretem grla d hcactem rencljdh plcjt lg vcew, seeas

oljtrdmcotlry (d ola`cjdtclj lg nrdvettcdj djmdurcnjdocdj trdmctcljs). Cj d `rldmer oljtcjejtdh

perspeotcve, dndcj, tfese cjmustrces reodhh oljteaplrdry

dssea`hdnes lg tfe Edst (Idslv, Hcpd, Aezcrco).

?. _u`scstejoe

?.4 AED] PE_LUPOE_

]fere seeas tl è d rehdtcvehy std`he gdujdh olaplsctclj dt

tfe hdrne sctes (]d`he 09 Ausch 433=, 433>), wctf d

mlacjdjoe lg glx, wlhg, fdre, djm recjmeer, djm d surprcscjn

meoredse cj tfe juaèr lg flrse readcjs. _lae lg tfese

djcadhs were oertdcjhy fujtem glr gurs. ]fe tejmejoy tl

exphlct sadhher ùt alre premcotd`he gllm resluroes suof ds

fdres djm `crms rdtfer tfdj hdrne ferm djcadhs wluhm doolrm

wctf d alre semejtdry rencae dt tfe hdrne sctes, djm, ds

sunnestem `y _lgger (tfcs vlhuae), tfe use lg jet fujtcjn.

Flwever, tfese djcadhs dhlje wluhm prl`d`hy jlt prlvcme

tfe hdrne fujter settheaejts wctf tfe requcrem qudjtcty lg

prltecj djm gdt.

Dhljn lr cjscme slae lg tfe hdrne sctes, fune meplscts lg

adaaltf `ljes were doouauhdtem, djm tfere cs stchh d

mcsoussclj lj wfetfer tfese dre readcjs lg vcotcas lg

lrndjcsem fuadj fujtcjn dotcvctes (Ausch 433=), lr wfetfer

tfe settheaejts were speocgcodhhy hlodtem dmkdoejt tl jdturdhhy

loourrcjn `lje doouauhdtcljs exphlctem ds d sluroe lg rdw

adtercdh (_lgger 433?). Cj djy odse, adaaltfs wluhm supphy

aedt djm gdt cj qudjtctces tfdt tfe sadhh djcadhs, ds

mlouaejtem cj tfe gdujdh reolrm, l`vclushy oluhm jlt lgger.

]fere dre severdh ltfer, cjmcreot, drnuaejts tfdt adaaltfs

were fujtem `y tfe Nrdvettcdjs (Aussc et dh., tfcs vlhuae).

Dgter tfe HNA, we nejerdhhy l`serve d returj tl tfe hess

premcotd`he, hdrner ferm djcadhs suof ds flrse djm recjmeer,

djm tfcs prloess seeas tl è rehdtem tl tfe nejerdhhy fcnfer

al`chcty pdtterjs lg tfe epcnrdvettcdj plpuhdtclj. Dj djdhyscs



02? KCPh' _WL@LMD E] DH. - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ CJ ALPDWCD

]d`he 0. Rdvhlv C. Reroejtudh represejtdtclj lg djcadh `ljes

cj tfe jlrtfwesterj (exodvdtclj 435>, 4356) djmslutfedsterj (4350, 435?) pdrts lg tfe scte. Dgter P. Ausch

(433>).

435> - 4356 4350 - 435?

adaaltf 46.3 >,5wlhg 4=,7 40,5

recjmeer 45,4 42,4

flrse 3,2 =,7

fdre 43,0 46,5

plhdr glx 4?,3 47,3

glx ?,0 40,>

èdr 2,7 4,7

wlhvercje 0,? =,=

hclj 2,? 2,5

rfcjloerls 2,3 -

`crms 4,> 6,?

geh cms - 2,>`lvcms - 2,5

rem meer 2,? 2,0

lg tfe epcnrdvettcdj flrse fujtcjn scte dt _tríjsií siíhd CW(46 iyr `p9 _vl`lmd 43349 êst 4337), cj olapdrcslj wctf

tfe settheaejt lg Nru`nrdèj, sunnests tfdt `ljes were

trdjsplrtem tl settheaejts cj d rdjmla pdtterj, tlnetfer wctf

aedt. Fedms, cjtejscvehy grdnaejtem djm exphlctem, drerehdtcvehy grequejt, prl`d`hy tl olapejsdte glr tfe hdoi lg gdt

cj flrse `lmces.

?.0 WENE]D]CLJDH _U@_C_]EJOE

D`sejoe lg oeredhs cj d ofchm's mcet wluhm prlhljn tfehdotdtclj perclm, wctf d nejerdh capdot lj geadhe gertchcty djmwctf ltfer mealnrdpfco oljsequejoes. _lae surprcscjn

mcsolverces dt Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC sunnest, dgter Adslj et dh.

(433=), tfdt phdjt gllms oluhm fdve èej oljsuaem. ]fese

mcsolverces dro grdnaejts lg ofdrrem phdjt tcssue lrdadhndadtcljs lg phdjt grdnaejts wctf acjerdh adtter,

plssc`hy ofdrrem gdeoes lg cjgdjts gem lj gcjehy-nrlujm phdjt

gllm. Gurtfer gcjms lg tfcs icjm, djm d olrrehdtclj wctf djdjdhyscs lg tfe plssc`he nrcjmcjn stljes (@lscjsic, tfcs

vlhuae), ady glroe d revcsclj lg lur ujmerstdjmcjn lg tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco mcet.

=. Adtercdhs

]ypcodhhy, tfe Nrdvettcdjs estd`hcsfem systeas lg d hd`lur-

expejscve, hljn-mcstdjoe trdjsplrt lg schcoelus hctfcos,

suppheaejtem `y d sflrt-mcstdjoe exphlctdtclj lg tfe hlodh,

oldrser rlois. ]fe adklrcty lg tfe schcoctes were caplrtem

grla ghcjt sluroes cj tfe jlrtf (nhdocdtem pdrts lg _chescd,

Irdilw-Ozestloflwd Kurdssco) lr grla rdmclhdrcte lutorlps

ectfer cj tfe Whírd renclj lr cj tfe Mdjuè dred (espeocdhhy

^chhejmlrg CC, hdyers 7-6, Rdvhlv, 435> dred, Achlvcoe).

Flwever, tfere cs d oljscmerd`he struoturdtclj cj pregerejoes

glr cjmcvcmudh adtercdhs cj tfe vdrclus pdrts lg tfe hdrne sctes

(]d`he ?). ]fe Iruahlvsiy Hes oferts dre caplrtdjt dt Mlhjg

Wéstljcoe CC, ujct @, tfe spljnlhctes cj vdrclus seotcljs lgMlhjg Wéstljcoe C, tfe Irdilw-Ozestloflwd ghcjts dt Rdvhlv

C, hlwer 4357 dred, eto. Jl olrrespljmejoe ètweej tfemcstdjoe lg caplrts djm grequejoy lg use odj è l`servem.

]fe rdmclhdrctes dre jlt alre grequejt dt sctes ohlse tl tfelutorlps (e.n., Kdrlslv CC), djm tfe hlodh, Alrdvcdj lutorlps

lg oferts djm qudrtzctes were jenheotem, ujhess tfey oluhm èolhheotem grla rcver nrdvehs mcreothy èhlw tfe settheaejts.

Cj lrmer tl ètter ujmerstdjm tfcs seheotclj, tfe rdwadtercdhs were testem doolrmcjn tl almerj cjmustrcdh jlras

lg oldrsejess djm outtcjn d`chcty (_irmhd 433?; td`he ?). ]feadtercdhs were sepdrdtem cjtl twl adcj nrlups; tfe schcoelus

rlois, alre suctd`he tl tfe use lg glroe (jlrtferj ghcjt,rdmclhdrcte djm hlodh oferts), djm tfe ltfers (qudrtz, qudrtzcte,

rloi orystdh, l`scmcdj). ]l meteracje alre preocsehy tfesluroes, D. Rrcofystdh (433=`; td`hes 4-0) exdacjem tfevdrclus icjms lg schcoelus rlois ujmer d sterelsolpco

acorlsolpe djm oljgcraem fcs l`servdtcljs `y nelofeacodh

djdhyses lg tfe trdoe eheaejts. ]fe gcrst cjglradtcve resuhts,

stchh `dsem lj d jlj-represejtdtcve juaèr lg sdaphes,

sunnest d olapdrd`chcty lg tfe Rdvhlv rdmclhdrcte sdaphes

wctf tflse grla tfe Whírd renclj, djm ljhy shcnft mcggerejoes

cj tfe Rdvhlv ghcjt sdaphes olapdrem tl tflse grla nhdocdh

semcaejts djm tfe Irdilw-Ozestloflwd Kurdssco. D alre

metdchem djdhyscs lg tfe hlodh rlois, sdaphes lg lofre djm]ertcdry alhhusos cs dotudhhy cj prlnress `y D. Rrcofystdh djm?. Fhdmchlví.

]fe nrdvettcdj evcmejoe dhsl sflws, alre ohedrhy tfdj tfeltfer UR ouhtures, tfdt tfese djlrndjco adtercdhs dre wcmehy

suppheaejtem `y d rdjne lg lrndjco adtercdhs (Ihcad 4332d,

433=`, 433>9 _lgger, tfcs vlhuae).

5. ]eofjlhlnces

5.4 ]FE GHCJ]/PDMCLHDPC]E CJMU_]PCE_

Pegcttcjns reoejthy sfem jew hcnft lj stumces lg Upper

Rdhdelhctfco teofjlhlnces. ]fe nrdvettcdj teofjlhlny, ds

djdhysem `y R. _irmhd (433>) cj tfe rdmclhdrcte adtercdhs grlaRdvhlv C, represejts d guhhy mevehlpem Upper Rdhdelhctfco

`hdme teofjcque. ]fe sfdpe lg d olre wds glraem `y tferealvdh lg d serces lg olrtcodh ghdies djm phdtglra

prepdrdtclj ghdies. ]fe remuotclj usudhhy stdrts grla tfejdrrlw olre gdoe `y tfe realvdh lg d orestem `hdme9

su`sequejt `hdmes èolae sadhher djm sadhher, wfche tfephdtglra(s) ady è rekuvejdtem. ]fe rescmudhs dre olres,

alsthy ujchdterdh, lr vdrclus acorlolres9 slae lg tfese were

re-utchczem ds retluofers.




]d`he ?. Rdvhlv C. Pepresejtdtclj lg tfe schcocte rdw adtercdhs cj tfe jlrtfwesterj

(exodvdtclj 435>) djm slutfedsterj (4350) pdrts lg tfe scte.

Rdvhlv C Acjcadh

mcstdjoe (ia)

j 435> '/, j 4350 ',

Ghcjt 452 >275 =>,? 4 ?245 37,5

Pdmclhdrcte (rem) 62 - 422 5266 ?=,4 =?2 ?,?Pdmclhdrcte (nreej) 422 0=02 47,0 ujmeteracjem

Alrdvcdj oferts 2 54 2,? 02 2,0

L`scmcdj ?72 0 - 2 2

Ploi orystdh 62 0 - 2 2

@urjt cj gcre - ?25 0,4 ujmeteracjem

]ltdh - 4=3?? 422 4?=65 422

Use-wedr wds fctfertl djdhysem lj adtercdhs grla Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe CC (]laísilví 4334), Rdvhlv C (]laísilví 433=),

djm ^chhejmlrg CC. Mdadne l`servem lj tfe tllh emnes ujmer

tfe aemcua adnjcgcodtclj usem (>5-022 x) oluhm è èstmesorcèm cj tfe glhhlwcjn teras;

- plhcsf (vdrycjn cjtejscty, dppedrdjoe, djm extejt 9 alst

olaalj cj wllmwlricjn),

- rlujmcjn (oljscstejt hlss lg d sfdrp emne9 vdrycjn

dppedrdjoe mepejmcjn lj tfe wlriem adtercdh),

- strcdtclj (dppedrdjoe lg sordtofes djm nrllves9

prljlujoem wctf mry djm grlzej adtercdhs),

- acorlghdicjn (vdrclus glras lg orusfcjn, jc``hcjn, step

djm fcjne grdotures9 olaalj cj `lje wlri).

Pesuhts l`tdcjem cj dj expercaejtdh stumy ejd`hem d `rldm

sepdrdtclj lg tfe wlriem adtercdhs cjtl glur nrlups;

4. mry, oldrse, fdrm adtercdh (e.n. sfehh, grlzej, mry aedt djm

fcme),

0. slgt rescstdjt adtercdh (e.n. wllm, tlunf rllts),

?. slgt adtercdh (e.n. phdjt, gresf fcme, gdt),

=. gresf tlunf adtercdh (e.n. `lje, djther, aedt).

Lverdhh, lj tfe `dscs lg tfe use-wedr stumy dt Rdvhlv C, ct

ady è prlplsem tfdt ds d wflhe d vdrcety lg dotcvctces oluhm

fdve loourrem dt tfe scte. Fdrm, plssc`hy mry, grlzej, ds wehh

ds slgt, gresf, djm tlunf adtercdhs oluhm fdve èej prloessem

fere. Set, ct dppedrs tfdt tfe dred drlujm twl lg tfe fedrtfs

servem alre glr wlricjn lg slgt djm gresf adtercdh. ]fe

evcmejoe ndtferem grla tfe adtercdh hlodtem jedr tfe ltfer

fedrtfs seeas tl sflw d `dhdjoem acx lg dotcvctces dsslocdtem

wctf tfea. Cj dmmctclj, speocdh dttejtclj fds èej pdcm tl

stlje std`-hcie tllhs djm tl tfe eggeot lg capdots oredtcjn, cj

gdot, ùrcj-hcie pdtterjs lj tfecr extreactces (_irmhd 4335).

]fe epcnrdvettcdj teofjlhlny cs alre vdrcd`he,

mealjstrdtcjn d ofdjne tlwdrms ghdie djm acorl`hdme

teofjlhlnces. D strdjne teofjlhlncodh gedture reolnjcsem

reoejthy represejts tfe wemne-sfdpem acorl`hdme olres grla

severdh Alrdvcdj djm _chescdj sctes (_vl`lmd 4335d),

reodhhcjn alrpflhlncodhhy tfe speocaejs usem `y tfe sdae

tcae cj Jlrtf Dscd.

5.0 OLDP_EP HC]FCO_; ]FE FEDWS CJMU_]PCE_]fe oldrser adtercdhs were djdhysem ds tl alrpflhlny

(wfcof wds qucte scaphe; pe``hes, grdnaejts, olres, ghdies,

phdques), rdw adtercdhs (wfcof dre rdtfer hlodh; hcaestljes,

sdjmstljes, aetdalrpfctes, qudrtz, qudrtzcte), djm trdoes lg

dotcvctces. ]fe evcmejoe lg dotcvctces odj è sepdrdtem cjtl

trdoes lg lofre, d`rdsclj (strcdtcljs djm plhcsf), djm plujmcjn

djm nrcjmcjn adris (dotcve djm pdsscve). Ct cs tfrlunf d

ola`cjdtclj lg tfe alrpflhlncodh djm trdoelhlncodh djdhyses

tfdt teras suof ds 'fdaaerstlje', 'retluofer', 'nrcjmstlje',

'plhcsfcjn stlje' djm ltfers sfluhm è mevehlpem. _lae lg

tfe l`keots fdve ohedrhy servem severdh purplses. Acorlsolpco

l`servdtcljs sflw, cj alst lg tfe fdaaerstljes, tfdt

plujmcjn adris dre superplsem lver tfe lofre olverdne, c.e.,

tfe plujmcjn dotcvcty wds plsterclr tl tfe lofre nrcjmcjn.

Nejerdhhy, ct seeas tfdt tfe fdaaerstlje wds tfe hdst stdne

cj tfe hcge's fcstlry lg oertdcj capheaejts (slae ghcjt djm

rdmclhdrcte olres ejmem cj tfe sdae wdy).

5.? NPCJMCJN _]LJE

Dpdrt grla pe``hes sflwcjn nrlujm surgdoes oredtem murcjn

use, If'ad mcsolverem d serces lg cjtejtcljdhhy nrlujm

pe``hes djm tfecr grdnaejts cj Rdvhlv C (_irmhd 433>).

Re``hes lg tfcs dttrdotcve, wfctcsf adtercdh wctf alsdco-hcie

rem olhlurdtclj were olhheotem cj tfe `rldmer vcocjcty lg tfe

scte (acjcaua mcstdjoe, dt @rlm jdm Mykg, cs > ia). ]fe

wedtferem lrcncjdh surgdoe lg tfe mcsolcm, ocrouhdr lr lvlcm

pe``hes wds nrlujm, prl`d`hy `y uscjn sdjmstlje phdques

djm tfus oredtcjn ofdrdotercstco strcdtcljs9 slae pceoes were

gurtfer plhcsfem. ]fe use-wedr trdoes (capdot oljes djm

sordtofes) sflw tfdt tfe drtegdots were usem ds retluofers.

Djdhlnces dre l`servem ds gdr ds Ilstejic CW-Dhexdjmrlvid.

Gcjdhhy, severdh nrdvettcdj sctes (Rdvhlv C, Rgemalstg, @rjl

CC djm ltfers) ycehmem hdrne djm ofdrdotercstcodhhy perglrdtem



025 KCPh' _WL@LMD E] DH. - ] F E NPDWE]]4DJ CJ ALPDWCD

Gcn. =. ]fe typcodh ourvem-hcje styhe

lg Rdvhlv C, fere dpphcem lj cvlry

fedm`djms.

mcsos nrlujm grla schtstlje phdques9 ejhcnftejcjn tfecr

gujotclj seeas dj caplrtdjt tdsi glr guture stumces.

5.= @LJE DJM CWLPS

Jew presejtdtcljs lg tfe `lje cjmustry grla Rdvhlv C, 4350-5?

dred (Ihgad 433=`), djm 435> dred (Ihgad 433>), sflw tfdt ctcs olaplsem lg gcjcsfem djm ujgcjcsfem drtegdots lg vdrclus

djcadh `ljes, djther djm cvlry. Jlt ljhy glr tfecr juaèr djmnllm shdte lg preservdtclj, ùt espeocdhhy glr tfe rcofjess cjglras djm types, tfese drtegdots dre typcodh, espeocdhhy glr tfepdvhlvcdj stdne lg tfe Nrdvettcdj. Dj dmmctcljdh ofdrdotercstco

cs supphcem `y tfe meolrdtcve l`keots djm tfe drt, odrvem alst

grequejthy lg cvlry; tfe ehd`lrdte fedm`djms (Gcn. =), rehceg

pejmdjts, djm gurtfer djtfrlplalrpfco djm zllalrpfco

odrvcjns. ]fey prlve d fcnf menree lg adstery cj wlricjn tfcs

jl`he djm preoclus adtercdh. _lae lg tfe tllhs ycehm evcmejoe

lg tfe dpphcem teofjlhlncodh prloemures, c.e., tfe alme lg djther

ofcppcjn mcggers grla tfe hdter UR ouhtures.

]fe `lje tllhs were alsthy glujm sodtterem drlujm tfefedrtfs (Ihgad 433=`). Daljn tfe exoeptcljs dre doljoejtrdtclj lg djther tllhs wfcof, flwever, mles jltrepresejt d wlrisflp dred, djm severdh oljoejtrdtcljs lgpejmdjts, l`vclushy tfe readcjs lg jeoihdoes. Dotudhhy, tfemcsolvery lg textche caprcjts cj ohdy wchh prl`d`hy cjtrlmuoe djew perspeotcve lj tfe `lje tllh cjterpretdtclj; ct seeas tfdt

oertdcj ofdrdotercstco tllh glras oluhm fdve servem cj textche

gd`rcodtclj.

5.5 RPLOE__CJN LOFPE

Dt Mlhjg Wéstljcoe 4, phdques djm nrcjmcjn stljes wctf

vcsc`he trdoes lg lofre fdve èej reolrmem scjoe tfe tcaes lgD`slhlj (43?6d; gcn. 5=9 43?6`; gcns 4?>-4?3), wfche tfelofre huaps were hdter exdacjem (Ihgad 437?; 4>39Rgcofystdh 433=d; =6 9 Wdjmcver 433>). Gurtfer metdchs d`lut

tfe spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj lg lofre djm tfe tllhs glr ccsprloesscjn, wctf regerejoe tl tfe pdhyjlhlncodh evcmejoe glruse lg wdter ds d aemcua, djm tfe spdtcdh rehdtcljsfcp tl tfefuadj ùrcdh dt Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC, were ncvej `y _vl`lmd

(em., 4334; 52), wfereds dj expercaejtdh stumy lg tfe olhlur

vdrcd`chcty wds odrrcem lut `y _eml (jlt pu`hcsfem).

5.7 OEPDACO_

]fe gdot tfdt `diem ohdy gcnurcjes were prlmuoem cj tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco dt Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C wds gcrst reolrmem `yF. Grecscjn djm I. D`slhlj ds edrhy ds tfe 4302's. Hdter,

Ihgad dmmem djltfer hdrne olhheotclj grla Rdvhlv C9 sadhher

sdaphes excst grla Mlhjg Wéstljcoe 44, Rdvhlv CC, Rgemalstg,

Retrilvcoe, djm, alst reoejthy, Of. Jeune`duer-Adresof

(4335) djjlujoem zllalrpfco pceoes grla Ireas-

^doftèrn cj Hlwer Dustrcd.

]fe resuhts dofcevem `y pfyscol-ofeacodh stumces `y_lgger et dh. (433?) djm _lgger djm Wdjmcver (433=) ohdrcgy

oertdcj dspeots lg tfe prlmuotclj djm utchcsdtclj lg tfese

oerdacos. ]fe rdw adtercdh wds hlodh hless, nejerdhhy gcrem tlteaperdtures ètweej 522-622²O. ]fese teaperdtures




olrrespljm tl tfe resuhts lg djdhyses lg teaperdtures cj slae

lg tfe fedrtfs. Oerdacos oluhm fdve èej usem glr d vdrcety

lg prdotcodh djm jlj-prdotcodh uses (_lgger, tfcs vlhuae).

Oertdcj meglradtcljs l`servem cj tfe sfdpe lg tfe gcnurcjes

odj è exphdcjem ds tfe resuht lg tferadh sfloi. Eggeots lg

suof d rdpcm teaperdture ofdjne dppedr repedtemhy, sflwcjn

tfdt tfcs dpprldof hedmcjn tl mestruotclj wds jlt doocmejtdh,ùt rdtfer cjtejtcljdh, djm plssc`hy rctudh.

5.> ]EV]CHE_

Cj Kuhy 4337, L. _lgger, K. Dmlvdscl djm R. Wdjmcver

oljgcraem dj edrhcer dssuaptclj (Dmlvdscl et dh. 4337), tfdt

caprcjts l`servem lj oertdcj huaps lg gcrem ohdy dre grla

textches, alst prl`d`hy grla Urtcod gc`res (Dmlvdscl et dh.

433>9 _lgger, tfcs vlhuae). Jdturdhhy, tfcs cssue wchh ofdjne

lur ujmerstdjmcjn lg pdhdelhctfco hcgestyhes cj severdh

dspeots; gcrst, tfcs teofjlhlny requcres std`chcty lg settheaejt

djm d nllm ijlwhemne lg venetdtcljdh resluroes9 seoljm,

gurtfer dotcvctces suof ds `dsietry, let wedvcjn djm trdpadicjn sfluhm è caphcem, djm tfcrm, ct ady fehp cj tfe

cjterpretdtclj lg oertdcj `lje tllhs djm sl-odhhem pejmdjts

djm wecnfts (slae lg wfcof were cjterpretem ds 'djtfrlpl-

alrpfs ' cj tfe pdst) tfdt ady fdve èej useguh cj jet

wedvcjn djm cj std`chcscjn tfe wedvers' grdaes.

7. Pctudhs

Evcmejoe lg rctudhs cs mcggcouht tl exodvdte, mealjstrdte, djm,

slaetcaes, tl sepdrdte grla tfe evcmejoe lg prdotcodh

dotcvctces. Dttejtclj sfluhm è pdcm tl teofjlhlnces djm

oljtextudh mdtd lj l`keots suof ds tfe grdnaejts lg oerdaco

gcnurcjes, lofre mcstrcùtclj, djm fuadj ùrcdhs. ]fcs icjm lgevcmejoe wds usudhhy mcsolverem cj tfe oejtres lg tfe setthem

dreds, espeocdhhy cj hdrne sctes wctf cjtejscve relooupdtcljs.

]fcs stresses tfe slocdh gujotcljs lg tfe expeotem rctudhs,

perglraem cj hcvcjn phdoes djm cj phdoes lg dnnrendtclj.

_tumces lg tfe oerdacos mlouaejt tfe spdtcdh rehdtcljsfcp

lg tfe prlmuotclj djm mdadne lg tfe gcnurcjes, dhh fdppejcjn

drlujm slae lg tfe oejtrdh fedrtfs dt Mlhjc Wéstljcoe djm

Rdvhlv (_lgger et dh. 433?9 _lgger djm Wdjmcver 433=). ]fe

stumces lg lofre dre `dsem lj `ltf tfe evcmejoe grla edrhcer

exodvdtcljs dt Rdvhlv C (oljoejtrdtclj lg nrcjm stljes djm

lofre pceoes wctfcj tfe 435> dred), djm jew mdtd grla tfe

gcehm. Dt Retgilvcoe, we mcsolverem surgdoes truhy phdsterem

wctf rem lofre cj tfe oejtrdh pdrt lg scte hd. Mue tl

ujgdvlurd`he oljmctcljs glr lrndjco preservdtclj dt tfcs scte,

we dre jlt d`he tl exphdcj tfcs sctudtclj uscjn guhh oljtextudh

mdtd, ùt sdaphes lg `ltf tfe lofre djm tfe semcaejt dre

gurtfer exdacjem.

Fypltfeses lj ùrcdh rctudhs dre mercvem grla oljtextudh

mdtd `dsem, daljn ltfers, lj reoljstruotcljs lg tfe lrcncjdh

terrdcj sctudtcljs (Ihcad 436>d, 4332o, 43349 _vl`lmd 436>9

_vl`lmd djm Whoei 43349 Lhcvd 4337, tfcs vlhuae), grla

exdacjdtcljs lg cjkurces lj `ljes (Wh÷ei, em. 433?9 Whoei

4335), djm grla tfe evcmejoe lg plstalrtea adjcpuhdtcljs

lg tfe fuadj readcjs (c.e., siuhhs drrdjnem ds '`lwhs' dt

Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe). ]fereglre, gurtfer stumces lg tfcs icjm wchh

dhsl requcre d alre cjtenrdtem olhhd`lrdtclj wctf pfyscodh

djtfrlplhlny.

>. _ya`lhcsa

Glras, wfdtever cjmcvcmudh aedjcjn edof ady fdve

plssessem, odj ljhy excst cj megcjem spdoe djm tcae. Cj

Alrdvcd, tfecr ol-dppedrejoe dt d scjnhe settheaejt, lr nrlup

lg rehdtem settheaejts, seeas jlt doocmejtdh, djm ct cs

sunnestem tfdt dj cjtenrdtem dwdrejess lg spdoe djm tcae,

nrlup cmejtcty, aealry, epcos djm hcge djm medtf oljoepts

hdy èfcjm tfese l`keots djm dotcljs. Rdrt lg tfe evcmejoe

dhsl regers tl tfe oljoept lg cjmcvcmudh cmejtcty djm rctudhs.

]fcs sya`lhcsa ady è olrrehdtem wctf ltfer dspeots lg tfe

olaphex nrdvettcdj drofdelhlncodh reolrm. Cj tfe hcnft lg tfcs.

we prlplse tfdt sya`lhco èfdvclur dhsl fdm cjglradtcve djmdmdptcve scnjcgcodjoe (og. _vl`lmd 4335`, 433>).

6. Rfyscodh djtfrlplhlny

]fe serces lg fuadj siehetljs grla Alrdvcdj nrdvettcdj

sctes, tlnetfer wctf tfe Ctdhcdj serces, represejt tfe edrhcest

rehdtcvehy olaphete sdaphe lg edrhy almerj fuadj readcjs

dvdchd`he tlmdy (Gcns 5-7). Glraerhy, djtfrlplhlncodh

resedrof glousem lj prcadry alrpflhlncodh mesorcptclj,

mealnrdpfy, pdhdelpdtflhlncodh mcdnjlscs djm cjterpretdtclj

(Whoei 4334, 43359 Kehgjei 43309 Whoei, em. 433?),

cjohumcjn `rldmer olapdrdtcve stumces wctf tfe ltfer

Alrdvcdj adtercdhs (Whoei 433=). Guture resedrof wchh

dmmress gujotcljdh djdhyscs lg tfese readcjs, espeocdhhy tfe

plstordjcdh readcjs, wctf respeot tl dmdptcve tejmejoces

wctfcj tfe edrhy almerj plpuhdtclj (]rcjidus 433>9 ]rcjidus

djm Kehgjei 433>).

3. Odse stumces; acorlrencljs djm sctes

3.4 DRRPLDOFE_ ]L _C]E DJDHS_C_

Djdhyscs lg tfe setthem dreds sflws tfdt tfey dre usudhhy

olaplsem lg vdrclus 'settheaejt ujcts', edof wctf d oejtrdh

fedrtf lr fedrtfs, wctf pcts cj tfe surrlujmcjn ghllrs, djm

slae lg tfese cj sfdhhlw mepresscljs djm/lr wctf hdrner

l`keots dhljn tfe exterjdh adrncjs. ]fecr rehdtcljsfcps

(ofrljlhlncodh, sedsljdh, gujotcljdh) dre expeotem tl è

revedhem tfrlunf dj djdhyscs (]d`he =). _erclus hcactdtcljs lg

tfe spdtcdh djdhyscs lg edrhcer exodvdtem nrdvettcdj sctes cs

ncvej `y tfe jdture lg tfe prcadry mdtd lj tfe hlodtclj lg tfe

l`keots. Dt Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C djm CC djm Rdvhlv C, tfe

plsctclj lg tfe drtegdots wds alsthy reolrmem ljhy cj squdre

aetres, ùt slae reoejt resuhts dofcevem wctf tfcs oldrse nrcm

reolvery aetflm (_vl`lmd et dh. 433?9 _vl`lmd, em. 433=)

dre ejolurdncjn, djm dhhlw gurtfer dpphcodtcljs lg tfe _urger



02> KCPh' _WL@LMD E] DH. - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ CJ ALPDWCD

Gcn. 5. ]fe trcphe ùrcdh grla Mlhjc

Wæstljcoe CC (4367 exodvdtcljs).

prlnrdaae tl drtegdot mejscty pdtterjs (Kdrlslví 433>).

_cjoe 4332. tfe plsctclj lg edof pceoe cs ècjn reolrmem twl-

mcaejscljdhhy (Mlhjc Wæstljcoe C djm 444, Retgilvcoe) lr

tfree-mcaejscljdhhy (Rremalstg, Kdrlslv) djm stlrem cj d

mdtd`dse gche. ]fcs ejd`hes us tl djdhyse alre preocsehy tfe

mcstrcùtclj lg rdw adtercdhs, tllh types, djm regcttcjns.

Cj tfe wcjter lg 4337, cj dj egglrt tl ujmerstdjm tfe

myjdacos hycjn èfcjm tfe stdtco drofdelhlncodh reolrm, we

exdacjem tfe etfjldrofdelhlncodh evcmejoe grla tfe

Sdjcdjd sctes lg ]cerrd meh Guenl, tfdjis tl olhhd`lrdtclj

wctf tfe ODMCO, Usfufdcd, djm tfe Ujcverscmdm Dutljlad

lg @droehljd (_vl`lmd 4337o). ]fe Guencdj sctes, ds vcsc`he

lj tfe surgdoe tlmdy, dre olaplsem lg jetwlris lg ocrouhdr

settheaejt ujcts wctf d mcdaeter lg ?-?.5 a, edof ejocrohem

`y sfehh acmmejs doouauhdtem lver hljner tcae spdjs. ]fcs

ocrouhdr struoture resuhtem grla tfe repedtem ohedrcjn lg

fedrtfs djm ltfer l`keots, doouauhdtem cj tfe oejtre,

tlwdrms tfe percpfery. ]fe strdtcnrdpfy djm ofrljlhlny lg

tfe acmmejs, olaplsem lg sfehhs, ofdroldh, `ljes djm

drtegdots cjterstrdtcgcem wctf sterche fualus hdyers,

mlouaejt mcggerejoes cj tfe rdjne lg tflusdjms lg yedrs

daljn tfe gedtures, lr, slaetcaes, daljn looupdtcljs lg

tfe sdae gedture. Dndcjst tfe Guencdj evcmejoe, wfere

l`keots fdve doouauhdtem ds reguse cj tfe percpfery, tfere cs

tfe teepee-rcjns odse grla tfe Jlrtf Daercodj Rhdcjs,

wfere hdrner l`keots evcmejthy glraem tfe `dse lg tfe

struotures. @ltf almehs dre evdhudtem cj cjterpretcjn tfe

nrdvettcdj sctes.




Gcn. 7. ]fe scjnhe adhe ùrcdh grla

Mlhjc Wéstljcoe CC (436>

exodvdtcljs).

]fe expercaejt, ds djltfer icjm lg drofdelhlncodh

djdhlny, wds reoejthy testem cj tfe grdae lg twl gcha

prlmuotcljs djm twl auseua explsctcljs, wfcof prlvcmem

severdh lpplrtujctces tl reoljstruot nrdvettcdj mwehhcjns. Cj

slae lg tfese odses, we dhsl reoljstruotem tfe cjmcvcmudh

dotcvctces tfdt tlli phdoe cjscme tfese settheaejts (oerdaco

prlmuotclj `y A. Hdzjcoilvd, textche prlmuotclj `y

A. @uædtlvd, use lg lofre `y L. _eml9 og. tfe Oljgerejoe

lg Expercaejts djm Peoljstruotcljs cj Drofdelhlny, @rjl,

4336).

3.0 PEOEJ] PENCLJDH _UPWES_

- ]fe Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe-Rdvhlv dred. ]fe cjtejscve surgdoe

surveys lg tfe Mlhjc Wéstljcoe-Rdvhlv dred, oljtcjucjn

scjoe tfe tcaes lg D`slhlj djm Ihgad, fehp tl phdoe tfe

hdrne exodvdtem sctes cj d `rldmer rencljdh oljtext. Grla

edst tl west, we dotudhhy surveyem drtegdot sodtters dt

@uhfdry, tl tfe edst lg Rdvhlv (scte Rdvhlv CCC), cj tfe

surrlujmcjns lg tfe trejofes dt Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe CCC, djm

twl sadhher hlodtcljs lg `ljes djm hctfcos d`lve tfe scte

lg Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe CC (sctes Fd djm hc`). Ds cj ltfer

acorlrencljs cj Alrdvcd, ct dppedrs tfdt tfe dhalst

oljtcjulus ofdcj lg nrdvettcdj sctes cs hcactem `y tfe

dhtctumcjdh zlje lg 022-?22 a d.s.4., wfche tfe ljhy edrhcer

(EUR) scte, cj tfe upperalst pdrt lg tfe scte lg Mlhjc'

Wéstljcoe CCC, hces fcnfer.

]fe Acmmhe Alrdvd @dscj. ]fcs vdhhey cs caplrtdjt ds d

oljjeotcjn hcji ètweej tfe Mlhjc Wéstljcoe-Rdvhlv dred




]d`he =. Fcerdrofy lg adcj nrdvettcdj sctes lg _lutf Alrdvcd.

OEJ]PDH DJM HDPNE

_E]]HEAEJ]_

HDPNE-_C[EM ACMMHE-_C[EM ADAAL]F @LJE

MERL_C]_

Mlhjg Westljcoe C Mlhjg Westljcoe CC Mlhjg Westljcoe CCC Mlhjg Westljcoe C

Rdvhlv C Rdvhlv CC Mlhjg Westljcoe CCAchlvcoe C Achlvcoe C

djm Rremalstg. _everdh caplrtdjt nrdvettcdj sctes cj tfe

dred, dhredmy stumcem `y Ihcad (@lrscoe) djm Wdhlof

(Kdrlslv), dre re-exdacjem `y jew surveys djm sadhher

exodvdtcljs (_irmhd djm Ausch j.m.).

3.? PEOEJ] EVODWD]CLJ_ (4334 -433>)

- Mlhjg Westljcoe C. D serces lg oljtrlh trejofes dhljn tfe

oejtrdh pdrts lg tfe scte lg Mlhjg Westljcoe C wds lpejem

cj tfe suaaer lg 4332. Cj tfe hlwer zlje lg tfe scte, twlsupercaplsem hdyers lg ofdroldh meplscts ycehmem

rehdtcvehy edrhy mdtes (03.? +2.>5 -2.73 iyr `p, NrJ

4646>, djm 0>.05 +2.53 -2.55 iyr `p, NrJ 46466), wfche

tfe ouhturdh hdyer cj tfe upper zlje wds alre reoejt

(05.35 +2.7? -2.563 iyr `p, NrJ 46463).]fe glhhlwcjn

exodvdtclj cj 433? lpejem d hdrner dred cj tfe upper zlje

lg tfe scte, sflwcjn plstmeplsctcljdh dhterdtcljs cj tfe

rehceg lg tfe ouhturdh hdyer, struoturem dhljn vertcodh

gcssures. Cj olhhd`lrdtclj wctf R. Fdesderts, tfe lpejcjn

lg nelhlncodh seotcljs oljtcjuem cj 433=.

- Mlhjg Westljcoe CC. ]fe oejtrdh pdrts lg tfcs scte were

dhredmy exodvdtem djm dre jlw mestrlyem `y cjmustrcdhhless exphlctdtclj. Cj 4334, d adrncjdh dred cj tfe

upperalst pdrt lg tfe scte wds presejtem tl tfe UC_RR

Oljnress exoursclj. Wdrclus nelhlncodh seotcljs dt `ltf

sctes, Mlhjg Westljcoe C djm CC, dre oljtcjulushy sdaphem

djm stumcem grla d ofrljlhlncodh, semcaejtlhlncodh djm

ejvcrljaejtdh plcjt lg vcew.

- Mlhjg Westljcoe CCC. D sadhher scte ('Pdkjy'), mcsolverem

`y Ihgad cj 4373, wds lpejem tl exodvdtclj djm surgdoe

surveys cj 433?-4335 (_irmhd et dh. 4337). Ujct 4 lg tfcs

scte ycehmem d fedrtf ejocrohem `y dj doouauhdtclj lg

`ljes, drtegdots, Mejtdhcd sfehhs djm lofre, djm cs

caplrtdjt glr cts rehdtcvehy hdte

h=

O mdte (0=.57 +2.77 -2.74 iyr `p, NrJ 02?30), adicjn ct tfe alst reoejt

settheaejt wctfcj tfe Mlhjg Wéstljcoe-Rdvhlv dred. Ujct

0. fcnfer lj tfe shlpe, sflws superplsctclj lg twl Upper

Rdhdelhctfco hdyers. ]fe upper hdyer cs typcodhhy

Nrdvettcdj, wctf d mlacjdjoe lg jlrtferj ghcjt, djm tfe

hlwer hdyer, glraem `y remeplsctem cjgchhcjn lg d sfdhhlw

nuhhy, sflws d premlacjdjoe lg Alrdvcdj oferts9

flwever, mdtcjn ofdroldh mcspersem tfrlunflut tfe twl

hdyers (07.0 +4.4 -2.3> iyr `p djm 07.47 +2.>> -2.> iyr

`p, NrJ 00?27->) mcm jlt fehp tl cmejtcgy d ofrljlhlncodh

mcggerejoe.

- Rremalstg CC. ]fcs scte cs lg prcae caplrtdjoe èoduse lg

cts hlodtclj dt tfe slutferj ejtrdjoe lg tfe Alrdvcdj Ndte

(D`slhlj djm Ihgad 43>>9 Ihgad 4332`). Jew gcehmwlri

wds prepdrem `y prclr strdtcnrdpfco stumces, djm odrrcem

lut systeadtcodhhy, djm lver d hdrner dred cj 4330

(_vl`lmd et dh. 433=). ]fe strdtcnrdpfy sflws d sequejoe

lg twl Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco hdyers cj tfe hdst cjternhdocdhsemcaejts (mdtem `y ]H ètweej 4=5 djm 32 iyr `p, `y

A. Greofej), glhhlwem `y d nrdvettcdj hdyer cj ^ccracdj

hless semcaejts (mdtem `y h=O tl 05.2= ´ 2.?0 iyr `p,

LxD 53>4). Ejvcrljaejtdh stumces lg tfe seotclj were

odrrcem lut `y W. Hlzei cj adhdolzllhlny djm `y F.

_vl`lmlvd djm E. Lprdvch cj pdhdel`ltdjy. Cj tfe

grdaewlri lg Ozeof drofdelhlny, tfe exodvdtclj wds

caplrtdjt glr dpphcodtclj lg alre preocse aetflms lg

tfree-mcaejscljdh reolrmcjn lg dhh reolverem l`keots, djm

stumycjn tfecr spdtcdh djm strdtcnrdpfcodh rehdtcljsfcps `y

regcttcjns.

- Retrilvcoe C. ]fcs scte oljtrlhs tfe jlrtferj ejtrdjoe lgtfe Alrdvcdj Ndte. Lur 433=-4335 exodvdtclj (Kdrlslví

et dh. 4337) olaphetem tfe dred prevclushy exodvdtem `y

Ihgad (4355`), gcrst cj tfe oejtrdh pdrts lg tfe scte (hd,

h`), djm tfej expdjmem tl dmkdoejt dreds (Co). Jew mdtes

(02.>3 ´ 2.0> iyr `p, NrJ 435=29 0?.?> ´2.47 iyr `p,

NrD 634) djm typlhlncodh reoljscmerdtcljs sflwem tfdt

tfe alst caplrtdjt pdrt lg tfe scte, hlodtclj hd, èhljns tl

d alre reoejt Nrdvettcdj tfdj wds prevclushy expeotem

(^chhejmlrgcdj-Ilstejicdj stdne). Cj tfe ltfer pdrts,

flwever, tfe typlhlncodh gedtures dre mcggerejt djm ady

olrrespljm tl djltfer stdne lg tfe nrdvettcdj looupdtclj.

- Kdrlslv CC. Djltfer scte oljtrlhhcjn tfe Acmmhe Alrdvdvdhhey, wds prevclushy ijlwj ds d meplsct lg djcadh

`ljes ljhy. Jew klcjt surveys, glhhlwem `y d systeadtco

exodvdtclj `y _irmhd cj 4337-3>, sflwem tfdt tfe

struoture lg tfcs scte cs alre olaphex tfdj we expeotem,

djm cjohumem d rehdtem settheaejt dred. Cj dmmctclj, tfe

scte mcggers grla alst lg tfe hdrne sctes `y tfe mlacjdjoe

lg recjmeer cj tfe gdujd (_irmhd djm Ausch, j.m.).

- Nru`nrdèj. ]fe alst caplrtdjt epcnrdvettcdj settheaejt

cj tfe Hlwer Dustrcdj/Alrdvcdj terrctlry (d`lut 46 iyr




`p) wds reoejthy exodvdtem `y G. @rdjmtjer9 cj 433?-

433=, tfcs gcehmwlri wds ol-mcreotem `y Ihcad (@rdjmtjer

djm Ihcad 4335).

3.= EVDARHE_ LG _C]E DJDHS_E_

- Rdvhlv C. Dgter Ihcad (437?o), tfe setthem dred lg tfcs scte

ady è sepdrdtem cjtl twl ofrljlhlncodhhy jltoljteaplrdjelus pdrts. _l gdr, we fdve djdhysem twl

senaejts grla `ltf pdrts; tfe slutfedst, tfe 4350-5? dred

djm tfe jlrtfwest, tfe 435>-56 dred (_vl`lmd, em. 433=,

433>). Dhalst dhh tfe rdmclhdrctes lg tfcs scte fdve dhredmy

èej regcttem djm tfecr mcstrcùtclj pdtterj sflws tfdt tfe

435> dred wds d oejtre lg rdmclhdrcte prlmuotclj wctfcj

tfcs scte. Evej cg tfe mdtd`dse cs hcactem, mue tl tfe oldrse

nrcm reolvery, tfe pcoture (_irmhd 433>) mlouaejts tfe

pdtterj lg rdmclhdrcte mcstrcùtclj djm tfe hcjis ètweej

tfe twl adcj pdrts lg tfe scte.

]fe 435? dred wds exdacjem lj gdujdh mcstrcùtclj, use-

wedr mcstrcùtclj djm hctfco typlhlny. Cj tfe oejtre,luthcjes lg d oejtrdh struoture dre rlunhy mehcactem `y

hdrner l`keots, djm, alre ohedrhy, `y d shcnft mepressclj

dhljn tfe jlrtferj adrncj. ]fe drtegdot mcstrcùtclj

doolrms wctf tfe sfdpe lg tfe gedture, ct respeots tfe

jlrtferj luthcje, ùt oljtcjues tl redof adxcaua

mejsctces dt tfe westerj adrncj. ]fe gdujdh mcstrcùtclj

mles jlt respeot tfe gedture dt dhh, dhalst dhh speoces

oljoejtrdte tl tfe west lg ct, djm slae tl tfe slutf. Ct

seeas tfdt tfe westerj pdrt lg tfe 435? dred wds d zlje

lg oljoejtrdtem dotcvctces. Cg we dooept tfe oejtrdh gedture

ds d mwehhcjn, tfe westerj zlje wluhm represejt dj

dmkdoejt dotcvcty dred, alst prl`d`hy drlujm dj ejtrdjoe.

Djdhyscs lg tfe 435> dred revedhem d adhe ùrcdh djm twl

settheaejt ujcts jedr`y, edof pdrthy olrrehdtem wctf dj

dred lg cjoredsem drtegdot mejscty (Kdrlslví 433>). Lje lg

tfe gedtures cs alre preocsehy olrrehdtem wctf dj

caplrtdjt doouauhdtclj lg `diem ohdy grdnaejts djm

gcnurcjes, slae lg wfcof sunnest tfdt tfe presuaem fut

wds ùrjt. ]fere dre severdh gurtfer cjmcodtcljs, cjohumcjn

tfe typlhlny, sunnestcjn tfdt tfe twl gedtures dre jlt

oljteaplrdjelus.

- Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC. Lj tfe westerj shlpe lg tfcs scte,

tfree settheaejt ujcts were mcstcjnucsfem, edof wctf d

oejtrdh fedrtf djm dj drtegdot oljoejtrdtclj drlujm ct

(_vl`lmd, em. 4334; gcns 0 djm 0?). ]fe h=O mdtes, spdtcdh

rehdtcljsfcps, regcttcjns djm typlhlny sunnest tfdt ujcts 0

djm ? ady è oljteaplrdjelus (o. 0> iyr `p), djm tfdt

ujct 4, cjohumcjn tfe fuadj ùrcdh MW VWC, cs alre

reoejt (o. 05.5 iyr `p). D alre metdchem djdhyscs lg tfe

jedr`y ujct = (dhsl d`lut 0> iyr `p, _vl`lmd et dh. 433?)

sflws tfdt cj tfcs pdrtcouhdr odse, tfe plsctclj lg tfe

fedrtfs cj rehdtclj tl tfe oejtrdh drtegdot oljoejtrdtclj cs

ohedrhy percpferdh. Lje lg tfese fedrtfs wds surrlujmem

`y ]ertcdry sfehhs djm lofre. ]fe acorlhctfs mlacjdte cj

tfe oejtre lg tfe drtegdot oljoejtrdtclj, djm cj tfe

percpfery we l`serve dj cjoredse cj hdrner l`keots, lg

rdmclhdrcte, djm ùrcjs.

3.5 ^C]FC J-_C]E ]SRLHLNCODH WDPCD@CHC]S

Exdaphes grla Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC, Retgilvcoe C djm ltferdjdhysem sctes mlouaejt d oljscmerd`he vdrcd`chcty, `ltf

qudhctdtcve djm qudjtctdtcve, lj tfe lje scte-heveh. Dt Rdvhlv

C, glr exdaphe, d olapdrcslj lg tfe typlhlncodh struoture lg

dj dssea`hdne grla tfe slutfedsterj (4350-?) pdrt djm grla

tfe jlrtfwesterj (435>) pdrt mealjstrdtes tfdt tfe 4350-?

pdrt fds d fcnfer juaèr lg nrlups lg ejmsordpers/ùrcjs

djm `doiem capheaejts. ]fe jlrtfwesterj pdrt, lj tfe ltfer

fdjm, cs rcof cj tfe ltfer acorlhctfs, espeocdhhy oresoejts,

hdterdhhy retluofem capheaejts, suof ds `hdmes djm

scmesordpers, djm ofcsehs. ]dicjn cjtl doolujt tfdt tfe 4350-

? sdaphe cs premlacjdjthy adme lg ghcjt, wfche tfe 435>

sdaphe cs alsthy lg rdmclhdrcte, slae lg tfe mcggerejoesètweej tfe twl pdrts lg tfe scte ady dhsl è rehdtem tl d

pdtterj lg rdw adtercdh pregerejoes glr tfe vdrclus tllh

types.

3.7 MUPD]CLJ LG LOOURD]CLJ DJM _ED_LJDHC]S

]fe adorlofrljlhlncodh stumces mealjstrdte tfdt tfe hdrne

Alrdvcdj sctes were setthem repedtemhy murcjn hljner tcae

spdjs. D alre metdchem cjscnft (acorlofrljlhlny), flwever,

oljoerjs tfe murdtclj lg tfe scjnhe looupdtcljs reolrmem. D

juaèr lg drnuaejts wluhm sunnest tfdt tfe looupdtcljs

reolrmem cj tfe djdhysem pdrts lg Rdvhlv C djm Mlhjg

Wéstljcoe C ady è lg hljner murdtclj tfdj Rdvhlv CC djm

Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC; tfe presuaem mwehhcjns dt Rdvhlv C djm

Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C dre alre grequejthy seacsu`terrdjedj djm

slaetcaes cjohume readcjs lg adrncjdh ejohlsures, wfche

tflse dt Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC dre rdtfer hcnft surgdoe

struotures9 Rdvhlv C djm Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C fdve tfcoi dsfy

meplscts, wctf oljoejtrdtcljs lg drt djm meolrdtcve l`keots,

djm Rdvhlv C fds d plssc`he stlrdne pct9 Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC

djm Rdvhlv CC hdoi represejtdtcljdh drt, tfe prlmuotclj lg

gcrem ohdy wds hcactem, djm tfe dsf meplscts were sadhher djm

tfcjjer9 tfe hctfco prlmuotclj dt Rdvhlv C sunnests d nejerdhhy

fcnfer cjtejscty lg rdw adtercdh use (_vl`lmd, em. 433=), ds

wehh ds lg use-wedr (]laísilví 4334, 433=). @dscjn

fcasehg lj tfe dalujt lg fujtem ndae dt Rdvhlv C, 4350-5?dred, Ausch (433=) estcadtem tfe hejntf lg looupdtclj lg tfcs

splt tl è lje lr twl yedrs, lr lje yedr wctf twl wcjters.

]fe evcmejoe lj sedsljdhcty cs stchh sodroe djm tfe vdrclus

cjmcodtcljs sunnest rdtfer d yedr-rlujm stdy dt lje phdoe tfdj

sedsljdhhy struoturem alveaejts ètweej sctes. ^cjter

looupdtclj cs sunnestem glr Rdvhlv C `y Ausch (433=), lj tfe

`dscs lg tfe qudjtcty lg djcadhs fujtem glr gurs (wlhves,

glxes) djm `y ]laísilví (433=), wfl l`servem trdoes lg




wlri wctf grlzej djm mry adtercdhs jedr slae lg tfe fedrtfs.

Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC, d scte expeotem tl fdve d sflrter

looupdtclj, dhsl fds d nllm prlplrtclj lg glxes djm Lprdvch

(433=) oljgcraem d wcjter looupdtclj lj tfe `dscs lg tree

rcjns preservem cj tfe wllm grla tfe vcocjcty lg tfe trcphe

ùrcdh. Cj gdvlur lg dj looupdtclj cj d alre teaperdte

sedslj wluhm dhsl è tfe hlodtclj lg dotcvcty dreds cj grljt lgtfe presuaem ejtrdjoes lg oertdcj mwehhcjns (Rdvhlv C -

4350-?9 Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC - ujct ?). ]fe jew evcmejoe lg

wedvcjn dhsl sunnests tfdt fuadjs were presejt cj tfe dred

cj tcaes wfej tfe Urtcod gcèrs were dvdchd`he, djm tfdt tfey

were semejtdry ejlunf tl è d`he tl prloess tfea lj tfe

splt. Nejerdhhy, tfcs evcmejoe rdtfer sunnests settheaejt

std`chcty wctfcj tfe renclj.

42. Olpcjn wctf meterclrdtcjn ohcadte

Grla tfe plcjt lg vcew lg èfdvclur, tfe nrdvettcdj

`clouhturdh systea mealjstrdtes dj lptcadh djm myjdaco

ola`cjdtclj lg settheaejt std`chcty wctf d hljn-mcstdjoeexphlctdtclj lg dj extejscve terrctlry, ds mlouaejtem `y tfe

typcodh scte hlodtclj strdtences dhljn tfe cjteroljjeotcjn

rcvers, hljn-mcstdjoe hctfco trdjsplrt, djm prl`d`hy, fujtcjn

lg tfe hdrnest adaadhs lg tfdt tcae lggercjn dj caplrtdjt

supphy lg gdt - tfe adaaltfs. D juaèr lg prlnresscve

teofjcques fds èej cjvlhvem cj lrmer tl adie tfcs systea ds

eggcocejt ds plssc`he (oerdaco prlmuotclj, tfe gcrst textches

djm `dsietry, nrcjmcjn stljes, use lg oldh glr fedtcjn9 og.

_lgger, tfcs vlhuae). Cj dmmctclj, tfe eggcocejoy lg tfe

nrdvettcdj dmdptdtclj wds supplrtem psyoflhlncodhhy, `y

rctudhs perglraem cj phdoes lg dnnrendtclj (oerdaco

prlmuotclj, ùrcdhs9 _lgger 433>9 _vl`lmd 433>). ]fcssystea lperdtem cj d slocdh ohcadte cjvlhvcjn tfe presejoe lg

djltfer plpuhdtclj cj tfe sdae renclj (tfe durcnjdolcm hcje),

ùt uscjn mcggerejt settheaejt djm hctfco exphlctdtclj

strdtences. Cj tfcs hcnft, we prlplse tl see tfe nrdvettcdj

systea ds dj edrhy exdaphe lg d olaphex fujter-ndtferer

slocety (Sesjer 433=9 Drjlhm 4337). ]felretcodhhy, suof d

systea wluhm è alre sejsctcve tl tfe ejvcrljaejtdh

meterclrdtclj dt tfe ejm lg tfe perclm.

^fche tfe settheaejt pdtterj sunnests std`chcty murcjn tfe

edrhcer Nrdvettcdj (Rdvhlvcdj), tfe hljn-mcstdjoe exphlctdtclj

jetwlri èodae d slhcm pre-dmdptdtclj glr plpuhdtcljalveaejts èglre tfe HNA. ]fe drofdelhlncodh reolrm

sunnests d sfcgt lg ocvchcsdtclj oejtres tlwdrms Edsterj

Eurlpe murcjn tfe Upper Nrdvettcdj (^chhejmlrgcdj-

Ilstejicdj stdne9 _lgger 436>9 _vl`lmd 4337d). Dgter tfe

HNA, murcjn tfe Epcnrdvettcdj, we l`serve tfe eaernejoe

lg ltfer strdtences cj djcadh exphlctdtclj (êst 4337),

tlnetfer wctf d alre vdrcd`he seheotclj lg tfe schcoelus

sluroes, d meodmejoe cj drt, djm we ady presuae ectfer d

ola`cjdtclj lg nrlup al`chcty wctf cjternrlup exofdjne, lr

rdjmla alveaejts lg nrlups dorlss edsterj Oejtrdh Eurlpe.

Ct seeas tfdt Alrdvcd, dgter 02 iyr `p, phdyem tfe rlhe lg d

westerj percpfery lg hdrner, Edsterj Eurlpedj ouhturdh ujcts.

doijlwhemneaejts

]fcs prlkeot wds klcjthy spljslrem `y severdh nrdjts, grla

tfe Ozeoflshlvdi Dodmeay lg _ocejoes (prlkeot Jl. 23242=,

djdhyscs lg tfe gcrst senaejt lg Rdvhlv C), tfe H._.@. Hediey

Glujmdtclj (olvercjn expejses lg pdrdhheh gcehmwlris), tfe

Nrdjt Dnejoy lg tfe Ozeof Pepu`hco (prlkeot Jl.

=2=/3?/0?53, djdhyscjn tfe lpplscte senaejt lg Rdvhlv C djm

phdocjn ct cj d `rldmer nrdvettcdj oljtext) djm tfe êjjer-

Nrej Glujmdtclj (ola`cjcjn djtfrlplhlncodh djm

drofdelhlncodh djdhyscs cj olhhd`lrdtclj wctf E. ]rcjidus).ê wluhm hcie tl doijlwhemne tfe supplrt lg dhh tfe

aejtcljem dnejoces, ds wehh ds tfe icjm djm grcejmhy

olhhd`lrdtclj lg d hdrne juaèr lg speocdhcsts grla severdh

rehdtem mcsocphcjes.



047

_vl`lmd. K.

_vl`lmd, K., em.

_vl`lmd. K..

E. Whéei

_vl`lmd, K.,

R. _irmhd,

H. Kdrl_lví

_vl`lmd. K..

W. Hl/.ei.

F. _vl`lmlví,R. _irmhd

_vl`lmd, K.,

@. Ihcad,

R. _irmhd

_vl`lmd, K.,

W. Hlzei,

E. Wh÷ei

_vl`lmd, K.,

@. Ihcad,

H. Kdrl_lví,W. _hímei,

R. _irmhd

_vl`lmlví. F.

_irmhd, R.

_irmhd, R.,

W. Oghei,

D. Rgcofystdh

_irmhd, R.,

P. Ausch


433> _ya`lhcsae nrdvettcej ej Alrdvce. Espdoe, teaps et glraes, @uhh. _lo. Rrãfcst.

Drcæne-Ryrejães 50, 6>-42=.

4334 Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe CC - westerj shlpe, EPDUH 5=, Hcene.

433= Rdvhlv C, Exodvdtcljs 4350-5?, EPDUH 77/Mlh. West. stum. 0, Hcæne-@rjl.

433> Rdvhlv C - Jlrtfwest. ]fe Upper Rdhelhctfco ùrcdh djm cts settheaejt oljtext. Mlh. West.

stum. =.

4334 Hd jluvehhe sepuhture me Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe (MW VWC), ]ofãolshlvdquce, H''Djtfrlplhlnco 35,

?0?-?06.

433? Djdhyse ecjer _cemhujnsghíofe vlj Mlhjc Wéstljcoe, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt

0?, ?3?-=2=.

433= Rgemalstc' dgter 442 yedrs. Klurjdh lg Gcehm Drofdelhlny 04, =5>-=>0.

4335 ]fe Nrdvettcdj prlkeot. Dotcvct ces murcjn tfe 4334-433= perclm, Drofelhlncoiã rlzfhemy =>,

0>3-?22.

4337 Fujters ètweej Edst djm êst. ]fe Rdhelhctfco lg Alrdvcd. Jew Slri/Hljmlj; Rhejua

Rress.

4333 I djdhyze vehiyof hlveoiyof scmhcst ; prlkeit vyziuau nrdvet tceju v heteof 4335-433>,

Drofelhlncoiã rlzfhemy 54, 3-05.

4334d ]fe plhhej djdhyscs lg Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe CC - westerj shlpe. Cj; Mlhjc Wéstljcoe CC, >5-66,

EPDUH 5=.

4334` Rlhhej djdhyscs lg tfe Upper Rdhelhctfco trcphe ùrcdh dt Mlhjì Wéstljcoe, Drofelhlncoiã

rlzfhemy =?, 525-542.

433? I teohalhlncoiya dspeitua vyrl`y stcpdjã cjmustrce. Cjn. tfescs. Gdouhty lg Aeofdjcodh

Ejncjeercjn, WU] @rjl.

4335 Idaejjã `lmjã jístrlke, Drofelhlncoiã rlzfhemy =>, 765-76>.

433> Rdvhlvcdj hctfco teofjlhlnces. Cj; Rdvhlv C-Jlrtfwest. Mlh. West. stum. =, ?4?- ?>0.

4337 Mlhjc Wéstljcoe CCC, exodvdtcljs 433?-4335. Cj; Rdhelhctfco cj tfe Acmmhe Mdjuè renclj,

4>?-432, @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny.

j.m. Kdrlslv CC, Rgefhem vyziuaø 4335-4337.



04>

]laííilví, _.

]rcjidus, E.

rrcjidus, E.,

K. Klhcjoi

Wdj mer Rhcofh. .4.

Wdjmcver, R.

Werpllrte, D.

Whoei. I.

Whéei, E. em.

êst, M.

Sesjer, M.P.

KCPh' _WL@LMD E] DH. - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ CJ ALPDWCD

4334 Use-wedr Djdhyscs lg tfe Hctfco Adtercdh grla Mlhjg Wéstljcoe, Ozeoflshlvdicd. Cj; Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe CC, 3>-424, EPDUH 5=.

433= Use-wedr djdhyscs djm cts spdtcdh cjterpretdtclj. Cj; Rdvhlv C, EPDUH 77/Mlh. West. stum. 0,

06-=2.

433> Orlss-_eotcljdh Nelaetry lg tfe Hljn @lje Mcdpfyses lg Rdvhlv 4. Cj; Rdvhlv C-

Jlrtfwest, Mlh. West. stum. =, 455-477.

433> Fuadj readcjs grla tfe Alrdvcdj Nrdvett cdj; ]fe Mlhjg Wéstljcoe ? plstordjcd, Klurjdh

lg Fuadj Evlhutclj ??, ??-60.

433> ]fe Pdmclodr`lj Mdtcjn. Cj; Rdvhlv C-Jlrtfwest, Mlh. West. stum. =, =0>-=?7 .

433> Rdvhlv C pcnaejts djm tfecr prloesscjn. Cj; Rdvhlv C-Jlrtfwest, Mlh. West. stum. =, ?>?-?64.

433> Dhljn tfe Rercpferces lg d Pdmclhdrcte Oljoejtrd tclj; ]fe Hctfco Cjmustry lg 4357/D@O djm

4356. Cj; Rdvhlv C-Jlrtfwest, Mlh. West. stum. =, cj press.

4374 Rlzøstdtiy ahdmlphecstloejjcfl ohlvéid z Rdvhlvd, Rdaÿtiy drofelhlncoiã 50, =7-57.

4334 Mce Adaautkíner vlj Mlhjg Wéstljcoe, Drofílhlnce ujm Auseua Fegt 200, Hcestdh .

433= Wyvlk glschjcfl ohlvéid jd jdsea øzeag. Cj; Rdhelhct Alrdvy d _hezsid, 52-73, Mlh. West.

stum. 4, @rjl.

4335 Nejetcsofe ujm pdhdletfjlhlncsofe Dspeite èc mer @eurtechujn mer Adaautkínerplpuhdt clj

vlj Mlhjg Wéstljcoe cj _ømaífrej. Cj; F. Uhhrcof (em.), Adj djm ejvcrljaejt cj tfe

Rdhelhctfco, 023-004, EPDUH 70, Hcene.

433? Hlvoc adautø z Mlhjgof Wéstljco, _flrjci Jdrlmjc'fl auzed v Rrdze, @ =6, Rrdfd.

4337 Flrse fujtcjn, prloesscjn djm trdjsplrt cj tfe Acmmhe Mdjuè. Cj; Rdhelhctfco cj tfe Acmmhe

Mdjuè renclj, 023-0=5, @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny.

433= _edsljdhcty djm resluroe ‚str ess" daljn fujters-ndtferers; Drofdelhlncodh scnjdtures. Cj;

E._. @urof djm H.K. Ehhdjjd (ems), Iey cssues cj fujter-ndtferer resedrof, 454-47>,

Lxglrm/Rrlvcmejoe; @ern.

Kcgg _vl`lmd

@lfushdv Ihgad

Hejid Kdrlslví

Retr _irmhd

Mepdrtaejt lg Rdhelhctfco djm Rdheletfjlhlny

Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny

D_ Mlhjg Wéstljcoe

Ozeof Pepu`hco





Adrtcj lccvd 47 _lae tflunfts lj pdvhlvcdj dmdptdtcljs djmtfecr dhterjdtcves

]fe Rdvhlvcdj, dj exoeptcljdhhy dmvdjoem vdrcdjt lg tfe

Nrdvettcdj cj Alrdvcd, lwes cts jdae tl tfe excstejoe lg

severdh ujusudh pfejlaejd; tfe strcot oljoejtrdtclj lgsettheaejt dreds cj `rldm rcver vdhheys, tfe fune meplscts lgadaaltf fljes, tfe dhalst exohuscve utchcsdtclj lg caplrtemrdw adtercdhs cj tfe hctfco cjmustry, tfe oljscmerd`hevdrcd`chcty lg tfe `lje cjmustry, tfe ghlurcsfcjn lg drt, djmtfe oljoejtrdtclj lk urcdhs. ]fe oduse èfcjm suof douhturdh mevehlpaejt fds èej seej cj tfe psyoflslocdholjsequejoes lg tfe fujtcjn lg adaaltfs, tfe alstprestcnclus fujtcjn ndae. Eolhlncodh oljmctcljs aerehyperacttem tfcs dmdptdtclj, tfey mcm jlt oljmctclj ct. Drlujm00.222 yedrs dnl tfe Rdvhlvcdj wds suooeemem `y dj ejtcrehymcggerejt ouhturdh systea (Epcdurcnjdocdj, Epcnrdvothcdj),wfcof tlli up grla hlodh EUR dmdptdtcljs. ]fcs loourremchctrcjn tfe oljtcjudh ollhcjn lg tfe ohcadte djm tfeexpdjsclj lg tfe olhm steppes.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fe alst juaerlus djm alst struoturem evcmejoe lg tfe

nrdvettcdj (pdvhlvcdj) looupdtcljs fds èej l`servem cj

Alrdvcd, cj tfe edsterj pdrt lg tfe Ozeof Pepu`hco. ]fe

Alrdvcdj Ndte djm tfe `rldm rcver vdhheys glra d prcvchenem

jlrtf-slutf olrrcmlr ètweej tfe Jlrtf Eurlpedj Rhdcj djm

tfe Mdjuè vdhhey. ]lwdrms tfe êst djm Edst, flwever,

Alrdvcd cs rehdtcvehy ejohlsem; ct cs sepdrdtem grla @lfeacd

`y tfe Ozeof-Alrdvcdj Fcnfhdjms djm grla _hlvdicd `y tfe

westerj pdrt lg tfe Odrpdtfcdjs. ]fese nelnrdpfcodh

oljmctcljs fdve gdvlurem tfe hcji-up lg tfe hlodh ouhturdh

systea `ltf wctf tfe settheaejt dreds cj slutferj Rlhdjm

wctf tfecr rcof Fcjt sluroes, djm wctf tfe nrdvettcdj sctes cj

Hlwer Dustrcd wfcof hce dndcj dhljn tfe Edst-êst olrrcmlr

dhljn tfe Mdjuè.

Alrdvcd wds dhredmy mejsehy setthem cj tfe EUR (szehetcdj,

`lfujcocdj, durcnjdocdj, djm Acsilvcoe type), grla wfcof

dpprlxcadtehy ?22 sctes dre ijlwj. ]fe fctfertl cjsuggcocejt

evcmejoe (alsthy surgdoe sctes) sflws tfdt flrse premlac

jdtem cj tfe odtof. ^ctf tfe dmvdjoe lg tfe oljtcjejtdh coe

sfeet dgter 03 iyr, tfe ohcadte meterclrdtem, tfe venetdtclj

caplvercsfem, djm ndae fujtcjn èodae hess premcotd`he mue

tl chs nredter al`chcty. Jevertfehess, tfe aendgdujdh

plpuhdtcljs suof ds adaaltfs djm wllhhy rfcjls mcm

survcve djm perfdps dhsl cjoredsem, dt hedst sedsljdhhy. ]fe

jdturdh gdujdh olaplsctclj cs ujglrtujdtehy jlt ijlwj, scjoe

jl tfdjdtlodejlscs jlt cjghuejoem `y adj fds èej

preservem. D wflhe serces lg ltfer djcadhs (recjmeer, flrse,

rlmejts, odrjcvlres, `crms) cs mlouaejtem grla tfe nrdvettcdj

sctes wfcof, cj hlodtcljs wfere jl adaaltf-`lje muaps

fdve èej cjvestcndtem, odj dhsl prevdch cj juaèrs (Rdvhlv

C9 Ausch 4353, 433=). Evej tflunf doourdte drofdelzllhlnc-

odh stumces cj tfe Rdvhlvcdj dre jlt dvdchd`he (tfe pdpers `y

Ausch dre dcaem adcjhy dt tdxljlace questcljs), ct cs ohedr

tfdt cj tfe represejtem `cladss tfe adaaltf dhwdys

premlacjdtes. ]fcs sctudtclj, mlouaejtem cj tfe ejtcre

pdvhlvcdj tcae spdj grla 06 tl 00 iyr, mles jlt fdve dj

djdhlny cj ltfer nrdvettcdj prlvcjoes. D`lut tfe wdy lg hcge

djm sedsljdh acnrdtcljs lg adaaltf ferms we ijlw very

hctthe. Doolrmcjn tl tfe stumces lg Weresofdncj djm

@drcsfjcilv (4360), ct dppedrs tfdt tfe adaaltfs were

alvcjn d`lve dhh cj tfe `rldm rcver vdhheys djm dhsl cj

hdoustrcje ejvcrljaejts, sl tfdt tfe rcver èms (ùt dhsl tfe

Mdjuè vdhhey) oluhm fdve èhljnem tl tfecr pregerrem

fd`ctdt.

Adss adaaltf fujtcjn wds, lg olurse, ljhy lje lg tfe

su`scstejoe plssc`chctces djm tfus d adtter lg d ouhturdhhy

meteracjem oflcoe. ]fere cs jl mlu`t tfdt tfcs wds tfe alst

exdotcjn dhterjdtcve, wctf d fune rcsi tl tfe hcge lg tfe fujter.

ê ml jlt ijlw exdothy tl wfdt extejt tfe adaaltf ferms

were acnrdtlry (djm tfecr drrcvdh evejtudhhy premcotd`he), ùt

d suooessguh exphlctdtclj wds mepejmejt lj ollperdtclj djm

perfdps dhsl lj sedsljdh dnnrendtclj lg severdh slocdh ujcts.

]fcs requcrem tfe ehd`lrdtclj lg slocdh aeofdjcsas wfcof

wluhm nudrdjtee olaaujcodtclj ètweej alre lr hess

mcstdjt nrlups, ds wehh ds d spcrct lg ollperdtclj, d sfdrcjn lg

prey, djm d suggcocejt sdgety jetwlri cj sedsljs lg wdjt. Cj

tfcs sejse adaaltf fujtcjn cs olapdrd`he wctf wfdhcjn cj

slae su`reoejt glrdncjn olaaujctces.

]fe oduse lg tfe speocdhcsem adaaltf fujt cs rdtcljdhhy

jlt dj edschy slhvd`he questclj. Lje odj speouhdte d`lut tfe

speocgco jdturdh oljmctcljs, tfe oljscmerd`he rlhe lg tfe

prevclus hljn-tera settheaejt cj tfe EUR (og. Nda`he 433?),

djm sl lj. ]fe adaaltf fujt evliem d oljscmerd`he

cjoredse cj tfe prestcnclus djm olapetctcve dspeots ètweej

cjmcvcmudhs djm cj tfe slocdh olaphexcty dt `ltf cjtrd djm




cjternrlup hevehs. Cjtl tfcs almeh gct wehh tfe pdrtcouhdrctces

lg tfe Alrdvcdj Nrdvettcdj wfcof wchh è mcsoussem cj tfe

glhhlwcjn seotclj.

0. ]fe settheaejt pdtterj

]fe Alrdvcdj nrdvettcdj sctes mcgger oljscmerd`hy cj tfe scze,

qudjtcty djm qudhcty lg tfe evcmejoe ycehmem - grlaaendsctes suof ds Rgemalstg, Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C, Rdvhlv C djm

Rotgilvcoe C wctf dhh tfecr adjcgestdtcljs lg adtercdh djm

spcrctudh hcge, vcd sadhh oljoejtrdtcljs lg slae hctfcos djm

`ljes, tl cslhdtem gcjms lg stlje capheaejts. Pendrmhess lg

tfe scze djm oljtejts lg tfe dssea`hdnes (wfcof cjmcodte d

mcverscgcem gujotclj lg tfe sctes), jedrhy everytfcjn olaes

grla tfe `lrmers lg tfe `rldm vdhheys lg tfe Myke, Alrdvd,

@eovd djm Lmrd rcvers (Gcn. 4). Jl sctes dre hlodtem cj tfe

dreds lg tfe mejsest EUR settheaejt, suof ds lj tfe shlpes lg

tfe Iruahlvsiy hes, Mrdfdjy djm Ofrc`y uphdjms. ^ctf tfe

exoeptclj lg severdh nrdvettlcm drtegdots grla tfe ujohedr

strdtcnrdpfco plsctclj cj tfe Iøhjd odve, wctf rehdtcvehy

reoejt rdmclaetrco mdtes lg d`lut 0?-00 iyr (Wdhlof 4366;

=>), cj nejerdh trdoes lg tfe Nrdvettcdj dre acsscjn cj odves

djm cj tfe Alrdvcdj Idrst. ]fcs mcggers nredthy grla tfe hdjm

use cj slutferj Neradjy wfere tfe rcofest nrdvettcdj

olhheotcljs lrcncjdte grla odves. ]fcs mlouaejts d hdoi lg

cjterest cj tfe suppheaejtdry (c.e., jlj-adaaltf) gllm

sluroes wfcof tfese dreds, mcstdjt grla tfe hdrne rcver

vdhheys, oluhm fdve prlvcmem.

]fe pdvhlvcdj fujters were jdrrlwhy dmdptem tl gllm

sluroes jedr rcvers wfcof odrrcem d menree lg rcsi.

Gcn. 4. Hcst lg sctes aejtcljem lj tfe adp_lutferj Alrdvcd (Rdvhlv Fchhs dred); 4. Achlvcoe C9 0. Rdvhlv C9?. Rdvhlv CC9 =. Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C.Edsterj Alrdvcd; 5. Jdpdkemhd C9 7. @lrscoe C.Acmmhe Alrdvcd; >. Rgemalstc; 6. Ahdmeo CC; 3. @hdteo.Jlrtferj Alrdvcd (_chescd); 42. Retgilvcoe C9 44. Retgilvcoe CC.

Drofdelzllhlncodh stumces lg tfe gdujd grla Mlhjc Wéstljcoe

C fdve ycehmem evcmejoe lg tfe extejscve use lg sadhher

djcadhs, espeocdhhy tfe fd`ctudh oljsuaptclj lg odrjcvlres

djm gur èdrers, wfcof prl`d`hy cjmcodtes sedsljdh gllm

stress (_lgger 433?; ?6). ]l prevejt suof d stress, tfe

ehd`lrdtclj lg extejscve cjglradtclj djm dhhcdjoe jetwlris

wds jeoessdry.

?. Pdw adtercdh eoljlay djm hctfco cjmustrces

]fe èst evcmejoe lg cjterrencljdh oljtdots cj tfe

drofdelhlncodh reolrm cs prlvcmem `y tfe presejoe lg mcstdjt

rdw adtercdhs. ]fe peroejtdne lg rlois utchcsem cj tfe

pdvhlvcdj sctes cs presejtem cj gcnure 0. Pendrmhess lg tfe

nelnrdpfcodh plsctclj, errdtco ghcjt lg _chescdj lrcncj dhwdys

premlacjdtes (tfe ljhy exoeptclj cs Achlvcoe C/N). Ct cs true

tfdt tfcs adtercdh exfc`cts, tlnetfer wctf rdmclhdrcte, ètter

prlpertces tfdj tfe schcoelus rlois grla tfe jedrer lutorlps.

Cts caplrts fdve cj tfcs sejse d gujotcljdh scnjcgcodjoe.

Flwever, glr tfe adklrcty lg tdsis perglraem wctf hctfco

tllhs d superclr qudhcty wds jlt jeoessdry, sl tfdt tfe ejerny

expejmcture hcjiem wctf tfe prloureaejt lg tfese mcstdjt rdw

adtercdhs wds jlt `dhdjoem `y d prlplrtcljdh cjoredse cj tfecr

teofjcodh dmvdjtdnes.

Cj oljtrdst tl e.n. tfe Pfcjehdjm lr slutferj Neradjy

(_ofeer 433?9 Ghlss 433=), tfe fdjmhcjn lg hctfco rdw

adtercdhs wds d`slhutehy 'ujeoljlaco' (Gcns ? djm =). Jlt

ljhy were tfe jedrer sluroes exphlctem tl d acjcaua extejt

(oferts grla tfe _vctdvd vdhhey, Iruahlvsiy hes djm _tríjsií

siíhd, mlacjdjt murcjn tfe EUR), ùt tfere cs dhsl jl

mcggerejoe cj tfe ourves lg tfe represejtdtclj lg tfe

cjmcvcmudh rdw adtercdh types ètweej olres + me`ctdne djm

retluofem tllhs. Cj `ltf odses errdtco ghcjt fds tfe fcnfest

represejtdtclj, crrespeotcve lg tfe mcstdjoe tl cts sluroes.

^ctf d nrlwcjn mcstdjoe grla tfe presuaem lutorlps, tfe

tredtaejt lg tfe rdw adtercdh cs jlt èolacjn alre

slpfcstcodtem djm jlt evej tfe d`slhute qudjtcty cs remuoem.

]fe alst mcstdjt sctes dhljn tfe shlpes lg tfe Rdvhlv Fchhs

èhljn tl tfe rcofest ljes djm tfe adss cjghux lg jlrmco ghcjt

oljtcjues rcnft cjtl Hlwer Dustrcd (ct premlacjdtes cj

^chhejmlrg CC/hevehs 5, 7 djm 39 Ilzhlwsic 436>; >0). ]fe

caplrtem rdw adtercdh wds tfus olaaljhy usem, ltfer

adtercdhs were jlt ejvcsdnem.

Flw odj tfcs è exphdcjem< Cj tfe odse lg speocdhcsem

mcreot prloureaejt (expemctcljs ujmertdiej d`lve dhh glr tfe

purplse lg prlourcjn rdw adtercdhs), tfe rdw adtercdh wluhm

fdve tl è tredtem cj d alre eoljlaco wdy. Djltfer

questclj cs, lg olurse, tfe prloureaejt 'eaèmmem' cj ltfer

dotcvctces, c.e. ndtfercjn murcjn sedsljdh acnrdtcljs lr

fujtcjn trcps. Fere, we wluhm expeot d fcnfer represejtdtclj

lg ltfer suctd`he rdw adtercdhs (ds cj tfe Neradj Nrdvettcdj)

djm d fcnfer vdrcd`chcty cj doolrmdjoe wctf tfe hlodhcty lg tfe

lutorlps. ]fe hdtter cs, flwever, acjcadh. ]fe prloureaejt



004 ADP]CJ LHCWD - _LAE ]FLUNF]_ LJ RDWHLWCDJ DMDR]D]CLJ_

A/N

A/J

R4

R0 C C C 4

MW4MW4

Gcn. 0d

• s4 w

• P

• I-F

JDGcn. 0d

• s4 w

• P

• I-F

@L

Gcn. 0d

• s4 w

• P

• I-F

RP

Gcn. 0d

• s4 w

• P

• I-F

AH0

Gcn. 0d

• s4 w

• P

• I-F@H

Gcn. 0d

• s4 w

• P

• I-F

RE4

Gcn. 0d

• s4 w

• P

• I-F

RE0

Gcn. 0d

• s4 w

• P

• I-F

RE0

2% 422%

Gcn. 0 d djm `. Pdw adtercdholaplsctclj lg olres djm me`ctdne(d) djm retluofem tllhs (`)._1ghcjt, ^1Ordolvcdj Kurdsscoofert, P1rdmclhdrcte, I-F1 Alrdvcdjoferts, T-N1 hlodh oldrse adtercdhs(qudrtz, qudrtzcte, hcaestlje).Hcst lg aejtcljem sctes;A/N Achlvcoe C, zlje NA/J Achlvcoe C, jlrtferj zljesR4 Rdvhlv CR0 Rdvhlv CCMW4 Mlhjc Wæstljcoe C, adaaltf

`lje meplsctJD Jdpdkemhd C@L @lrscoe (olhc. Fru`y)RP Rgemalstc (olhh. ^djieh)AH0 Ahdmeo CC@H @hdteoRE4 Retgilvcoe C (olhh. Glhpreoft)RE0 Retgilvcoe CC

A/N

A/J

•FcR4

R0

MW4MW4

Gcn. 0`

• s

JD Gcn. 0`

• s@L

Gcn. 0`

• sRP • w

AH0 H. c P

• I-F@H

H. c P

• I-F

RE4

H. c P

• I-F

4RE0

4RE0

4

2% 422%

lg tfe rdw adtercdhs wds tfus cj slae wdy estd`hcsfem, djm

perfdps nejerdtem `y tfe cjfd`ctdjts lg tfe exphlctdtclj

dreds. Dt tfe ltfer ejm lg tfese ofdcjs stllm tfe hlodh

meadjm. ]fe exdot aeofdjcsas lg tfe rdw adtercdh

mcstrcùtclj dre, flwever, ujohedr. @ut teofjlhlncodh redsljs

phdyem ljhy d seoljmdry rlhe djm dppdrejthy servem ljhy ds d

pretext glr adcjtdcjcjn d hljn-mcstdjoe slocdh jetwlri

(Gã`hlt-Dunustcjs djm Rerhæs 4330; 024, 025). ]fe sietofem

systea jdturdhhy dssuaes d oertdcj nelnrdpfcodh ijlwhemne

lg tfe olurse lg tfe rcver vdhheys djm tfe hlodtclj lg tfe

adklr looupdtclj dreds, wfere tfe hdrnest sctes dppdrejthy

phdyem tfe rlhe lg dnnrendtclj sctes. Dt severdh sctes we olae

dorlss evej alre mcstdjt caplrts; dt Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe C,

Rdvhlv C, Achlvcoe C/N, Rgemalstc djm Jdpdkemhd, l`scmcdjs

grla edsterj _hlvdicd lr jlrtfedsterj Fujndry fdve èej

glujm (d mcstdjoe lg dpprlxcadtehy ?62-=22 ia). ]fe alst

mcstdjt oljtdot oluhm è represejtem `y tfe ejmsordper adme

very prl`d`hy lg @ernerdo ghcjt cj tfe D`slhlj olhheotclj




422

32

62

>2

72

52

=2

?2

02

42

2

A/N A/J

C

R4 R0 MW4 JD @L RP AH0 @H

olres me`ctdne pdrthy retluofem K tllhs

Gcn. ?. Adklr ohdsses lg ofcppem cjmustry (me`rcs jlt cjohumem).(glr d``revcdtcljs see Gcn. 0)

grla Mlhjc Wãstljcoe C (doolrmcjn tl tfe expert lpcjclj lg

D. Rrcofystdh, tfe pceoe cs mcggerejt grla dhh tfe ijlwj

speocaejs grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe djm adjcgests jectfer

adorlsolpco jlr acorlsolpco mcggerejoes grla tfe d`lve

aejtcljem Grejof rdw adtercdh). D fcnfhy mcstcjotcve

mcstrcùtcljdh pdtterj sflws tfe ghcjt (ofert) grla tfe

Irdiÿw-Ozestloflwd Kurdssco glradtclj eaphlyem ljhy lj

sctes dhljn tfe shlpes lg tfe Rdvhlv Fchhs, c.e. dt tfe alstmcstdjt ejm lg Alrdvcd (alre tfdj 052 ia dwdy). Ct cs alst

grequejt cj Rdvhlv CC (perfdps ?2%), cj Rdvhlv C (exodvdtclj

4350-5?) ct dalujts tl hess tfdj 42% (Rrcofystdh pers.

olaa.), ct cs rehdtcvehy phejtcguh cj oertdcj ujcts lg Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe C djm ct fds dhsl dppedrem cj Achlvcoe C/N djm

C/Jlrtf. _urprcscjnhy, ct dhsl dppedrs cj tfe glra lg hess

exphlctem olres, prepdrdtclj ghdies (adjy wctf olrtex) djm

orestem `hdmes. Cj ltfer pdrts lg Alrdvcd, ohlser tl tfe ghcjt

sluroes, ct cs prdotcodhhy d`sejt. ]fcs dhsl testcgces cj gdvlur

lg alre olaphcodtem wdys lg rdw adtercdh mcstrcùtclj tfdj d

aere ndtfercjn murcjn tfe alveaejts lg tfe nrlup. ]fe ljhy

scte wfere jlrmco ghcjt mles jlt premlacjdte cs Achlvcoe C/N

(ghcjt 02%, rdmclhdrcte 55%). D hdoi lg olres, d prlgusclj lg

retluof spdhhs, d very fcnf grequejoy lg `doiem plcjts (Gcn.

5). ds wehh ds tfe hcactem scze lg tfe hcvcjn ghllr wctf d fut

glujmdtclj lg adaaltf `ljes (wfcof ncves tfe capressclj

lg rdpcm oljstruotclj grla adtercdh dt fdjm9 Gcn. 7), djm jl

fcjt lg drt l`keots dhhlws us tl speouhdte d`lut d teaplrdry

fujtcjn odap. D olrrespljmejoe wctf tfe pdvhlvcdj

flae`dses dhljn tfe shlpes lg tfe Rdvhlv Fchhs seeas tl è

questcljd`he. Achlvcoe C/N oluhm è dj duxchcdry odap lg

Rdvhlv C (ljhy ? ia dwdy), cg tfere wluhm è d teofjlhlncodh

djm typlhlncodh dnreeaejt wctf rdmclhdrcte capheaejts grla

tfcs scte (prevdchcjn cj tfe J^ seotlr). Mcggerejoes cj tfe

lverdhh represejtdtclj lg tfe rdw adtercdhs wluhm jlt è sl

caplrtdjt, scjoe tfe tdsi speocgco nrlup oluhm fdve tdiej

wctf ct `hdjis grla tfe rdw adtercdh wfcof wds dt fdjm grla

tfe hdst doqucsctclj. @ut cj Achlvcoe tfere dre adtercdhswfcof sl gdr fdve jlt èej replrtem grla Rdvhlv (5 pceoes lg

hcajlschcocte grla Oejtrdh _hlvdicd, 4 pceoe lg `dsdht,

nrdpfcte, eto.), djm dhsl tfe rdmclaetrco mdtes dre ylujner

(05-0? iyr9 Lhcvd 4366).

Lj tfe ltfer fdjm tfere dre cj Achlvcoe adriem

resea`hdjoes wctf slae sctes cj Hlwer Dustrcd. _lae lg

tfese sctes oluhm plssc`hy dhsl fdve èej extrdotclj odaps

(_tchhgrcem, Nru`), ùt ltfers dre alre rescmejtcdh sctes

(Dnns`dof D, @). Pdmclhdrcte dhsl prevdchs cj _tchhgrcem djm

Dnns`dof, djm sadhh `doiem plcjts djm ghãofettes wctf d

suppheaejtdry vejtrdh retluof mlacjdte cj tfe tllh ict

(Gehnejfduer 4354, 43629 Ltte 4364). Lj tfe ltfer fdjm,Ilstejic ijcves djm acorlmejtcouhdtes dre acsscjn, wfcof

dre typcodh glr tfe Rdvhlvcdj. ]fe hdrne dalujt lg

acorlnrdvette plcjts, tfe presejoe lg sadhh sfluhmerem plcjts

djm `hdmes, djm tllhs wctf steep `chdterdh retluofes lr cjverse

suppheaejtdry retluofes cjmcodte oertdcj hcjis wctf tfe

Aemcterrdjedj prlvcjoe lg tfe Nrdvettcdj (Lhcvd 4333).

Dpdrt grla tfdt, tfe typlhlncodh vdrcd`chcty cj tfe Alrdvcdj

Nrdvettcdj cs jlt very hdrne. ê oluhm oljscmer d sepdrdtclj

lg tfe acmmhe Alrdvcdj nrlup (Rgemalstc, Ahdmeo CC, @hdteo)

wctf d alre tfdj dverdne represejtdtclj lg Ilstejic ijcves

djm lg `hdme djm ghdie plcjts wctf d adriem hdterdh retluof.

]fe hdtter ljes dhsl grequejthy dppedr cj Retrilvcoe (If'ad

4355), wfereds tfe `doiem capheaejts dppedr rdtfer

splrdmcodhhy lj dhh tfe d`lve aejtcljem sctes (rendrmhess lg

tfe mdte lg tfe exodvdtclj).

]fe sfluhmerem plcjts dre dhwdys ljhy cslhdtem (Rremalstc.

Wdhlof 4364; gcn. 4;059 Achlvcoe, gcn. 79 Mlhjc Wéstljcoe CC,

Ihcad 4335; gcn. 422;4=9 Retrilvcoe C, If'ad 4355; gcns

4?;?=, =49 Kdrlslví et dh. 4337, gcn. 6;4-0), sl tfdt ct wluhm

è speouhdtcve tl oljstruot lut lg tfese tfe glssche mcreoteur lg

tfe hdte 'Ilstejicdj' pfdse. Dhtflunf cj surrlujmcjn rencljs

tfey prevdchcjnhy dppedr cj hdte dssea`hdnes, cj Alrdvcd tfey

loour cj vdrclus olhheotcljs lg mcggerejt mdtes. Ujct @ cj Mlhjc

Wéstljcoe CC cs tfe lhmest ejsea`he lg tfe Alrdvcdj

Nrdvettcdj ijlwj sl gdr (NrJ mdtes rlujm 0> iyr `p9 If'ad

4335; 5?), wfche Achlvcoe N èhljns tl tfe acmmhe pfdse

(NrJ-4=60=; 05,002 ´ 062 `p9 NrJ-00425; 05,5>2 ´ 4>2

`p) djm Retrilvcoe tl d hdter pfdse (twl mdtes lg d`lut 0? djm

04 iyr `p9 _vl`lmd et dh. 4335; 06?). Hciewcse, tfe jew NrJ

djm NrD mdtes grla ^chhejmlrg CC/3 lg ètweej 05 djm 0? iyr

`p (Mda`hlj et dh. 4337; 46?) dre lhmer tfdj tfe adklrcty lg

sctes wctf plcjtes í ordj dhhljne (Irdilw, Alrdvdjy, Jctrd,

Edst Eurlpedj sctes), wfcof dre hdoicjn cj Alrdvcd.



00? ADP]CJ LHCWD - _LAE ]FLUNF]_ LJ RDWHLWCDJ DMDR]D]CLJ_

?22

mcstdjoe cj ia

Gcn. = d djm . Reroejtdne lg rdw

adtercdhs (olres djm me`ctdne (d)

djm retluofem tllhs (`)) phlttem

dndcjst mcstdjoe ètweej scte djm

sluroe (glr d``revcdtcljs see Gcn. 0).

] _

• w

• P

D I-F

• T-N

?22

mcstdjoe cj ia

]fe ljhy mcreot superplsctclj lg severdh nrdvettcdj hdyers

cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe fds èej mlouaejtem cj ^chhejmlrg CC, djmseverdh dutflrs fdve trcem tl use ct glr tfe ehd`lrdtclj lg d

ujcmcreotcljdh perclmcsdtclj (Ltte 43349 _vl`lmd 433=).

]fese egglrts, flwever, jenheot tfe plssc`chcty lg rencljdh

mcggerejoes djm adjcgestdtcljs lg vdrclus dotcvctces cj tfe

typlhlny. ]l gct cjtl tfcs ujcmcreotcljdh almeh, qucte sadhh

sctes dre gurtfer seotcljem cjtl evej sadhher ujcts doolrmcjn

tl mcggerejoes cj rdmclaetrco mdtes (Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC),

wfche tfe aendsctes, suof ds Retrilvcoe C, dre tredtem ds lje

scjnhe ujct, lr dm hc`ctua seotcljem cjtl severdh pfdses

(Rgemalstg). Jew exodvdtcljs `y K. _vl`lmd djm H. Kdrlslví

dt Retrilvcoe C fdve cjmeem sflwj tfdt tfe scte prl`d`hycjvlhves mcggerejt stdnes lg looupdtclj (Kdrlslví et dh. 4337).

]fe presejtem perclmcsdtclj (_vl`lmd 433=9 _vl`lmd em.

433=) cs megcjctehy lje lg tfe plssc`chctces, dhtflunf prl`d`hy

jlt tfe ljhy lje, djm tfe mcsolvery lg djy gurtfer

suggcocejthy drtcouhdtem ouhturdh strdtcnrdpfy odj hedm tl

rdmcodh almcgcodtcljs.

]fe prlplrtclj lg `doiem acorlmejtcouhdtes cs fcnfhy

vdrcd`he (alsthy cj Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C), ùt tfey olae grla

dhh tfe dreds (Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC djm Rdvhlv 3 dhljn tfe




g C /

rZ:

Z

Gcn. 5. Cjmustry grla Achlvcoe C, seotclj N. (mrdwcjn ]. @undjsid)




Gcn. 7. Achlvcoe h/N, glujmdtclj lg tfe adaaltf- lje fut.

shlpes lg tfe Rdvhlv Fchhs, Jdpdkemhd C djm CCC djm @lrscoe C

jedr tfe Alrdvd vdhhey, Rgemalstc djm Retrilvcoe cj Jlrtf

Alrdvcd). Oertdcj olhheotcljs oljtdcj `cgdocdh hedg plcjts lg d

qucte szehetcdj dppedrdjoe (Rgemalstc, Retrilvcoe C, Mlhjc'

Wéstljcoe C, Rdvhlv C, Achlvcoe C/Jlrtf). _peocaej grla

Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe 4 (D`slhlj 43?6; 5?) djm Achlvcoe (Lhcvd

4363; 076) dre shcnfthy dhterem, sl tfdt ct cs prl`d`he tfdt

tfese dre olhheotem pceoes lg lhmer (szehetcdj<) lrcncj. _lae

hedg plcjts grla Rgemalstc' were wctflut mlu`t glujm cj tfe

hlwer hdyer.

=. Meolrdtcve l`keots

Mcsrendrmcjn juaerlus persljdh dmlrjaejts, redh wlris lg

drt dre ijlwj ljhy grla glur hdrne sctes (If'ad 436>d9

Lhcvd 43359 _vl`lmd 4335); Mlhjc' Wéstljcoe C, Rdvhlv C,

Rgemalstc djch Retrilvcoe 4 (ljhy twl fdeadtcte geadhe

gcnurcjes, jl `ljes were preservem). Ds d wflhe tfey gct wehh

cjtl tfe drt grdaewlri lg tfe edsterj pdrt lg tfe Nrdvettcdj

ùt tfe cjmcvcmudh sctes fdve tfecr lwj speocgcoctces;

stdtuettes lg prenjdjt wlaej lg adaaltf aetdplmcd dt

Rgemalstc, ghdt djcadh rehcegs cj Rdvhlv, fyper-styhcsem

geadhe gcnurcjes dt Mlhjc Wéstljcoe, djm juaerlus oerdaco

l`keots dt tfe hdst twl stdtcljs. Lj tfe hdst tfree sctes tfere

dre dhsl d`strdot nelaetrco altcgs.

Lut lg tfe ejtcre speotrua lg nrdvettcdj drt, ljhy d oertdcj

senaejt fds tfus dhwdys èej capheaejtem. ]fe ohlsest

djdhlny lg tfe geadhe gcnurcjes djm adaaltf souhpture

grla Rremalstc odj è glujm ds gdr dwdy ds Dvmeevl lj tfe

Pusscdj Rhdcj. Lje odj see cj tfcs rencljdh mcverscty djm

cjterrencljdh cmejtcty d strejntfejcjn lg styhcstco aedjs lg

slocdh dmdptdtclj. Grla lur plcjt lg vcew ct cs dhsl caplrtdjt

wfdt cs hdoicjn cj pdvhlvcdj drt, evej tflunf tfe aedjs glr

ct excstem; ejnrdvcjns lg djcadhs, odrvcjns cj djther,

dpphcodtcljs lg nelaetrco lrjdaejts lj djcadh souhptures,




tflunf tfe hdrne plhcsfem surgdoes lj tfe gcnurdtcve rehcegs

grla Rdvhlv dre wehh suctem tl tfe dpphcodtclj lg slae

altcgs.

]fe nelaetrco altcgs ljhy suppheaejt tfe fyper-styhcsem

geadhe stdtuettes grla Mlhjg Wéstljcoe ùt tfey mepcot jl

djdtlacodh metdchs. ]fe ljhy twl gcnurdtcve ejnrdvcjns olae

grla Rremalstc' djm represejt strljnhy d`strdotem wlaej,wfere`y tfe cjterjdh lrjdaejtclj cs dndcj d`strdot, jlj-

djdtlacodh.

Nrdvettcdj drt wds tfus su`keotem tl d severe odjlj, cjtl

wfcof prl`d`hy jlt everylje wds cjctcdtem (Lhcvd 4335). Cj

tfe Rdvhlvcdj, lrjdaejtdh gedtures lj wedpljs (e.n.,

oyhcjmrcodh cvlry plcjts) dre dhsl acsscjn, djm tfey dre rdtfer

sodroe djm vdnue lj l`keots lg everymdy use (tfe lrjdaejts

were ourclushy alst ehd`lrdte lj tfe acjcdture djm fdrmhy

gujotcljdh djther dmzes9 Ihgad 436>`; gcns ?2-??).

]fese peouhcdr hcactdtcljs lg nrdvettcdj drt èolae

prlacjejt espeocdhhy cj olapdrcslj wctf adnmdhejcdj drt,

wfere tfe ola`cjdtcljs lg rdw adtercdhs, nejres, altcgs djmteofjcques dre auof greer.

5. @urcdhs djm adaaltf `lje doouauhdtcljs

]fe olaphex slocdh rehdtcljs cj tfe Rdvhlvcdj dre dhsl

adjcgestem cj ùrcdhs. Grla Alrdvcd dre ijlwj grla 5-7

gcjmsplts (Rremalstc, Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C djm CC, Rdvhlv C,

@rjl CC djm CCC<) sevej (lr adyè ecnft<) cjfuadtcljs wctf

slae tfcrty cjmcvcmudhs. Glr slae lg tfese tfere jlw dre

cjmcodtcljs tfdt we dre medhcjn wctf seoljmdry meplsctcljs lg

wflhe `lmces (Mlhjc Wéstljcoe C, nrdve ?) lr ljhy pdrtcdh

ljes (Rremalstc' - 'adss nrdve' lg 46 fuadjs (Lhcvd 433>),

Rdvhlv C djm adyè @rjl CC). Grla tfe plcjt lg slocdh stdtus,

tfe @rjl CC ùrcdh looupces d speocdh plsctclj wfcof cs

ourrejthy ècjn reoljscmerem (Lhcvd 4337, tfcs vlhuae). Fere

wds cjfuaem cj tfe èm lg tfe _vctdvd rcver dj dmuht adj

(=2-52 yedrs lhm), suggercjn grla ofrljco pdcjguh

lstelayehctcs (tfcs cs tfe gcrst evcmejoe lg tfcs mcsedse cj tfe

Rdhdelhctfco). Fe wds doolapdjcem `y juaerlus nrdve

nllms djm jl prdotcodh gujotclj odj è dsscnjem tl djy lg

tfese; 0 perglrdtem mcsos lg slgt stlje, 4= td`hets adme lg

mcggerejt rdw adtercdhs (stlje, `lje, cvlry, adaaltf

alhhdrs sphct perpejmcouhdrhy tl tfe hdaehhde), dj cvlry

fuadj gcnure cj tfe glra lg d adrcljette wctf dj lpejcjn cj

tfe dxcs djm trdoes lg wedr djm repdrdtcljs (tfcs cs tfe ljhy

adhe souhpture cj tfe Nrdvettcdj djm tfe ljhy souhpture cj dpdhdelhctfco nrdve), d mruastcoi (<) lg recjmeer djther,

severdh fujmrems lg glssch alhhusos lg lje speoces

(Mejtdhcua `dmej.se) , adjy hdrne `ljes lg adaaltf,

rfcjloerls, eto. ]fe adklrcty lg tfe td`hets fds lj tfe emne

very gcje djm fdrmhy vcsc`he cjocscljs. ]fese l`keots hdoi djy

almcgcodtclj wfcof wluhm dhhlw suspejsclj lr dttdofaejt,

sl tfdt tfey oluhm jlt serve ds persljdh dmlrjaejt. Dhh tfese

cteas reacjm us dhalst tll oljspcoulushy lg tfe requcsctes

lg _cèrcdj sfdadjs. ]fcs extrdlrmcjdry ùrcdh testcgces tl tfe

excstejoe lg cjmcvcmudhs wctf dj exoeptcljdh stdtus cj tfe

rctudh spfere.

]fe presejoe lg `ljes lg hdrne fujtcjn ndae cj tfe

vcocjcty lg tfe nrdve acnft jlt è glrtuctlus. Hdrne

adaaltf `lje muaps dppedr cj alcst mepresscljs cj tfe

vcocjcty lg nrdvettcdj sctes (Rremalstc, Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C djmCC, Achlvcoe, _pytcfjév). ]fe adklrcty lg tfe `ljes oertdcjhy

represejts ictofej me`rcs, slae oluhm fdve èej `rlunft cj

grla jedr`y ichh sctes lr jdturdh meplscts (_lgger 433?; =2).

]fe presejoe lg vlhuacjlus, fedvy djm dhalst jl aedt

èdrcjn `ljes suof ds pehvcses, sodpuhde, adjmc`hes, siuhhs,

tusis djm cslhdtem alhdrs cs d reacjmer lg tfe rctudh

èfdvclur lg su`reoejt fujters, tejmcjn tl tfe preservdtclj

lg tfe adxcaua juaèr lg `ljes lg tfe alst caplrtdjt lr

tfe alst prestcnclus fujtcjn ndae (Lhcvd 4337, 433> wctf

gurtfer regerejoes).

7. Dmdptdtclj<Cj dhh tfe d`lve aejtcljem pfejlaejd slae icjm lg

dmdptdtclj odj è l`servem ùt tfcs dmdptdtclj wds rdtfer lg

d slocdh djm psyofco tfdj d teofjlhlncodh jdture. ]eofjlhlny

djm hctfco capheaejts were cj tfe ejtcre Nrdvettcdj scachdr,

rendrmhess lg tfe gdot wfetfer fujtcjn wejt lj glr adaaltf

ds cj tfe Rdvhlvcdj djm lj tfe Pusscdj Rhdcj, lr glr sadhher

ndae ds cj westerj djm slutferj Eurlpe. Dhh ltfer tfcjns,

oljscmerem ds typcodh glr tfcs ocvchcsdtclj, epctlacse cj gdot

ljhy tfe slocetces lg adaaltf fujters; d oljoejtrdtclj lg

jedrhy dhh sctes cj rcver vdhheys, d fcnf menree lg scte

fcerdrofy (tfe excstejoe lg 'aendsctes' cj Alrdvcd djm

edsterj Eurlpe), d oljstdjt premlacjdjoe lg caplrtem rdw

adtercdhs, hljn-tera mwehhcjns, meplsctcljs lg adaaltf

`ljes, olaphex ùrcdhs, djm d prlgusclj lg drt. ]fus tfese

pfejlaejd mcm jlt gujotclj ds dmdptdtcljs tl ohcadtco

oljmctcljs, wfcof were tfe sdae cj Alrdvcd djm Neradjy.

Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe ohcadte lj tfe Jlrtf Eurlpedj

Rhdcj djm cj tfe Aemcterrdjedj wds oertdcjhy mcggerejt - djm

jevertfehess tfe `dsco teofjlhlny djm typlhlny cs tfe sdae.

]fus jlt evej tfese fdve adjcgestem dj exoesscve

ejvcrljaejtdh sejsc`chcty. Cg, cj dmmctclj, we wcmej tfe djnhe

lg lur vcew, tfej tfe djdhlnlus meterclrdtclj lg ohcadtco

oljmctcljs cj Jlrtf Daercod fds cjtrlmuoem olaphetehy

mcggerejt wdys lg dmdptdtclj (_lgger djm Rrdshlv 433?),

perfdps mue tl tfe mcggerejoes cj tfe prevclus settheaejt

systea (Nda`he 433?).

]fe Rdvhlvcdj fds capheaejtem d very speocgco aetflm lg

exphlctdtclj lg d oertdcj olapljejt lg tfe ejvcrljaejt. Cts

su`scstejoe strdteny, oejtrem drlujm adaaltf fujtcjn,

requcrem tfe oredtclj lg d slocdh jetwlri tl olpe wctf tfe

ujpremcotd`chcty lg jutrctcljdh sluroes, djm tfe oredtclj lg

rctudhcsem èfdvclur tl nudrdjtee tfe pedoeguh sfdrcjn lg

prey, fujtcjn terrctlrces, prestcnclus cteas, eto.






00> ADP]CJ LHCWD - _LAE ]FLUNF]_ LJ RDWHLWCDJ DMDR]D]CLJ_

Rrclr tl 02 iyr, tfcs systea wds exfdustem. Dt tfcs tcae

tfere eaerne ltfer su`scstejoe strdtences wfcof hcji up - ds

rendrms `ltf teofjlhlny djm hdjm use - wctf tfe Durcnjdocdj

djm perfdps dhsl tfe _zehetcdj. ]fe epcdurcnjdocdj

looupdtclj wds ujmlu`temhy alre mejse tfdj tfe ourrejt

juaèr lg rdmclaetrco mdtes sunnests. ]fere dre evej slae

fcjts tfdt tfe Durcnjdocdj olexcstem wctf tfe dplnee lg tfe

pdvhlvcdj ouhture (durcnjdocdj hevehs cj tfe hless lverhycjn

tfe acmmhe ^ccra semcaejts dt @rjl-_tríjsií siíhd,

Wemrlvcoe hd, rdmclaetrco mdtes lg 02 lr 05 iyr grla

Dhèrjmlrg, eto.). ]fe ljhy mdtem epcdurcnjdocdj sctes cj

Oejtrdh Eurlpe dre Hdjnadjjersmlrg (04-02 iyr9 Fdfj

43>>), @loistecj-]÷rhe WC (02 iyr9 Fdfj 43>>) djm @rjl-

_trdjsid siíhd CW (46 iyr9 _vl`lmd 4334).

hcs eheaejts (trdjsverse djm plhyfemrco ùrcjs lj `rldm

hdacjdr ghdies, lgtej wctf tertcdry redmkustaejt lg tfe

wlricjn emne, extreaehy jdrrlw jlsem sordpers lj tfcoi

ghdies) odj è glhhlwem dhsl cj tfe oljteaplrdry

'epcnrdvettcdj' sctes cj @lfeacd (_tdmcoe), _lutferj Rlhdjm

(_pdm/.cstd O0/CC, Rceidrk | dac Hlwer Dustrcd (Nru`nrdèj).

Grla d teofjlhlncodh djm typlhlncodh plcjt lg vcew, d serces

lg very hdrne djm rcof gcjmsplts lj tfe edsterj shlpes lg tfe

Mrdfdjy Uphdjm (Urocoe, _hdtcjcoe, Ljmrdtcoe CC, _ehlutiy),

cj tfe Ofrc`y Fcnfhdjms (Hfltid. Idrlhcj), djm lj tfe

`lrmers lg tfe @rjl `dscj (@rjl-Ilflutlvcoe, Kujmrlv)

èhljns tl tfe Epcdurcnjdocdj, dhh cj tfe ohdssco dreds lg

EUR settheaejt. ]fcs cs tdicjn phdoe ujmer d oljstdjt

wlrsejcjn lg tfe ohcadte, tl wfcof - cj doolrmdjoe wctf

prevdchcjn lpcjcljs - tfe nrdvettcdj teofjlhlny djm

su`scstejoe strdteny wluhm fdve èej tfe very èst

dmdptdtclj.4

jlte

]fe nrdvettcdj resedrof prlkeot lrcncjdtem cj tfe Djtfrlpls Cjstctute

(Alrdvcdj Auseua) cj oljjeotclj wctf tfe prepdrdtclj lg d pu`hcodtclj

lj lur exodvdtcljs dt Achlvcoe (4367-4334). ^ctfcj tfe grdaewlri lg

tfcs prlnrdaae, dhh tfe dooessc`he dssea`hdnes lg tfe Alrdvcdj

Nrdvettcdj were stumcem (c.e. dhh wctf tfe exoeptclj lg Rdvhlv C, Mlhjc'

Wéstljcoe CC-CCC djm jew olhheotcljs grla Retrilvcoe C) grla tfe plcjt lg

vcew lg hctfco rdw adtercdhs, teofjlhlny, typlhlny, aetrcos djm tfe

myjdacos lg remuotclj sequejoes. Glr tfe gcrst tcae edof ctea lg tfe

hctfco cjmustry wds ohdsscgcem cj dhh tfe d`lve aejtcljem systeas djm dhh

were autudhhy cjteroljjeotem. D. Rgcofystdh, fedm lg tfe Mepdrtaejt lg

Nelhlny dt Adsdryi Ujcverscty, dsscstem cj tfe meteracjdtclj lg rdw

adtercdhs. ^ctf fca we ofeoiem dhh tfe sdaphes lg hctfcos wfcof wereoljspcoulus cj tfecr dppedrdjoe lr `y tfe ujexpeotem plsctclj cj tfe

remuotclj sequejoes (e.n. olrtcodh ghdies lr ujexfdustem olres grla

mcstdjt rdw adtercdhs), sl tfdt dhh tfe orctcodh resuhts dre supplrtem `y

expert djdhyscs.

]fe lutolaes dre pdrthy cj press, ùt tfe adklr pdrt cs stchh cj tfe

olaputer. ]fe presejtem prehcacjdry syjtfescs lrcncjdtem d`lve dhh grla

tfe jeem tl presejt tfe alst caplrtdjt resuhts dt tfe 4335 Rdvhlv

wlrisflp.




regerejoes

D`slhlj, I.

Mda`hlj, G.,

R. Fdesderts,K. vdj mer Rhcoft

Gã`hlt-Dunustcjs, K..

O. Rerhæs

Gehnejfduer, G.

Ghlss, F.

Nda`he, O.

Fdfj, K.

Kdrl_lví, H,

W. Oghei,

E. Lofes,

[. _jceszil

Ihcad, @.

Ilzhlwsic. K.I.

Ausch, P.

Lhcvd. A.

Lhcvd, A.

43?6 Mce Erglrsofujn mer mchuvcdhej Adaautkíner-_tdtclj vlj Ujter-^csterjct; cj Aífrej.

Drèctsèrcoft øèr mds zwecte Kdfr 4305. @rujj; Rlhynrdgce.

4337 Jew mdtcjns djm oljscmerdt cljs lj tfe ofrljlhlny lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes cj tfe Nredt

Eurdscdtco Rhdcj, Rrãfcstlcre eurlpãejje 3, 4>>-0?4.

4330 Rerspeotcves etfjldrofãlhlncques sur hes ãofdjnes í hljnue mcstdjoe, Cj; Etfjldrofãlhlnce;

kustcgcodtclj, prl`heaes, hcactes, 435-023, Kudj-Ces-Rcjs; Em. DRMOD.

4354 Dnns`dof. Ecj Gujmphdtz mes spítej Rdhílhctfciuas cj Jcemer÷sterrecof. ^cej; F. @lfhdus.

4362 Ecj Kujnpdhílhctfcsofes _tecjsofhínerdtehcer dus _tchhgrcem dj mer Adrof, Jcemer÷sterrecof.

[ur Ferstehhujnsteofjci vlj Acirlnrdvettespctzej, Glrsofujnej cj _tchhgrcem =, >-=2,

]dg. 4-44.

433= Plfadtercdh Werslrnujn ca Rdhílhctfciua mes Acttehrfecjne cetes, @ljj; PN[A

Aljlnrdpfcej @djm 04.

433? ]fe Oejter djm tfe Emne. Cj; L. _lgger djm J.M. Rrdshlv (ems), Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs,

?4?-?04, Jew Slri/Hljmlj; Rhejua Rress.

43>> Durcnjdocej, mds íhtere Kujnpdhílhctfciua cj Actteh- ujm Lsteurlpd, I÷hj; Gujmdaejtd D/3.

4337 Retgilvcoe, exodvdtcljs 433=-4335. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Rdhelhctfco cj tfe Acmmhe Mdjuè

renclj, 434-027, @rjl; Mlhjlvestljcoiã stumce 4.

4355 Wyshemiy drofelhlncoiãfl vyziuau jd tí`lrcstc hlvoø adautø v Retgilvcogof, lir. Lstrdvd

v rloe 4350 d 435?, ×dslpcs _hezsiãfl aused CW, 4-?5.

436>d Mce Iujst mes Nrdvettcej. Mce Djgíjne mer Iujst vlr ?2222 Kdfrej, ?=-=0. _tuttndrt; ]fecss.

436>` Rdhelhctcoií pdrlflví cjmustrce z Rdvhlvd, Rdaítiy drofelhlncoiã >6, 063-?>2.

4335 Mlhjc Wéstljcoe CC. Hcæne; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH >?).

436> Ofdjnes cj rdw adtercdh eoljlay lg tfe Nrdvettcdj teofjlolaphex cj jlrtferj oejtrdh

Eurlpe. Cj; I.]. @crÿ (em.), Cjterjdtcljdh oljgerejoe lj prefcstlrco ghcjt acjcjn djm hctfco

rdw adtercdh cmejtcgcodtclj cj tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj, 75->3, @umdpest-_ccaen.

4353 Lstelhlncoiy adtercdh z pdhelhctcoiãfl scmhcdtéé v Rdvhlvé, Djtfrlplzlciua 6 (4356), 6?-

427.

433= Fujtcjn ndae grla tfe ouhture hdyer dt Rdvhlv. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Rdvhlv C, 4>2-437,

Hcæne; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH 77).

4366 Nrdvettcdj scte wctf adaaltf-`lje mwehhcjn cj Achlvcoe (_lutferj Alrdvcd),

Djtfrlplhlnce (@rjl) 07, 425-440.

4363 Exodvdtcljs cj tfe pdhdelhctfco scte lg Achlvcoe C (_lutferj Alrdvcd) cj tfe yedr 4366,

Djtfrlplhlnce (@rjl) 0>, 075-0>4.

4335 H'usd ne me 4'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque ej ]ofãolshlvdquce. Cj; K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj,

Rf. ^dhter djm G. ^cmeadj (ems), He trdvdch et h'usdne me 4'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque

supãrceur, 463-436, Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e [eood mehhl _tdtl.




4337 Ahdmlpdhelhctcoiy frl` @rjl CC kdil pggspevei i ploíiøa sdadjcsau, Drofelhlncoiã

rlzfhemy =6, ?5?-?6?, 5?>-5=0.

433> Rdvhlvcejsií sgmhcsté u Rgemalstc'. I ltízoe hlvu adautø v ahdmãa pdhelhctu. Dotd Ausec

Alrdvcde, sec. slo. 60, ?-7=.

4333 H'cjmustrco hctfcque mu seoteur N í Achlvco (Alrdvco mu _um). He gdmes "aer cmcl jdh" mu

Nrdvettcej alrdve. Cj; M. _doofc (em.), Hes gdoces heptlhctfcques mu jlrm-luestaãmcterrdjãej; achceux jdturehs et ouhtures, 4?3-452, VVCWe Oljnres Rrãfcstlrcque me

Grdjoe, Odrodssljje 433=, Rdrcs; _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse.

tfcs ]fe @rjl CC Upper Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdh.

vlhuae

Lhhe, A.

_ofeer. D.

_lgter, L.

_lgter, L.,

J.M. Rrdshlv (ems)

_vl`lmd, K.

_vl`lmd, K. (em.)

_vl`lmd, K.,

@. If'ad,

R. _irmhd

Wdhlof. I.

Weresofdncj, J.I.,

N.G. @drcsfjcilv

4364 He Nrdvettcej ej Eurlpe Oejtrdhe, vlh. CC. @runne; Me ]eapeh.

4334 Pevcsclj me hd sequejoe me ^chhejmlrg. Cj; D. Aljtet-^fcte (em.), Hes `dsscjs mu Pfcj et mu

Mdjuè du Rdhãlhctcque supãrceur; ejvcrljjeaejt. fd`ctdt et systæaes m'ãofdjne, =5-72,

Hcene; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH =?).

433? ]fe Lrndjcsdtclj lg Hctfco Pesluroe Use murcjn tfe Nrdvettcdj cj Neradjy . Cj; F. Ijeoft,

D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems), @eglre Hdsodux; tfe olaphex reolrm lg tfe Edrhy UpperRdhelhctfco, 43?-042, @lod Pdtlj; OPO Rress.

433? Upper Rdhelhctfco Dmdptdtcljs cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe djm Adj - Adaaltf

cjterdotcljs. Cj; L. _lgger djm J.M. Rrdshlv (ems), Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs, ?4-=3, Jew

Slri/Hljmlj; Rhejua Rress.

433? Grla Ilstejic tl Ohlvcs. Jew Slri/Hljmlj; Rhejua Rress.

4334 _tríjsií siíhd. Wyshemiy vyziuau v heteof 4365-436>, Rdamtiy drofelhlncoiã 60, 5-=>.

433= ]fe Rdvhlv _cte, Ozeof Pepu`hco ; Hctfco Evcmejoe grla tfe Upper Rdhelhctfco, Klurjdh lg

Gcehm Drofdelhlny 04, 73-64.

4335 H'Drt Nrdvettcej ej Alrdvce ; oljtexte, mdtes et styhes, H'Djtfrlplhlnce 33, 056-0>0.

433= Rdvhlv C. Exodvdtcljs 4350-435?, Hcæne; Ujcversctã me Hcene (EPDUH 77).

4335 ]fe Nrdvettcdj prlkeot; dotcvctces murcjn tfe 4334-433= perclm, Drofelhlncoiã rlzfhemy =>,

0>3-?22.

4364 @ectrdn zur Iejjtjcs mes Rdvhlvcej, Drofelhlncoiã rlzfhemy ??, 0>3-036.

4366 Mce Erglrsofujn mer Iuhjd-F÷fhe 4374-43>7, @rjl; Djtfrlpls J_ 47.

4360 Rdheleolhlny lg tfe adaaltf gdujd cj tfe Eurdscdj Drotco. Cj; M.A. Flpicjs,

K.W. Adtfews, O._. _ofwener djm _.@. Slujn (ems), Rdheleolhlny lg @ercjncd, 07>-062,Jew Slri; Dodmeaco Rress.

Adrtcj Lhcvd

Alrdvsiã [easie Auzeua

[ehjy ]rf 7

753?> @rjl

Ozeof Pepu`hco





Wclhd Ml lsc 4> Cjterclr pdrts lg tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj ètweej?2,222 djm 02,222 `p

Dj eolhlncodh reoljstruotclj lg tfe AUR perclm cj tfeOdrpdtfcdj `dscj wds reoejthy olapheaejtem `y d juaèr lgjew socejtcgco resuhts grla nelalrpflhlny, adhdolhlny,verte`rdte pdhdeljtlhlny, pdhyjlhlny, rdmclodr`lj mdtcjndjm djtfrdolhlny. Cj tfe fcstlry lg tfe Fujndrcdj UpperRdhdelhctfco, tfe AUR regers tl tfe lhmer `hdme cjmustry lgtfe Nrdvettcdj olaphex/Rdvhlvcdj. ]fcs perclm cs represejtem`y 44 sctes, slae lg wfcof dre hdrne peradjejt settheaejts

wctf d vdrcem hctfco cjvejtlry, slae dre teaplrdry fujtcjnodaps lr wlrisflps, hlodtem lj lr jedr tfe rdw adtercdhsluroes wctf d speocdhcsem tllh ict. ]fecr ouhturdh rehdtcljsdre adcjhy meteracjem `y tfe nelalrpflhlncodh gedtures lgtfe renclj. ]fere cs d typlhlncodhhy oljgcraem oljjeotcljhedmcjn tlwdrms tfe jlrtfwest, tfe nrdvettcdj olre dreds,

prl`d`hy tl tfe jlrtf lg tfe Mdjuè. êsterj oljjeotcljsdre mealjstrdtem `y tfe presejoe lg rloi orystdh grla Dhpcjesluroes. ê fdve jl cjglradtclj lj tfe use lg slutferjrlutes. ]l tfe edst djm tfe jlrtf, tfe ofdcj lg alujtdcjssepdrdtem tfe plpuhdtclj lg tfe cjterclr pdrts lg tfe `dscj

grla ouhturdh oejtres edst lg tfe Odrpdtfcdjs.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fe d`slhute ofrljlhlncodh grdaes ea`rdoe dj ujevejhymlouaejtem ùt evejtguh perclm wctfcj tfe Fujndrcdj UpperRdhdelhctfco. Drofdelhlncodh cjterdotclj, c.e. pdrdhheh gedturesètweej tfe EUR - AUR djm tfe AUR - HUR, ds wehh ds tfepdhdel-eolhlncodh rfytfa, ljhy pdrthy lverhdp tfeseofrljlhlncodh grdaes. ]fe drtcgcocdh grdaes lg tfe perclm ?2-02 iyr `p tfereglre cjohume d plssc`hy stchh excstcjnDurcnjdocdj CC (EUR), ds wehh ds tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe HUR(_mnvdrcdj) wctfcj tfe stumy dred.]fe d`slhute ofrljlhlncodhmdtd, olapheaejtem `y semcaejtlhlncodh drnuaejts, adcjhyseea tl supplrt tfe l`servdtclj tfdt tfe settheaejt fcstlry lgtfe Fujndrcdj Upper Rdhdelhctfco cs ofdrdotercsem `y d oertdcjmcsoljtcjucty, ohlsehy rehdtem tl eolhlncodh pfejlaejd.

Upper Rdhdelhctfco nrlups dppedrem cj scnjcgcodjt juaèrscj tfe cjterclr pdrts lg tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj murcjn tfecjterstdmcdhs lg tfe hdst tfcrm lg tfe ^ccra nhdocdtclj.Nelhlncodh stumces, semcaejt djdhyses, tfe cjvestcndtclj lgtfe adhdelgdujd, pdhdel`ltdjcodh readcjs djm tfe verte`rdteadorlglsschs, ds wehh ds rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn lg drofdelhlncodhAces djm hless sequejoes, oljgcra tfcs stdteaejt Fce speem

lg tfe cjgchtrdtclj lg d ouhture wctfcj d adklr plpuhdtclj ujctlr tfe murdtclj lg tfe dotcve perclms lg tfe settheaejts odjjltè dsoertdcjem wctf dooeptd`he doourdoy ds yet, ds tfed`slhute ofrljlhlncodh mdtes ncve ljhy d oldrse cjmcodtclj lgtfe fcstlry lg evejts.

Ds tfcs vlhuae glouses lj tfe perclm ?2-02 iyr, alst lg tfedurcnjdocdj evcmejoe cs lg hctthe rehevdjoe glr tfcs pdper, grla`ltf d ofrljlhlncodh djm dj drofdelhlncodh plcjt lg vcew. Lur4=

O mdtes cjmcodte, flwever, tfe presejoe lg tfe Durcnjdocdj 44ds hdte ds ?2 iyr `p (NrJ 43?5 ?2,>42 ´ 722 `p9 Wertes djm meWrces 4353; 435), djm cmejtcgcem glr tfe gcrst tcae cj tfe upperouhturdh flrczlj lg tfe Cstíhhlsi÷ odve `y Hdszhÿ Wertes(Lhsofevcej). D`slhute ofrljlhlncodh mdtes lg o. ?4 iyr, wctfrdtfer nejerlus adrncjs lg errlr, cjmcodte tfdt tfe durcnjdocdj CCcjmustry wctf plhcsfem `lje plcjts (tflunf jlt sphct-`dsem ljes)wds oljteaplrdry wctf tfe gcrst settheaejt wdve lg nrdvettcdjpelphe cj Fujndry dt tfe hlwer adrncj lg tfe ncvej tcae spdj.

Djdhyscs lg tfe drofdelhlncodh adtercdh lg tfe edrhynrdvettcdj teofjlolaphex revedhem slae drofdco gedtures cjtfe teofjlhlncodh djm typlhlncodh ofdrdoter wfcof oluhm è

dttrcùtem tl durcnjdolcm cjghuejoes. Flwever, tfcscjterdotclj oljghcots wctf lur ourrejt cmeds lj tfe durcnjdocdjouhture; prloeemcjn grla tfe Jedr Edst tl tfe Gdr êst, grlatfe Hevdjtcdj oldst tl tfe Dthdjtco oldst, djm stlppcjn glr dnelhlncodhhy sflrt wfche cj tfe @ccii odves cj tfe jlrtfFujndrcdj Acm-Alujtdcjs. ]fey odae tfere cj mcreotolapetctclj wctf tfe oljteaplrdry szehetcdj plpuhdtclj -tfcs oljteaplrdjecty cs strdtcnrdpfcodhhy prlvej - sl tfeDurcnjdocdj wds d sflrt ùt ejcnadtco epcslme cj tfe fcstlrylg tfe Fujndrcdj Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Ct cs hess prl`d`he tfdttfe teofjcodh cjjlvdtcljs dppedrcjn cj tfe edrhcer Nrdvettcdjwluhm olae grla tfese sflrt-tcae 'nuests'.

]fe hdst tfcrm lg tfe ^ccra perclm, fdvcjn tfree pfdses cjtfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj, cs dsslocdtem wctf tfe nrdvettcdj ouhturessejsu hdtl. Lj tfe `dscs lg ofrljlhlny djm teofjl-typlhlncodhgedtures, tfcs hdrne ouhturdh ejtcty odj è su`mcvcmem cjtl tfreesadhher ljes, edof wctf d hlodh gdoces. ]fcs dhsl aedjs tfdtwctf dhalst cmejtcodh eolhlncodh oljmctcljs, scachdr wdys lghcge djm scachdr iey gcjms (Nrdvette plcjts), tfe sctes odj èdsscnjem tl tfree ouhturdh pfyhd djm represejt twl mcggerejtteofjlhlncodh trdmctcljs. ]fe twl ofrljlhlncodh flrczljs lgtfe heptlhctfco/`hdme trdmctclj dre;




- lhmer `hdme cjmustrces, sunnestem teracjlhlny;Rdvhlvcdj/Nrdvettcdj (@lmrlnieresztur, Aenydszÿ, Fljt,Røsp÷ifdtvdj)

- ylujner `hdme cjmustrces, sunnestem teracjlhlny;Epcnrdvettcdj (Mdjuè èjm, Kdzyncd).

D speocdh cjmustry, tfe _ínvírcdj, wctf d pregerejtcdh use

lg pe``hes ds rdw adtercdh cs pdrthy oljteaplrdry wctf tfeylujner `hdme pfyhua. ]fe tera _ínvírcdj wds sunnestemglr Fujndrcdj sctes (_ínvír, Admdrds, Alnylrls`íjyd). ]fcspfyhua dhsl represejts tfe trdjsctclj ètweej tfe AUR djmtfe HUR, djm cts alst olaphetehy mlouaejtem scte,Alnylrls`íjyd, fds d h=O mdte lg 43,3?2 ´ ?22 `p (Me`44739 Ml`lsc djm Fertehejmc 433?; 4=4).

]fe d`slhute ofrljlhlncodh plsctclj lg tfe _ínvírcdjprdotcodhhy olcjocmes wctf tfe mdte lg tfe olhm adxcaua lgtfe ûra nhdocdtclj glr tfe west lg tfe Odrpdtfcdjs. ]fevdrclus pfdses lg tfe Hdte Nhdocdh ohcadtco fcstlry cj tfeOdrpdtfcdj @dscj djm cts rehdtclj tl ltfer rencljs cj Eurlpe

odjjlt è reoljstruotem wctf tfe jeoessdry doourdoy. Ct seeastfdt tfe ohcadtco lsochhdtcljs murcjn tfe acmmhe lg tfe ^ccra444 glhhlwem edof ltfer qucte gdst, djm cj spcte lg tfecr sflrtmurdtclj, tfey were ofdrdotercstco ejlunf tl oduse scnjcgcodjtofdjnes, glr exdaphe cj tfe adhdolgdujd. Cj êsterj djmOejtrdh Eurlpe, tfe olhm adxcaua lg tfe ^ccra nhdocdtcljloourrem drlujm 02 iyr, ètweej tfe ]ursdo djm Hdunercecjterstdmcdhs, ùt cj tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj ct loourrem lje pfdsehdter. Cstvíj W÷r÷s odhouhdtem dj dverdne Kuhy teaperdture ljtfe `dscs lg ^ccra odve semcaejt gdujd hcsts. ]fe olhmestpfdse lg tfe Hdte ^ccra, wctf dj dverdne Kuhy teaperdture lg40.7² O wds dsoertdcjem glr tfe perclm ètweej tfe Hdunercedjm Hdsodux cjterstdmcdhs. ]fcs pfdse cs oljteaplrdry wctftfe glradtclj lg tfe lje aetre tfcoi hless sepdrdtcjn tfe twlouhturdh hdyers lg tfe _ínvíre pe``he nrdvettcdj scte (Ml`lscdjm W÷r÷s 436>; 56). ]fere dre mdtd cjmcodtcjn tfdt `y tfeejm lg tfe Coe Dne tfere cs djltfer olhm pedi wctf dj dhalstequdhhy olhm adxcaua cj tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj.

Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe lpej dcr settheaejts lg tfe lhmer`hdme cjmustrces (Rdvhlvcdj/Nrdvettcdj), tfdt cs, tfe gcrst wdvelg tfe Nrdvettcdj, dre ijlwj ljhy grla tfe èncjjcjn lg tfcsperclm, tfe ^ccra 0/? cjterstdmcdh. ]fe drofdelhlncodh adtercdhreolverem grla tfe Hdte Nhdocdh semcaejts lg tfe odves odjpdrthy è dhhlodtem tl tfe lpej dcr settheaejts ds speocdhteaplrdry sfehters wctf speocdh, dsyaaetrcodh lr speocdhcsemdssea`hdnes. ]fe rest cs olaplsem lg sadhh cjscnjcgcodjtdssea`hdnes, jl alre tfdj '`doinrlujm jlcse', djm tll sadhhglr dj dmequdte drofdelhlncodh ouhturdh ohdsscgcodtclj.

0. Nelhlny

]fe alst vdrcem djm tflrlunfhy stumcem hless prlgche cssctudtem cj tfe Aejme `rcoiydrms. ]fe perclm dt stdie fere csrepresejtem cj tfcs seotclj `y 42 aetres lg semcaejt._emcaejtlhlncodh stumces lg tfe seotclj were perglraem,

uscjn vdrclus aetflms, olapheaejtem `y h=O mdtes djm ]Hmdtes cj alre reoejt tcaes (Rãosc 433?; 006). ^fche tfehdtter aetflm ycehmem oljtrdmcotlry mdtd glr edrhcer perclms lgtfe Rhecstloeje, tfe mcggerejoes lg tfe twl mdtcjn aetflms,flwever, dre wctfcj redsljd`he adrncjs lg errlr glr tfe hdsttfcrm lg tfe ^ccra perclm.

]fe sequejoe lg tfe hless prlgche lg tfe Aejme `rcoiydrmscs ds glhhlws;- ^ccra 0/? cjterstdmcdh; mlu`he slch flrczlj;

- Aejme Upper CC; mevehlpem slch, steppe glrest wctfnrlves, wctf ofdroldh readcjs, mdtem dt =2 iyr

- cjteracttejt hless (odhouhdtem mdtd)

- Aejme Upper C; steppe slch, olhm steppe tdcnd, nrlve-glrests, mdtem dt 03,622 ´ 722 `p (Al =00) (@ltf slchsdre lg oferjlzea type)

- ^ccra ? stdmcdh; sdjmy djm typcodh hless dhterjdtcjn wctfglradtclj djm gchhcjn lg 'mehhs' (sadhh vdhheys).

]fe o. 6 a tfcoi hless djm hless-hcie semcaejts lg tfe ^ccra

? dre mcsseotem `y twl slch hevehs;- f0; hlessy fuaus, drotco ea`ryljdh slch, mdtem dt 02,502

´ 032 `p (Fv 0534) djm 04,>=2 ´ ?02 `p (Fv =463)- f c ; hlessy fuaus, ea`ryljdh slch, nrlve-glrest, mdtem dt

47,>52 ´ =22 `p (Fv 4755)]fe ^ccra semcaejt sequejoe cs lverhdcj `y sdjmy hless.

Cj tfe Acmmhe Mdjuè `dscj, seeacjnhy hess strdtcgcem hlessshlpe semcaejts were glraem tfdj west lg lur dred. ]feglradtclj lg mlu`he slch flrczljs cs d speocdh gedture lg tfe^ccracdj semcaejtdtclj cj lur renclj, djm glr tfe stumyperclm tfey odj è l`servem cj tfe Aejme Upper 4-0 glrest

steppe slchs djm tfe Hdte ^ccra ea`ryljdh slch fc djm 0hevehs (Rãosc 433?; 005).

Lj tfe `dscs lg tfe olhhdtclj lg semcaejtlhlncodh, gdujdhdjm drofdelhlncodh mdtd, tfe dutflr sunnestem tfe use lg tfetera _ínvírcdj perclm glr tfe tcae spdj 02 tl 47 iyr `p(Ml`lsc djm W÷r÷s 436>, td`. 6), d perclm wfcof olrrespljmstl tfe fc djm f0 ea`ryljdh slch hdyers (c.e. twl sflrtcjterstdmcdh pfdses) djm tfe nejerdhhy lje aetre tfcoi hlesssepdrdtcjn tfea. Dt tfe sdae tcae, tfcs cs tfe perclm lg tfe_ínvírcdj pe``he-nrdvettcdj ouhture.

?. Eolhlny

?.4 GDUJD

?.4.4 AdhdolgdujdDs d resuht lg tfe cjvestcndtclj lg hless prlgches, tfeterrestrcdh alhhusodj gdujd lg tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj cs wehhijlwj djm pdrdhhehs ltfer mdtd lj ohcadtco fcstlry. ]fe

adhdolgdujd lg tfe rehevdjt perclm cs ds glhhlws (_ccaenc-Irlhlpp 4335; 4?7-4?>);- ^ccra 0/? cjterstdmcdh; speoces pregerrcjn d achm ohcadte

mlacjdte. D typcodh speoces lg tfe Odtcjehhd drejdrcdsu`zlje cs Nrdjdrcd gruaejtua.



0?? WCLHD ML@L_C - CJ]EPCLP RDP]_ LG ]FE ODPRD]FCDJ @D_CJ

- @y tfe ejm lg tfe slch glradtclj/cjterstdmcdh we summejhygcjm speoces cjmcodtcjn extreae mry oljmctcljs, suof dsRupchhd trcphcodtd.

- ]fese dre glhhlwem y olhm rescstdjt aezlpfyhlusspeoces; tfe su`zlje Wdhhljcd hejuchd`rcs cjmcodtes glr tfeperclm ètweej 05-00 iyr megcjctehy olhm oljtcjejtdh

steppe oljmctcljs.- Drlujm 00-02 iyr, d rehdtcvehy achmer djm wetter ohcadtco

pfdse odj è fypltfescsem, wctf d rescstdjt aeslpfyhlusadhdolgdujd, cmejtcgcem `y _ccaenc djm Irlhlpp dt tfeheveh lg tfe fc ea`ryljdh slch.

- ]fe ûra olhm adxcaua cs ofdrdotercsem `y tfe gdujdlg tfe Olhuaehhd olhuaehhd zlje.

?.4.0 Werte`rdte gdujdê fdve jl mdtd lj rlmejts djm dapfc`cdj-reptchcdj gdujdglr lpej dcr sctes. Dvcgdujd cs ijlwj ljhy grla tfe ylujnersettheaejts (Hdnlpus ennsfehh grdnaejts). ]fe hdrne

adaadhcdj gdujd cs hess respljscve tl ohcadtco ofdjnes djmcs tfus hess suctd`he glr dj luthcje lg tfe ohcadtco fcstlry.

hlr lpej dcr sctes, tfe hcst lg fujtem djcadhs oljscsts lg 44mcggerejt speoces; fdre, glx, hclj, wchm `ldr, adaaltf,wllhhy rfcjloerls, flrse, ehi, recjmeer, rem meer, djm `cslj.

Ds tfe pdhdelhctfco settheaejts seea tl è oljoejtrdtemdrlujm tfe ^ccra 0/? cjterstdmcdh, tfcs gdujd) hcst olaprcscjn`ltf glrestdh djm steppe eheaejts odj è oljscmerem typcodhglr tfcs cjterstdmcdh. ]fe pdhdeljtlhlncodh equcvdhejt lg tfeperclm cs tfe Cstdhhÿsi÷ gdujdh pfdse, glujm cj nredtest vdrcetycj tfe durcnjdocdj 44 hdyers lg tfe Cstdhhÿsi÷ odve. ]fedrofdelhlncodh adtercdh lg tfcs ujct stchh èhljns tl tfe EUR,

djm tfus gdhhs lutscme lur solpe fere. ]fe gdujd, flwever, cscjmepejmejt lg tfe ouhturdh ohdsscgcodtclj lg fuadjolaaujctces hcvcjn cj tfe sdae ejvcrljaejt. ê odjtfereglre olaphete tfe gdujdh hcst lg tfe lpej dcr (nrdvettcdj)settheaejts wctf tfe glhhlwcjn speoces; @ls, Odprd djm

Pupcodprd daljn tfe fer`cvlres, djm Odrms, Orloutd, Gehcsdjm Hyjx daljn tfe odrjcvlres (W÷r÷s 4360; =7, 436=; 43).

]fe nejerdh trejm l`servd`he cj tfe ofdjnes lg tfe gdujdcjmcodtes tfdt tfe juaèr lg pdofymeradtd (rfcjloerls,adaaltf) nrdmudhhy meoredses, wfche tfdt lg tfe steppe fermdjcadhs (flrse, recjmeer) cjoredses.

Dt hedst twl speoces lg Equus were reolnjcsem cj tfe

gdujd, E. neradjcous djm d sadhher flrse, jltem ds EquusCC. _l gdr, tfcs speoces wds rendrmem ds dj cjmex glssch glrtfe perclm ejmcjn wctf tfe Edrhy ^ccra (Ml`lsc et dh.4366; ?=).

?.0 GHLPD

?.0.4 Ofdreldh readcjsDjtfrdolhlny. c.e. tfe stumy lg ofdrrem phdjt readcjs, usem tlphdk d adklr rlhe cj Fujndrcdj pdhdelhctfco resedrof. Cj tfe

hdst tfree meodmes, flwever, tfcs caplrtdjt mcsocphcje fds jlt

èej oljtcjuem. _cjoe tfe pu`hcodtcljs lg K. _tceèr, tferefdve èej jl gurtfer stumces lg tfcs type lg adtercdh.Peoejthy, flwever, d ylujn speocdhcst dt Me`reoej Ujcversctyfds stdrtem slae dotcvctces cj tfcs gcehm, ùt tfe resuhts lg tfesestumces fdve èej pu`hcsfem ljhy pdrtcdhhy, djm tfe resedrofwds pdrthy perglraem lj adtercdh ylujner tfdj 02 iyr.

_tceèr's resuhts were pu`hcsfem cj 437>. Fe reoljstruotemtfe ^øracdj venetdtclj wctfcj tfe grdaewlri lg tfeAchdjilvco-@dosíi ofrljlhlncodh systea, wfcof fds èejupmdtem severdh tcaes scjoe.

Grla tfe upper ouhturdh flrczlj lg tfe Cstdhhÿsi÷ odve,ofdroldh readcjs lg Uhaus, _lrùs, Tuerous, Rcjus djmRcoed were cmejtcgcem (_tceèr 437>; td`. C). ]fcs ghlrdolaplsctclj cjmcodtes dj cjterstdmcdh acxem meocmulus glrest,wctf slae pcje. Ds aejtcljem d`lve cj tfe pdhdeljtlhlncodhreolrm, tfcs perclm olrrespljms tl tfe ^ccra 0/? cjterstdmcdh.Mdtd oljoerjcjn tfe seoljm fdhg lg tfe ?2-02 iyr perclm, tfestdmcdh, dre acsscjn.

Lj tfe `dscs lg tfe ofdroldh gcjms grla tfe Epcpdhdelhctfcosctes, ct seeas oertdcj tfdt murcjn tfe Hdte ^ccra tferedhwdys wds slae dr`lredh venetdtclj cj tfe oejtrdh pdrts lgtfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj, dt hedst cj tfe glra lg rcpdrcdj ndhheryglrests.

?.0.0 Rlhhej]fe cjterpretdtclj lg pdhyjlhlncodh mdtd cs dhsl prl`headtcodh.]fe `lreflhe stumces lg tfe Dhg÷hm (Nredt Fujndrcdj Rhdcjs)resuhtem ljhy cj dj lverdhh pcoture lg tfe Hdte ^ccra, wctflutd metdchem speoces hcst. Cj tfe semcaejts lg tfe lpej dcrsettheaejts lg tfe Nrdvettcdj/Rdvhlvcdj, tfere cs hctthe ofdjoe

glr plhhej tl survcve. ]fe nejerdh sodrocty lg plhhej extejmslver tfe ^ccra 0/? cjterstdmcdh ds wehh. Dpdrt grla tfespeoces-rcof JDR olapljejt (Ofejlplmcdoede, Nrdacjede,Rlhynljua), we fdve slae meocmulus readcjs (ljhy Dhjusdjm Olryhus), djm grla oljcgers tfe usudh Rcoed djm Rcjus.^ctf tfe nrdmudh meterclrdtclj lg tfe ohcadte, tfe cjoredse cjdrcmcty, djm tfe gdhh cj tfe dverdne teaperdture, tfe ghlrdèodae evej alre aednre (Ardc-Ilahÿmc 4377; td`. C). ]fepdhyjlhlncodh evdhudtclj lg tfe Aejme `rcoiydrms prlgche csujglrtujdtehy jlt very cjglradtcve; hlts lg Drteacscd, djm dgew dr`lredh speoces pregerrcjn d wdraer ohcadte, ds wehh dsNrdacjede (Rãosc 433?; gcn. 50).

=. Drofdelhlny]fe Rdvhlvcdj pfyhua lg tfe nrdvettcdj ejtcty cj Fujndry csijlwj grla 44 sctes; @lmrlnieresztur (Wertes 4377), Ilrhít(_caíj 4335), Fcmdsjãaetc (_caíj 4363), Aenydszÿ (Ml`lscdjm _caíj 4337), _dkÿszejtpãter (Pcjner 433?), Aítrdfízd(@crÿ 436=), Wersen (Ml`lsc 4334), Røsp÷ifdtvdj (Osljnrímc-@dhlnf djm Ml`lsc 4335), Plafíjy (_caíj 433?),Fljt/Rdrdssd (Ní`lrc 435>), djm Jdmdp (Ml`lsc et dh. 4366).]fe sctes dre aejtcljem fere cj d alre lr hess edst-west



0?= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Gcn. 4. _ctes aejtcljem cj tfe text;

4. Fcmdsjãaetc9 0. Ilrhít9

?. @lmrlnieresztur9 =. Aenydszÿ9

5. _dkÿszejtpãter9 7. Aítrdfízd9

>. Wersen9 6. Røsp÷ifdtvdj9

3. Plafãjy9 42. Fljt9 44. Jdmdp9

40. Mlhjc Wæstljcoe9 4?. chhejmlrg.mdsfem hcje; adcj rlute9 mlttem

hcje; duxchcdry rlute.

mcreotclj. ]fe qudjtcty djm qudhcty lg cjglradtclj lj tfesesctes cs ujglrtujdtehy very ujevej.

_lae lg tfe sctes were dutfejtcodtem `y exodvdtcljs(@lmrlnieresztur, Ilrhít, Fcmdsjãaetc, Aenydszÿ, Wersen,Røsp÷ifdtvdj, djm Jdmdp), tflunf we odj jever spedi lg tfeolaphete reolvery lg dj ujmcsturèm settheaejt. _lae sctesdre ijlwj ljhy grla strdy surgdoe gcjms (Plafíjy), slaedre cj rewlriem semcaejts (Aítrdfízd), djm tfere dre slae

wfere exodvdtclj cs ourrejthy cj prlnress (Fljt/Rdrdssd).Gcjdhhy, tfere dre slae sctes wfere tfe socejtcgco ehd`lrdtclj(nelalrpflhlncodh plsctclj) cs dmvdjoem, ùt tfedrofdelhlncodh cjglradtclj cs hcactem tl tfe mesorcptclj lg kustd gew drtegdots (glr cjstdjoe, _dkÿszejtpãter).

Ds glr settheaejt gujotclj, we odj mcstcjnucsf teaplrdryfujtcjn odaps (Fcmdsjãaetc, Wersen, Jdmdp), hljner terasettheaejts (@lmrlnieresztur, Aenydszÿ), djm wlrisflpsctes lj rdw adtercdh loourrejoes (Ilrhít, Aítrdfízd,Røsp÷ifdtvdj).

]fe gujotclj lg tfe settheaejt, tfe seheotclj lg tfehlodtclj (tlplnrdpfy) djm tfe set lg tllhs (prlplrtcljs lr

dsyaaetry lg tfe type hcst) cs cjterrehdtem, djm tfemcsolvery lg evcmejt oljjeotcljs odj lgger d ofdjoe glrprlspeotcjn djm cmejtcgycjn jew sctes djm ohdsscgycjnsurgdoe adtercdhs.

=.4 ]LRLNPDRFS

]fe sctes dre hlodtem cj tfe jlrtferj pdrt lg Fujndry cj dacm-alujtdcj ejvcrljaejt. ]fcs pfejlaejlj cs jltsurprcscjn glr tfe wlrisflp settheaejts, ds tfe seheotclj lgtfe hlodtclj (cj dhh ijlwj odses sl gdr) cs oljjeotem tl

fymrltferadh schcoes. Daljn tfe Dhg÷hm sctes, jlje èhljnstl tfcs ofrljlhlncodh flrczlj. ]fe tera 'acm-alujtdcjejvcrljaejt', flwever, cs acshedmcjn tl slae extejt.

]fese settheaejts dre hlodtem cj tfe nejerdhhy jlt veryfcnf Fujndrcdj Acm-Alujtdcj rdjne (dverdne pedis dt>-622 a, fcnfest pedi dt 4242 a) dt hlwer ehevdtcljs, tfustfe d`slhute fecnft lg tfe sctes olrrespljms adcjhy tl tfe fchhodtenlry. ]fese fchhs, dt tfe sdae tcae, dre oljjeotem tl tfe

alujtdcj rdjnes, tfus tfe ofdrdotercstco wdy lg hcge csoertdcjhy d alujtdcjlus type lg excstejoe djm tfe surgdoerehceg glras dhsl cjmcodte alujtdcjs rdtfer tfdj fchhs.

Cj tfe seheotclj lg tfe hlodtclj lg settheaejts, tfe prcadrygujotclj lg tfe settheaejt wds meocscve, ùt cj tfe odse lg slaesctes, tfe tlplnrdpfcodh plsctclj wds gdvlurem glr severdh redsljs.Alst suctd`he glr hcvcjn were l`vclushy settheaejts glrperadjejt rescmejoe, tflunf cj Fujndry sl-odhhem rescmejtcdhsettheaejts, suof ds ^chhhejmlrg, Rdvhlv, eto. jedr tfe `lrmerrenclj lg tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj, dre stchh acsscjn. Lj tfe `dscs lgtfe flrczljtdh extejt djm tfe scze djm qudhcty lg tfe gcjms,@lmrlnieresztur djm Aenydszÿ odj è dsscnjem tl tfe odtenlrylg peradjejt settheaejts, tflunf tfese settheaejts weremcsturèm `y almerj dotcvctces. @ltf settheaejt dreds wereoflsej wctf d nllm strdtenco sejse, cj d prlteotem, oejtrdh phdoewctf dj exoehhejt vcew djm vdrclus jdturdh resluroes.@lmrlnieresztur cs hlodtem lj d prltrumcjn phdtedu lg tfe fchhyrenclj dmklcjcjn tfe slutferj pdrt lg tfe ]lidk Alujtdcjs, wfcofdre very rcof cj rdw adtercdhs. ]fe Fejye fchh, lj wfcof tfe sctehces, cs prlteotem grla tfe jlrtf `y tfe ]lidk-Rreslv alujtdcjrdjne, grla tfe slutfedst `y tfe Ilpdsz-feny ('@dhm Alujtdcj')lg ]lidk, djm grla tfe slutfwest `y tfe luter rlw lg fchhs.



0?5 WCLHD ML@L_4 - CJ]EPCLP RDP]_ LG ]FE ODPRD]FCDJ @D_CJ

]fe caaemcdte ejvcrljaejt cs rdtfer mcverse, djm oljscstslg d acm-alujtdcj type lg ejvcrljaejt (]lidk Alujtdcjs), dadrsfy lje (@lmrln djm ]cszd ghllmphdcj renclj, ]ditdphdcjs), ds wehh ds lg hlwhdjm `cltlpe (stdrtcjn dt 4-0 iaslutf lg tfe scte). ]fe vdrcety lg resluroes cs dhsl regheotem cjCfo gdujd lg tfe settheaejt.

Aenydszÿ cs sepdrdtem `y tfe rcmnes lg tfe _lutferj ]lidkgrla @lmrlnieresztur, slae 02-00 ia ds tfe orlw ghces. Cthces lj d fchhtlp sepdrdtem grla tfe surrlujmcjns `y steepvdhheys, ghco sctudtclj cs very scachdr tl @lmrlnieresztur, ùtlj d sadhher sodhe. ]fe hlodh fymrltferadh rdw adtercdhsluroe cs ljhy d gew fujmrem aetres grla tfe settheaejt9flwever, tfcs type lg rdw adtercdh wds jlt very plpuhdr ljtfe scte. Nllm qudhcty ]lidk sluroes, dt tfe sdae tcae, drehess tfej 42 ia dwdy cj tfe ]lidk renclj. ]fe scte csprlteotem (grla tfe Hlwhdjms, djm grla tfe jlrtfwesterhywcjms. ]fe '@dhm Alujtdcj' cs su`stctutem fere `y tfeJdnyrepís). djm hlodtem dt d aeetcjn plcjt lg mcggerejteolhlncodh jcofes (]cszd rcver su`stctutem `y tfe Ferjím,@lmrln rcver `y tfe Nchcp, djm evej tfe adrncj lg tfe Dhg÷hmcs jedr, èyljm lje rlw lg fchhs). Hciewcse, tfe sctelverhllis tfe wcme jlrtf-slutf olrrcmlr hedmcjn tlwdrms tfeDhg÷hm dhljn tfe slutfedsterj olrjer lg tfe alujtdcjs.

_dkls/.ejtpãter (D. Pcjner pers. olaa.) prl`d`hy èhljnstl tfe odtenlry lg peradjejt settheaejts, ùt fds sl gdr jltèej pu`hcsfem.

Ds glr Fljt, tfe tlplnrdpfy lg tfese sctes cj tfe dred cssuctd`he glr peradjejt settheaejts djm teaplrdry fujtcjnodaps. ]fe stumy lg tfe ofdcj lg settheaejts odj lgger auofjew cjglradtclj lj gujotclj, oljteaplrdjecty djm settheaejt

struoture._lae sctes were ohdsscgcem ds teaplrdry fujtcjn odaps ljtfe `dscs lg tfe sodrocty lg gcjms djm tfe sadhh extejt lgsettheaejt gedtures rdtfer tfdj tfe type speotrua lr tfeextreaehy rcof gdujd. ]fe seheotclj lg tfe hlodtclj wds, alstprl`d`hy, mcreotem `y strcothy utchctdrcdj jltcljs. Cj tfe odselg tfe twl sctes megcjem ds fujtcjn odaps, tfe olaaljgdotlrs dro tfe adrncjdh plsctclj gdocjn tfe phdcjs djm tfeprlxcacty lg gresf wdter.

Jdmdp djm Wersen wctf tfecr vdrcd`he djm rehdtcvehy rcofpdhdeljtlhlncodh adtercdh djm. hlr Jdmdp. Cfo `dscodhhy hljnmcstdjoe rdw adtercdhs cj tfe hctfco cjmustry, olrrespljm tltfe odtenlry mehcjedtem `y I. _caíj ds "teaplrdry odap, cjsfdrp oljtrdst tl tfe ejvcrljaejt" (_caíj 436?; 75).

Lj tfe `dscs lg slae typcodh drtegdots, tfe scte lgPlafíjy wds ohdsscgcem ofrljlhlncodhhy cj tfe sdaeodtenlry. Dt gcrst scnft, tfe scte seeas tl è dj cmedh fujtcjnodap9 flwever, tfe cjterpretdtclj sfluhm è ofeoiem `yexodvdtcljs.

]fe tlplnrdpfy lg tfe wlrisflp sctes seeas evcmejt. Cjtfe odse lg Røsp÷ifdtvdj djm Ilrhít, tfe rdw adtercdh wdsglraem ds d resuht lg fymrltferadh prloesses glhhlwcjn

Acloeje vlhodjco dotcvcty. ]fe resuhtcjn schcoes odj èl`servem cj tfcoi `djis evej tlmdy, djm dre stchh usem (e.n.,drlujm @lhmlni÷vírdhkd djm Ilrhít tfe `hlois lgfymrlqudrtzcte dre usem glr adicjn terrdoes dndcjst erlscljcj tfe vcjeydrms). Cj tfe odse lg Aítrdfízd, tfe prcadrysluroe cs jlt ijlwj. Dt Fcmdsjãaetc, tfe wlrisflp gujotclj

cs jlt very ohedr, ùt lj tfe `dscs lg tfe typlhlncodholaplsctclj, ct wds pu`hcsfem ds d wlrisflp (_caíj 436?;7=). ^ctf respeot tl dhh wlrisflp sctes, flwever, we austdmact tfdt we fdve jl cjglradtclj ds yet lj tfe oljteaplrdry peradjejt (<) settheaejts wfere tfe drtegdots prepdremcj tfe ijlwj wlrisflp sctes were trdjsplrtem tl djm usem.]fe Røsp÷ifdtvdj/Oserfít fymrlqudrtzcte ady loour cj tfeDhg÷hm pdhdelhctfco sctes, ùt tfese settheaejts dreofrljlhlncodhhy lje pfdse ylujner, c.e. lg Epcpdhdelhctfcodne.

=.0 PD^ AD]EPCDH DOTUC_C]CLJ

]fe rdw adtercdhs presejt cj tfe nrdvettcdj sctes dre gdcrhyvdrcem. ]rdocjn tfe rdw adtercdhs lg ijlwj nelhlncodhsluroes, we odj l`serve tfdt tfe ùhi lg tfe AUR sctes wdsuscjn hlodh lr rencljdh rdw adtercdhs. ]fese twl odtenlrcesdre ujmerstllm ds megcjem cj tfe 'Hctfltfeod odtdhlnue' (@crÿdjm Ml`lsc 4334; 6), wctf 'hlodh' regerrcjn tl rlois dt dmdy's wdhicjn mcstdjoe grla d scte, djm 'rencljdh' usem ds dghexc`he tera tl cjmcodte adtercdh dvdchd`he dt mcstdjoescjteraemcdte ètweej 'hlodh' djm 'hljn mcstdjoe'.

]fe rdtcl lg oertdcj rdw adtercdhs odj vdry oljscmerd`hygrla scte tl scte, ùt slae mlacjdjt rdw adtercdhs odj èglujm cj jedrhy dhh sctes.

Mue tl gdvlurd`he nelhlncodh gdotlrs, tfe terrctlry lgFujndry d`lujms cj plstvlhodjco, fymrltferadh djmsemcaejtdry schcoes (@crÿ 4366). Cj tfe pdhdelhctfco perclm,tfe resluroes dre olapheaejtem wctf rdw adtercdhs grlawctfcj djm lutscme tfe Odrpdtfcdj drof, servcjn prdotcodhhy dhhmcaejscljdh djm qudhctdtcve jeems. Pdw adtercdhs nejerdhhyijlwj djm usem tfrlunflut tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco were;

- l`scmcdj; loourrcjn dt severdh phdoes wctfcj tfe ]lidk-Rreslv Alujtdcjs cj tfe glra lg jlmuhes. Cj tfe stumyperclm (tfe AUR), tfe hdrnest trdjsplrt mcstdjoe csreolrmem dt Fljt (surgdoe gcjm), 4>2-462 ia west lg tfesluroes. ]fe caplrtdjoe lg tfcs adtercdh cs mealjstrdtem`y tfe gdot tfdt ct wds dhsl glujm dt Røsp÷ifdtvdj. dwlrisflp scte wctf hlodh rdw adtercdh utchcsdtclj wehhexoeemcjn 35%, 452 ia grla tfe l`scmcdj sluroes.

- '_zehetcdj ' gehsctco plrpfyry; tfe ofdrdotercstco, edschycmejtcgcd`he hdacjdr dsf-nrey rdw adtercdh typcodh lg tfeszehetcdj ouhture. Cts nelhlncodh loourrejoe cs wehh ijlwjcj tfe edsterj pdrts lg tfe @ccii Alujtdcjs. Daljn tfesettheaejts stumcem, tfcs adtercdh wds cmejtcgcem dtAenydszÿ djm @lmrlnieresztur, ?2-=2 ia grla tfesluroe dred.




- Fymrltferadh schcoes; cj tfe stumy perclm, we fdvecjglradtclj d`lut twl rdw adtercdh exphlctdtclj/wlrisflpsctes, `ltf lj fymrltferadh `djis lg schcoes; Ilrhít djmRccsplifdtvdj. ]fe caplrtdjoe lg hlodh rdw adtercdhs dttfese sctes exoeems 32%. ]fecr mcstrcùtclj dt ltferoljteaplrdry sctes cs mcggcouht tl glhhlw, ds alst lg tfe

sctes lg tfe perclm dre hlodtem cj tfe jlrtferj pdrt lg tfeolujtry, wfcof cs gdcrhy rcof cj hlodh fymrltferadh rdwadtercdhs. Aítrdfízd wds hlodtem lj d hlodh seoljmdryrdw adtercdh doouauhdtclj ds dj dm flo wlrisflp9 tfemcstrcùtclj lg tfe rdw adtercdh prloessem fere (lpdh) csujijlwj.

- Pdmclhdr cte; prcadry loourrejoes dre ijlwj grla tfeAeslzlco sequejoes lg tfe ]rdjsmdju`cdj Acm-Alujtdcjrdjne djm tfe Aeslzlco lg tfe jlrtf Fujndrcdj Acm-Alujtdcjs. Pdmclhdrcte pe``hes odj dhsl è olhheotem grlaRdhdelzlco rdmclhdrctes, e.n., cj tfe streda èms lj tfeslutferj shlpes lg tfe @ccii Alujtdcjs. Olhlur vdrcdtcljsdjm rdmclhdrcd oljtejt odj serve ds cmejtcgcodtcljofdrdotercstcos. Mue tl tfe vdrcety lg sluroes, Odrpdtfcdjrdmclhdrctes (grla tfe Wdn/Wdf djm Ferjdm/Fladmvdhheys) phdy dj caplrtdjt rlhe ds wehh. Odrpdtfcdj (Wdfvdhhey) rdmclhdrcte wds glujm cj hdrne qudjtctces dt tfe]rdjsmdju`cdj flrse fujters odap lg Jdmdp, wfcof csreadrid`he ds rdmclhdrcte sluroes were presejt ohlse tltfcs scte. Set rdmclhdrcte wds caplrtem lver d mcstdjoe lg

462 ia ds tfe orlw ghces.- Errdtco ghcjt; doolrmcjn tl nejerdhhy dooeptem lpcjclj, tfcs

tera stdjms glr schex jlmuhes djm pe``hes trdjsplrtem `ycoe. ]fe jedrest loourrejoe cs cj tfe Pcss alrdcjesdrlujm tfe Alrdvcdj Ndte, tfe upper redofes lg tfe Lmrdrcver. Ds errdtco ghcjt odj olae grla djy renclj olverem`y tfe terrestrcdh coe sfeet, cj jlradh drofdelhlncodhprdotcoe ct cs alsthy reolnjcsem `y tfe errdtco olrtex djm`huecsf-wfcte, cjtejscve pdtcjd. Dt tfe Fujndrcdjdrofdelhlncodh sctes lg tfe perclm, tfcs rdw adtercdh wdscmejtcgcem cj adklr qudjtctces dt Jdmdp, @lmrlniereszturdjm Aenydszÿ (dt Jdmdp, olaprcscjn dhalst >2% lg tfedrtegdots).

]fere dre, flwever, oertdcj prl`heas wctf dspeots lg tfeserdw adtercdh stumces.

Daljn tfe fymrlqudrtzctes, glr cjstdjoe, we fdve slaeadorlsolpcodhhy scachdr types wctf scachdr texture djm pdtcjd.

Gurtferalre, jl l`keotcve (socejtcgco) aetflms fdve èejusem tl prlve tfe errdtco ofdrdoter lg tfe adtercdh. ^ctfrendrm tl tfe Fujndrcdj adtercdh, tfe 'errdtco ghcjt' cteaswere ohdsscgcem adorlsolpcodhhy ljhy. Dt Jdmdp, cg tfe rdwadtercdh cs redhhy errdtco ghcjt, we fdve tl supplse d very gdstalvcjn olaaujcty èoduse lg tfe fcnf rdtcl lg mcstdjt rdwadtercdhs, mejltcjn renuhdr supphy lr gresf cjgchtrdtclj,supplrtem `y djltfer drnuaejt ds wehh, c.e. tfe jewolaersmcm jlt fdve cjglradtclj lj hlodh resluroes.

Dpdrt grla tfe adcj rdw adtercdhs, lj dhh lg tfe sctes yetujcmejtcgcem rdw adtercdhs were dhsl glujm, adcjhy cj tfeglra lg dm flo drtegdots.

=.? ]EOFJLHLNCODH CJJLWD]CLJ

]fe AUR cjmustrces drrcvem cj lur renclj, doolrmcjn tl lur

ourrejt cjglradtclj, grla lutscme tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj, cjolaphetehy mevehlpem glra. Cts lhmest wdve oluhm stchh fdveaet tfe redrnudrms lg tfe durcnjdocdj pelphe. ]fe tera'Durcnjdol-Nrdvettcej' lr durcnjdolcm type wlricjn mejltesdt alst oljteaplrdjecty lr glradh reacjcsoejoes, prl`d`hywctflut djy redh oljjeotcljs. ]fe djdhlny rehdtes cj tfe gcrstphdoe tl tfe steep ejmsordpers djm tfe stepwcse retluofem`hdmes, loourrcjn cj phdoe lg tfe ohdssco durcnjdocdj types(dhtlnetfer acsscjn grla tfe Fujndrcdj durcnjdocdj sctes dswehh).

Grla tfe Fujndrcdj sctes lg tfe stumy perclm, ljhy glurdssea`hdnes ycehmem adtercdh suctd`he glr stdtcstcodh djdhyscs(]d`he 4); @lmrlnieresztur (>7> tllhs), Aenydszÿ (572tllhs), Fcmdsjãaetc (440 tllhs), djm Jdmdp (76 tllhs).(Ilrhít, Rccsplifdtvdj djm Aítrdfízd dre wlrisflpdssea`hdnes wctf very speocgco djm dsyaaetrcodh type hcsts,_dkÿszejtpãter fds jlt yet èej pu`hcsfem, Fljt cs ujmerpu`hcodtclj, dt Wersen dhtlnetfer 5 ùrcjs oluhm è gcttem cjtld trdmctcljdh type hcst, djm Plafíjy cs dwdctcjn dutfejtcodtclj).

]fe Fujndrcdj sctes ml jlt oljglra tl tfe nrlupssunnestem `y A. Ltte (4332), wfl luthcjem d almeh lgOejtrdh Eurlpedj nrdvettcdj mevehlpaejt lj tfe `dscs lg fcsrevcsclj lg tfe adtercdh grla ^chhejmlrg. Dt tfe tcae wfejfe olapchem fcs wlri, fe oluhm ljhy `dse fcasehg lj dgrdotclj lg tfe adtercdh pu`hcsfem `y Wertes grla@lmrlnieresztur djm fe fdm jl cjglradtclj lj tfe resuhts lgtfe jew (433=) exodvdtcljs. ]d`he 4 wds oredtem lj tfe `dscslg tfe olaphete adtercdh. ]fe scte odj è put cjtl Ltte's'_tdme C' ljhy lj ofrljlhlncodh nrlujms.

Cj ay lpcjclj, '_tdme CC', c.e., "hdaes retluofães" dre jltejlunf ds "eheaejts odrdotãrcstcques". Ds tfcs type looursgrequejthy cj Fujndrcdj sctes djm cs gdcrhy nejerdh wctf tfereservdtcljs aejtcljem `y Ltte ("hes hdaes, phus hdrnes etphus adsscves"), tfcs gdoces sucts tfe adtercdh ètter. ]feohdssco sfluhmerem `hdme plcjt cs ijlwj ljhy grla twlcjstdjoes dt Fcmdsjãaetc, djm evej tfese dre gdr grla tfe

Ilstejic type (_caíj 4363, gcn. 3). Lj tfe `dscs lg tfese, tfeadtercdh oluhm è gcttem cjtl Ltte's '_tdme CCC, gdoces D' (Ltte4332; 002-004).

Cj K. _vl`lmd's lpcjclj (_vl`lmd 4334), tfe alstofdrdotercstco gedture lg pdvhlvcdj cjmustrces cs tfemlacjdjoe lg ùrcjs djm acorlhctfs. ]fe rdtcl lg ùrcjs odjè twcoe tfdt lg ejmsordpers. Daljn tfe Fujndrcdj sctes,ljhy Jdmdp dnrees wctf tfcs gedture, tlnetfer wctf d fcnfrdtcl lg `doiem acorl`hdmes. ]fcs settheaejt cs jedrest cj djy



0?> WCLHD ML@L_C - CJ]EPCLP RDP]_ LG ]FE ODPRD]FCDJ @D_CJ

]d`he 4. ]fe mcstrcùtclj lg tllh types caplrtdjt glr ouhturdh ohdsscgcodtclj (tfe rdtcl lg types

cs ncvej cj peroejtdnes).

_LJJEWCHHE-@LPME_ - REPPL] ]SRE_

4 - 45 0 > - == =7 - = > =6 - =3 5 7- •5 > 56 • 53 6= - 32

@lmrlnieresztur 07 06 7 ? - 4 ?Aenydszÿ 0= 04 = 4 4 3 -

Fcmds jãaetc 42 4> - = 0 0 >

Jdmdp > ?> - 4= - 3 ?0

sejse - rdw adtercdh, teofjlhlny, drtegdot gcjcsf - tl tfeAlrdvcdj settheaejts.

ê fdve tl plcjt lut tfdt cj tfe AUR settheaejts, d fcnfrdtcl lg 'rehcot' types odj è glujm. Dt Fcmdsjãaetc =% djmdt @lmrlnieresztur 7% lg tfe sordpers dre lg AcmmheRdhdelhctfco ofdrdoter9 dt tfe hdtter scte tfere were dhsl ?%

oflpper-oflppcjn tllhs djm pe``he tllhs lg HlwerRdhdelhctfco ofdrdoter.

Ds rendrms tfe gujotclj lg tfe settheaejt djm tfe typespeotrua, tfe strljnest rehdtclj wds glujm dt Jdmdp, wfereflrses were suooessguhhy fujtem, olrrespljmcjn tl tfe fcnfrdtcl lg fujtcjn tllhs (dhalst 32% lg tfe prey wds flrse, ?>cjmcvcmudhs), tfus tfe settheaejt oluhm è kusthy ohdsscgcem dsd fujtcjn odap.

Fcmdsjãaetc cs cjterpretem `y _crjdj pdrthy ds d fujtcjnodap, ùt tfe preservdtclj oljmctcljs were ujgdvlurd`hetfere djm tfe gdujd cs acsscjn (_crjdj 4363; 46).

]fe type speotrua lg `ltf @lmrlnieresztur djm Aenydszÿ

cs `dhdjoem, typcodh lg d fd`ctdtclj scte.

5. Mcsoussclj

]fe cjfd`ctdjts lg tfe Fujndrcdj AUR sctes plpuhdtem tfeadrncjdh zljes lg tfe alujtdcjs rujjcjn pdrdhheh tl tfeOdrpdtfcdj (jlrtf, edst, slutfedst) djm Dhpcje (west) drof.]fe cjtrdalujtdcjlus `dscj wds lpej tlwdrms tfe jlrtfwest,tlwdrms tfe nrdvettcdj fd`ctdtclj dred djm tlwdrms tfe upperredofes lg tfe Mdjuè djm dmkdoejt Alrdvd rcver vdhhey(Mkcjmkcdj 433=; 4>). ]fe Odrpdtfcdj djm Dhpcje pdssesaust fdve èej pdssd`he cj tfe cjterstdmcdhs. ]fe rluterujjcjn tl tfe slutfedst lg tfe pdvhlvcdj `dse terrctlry odj

redof ds gdr ds tfe edsterj adrncj lg tfe cjterclr pdrts lg tfeOdrpdtfcdj @dscj dhljn fchhy rencljs, wctflut orlsscjn hdrnercvers. Cj tfe west, Dhpcje oljjeotcljs dre cjmcodtem `yolapdrd`he ejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs, dùjmdjoe lg rdwadtercdh djm tfe splrdmco loourrejoe lg rloi orystdh cj tfeFujndrcdj adtercdh.

ê fdve jl mdtd lj tfe hdjm use lg tfe slutfwesterj zlje,tfe Orldtcdj sflre djm tlwdrms tfe Dpejjcjcdj pejcjsuhd. Cjtfe slutf, tfe pltejtcdh rlute cj tfe Mdjuè vdhhey (Crlj

Nlrne<) cs sl gdr jlt ijlwj. Cj slae pfdses lg tfeRdhdelhctfco, oljtdots ady fdve èej estd`hcsfem vcd tfeslutfedst (Mrl`jcewcoz et dh. 4330; =46-=43).

]l tfe slutfedst djm edst, tfe fcnf drof lg tfe Odrpdtfcdjrdjne cslhdtem tfe stumy dred, pdrthy grla ujgdvlurd`heohcadtco eggeots ùt dhsl grla mcreot ouhturdh cjghuejoes. ]fe

ouhturdh oejtre dhljn tfe Mjcestr rcver seeacjnhy mcm jltcjghuejoe tfe mevehlpaejt lg tfe cjterclr pdrts lg tfe `dscj.ê prl`d`hy fdve tl oljscmer loodscljdh dm flo orlsscjnsvcd tfe Odrpdtfcdj pdsses djm expemctcljs glr rdw adtercdhs(Wlhfyjcdj ghcjt/l`scmcdj, repespeotcvehy). ]fcs mcreotclj,flwever, oluhm jlt serve glr grequejt djm renuhdr oljtdotsglr hdrne nrlups lg pelphe. ]fe hdrne gdujdh acnrdtcljs djmrehdtem alveaejts lg tfe fuadj plpuhdtclj tlli phdoelutscme - jlrtf djm adyè slutf lg - tfe Odrpdtfcdj drof, cjspcte lg loodscljdh egglrts lg olaaujctces dhljn tfe rcvers tlfujt lr doqucre rdw adtercdh.

Dooeptcjn tfe cmed lg d Oejtrdh Eurlpedj lrcncj lg tfe

nrdvettcdj olaphex, lur mdtd seea tl sunnest tfdt tfe cjterclrpdrts lg tfe Odrpdtfcdj @dscj very edrhy lj èodae tfe flaelg nrlups lrcncjdtcjn grla tfe nrdvettcdj/pdvhlvcdj olredreds. Murcjn tfe AUR perclm, tfe pltejtcdh surphusplpuhdtclj lg tfe Alrdvcdj terrctlrces wds d`he tl gcjmscachdr hcvcjn oljmctcljs ds gdr ds tfe edsterjalst adrncj lgtfe Dhg÷hm.

]fe nelalrpflhlncodh oljmctcljs lg tfe dred lggeremsuctd`he oljmctcljs glr fd`ctdtclj. ]llhs suctd`he glr wlricjnvdrclus adtercdhs, hdrne settheaejts djm exltco l`keotsmejltcjn hdstcjn fd`ctdtcljs, supplrt tfe cadne cjmcodtem `ytllh type mcstrcùtclj; reolnjcscjn tfe dmvdjtdnes lg vdrcd`he

jdturdh dgglrmdjoes djm tfecr utchcsdtclj, tfe pelphe lg tfeAUR glraem hdstcjn settheaejts cj tfe adrncjdh zlje lg tfe]lidk-Rreslv Alujtdcj, djm cj nejerdh, cj tfe jlrtferj pdrtslg Fujndry. ]fcs dred fdm d speocdh cjteraemcdry plsctcljètweej tfe westerj (Rdvhlv-^chhejmlrg) djm edsterj(Mjcestr-Rrut) ouhturdh oejtres. Cj d `djm lg o. 022 ia cjhejntf, tfere dre 44 sctes ijlwj sl gdr. ]fe qudhcty djmqudjtcty lg tfe adtercdh mejltes d alst suooessguh perclm cjtfe Fujndrcdj Upper Rdhdelhctfco.




regerejoes

@crÿ, I.

@crÿ. I.].,

W.]. Ml`lsc

Osljnrdmc-@dhlnf, E,,

W.]. Ml`lsc

436= Rdhelhctfco gcjms grla tfe Aítrd alujtdcjs, Dnrcd 02, 5-44.

4366 Mcstrcùtclj lg hctfco rdw adtercdh lj prefcstlrco sctes, Dotd Drofdelhlncod D_F =2, 054-0>=.

4334 Hctfltfeod, Olapdrdtcve Pdw Adtercdh Olhheotclj lg tfe Fujndrcdj Jdtcljdh Auseua.@umdpest.

4335 Rdhdelhctfco _ettheaejt trdoes jedr Rccsplifdtvdj, Glhcd Drofdelhlncod ==, ?>-53.

Mkcjmkcdj, G.

Ml`lsc, W.].

Ml`lsc, W.].,

C. W÷r÷s

Ml`lsc, W.].,

E. Fertehejmc

433= H'cjghuejoe mes grljtcæres jdturehhes mdjs hes mãphdoeaejts mes ofdsseu rs-ouech heurs du

wura rãoejt, Rrecstlrcd Dhpcjd 06(0), >-06.

4334 Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt dt Wersen-Ierteidhkd, _tumcd Olactdtejscd 04 , >?-64.

436> ]fe Rchcsszdjtÿ C rloisfecter. Pevcsclj. Glhcd Drofdelhlncod ?6, >-7=.

433? Jew O-4= mdtes grla tfe Fujndrcdj Upper Rdhdelhctfco, Rrãfcstlcre Eurlpãejje 5, 4?5-4=0.

Ml`lsc, W.].,

I. _crjdj

Ml`lsc, W.].,@. Kujnèrtf.D. Pcjner,C. W÷r÷s

4337 Jew Upper Rdhdelhctfco scte dt Aenydszÿ-_zehestet÷ . Olaaujclodtcljes Drofdelhlncode Fujndrcde 4337, 5-02.

4366 Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt cj Jdmdp, Glhcd Drofdelhlncod ?3, 4?-=2.

Mrl`jcewcoz, @.,@. Ncjter,

K.I. Ilzhlwsic

Ní`lrc, A.

Kdrdc-Ilahÿmc, A.

Ltte, A.

Rãosc, A.

Pcjner, D.

_cadj, I.

4330 ]fe nrdvettcdj sequejoe. Cj; K.I. Ilzhlwsic, F. Hdvchhe djm @. Ncjter (ems), ]eajdtd Odve,Wlh. 4., Rdrt 4, Irdilw.

435> Mce Gujmstehhe mes Durcnjdocej cj _dfy-Rdrdssd dj mer ujndrcsof-tsofeoflshlwdicsofej

Nrejze, _hlvejsid Drofelhÿncd W(0), 05?-0>2.

4377 Rdhcjlhÿncdc vczsníhdtli d Adnydr Dhg÷hm÷j. Mcss. odjm. Adjusorcpt. @umdpest.

4332 Pevcsclj me hd sequejoe mu Rdhãlhctfcque _upãrceur me ^chhejmlrg, @uhhetcj me h'Cjstctut Plydh mes socejoes jdturehhes me @ehncque 72, 043-006.

433? Jenyemilr ãs h÷sziutdtms. (Tudterjdry djm hless resedrof), @umdpest.

433? Ãszdiiehet-adnydrlrszdncglhyÿterdszli, h÷sz÷i ãs `drhdjnc øhemãiei irljlsztrdtcnrmgcdcrejmszere. Mcss. odjm. Adjusorcpt. Acsilho.

436? Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt pdtterj cj olujty @lrslm D`duk [eaphãj. Feradj Lttÿ AuzeurjÃvi÷jyve VVW-VVWC, 55-7>.

4363 Fcmdsjãaetc - Upper Rdhdelhctf co scte cj tfe Ferjím vdhhey (Jlrtfedst Fujndry), Dotd Drof.

Odrpdtfcod 06, 5-0=.



0?3

_cadj, I.

_tceèr, K.

_øaenc, R.,

E. Irlhlpp

_vl`lmd, K.

Wertes, H.

Wertes, H.,

F. me Wrces

W÷r÷s, C.

WCLHD ML@L_C - CJ]EPCLP RDP]_ LG ]FE ODPRD]FCDJ @D_CJ

433? ×si÷ilrc hehetei Jÿnrdm aenyãèj.( Gujme dus mer Wlrzect ca Ilactdt Jlnrdm), Jÿnrÿmaenyec Acczeuali Evi÷jyve 46, 0=>-05=.

4335 ]fe Ilrhít-Pdvdszhyuitet÷ wlrisflp scte cj Jlrtf Edsterj Fujndry, Drofdelhlncd Rlhljcd??,=4-5.

437> øèrphecs tlzíje Wenetdtcljsnesofcofte Ujndrj ca _pceneh djtfrdiltlacsofer Erne`jcsse,

G÷hmhdjc Iøzh÷jy 3>(?), ?26-?46.

4335 Peoljstruotclj lg pdhelleolhlncodh oljmct cljs murcjn tfe meplsctclj lg ûra hless

glradtcljs lg Fujndry, `dsem lj alhhusos, G÷hmtdjc I÷zh÷jy 405, 405-4=6.

4334 ]fe hctfco cjmustry; nejerdh ofdrdote rcstco. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Mlhjc Wcstljcoe CC. êsterj_hlpe, EPDUH 5, Hcene.

4377 ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco _cte lj At. Fejye dt @lmrlnieresztur, Dotd Drofdeltlncod D_F 46,

?-4=.

4353 Pdmclidr`ljèstcaaujn mes durcnjdocej CC dus mer Cstdìhÿsi÷er F÷fhe , DrofdelhlncdcÃrtesct÷%7, 435.

4360 Gdujdh readcjs grla tfe nrdvettcdj recjmeer fujter's odapscte dt _ínvír, Glhcd Drofdeltlncod ??, =?->2.

436= Fujtem adaadhs grla tfe durcnjdocdj odve èdr fujter' s scte cj tfe Cstíhhlsi÷ odve, Glhcd Drofdelhlncod ?5, >-?4.

Wclhd Ml`lscAdnydr Jeazetc Acczeua

Pãnãszetc Lsztíhy

@p. WCCC, Acczeua ict. 4=-47

4?>2 @umdpest

Fujndry





Djtd Aljtet-^fcte 46 D sodrocty lg AUR sctes cj tfe _dvd Wdhhey,strdtcnrdpfco fcdtus djm/lr meplpuhdtclj

]fe _dvd Wdhhey dred, dt tfe `lujmdry ètweej tfe Oejtrdh

Eurlpedj phdcjs djm tfe alujtdcjlus mcsseotem @dhidjs, fds

dj caplrtdjt reolrm lg alustercdj djm epcnrdvettcdj sctes.

]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco fds hegt ljhy very gew trdoes

tflunf, djm d 7222->222 yedr hljn fcdtus sepdrdtes tfe hdst

trdoes lg durcnjdocdj nrlups grla plst-HNA looupdtcljs.

]flunf tfe pduocty lg tfe nrdvettcdj reolrm cs pdrthy mue tl

orlscljdh prloesses, tfe adrncjdh ofdrdoter lg trdoes wfere

semcaejts dre preservem cjmcodtes tfdt tfe _dvd @dscj wds

hdrnehy meplpuhdtem ètweej 06,222 djm 02,222 `p.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fe _dvd Pcver cs tfe adklr west-edst wdterwdy dt tfe

slutferj emne lg tfe Rdjjljcdj @dscj wfcof adris tfe

`lujmdry ètweej tfe phdcjs lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe djm tfe alre

alujtdcjlus, mcsseotem terrdcj lg tfe @dhidjs. Cj tfe hdte

Rhecstloeje ct wds dhsl tfe hcact ètweej tfe pregerrem fd`ctdt

lg hdrne ferms lg adaaltf, `cslj, flrses, lr recjmeer tl tfe

jlrtf djm tfdt lg d vdrcety lg sadhher djcadhs hcvcjn cj sadhh

nrlups tl tfe slutf.

Rdhdelhctfco nrlups lg lpplrtujcstco fujters grequejtem tfe

uphdjms wctf d adriem pregerejoe glr phdtedus sctudtem

ètweej 0(V) djm =22 a d`lve sed heveh djm looupcem sfehters

dhljn tfe trcùtdrces lg tfe _dvd dt severdh perclms lg tfe

Rdhdelhctfco. ]fe presejoe lg epcnrdvettcdj nrlups cs dttestem

dt d juaèr lg sctes glhhlwcjn tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua

(HNA) djm tfe dred oljtdcjs d wehh-ijlwj reolrm lg

alustercdj sctes wfcof ycehmem capresscve serces lgflacjcm

readcjs. ]fe caplrtdjoe djm jltlrcety lg d gew sctes hcie

Wcjmckd (Orldtcd) wfcof oljtrcùtem tl tfe me`dtes drlujm tfe

trdjsctclj grla Jedjmertfdhs tl almea fuadjs lversfd

mlwem tfe gdot tfdt tfere cs ùt d very hcactem juaèr lg

odap sctes djm fujtcjn stdtcljs mdtem ètweej =2,222 djm

?2.(II) yedrs dnl; Wcjmckd, Weterjcod, Wehcid Reocjd cjOrldtcd, Almrcod Kdad, Rltloid djm tfe reoejthy mcsolverem

Mcvke @dè cj _hlvejcd. ]fe acmmhe perclm lg tfe Upper

Rdhdelhctfco, sl wehh represejtem cj tfe jlrtferj seotlr lg tfe

Rdjjljcdj @dscj, cs adriem fere `y tfe extreae pduocty lg cts

drofdelhlncodh reolrm. Hdte durcnjdocdj pfdses mdtem ètweej

?(),(VI) djm 0>,222 `p dre represejtem dt twl sctes lg tfe

Orldtcdj [dnlrcke, Wcjmckd, djm Wehcid Reocjd, djm dt d gew

lpej dcr sctes dhljn tfe Uircjd djm Wr`ds rcvers cj jlrtferj

X • ZZ'V

, X X Z 2 422 ia X , < _

Gcn. 4. Hlodtclj lg tfe _dvd Pcver.

@lsjcd. ]fe _djmdhckd CC sfehter dt tfe slutferj emne lg tfe

Cstrcdj pejcjsuhd ycehmem severdh, alre reoejt, hdyers

dttrcùtem tl tfe Durcnjdocdj. ]fe pllrhy megcjem dssea`hdnes

reolverem grla tfese hdyers dre tfe ljhy ijlwj adtercdhs glr

tfe wflhe perclm rdjncjn grla 07,222 tl 02,222 yedrs dnl.

]fey cjmcodte dt hedst tfdt fuadj nrlups loodscljdhhy

grequejtem tfe jlrtfedsterj seotlr lg tfe Dmrcdtco @dscj. @ut,

tfe _dvd Wdhhey djm cts surrlujmcjn terrctlrces, cjohumcjn tfe

uphdjms lg jlrtferj @lsjcd djm Orldtcd, dppedr tl oljtdcj jl

trdoe lg fuadj presejoe murcjn d tcae perclm adriem gurtfer

jlrtf `y d rcof djm vcnlrlus ouhture supplrtem `y tfe

fdrvestcjn lg hdrne fer`cvlres. Fere, d fcdtus lg slae 7222 tl

>222 yedrs sepdrdtes tfe hdst trdoes lg tfe Durcnjdocdj grlatfe plst-HNA epcnrdvettcdj looupdtcljs.

]fcs dppdrejt hdoi lg sctes cj tfe renclj ady regheot tfe

d`sejoe lg fuadj plpuhdtcljs ètweej 0>,222 djm 02,222

yedrs dnl. ]fe prlxcacty lg tfe Dhps wctf tfe ùchm-up lg

fcnf dhtctume nhdocers, tfe hlwercjn lg venetdtclj zljes djm

mephetclj lg tree olver ady wehh doolujt glr fdrsf

ejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs wfcof adme ct mcggcouht glr djcadh

djm fuadj nrlups tl survcve.




@ut tfe d`sejoe lg d reolrm ady dhsl è tfe resuht lg

eascljdh epcslmes wfcof ady fdve mestrlyem semcaejts,

tfere`y erdmcodtcjn dhh trdoes lg fuadj looupdtcljs. Ct ady

evej regheot d hdoi lg resedrof wfcof oluhm è dttrcùtem tl

socejtcgco errlr. ]fe questclj lg erlscljdh pfdses wfcof

wluhm oredte fcdtus cj semcaejtdry sequejoes cs perfdps tfe

edscest tl dmmress scjoe d juaèr lg sctes wctf hljnstrdtcnrdpfco reolrms djm serces lg 4=O mdtes cs jlw dvdchd`he.

0. _trdtcnrdp fco fcdtus

Evcmejoe mercvem grla odves, rloi sfehters djm lpej dcr sctes

cjmcodtes tfdt plst-HNA meplscts oljtdcjcjn epcnrdvettcdj

dssea`hdnes dre pdrt lg semcaejtdry serces wfcof glraem

d`lve erlscljdh surgdoes. Ujmerhycjn meplscts dppedr

sepdrdtem grla tfe upper serces `y fcdtus lg vdrycjn murdtclj.

Cj gdot, d juaèr lg fcdtus odj è seej wctfcj severdh

sequejoes, cjmcodtcjn tfe excstejoe lg severdh adklr erlscljdh

epcslmes preoemcjn tfe semcaejtdtclj oyohe wfcof olrrespljm

tl tfe HNA. ]fe evcmejoe fds èej revcewem dt hejntf

ehsewfere (Aljtet-^fcte 4337) djm ct wchh suggcoe fere tl

suaadrcze strdtcnrdpfco sequejoes grla wfcof serces lg 4=O

mdtes prlvcme d slhcm ofrljlhlncodh oljtrlh.

]fe _djmdhckd CC sfehter djm tfe Orvejd _tckejd cj

Aljtejenrl dre twl iey sctes lg tfe Dmrcdtco rencljs.

Hlodtem dt tfe slutferj tcp lg tfe Cstrcdj pejcjsuhd, _djmdhckd

wluhm fdve lverhlliem tfe explsem Dmrcdtco Rhdcj glr alst

lg tfe AUR murdtclj djm ujtch 4?,222 yedrs dnl (Adhez

43739 Acrdohe 433=). ]fe scte, jlw eaptcem lg Rhecstloeje

semcaejts, oljtdcjem tfe alst olaphete Upper Rdhdelhctfco

sequejoe cj tfe renclj (]d`he 4).

]fe upper èms (Hdyer @) oljtdcjem d tlp hdyer (@n) mdtem

dt 42,6?2 `p djm sepdrdtem grla tfe hlwer seotclj lg tfe èm,

@s, `y d ndp lg slae 4522 yedrs. ]fe hlwer seotclj lg hdyer

@ cs mdtem ètweej 40,?22 djm 40,>22 `p9 tfe hdtter mdte

mercvem grla d sdaphe tdiej dt tfe oljtdot ètweej @ djm O.

]fe tlpalst seotclj lg hdyer O (O/n) prl`d`hy èhljnem tl

tfe sdae serces, dt hedst doolrmcjn tl tfe 40,>52 `p mdte

dsslocdtem wctf ct. ]fe hlwer seotclj lg hdyer O èhljnem tl d

mcggerejt semcaejtdry oyohe wfcof cs sepdrdtem grla tfe

upper serces lg semcaejts `y d fcdtus lg slae 3222 yedrs.

Hdyer M cs ujmdtem djm tfere cs slae oljgusclj wctf tfe

mdtcjn lg hdyer G. Flwever, tfe sequejoe grla G tl tfe `dse

lg O oluhm represejt d rehdtcvehy oljtcjulus serces lg

semcaejt doouauhdtclj spdjjcjn tfe perclm ètweej 05,222djm 04,222 `p. @ut d ndp lg dt hedst 0222 yedrs sepdrdtem

hdyers G djm N.

]fe ouhturdh flrczljs acsscjn grla tfe sequejoe dre tflse

edrhy stdnes lg tfe HUR olaprcsem ètweej 04,222 djm

4?,222 yedrs dnl. Ct dppedrs tfdt fere, ds dt tfe Orvejd

_tckejd, tfe hdrne rloi sfehter hlodtem cj tfe fchhs lg

Aljtejenrl dt slae mcstdjoe grla tfe oldst, dj erlscljdh

epcslme loourrem murcjn tfe ]drmcnhdocdh, perfdps rehdtem tl

]d`he 4. _djmdhckd CC, h=O mdtes.

hdyer @, tlp Y@/nQ @N 42,6?2 ´ 52 (NrJ-=3>7)

Fcdtus

hdyer @, acmmhe |@/sQ EN 40,?02 ´ 422 (NrJ-=3>6)

oljtdot ètweej @ djm O 40,>22 ´ 422 ([-0=0?)

hdyer O, tlp YO/nQ @N 40.>52 ´ 422 ([-0=0=)Fcdtus

hdyer O, `dse < 04,>=2 ´ =52 ([-43?)

hdyer M >

hdyer E DUP 0?,5=2 ´ 462 (NrJ-524?

>

hdyer G DUP 05,?=2 ´ 4>2 (NrJ-=3>>)

00,522 ´ 422 ([-5?7)

Fcdtus

hdyer N DUP 0>,522 ´ 422 ([-5?>)

EN 1 Epcnrdvettcdj DUP 1 Durcnjdocdj < 1 Ujmeteracjem

]d`he 0. ]fe [updjlv _plmalh _equejoe (_hlvejcd).

4 tlpslch

0 O/M 40,==2 ´ 452 (NrJ-5066)

D/@ 47,>62 452 (NrJ-5236)

0d gerrcorete oljoretclj

Fcdtus <

? ã`luhcs, odve èdr mej

= remmcsf ohdy, odve èdr mej

5 ã`luhcs, odve èdr mej7 Alustercdj

tfe rcse cj sed hevehs. ^ctfcj tfe AUR, severdh erlscljdh

epcslmes lg hesser daphctumes dggeotem tfe semcaejtdry

sequejoe. Murcjn tfe glradtclj lg tfe hlwer meplscts G, E,

djm M, tfe scte wds prcadrchy d odrjcvlre mej, ljhy `rceghy

looupcem `y fuadj nrlups.

Dt tfe Orvejd _tckejd, tfe hevehs lg sadhh soree wfcof

oljtdcjem epcnrdvettcdj hdyers (hdyers WCCC tl CW) glraem lj

tlp lg dj doouauhdtclj lg hdrne rlois djm soree wfcof

resuhtem grla d olhhdpse lg tfe lverfdjn (hdyer CV djm V)

(@rujjdoier 43>5). ]fere dre jl mdtes dvdchd`he glr tfe scte.

Flwever, lj tfe `dscs lg olapdrdtcve typlhlny, Acfdchlvco

(433=) dsslocdtem tfe Epcnrdvettcdj grla hdyer WCCC wctf tfe

hdte Epcnrdvettcdj lg tfe Dmrcdtco oldst djm jltd`hy wctf tfe

hlwer pdrt lg hdyer @ grla _djmdhckd, tfdt cs tl sdy ètweej

40,?22 djm 40,>22 `p. ]fe serces cj turj restem d`lve d hdyer

lg vlhodjco tuggs (hdyer VC) tfdt sedhem tfe ujmerhycjn

alustercdj meplscts . Rdwhcilwsic (4330) lggerem drnuaejts



0=? DJ]D ALJ]E]-Â]E - D _ODPOC]S LG AUR _C]E_ CJ ]FE _DWD WDHHES

]d`he ?. ]fe Wcjmckd djm Wehcid Reocjd sequejoes.

WCJMCKD WEHCID REOCJD

D d

@ `

O =,303 ´ 4?= Jelhctfco o

M< m

E 46,522* ?22 ([-0==>) EN

Fcdtus

G/m 07,3>2 ´ 7?0 ([-554) DUP e 07,=52 ´ 4>2 (Nrj-=3>>)

G/mm 07,722 ´ 322 ([-0==?) DUP DUP

g Jl mdte

Fcdtus n Jl mdte

f ?4.476 ´ 4,=22 ([-436) LH_

Nh < ??,222 ´ =22 (EF]-40>4=) LH_ c tlp ??,652 ´ 502 (NrJ-=3>3)

N0< LH_

Fcdtus Fcdtus

N? =0,=22 ´ =,?22 ALU_] k ALU_]

N=

N5

hlwer serces hlwer serces

EN 1 Epcnrdvettcdj DUP 1 Durcnjdocdj < 1 Ujmeteracjem ALU_] 1 Alustercdj

LH_ 1 Lhsfevcdj

supplrtcjn d ?2.222 `p mdte glr tfe hdyer VC tepfrd wfcof fe

dttrcùtes tl d vlhodjco eruptclj lrcncjdtcjn cj slutferj Ctdhy

djm trdoes `doi tl @dofl Icrl. ]fe rloigdhh djm ã`luhcs grla

hdyer CV djm V glraem dt slae tcae ètweej ?2,222 djm

40,222 yedrs dnl djm odjjlt è mdtem. D sadhh serces lg

drtegdots wds reolverem grla tfe soree9 tfey ady jlt è cj

phdoe djm ml jlt prlvcme slhcm cjmcodtclj lg fuadj

looupdtclj cj tfe dred murcjn tfe AUR. ]fe fcdtus jltem dt

tfe Orvejd _tckejd cs lg auof nredter daphctume tfdj djy

l`servem dt _djmdhckd. Dt tfe hdtter scte, tfere cs evcmejoe lg d

serces lg suooesscve erlscljdh epcslmes murcjn tfe

Cjterphejcnhdocdh. Dt tfe glraer, tfe alst reoejt epcslme

erdmcodtem alst lg tfe edrhcer AUR semcaejts.

Olapdrd`he pdtterjs eaerne grla tfe Orldtcdj djm

_hlvejcdj odve sctes. HUR looupdtclj hevehs dre rencsterem cj

serces lg meplscts dsslocdtem wctf d achmer ohcadtco epcslme

mdtem ètweej 43,522 `p dt Lvod Kdad, djm 46,522 `p dt

Wcjmckd, olrrespljmcjn tl tfe Hdunerce cjterstdmcdh. D seoljm

looupdtclj cs mdtem dt 47,>62 `p dt [updjlv _plmalh (]d`he

0), olrrespljmcjn tl tfe Hdsodux cjterstdmcdh, djm d hdter

pfdse rencsterem dt [updjlv djm Hupejsid cs mdtem drlujm

40,522 `p (Lslhe 43>39 Aljtet-^fcte djm Ilzhlwsic 436?).

]fe ouhturdh flrczljs dro oljtdcjem cj meplscts tfdt glra d

rehdtcvehy oljtcjulus semcaejtdry serces. @ut d hljn fcdtus

sepdrdtes tfe HUR serces grla tfe ujmerhycjn meplscts wfcof

ectfer oljtdcj alustercdj cjmustrces lr dre dttrcùtem tl

ûra C lr ^ccra CC, olrrespljmcjn tl tfe gcrst Rhejcnhdocdh

lr tfe edrhcer stdnes lg tfe Cjterphejcnhdocdh. ]fe daphctume lg

tfe pfejlaejlj cs cj `rldm teras equcvdhejt tl tfdt

l`servem dt tfe Orvejd _tckejd.

Dt Wcjmckd (]d`he ?), hdyer G wctf cts durcnjdocdj

cjmustrces cs sepdrdtem grla tfe HUR heveh E `y slae 6222

yedrs (Adhez djm Puidvcjd 43>3). Djm G cj turj cs sepdrdtem

grla tfe tlp lg N `y dt hedst 5222 yedrs. ]fe ndp ètweej

meplscts oljtdcjcjn tfe Lhsfevcdj cjmustrces (N4) djm tfe

ujmerhycjn Alustercdj (N?) ady represejt ds auof ds

42,222 yedrs dt Wcjmckd. ]fe fcdtus cs oertdcjhy hess evcmejt

dt Wehcid Reocjd wfere twl hdyers lg semcaejts were

reolrmem ètweej hdyer e wfcof oljtdcjem Durcnjdocdj djm

hdyer f wfcof oljtdcjs dj Lhsfevcdj flrczlj (Rdujlvco

4366). ]fe Orldtcdj scte sequejoes dre olapdrd`he tl tfdt lg

_djmdhckd wfere tfe AUR cs oljtdcjem cj serces lg suooesscve

ùt mcsoljtcjulus èms.

Hdsthy, dt lpej dcr sctes hcie Idmdr djm [l`cste, `ltf

hlodtem cj tfe uphdjms, epcnrdvettcdj hdyers rest caaemcdtehy

d`lve semcaejts oljtdcjcjn alustercdj cjmustrces (]d`he =).

D alre olaphete sequejoe wds, flwever, reolrmem dt

Husoco, d scte hlodtem lj d slaewfdt prlteotem terrdoe lg tfe



0== FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

]d`he =. ]fe Idmdr, [l`cste, djm Hu§ãco sequejoejoes.

IDMDP [L@C_]E Husoco

tlpslch tlpslch EN tlpslch

Fcdtus

hdyer 0 4>,022 ´ 0622 EN Fcdtus 44<

02,222 ´ 4=22Fcdtus Chcd

CCC

Chh` 03,322 ´ 0622 DUP

0>,222 ´ ?222

Fcdtus

hdyer ?

hlwer serces

ALU_] hdyer 0 ALU_]

hlwer serces 3>,522 ´ >222

CW

hlwer serces

EN 1 Epcnrdvettcdj DUP 1 Durcnjdocdj < 1 Ujmeteracjem ALU_] 1 Alustercdj

Uircjd Pcver (Aljtet-^fcte et dh. 4367). D scjnhe

drofdelhlncodh flrczlj cmejtcgcem dt Husoco wds strdtcgcem

wctfcj d hljn serces lg hlda meplscts9 ct cs dttrcùtem tl dj

Durcnjdocdj.

Aejtclj sfluhm è adme lg tfe scte lg Wcslil @rml wfcof

doolrmcjn tl Kdjeilvco (@dscer djm Kdjeilvco 4374) djm

Hdvchhe fdm d strdtcnrdpfco sequejoe olapdrd`he tl tfdt lg

Husoco (Aljtet- ^fcte et dh. 4366). Dj Upper Rdhdelhctfco

heveh, prl`d`hy Epcnrdvettcdj, wds reolverem dt tfe tlp lg tfe

sequejoe, sepdrdtem grla tfe Alustercdj `y severdh hdyers lg

hldas. Ct cs ohedr tfdt d strdtcnrdpfco reolrm excstem dt Wcslil

@rml wfcof wds alre olaphete djm ètter preservem tfdj dt

Idmdr lr [l`cste, ùt tfere wds jl evcmejoe lg fuadj

looupdtcljs murcjn tfe AUR.

]fe excstejoe lg strdtcnrdpfco ndps fds èej reolnjczem dt

Grdjoftfc (Gdrrdjm 433?), wfere d hljn fcdtus sepdrdtem d

tepfrd mdtem dt d`lut ?2,222 `p djm hdyer P mdtem dt 00,??2

`p. D seoljm, hess caplrtdjt ùt stchh scnjcgcodjt, ndp

sepdrdtem P grla hdyer _ glr wfcof tfere cs d mdte lg 4=,762

`p. Cj ltfer wlrms, tfe AUR cs represejtem dt Grdjoftfc `y d

semcaejtdry reajdjt glraem drlujm 00,?22 `p. Djm adjy

odve sctes lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe, grla tfe Dhpcje pcemaljt, tfe

Kurd (Odapy et dh. 4363), lr tfe @lfeacdj Adsscg (Wdhlof

4366) exfc`ct scachdr oyohcodh pdtterjs lg erlscljdh epcslmes.

Pesedrof `cds, espeocdhhy cj _hlvejcd djm Orldtcd, fds

gdvlurem odve sctes wfere tfere cs dj dùjmdjt gdujdh reolrm9

djm tfese sctes fdve prlvcmem djm oljtcjue tl ycehm d wedhtf

lg cjglradtclj lj alustercdj, edrhy AUR, djm HUR

settheaejts lg tfe renclj. Cj @lsjcd dttejtclj fds glousem lj

fchhtlp sctes. @ut lpej dcr sctes ùrcem cj hlda meplscts djm

hlodtem cj prlteotem dreds lr lj hlw terrdoes ady prlve tl è

ètter odjmcmdtes glr tfe evejtudh reolvery lg d hdter AUR

reolrm.

?. Dj d`sejoe lg fuadj looupdtcljs

]fe d`sejoe lg d nrdvettcdj reolrm cs, jl mlu`t, mue cj hdrne

pdrt tl wcmespredm erlscljdh epcslmes wfcof realvem

semcaejts dt adjy hlodhctces. Flwever, tfere dre, ds jltem

d`lve, d gew odses wfere semcaejts dre preservem. ]fe

durcnjdocdj heveh dt Husoco, glr exdaphe, cs d lje-drtegdot

tfcoi hejs ùrcem cj d hljn serces lg semcaejts. ]fe

looupdtclj tfere wds d scjnhe evejt. Cj ltfer odses, preservem

semcaejts oljtdcj jl trdoe lg fuadj looupdtclj. ]fcs

sunnests tfdt dreds lr hlodhctces looupcem dt hedst loodscljdhhy

murcjn tfe Alustercdj djm dgter tfe HNA were jlt utchczem

murcjn tfe AUR. ]fe jendtcve evcmejoe aust è tdiej wctf

odutclj ùt ct supplrts tl slae extejt tfe vcew tfdt tfe _dvd

@dscj wds hdrnehy meplpuhdtem ètweej 06,222 djm 02,222

`p, murcjn tfe prlnresscve stdnes lg tfe HNA.

_uof ds ct cs, tfe excstcjn reolrm sunnests tfe plssc`chcty lg

d prlnresscve sfcgt cj fuadj settheaejt wctfcj tfe renclj

ètweej tfe EUR djm tfe edrhy pdrt lg tfe AUR, glhhlwem

`y tfe d`djmljaejt lg tfe renclj cj tfe hdtter pdrt lg tfe

AUR. ]fe EUR fujtcjn terrctlrces extejmem grla tfe

Orldtcdj fchhs ètweej tfe Mrdvd djm tfe _dvd Pcvers

(Wcjmckd, Wehcid Reocjd) tl tfe Mcvke @dè djm tfe fcnf

dhtctume odves lg tfe _hlvejcdj Dhps. @etweej 03,222 djm

06,222 `p, tfe terrctlry grequejtem `y fujtcjn nrlups

extejms jlrtf (Wcjmckd) djm slutf lg tfe _dvd (Husoco, Adhd

Nrdmcjd, Idaaej) ùt tfe seotcljs lg _hlvejcd looupcem

murcjn tfe EUR were jl hljner usem, prl`d`hy tfey were jl

hljner dooessc`he.

]fere cs slae evcmejoe cj supplrt lg tfe vcew tfdt d sfcgt

cj fujtcjn rdjne djm d relrndjcsdtclj lg fujtcjn terrctlrces

ady fdve tdiej phdoe cj respljse tl ofdjncjn ohcadtco

oljmctcljs. Ct cs dt hedst plssc`he tfdt stress cjmuoem `y tfe

oljtcjuem meterclrdtclj lg tfe ohcadte djm d remuotclj lg



0=5 DJ]D ALJ]E]-^FC]E - D _ODPOC]S LG AUR _C]E_ CJ ]FE _DWD WDHHES

]d`co 5. Drtegdot olujts.

_C]E_ DJM HEWEH_

WCJMCKD

]L]DH]LLH_ ]L]DH ME@C]DNE

Nh 4 ?>

N/G 02 02Gm/m + NC 5G =5 >5

Gm/m ?2 =6

G/m 06 06

Gm/s 45 =3

G/s 5 40

E + G 02 5 4

E 43 0=

M + E 6 3

M

_DJMDHUD

= =3

G 04

E/G 0?

E 4>

HusOco

4> 42=7

jdturdh resluroes hem tl tfe mcsdppedrdjoe lg fuadj

plpuhdtcljs grla tfe renclj drlujm 0>,222 yedrs dnl.

_everdh hcjes lg evcmejoe strljnhy sunnest tfdt ètweej=2,222 djm 0>,222 `p, tfe _dvd @dscj wds looupcem `y

sadhh, al`che nrlups wfl utchczem tfe phdtedus djm trcùtdry

vdhheys lg tfe _dvd @dscj ds fujtcjn nrlujms. Gcrst djm

perfdps alre caplrtdjthy, tllh dssea`hdnes reolverem grla

EUR lr edrhy AUR hevehs dre sadhh wctf d tltdh lg hess tfdj

422 pceoes. Doolrmcjn tl Idrdvdjco (4335), tfe juaèr lg

tllhs per olapljejt dt Wcjmckd cs 4> lj dverdne, wctf d

rdjne lg 4 tl =5 (]d`he 5). ]fe 4362 exodvdtcljs dt Husoco

reolverem 4> tllhs djm dj dmmctcljdh => lr 52 tllhs odae

grla tfe auof alre extejscve exodvdtcljs oljmuotem edrhcer

`y @dscer (43>4). Evej wfej tdicjn cjtl doolujt tfe gdot

tfdt tfese juaèrs ml jlt cjohume utchczem `hdmes djm ghdies,

tfe tltdhs readcj very hlw cjmeem djm gdhh wehh wctfcj tfe

rdjne lg sadhh teaplrdry odap sctes djm dre mcstcjothy èhlw

tfdt lg tfe aemcua-sczem ohusters dsslocdtem wctf hdrner

sedsljdh odaps (Nda`he 43679 Aljtet-^fcte 4366, 433=).

]fe scze lg tfe dssea`hdnes cs oljscstejt wctf sflrt-tera

looupdtcljs `y sadhh al`che `djms.

Pdmclhdrctes dre tfe rdw adtercdhs lg oflcoe glr tfe

gd`rcodtclj lg `hdmes murcjn tfe wflhe olurse lg tfe Upper

Rdhdelhctfco. ]fe uhtcadte lrcncj lg tfe adtercdhs cs cj tfe

Mcjdrco Dhps9 rdmclhdrcte ol``hes dre glujm cj slae

dùjmdjoe cj nrdveh `drs cj jlrtferj @lsjcd, dhljn tfe

slutferj trcùtdrces lg tfe _dvd Pcver, ds wehh ds cj rcvers

rujjcjn cjtl tfe Dmrcdtco oldst. Tudrtzctes djm ltfer alre

nrdcjy adtercdhs ètter dmdptem tl tfe adjugdoture lg ghdies

dre olaaljhy glujm cj tfe vcocjcty lg tfe Orldtcdj sctes.

Pdmclhdrctes were cjtrlmuoem dt Wcjmckd cj sadhh qudjtctcesmurcjn tfe AUR djm mcm jlt èolae olaalj ujtch tfe

Epcnrdvettcdj (Aljtet-^fcte 4337). ]fere cs, tfej, slae

hcactem evcmejoe lg oljtdot ètweej tfe Orldtcdj [dnlrcke djm

rencljs wfere rdmclhdrctes dre tl è glujm - alst prl`d`hy

jlrtferj @lsjcd. ]fe Wcjmckd hdyer G dssea`hdnes dre

mlacjdtem `y d vdrcety lg ghdie tllhs, cjohumcjn sordpers,

mejtcouhdtes, djm utchczem ghdies. ]fese lpplrtujcstco tllhs

wfcof exfc`ct hctthe sfdrpejcjn lr ourdtclj were prl`d`hy

ùtofercjn djm prloesscjn tllhs. ]fe wehh-adme ùt fedvchy

usem djm grdoturem `lje plcjts reolverem dt Wcjmckd djm

Wehcid Reocjd oljgcra tfdt fujtcjn wds d prcadry dotcvcty. Cj

sflrt, tfe durcnjdocdj looupdjts lg Wcjmckd were sadhh djm

al`che fujtcjn pdrtces. Husoco wds d phdoe wfere ol``hes lg

rdmclhdrcte l`tdcjem grla tfe Uircjd Pcver èm were testem

djm trdjsglraem cjtl `hdme olres. ]fe sadhh juaèr lg `hdmes

djm `hdme tllhs sunnests tfdt prepdrem olres were tdiej dwdy

grla tfe scte. Cj tfdt odse, fujtcjn pdrtces wluhm fdve olae

tl tfe Uircjd Wdhhey cj tfe olurse lg tfecr yedrhy rlujms tl

rephejcsf tfecr stloi lg rdw adtercdhs. Fcnf al`chcty, sadhh

nrlup scze, djm hdrne fujtcjn terrctlrces dre eheaejts lg d

almeh lg eoljlaco djm slocdh lrndjcsdtclj wehh exeaphcgcem

`y Rdhelcjmcdj nrlups lg tfe Fcnf Rhdcjs lg Jlrtf Daercod.

Glhsla nrlups olverem mcstdjoes lg =22 ia lr alre murcjn

tfecr yedrhy rlujms, trdoicjn `cslj ferms djm stlppcjn lj tfecr

wdy dt sluroes lg rdw adtercdhs (Flgadj djm ]lmm 4332).

^ctf tfcs almeh cj acjm, ct cs plssc`he tl prlplse tfdt

sadhh, al`che nrlups wfl alvem wctfcj hdrne djm sfcgtcjn

fujtcjn terrctlrces, mrcgtem tlwdrms tfe jlrtferj seotlr lg tfe

Odrpdtfcdj @dscj cj pursuct lg ndae djm d`djmljem tfe _dvd

Wdhhey djm tfe rencljs dmkdoejt tl ct.

=. Oljohusclj

Cj suaadry, tfe d`sejoe lg d nrdvettcdj reolrm cj tfe _dvd

renclj dt tfe `lujmdry ètweej tfe @dhidjs djm Oejtrdh

Eurlpe ady wehh regheot dj d`djmljaejt lg tfe renclj cj tfe

edrhy stdnes lg tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua ds nhdocers were

ùchmcjn up cj tfe Dhps djm venetdtclj ofdjnem, dggeotcjn

`ltf djcadh djm fuadj plpuhdtcljs. Almehs lg fujtcjn

nrlups lrndjcsdtclj cjspcrem `y tflse estd`hcsfem glr

Rdhelcjmcdjs ady evejtudhhy fehp ujmerstdjm tfe prloesses

lg dmdptdtclj djm ofdjne tfdt tlli phdoe cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe

ètweej ?2,222 djm 02,222 yedrs dnl. Ct readcjs tfdt dt

adjy sctes, espeocdhhy dt odve sctes, tfe AUR reolrm fds

mcsdppedrem, hedvcjn questcljs lg fuadj settheaejts lpej

djm ujdjswerem.




regerejoes

@dscer. 4). 43>4 Husoco, stdtclj pdhãlhctfcque. Cj; Eplque prãfcstlrcque et prltlfcstlrcque ej Slunlshdvce,

7?-7=, @ehnrdme; Dotes mu WhCCe Oljnres UC_RR.

@dsher, M.,

M. Kdjeilvco

4374 Rdhelhctsil jdhdzcste Husocou Iuhdscad, Nhdsjci [eadhsic Auze g J_ VCC, 3?-426.

@rujjdoier, I. 43>5 Mce _emcaejte mer Orvejd _tckejd. Cj; M. @dsher (em.), Orvejd _tckejd, 4>4- 02?, Jcosco;

[`lrjci Pdmlvd.

Odapy, A,

K. Ofdhcje,

A. WuUheaeh

4363 Hd @duae me Ncnjy, Kurd. VVWCC _upph. Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre, Rdrcs; Emctcljs mu OJP_.

Gdjdjm, ^.P. 433? Mcsoljtcjucty cj tfe strdtcnrdpfco reolrm; sjdpsflts grla Grdjoftc Odve. Cj; R. Nlhmèrn,

M.]. Jdsf djm A.M. Retrdnhcd (ems), Glradtclj Rrloesses cj Drofdelhlncodh Oljtext, 5-37,

Admcslj; Rrefcstlry Rress.

Nda`he, O.

Flgadj, K.H.,

H.O. ]lmm


4332 ]fe Hcpsola` @cslj Tudrry; 52 yedrs lg Pesedrof. Cj; R. @rltfers (em.), ]rdjsdotcljs lg

tfe 05' f Pencljdh Drofdeh. _yap. Glr _lutfedsterj Jew Aexcol djm ]exds. =?-56, Acmhdjm;

Acmhdjm Drof. _lo.

Idrdvdjco, C. 4335 Upper Rdhelhctfco Looupdtclj Hevehs djm Hdte-loourrcjn Jedjmertdh dt Wcjmckd Odve

(Orldtcd) cj tfe Oljtext lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe djm ]fe @dhidjs, Klurjdh lg Djtfrlplhlncodh

Pesedrof 54, 3-?5.

Ilzhlwsic, K.I. 4330 ]fe @dhidjs cj tfe Acmmhe djm Upper Rdhelhctfco; ]fe ndte tl Eurlpe lr d ouh-me-sdo <,

Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Rrefcstlrco _locety 56, 4-02.

Adhez, A.

Adhe/, A..

M. Puidvcjd

4373 "_djmdhckd èc Ruhd" cj W Cjterj. Iljn. _pehdlh., _tuttndrt.

43>3 Rlhlzdk Jdshdnd _pchke Wcjmcke u _ustdvu Ohdjkejke Ivdrtdrd _cren Rlmruokd Dhpd . PDM

?6?/46, 46>-046.

Acfdchlvco, M. 4330 Durcnjdocdj Ghcjt Cjmustrces grla tfe scte Orvejid-Dt jedr Wrsdo, Ujcverscty lg @ehnrdme;

Oejter glr Drof. Pes., 44.

Acrdohe, R. 433= _u`scstejoe Cjtejscgcodtclj Nhdocdh< Evcmejoe grla tfe Edsterj Dmrcdtco. 53hf

Djjudh

Aeetcjn lg tfe _locety glr Daercodj Drofdelhlny, Djdfeca.

Aljtet-^fcte, D. 433= Dhterjdtcve Cjterpretdtcljs lg tfe HUR cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe, Djjudh Pevcew lg Djtfrlplhlny

0?, =2>-=0=.

Aljtet-^fcte, D..

F. Hdvchho.

D.-A. Hezcje

4337 He Rdhãlhctfcque ej Djocejje Slunlshdvce. Nrejl`he; Achhlj.

4367 He Rdhãlhctfcque ej @lsjcé mu jlrm; ofrljlhlnce, ejvcrljjeaejt et prãfcstlcre,

H 'Djtfrlplhlnce 32, 03-66.

Lslhe, G. 43>3 Pdm jd cstrdzcvdjku pdhelhctsiln c aezlhctsiln ml`d v _hlvejkc. Cj; M. @dsher (em.)

Rrdcstlrcd Kunlhejsic [eadhkd, C, 403-43=, _drdkevl; DJ@F.



0=> DJ]D ALJ]E]-^FC]E - D _ODPOC]S LG AUR _C]E_ CJ ]FE _DWD WDHHES

Rdujlvco, A. 4366 Alrpflaetrcsofe ujm alrpflnejetcsofe Ujtersuofujnej mer Urscmejzífje dus mes F÷fhej

Jlrmirldtcejs, Rdheljtlhlncd Kunlshdvcod ?7, 4-=2.

Wdhlof, I. 4366 Mce Erglrsofujn mer Iuhjd F÷fhe, Djtfrlpls 0= (J_47), @rjl; Alrdvsie Auseua.

Djtd Aljtet-^fcte

]fe Ujcverscty lg IdjsdsAuseua lg Djtfrlplhlny

Hdwrejoe, Idjsds 772=.*)

U._.D.





Kldofca Fdfj 43 ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjyejvcrljaejt djm eoljlay

_emcaejts, ghlrd djm gdujds dre djdhysem glr tfe Nrdvettcdj

wctfcj tfe ofrljlhlncodh grdaewlris. ]fe semcaejts plcjt tl

d olhm djm fuacm ohcadte, ds adjcgest cj grlst ordoiem me`rcs

djm aum ghlws. ]fe idrst myjdacos dppdrejthy wlriem lj d

sadhh sodhe. Glhcej cj acjerdh semcaejts odjjlt fe mcreothy

olapdrem tl tfe hccjjco meplscts èoduse tfey oljstctute d

mcggerejt ejvcrljaejt ds tl tfe seheotclj lg speoces djm tfe

preservdtclj. Cj odves, tfey represejt tfe hlodh venetdtclj

jedr tfe ejtrdjoe, wctf d adriem mcggerejoe tl jedr`ywdterhlnnem semcaejts, ds sflwj `y tfe êcjèrnf÷fhej

mcdnrdas. Dj lpej venetdtclj wctf gew trees cs cjmcodtem.

]fe gdujd! readcjs, pdrthy mue tl djcadh dotcvcty, dre vdrcem

wctflut d speocdhcsdtclj lj lje speoces. ]fe gew cjmcvcmudhs

per speoces plcjt tl dj ejolujter fujt.

DA_ mdtes phdoe alst lg tfe nrdvettcdj hevehs jedr 06,222 `p,

cj cts edrhy pfdse. ]fe wlrsejcjn ohcadtco oljmctcljs

ouhacjdtcjn cj tfe nhdocdh adxcaua jedrhy 42,222 yedrs hdter,

dre jlt yet evcmejt cj tfe ghlrdh djm gdujdh dssea`hdnes.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Nejerdhhy, tfe Nrdvettcdj cs dssuaem tl fdve mevehlpemmurcjn tfe ohcadtco meterclrdtclj lg tfe hdte Rhejcnhdocdh. ]fcs

ady fdve cjghuejoem tfe eoljlay (Fdfj 436>), djm cjctcdtemd wcmejem slocdh jetwlri (Nda`he 4360).

Cj _lutfwest Neradjy tfe Nrdvettcdj (Gcn. 4) cs adcjhyijlwj grla odve sctes sctudtem cj tfe _wd`cdj Kurd (_ofeer433?) wctf twl exoeptcljs; tfe lpej dcr scte lg _tecjdoierjedr Aøhhfeca cj tfe Upper Pfcje vdhhey (Rdsmd 4335) djmtfe lpej dcr scte lg _dhofcjn (êcssaøhher djm @dusof 4367),`ltf wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts. Metdchem stumces lg tfe

Nrdvettcdj dre stchh cj prepdrdtclj.]fe ohcadtco djm eolhlncodh mdtd resuht adcjhy grla odve

sctes wctf tfecr speocdh glradtclj djm plst-meplsctcljdhofdrdotercstcos.

]fe djdhyscs lg tfe ejvcrljaejt cs adcjhy `dsem lj almeadjdhlnces, wctf tfe dotudh eolhlncodh requcreaejts djmèfdvclur dpphcem tl tfe pdst. Cj lrmer tl aljctlr tfe mdtdgrla drofdelhlncodh sctes, cjglradtclj grla jecnf`lurcjnsemcaejtdry jdturdh oljtexts dre oljscmerem tll. ]fcs sadhhrencljdh djdhyscs cs phdoem cjtl d wcmer oljtext wfere plssc`he.

0. ]fe semcaejtdry oljtext

_emcaejtlhlncodh djdhyses fdve èej l`tdcjem grlaNecssejih÷sterhe (Hdvchhe djm Fdfj 4364), Flfhe Gehs

Gcn. 4. Nrdvettcdj sctes cj _lutferjNeradjy; 4 _tecjdoier-Aøhhfeca, 0Flfhe Gehs, ? _crnejstecj,= Necssejih÷sterhe, 5 @rchhejf÷fhe,7 @loistecj-]÷rhe CW-WC,

> êcjèrnf÷fhe, 6 D`rc ca Mlrg,3 Actthere Ihduse, 42 _dhofcjn.




(Odapej 4332) djm, cj d prehcacjdry glra, grla@rchhejf÷fhe (Pcei 43>?). Dt tfe hdtter scte, tfe nrdvettcdjsemcaejts cjmcodte, wctf d fcnf hless olapljejt djm tfeadjy tferadh grdotures, d rdtfer mry djm olhm ohcadte glrheveh WCC. Heveh WC wctf alre ohdy djm rlujmem hcaestljecjmcodtes alre fuacm ohcadtco oljmctcljs.

Dt Necssejih÷sterhe semcaejts lg tfe adklr nrdvettcdj >/Ctheveh fdve èej su`keotem tl d hesscvdne (Hdvchhe djm Fdfj4364), glracjn d mry ã`luhcs wfcof fds èej cjterpretem dsdj cjterstdmcdh, tfe ']ursdo' lsochhdtclj. ]fcs suooeemem dolhm djm fuacm ohcadtco pfdse. Lj tlp, d heveh wctf d gcjeadtrcx (NF7) oljtdcjem ùrjt hcaestlje grdnaejts grla tfefedrtf èhlw, drrdjnem cj d plhynljdh pdtterj. ]fe `rlwjcsffcnfest hevehs wctf orusfem drtegdots djm `ljes weredttrcùtem tl d plst-meplsctcljdh alveaejt lg tfese l`keotsgrla tfe nrdvettcdj hevehs èhlw. Odapej's (4332) djdhyscsoljgcraem Hdvchhe's cjterpretdtclj lg tfe Necssejih÷sterhesemcaejts.

D scachdr sctudtclj loourrem dt Flfhe Gehs (Gcn. 0). ]fegcje adtrcx, rcof cj scht djm ohdys, lrcncjdtes grlameolaplsem rlois djm grla tfe idrst systea. Heveh ?o/CCo cjtfe cjterclr lg tfe odve ejtrdjoe tujjeh cs seotcljem `ydhcnjem l`hcque stlje shd`s, prl`d`hy jlt d plhynljdh grlst-ordoi pdtterj ùt tfe hdterdh meplsctclj lg d aum ghlw.Mcggerejthy sczem pdtofes dre represejtem `y `lje dsf, `ljesdjm drtegdots, plssc`hy d jedrhy cj sctu hcvcjn ghllr. _tljesplhcsfem `y repedtem ru``cjn `y èdrs, slae wctfejnrdvcjns, fdve èej grlst grdoturem hcie adjy hcaestljegrdnaejts. ]fe semcaejts (Odapej 4332) sunnest d ofdjnegrla d ollh fuacm tl d olhm djm mry ohcadte. ]fe hlwerhevehs dre cj dj lpej adtrcx wctf twl dsf hdyers sflwcjn d

strljn shlpe tl tfe vdhhey.

]fe Nrdvettcdj cj `ltf odves cs dsslocdtem wctf d olhm djmfuacm ohcadte wctf cjtejscve grlst grdoture. Dt Necssejih÷sterhetfe ohcadte lg heveh Ct cs dssuaem tl è olhm djm fuacm, wctfgew idrst pe``hes. Dt Flfhe Gehs cj heveh Fe tfere dre adjyidrst pe``hes9 tfe ohcadte cs oljscmerem ds olhm djm mry.

Dt Flfhe Gehs, tfe ohcadtco lsochhdtclj cs jlt adriem. ]fetwl sequejoes dre jlt cmejtcodh, tflunf tfe regcttcjns `y_ofeer (4367) sunnest dt hedst d pdrtcdh oljteaplrdjecty, dsml tfe DA_ mdtes.

]fe nrdvettcdj heveh dt _dhofcjn (êcssaøhher djm @dusof4367; 0=4) cs sctudtem d`lve d glssch slch olrrehdtem wctf tfe

'Mejeidap' cjterstdmcdh. ]fcs sfluhm olrrespljm tl tfe_tchhgrcem @ cjterstdmcdh. Dt Aøhhfeca, tfe nrdvettcdj hevehjedr tfe surgdoe cs sctudtem cj d meodhocgcem hless.

?. u ( "-ofrljlhlny

Dhtflunf tfere dre h=O-mdtes glr glur adklr sctes, ljhy d gewoljvejtcljdh rdmclodr`lj mdtes lj olhhdnej were l`tdcjem.Ofdroldh grla tfe êcjèrnf÷fhej Nrdvettcdj ndve dj dnelg 06,075 ´ ?05 `p (NrJ 7253). @rchhejf÷fhe WCC prlvcmem d

Gcn. 0. Flfhe Gehs - sofeadtco represejtdtclj lg scte glradtclj

ùrjt `lje mdte cj exoess lg 05,222 `p, djm Flfhe Gehs CC`djm Necssejih÷sterhe hd dre mdtem tl d`lut 0?,222 `p. GlrFlfhe Gehs, rescmue lg ùrjt `lje ndve dj d`jlradh mdte lg?2 iyr. ^ctf tfe DA_ aetflm suggcocejt sdaphe adtercdhèodae dvdchd`he, djm d juaèr lg jew mdtes oluhm èprloessem. Necssejih÷sterhe Ct wctf gcve mdtes rdjncjnètweej 07,5=2 djm 03,022 `p djm Cs wctf lje mdte lg06,252 `p dre edrhcer tfdj expeotem (Fdfj 4335). ]fenelhlncodh flrczljs 5d tl 5m wctf nrdvettcdj gcjms dre mdtemètweej 47,3=2 djm ?2,352 `p. Exoept glr tfe 47 iyr mdte,wfcof cs plssc`hy oljtdacjdtem, tfcs heveh cs ljhy shcnfthyylujner tfdj tfe ltfer nrdvettcdj hevehs èhlw ct.

Dt Flfhe Gehs hco, tfe Nrdvettcdj fds dj dne lg 03,222 `p,

`dsem lj twl mdtes lj d meolrdtem djther dmze. D odve èdr`lje ndve d mdte lg ljhy 07,222 `p. ]fe Nrdvettcdj cs tfusscnjcgcodjthy edrhcer tfdj dssuaem. Doolrmcjn tl tfe DA_mdtes grla tfe edrhy nrdvettcdj hevehs mdtem dt 0>,222-07,222`p, cj Flfhe Gehs djm Necssejih÷sterhe tfere cs d alre tfdj42,222 yr fcdtus cj semcaejtdtclj, scjoe tfe adnmdhejcdjhevehs mdtem dt 4?,222 `p (Flfhe Gehs) lverhdy tfea mcreothy.]fe Nhdocdh Adxcaua dppdrejthy cs jlt represejtem cj tfesestrdtcnrdpfces. ]fe ljhy ltfer sequejoe, @loistecj-]÷rhe



054 KLDOFCA FDFJ - ]FE NPDWE]]4DJ CJ _LU]FÊ_] NEPADJS

]d`he 4. Ofrljlsofeae glr tfe Edrhy djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

DUPCNJDOCDJ NPDWE]]CDJ

Rfdse Edrhy Acmmhe Hdte Edrhy HdteC = O ?>-?=,222 ?=-?0,222 ?0-?2,222 03-07,222 00-02,222Dof vdhhey NIC4C NICC, @FWCC,

@F VCW, NIC,FG44C-CW FGCCo,

Aøh,

_dh

Hlje vdhhey WlnW Wln CW, @] CW-WCF_ CW,

@] WCC

@F 1 @rchhejf÷fhe, @] 1 @loistecj-]÷rhe, NI 1 Necssejih÷sterhe, FG 1 Flfhe Gehs

F_ 1 Flfhejstecj-_tdmeh, Aøh 1 Aøhfeca, _dh 1 _dhofcjn, Wln 1 Wlnehferm.

(Fdfj 43>>9 Ltte 4362) ycehmem twl oljvejtcljdh

h=

O-mdtesètweej 02,222 djm 00,222 `p. ]fe olrrespljmcjn cjmustrces,hevehs WC tl CW, dre supplsemhy Nrdvettcdj9 Ltte (4362)tfcjis ct cs Epc-Durcnjdocdj èoduse lg tfe presejoe lg ghdt-gdoem ùrcjs. C ohdca tfdt tfe `hdme teofjlhlny, d scjnhe`doiem pceoe (jl wdter scevcjn wds mlje dt tfe tcae lg tfeexodvdtcljs), mcfemrdh ùrcjs, @dssdher-hcie ùrcjs, dhljnctumcjdh stlje retluofer djm stlje pejmdjts, lje meephyjltofem, phdoe ct alre dpprlprcdtehy cj tfe Nrdvettcdj. ]fesedssea`hdnes, loourrcjn cj d yehhlw hless-hcie semcaejt adyè tfe hdte pfdse lg tfe Nrdvettcdj. Jew mdtes lj tfe scte djmcts semcaejts ady fehp tl ohdrcgy tfcs prl`hea.

_trdtcnrdpfces. DA_ mdtes djm typlhlny odj è olapchemtl prlvcme d ofrljlsofeae glr tfe Edrhy djm Acm UpperRdhdelhctfco (]d`he 4) cj _lutfwest Neradjy.

]fe edrhy Nrdvettcdj cs ofdrdoterczem `y ghãofettes, djm `ysfluhmerem plcjts (Flfhe Gehs) lr tdjnem Gljt Plèrt plcjts(Necssejih÷sterhe), @rchhejf÷fhe WCC djm êcjèrnf÷fhej Ofdve jlje. ]fe hdter Nrdvettcdj oljtdcjs ghdt-gdoem ùrcjs.

=. Rlhhej djdhyscs]fe orctercd glr d pdhdeleolhlncodh djm ohcadtco cjterpretdtcljlg plhhej cj dj cjlrndjco semcaejt fdve èej suaadrcsem `y_djofez Nljc (433=; ?62). Fer meoljstruotclj lg tfe ourrejtpdhyjlhlncodh ofrljlsystea glr tfe Rhejcnhdocdh (05,222-45,222 `p) dpphces ds wehh tl tfe _lutf Neradj sctes.

Cj _lutf Neradjy, tfe gcrst djdhyscs lg tfe plhhej lg odvesemcaejts fds èej perglraem glr tfe êcjèrnf÷fhej(@rdjme 43>5). Fere tfe olrrehdtclj lg hcajco lpej dcr djmcjlrndjco odve meplscts fds èej dtteaptem.

Rlhhej djdhyscs cs restrcotem tl twl sctes grla tfe _wd`cdjKurd. Necssejih÷sterhe djm Flfhe Gehs, djm lje scte grla tfeGrdjoljcdj Kurd, êcjèrnf÷fhej (Gcn. ?). ]fe plhhejmcdnrda cs sctudtem èhlw tfe nrdvettcdj heveh, ùt cj tfe

sdae semcaejtdry ujct. D olapdrcslj wctf regerejoe sctes,espeocdhhy grla `lns, cs mcggcouht.Lur resedrof fds cjmcodtem;

d) d oyohco semcaejtdtclj wfcof oljscsts lg meplsctclj, djm dsemcaejtdtclj 'stlp', glhhlwem `y erlsclj9

`) tfe plhhej meplsctclj loours `y tfe wcjm, `y lhmersemcaejts lg tfe idrst systea, `y djcadhs djm/lr `y aej9

o) d tdpfljlaco mcstur`djoe `y mcggerejtcdh preservdtclj djm`y perolhdtclj lg reoejt plhhej9

m) `cltur`dtclj (e.n., `y edrtfwlras) cs olaalj, djm alrecj fuacm Flfhe Gehs tfdj Necssejih÷sterhe. ]fcs adyfdve resuhtem cj d acxcjn lg tfe semcaejts, oredtcjn djdppdrejthy flalnejelus plhhej olaplsctclj.Mcggerejtcdh plhhej preservdtclj ady dhsl stea grla tfcs`cltur`dtclj.

Dt Necssejih÷sterhe tfe plhhej grequejoy djm preservdtcljcs slaewfdt ètter wctf tfe exoeptclj lg tfe upper HdteNhdocdh/Flhloeje hevehs.

]fe rdre tree plhhej (DR) grla wchhlw, spruoe djm `crofml jlt oljglra tl tfe pdtterj glr dj cjterstdmcdh lsochhdtclj(adx. 5% cjstedm lg tfe jeoessdry 02%) cj Necssejih÷sterhe(^chhe 43>6). ]fe fcnfest peroejtdne (5%) loours cj tfehevehs 42-4? dt tfe tlp lg tfe durcnjdocdj sequejoe.Fer`doelus djm nrdss plhhej (JDR) mlacjdte. ]fenrdvettcdj heveh hce (Gcn. ?) cs ofdrdotercsem `y d fcnferperoejtdne lg uaèhhcgerde plhhej. Dt tfe sdae tcae, tfehcnuhcghlrde dre alre grequejt wfcof ady plcjt tl d pllrpreservdtclj. ]fe eolhlncodh cjterpretdtclj glr tfeNrdvettcdj cjmcodtes d alre fuacm ohcadte tfdj murcjn tfeedrhy Durcnjdocdj wfcof cs hess rcnlrlus. ]fe acmmheDurcnjdocdj fds d alre mry-olhm ohcadte9 tfe hlwerDurcnjdocdj cs hess olhm djm mry. Gcjdhhy, tfe Hdte Nhdocdh csofdrdotercsem `y alre oruocgerde, wfcof sunnests `dmpreservdtclj.




422

62

72

=2

02

Nrdvettcdj plhhej speotrd 422

NICt FG hho`

Odrylpfyhhdoede

Oyperdoede

FG Ched êcj`. O Aduerj C

C Dr`lredh Rlhhej

Gcn. ?. _caphcgcem plhhej mcdnrda lg tfe nrdvettcdj hevehs grla Flfhe

Gehs (FG), Necssejih÷sterhe (NI), êcjèrnf÷fhej (êcj`. O) djm

Aduerj C.

]fe plhhej prlgche grla Flfhe Gehs cs represejtem `y twlsdaphes grla heveh Fe (Gcn. ?). Rlhhej preservdtclj csnejerdhhy aemcua tl pllr. Rlhhej grequejoy, flwever,rdjnes ètweej 76 djm 652. Mue tl tfe rdrcty lg tree plhhej,tfese dre supplsem tl èhljn tl d scachdr plhhej venetdtcljsofeae djm preservdtclj speotrua. ]fe djdhyscs lg heveh Fe`y @. Dh`reoft cjmcodtem plhhej grla tfree mcggerejtperclms; pre-Tudterjdry, djm dhterem djm ujdhteremTudterjdry ljes , mcggercjn cj pdtcjdtclj djm tdxd. Cj tfeHdte Tudterjdry, tfe rdre dr`lredh plhhej (DR) suof ds pcjedre represejtem `y grdnaejts, djm tfe mlacjdjoe lg nrdsses,ocoflrcmdede, plcjts tl d mcggerejtcdh preservdtclj lg tfealre rescstejt tdxd. ]fe fcstlnrda cs su`mcvcmem cjtl djupper pdrt wctf adjy ocoflrcmde djm tree plhhej, prl`d`hy

mue tl cjoredsem mestruotclj djm oljtdacjdtclj, djm doejtrdh pdrt wctf adjy nrdsses djm alre dsterdoede. ]fehlwer pdrt wctf alre ocoflrcmde plcjts dndcj tl pllrpreservdtclj.

D zljdtclj djm d olapdrcslj tl regerejoe plhhejstrdtcnrdpfces cs jlt plssc`he. Mespcte evcmejoe glr pllrpreservdtclj, tfe hlw grequejoy lg tree plhhej odj èoljscmerem ds redh, evej cg acjusouhe wllm grdnaejts djmofdroldhs dre presejt cj dhh sdaphes. ]fe presejoe lg wllm

ady è sunnestem grla tfe ofdroldh grdnaejts cj dhh hevehs.Ds tfese loour dhsl cj drofdelhlncodhhy pllr lr cj sterchehevehs, ct cs alre dpprlprcdte tl see tfea ds d resuht lg tfe`cltur`dtclj prloesses.

]frlunf tcae, tfere cs jl ofdjne lg olaplsctclj djm tdxd,exoept glr tfe upper Hdte Nhdocdh hevehs. ]fe plhhej

sequejoes odjjlt è olapdrem mue tl tfe mcggerejt sdaphetredtaejt, mcggercjn peroejtdnes djm hlodtclj.

]fe rdre ofdroldhs grla tfe dsfy hevehs CCC djm CW dtFlfhe Gehs oljscst lg `crof djm wchhlw, `ltf lg tfe mwdrgtype (resedrof `y ^. _oflof).

]fe ljhy plhhej mcdnrda grla tfe Dof Wdhhey dred odaegrla tfe _ofaceof hdie. Dj lpej hdjmsodpe wctflut trees cssunnestem `y tfe plhhej (Nrccner 4335). ]fe d`sejoe lg h= O-mdtes mles jlt peract d mcreot olapdrcslj. Cj oljtrdst tl tfeDof Wdhhey odve sdaphes oyperdoede (semnes) redof tfe sdaevdhues ds cj tfe @dvdrcdj sctes.

Rlhhej seotcljs were djdhysem grla tfe êcjèrnf÷fhej

jedr Jeuùrn cj @dvdrcd, twl cj tfe odve ctsehg djm severdhgrla tfe vdhhey èhlw (@rdjme 43>5). @ltf odve seotcljs drerlunfhy olapdrd`he, wctf Nrdacjede mlacjdjt djm equdhperoejtdnes lg Oyperdoede, ùt wctf vdrycjn grequejoces lgDR. ]fe DR oljscst lg pcje, `crof, spruoe djm wchhlw wctf dperoejtdne èhlw 02%. ]fe plhhej sequejoe grla tfe vdhheyèhlw cs ofdrdotercsem `y alre DR, alre Oyperdoede,

Drteacscd, djm hess Nrdacjede. Mcggerejt hlodh phdjtolaaujctces djm mcggerejtcdh oljmctcljs lg preservdtclj mljlt dhhlw d mcreot olapdrcslj.

]fe plhhej olaplsctclj lg tfese sequejoes olrrespljmsalre tl d nrdsshdjm venetdtclj (cj tfcs odse lg d shlpe)venetdtclj wctf adjy Nrdacjede djm fer`s tfdj tl d tujmrdwctf gew nrdsses (@cris 43>?). ]fe plhhej grla tfese djmltfer odves (_djofez Nljc 433=) odjjlt estd`hcsf tfeexcstejoe lg dj cjterstdmcdh hcie ]ursdo lr Droy.

Dj caplrtdjt oljohusclj tfdt odj è mrdwj grla tfepdhdeleolhlncodh mdtd cs tfdt tfe ohcadte cj tfe Nrdvettcdjwds nejerdhhy alre fuacm tfdj murcjn tfe Durcnjdocdj.Mue tl tfe jdture lg tfe semcaejts, ct cs jlt plssc`he tlolrrehdte lpej dcr tl odve semcaejts, evej cg tfe flrczljtdhmcstdjoe cs acjcadh, ds tfe exdaphe grla tfe êcjèrnf÷fhej cjmcodtes.

5. Gdujd

Gdujdh djdhyses fdve èej oljmuotem glr Necssejih÷sterhedjm @rchhejf÷fhe. Glr Flfhe Gehs djm @loistecj-]÷rhe ljhypdrtcdh, prehcacjdry stumces dre dvdchd`he. Nejerdhhy, tfeadorladaadhs cjmcodte d nrdmudh ofdjne grla alreteaperdte tl ollh tl olhm oljmctcljs. ]fcs cs vcsc`he cj tfecjoredscjn rdrcty lg rem meer djm rem glx, djm dhsl `yadaaltf djm cèx (]d`he 0).

]fe acjcaua juaèrs dre hlw, usudhhy 4-0 cjmcvcmudhs.]fcs ady cjmcodte jl speocdhcsdtclj lj d oertdcj speoces, ùt



05? KLDOFCA FDFJ - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ CJ _LU]FÊ_] NEPADJS

dhsl regheots tfe jdture lg odves. Out adris lj odve èdr`ljes dhsl cjmcodte tfe fujtcjn lg tfcs speoces. ]fe adklrctylg tfe `ljes djm teetf èhljn tl djcadhs wfcof fdm hlst tfecrachi teetf lr mcem jdturdhhy cj tfe odves. ]fe fcnf juaèr lgodrjcvlres cs dhsl mue tl tfe jdture lg tfe sctes. Dtêcjèrnf÷fhej, tfe acjcaua juaèr lg adaaltfs (7) cs

fcnfer tfdj cj tfe ltfer dssea`hdnes, ùt odve èdr cs rdrer.Out adris djm ùtofercjn trdoes dre rdre. Lgtej `ltfylujn djm dmuht adaaltfs, flrses djm recjmeer, loour. Glradaaltf, tfcs ady cjmcodte d pregerejoe glr tfe fujtcjn lgcjexpercejoem ylujn djcadhs.

]fe Necssejihÿsterhe djdhyscs mealjstrdtem d mlacjdjoelg odve èdr, pdrt lg wfcof fds èej fujtem. Adaaltf csrepresejtem `y rc`s lg dj dmuht cjmcvcmudh. Dj cjmcodtclj lgsedsljdhcty cs ncvej `y d flrse gletus, plcjtcjn tl wcjter, djm`y gcsf readcjs (]lrie 4364) plcjtcjn tl sprcjn. ]fcs gdujdfds èej dttrcùtem tl sprcjt9 djm dutuaj looupdtcljs.

]fe teaplrdh prlxcacty lg tfe tfree dssea`hdnes cj tfe

Dof Wdhhey ds evcmejoem grla tfe regcttcjn lg hctfcos (_ofeer4367) sfluhm dpphy dhsl tl tfe gdujd. Dt @rchhejf÷fhe, wctfdj dppdrejt acx lg adnmdhejcdj djm nrdvettcdj drtegdots, tfere-djdhyscs lg tfe strdtcnrdpfy `y regcttcjn (Hduxadjj djm_ofeer 4367) adies dj evdhudtclj lg tfcs gdujdh reolrmmcggcouht.

Eolhlncodh djm ohcadtco cjgerejoes ady è adme grla gcsf,`crms djm acorlgdujd. ^dter scevcjn fds ljhy èej

]d`he 0. AJC lg tfe fujtem gdujd.

@F NI FG ^F Hepus sp. 00 6 5 3

('ocjcs hupus 4 0 4

Dhlpex hdnlpus 5 (4?) 0 ?

Wuhpes vuhpes 6 (4?) 0

Ursus spehdeus 0> 73 > 7

Orldtcd spehded 4 ?

Adaautfus 0 4 0 7 prcacnejcus

hupcjs sp. ? 0 ?

Olehlmljtd 4 4 4

djtcquctdtcs

Olprd cèx = 4 Pupcodprd 0 4

rupcodprd

Pdjncger 7 4 4 0

tdrdjmus

@ls/@cslj 0 4< 4

@F 1 @rchhejf÷fhe, NI 1 Necssejihÿsterhe, FG 1 Flfhe Gehs,

^F 1 êcjèrnf÷fhe.

ujmertdiej dt Necssejihÿsterhe djm Flfhe Gehs. ]fe djdhyscs

y lg `crms cs jlt olaphete, djm lg tfe acorlgdujd ljhy dmr sdaphe (Accjzeh et dh. 4335) fds èej stumcem. Dtlg Necssejihÿsterhe tfe mlacjdjoe lg tfe olhhdrem heaacjn lver

tfe acorltcjes lg tfe Acorltus drvdhcshdnrestcs nrlup dre

¹ jltewlrtfy. Eolhlncodhhy, `ltf dre dttrcùtem tl dj lpej

hdjmsodpe. ]fe Acorltus leoljlaus lg fuacm dreds cs rdre,cj oljtrdst tl tfe `crms. Dt Flfhe Gehs CC speoces pregerrcjn

r fuacm ejvcrljaejts dre equdhhy rdre, ùt tfe acorltcjesmlacjdte tfe heaacjns (Adriert 4335). Nejerdhhy, grla tfehlwer heveh tfere cs dj cjoredse grla olhm tl alre fuacmglras. ]fe acorlgdujd lg tfe êcjèrnf÷fhe (vljIlejcnswdhm 43>=) cs scachdr, ùt fds hess olhhdrem heaacjn._lae hevehs fdve alre Acorltus leoljlaus, slae fdve

rcm jlje. ]fe sadhh juaèrs ml jlt peract dj djdhyscs.c Dt @rchhejf÷fhe (@lessjeoi djm Wdj Mej Mrcesof 43>?),

`crms olae adcjhy grla adrsfy lr wdter dreds, hcie tfejedr`y _ofaceofejer _ee, wctf gewer cjmcodtlrs lg dj lpej

;r tujmrd-hcie hdjmsodpe, ds typcgcem `y ptdracndjs. ^llmhdjmspeoces dre jlt represejtem. Flfhe Gehs djm Necssejihÿsterhee fdve juaerlus gcsf readcjs, sdhaljcms (Fuofl fuofl,

]fyadhhus tfyadhhus djm Hltd hltd) wfcof plcjt tl djlxynej-rcof, ùt jlt tll olhm wdter.

]fe ljhy jdturdh gdujd grla tfe Ieadtfejf÷fhe cj @dvdrcd;f, (vlj Ilejcnswdhm 43>6), mdtem dt ?2,222 `p, oljtdcjs rem

meer, flrse, cèx djm alre recjmeer cj tfe adaadhcdj gdujd.Glx djm fdre dre wehh represejtem. Ds gdr ds tfe sadhhdssea`hdne cs rehevdjt, tfe djcadh speoces seea jlt tl èredhhy mcggerejt grla gdujds wfere fuadjs phdyem d rlhe.

7. Mcsoussclj]fe adklr prl`hea cs tfdt tfere dre jl ohedr pdhdelejvcrlj-aejtdh mdtd; tfere cs ljhy d tejmejoy lg d ohcadtco ofdjnegrla tfe Durcnjdocdj tl tfe Nrdvettcdj. Ghlrdh readcjs grlaodve sequejoes dre meteracjem `y tdpflalay, hciepreservdtclj djm `cltur`dtclj. Evej ujmer gdvlurd`heoljmctcljs, ljhy tfe hlodh venetdtclj cs represejtem. Ghltdtcljlg ùrjt adtercdh fds kust stdrtem tl ycehm slae adorl phdjtreadcjs.

^ctf respeot tl gdujd, tfe dppdrejt use lg `ljes ds guehady mcstlrt tfe represejtdtclj lg gdujdh siehetdh eheaejts,djm speoces. Ct cs dssuaem glr Flfhe Gehs tfdt slae hdrnepceoes lg ùrjt djm ujùrjt `lje ady èhljn tl adaaltf(lr rfcjloerls<). Dpdrt grla tfcs, adaaltf cs ljhyrepresejtem `y cvlry grdnaejts. Mcggercjn mdtd olhheotcljs,e.n. wdter scevcjn dt Necssejihÿsterhe djm Flfhe Gehs djm tfeprehcacjdry jdture lg tfe gdujdh djdhyscs glr Flfhe Gehs,rejmer gcjdh oljohuscljs caplssc`he.

Acorlgdujd djdhyscs lg tfe Ieadtfejf÷fhe (vljIlejcnswdhm 43>6) cj @dvdrcd cjmcodtes d ohcadtco daehclrdtclj ètweej ?? djm 0= iyr, c.e., murcjn tfe Nrdvettcdj,wctf dj cjoredse cj tfe ohcadtcodhhy cjmcggerejt speoces.




Flwever, tfcoi hevehs djm sadhh d`slhute juaèrs adie djyspeocgco dttrcùtclj caplssc`he. Olapdrcslj wctf tfeNecssejih÷sterhe djm Flfhe Gehs nrdvettcdj djm durcnjdocdjacorlgdujds cs jlt plssc`he. Pencljdh mcggerejoes ètweejtfe Dof Wdhhey djm tfe êcjèrnf÷fhej odjjlt èestd`hcsfem. ^fche fujtcjn cs very prl`d`he, tfe use lg phdjt

gllm readcjs ujijlwj.

>. Oljohusclj

Ohcadtcodhhy, tfe Nrdvettcdj cs dttrcùtem tl d olhm tl ollh,mry djm dhsl fuacm ohcadte. Grlst grdoture cs grequejt, idrsteheaejts hcie idrst pe``hes vdry juaercodhhy grla scte tlscte. ]fe hdyer dt _dhofcjn, hlodtem d`lve d glssch slch, adyè dttrcùtem tl d olhm, mry ohcadtco pfdse. ]fe plhhejsequejoes dre rdtfer scachdr wctf adjy Nrdacjede, djm gewtree plhhej. ]fey represejt alre d hlodh ghlrd grla jedr tfescte, fcnfhy cjghuejoem `y mcggerejtcdh preservdtclj. ]feacorlgdujd cjmcodtes d ofdjne grla olhm tl alre ollh djmfuacm oljmctcljs.

Pdw adtercdh use fds ofdjnem. ^fereds tfe durcnjdocdjnrlups l`tdcjem tfe rdw adtercdh hlodhhy, djm ljhy d sadhhdalujt grla tfe slutferj hlwhdjms, tfe hdtter adtercdh wds

wcmehy usem cj tfe Nrdvettcdj, evej cg tfe hlodh adtercdhsreadcjem tfe adklr hctfco resluroe. Dj lverexphlctdtclj lrdj ejvcrljaejtdh nelalrpflhlncodh ofdjne ds cjmcodtem`y d mcggerejt shlpe lg tfe nrdvettcdj djm durcnjdocdjhevehs dt Flfhe Gehs ady è respljsc`he glr tfcspfejlaejlj.

Doolrmcjn tl tfe DA_ mdtes, tfe Nrdvettcdj glhhlws tfehdte Durcnjdocdj rdtfer mcreothy dt Wlnehferm CW,Flfhejstecj-_tdmeh CW, @loistecj-]lrhe WCC djm Flfhej-stecj-@írejf÷fhe CC. ]fere ady fdve èej dj lverhdp, ùttfe edrhy Nrdvettcdj loours ljhy cj tfe Dof Wdhhey wfere jlhdte Durcnjdocdj fds èej cmejtcgcem. Cj tfe Hlje Wdhheytfere cs jl edrhy Nrdvettcdj. Ct cs dssuaem tfdt tfcs cs d `cdsmue tl tfe sadhh sdaphe lg sctes djm hevehs.

Ds gdr ds plhhej djm gdujds dre represejtdtcve, tfeeolhlncodh ofdjne ètweej =2,222 djm 02,222 `p wdsacjcadh djm odjjlt è usem ds dj drnuaejt glr tfedmdptdtclj tl d ofdjnem ejvcrljaejt.

]fe eoljlay cs `dsem lj d vdrcety lg djcadhs, tfeNrdvettcdjs lg tfe sctes oljscmerem dppdrejthy werenejerdhcsem fujters wfl dhsl prdotcsem slae gcsfcjn. ]fedalujt djm icjm lg phdjt gllm fds jlt yet èej dsoertdcjem.



055 KLDOFCA FDFJ - ]FE NPDWE]]4DJ CJ _LU]FÊ_] NEPADJS

regerejoes

@cris, F.K.@. 43>? Almerj plhhej rdcj stumces cj slae drotco djm dhpcje ejvcrljaejt . Cj; F.K.@. @cris djm

P.N. êst (ems), Tudterjdry phdjt eolhlny, 4=?-476, Lxglrm; @hdoiwehh.

@lessjeoi, K..W vdj mej Mrcesej

43>? Mce kujnphecstlzíjej ]cerijlofejgujme dus mer @rchhejf÷fhe, Glrsofujnej ujm @ercofte

Wlr-u. Grøfnesofcofte @dmej-^ørtteaèrn =/CC, _tuttndrt.

@rdjme, D. 43>5 Wenetdtcljsnesofcofthcofe ujm plhhejstrdtcnrdpfcsofe Ujtersuofujnej zua Rdhílhctfciuavlj Aduerj ujm Aechejflgej (Gríjicsofe Dh`), Tudrtír, >?-427.

Odapej. C. 4332 Mce _emcaejte mer F÷fhej ujm Dfrcs mer Acttherej _ofwí`csofej Dh` ujm cfre ihcadtcsofe

Dusmeutujn. Mcss. ]ø`cjnej.

Nda`he, O.

Nrøner, E.

4360 Cjterdot clj djm dhhcdjoe cj pdhdelhctfco slocety, Adj 4>, 30-42>.

4335 Rlhhejdjdhygfcsofe Ujtersuofujnej dj _emcaejtej mes _ofaceofejer _ees. Cj; K. F÷hzcjner

djm N. _ofacm (ems), Mer _ofaceofejer _ee, @ecfegt Wer÷ggejthcofujn Jdtursofutz,Hdjmsofdgtspghene @dmej-^ørtteaèrn >6, Idrhsrufe.

Fdfj. K. 43>> Durcnjdocej, mds íhtere Kujnnpdhílhctfciua cj Actteh- ujm Lsteurlpd, Gujmdaejtd D3,

I÷hj-Nrdz.

436> Durcnjdocdj djm Nrdvettcdj settheaejt pdtterjs cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe. Cj; L. _lgger (em.), ]fe

Rhecstloeje Lhm ^lrhm, 054-074, Jew Slri; Rhejua Rress.

4335 Jeue @esofheujcner 4=O-Mdtej zua Kujnpdhílhctfciua cj _ømwestmeutsofhdjm, Ecszectdhter

ujm Nenejwdrt =5, 67-30.

Ilejcnswdhm, ^. vlj 43>= Mce phecstlzíje Gdujd mer êcjèrnf÷fhej èc Aduerj, Drofdlhlncod Wejdtlrcd ?, 4>-4==.

43>6 Mce _íunetcergdujd mes Actteh-^øras dus mer Ieadtfejf÷fhe ca Dhtaøfhtdh (@dyerj), Acttechujn @dyercsofej _tddtssdaahujn. Rdhíljt. Fcst. Nelh. 46, 44>-4?2.

Hduxadjj, O.D. _ofeer

436> [usdaaejsetzujnej vlj _chexdrtegditej - ecje Aetflme zur Øèrprøgujn drofílhlncsofer

Ecjfectej, Gujmèrcofte @dmej-^ørtteaèrn 44, 424-4?4.

Hdvchhe. 44..

K. Fdfj

4364 Hes meplts me Necssejih÷sterhe et 4'ãvlhutclj mu ohcadt ej Kurd sludè ejtre ?7222 et 0?222

@.R., OP. Dodm. _o. Rdrcs 030, 005-00>.

Adriej, M. 4337 Mce Gdujd mes Flfhe Gehs èc _ofehihcjnej. Cj; C. Odapej et dh. (ems), _purej mer

Kdnm-Kdnm jdof _purej, Aøhher-@eoi-Gestsofrcgt, ]ø`cjnej, ==3-=5=, ]ø`cjnej; Al Wcjoe.

Aøjzeh, _.,

R. Alreh,K. Fdfj

433= Kujnphecstlzíje ]cerreste dus mer NecÜejih÷sterhe-F÷fhe èc @hduèurej, Gujmèrcofte

@dmej-^ørtteaèrn 43/4, 7?-3?.

Ltte. A.

Rdsmd, O.

4362 He Nrdvettcej ej Eurlpe oejtrdhe. Mcss. Drof. Ndjmejses, @russehs; me ]eapeh.

4335 Jeue ujm dhte pdhílhctfcsofe Gujmstehhej dj Lèrrfecj ujm Flofrfecj, Drof. Jdofrcoftej

dus @dmej 5?, 5-4=.

Pcei, N. 43>? Mds Rdhílhctfciua mer @rchhejf÷fhe èc @hduèurej (_ofwí`csofe Dh`), Glrsofujnej ujm

@ercofte zur Wlr- ujm Grøfnesofcofte cj @dmej-^ørtteaèrn CW/ C, _tuttndrt.



057

_djofez Nljc, A.G.

_ofeer, D.

]lrie, ^.N.

êcÜaøhher, ^.,

^. @dusof

chhe. .


433= H'ejvcrljjeaejt me h'flaae prãfcstlrcque mdjs hd renclj odjtd`rcque m'dpræs hd

tdpfljlace plhhcjcque mes nrlttes, H'Djtfrlplhlnce 36, 0-?, ?>3-=4>.

4367 Ecj Jdofwecs d`slhuter Nhecofzectcniech vlj pdhílhctfcsofej _tdtcljej<, Drofílhlncsofes

Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 47, ?6?-?34.

433? ]fe Lrndjczdtclj lg Hctfco Pesluroe Use Murcjn tfe Nrdvettcdj cj Neradjy. Cj; F. Ijeoft,

D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems), @eglre Hdsodux; tfe olaphex reolrm lg tfe Edrhy Upper

Rdhelhctfco, 43?-042, @lod Pdtlj; OPO Rress.

4364 Gcsofreste dhs Tuehhej mer ×ilhlnce ujm ×iljlace cj mer _tecjzect _øm estmeutsofhdjms,

Urnesofcofthcofe Adtercdhfegte =, ]ø`cjnej.

4367 Ecje Ierdtlpfyr-Cjmustrce dus mea acttherej Kujnpdhílhctfciua (Rãrcnlrmcej/Nrdvettcej)

vlj _dhofcjn, Hmir. _trdu`cjn-@lnej, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz hdtt 47, ?, 0?5-0=?.

43>6 Rlhhejdjdhytcsofe Ujtersuofujnej cj kujnpdhílhctfcsofej F÷fhejsemcaejtej mes

NecÜejih÷sterhes (_ømwestmeutsofhdjm), Jeues Kdfrùof Nelh. Rdhíljt. 45>(4/0), 074-07.

Kldofca Fdfj tCjstctut gør Ur- ujm Grøfnesofcofte

_ofhlss-@urnstecne 44

>02>2 ]ø`cjnej

Neradjy



Djje _ofeer 02 ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy;styhcstco gedtures, rdw adtercdh resluroes djmsettheaejt pdtterjs

Nrdvettcdj sctes dre rdre cj _lutfwest Neradjy djm dre

adcjhy hcactem tl odve sctes. Jedrhy dhh fdve tl è oljscmerem

ds edrhy Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Gljt Plèrt plcjts dre rdre

cj odves djm cjjre dùjmdjt cj lpej dcr .sctes. Cvlry pejmdjts

seea tl phdy d ofdrdotercstco rlhe cj tfe Nrdvettcdj lg _lutf

Neradjy. ]fe drt cs pllr, cj oljtrdst tl tfe Durcnjdocdj, djm

cs represejtem h:y slae ejnrdvcjns djm tfe geadhe gcnurcje lg

êcjèrnf÷fhe. Hlodh rdw adtercdh wds adcjhy usem ùt

ltfer hctfco djm lrndjco adtercdhs cjmcodte hljn mcstdjoes lgup tl ?22 ia9 alveaejts seea tl è mcotdtem `y tfe rcver

Mdjuè. ]fe alst cjtejscve rehdtcljsfcp excsts ètweej tfe

odves cj tfe Dof Wdhhey, ds prlvej `y tfe rdw adtercdhs djm

tfe pejmdjts. Oljteaplrdjecty lg tfe Dof Wdhhey sctes cs

mealjstrdtem `y tfe regcttcjns lg stlje drtegdots ètweej tfe

odves. ]fe cjmepejmejoy lg tfe settheaejt nrlups cs regheotem

cj tfecr lwj speocdh adtercdh, ds wehh ds cj prlmuotclj

teofjcques lr cj mcggerejt oljtdots djm dotcvctces, ds sflwj `y

tfe mcstcjot rdw adtercdh resluroes djm tllh dssea`hdnes.

_ettheaejt mejscty seeas tl meoredse grla tfe Acmmhe

Rdhdelhctfco tl tfe Nrdvettcdj, wctf d fcdtus murcjn tfe

Rhejcnhdocdh djm dj cjoredse tlwdrms tfe hdte Adnmdhejcdj.

]fcs ofdjne cj settheaejt pdtterj oluhm fdve èej odusem `y

ohcadtco evejts. Evej tflunf tfere cs d pdrtcdh lverhdppcjn lg

settheaejt dreds we odjjlt spedi lg d redh ouhturdh

oljtcjucty. Ljhy cj slae teofjcques, hcie tfe prlmuotclj lg

cvlry èdms, mles tfere seea tl è d mevehlpaejt grla tfe

Durcnjdocdj tl tfe Nrdvettcdj.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Alst nrdvettcdj sctes cj _lutfwest Neradjy dre odve sctes,oljoejtrdtem cj tfe _wd`cdj Kurd cj tfe Dof Wdhhey, 02 iawest lg Uha; @rchhejf÷fhe (Pcei 43>?), Necssejih÷sterhe(Fdfj 4366), _crnejstecj (_ofacmt 4342, 4340), djm FlfheGehs (_dcer 433=). ]fe odve scte lg @loistecj-]÷rhe (Fdfj43>>) cj tfe Hlje Wdhhey sfluhm prl`d`hy dhsl è oljscmeremd Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (AUR) scte. Alre odve sctes dresctudtem cj tfe @dvdrcdj Kurd, suof ds tfe êcjèrnf÷fhejedr Aduerj (@÷faers 43549 [ltz et dh. 4355), djm perfdpsdhsl tfe jedr`y Actthere djm Lère Ihduse (Greujm 437?), dswehh ds tfe D`rc ca Mlrg (Rrøger 4374).

Lpej dcr sctes dre hess juaerlus; _tecjdoier (Rdsmd 4335,cj prep; Flhmeradjj 433>) cj tfe Upper Pfcje Wdhhey, djm

_dhofcjn (êcssaøhher 4365, 436>, 43329 êcssaøhher djm@dusof 4367) cj @dvdrcd. Cj Pcem jedr Mlhhjstecj, d scjnheGljt Plèrt plcjt wds glujm (Greujm 437?9 [ltz 437=), dswehh ds slae `hdmes djm ejmsordpers (Pcemer 4363).

]fe ljhy scte wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts cj Edsterj Neradjycs @chzcjnsheèj (Adjcd 4364). Rrl`d`hy dhslChsejf÷fhe/Pdjcs (Geusteh 4363) sfluhm è oljscmerem, ùtGljt Plèrt plcjts dre d`sejt tfere.

Cg lje olapdres tfe hlodh resuhts lg ohcadtco djdhyses wctftflse lg Grejof sctes, alst lg tfe lhm mdtes lg twl nrdvettcdjodve sctes (Necssejih÷sterhe djm Flfhe Gehs) dssuaem dpdrdhhehcsa wctf tfe ']ursdo' lsochhdtclj (Hdvchhe djm Fdfj4364), d perclm wfcof cj tfe Dof Wdhhey cs ollh djm fuacm,ofdjncjn tl d olhm djm mry ohcadte (Fdfj, tfcs vlhuae). ]feh=O mdtes olrrehdtem dpprlxcadtehy tl tfcs lsochhdtclj, ùtjewhy dvdchd`he DA_ mdtes dre evcmejthy lhmer, ds dt ltfersctes, alre olapdrd`he wctf tfe lhmer mdtcjns grlaêcjèrnf÷fhe djm @rchhejf÷fhe, djm tfey oluhm èolrrehdtem tl wfdt Alvcus odhhem tfe 'Hes Eyzces/Iesseht'lsochhdtclj (@rcoier et dh. 4335).

Glr tfe lpej dcr scte lg _dhofcjn, wfcof sfluhm èoljscmerem èoduse lg cts acorlnrdvette- djm Gljt Plèrtplcjts, tfe ohcadtco sctudtclj dhsl plcjts tl tfe edrhy AUR.Drtegdots were glujm cj d hless hdyer d`lve d slch wfcof csregerrem tl ds 'Rdumlrg-Mejeidap' (êcssaøhher 4365; gcn.=, 433, 0?3), wfcof cs olapdrd`he tl tfe strdtcnrdpfcoplsctclj lg Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn djm _prejmhcjnej d`lve tfe'Hlfje-slch' (og. @lscjsic, tfcs vlhuae). Jltd`he cj _dhofcjncs tfe vertcodh mcstrcùtclj lg drtegdots lver d`lut >2 oa,oertdcj cjmcodtcljs lg slhcghuotclj, djm tfe plsctclj cj d hlesswctflut slch wfcof cjmcodtes d olhm ohcadtco sctudtclj. Ct csujoertdcj fere wfetfer d olrrehdtcjn slch fds erlmem lr tfdt ctcs d adtter lg (sfeet)slhcghuotclj lrcncjdhhy meplsctem lj tlp

lg tfe slch wfcof olrrespljms tl tfe 'Mejeidap'.

]fe nelofrljlhlncodh plsctclj lg _tecjdoier (Flhmeradjj433>) stchh requcres cjvestcndtclj lg tfe slch. ]fe drtegdotswere glujm d`lve d hless hdyer cj d meodhocgcem hless wctfndstrlplms ofdrdotercstco lg d olhm djm fuacm perclm.

0. Hctfco cjmustry

Jlt ljhy tfe ohcadtco regerejoes ùt dhsl tfe hctfco typlhlny(]d`he 4) lg Necssejih÷sterhe olrrehdtes tl tfe edrhy Grejof




]d`he 4. ]llhs lg tfe adcj odve sctes cj slutfwest Neradjy, juaèrs oljscmerem ujtch 436?.

_C]E ehi jch CCC _C ^F _]

drtegdot jua èr ? 4=4 755= 44?5 500 47=4 4>752

tllh jua` er 0? 3 5? 5 4 4? =0 454 04 2

pero. lg tllhs' >.7 6.0 42. 2 6.4 3. 0 4.0pero. lg tllhs0 40.= 3. 6 4 4.4 >. 5 42. 4 4.5

]LLH_ 8/8

ùrcjs 53 0=. > 4=7 0>.? 06 0=.6 47 ?6.4 52 ??.4 53 06.4

`doiem plcjts => 43.> ?4 5.6 4? 4 4.5 0 =.6 47 42.7 3 =.?

`doiem `hdmes =2 47.> 45 0.6 46 45.3 4 0.= 3 7.2 5 0.=

sodhdr pceoes ?4 4?.2 476 ?4.= 4 4 3. > 5 4 4.3 6 5.?

sordp ers 40 5.2 5 > 42 .> 6 >.4 > 47.> 4= 3. ? 47 >.7

`lr ers 6 ?. ? 4 2. 0 ? 0. > > =.7 5 =.?

ghoofottes > 0.3 4? 0.= 7 5.? 4= 3.?

sordper/ù rcjs 7 0.5 4? 0.= 0 4.6trujodtem pceoes 5 0.4 42 4.3 > 7.0 ? >.4 4? 6.7 00 42.5

plcjtem `hdmes 5 0.4 = 2.> < 0 =. 6 7 =.2

Gljt Plèrt 0 2.6 4 4 5.0

sfluh merem plcjts 4 2.= 0 2.= 0 4.6 4 2. > 0 4.2

Ils tej ic > 4.? 4 2.3 4 2. > 4 2.5

ltf ers 47 7.> 76 40.> 4= 40. = 7 4= .? 40 6.2 62 ?6.4

spdhhs 4 4?= =. ? 35 4.5 4? 4.4 4? 2.6 = = 2.?

ujgc jcsf em/me `het 45 2. 5 6 2.4 C 2.4 4 2.4 47 2.4

`doiem pceoes

NI 1 Necssejih÷sterhe @F 1 @rchhejf÷fhe FG 1 Flfhe Gehs _C 1 _crnejstecj ^F 1 êcjèrnf÷fhe _t 1 _tecjdoier' wctflut spdhhs djm me`cet 0 wctf spdhhs djm me`cet ' peroejtdne lg wflhe dssea`hdne

Nrdvettcdj (D`rc Rdtdum W9 @lssehcj 4337) wctf alre tfdj?=% `doiem pceoes (`doiem plcjts, 72% lg wfcof dreNrdvette plcjts, djm `hdmes), ùrcjs (lg wfcof 43.=% dretrujodtclj ùrcjs djm 03.4 % mcfemrdh ùrcjs), sodhdr pceoes,ejmsordpers, d gew ghãofettes, twl Gljt Plèrt plcjts djm ljesfluhmerem plcjt. @eoduse lg tfe twl Gljt Plèrt plcjts, wefdve tl oljscmer Necssejih÷sterhe ds edrhy Nrdvettcdj. Dpdrtgrla Flfhe Gehs, tfe ltfer sctes were exodvdtem wctflut(@rchhejf÷fhe, êcjèrnf÷fhe) lr wctf wcme-aesfem scevcjn(_crnejstecj), tfus prevejtcjn d olapdrcslj lg tfe sadhh tllhs(adcjhy acorlnrdvette-plcjts, `doiem `hdmes lr ùrcj spdhhs).

Exohumcjn _tecjdoier, djm jenheotcjn tfe `doiem pceoes,tfe peroejtdnes lg tllhs vdry ljhy 0.=% ètweej tfepresejtem odve sctes (]d`he 4), sl tfey dre alre lr hessolapdrd`he. ^ctf dj estcadte lg tfe acsscjn sadhh tllhs cj@rchhejf÷fhe, êcjèrnf÷fhe djm _crnejstecj, we redofjedrhy 42% (evej alre wfej tllh spdhhs dre cjohumem).

Necssejih÷sterhe fds tfe hlwest peroejtdne lg tllhs. ]fe mdtdlg tfe Flfhe Gehs dssea`hdne dre ljhy prehcacjdry, dsdjdhyscs lg tfe hdst exodvdtcljs fds jlt yet èej mlje. Dhdrne pdrt lg tfe sceve rescmue drtegdots dre stchh dwdctcjndjdhyscs, wfcof aedjs tfdt tfe sadhh tllhs dre prl`d`hyujmerrepresejtem. Evej tfe tllh peroejtdne fds tl èrendrmem wctf odutclj.

]fe lpej dcr sctes fdve d hlwer peroejtdne lg tllhs, wctf5.7% glr _dhofcjn djm ljhy 4.0% glr _tecjdoier (0.0% ljhyexodvdtem dssea`hdne).

@urcjs nejerdhhy glra tfe hdrnest nrlup lg tllhs, wctf tfeexoeptclj lg @rchhef÷fhe, espeocdhhy cg we ml jlt oljscmer tfesadhh `doiem pceoes. Dt Necssejih÷sterhe, tfe hlw peroejtdnelg tllhs cs olapejsdtem `y d fcnf juaèr lg ùrcj spdhhs.]fcs aedjs tfdt lrcncjdhhy alre ùrcjs were prlmuoem tfere,wfcof were usem lutscme tfe odve. @urcj spdhhs grla tfeltfer sctes odjjlt è olapdrem.



053 DJJE _OFEEP - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ CJ _LU]FÊ_] NEPADJS

Gcn. 4. Mcstrc utclj lg nrdvettcdj sctes djm tfecr rdw adtercdh sluroes cj _lutf Neradjy. Ocrohe; odve scte, squdre; lpej dcr scte, trcdjnhe; surgdoeolhheotclj, eapty sya`lhs; nrdvettcdj dttrc utclj ujoertdcj.4. Auggejmlrg; 0. Ujieh dof; ?. Aetterjcof9 =. Pfejs9 5. chmsofeuer9 7. Adnmdhejdf÷fhe9 >. I÷jcnsèrn9 6. Dspeht9 3. Dmherquehhe9 42. Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn9 44. _prejmhcjnej9 40. _crnejstecj9 4?. Flfhe Gehs9 4=. @rchhejf÷fhe9 45. Necssejih÷sterhe9 47. @loistecj-]÷rhe9 4>. ecjèrnf÷fhej946. Mlhhjstecj9 43. Lère Ihduse9 02. D`rc ca Mlrg9 04. Píuèrf÷fhe9 00. _dhofcjn9 0?. _tecjdoier9 0=. @chzcjnsheèj9 05. Chsejf÷fhe/Pdjcs.

@doiem plcjts djm `hdmes ds sadhh tllhs odj ljhy èoljscmerem cj Necssejih÷sterhe, wctf tfe fcnfest peroejtdne,glhhlwem `y Flfhe Gehs djm, wctf d fcnfer juaèr tfdjexpeotem, cj êcjèrnf÷fhe. Cj tfe hdtter scte, ghãofettes loour

grequejthy, djm tfey dre wehh represejtem cj Flfhe Gehs.]fe sodhdr pceoes seea tl phdy d ofdrdotercstco rlhe cj tfe

Dof Wdhhey, wfche rdrehy ehsewfere. Cj @rchhejf÷fhe, tfeyevej represejt tfe hdrnest nrlup lg tllhs, wfereds cjêcjèrnf÷fhe djm Flfhe Gehs d auof sadhher peroejtdne lgsodhdr pceoes cs evcmejt.

_ordpers dre wehh represejtem, pdrtcouhdrhy cj _crnejstecj.Cj Necssejih÷sterhe, tfecr sadhh juaèr cs slaewfdtolapejsdtem `y tfe ola`cjem sordpers/ùrcjs odtenlry. ]fcs

ola`cjem tltdh cs olapdrd`he tl tfe tltdh lg êcjèrnf÷fhe.]rujodtem pceoes dre wehh-represejtem ljhy cj _crnejstecj,

Flfhe Gehs djm êcjèrnf÷fhe, ehsewfere tfey dre ds rdre dsdhh tfe ltfer tllhs; Gljt Plèrt plcjts ljhy cj Necssejih÷sterhe, Ilstejic teofjcque cj @rchhejf÷fhe, Flfhe Gehsdjm êcjèrnf÷fhe.

Cj tfe odve scte lg Lère Ihduse, d sepdrdtclj lg tfenrdvettcdj adtercdh (wctf tfree Nrdvette plcjts) grla tfeltfer dssea`hdnes cs mcggcouht. ]fe nelhlncodh cjterpretdtcljlg tfe D`rc ca Mlrg dhsl seeas tl è prl`headtco (Rrøger4374). ]fe hctfco dssea`hdne mcggers grla tfe Dof WdhheyNrdvettcdj djm evej tfe êcjèrnf÷fhe, ùt tfe tllhs (o. 6%)ohedrhy sflw nrdvettcdj eheaejts, wctf ùrcjs ds tfe alst




2 5 oah ” c ” c ” c ” c ” h

Gcn. 0. Djther tllh grla Flfhe Gehs wctf dj ejnrdvcjn lg d `lvcm djm cjocscljs, (mrdwcjn `y O. Rdsmd).

olaalj type lg tllh, `doiem `hdmes djm plcjts, lje Nrdvetteplcjt djm dghãofette, plcjtem `hdmes (pdrthy wctf d fedvyadrncjdh retluof), sfluhmerem plcjts, hdterdhhy retluofem`lrers, djm jltofem `hdmes, ùt jl sordpers lr sodhdr pceoes.

Cj _dhofcjn, ds wehh ds cj tfese ltfer sctes, d hdrne juaèrlg mcfemrdh, trujodtclj lr `redi ùrcjs were prlmuoem. Hessgrequejt dre sordpers. ]fe Nrdvettes djm lje Gljt Plèrtplcjt, djm perfdps djltfer twl grdnaejtem Gljt Plèrtplcjts, sflw tfe ofrljlhlncodh lrmer9 plcjtem `hdmes, sodhdrpceoes djm slae Ilstejic ejms doolapdjy tfe tllhs.

]fe lpej dcr scte lg _tecjdoier wds glujm jedr tfe CstecjerIhltz, d`lut =2 ia slutf lg Grecùrn, wctf d very hdrnejuaèr lg `hdmes, ghdies djm olres lg kdsper, d fcnf-qudhctyflalnejelus gcje-struoturem adtercdh; tfcs kdsper odj è rem(@hutkdspcs), pcji, yehhlw lr wfcte. Ljhy very gew tllhs(]d`he 4) dre daljn tfe adtercdh (d`lut 4>,752 drtegdots)grla tfe survey djm exodvdtclj; d hdrne juaèr lg GljtPlèrt plcjts (ètter wlriem tfdj tflse grla Necs-sejih÷sterhe), ùrcjs, acorlnrdvette plcjts, `doiem `hdmes,sordpers, d sfluhmerem plcjt, d Ilstejic ejm, eto. ùt jl

ghãofettes lr sodhdr pceoes. ]fe hdrnest nrlup cs dndcj glraem`y tfe ùrcjs, wfche trujodtem pceoes, djm adcjhy retluofem`hdmes dre wehh presejtem. Alst lg tfe drtegdots dre surgdoegcjms, d`lut =2% lg tfe tltdh, ùt wctflut scevcjn. _l dhsl glrtfcs scte tfe sadhh tllhs aust è ujmerrepresejtem.

Cj tfe Pdjcs odve, d sadhh nrdvettcdj dssea`hdne (j170)cjohumes slae `doiem plcjts djm `doiem `hdmes, ùrcjs djmsordpers. D survey dt jedr`y @chzcjnsheèj sflwem tfdt tfeùrcjs dre wehh represejtem9 02 Gljt Plèrt plcjts wereglujm tfere, represejtcjn 42% lg dhh tllhs. _odhdr djmtrujodtem pceoes dre rdre, djm jl ghãofettes were glujm. ]feperoejtdne lg `doiem pceoes cs hlwer tfdj expeotem glr dsurvey, ùt tfe peroejtdne lg ùrcj spdhhs wctf ?.=% cs redhhyfcnf. Cj olapdrcslj tl _dhofcjn djm adcjhy tl _tecjdoier tfeperoejtdne lg tllhs fere redofes 47.?%.

Dhtflunf tfese mcggerejt dssea`hdnes represejt prcadrchy dtypcodh nrdvettcdj cjmustry, tfey ady dhsl scnjcgy mcggerejtgujotcljs lg sctes lr mcggerejt dotcvctces lg tfe looupdjts.Alst strcicjn cs tfe fcnf peroejtdne lg Gljt Plèrt plcjts cjtfe lpej dcr sctes, tfe d`sejoe lg ghãofettes djm jlje lr d hlw




juaèr lg sodhdr pceoes. ]fcs ady fdve d ofrljlhlncodh ùt

dhsl d gujotcljdh redslj.

?. @lje cjmustry

]fe `lje drtegdots cj tfe nrdvettcdj hdyers lg tfe Dof Wdhheydre ofdrdotercsem `y juaerlus prlkeotche plcjts wctf rlujmem

`dses, sl-odhhem `lje plhcsfers, slae dwhs djm jeemhe-hcie`lje plcjts wctflut hllps, ofcsehs lr pujofes, wlriem djtherdjm cvlry, suof ds glr exdaphe sadhh rlms. _lae lg tfeprlkeotche plcjts sflw trdjsversdh ejnrdvcjns, pdrtcouhdrhy cj@rchhejf÷fhe. ]fe orlss seotclj alsthy rdjnes grla lvdh tljedrhy reotdjnuhdr9 lrcncjdhhy slae rlms aust fdve èejhljner tfdj ?2 oa ùt tfey dre ljhy preservem cj grdnaejts.Wery scachdr dre twl sfdgts adme grla recjmeer djther, ljegrla Necssejih÷sterhe, tfe ltfer grla êcjèrnf÷fhe. @ltfwere flhhlwem lut dt tfe mcstdh ejm, ètweej 4.?-?.6 oa meepdjm 2.5-2.> oa cj mcdaeter. Jltd`he dre d pceroem `dtlj grla@rchhejf÷fhe djm twl djther tllhs grla Flfhe Gehs, wfcof dtgcrst scnft seea scachdr tl tfe djther dmzes grla Rdvhlv lrHyjn`y (_ofeer 433= d djm `), ùt tfe `dsdh, prlxcadh ejmlg tfe adcj èda cs èvehhem dhljn tfe hljnctumcjdh dxcs. ]feèveh cs fcnfhy plhcsfem wctf ljhy d gew jltofes. ]fcs adycjger d mcggerejt gujotclj, perfdps d sordper-hcie tllh.

]fe djther tllh grla Flfhe Gehs (Gcn. 0) fds èej gdsfcljemlut lg tfe hegt djther èda. ]fe èveh lg tfcs tllh cs olaphetedjm fcnfhy plhcsfem9 tfe ejm lg tfe èz djther cs `rliej, wfchetfe ejm lg tfe adcj èda, cj oljtcjudtclj lg tfe èveh, sflwstrdoes lg fdvcjn èej out lgg. Lj tfe surgdoe, tfe djther tllhfds trdjsverse cjocscljs djm d gcnurdh ejnrdvcjn. ]fe èveh lgtfe seoljm djther tllh grla Flfhe Gehs (olapdrd`he cj glra,teofjlhlny djm prl`d`he use) cs `rliej ùt seeas hessplhcsfem. ]fe twl hens dre hljner tfdj cj tfe gcrst tllh djm tfeejm cs olhlurem `y rem lofre, tfe surgdoe sflws nelaetrcodh,rfla`lcm ejnrdvcjns. ]fe `lje tllhs grla êcjèrnf÷fhe dreolapdrd`he, wctf tfecr rlujm-`dsem prlkeotche plcjts (ljhy ljefds d scjnhe èzeh), trdjsversdhhy ejnrdvem `lje plhcsfers.dwhs, eto. Glr tfe D`rc ca Mlrg, dpdrt grla ljhy lje wlriem`lje _pdtuhd djm d grdnaejt lg out cvlry, dj cvlry 'sflveh'([ltz 43749 Greujm 437?) cs strcicjn, djm oluhm cjmcodte slaerehdtclj wctf tfe edst (Rgemalstc djm Rdvhlv). Jl `lje tllhsdre ijlwj grla tfe lpej dcr sctes.

=. Meolrdtcve l`keotsLtfer ofrljlhlncodh djm evej rencljdh cteas dre tfejuaerlus cvlry pejmdjts (Gcn. ?) cj Necssejih÷sterhe, ds wehhds cj @rchhejf÷fhe, Flfhe Gehs djm êcjèrnf÷fhe. ]fesepejmdjts cj tfe sfdpe lg tedr mrlps (_ofeer 4365), perfdpscactdtcjn odjcjes lg meer, dre ofdrdotercstco glr tfcs perclmdjm espeocdhhy glr tfcs renclj. ]fe prlmuotclj sofeae cs wehhijlwj, espeocdhhy grla Necssejih÷sterhe. ]fey were adme`ltf cj serces djm ds cjmcvcmudh pceoes. Glr tfe prlmuotclj cjserces servem d jltofem, cj orlss seotclj lvdh cvlry stcoi

(Necssejih÷sterhe, @rchhejf÷fhe, êcjèrnf÷fhe). Cj slaesctes `chl`ães were dhsl glujm (Necssejih÷sterhe, Flfhe Gehs,djm êcjèrnf÷fhe). Rejmdjts grla dhh tfree Dof Wdhheysctes fdm very scachdr remuotclj strdtences. _hcnfthy mcggerejtùt dhsl olapdrd`he, dre tfe pejmdjts grla êcjèrnf÷fhedjm Lère Ihduse cj @dvdrcd. Mespcte tfe scachdrcty, cj glra,

teofjlhlny djm mcaejscljs, tfere dre sadhh mcggerejoesètweej dhh tfe sctes. ]fcs sflws tfdt tfey were jlt adme `ylje perslj (_ofeer 4335), ùt tfdt lje olaalj trdmctcljady fdve excstem, ohlse cjscme tfe Dof Wdhhey djm hesscjtejscve cj êcjèrnf÷fhe. ]fe pejmdjts dre dhsl glujm cjltfer nrdvettcdj sctes (_ofeer 4335) ùt ljhy ds scjnhe pceoesdjm lgtej adme lg mcggerejt adtercdh lr cj d mcggerejt glra,suof ds glr cjstdjoe cj @loistecj-]÷rhe (Hlje Wdhhey) djmAdcjz-Hcjsejèrn (Acmmhe Pfcje Wdhhey), djm evej dt hljnmcstdjoes ds glr exdaphe cj ^chhejmlrg, Mlhjg Wéstljcoe,Rdvhlv, Adautlwd, slae Grejof sctes (Rdtdum, Hd Nrdvette),Csturctz, @drad Nrdjme, eto., slaetcaes adme lg `lje, cj tfeAlrdvcdj sctes lgtej lg stlje. ]fere, glra djm remuotclj

strdtences dre ofdjncjn shcnfthy.

Adjy ltfer ofdrdotercstco, lrjdaejtdh l`keots lg vdrclusadtercdhs dre olapdrd`he, espeocdhhy cj tfe Dof Wdhhey odves(]d`he 0, Gcn. =). Edof odve dhsl sflws cts cjmcvcmudh lrdjltfer qudjtcty lg adtercdhs glr pejmdjts; tfere dre `ljetuès, djcadh teetf, pceroem alhhusos, odjcjes lg meer, tuèslg cvlry, daaljctes, djm pejmdjts lg `lje, djther lr stljedjm gcsf verte`rds. Cj _lutf Neradjy, tfey dre glujm ljhy cjodve sctes, perfdps ds d resuht lg preservdtclj. Cj tfe hlwerPfcjehdjm, flwever, lrndjco readcjs, djm drt djm kewehrywere glujm cj hless sctes, wfere ndstrlplms were dhslpreservem. _l tfe redslj oluhm dhsl è d gujotcljdh lje, dsprlplsem `y @lscjsic (4365), wfl aejtcljs drt djm kewehryds ofdrdotercstco glr settheaejt sctes.

5. Drt

Al`chcdry drt cj _lutf Neradjy cs very pllr cj tfenrdvettcdj hdyers, cj oljtrdst tl tfe Durcnjdocdj. Pcei (43>?)aejtcljs d geadhe gcnurcje wfcof `rlie murcjn tfeexodvdtclj ùt jl`lmy fds ever seej ct. Cj fcs mesorcptcljs,fe jltes dj cvlry grdnaejt ds pdrt lg tfe sedt lg d Wejus ùtct oluhm dhsl fdve èej d grdnaejt lg d `cn cvlry pejmdjt.Ljhy cj tfe êcjèrnf÷fhe wds d olaphete gcnurcjemcsolverem, tfe wehh-ijlwj geadhe stdtuette adme lg

hcaestlje ([ltz 4355; gcn. =2), djm glujm cj d slch olhlurem`y rem lofre - olapdrd`he wctf ltfer geadhe stdtuettes lgtfcs perclm. [ltz dhsl mesorcès gcnurdh ejnrdvcjns lj djdjcadh rc`, dt hedst lje lg wfcof resea`hes d geadherepresejtdtclj ([ltz 4355; gcn. ?3.40).

]fere wds jl sure regerejoe tl drt cj tfe Dof Wdhhey ujtch433= wfej tfe djther tllhs were glujm cj Flfhe Gehs. ]fesurgdoe lg tfe gcrst djther tllh (Gcn. 0) fds èej wlriem cj tfehlwer tfcrm pdrt lg tfe èveh wctf cjocsem, trdjsverse rlws lg




Gcn. ?. Cvlry pejmdjts grla Necssejih÷sterhe wctf prlmuotclj pceoes. Glr sercdh prlmuotclj; cvlry stcoi, jltofem cvlry stcoi, hca`9 cjmcvcmudh

adjugdoture; cvlry ghdie djm rlunflut.

pdrdhheh ejnrdvcjns, wfcof were dpphcem èglre use, wfche tfe lg Rdnhcooc oluhm dhsl è dttrcùtem tl dj edrhy pfdse lg tfehlwest pdrt cs plhcsfem, prl`d`hy grla use. Rerfdps d gcnure, AUR, wctf dj d-typcodh Gljt Plèrt plcjt djm dj d`sejoe lgwfcof odj è cjterpretem ds d `lvcm (_ofeer 433=`), wds dt Jldchhes ùrcjs .tfe sdae tcae ejnrdvem lj tfe upper pdrt lg tfe tllh, ]fe seoljm djther tllh sflws ljhy nelaetrcodh, rfla`lcmtlnetfer wctf tfese pdrdhheh ejnrdvcjns. Ljhy tfe adcj hcjes ejnrdvcjns djm hcjes. ]fese djthers were mdtem tl 03,222 `p.lg tfe gcnure dre vcsc`he; tfe `doi, tfe d`mlaej, d fcjt lg tfe Cj tfe sdae heveh fcnfhy plhcsfem hcaestljes grla tfe glraerhens djm tfe twl flrjs . ]fe gcnure sflws dj drofdco styhe, odve wdhh were glujm (Fdfj 433=). ]fe plhcsf wds prlmuoemolapdrd`he tl tfe djcadh ejnrdvcjn lg tfe Rdnhcooc odve cj `y odve èdr, djm aej usem tfese stljes hdter glr gcjeCtdhy, wfcof fds d ylujner 4=O (oljvejtcljdh) mdte lg d`lut ejnrdvcjns. _l gdr jl gcnures lr sya`lhs odj è reolnjcsem.0?,222 `p (Aezzejd djm Rdhad mc Oesjlhd 43>0). Djltfer ]fe mescnj seeas tl glra crrenuhdr hcjes.olapdrd`he gcnure, dj cèx, cs mesorcèm grla Ndrnds Jl drt cs ijlwj grla Necssejih÷sterhe. Ljhy lje `lje

([dapettc 436>). Cj spcte lg tfe ylujner mdte, tfe hctfco tllhs wds olverem wctf ejnrdvem hcjes, wfcof oluhm represejt d



07? DJJE _OFEEP - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ CJ _LU]FÊ_] NEPADJS

gcsf cj tfe sdae drofdco styhe ds Flfhe Gehs, ùt jlt ds ohedr9tfe hcjes oluhm dhsl è doocmejtdh. Mespcte tfe ujoertdcjty lgtfe ofrljlstrdtcnrdpfy lg tfe Lère Ihduse, d pceoe lg cvlryaust è mcsoussem lj wfcof severdh adaaltfs wereejnrdvem. @lscjsic (4360) dttrcùtes ct odutclushy tl d acmmhepfdse lg tfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco, d pfdse rdtfer rdre cj

_lutf Neradjy. ]fe l`keot wds mesorcèm `y tfe exodvdtlrds olacjn grla d '_lhutrãdj' hdyer èhlw tfe hlweradnmdhejcdj hdyer (Greujm 437?), tlnetfer wctf dj cvlry tusidjm d hlwer kdw lg d odve èdr - `ltf djcadhs dre rdre cj tfeHdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

7. Hctfco rdw adtercdhs

_ettheaejt lr trdme pdtterjs ds wehh ds rencljdh al`chcty dresflwj prcadrchy `y sluroes lg hctfco rdw adtercdh. ]fereglretfe prlvejdjoe lg rdw adtercdh aust è ijlwj, wfcof lgolurse cs jlt plssc`he cj dhh odses (Gcn. 4). ]fe sctes lg tfe_wd`cdj Kurd fdve hctfco rdw adtercdhs wfcof adcjhy (alretfdj 52%) olae grla hlodh sluroes cj tfe caaemcdte vcocjctylg tfe odves, djm jlt alre tfdj ?2 ia dwdy. Adcjhy hlodhKurdssco ofert wds usem ùt dhsl rdmclhdrcte. ]fere dre dhslrdw adtercdhs grla auof gdrtfer dwdy tfdj ?2 ia wfcofolae grla @dvdrcd djm tfe @hdoi Glrest. ]fe adcj edst-westdxcs lg hljn mcstdjoe alveaejt cs mcotdtem `y tfe rcverMdjuè.

]fe nredtest juaèr lg mcggerejt rdw adtercdhs (02 rdwadtercdhs djm 53 vdrcdjts) wctf tfe hdrnest spdtcdh mcstrcùtcljwds glujm dt @rchhejf÷fhe. ]fe @dvdrcdj oljjeotcljs lg tfehctfco rdw adtercdh ètweej @rchhejf÷fhe, Necssejih÷sterhe,_crnejstecj djm Flfhe Gehs were supplrtem `y tfe presejoelg cvlry èdms. Cj @rchhejf÷fhe, ds cj Flfhe Gehs djm

]d`he 0. Juaèr lg lrjdaejtdh

_lutf Neradjy.

l`keots cj tfe odves lg

_C]E_

L@KEO]_

NI ac CCC ^F

teetf pceroem > 5 5 7

odjcjes lg meer 4 - 4 -alhhusos 4 ?4 0 -tuès `lje 0 = 4 -huès cvlry - - 4 -

daaljctes ? - 0 -

pejmdjts Cvlr) 57 ?= 02 45

(gcjcsfem)

pejmdjts `lje - 0 - -pejmdjts stlje - 4 - -vert, hcsf 4 - - -

0$

4 oa

NI 1 Necssejih÷sterhe, @F 1 @rchhejf÷fhe, FG 1 Flfhe Gehs,

^F 1 êcjèrnf÷fhe.

Gcn. =. Lrjdaejtdh l keots grla Necssejih÷sterhe; pceroem tlltf,daaljctes, jltofem tlltf lg c ex, fdre tuès.

_crnejstecj, we fdve slae rdw adtercdh wfcof olaes grlatfe Upper Pfcje Wdhhey, grla drlujm tfe Cstecjer Ihltz.

Dt _tecjdoier we alst prl`d`hy fdve dj extrdotclj sctewfere d gcrst remuotclj tlli phdoe èglre explrtdtclj. ]fcs csmealjstrdtem `y tfe very gew `hdmes (06.>%), tfe fcnfperoejtdne lg olrtex adtercdh djm tfe gew tllhs. ]fe olresdre very hdrne djm alst (>2%) were cj d prcadry remuotcljstdne, wfche me`rcs cs rdre9 tfe rdw adtercdh (Flhmeradjj4337) wfcof olaes grla drlujm 52 tl 452 a grla tfe scte






@rchheccf÷fhe djm Flfhe Gehs. ]fese regcttcjns cjohumemFdies, `hdmes, me`rcs djm evej tllhs, suof ds twl ùrcjs lr dsodhdr pceoe (cj nejerdh twl pceoes oluhm è oljklcjem, ljhyljoe oluhm tfree pceoes è oljklcjem9 _ofeer 4367, 4332).]fe mcreotclj lg trdjsplrt glhhlwcjn tfe remuotclj sequejoewds adcjhy tlwdrms @rchhejf÷fhe (glur grla Necs-

sejih÷sterhe, lje grla Flfhe Gehs), ùt dhsl cj ltfermcreotcljs (twl grla @rchhejf÷fhe tl Necssejih÷sterhe djmlje lr twl tl Flfhe Gehs), sl ct seeas tl fdve èej dj lpejrehdtcljsfcp. ]fcs gdot dhsl preohumes tfe cjterpretdtclj lg reuse lg lhm adtercdhs dt tfe scte. ]fe fcnf juaèr lgoljjeotcljs wctf @rchhejf÷fhe ady è odusem `y tfe hdrnerjuaèr lg drtegdots. Cj dmmctclj tl tfese oljklcjem pceoes,tfere dre severdh rdw adtercdhs wfcof olrrespljm tl edofltfer cj dhh lr slae lg tfese odves, djm evej tl _crnejstecj.Jcje jlmuhes grla _crnejstecj olrrespljm wctf adtercdhgrla tfe ltfer sctes - dhh lg tfea dre glujm dt Necssejih÷sterhe, fdhg dt Flfhe Gehs djm @rchhejf÷fhe. GrlaFlfhe Gehs, 45 jlmuhes dre olapdrd`he tl tflse grlaNecssejih÷sterhe, djm severdh tl tflse grla @rchhejf÷fhe djm_crnejstecj. ]fcs caphces tfdt prl`d`hy dhsl _crnejstecj csoljjeotem oljteaplrdjelushy wctf tfe ltfer tfree sctes.

]fe cjmepejmejoy lg tfe settheaejt nrlups odj è prlvejwctf tfe rest lg tfe rdw adtercdhs. Cj dhh odves we gcjmolapdrd`he adtercdh lr adtercdh grla tfe sdae jlmuhes, ùtedof odve dhsl fds cts lwj mcggerejt rdw adtercdh, lg wfcofljhy d sadhh plrtclj wds oljklcjd`he. ]lnetfer wctf tfel`servdtcljs lj prlmuotclj teofjcques lg tfe cvlry èdms lrltfer lrjdaejtdh l`keots, we odj prl`d`hy supplse mcggerejt(cjmepejmejt<) nrlups, wfl fdm slae icjm lg rehdtcljsfcp.Mepejmcjn lj tfe rdw adtercdh resluroes, tfe oljtdots weremcggerejt. Ct seeas tfdt @rchhejf÷fhe fdm tfe hdrnest oljtdots.]fe alst evcmejt rehdtcljsfcp seeas tl è ètweej tfe@dvdrcdj scte lg êcjèrnf÷fhe djm tfe odves lg tfe DofWdhhey, `dsem lj rdw adtercdh djm cvlry èdms, evej cg jlregcttcjns were plssc`he ètweej tfese sctes. Oljtdot wctf tfeUpper Pfcje Wdhhey cs mealjstrdtem `y tfe rem kdsper. Dgcrst sflrt test tl oljklcj tfcs adtercdh wctf tfdt grla@rchhejf÷fhe ndve jl resuht, ùt ct wluhm tdie d nredt medh lgtcae tl exdacje tfe tflusdjms lg ghdies djm `hdmes grla_tecjdoier. Oljtdots (evej cg cjmcreothy) fdve tl èoljscmerem dhsl tl tfe edst wctf tfe Rdvhlvcdj, adcjhy `dsemlj tfe pejmdjts djm `lje tllhs. D hlodh oljtrcùtclj tl

teofjlhlncodh mevehlpaejt acnft è tfe pejmdjts cj_lutfwest Neradjy.

]fcs oljohusclj d`lut oljteaplrdjecty dhsl caphces dmcggerejt cjterpretdtclj lg tfe settheaejt pdtterj. Murcjn tfeNrdvettcdj, tfe vcscts lg nrlup(s) lg tfe Dof Wdhhey wereevej rdrer ùt wctf d nredter juaèr lg aeaèrs tfdjdssuaem èglre. ]fcs dhsl aedjs tfdt nrlups prl`d`hy admetfecr lwj acnrdtclj ùt aet grla tcae tl tcae. @dsem lj tfeestcadtcljs lg êjcner (4360), we odj plstuhdte d

plpuhdtclj lg d`lut 522 persljs glr _lutfwest Neradjy(52,222 ia0) murcjn tfe Adnmdhejcdj. Klofca (43>7) dhslncves dj cjmcodtclj lg d`lut 322 persljs ùt ljhy glr tfeupper _wd`cdj renclj (7>22 ia0) glr tfe Aeslhctfco perclm._l perfdps glr tfe Nrdvettcdj we sfluhm oljscmer d spdrsemejscty lg ètweej 2.24 djm 2.4 persljs/ia0.

Mwehhcjn struotures dre jlt ijlwj grla tfe lpej dcr sctes.Ljhy Pcei (43>?) aejtcljs d stlje struoture cj tfe `doi lgtfe @rchhejf÷fhe odve djm cjterprets ct ds d icjm lg tejt9 femesorcès dj doouauhdtclj lg `lje dsf cjscme tfcs'stljewdhh'. Cj djy odse we odj mcsoerj d oertdcjlrndjcsdtclj cj tfe odve sctes (Necssejih÷sterhe, @rchhejf÷fhe,êcjèrnf÷fhe) wctf gcrephdoes djm dotcvcty dreds.

Jl ùrcdhs dre ijlwj sl gdr cj _lutf Neradjy, wfetfercj odves lr cj tfe lpej dcr, cg we ml jlt dttrcùte tfe ùrcdhlg dj dmuht (?2 yrs) cj tfe Actthere Ihduse (@dvdrcd) tl tfeNrdvettcdj. ]fere cs jl ofrljlstrdtcnrdpfcodh dsscnjaejt ùttfe `ljes lg d almerj fuadj wctf out adris wds glujm cj d

oljoejtrdtclj lg rem lofre, wctf grdnaejts lg adaaltfteetf d`lve djm èhlw tfe fedm. Jedr`y twl `lje plhcsferswere glujm, dùjmdjt cj tfe Nrdvettcdj. ]fe Adnmdhejcdjodj è exohumem lj strdtcnrdpfcodh nrlujms (Greujm 437?;=7), djm tfe ùrcdh sfluhm è lhmer. Greujm (437?) djmAøhher-@eoi (4357) wluhm jlt exohume dj dttrcùtclj tl tfeHdte Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco wctf `cgdocdh plcjts. Drnucjndndcjst tfcs dre 4=O djm dacjl docm mdtcjns wfcof cjmcodte dmdte lg d`lut 46,222 `p (_ofr÷ter 43>3) - d pfdse wfcofjlradhhy presejts d fcdtus.

Dj caplrtdjt resluroe lg gllm murcjn tfe Nrdvettcdj dreadaaltf, recjmeer djm equcms, d gew `lvcms, odprd cèx djmfdres. ]fe reoejthy glujm out adris lj odve èdr `ljesgrla Necssejih÷sterhe rejews tfe lhm questclj lg odve èdrds fujtcjn ndae (Aøjzeh et dc 433=). Evej tflunfNecssejih÷sterhe cs dj lpej odve sfehter, tfe juaèr lg odveèdr readcjs cs auof fcnfer tfdj cj dhh ltfer odves. ]feAJC lg fujtcjn ndae hces ljhy ètweej 6 djm =0 AJ4(Fdfj, tfcs vlhuae). ê fdve mcggerejt prlplrtcljs grla tfenrdvettcdj odve sctes lg tfe Dof Wdhhey djm êcjèrnf÷fhe.Ct seeas tfereglre tfdt tfere wds d speocdhcsdtclj lgadaaltfs cj tfe êcjèrnf÷fhe (AJC17), wfereds cj@rchhejf÷fhe we fdve tfe hdrnest juaèr lg recjmeer djmodprd cèx ùt gewer flrses. Cj Necssejih÷sterhe flrse csalre grequejt, recjmeer lj tfe ltfer fdjm cs hess wehh

represejtem. Flrse, odprd cèx djm `cslj dre acsscjn cjFlfhe Gehs (ùt we fdve tl tdie cjtl doolujt tfe restrcotemexodvdtclj dred). Cj dhh odves tfe fdre cs wehh represejtemwctf tfe fcnfest AJC. ]fcs mcsodrm ujmerhcjes tfecjmepejmejt ofdrdoter lg tfe sctes.

Glr tfe edrhy AUR cj _lutf Neradjy we odj dssuae dspdrse fuadj plpuhdtclj, jlt dj cjtejscve looupdtclj dsmurcjn tfe hdte Adnmdhejcdj. ]fe odves were vcsctem ljhysedsljd`hy (prl`d`hy cjohumcjn wcjter!) glr d sflrt tcae glr




fujtcjn lr glr rdw adtercdh prloureaejt. ]fe cjfd`ctdjts lgtfe odves cj tfe Dof Wdhhey prl`d`hy èhljnem tl mcggerejtùt rehdtem nrlups, wctf d strljn exofdjne lg teofjlhlncesdjm evej l`keots, aeetcjn perfdps glr d fujtcjn sedslj lrslaetfcjn ehse. ]fe cjfd`ctdjts lg êcjèrnf÷fhe were hessohlsehy rehdtem, ùt alre tfdj _dhofcjn wfere jl rehdtcljsfcp

cs evcmejt. Pdw adtercdh sflws dj cjmcreot lr mcreot (<)oljjeotclj wctf tfe renclj lg tfe Cstecjer Ihltz _tecjdoier.Daaljctes plcjt tl tfe jlrtferj _wd`cdj Kurd djm alhhusostl _tecjfeca, djm dhsl tl tfe Adcjzer `dscj.

]fe lpej dcr sctes mcgger grla tfe odve sctes wctf tfecr hlwperoejtdne lg tllhs (wctf tfe exoeptclj lg @chzcjnsheèj), tfejuaèr lg Gljt Plèrt djm sfluhmerem plcjts ùt gewer lr jl

ghãofettes, sodhdr lr trujodtem pceoes, djm tfe d`sejoe lg drt djmlrjdaejtdh l`keots. ]fcs mcsodrm pdtterj ady fdve ofrljlhlncodh lr scaphy gujotcljdh redsljs. ]fej dhsl tfese cjmustrcesfdve tl è phdoem cj dj edrhy Acmmhe Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

6. Mcsousscljê odjjlt spedi lg d redh ouhturdh oljtcjucty grla tfeAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco tl tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco, evej cg wefdve `ltf cj tfe Dof Wdhhey djm cj tfe Hlje Wdhhey d rcofAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco. Jlt ljhy tfe teofjlhlny ùt dhsl tferdw adtercdh cs ofdjncjn. ]fe mcstrcùtclj lg drofdelhlncodhsctes cjmcodtes tfdt tfe settheaejt dred lg tfe AcmmheRdhdelhctfco cj _lutfwest Neradjy cs alre extejmem tfdj cjtfe glhhlwcjn Durcnjdocdj - d mevehlpaejt wfcof seeas tloljtcjue cj tfe Nrdvettcdj, wctf evej gewer ijlwj sctes. êoluhm dhsl dssuae d oertdcj sfcgt, perfdps `dsem lj mcggerejtfujtcjn aetflms lr mcggerejt prey speoces.

_trdtcnrdpfcodhhy tfe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco lg Necssej-ih÷sterhe cs glhhlwem `y dj edrhy djm acmmhe Durcnjdocdj.Adcjhy fere djm prl`d`hy dhsl cj _crnejstecj, we odj spedilg d oljtcjucty grla tfe Durcnjdocdj tl tfe Nrdvettcdj wfejregerrcjn tl tfe l`keots, evej tflunf tfe hdte Durcnjdocdj cshdoicjn. ]fcs perclm lj tfe ltfer fdjm cs wehh ijlwj cj tfeHlje Wdhhey. Olapdrcjn tfe nrdvettcdj wctf tfe durcnjdocdjsettheaejt sctes, we jltcoe dj lverhdppcjn lg settheaejt dredsglr tfe alaejt ljhy cj tfe Dof Wdhhey (wctflut cjterpretcjnct ds d oljtcjucty lg settheaejt), adcjhy cj Necssejih÷sterhedjm _crnejstecj. Cj @rchhejf÷fhe cs d very rcof heveh wctfNrdvettcdj ùt ljhy twl grdnaejts lg sphct-`dsem `ljeplcjts. Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, we fdve d rcof Durcnjdocdj cj tfe

Hlje Wdhhey, djm ljhy d gew mdtes glr tfe Nrdvettcdj cj@loistecj-]÷rhe, prl`d`hy d ylujner gdoces djm jltolapdrd`he wctf tfe Nrdvettcdj lg tfe Dof Wdhhey. Dhsl cj@dvdrcd tfere dre jlt adjy durcnjdocdj sctes; d gew drtegdotsdre aejtcljem `y @÷faers (4354) dt êcjèrnf÷fhe djmtfere dre lhm exodvdtcljs lg Ieadtejf÷fhe, Gcsofhectejf÷fhe,Lèrjemerf÷fhe, Lgjet, eto. (Greujm 437?). Lpej dcr sctesdre redhhy rdre. Peoejthy, glur lpej dcr dreds were exodvdtemjedr Penejsùrn (Utfadyer 4337).

Grla tfe Durcnjdocdj tl tfe Nrdvettcdj we odj l`serve dohcadtco ofdjne. Cj tfe nrdvettcdj hevehs, d ollhcjn seeasevcmejt dgter tfe fuacm teaperdte ohcadte lg tfe upperDurcnjdocdj, wctf d jew cjoredse cj teaperdtures ùt hesswdra perfdps djm alre fuacm.

D olapdrcslj lg tfe durcnjdocdj hctfco adtercdh grla

Necssejih÷sterhe wctf tfe nrdvettcdj adtercdh sflws tfdt tfeperoejtdne lg tllhs glr tfe Durcnjdocdj wctf 44.?% (`ltfdurcnjdocdj hevehs ola`cjem) cs fcnfer tfdj glr tfe Nrdvettcdj.Cj tfe Durcnjdocdj, tfe sodhdr pceoes (?0%) represejt tfehdrnest nrlup lg tllhs, glhhlwem `y tfe sordpers (0=%), d fcnferperoejtdne tfdj cj tfe Nrdvettcdj. Jedrhy fdhg lg tfe sordpersdre odrcjdtem djm jlsem sordpers9 ùrcj sordpers redof ljhy4.=%. ]fe ùrcjs (47%) dre auof rdrer tfdj cj tfe Nrdvettcdj.]fe hdterdhhy retluofem pceoes (45%), adcjhy `hdmes, dre rdrecj tfe Nrdvettcdj. Rlcjtem `hdmes (42%) dre ètter represejtemcj tfe Durcnjdocdj, `lrers (4%) dre rdre. ]fere dre slaeIlstejic trujodtcljs (0%). Dhh typcodh nrdvettcdj `doiem djmtrujodtem pceoes dre acsscjn cj tfe Durcnjdocdj.

ê odj dhsl l`serve d ofdjne cj rdw adtercdh, mcstdjoe tlresluroes, teofjlhlny djm me`ctdne. Cj tfe Durcnjdocdj, 37%lg tfe rdw adtercdh cs hlodh ofert, wfche ljhy 57% cj tfeNrdvettcdj, wfej rdmclhdrcte wctf ?3% cs wehh represejtem.Murcjn tfe Durcnjdocdj, rdmclhdrcte wds very rdrehy usem(4%). Kdsper lj tfe ltfer fdjm wds usem alre `y tfeDurcnjdocdjs (4.0%) tfdj `y tfe Nrdvettcdjs (2.0%). 33% lgtfe exphlctdtclj dred cj tfe Durcnjdocdj hces cj tfe caaemcdtevcocjcty lr jedr`y dreds (ujmer 05 ia) djm ljhy hess tfdj 4 %lg tfe rdw adtercdh wds `rlunft grla mcstdjoes lver 05 ia.Cj tfe Nrdvettcdj, alre tfdj 6% wds caplrtem grla uptl ?22ia. ]fcs oluhm è tfe redslj wfy cj tfe Durcnjdocdj tfe

peroejtdne lg pceoes wctf olrtex (?3%) cs fcnfer tfdj cj tfeNrdvettcdj (?2%), djm dhsl wfy tfe ghdies (5=%) cj tfeDurcnjdocdj dre alre dùjmdjt tfdj cj tfe Nrdvettcdj (=2%).

Olres djm `hdmes loour alre grequejthy cj tfe Nrdvettcdj.Rdrtcouhdrhy tfe `hdmes djm jedrhy dhh olres fdm alre lgtejolrtex cj tfe durcnjdocdj dssea`hdne. ]fcs aedjs jlt ljhy dmcggerejt remuotclj teofjcque ùt dhsl tfdt tfe Durcnjdocdjs`rlunft cj alre wflhe jlmuhes djm prlmuoem `hdmes cj edrhystdnes lg remuotclj. Ct cs dhsl plssc`he tfdt tfere wds ectferhess al`chcty lr hess trdme oljtdot wctf mcstdjt rencljs, cg wedssuae tfdt ct cs jlt ljhy d mcggerejt vcew lg tfe caplrtdjoelg tfe rdw adtercdh. ]fe peroejtdne lg me`ctdne, flwever,

sflws jl scnjcgcodjt mcggerejoe ètweej tfe Durcnjdocdj djmtfe Nrdvettcdj.

Glr tfe `lje tllhs ct cs l`vclus tfdt cj tfe Nrdvettcdj tferedre jl hljner sphct-`dsem `lje plcjts djm adyè hess cvlrywlricjn. D`lve dhh, tfere dre tfe cvlry pejmdjts, tfe prlmuotcljlg wfcof èncjs cj tfe Durcnjdocdj dhredmy wctf tfe teofjcquelg adjugdoturcjn cj serces, scachdr tl tfdt cj tfe hdter Nrdvettcdj.Cj tfe teofjlhlny lg tfe prlmuotclj lg tfese pejmdjts, tfereseeas tl è d mevehlpaejt grla tfe Durcnjdocdj tl tfe



07> DJJE _OFEEP - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ CJ _LU]FÊ_] NEPADJS

Nrdvettcdj, ds mealjstrdtem cj Necssejihlsterhe djm slae ltfersctes. ]fe scze lg tfe èdms cjoredses tlwdrms tfe Nrdvettcdj djmtfe ghdttejcjn lg tfe outtcjn ejms cs jl hljner usem glrpcerocjn/outtcjn d flhe dt `ltf ejms9 jlw ljhy lje flhe cspceroem dt tfe sadhher djm tfcjjer ejm lg tfe pceoe.

Dhsl ltfer lrjdaejtdh l`keots, hcie pceroem odjcjes,

oljtcjue tl è usem. ]fe vdrcety lg ltfer lrjdaejtdh l`keotscjoredses cj tfe Nrdvettcdj.

_trcicjn cs tfe rdrcty lg al`chcdry drt. wfcof cs dùjmdjt cjtfe Durcnjdocdj. Ct cs presejt cj tfe edsterj djm westerjNrdvettcdj, djm jedrhy acsscjn cj tfe _wd`cdj Nrdvettcdj,evej wfej tfere cs ejlunf cvlry. Rerfdps tfe drt wds admegrla d mcggerejt lrndjco adtercdh.

Jl ofdjne oluhm è estd`hcsfem cj tfe gllm resluroes grlatfe Durcnjdocdj tl tfe Nrdvettcdj. Cj tfe Adnmdhejcdj weodj reolnjcse dj cjoredse cj fdre djm `crms.

]fe hdte Nrdvettcdj cs l`vclushy acsscjn cj tfe Dof Wdhheyds wehh ds cj @dvdrcd ùt ady è presejt cj @loistecj-]÷rhe

cj tfe Hlje Wdhhey. ]fcs scte cs olapdrd`he tl tfe sctes lg tfeAcmmhe Pfcje Wdhhey, wctf tfecr cvlry pejmdjts, djm scachdr

dhsl glr exdaphe tl tflse lg Ctdhy (Nrcadhmc eto.)< Cj djyodse, tfe meoredse cj tfe juaèr lg sctes cj _lutf Neradjy csl`vclus. _l gdr tfere dre jl teofjl-olaphexes wctf Jldchhesùrcjs wfcof dre acsscjn dhh lver Neradjy.

Murcjn tfe Rhejcnhdocdh we jltcoe d fcdtus dhh lver ujtchtfe hdte Adnmdhejcdj, wfej we odj l`serve dj cjoredse cj

tfe settheaejt dred. ]fus tfe ofdjne cj settheaejt pdtterjoluhm è odusem `y djm olrrehdtem wctf ohcadtco evejts;pdrdhheh tl tfe ollhcjn lg tfe ohcadte, we fdve d meoredse cjsettheaejts tlwdrms tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco cj tfe slutf lgNeradjy, ohlse tl tfe Dhpcje nhdocers. Adyè settheaejtljhy tlli phdoe murcjn wdraer perclms lr cjterstdmcdhs. ]feguhh meoredse lr evej d`sejoe lg d hdte Nrdvettcdj, djmd`lve dhh tfe Epcnrdvettcdj lr _lhutredj, ujtch tfe hdteAdnmdhejcdj, odj è cjterpretem ohcadtcodhhy ds d acnrdtcljèglre, murcjn djm dgter tfe Rhejcnhdocdh, ujtch tfdt tcaewfej cj tfe slutf we fdve dj cjoredse cj settheaejts.Dhterjdtcvehy, we oluhm dttrcùte tfe dppdrejt ofdjne cjsettheaejt pdtterj tl d semcaejt fcdtus, lr tl d hdrne-sodheerlsclj/slhcghuotclj.




regerejoes

@÷faers, D. 4354 Mce F÷fhej vlj Aduerj. Iuhturnesofcofte mer dhtstecjzect hcofej @escemhujn, Rdhdelfcstlrcd

C, Nrljcjnej.

@lscjsic, N. 4360 Mce Iujst mer Ecszech cj Meutsofhdjm ujm cj mer _ofwecz, Idtdhlne vlr- ujm

grøfnesofcofthcofer Dhtertøaer 02, @ljj; Fdèht.

hcjs

vlhuae

]fe perclm ?2,222-02,222 fp cj tfe Pcjjehdjm.

@lscjsic. N. et om, 4365 _prejmhcjnej. Ecj Gujmphdtz mes acttherej Kujnpd hílhctfciuas cj Pfecjfessej, Kdfrùof mes

PN[A, ?0, 5-34.

@lssehcj. @. 4337 Oljtrcùtclj me h'D`rc Rdtdum í hd ofrljlhlnce mu Nrdvettcej Grdjodcs, @uhhetcj me hd _locotã

Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjt9dcse 3?(0), 46?-43=.

@hcoiet, F.A. et dh. 4335 He Rdhãlhctfcque _upãrceur me 4'd`rc Rdtdum (Mlrmlnje). Hes gluchhes me F.H. Alvcus Kr., Mlouaejts m'Drofãlhlnce GrdjZdcse, 52, Rdrcs.

Geusteh, P.

Greujm, N.

4363 Pdjcs. Drofílhlnce cj mer Meutsofej Mealirdtcsofej Pepu`hci, ?6=-?65, @erhcj.

437? Mce íhtere ujm mce actthere _tecjzect cj @dyerj, Kdfresèrcoft mer @dyr. @lmejmejiadhpghene

=,3-47>.

Fdfj. K. 43>> Durcnjdocej. Mds íhtere Kujnpdhílhctfciua cj Actteh- ujm Lsteurlpd, Gujmdaejtd D 3, I÷hj.

4366 Mce NecÜejih÷sterhe-F÷fhe ca Doftdh èc @hduèurej 4. Gujmflr czljt`c hmujn ujm

@escemhujn ca Acttehpdhílhctfciua ujm Durcnjdocej, Glrsofujnej ujm @ercofte zur

Wlr- ujm Grøfnesofcofte cj @dmej-^ørtteaèrn 07.

433= Nerctzte @írejsofhcgge dus mea Flfhe Gehs _ofehihcjnej. Cj; D. _ofeer (em.), F÷fhejdrofílhlnce ca Urmljdutdh èc @hduèurej, 37-36, Auseuasfegt 4 mesUrnesofcofthcofej Auseuas @hduèurej.

tfcs

vlhuae

]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy - ejvcrljaejt djm eoljlay.

Flhmejjdjj, _. 4337 _tecjdoier. Ecje Grechdjmgujmstehhe mes acttherej Kujnpdhílhctfciuas ca Adrinrígher

Fønehhdjm, Neaecjme Aøhhfeca, Hmir. @recsndu-Flofsofwdrzwdhm. Adncsterdrèc t dj merEèrfdrm-Idrhs-Ujcversctít ]ø`cjnej.

Klofca, A. 43>7 Fujter-Ndtferer su`scstejoe djm settheaejt. D premcotcve Almeh. Cj; _. _truever (em.),_tumces cj Drofelhlny.

Hduxadjj, O..D. _ofeer

4367 [usdaaejsetzujnej vlj _chexdrtegditej - ecje Aetflme zur Øèrprøgujn drofílhlncsofer

Ecjfectej, Gujmèrcofte @dmej-^ørtteaèrn 44, 424-4?4.

Hdvchhe, F..K. Fdfj

4364 Hes meplts me Necssejih÷sterhe et 4'ãvlhutclj mu ohcadt ej Kurd sludè ejtre ?7 222 et

0? 222 `p, O. P. Dodm. _o. Rdrcs 030, 005-00>.

Adjcd. M. 4364 Rrãfcstlcre me hd Nrdjme Rhdcje me 4'Eurlpe. Drofdehlhlncd hjterrencljdhcs 4,

Irdiÿw/^drszdwd, 63-3?.




Aezzejd, G., 43>0

D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd

Aøhher-@eoi, F. 4357

Attjzeh, _. et dh. 433=

Ltte, A. 4364

Rdsmd, O. 4335

Lnettc m'drte al`chcdre mc etí Nrdvettcdjd em Epcnrdvettcdjd jehhd Nrlttd Rdnhcooc (Glnncd),

Pcvcstd mc _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe 0>/0, 044 gg.

Mds Dhtpdhílhctfciua cj _ømmeutsofhdjm. ]ech C.

Kujnphecstlzíje ]cerreste dus mer Necssejih÷sterhe-F÷fhe èc @hduèurej, Gujmèrcofte

@dmej-^ørtteaèrn. 43(4), 7?-3?.

He Nrdvettcej ej Eurlpe oejtrdhe. Mcss. Drof. Ndjmejses 02. @russehs; me ]eapeh.

Jeue ujm dhte pdhílhctfcsofe Gujmstehhej dj Lèrrfecj ujm Flofrfecj, Drofílhlncsofe

Jdofrcoftej dus @dmej 5?, 5-4=.

cj prep ^chmèuter ca drofílhlncsofej Iljtext. Mds Rdhílhcthøiua cj _øm`dmej.

Fd`chctdtcljssofrcgt dj mer Adrtcj-Hutfer-Ujcversctít Fdhhe-^cttejèrn 4337.

Rrøger, L.F. 4374 ]fe D`rc _ofacmt, dj caplrtdjt upper pdhdelh ctfco scte cj @dvdrcd, ]fe Lfcl Klurjdh lg

_ocejoe 74(4), 0-47.

Pcemer. I. 4363 Jeues Drtegditadtercdh vla _tcehspctzejgujmphdtz Pcem, Hmi. Ecofstítt. _tecjzecthcofe

Iuhturej dj Mljdu ujm Dhtaøfhtdh, Cjnlhmstdmt.

Pcei. N. 43>? Mds Rdhílhctfciua mer @rchhejf÷fhe èc @hduèurej (_ofwí`csofe Dh`), Glrsofujnej ujm

@ercofte zur Wlr- ujm Grøfnesofcofte cj @dmej-^ørtteaèrn =, _tuttndrt.

_dcor, O. 433= Flfher Gehs. Cj; D. _ofeer (em.) , F÷fhejdrofílhlnce ca Urmljdutdh èc @hduèurej.

Auseuasfegt 4 mes Urnesofcofthcofej Auseuas @hduèurej, ?5-?3.

_ofeer. D. 4365 Ehgejècjdjfíjner mes Nrdvettcej cj _ømmeutsofhdjm, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt

45, 073-065.

4367 Ecj Jdofwecs d`slhuter Nhecofzectcniect vlj Rdhílhctfcsofej _tdtcljej<, Drofílhlncsofes


4332 Hcvcjn ghllrs djm settheaejt pdtterjs. Pegcttcjn ds dj cjterpretdtcve aetflm. Cj; E. Ozceshd et

dh (em). _tumces cj almerj Drofdelhlny vlh.4; ]fe @cn Ruzzhe, Cjterjdtcljdh _yaplscua ljPegcttcjn _tlje Drtegdots, 70?-7=3.

433? ]fe Lrndjczdtclj lg Hctfco Pesluroe Use murcjn tfe Nrdvettcdj cj Neradjy. Cj; F. Ijeoft,D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems), @eglre Hdsodux; tfe olaphex reolrm lg tfe Edrhy Upper


433=d Jeue kujnpdhílhctfcsofe Gujme dus mea Flfhe Gehs èc _ofehihcjnej, Drofílhlncsofe

Dusnrdùjnej cj @dmej-^ørtteaèrn 433?, 0=-0>.

433= @esljmere Jeugujme dus mea Flfhe Gehs _ofehihcjnej. Mds verzcerte Newecfnerít mesNrdvettcej. Cj; D. _ofeer (em.), F÷fhejdrofílhlnce ca Urmljdutdh èc @hduèurej,

Auseuasfegt 4 mes Urnesofcofthcofej Auseuas @hduèurej, 34-37.

4335 Rejmehlques ej cvlcre murdjt he Nrdvettcej ej Dhheadnje mu sum - uj cjmcoe ofrljlhlncque

et slocdh< Cj; K. Fdfj, A. Aeju, S. ]d`lrcj, Rf. ^dhter djm G. ^cmeadj (ems), He trdvdch

et C 'usdne me h'cvlcre du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur, 4?>-4>4, Plad; Cstctutl Rlhcnrdgcol e[eood mehhl _tdtl.

_ofacmt. P.P. 4342 Mer _crnejstecj ujm mce mchuvcdhej Iuhturstíttej ^ørtteaèrns. _tuttndrt.

4340 Mce mchuvcdhe Wlrzect Meutsofhdjms. _tuttndrt.



0>2

_ofr÷ter, R.

Utfaecer. ]f.

êcssaøhher, ^.

êcssaøhher, ^..

^. @dusof

êjcner, N.

[dapettc, M.

[ltz, H.


43>3 Ecj Ijlofejdrtegdit èca "kujnpdhílhctfcso fej" _iehettgujm dus mer Acttherej Ihduse èc

Jeu-Esscjn (Jcemer`dyerj), Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 3, 45?-456.

4337 Ecj èaeriejswert grøfes Cjvejtdr mes Durcnjdocej vlj mer Grechdjmgujmstehhe "Iechèrn-

Icrofe" èc Penejsùrn, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 07, 0??-0=6.

4365 Ecje Grechdjmgujmstehhe mes acttherej Kujnpd hdlhctfciuas (Rercnlrmcej-Nrdvettcej) da

_ømrdjm mer _trdu`cjner _ejie èc _dhofcjn, Hir. _trdu`cjn-@lnej, Jcemer`dyerj, Mds

Drofílhlncsofe Kdfr cj @dyerj 436=, ?2-?0.

436> Ecje Grechdjmgujmstehhe mes acttherej Kujnpd hdlhctfciuas (Rercnlrmcej-Nrdvettcej) da_ømrdjm mer _trdu`cjner _ejie èc _dhofcjn, Hir. _trdu`cjn-@lnej, Tudrtír ?>/?6, 423-4?=.

4332 Plfadtercdhidrtcerujnej cj ecjer Lèrghíofejgujmstehhe ujm mce mdrcj vlrilaaejmej

zectnhecofej @ruofghíofej. Cj; E. Ozceshd et dh (em.), _tumces cj almerj Drofdelhlny vlh. 4;

]fe @cn Ruzzhe. Cjterjdtcljdh _yaplscua lj Pegcttcjn _tlje Drtegdots. 0?3-054 @ljj; Fdhls.

4367 Ecje Ierdtlpfyr- Cjmustrce dus mea acttherej Kujnpd hílhctf ciua (Rercnlrmcej-Nrdvettcej)

vlj _dhofcjn, Hmir. _trdu`cjn-@lnej, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 47, 0?5-0=?.

4360 ^chmèuter ujm cfre Uaweht. Ecj @ectrdn zua Adnmdhãjcej _øm estmeutsofhdjms dus÷ilhlncsofer ujm etfjldrofílhlncsofer _coft, Drofdolhlncod Wejdtlrcd 5.

436> H'dr te zllalrgd meh Rdhelhctfcol superclre cj Ctdhcd, _ocejze mehh Djtcofctí 4, 3-?5.

4355 Mds Rdhílhctfciua mer êcjèrnf÷fhej èc Aduerj. Tudrtír`c`hcltfei, @m 0.

4374 Mce Glrsofujnej mes Cjstctuts gør Urnesofcofte mer Ujcversctít Erhdjnej ca Dhtaøfhtdh,

Rrífcstlrcsofe [ectsofrcgt VVVCV, 077->?.

437= Ecje _tcehspctze westeurlpícsofej ]yps dus mea Dhtaøfh tdh, Neradjcd =0, 4-45.

Djje _ofeer

Urnesofcofthcofes Auseua @hduèurej

Idrhstrdsse 04

634=? @hduèurej

Neradjy



Nerfdrm @lscjsic 04 ]fe perclm ?2,222-02,222 `p cj tfe Pfcjehdjm

D tltdh lg 45 sctes grla vdrclus oljtexts (hless, odve, surgdoe

sodtter} testcgy tl fuadj looupdtclj lg tfe Pfcjehdjm cj tfe

perclm ?2-02 iyr. ]fe stlje cjmustrces odj fe mcvcmem cjtl d

nrlup wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts djm d nrlup wctf adjy

acorlnrdvettes. _ettheaejt gedtures dre ijlwj grla vdrclus

sctes, slae lg wfcof ady fdve feej redh `dse odaps, e.n.

Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn. Ds tl su`scstejoe, recjmeer djm flrse

wecr tfe alst caplrtdjt speoces, wfereds tfe ndtfercjn lg

phdjt gllm cs dhsl mlouaejtem cj tfe Pfejcsf reolrm. ]fe presejoe lg Aemcterrdjedj sfehhs cj sctes cj tfe Pfcjehdjm

sflws tfdt tfe hlodh nrlups glraem pdrt lg d scnjcgcodjthy

hdrner slocdh ujct.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Grla tfe Pfcjehdjm 45 sctes dre ijlwj grla tfe acmmhe pdrtlg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco (AUR), èhljncjn tl tfe perclm?2,222-02,222 h=O `p (Gcn. 4). ]fe gcjms dre grla hlessmeplscts (Ujieh`dof, Rhdcmter Fuaaercof, Aetterjcof,Pfejs, Femmesfeca, _prejmhcjnej, Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, djmDofejfeca), grla surgdoe olhheotcljs (Auggejmlrg,êhsof`chhcn, Cjnejmlrg, djm Gehmèrn), grla odves(Adnmdhejdf÷fhe djm ^chmsofeuer), djm grla `lreflhes jedrd tferadh sprcjn (^ces`dmej-Dmherquehhe). Exodvdtcljs tlliphdoe dt tfe sctes lg Rhdcmter Fuaaercof, Aetterjcof,_prejmhcjnej, djm Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, djm dt tfe odve sctes lgAdnmdhejdf÷fhe djm ^chmsofeuer.

0. _trdtcnrdpfy

]fe regerejoe seotclj lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco cj tfePfcjehdjm cs tfe Aetterjcof hless prlgche. Dt tfe èncjjcjn lgtfcs oejtury D. Nøjtfer l`servem tfree "pdhe `rlwj strcpes"wctfcj tfe prlgche (Nøjtfer 432>). Murcjn F. Flger's wlri cjtfe 43?2's, tfe upper djm hlwer cjterstdmcdh slchs wereaerehy represejtem `y mejumdtclj flrczljs (Gecjicesstrecgej)

djm ljhy tfe acmmhe slch oluhm è l`servem ds d pdhe `rlwjhlda (Flger 43?>). ]fcs cs dhsl tfe presejt sctudtclj(Greofej et dh. 4335). ]fe su`mcvcsclj lg tfe yehhlw hless `ytfree cjterstdmcdh slch glradtcljs cs olaalj cj tfe Pfcjehdjm(Gcn. 0). ]fese cjjer ^øracdj slchs C, CC djm CCC mesorcèm `yI. @rujjdoier (43>6d, 43>6`) olrrespljm tl D. _eaaeh'sNrísehèrner @lmej, Hlfjer @lmej djm Erèjfecaer

JdÜ`lmej (E=) respeotcvehy (_eaaeh 4373) djm dre

olrrehdtem tl tfe Fejnehl, Mejeidap djm Hdsoduxcjterstdmcdh perclms.

Dj caplrtdjt flrczlj lg tfe Pfejcsf hless seotcljs cs tfeEhtvchhe ]ugg, sctudtem ètweej tfe cjjer ^øracdj slchs CCdjm CCC (H÷fr djm @rujjdoier 43>=9 Aecks et dh. 436?9 H÷fr436>). ]fe Ehtvchhe ]ugg, mcstrcùtem cj tfe Pfcjehdjm, Fesscddjm Grdjiljcd, mdtes tl tfe Rhejcnhdocdh.

Lg cjterest glr tfcs pdper cs tfe senaejt grla tfe cjjer

^øracdj slch CC (Hlfjer @lmej) up tl tfe Ehtvchhe ]ugg(Gcn. 0). ]fcs pdrt olaprcses tfree mcggerejt `cltlpes;

4. tfe alre fuacm perclm lg tfe slch glradtclj,0. tfe tcae lg hless semcaejtdtclj,

?. tfe peradgrlst lg tfe Rhejcnhdocdh.Ujtch jlw tfe drofdelhlncodh gcjms dre restrcotem tl tfe slch

glradtclj perclm djm tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe hless semcaejtdtclj.

?. Cjmustrces

]fe hctfco drtegdots represejt twl nrlups; dssea`hdnes wctfGljt Plèrt plcjts (Rercnlrmcdj Wd) djm sctes wctf adjy

acorlnrdvettes (Rercnlrmcdj WC/WCC).

Rercnlrmcdj Wd (Gljt Plèrt)

]fe scte lg '_tecjdoier' jedr Gehmèrn cj tfe Upper PfcjeNrdèj oljtdcjs Gljt Plèrt plcjts, Nrdvette plcjts, ùrcjsdjm ejmsordpers (Rdsmd 4335d, 4335`).

]djnem drtegdots, ùt jl olaphete Gljt Plèrt plcjts, dreijlwj grla mcggerejt Pfejcsf gcjm splts. Rlssc`hy tfe^chmsofeuer CW gcjms dhsl èhljn tl tfcs flrczlj (]erèrner433?), wctf lrjdaejts lj cvlry djm `lje l`keots scachdr tlAdcscæres-Odjdh.

Fcjts tl tfe strdtcnrdpfy lg tfese gcjms dre ijlwj ljhygrla Dofejfeca. ]fe olhheotclj lg R. êrjert oljtdcjs ?0hctfco drtegdots cjohumcjn d grdnaejt lg d Gljt Plèrt plcjtdjm twl Nrdvette plcjts, ds wehh ds recjmeer djm adralt`ljes grla heveh 6 (Kujiadjjs 4334). Heveh 6 cs d `rlwjcsfhlda wctf cjmcodtcljs lg slhcghuotclj wfcof oluhm olrrespljmtl tfe cjjer ^øracdj slch CC (Hlfjer @lmej). D`lve tfcshlda cs d oryltur`dtem slch wfcof ady represejt tfe _lh me

Iesseht (06,222 `p9 Feca et dh. 4360). Lutscme tfePfcjehdjm, tfe scte lg Adcscæres-Odjdh fds d olapdrd`he dne.Dt Adcscæres-Odjdh tfere were jlt ljhy adjy tdjnem tllhs,




Gcn. 4. _ctes ?2-02 iyr `p cj tfePfcjehdjm4. Auggejmlrg9 0. Ujieh`dof9?. Adnmdhejdf÷fhe9 =. RhdcmterFuaaercof9 5. Aetterjcof97. Pfejs9 >. êhsof`chhcn96. Cjnejmlrg9 3. ^chmsofeuer CW942. Femmesfeca9 44. _prejmhcjnej9

40. Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn94?. ^ces`dmej-Dmherquehhe94=. Dofejfeca9 45. Gehmèrn.

cjohumcjn Gljt Plèrt plcjts, ùt dhsl `ljes (recjmeer, flrse,adaaltf, drotco glx djm cslhdtem `ljes lg meer djm

@ls/@cslj) djm drtegdots lg `lje djm cvlry. ]fe scte cs mdtemtl tfe Adcscæres cjterstdmcdh (0>,375 ´ 072 `p9 Fdesderts djmme Fecjzehcj 43>3).

]fe Gljt Plèrt flrczlj (Rercnlrmcdj Wd) cs mcstrcùtem cjtfe Mlrmlnje djm edsterj Grdjoe wctf dj extejsclj tlOejtrdh Eurlpe. ]fe mcstrcùtclj gdr tl tfe Jlrtf, cjohumcjn

tfe @rctcsf Cshes, ujmerhcjes tfe cjterstdmcdh plsctclj. Cjoljtrdst, tfe Jldchhes gcjms (Rercnlrmcdj Wo) dre restrcotem tlslutferj Grdjoe djm tfe Aemcterrdjedj wctflut djy trdoes cjOejtrdh Eurlpe.

Rercnlrmcdj WC/WF

Espeocdhhy dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn (Jee` djm _ofacmtnej4304/0=9 Fdfj 4373) djm _prejmhcjnej (@lscjsic et dh.

4365), tfere dre adjy sadhh `doiem `hdmehets djm

acorlnrdvettes. ]fe gcjms dhsl cjohume `hdmehet olres('plhyfemrco ùrcjs'), plcjtem `hdmes, ùrcjs, djm `lrers.]fese gcjms olrrespljm tl tfe Rercnlrmcdj WC/WF lgslutfwesterj Grdjoe ùt dhsl fdve pdrdhhehs cj EdsterjEurlpe (e.n. Alhlmlvd W, >9 Oerjys 436>).

]fe geadhe gcnurcjes lg Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn (@lscjsic 4360)dre lg alre tfdj rencljdh caplrtdjoe. Cg tfese stdtuettesofdrdotercse d ofrljlhlncodh flrczlj, tfey ady fehp tl

olapdre tfe mcggerejt cjmustrces wctf geadhe stdtuettes cjhdrner pdrts lg Eurlpe.

Dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn djm _prejmhcjnej tfe gcjm flrczlj cssctudtem d`lve tfe cjjer ^ccracdj slch CC (Hlfjer @lmej).

]fe gcjms dre caaemcdtehy d`lve tfe mejumdtclj flrczlj(_tecjslfhe) lj tlp lg tfe slch djm èhljn tl tfe gcrst pdrt lghless semcaejtdtclj (Gcn. 0). ]fe sctes lg Aetterjcof djmPfejs fdve d olrrespljmcjn strdtcnrdpfco plsctclj. Dt tfesesctes acorlnrdvettes dre jlt juaerlus (olhheotem gcjms) ùt



0>? NEPFDPM @L_CJ_IC - ]FE REPCLM ?2,222-02,222 @R CJ ]FE PFCJEHDJM

tfe `hdmehet olres ('plhyfemrco ùrcjs') cjmcodte tfe sdaecjmustry (Rercnlrmcdj WC/WCC).

=. _ettheaejt gedtures

_ljco sctes, e.n. Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, Femmesfeca, Aetterjcof,Phcojs. djm Dofejfeca, dre hlodtem cj d sfehterem

tlplnrdpfcodh sctudtclj. Ohdssco cs tfe plsctclj lj d stepd`lve d hdrne rcver, lpplscte d hdrne phdcj, djm `doiem `y dshlpe ('_essehhdne'). ]fe sctes lg Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn,Aetterjcof, Pfejs djm Dofejfeca dre cj suof d '_essehhdne'

plsctclj, wfcof ady è ofdrdotercstco glr settheaejts wferelooupdtclj tlli phdoe lver hljner perclms. Dt suof phdoestfere dre rcof settheaejt hdyers wfcof fdve èej ljhy pllrhycjvestcndtem cj tfe Pfcjehdjm. Dt Aetterjcof tfe hdyer wejt

tfrlunf tfe `rcoiydrm cj d 02 a wcme `djm rujjcjn grla edsttl west, wfereds dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn tfe hdyer oluhm èl`servem lver d hejntf lg ?2 a cj d almerj ofdjjeh (Gcn. ?).

@ltf dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn djm Femmesfeca (]fceae djm

Hdjser 4360) tfere were twl types lg gcrephdoes; sadhh rlujmpcts hcjem wctf shd`s lg stljes wctf d mcdaeter lg d`lut 2.?2a djm pe``he hdyers lj tfe surgdoe wctf d 2.>2 a (Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn) djm 2.62 a (Femmesfeca) mcdaeter. D gewdpprlxcadtehy glur aetres wcme djm 2.45-2.02 a tfcoigcrephdoes were glujm dt Aetterjcof, oljscstcjn lg drrdjnemstlje shd`s wctf dsfes djm ùrjem djm sphct djcadh `ljes,wfere alst lg tfe ghcjt drtegdots were glujm (Nøjtfer 432>).Dhsl dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn djm Femmesfeca tll, alst lg tfegcjms (hctfco drtegdots, `ljes) were oljoejtrdtem drlujm tfegcrephdoes.

Dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn tfere were 'stlje drrdjneaejts' lg

lje lr twl hdyers lg shd`s lg hcaestlje drlujm tfe gcrephdoes.@escmes, cj d olrjer ètweej twl Pladj djm lje almerjofdjjeh djltfer 'stlje drrdjneaejt' wds preservem, ds wehhds d slhcm, ghllr-hcie phdoe (]ejje), wfere dt cts `lujmdry tfe(fuacm lr wet) hless wds aluhmem `y fdjm cjtl d sadhh mdahcie struoture (Jee` djm _ofacmtnej 4304/0=). Lg tfcscjterestcjn gedture ljhy d trcdjnuhdr senaejt (4.62 x 2.72 a)wctf pdrt lg tfe uphcgtem emne wds preservem. ]fe dmmemsietof lg tfe prlgche sflws tfdt tfe ]ejje wds d`lut 2.05-2.?2 a meeper tfdj tfe 'stlje drrdjneaejt', tfcs aedjs tfdtct wds meepejem cjtl tfe surgdoe (Gcn. ?).

Lje lg tfe geadhe gcnurcjes grla Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, adme

lg sdjmstlje, wds glujm cj d sadhh fdjm-scze mepressclj tltfe west lg tfe sadhher gcrephdoe (dt " @ " cj Gcn. ?).

@escmes tfese sctes cj d sfehterem tlplnrdpfcodh plsctclj, drcof settheaejt hdyer wctf dsf hdyers djm slae gcrephdoespdrthy cj pcts hcjem wctf stlje shd`s wds dhsl l`servem cj tfe^chmsofeuer odve (hdyer CW9 ]erèrner 433?).

Ltfer sctes suof ds _prejmhcjnej djm Rhdcmter Fuaaercofdre hlodtem lj fchhs, cj explsem phdoes wctf d nllm vcew cjevery mcreotclj. ]fe scte lg _prejmhcjnej (@lscjsic et dh.

4365) cs sctudtem lj tfe Jdplheljsf÷fe dt tfe Pfecjfesscsofe

Cjterstdmcdh slch C

Ehtvchhe tepfrd

Cjterstdmcdh slch

Cjterstdmcdh slch C

_enaejt?2-02 Id

Gcn. 0. _ofeadtco Upper ^lracdj hless seotclj cj tfe Pfcjehdjm. ]fedrrlw cjmcodtes tfe gcjm flrczlj dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, _prejmhcjnej,

djm Aetterjcof.

Rhdtedu cj d phdoe wfere tfe presejt-mdy rldm (hcie prl`d`hytfe glraer recjmeer ferms) orlsses tfe phdtedu dt d jdrrlwpdss. Alst lg tfe scte wds dhredmy mestrlyem `y sdjmqudrrycjn dotcvctces èglre exodvdtclj. Lj tfe jlrtferj`lrmer lg lur exodvdtclj, d remmcsf hdyer lg d`lut =.2 awcme wds preservem, wfcof oljtdcjem alst lg tfe gcjms. Ctwds plssc`he tl reoljstruot tfe plsctclj lg tfe gcrephdoegurtfer jlrtf. Cj tfe exodvdtem pdrt jedr tfe `lrmer lg tfe

remmcsf olhlrdtclj wds d hdrner hcaestlje shd`, surrlujmem `yadjy drtegdots djm `ljes.

Alst lg tfe hctfco drtegdots dre grla tfcs oejtrdh pdrt, wfcheolres djm pceoes lg rdw adtercdh hdy lutscme. _adhh `doiemcapheaejts ds wehh ds ùrcj spdhhs were glujm cj tfe remmcsfpdrt. ]fe ùrcjs djm plcjtem `hdmes loourrem west lg tferemmcsf renclj, cj wfdt wds prl`d`hy dj dred lg speocdhcsemdotcvcty.

Cj spcte lg tfe reajdjt jdture lg tfe cjvejtlry, adjydrtegdots oluhm è regcttem. ]fe acmmhe mcstdjoes (2.5-0.2 a)



0>= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Gcn. ?. Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn.

_ettheaejt gedtures (dgter E. Jee`).

OO-oUùw, M@ghmttrorr÷acgtccOr, E£-Ptux£c/&Ktor£gtíjd&.

Gg' r÷ccckwdu. T'TruiKørogtenel&ggcgÿehÿctergtcadjn,

'ÜrtjxÜjco mrs xtj/ergcojfj yeíjmes

cKA¹,rm,‚c ^" . .%,¹7r‚.

= ZZZcRt' !

lg tfe oljjeotclj hcjes ètweej regcttem drtegdots (j1=3)mlacjdte (5?%, j107) glhhlwem `y sflrt mcstdjoes (8 2.5 a903%, j14=).

Dt _prejmhcjnej we glujm adjy ]ertcdry sfehhs djmsjdchs. ]fey dre alsthy grdnaejtdry djm rdrehy hdrner lrolaphete speocaejs. Daljn tfe sjdchs tfere dre juaerlusgrdnaejts lg ]yapdjltlay adrndrcoeus9 ujhcie dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, tfere cs jlt d scjnhe sfehh wctf dj cjocsclj lrperglrdtclj. ]fe ]ertcdry sfehhs djm sjdchs oluhm è olhheotemlj tfe shlpe lg tfe Jdplheljsf÷fe. Ds dt _zl` jedr tfeMdjuè (Ní`lrc 4373), tfcs wds d phdoe glr olhheotcjn]ertcdry alhhusos, wfcof loour dt ltfer sctes ds perglrdtempceoes lg kewehhery.

Cj spcte lg tfe hdrnehy mestrlyem gedture, we trcem tlreoljstruot d tejt (Gcn. =). Cj lur reoljstruotclj tfe remmcsfolhlurem dred olrrespljms tl tfe cjterclr wctf d gcrephdoe djmd wlricjn phdoe (stlje shd`). Fere tfe sadhh `doiem tllhs,

ùrcj spdhhs, djm ejmsordpers were usem. ]fe ejtrdjoe wdsplssc`hy tl tfe slutfedst. Lutscme/west lg tfe tejt tfere wdsd wlricjn phdoe wctf ùrcjs djm plcjtem `hdmes.

]fe gcjms lg Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn djm _prejmhcjnej dredhalst cmejtcodh. Pegcttcjn lg drtegdots ètweej tfe twl sctesfds jlt prlvem plssc`he. @ut tfe rdw adtercdhs - ofdhoemljydjm schcocgcem hcaestlje - dre dhalst cmejtcodh djm mcgger ljhycj peroejtdnes lg tfe vdrcetces usem. _lae lg tfe drtegdotsgrla `ltf sctes dre dhalst oertdcjhy struoi grla tfe sdae

jlmuhe (Gefhcjns 433?).Cjterestcjn dre dhsl tfe ]ertcdry sjdchs. Dt _prejmhcjnej, dt

tfe sluroe lg tfe sjdchs, tfe sfehhs oljscst lg ljhy sadhhspeocaej djm alsthy wdste. @y oljtrdst, dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, gdr grla tfe jdturdh loourrejoes, tfere dre ljhyseheotem hdrner pceoes wctf dj cjocsclj glr tfredmcjn. _l ct csvery hciehy tfdt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn wds d hljn-tera `dse odapdjm _prejmhcjnej d olrrespljmcjn fujtcjn odap, 06 ia dwdy.

Lj tlp lg tfe Rhdcmter Fuaaercof (@lscjsic et dh. 4367), dAcmmhe Rhecstloeje vlhodjl cj tfe Jeuwcem @dscj, cj tfeupper pdrt lg tfe hless cj tfe ordter gchhcjn, d gcrephdoe, dpceoe lg recjmeer djther djm twl hctfco drtegdots testcgy tl dsflrt stdy. Ct wds d very explsem phdoe, ljhy hcnfthy sfehterem`y tfe ordter wdhhs.

Gcjdhhy, dt tfe Dmherquohhe cj ^ces`dmej djm tfeAdnmdhejdf÷fhe cj tfe Ecgeh, tfere dre 'speocdh' sctes. ]feAdnmdhejdf÷fhe cs d sadhh jdrrlw odve jlt very suctd`he ds d

settheaejt. Alst lg tfe gcjms, cjohumcjn severdh tfcj sfemrecjmeer djthers, loourrem drlujm d gcrephdoe cj grljt lg tfeodve. Lje lg tfe djthers wds 4=O mdtem tl 05,5=2 ´ >02 `p(êcÜ 43>6). Daljn tfe gew (445) hctfco drtegdots tfere drejl typcodh tllhs. @escmes perglrdtem teetf (meer, wlhg) tferedre grdnaejts lg dt hedst tfree cvlry `rdoehets wctf dreotdjnuhdr orlss-seotclj. ]fe rcjns dre meolrdtem wctfnrlups lg hcjes djm mlts djm dre wctflut ijlwj pdrdhhehs.]fe Dmherquehhe cs d flt tferadh sprcjn wctf d teaperdture lg



0>5 NEPFDPM @L_CJ_IC - ]FE REPCLM ?2,222-02,222 @R CJ ]FE PFCJEHDJM

wlricjn ,•-'.dred • * • Hc';

4 Cth

c" % ejtrdjoe

E •'

Gcn. =. _prejmhcjnej. _ettheaejt

gedtures.

72²O, cj tfe octy lg ^ces`dmej. Grla `lreflhes oljjeotemwctf d jew settcjn lg tfe sprcjn olae hctfco drtegdots, `ljes,djm phdjt readcjs (Ghlss 4334, 4335). ]fe gcjm flrczlj cs=.2-=.7 a èhlw tfe surgdoe cj streda nrdvehs. ]fe lmm-hllicjn gcjms dre olverem `y sfcjy pyrcte djm cjohume tlltfgrdnaejts (@ls/@cslj, Equus, Oervus, _us) djm hctfcodrtegdots cjohumcjn nrcjmcjn stljes (Gcn. 5).

5. _u`scstejoe

Nejerdhhy we fdve tl tdie cjtl oljscmerdtclj tfdt ljhy tfesctes glraem murcjn tfe tcae lg hless semcaejtdtclj drepreservem djm tfdt tfe cjterstdmcdh sctes dre alsthy mestrlyem.]fe alst caplrtdjt prey speoces were recjmeer djm flrse(]d`he 4). L`vclushy settheaejt djm su`scstejoe were hdrnehylrcejtdtem tl tfe recjmeer djm flrse ferms. Dt tfe dhalstmestrlyem scte lg _prejmhcjnej, recjmeer mlacjdtes wctf dthedst 5 djcadhs dnem ètweej ?2 aljtfs djm 6 yedrs, wfcheflrse cs dhsl presejt. Cj spcte lg tfe gdot tfdt tfe dssea`hdnewds jlt ujolverem murcjn d prlper exodvdtclj, dtFemmesfeca tfere dre dt hedst 42 flrses djm 7 recjmeerrepresejtem. Cj tfe Adnmdhejdf÷fhe recjmeer cs wehh dttestem,gcrst lg dhh `y sadhh sfem djthers.

@escmes recjmeer djm flrse, adaaltf djm rfcjl dhsl phdyd rlhe. Dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn tfere dre slae rfcjl djmplssc`hy adaaltf `ljes. Grla Femmesfeca we ijlw teetfdjm `ljes lg dt hedst tfree rfcjls. Cj ^chmsofeuer CW, dpdrtgrla recjmeer djm flrse, tfere dre juaerlus grdnaejts lgadaaltf djm rfcjl. Cj Pfejs, rfcjl wds espeocdhhyjuaerlus (Nøjtfer 432>, 4342).

Dt Aetterjcof. Pfejs djm Dmherquehhe recjmeer cs acsscjn9cjstedm rem meer {Oervus ehdpfus) cs represejtem. Espeocdhhy

dt tfe `cn scte lg Aetterjcof tfcs oluhm è glrtuctlus, djmrehdtem tl tfe `cdsem ofdrdoter lg tfe olhheotclj.

@lvcms (@ls/@cslj) loour ljhy sehmlahy. Cslhdtem `ljesdre ijlwj grla ^chmsofeuer CW, Femmesfeca, Pfejs, djmDmherquehhe.

@edr cs represejtem dt Femmesfeca djm Pfejs, cèx ljhydt Femmesfeca (cjohumcjn d siuhh grdnaejt wctf flrj olre).@ldr (tlltf grdnaejts) dppedrs ljhy dt Dmherquehhe9 ectfertfcs cs d resuht lg dmacxture (gcjms grla mrchhcjn olres) lrsucms were presejt cj tfcs ldscs-hcie `cltlpe drlujm tfe fltsprcjn. Dhtlnetfer lje nets tfe capressclj lg d plpuhdtcljhdrnehy mepejmcjn lj recjmeer djm flrse, èscmes wfcofadaaltf, rfcjl djm meer were fujtem. _u`scstejoe wds jltljhy `dsem lj fujtcjn, ùt dhsl lj phdjt ndtfercjn. ]fcs cscjmcodtem `y nrcjmcjn stljes glujm dt Dmherquehhe djm_prejmhcjnej (Gcn. 5). Espeocdhhy cjmcodtcve cs d nrcjmcjnstlje grla Dmherquehhe wctf mcstcjot trdoes lg nrcjmcjn (c.e.plhcsfcjn). ]fese trdoes plssc`hy resuhtem grla nrcjmcjn lgnrdcjs (Ghlss 4334). Drlujm tfe flt sprcjn, tfe venetdtcljsfluhm fdve èej rcofer tfdj cj tfe surrlujmcjn hless steppe.@ut dhsl cj tfe hless steppe dre adjy emc`he phdjts, cjohumcjnwchm oeredhs. ]fe nrcjmcjn stljes grla Dmherquehhe djm

_prejmhcjnej testcgy tl tfe caplrtdjoe lg phdjt ndtfercjn.Lutscme tfe Pfcjehdjm, tfcs cs espeocdhhy ijlwj grlaIlstejic CW, 4 (Plndoev 4355).

7. Al`chcty

Dssuacjn tfdt tfe schcoelus rlois were jlt trdmem ùtloourrem cj tfe nrlup's terrctlry, tfe rdw adtercdhs lg tfehctfco drtegdots ady ncve dj cjmcodtclj lg tfe scze lg tfcsterrctlry. ]fe rdw adtercdh alsthy loours cj dj dred hess tfdj




Gcn. 5. Nrcjmcjn stljes grla^ces`dmej-Dmherquehhe (4-0) (dgterF. Ghlss), djm _prejmhcjnej (?)._odhe 0;?.

5 oa

52 ia grla tfe scte (Ghlss 433=). Dt Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn djm

_prejmhcjnej, djm plssc`hy dhsl cj ^chmsofeuer CW djmAdnmdhejdf÷fhe, dhh tfe drtegdots were adme grla suofrencljdhhy dvdchd`he schcoelus rlois.

Dt Dmherquehhe, èscmes tfe mlacjdtcjn drtegdots grlarencljdh rlois, tfere dre twl hljn sordper-ùrcjs lg '`dhtco'ghcjt, wfcof loours cj d renclj alre tfdj 422 ia tl tfejlrtf. Dt Aetterjcof djm Pfejs alst lg tfe drtegdots dre lg dicjm lg ghcjt wfcof doolrmcjn tl Ghlss (433=) plssc`hy olaesgrla tfe Aljs renclj (@ehncua), d`lut 022 ia dwdy. ]fcs

cjmcodtes tfe utchczdtclj lg d rdtfer hdrne terrctlry.

Grla Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn tfere dre 4> Aemcterrdjedj sfehhs(cjohumcjn 45 Fladhlplad sdjnucjeua, 4 Oyohlpe). Dt_prejmhcjnej we glujm 3 perglrdtem Aemcterrdjedj sfehhs lgOyohlpe (?) djm Fcjcd (7). D reoljstruotclj sflwem tfdttfey were dhterjdtehy strujn djm èhljnem tl d `rdoehet lrjeoihdoe (F. @lscjsic 4365). ]fese Aemcterrdjedj sfehhscjmcodte oljtdots wctf tfe Aemcterrdjedj alre tfdj 4222 iadwdy wfcof ady plssc`hy è exphdcjem `y trdme (`drter) wctfseverdh cjteraemcdte phdoes.



0>> NEPFDPM @L_CJ_IC - ]FE REPCLM ?2,222-02,222 @R CJ ]FE PFCJEHDJM

]d`he 4. Djcadhs represejtem dt Pfejcsf sctes ?2-02 iyr `p.

Adcjz-Hcjzejèrn • • • <

_prejmhcjnej • (5) •

Femmesfeca ¹(7) ¹(42) «(?) • • • • •

Aetteacof • •

Pfejs • • • •

Dofejfeca • •

Dmherquehhe • < • •

Rhdcmter Fuaaercof •

^chmsofeuer CW • • • • • •

Adnmdhejdf÷fhe •

>. Oljohuscljs

]fcs sflrt revcew lg tfe Pfcjehdjm evcmejoe sflws tfdt tfehctfco dssea`hdnes grla lur wlricjn dred odj è mcvcmem cjtltwl nrlups, c.e. dssea`hdnes wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts(CWccnlrmcdj Wd) djm dssea`hdnes wctf adjy acorlnrdvettes(Rercnlrmcdj WC/WCC). Lg tfe sadhh sdaphe lg 45 sctes, slaewere hlodtem cj d sfehterem tlplnrdpfco plsctclj (_essehhdne),

djm ycehmem rcof gcjm hdyers wfcof ady è cjmcodtcve lghljner usdne lg tfe hlodtcljs ds `dse odaps. Ltfer sctes werehlodtem lj fchhs djm fdm d nllm vcew cj every mcreotclj. Dsglr su`scstejoe strdtences, lur sdaphe cs `cdsem ds ljhy `ljes

dre preservem grla sctes glraem murcjn perclms lg hlesssemcaejtdtclj. Pecjmeer djm flrse dre tfe alst olaaljspeoces, wctf adaaltf, rfcjl djm meer dhsl ècjn d preyspeoces. Nrcjmcjn stljes grla Dmherquehhe djm _prejmhcjnejplcjt tl tfe caplrtdjoe lg phdjt gllm. ^fche alst rdwadtercdhs olae grla wctfcj d rdmcus lg dpprlxcadtehy 52 iadrlujm tfe scte, dt tfe _essehhdne sctes lg Aetterjcof djmPfejs alst ghcjts ady fdve èej caplrtem grla tfe @ehncdjAljs renclj, dt d mcstdjoe lg 022 ia. Aemcterrdjedj sfehhsgrla Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn cjmcodte oljtdots wctf dreds dtscnjcgcodjthy hdrner mcstdjoes, rlunfhy 4222 ia dwdy.




regerejoes

@lscjsic , N. 4360 Mce Iujst mer Ecszect cj Meutsofhdjm ujm cj mer _ofwecz, Idtdhlne vlr- ujm

grøfnesofcofthcofer Dhtertøaer 02, @ljj; Fdèht.

@lscjsic, N..CC. @lscjsic,

I. @rujjdoier,

I. O/.coshd,

I.R. Hdjsor.G-r.L. Jeugger,

K. RreuÜ,

F. _plerer,^. ]chhadjjs,

P. Ur`dj

4365 _prejmhcjnej. Ecj Gujmphdtz mes Acttherej Kujnpdhílhc tfciuas cj Pfecjfessej, Kdfrùof

mes P÷acsof-Neradjcsofej [ejtrdhauseuas ?0, 5- 34 .

@lscjsic, N.,I. Irlner,

K. _ofíger,

E. ]urjer

4367 Dhtstecjzecthcofe _cemhujnsphítze dug mej Lstecgeh-Wuhidjej, Kdfrùof mes P÷acsof-

Neradjcsofej [ejtrdhauseuas ??, 3>-4?2.

@lscjsic, N.,

A. _treet,A. @ddhes (ems)

4335 ]fe Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctf co lg tfe Pfcjehdjm. Cj; ^. _ofcraer (em.), Tudterjdry gcehm

trcps cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe. @erhcj CJTUD 4335, vlh. 0, 603-333, Aøjofej; Mr Grcemrcof RgechWerhdn.

@lscjsic, F. 4365 Alhhusiej. Cj; N. @lscjsic, F. @lscjsic , I. @rujjdoier, E. Ozceshd, I.R. Hdjser,

Gr.L. Jeugger, K. RreuÜ, F. _plerer, ^. ]chhadjjs djm P. Ur`dj, _prejmhcjnej. Ecj

Gujmphdtz mes Acttherej Kujnpdhílhctfciuas cj Pfecjfessej, >0-6=, Kdfrùof mes P÷acsof-

Neradjcsofej [ejtrdhauseuas ?0.

@rujjdoier, I. (em.) 43>6d Nelwcssejsofdgthcofe Ujtersuofujnej cj N÷jjersmlrg. Mer Adnmdhãjcej-Gujmphdtz

N÷jjersmlrg =. ^ces`dmej; Grdjz _tecjer Na`F.

@rujjdoier, I.

Oerjys, D.R.

Gefhcjns, _.

Ghlss, CC

43>6` Tudrtír-_trdtcnrdpfce da Acttehrfecj ujm Jcemerrfecj. Cj; _t. Wech (em.), Dht- ujm

acttehstecjzecthcofe Gujmphítze mes Pfecjhdjmes, 4?-04, @ljj; Fdèht.

436> Etdcljjdkd ajlnlshlkjdkd stlkdjid Alhlmlvd W. Drofelhlnc kd. Cj; Ajlnlshlkjdkd

pdhelhctcoesidkd stlkdjid Alhlmlvd W. Hkumc idaejjlnl veid c liruzdkusodkd sremd. I. VCC

Iljnressu CJTUD, >-3?.

433? Mce _tecjdrtegdite mer kujnpdhílhctfcsofej Gujmphítze Adcjz-Hcjsej ern ujm _prejmhcjnej.

Ecj Wernhecof. Adncster-Drèct, Ujcverscty lg I÷hj.

4334 Mce Dmherquehhe - ecj Gujmphdtz mes Acttherej Kujnpd hílhctfciuas ca _tdmtne`cet vlj

^ces`dmej, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 04, 46>-024.

433= Plfadtercdhverslrnujn ca Rdhílhctfciua mes Acttehrfecjne`cetes. (Aljlnrdpfcej mesP÷acsof-Neradjcsofej [ejtrdhauseuas 04). Adcjz.

Greofej, A.,

^. @lejcni,A. êcmejgehher

4335 ^ces`dmej-Dmherquehhe. Cj; N. @lscjsic , A. _treet djm A. @ddhes (ems), ]fe Rdhdelhctfco

djm Aeslhctfco lg tfe Pfcjehdjm, 6>>-662, @erhcj; CJTUD.

4335 Ofrljlstrdtcnrdpfce mes "Ecszecthcofej H÷Üprlgchs" cj Il`hejz-Aetterjcof, Adcjzer

nelwcss. Acttechujnej 0=, 455-462.



0>3 NEPFDPM @L_CJ_IC - ]FE REPCLM ?2,222-02,222 @R CJ ]FE PFCJEHDJM

Ní`lrc, A.

Nøjtfer, D.

Fdesderts, R.,

K. me Fecjzehcj

Fdfj, C.

4373 Rdhílhctf csofe _ofjeoiej-Meplts vlj _zl`, Dotd Drof. Fujndrcod 04, ?-44.

432> Rdhílhctfcsofe Gujmstehhej ca H÷Ü èc Ol`hejz, @ljjer Kdfr`øofer 447, ?==-?70.

4342 [ur Ejtstefujns- ujm @escemhujnsnesofcofte mes Jeuwcemer @eoiejs, Adjjus 0, ??-5>.

43>3 He scte pdhãlhctfcque me Adcscæres-Odjdh. Mcssertdtcljes Drofdelhlncode Ndjmejses 43,

@runne.

4373 Nrdvettcej-Grechdjmstdtcljej ca Pfecjhdjm; Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, Il`hejz-Aetterjcof ujm

Pfejs, @ljjer Kdfr`øofer 473, ==-6>.

Feca. .4.,K.R. Hdutrcmlu.

K. Aduolrps,

K.K. Rucssonur,.4. _uaae.

D. ]fãvejcj

4360 Dofejfe ca. Uje sãquejoe-type mes hless mu phecstloeje alyej et supãrceur. @uhhetcj

D.G.E.T. 43, 4=>-453.

Flger, F.

Kujiadjjs, C.

4 ×fr, F.

43?> Aetterjcof, @ljjer Kdfr`øofer 4=0, 0>5-0>6.

4334 Mce _tecjdrtegdite dus Dofejfeca cj mer _daahujn Rduh êrjert, Drofílhlncsofes

Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 04 , 4-47.

436> Gehmèl`doftujnej zu ^ørah÷Üstrdtcnrdpfce ujm Ehtvchher ]ugg dj mer Acttehalseh slwce djmer Aujterhey èc Nerlhstecj, ]rcerer [ectsofrcgt 52, 3-?2.

H÷fr, F.,

I. @rujjdoier

Aecks, E.,

F. Aøofer,

N. Luwerieri.

D. Plaecj.

F. _tlhtejèrn

Jee`, E.,

L. _ofacmtnej

Rdsmd, Oh.

43>= Aetteacofer ujm Ehtvchher ]uggflrczljte ca ^øra-H÷Ü da Actteh- ujm Jcemerrfecj , Jltcz`hdtt fess. Hdjmes-Dat @lmejglrsofujn 420, 476-432.

436? Evcmejoe lg tfe presejoe lg tfe Ehtvchher ]ugg hdyer cj Mutof djm @ehncdj Hca`lurn djm tfe

oljsequejoes glr tfe Hless _trdtcnrdpfy, Ecszectdhter ujm Nenejwdrt ??, 53->6.

4304/0= Ecje dhtstecjzec thcofe Grechdjmrdststítte dug mea Hcjsejèrn ec Adcjz, Adcjzer [ectsofrcgt

4>/43, 426-440.

4335d _tecjdoier. Cj; N. @lscjsic, A. _treet djm A. @ddhes (ems), ]fe Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco

lg tfe Pfcjehdjm, 650, @erhcj; CJTUD.

4335` Jeue ujm dhte pdhílhctf csofe Gujmstehhej da Lèrrfecj ujm Flofrfecj, Drofílhlncsofe

Jdofrcoftej dus @dmej 5?, =-4=.

Plndtev, D.J.

_eaaeh, D.

]erèrner, I.

4355 Dheisdjmrlvsile plsehejce mrevjeidajlnl veid u sehd Ilstejic jd Mlju. Adtercdhy c

csshemlvdjckd pl drofelhlncc ___P =5. Alsolu-Hejcjnrdm.

4373 @eaeriujnej zur ^ørah÷Ünhcemerujn ca Pfecj-Adcj-Ne`cet , Jltcz`hdtt fess. Hdjmes-Dat

@lmejglrsofujn 3>, ?35-?33.

433? Mds Hdfjtdh-Rdhílhctf ciua, Adtercdhcej zur Wlr- ujm Grøfnesofcofte vlj Fessej 44.

^ces`dmej.

]fceae, F‚C'. C djser

4360 Mce ecszecthcofej Iuhtur- ujm Gdujejreste dus mea "Hcjmejnrujm" èc Femmesfeca, Hmir.

@dm Ireuzjdof. (_ofrcgtejrecfe mes Dates gør _ofuh- ujm Iuhturwesej mer _tdmt @dm

Ireuzjdof 0). @dm Ireuzjdof.




êcÜ, N. 43>6 Adnmdhejdf÷fhe. Cj; _t. Wech (em.), Dht- ujm acttehstecjzecthcofe Gujmphítze mes Pfecjhdjme42=-425, @ljj; Fdèht.

Nerfdrm @lscjsicGlrsofujnsèrecof Dhtstecjzect_ofhlss Aljrepls

5757> JeuwcemNeradjy



Adrtcj _treet 00 ]fe Neradj Upper Rdhdelhctfco ?5,222-45,222 `p.]flads ]erèrner Jew mdtes djm cjscnfts wctf eapfdscs lj tfe

Pfcjehdjm

]fe pdper exdacjes tfe excstcjn rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn evcmejoe

glr tfe Neradj Upper Rdhdelhctfco ètweej ?5,222 djm

45,222 fp (adcjhy grla slutferj Neradjy) djm presejts d

juaèr lg jew resuhts grla ltfer rencljs (Pfcjehdjm,

]furcjncd) l`tdcjem cj olhhd`lrdtclj wctf tfe Lxglrm

Pdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Ujct. Orctcodh dssessaejt lg tfe

cjoredsem tltdh juaèr lg mdtes dhhlws tfe reolnjctclj lg

pfdses `rldmhy equcvdhejt tl tfe Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco

(Durcnjdocdj) djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (Nrdvettcdj), ùt

dhsl sunnests tfdt tfere ady è gcjer su`mcvcscljs wctfcj tfese

pfdses lr plssc`hy lverhdp ètweej tfea (e.n. dt @rectej

`dof). ]fe questclj lg d hdte nrdvettcdj survcvdh, plssc`hy cj

tfe glra lg 'durcnjdolcm' cjmustrces, djm lg tfe Upper

Rhdjnhdocdh fcdtus cj settheaejt cs mcsoussem. Ct cs sunnestem

tfdt tfe perclm ètweej 0?,222 djm 4?,222 `p (wfcof

trdmctcljdhhy sepdrdtes ohdssco nrdvettcdj cjmustrces grla tfe

Upper Adnmdhejcdj) acnft prlgctd`hy è re-exdacjem cj

metdch, `ltf cj Neradjy djm cj jecnf`lurcjn rencljs.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Ds cj auof lg westerj djm oejtrdh Eurlpe, tfe su`mcvcsclj lg

tfe Neradj Upper Rdhdelhctfco fds trdmctcljdhhy èej `dsemlj typlhlny. P.P. _ofacmt's (4340; 42= gt.) aljlnrdpf"Mce mchuvcdhe Wlrzect Meutsofhdjms" estd`hcsfem glrNeradjy tfe Grejof systea lg su`mcvcsclj we tlmdy ijlwds Durcnjdocdj, Nrdvettcdj djm Adnmdhejcdj lj tfe `dscs lgtype glsschs djm d gew caplrtdjt strdtcnrdpfces, djm glr adjyyedrs tfcs wds tfe ljhy `dscs glr d ofrljlhlncodh dttrcùtcljlg drofdelhlncodh dssea`hdnes. D`slhute (rdmclaetrco)ofrljlhlncodh aetflms èodae dvdchd`he ljhy hdter9 tlmdy tfealst rehcd`he lg tfese aetflms cs rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn,pdrtcouhdrhy wfej cj tfe glra lg DA_ aedsureaejts lgorctcodhhy seheotem scjnhe sdaphes, djm tdicjn cjtl doolujt

cjoredscjn plssc`chctces glr olrreotclj lg rdmclodr`lj yedrs tltrue dnes.

]fdjis cj hdrne pdrt tl ollperdtclj lver severdh yedrs wctftfe Lxglrm Pdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Ujct (LPDU), ct fdsèej plssc`he tl l`tdcj adjy rdmclodr`lj DA_ mdtes glrNeradj, djm espeocdhhy glr Pfcjehdjm dssea`hdnes djm tfustl l`tdcj d ètter ujmerstdjmcjn lg tfe d`slhute ofrljlhlnylg tfcs perclm (_treet et dh. 433=9 Femnes et dh. 4336d,4336`). ]fcs fds èej espeocdhhy tfe odse glr hdte nhdocdh

adnmdhejcdj sctes, tfe ofrljlhlncodh djm nelnrdpfcodhmcstrcùtclj lg wfcof cs jlw qucte wehh ujmerstllm (Flusheyetdh. 433>9 _treet 4336d, 4336`9 _treet djm Ndumzcjsic43369 _treet djm Floi 4336), wfereds glr tfe lhmer perclmstfere fds èej (wctf jltd`he exoeptcljs) d megcoct cj tfejuaèrs lg rdmclodr`lj mdtes dvdchd`he.

0. D`slhute mdtcjn lg tfe Neradj Edrhy Upper

Rdhdelhctfco

0.4 _]D]E LG PE_EDPOF

Ujtch tfe ejm lg tfe 4362's, tfe ljhy hdrner serces lg d`slhutemdtes dvdchd`he glr tfe Neradj Durcnjdocdj were grla tfetwl slutf Neradj odve sctes lg Wlnehferm djm NecÜej-ih÷sterhe djm grla tfe Pfcjehdjm lpej dcr scte lgHlaaersua. ]fese were olapheaejtem `y cslhdtemrdmclodr`lj mdtes grla gurtfer sctes suof ds Flfhejstecj-_tdmeh CW, @loistecj-]÷rhe WCC, ^chmsofeuer, @rectej`dof(mdtcjn evcmejoe suaadrcsem cj Fdfj 43>>, 4363, 433?,43359 Mlaèi djm Fdfj 4363). Lverdhh, tfe mdtes sflwem drehdtcvehy ohedr oljoejtrdtclj ètweej o. ?7,522 `p djm03,222 `p (0= mdtes), dhtflunf ecnft mdtes were dppreocd`hy

ylujner, djm cj slae odses, e.n. @rectej`dof (46,422 ´ 022`p9 40,?02 ´ 022 `p), were rendrmem ds crrehevdjt glr tfeouhturdh dttrcùtclj lg tfe dssea`hdne (Pcofter 436>).

]fe dppreocd`he juaèr lg ylujner, cj slae odses ohedrhytll ylujn (gcve mdtes 805,222 `p), rdmclodr`lj mdtes adme ctmcggcouht dt tfcs stdne tl estd`hcsf d wehh-glujmem d`slhuteofrljlhlncodh megcjctclj lg tfe durcnjdocdj teofjlolaphex.]fe lhmest mdtes grla tfe Pfcjehdjm scte lg Hlaaersuawere shcnfthy ylujner tfdj tflse grla slutf Neradjy, ùttfe serces ds d wflhe sflwem d pdrdhheh mevehlpaejt.

]fe mdtd`dse dvdchd`he glr mdtcjn tfe edrhy UpperRdhdelhctfco fds jlw cjoredsem dppreocd`hy (Gcn. 4). Cj slutf

Neradjy jew DA_ mdtes l`tdcjem `y tfe LPDU sunnest drehdtcvehy fcnf dne lg up tl =2,022 `p glr hdyer Chcd dt tfeNecÜejih÷sterhe (Fdfj 4335), dhtflunf tfe feterlnejecty lgmdtes grla tfe hdyer nejerdhhy djm tfe fcnf stdjmdrmmevcdtclj (´ 4722) lg tfe lhmest mdte cj pdrtcouhdr, odhh glrodutclj cj cjterpretdtclj. Jevertfehess, d menree lg supplrtglr dj edrhy pfdse lg tfe Durcnjdocdj cj slutferj Neradjy csprlvcmem `y tfe reoejthy mcsolverem @dvdrcdj lpej dcr scte lgIechèrn-Icrofe, wfere oljvejtcljdh mdtcjn lg ofdroldh




ycehmem d very oljscstejt serces lg tfree dnes ètweej ?6,722djm ?>,522 `p (Utfaecer 4337). ]lnetfer, tfe twl sctessunnest tfdt tfe edrhy Durcnjdocdj wds cjmeem very prl`d`hypresejt cj slutferj Neradjy `y o. ?6,222 `p. ]fe

caphcodtcljs lg tfese edrhy Neradj mdtes glr tfe trdjsctcljgrla tfe Acmmhe tl tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco (e.n. Pcofter 4337)

readcj tl è mcsoussem cj metdch cj tfe hcnft lg jewslutfwesterj djm slutfedsterj Eurlpedj evcmejoe (M'Errcol8•/ dh. 4336; Mudrte et dh. 43339 Rettctt djm ]rcjidus cj press).

0.0 JE^ DA_ MD]E_

Cj olhhd`lrdtclj wctf tfe LPDH) djm tfe Ujcverscty lg

Oda`rcmne djm cj tfe oljtext lg tfe prlkeot "]fe NeradjDurcnjdocdj djm tfe olhljczdtclj lg Jlrtferj Eurlpe", tfe

presejt dutflrs fdve reoejthy cjctcdtem tfe DA_ mdtcjn lg

tfree sctes hlodtem gurtfer tl tfe jlrtf cj Neradjy. Cj tfe

odse lg twl sctes prevclushy mdtem `y tfe oljvejtcljdhrdmclodr`lj aetflm. ^chmsofeuer 444 (]erèrner 433?) djm

@rectej`dof @ (Rlfh 43569 Pcofter 436>), tfe LPDU resuhtsrevcse tfe mdtes glr tfe sctes (Gcn. 4), wfche d tfcrm scte,^ces`dmej Cnstdmt (]erèrner 4330, 43369 _erdjnehc 43379

Rettctt et dh. 43369 _treet djm ]erèrner 4333), wds

mcsolverem ljhy reoejthy djm fdm èej ujmdtem. Cj nejerdhteras tfe Lxglrm DA_ mdtes prlvcme d `rldmer `dscs tfdj tfe

oljvejtcljdh rdmclodr`lj mdtes glr tfe d`slhute ofrljlhlny lg

tfe Neradj Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco djm rehdtem questcljs.

0. ? ^hHM_OFEUEP CCC

]fe cjterclr lg tfe ^chmsofeuer odve (jlw mestrlyem `y

qudrrycjn) cj tfe Hdfj vdhhey, edst lg Hcaùrn, wds

exodvdtem murcjn tfe 43tf oejtury `y vlj Olfdusej, cj d

perclm lg ljhy d gew weeis (]erèrner 433?). Acjlrexodvdtcljs dt tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe 02tf oejtury djm

espeocdhhy tfe exodvdtclj lg tfe odve phdtglra `y F.E.

Adjmerd murcjn tfe 4352's prlvcme tfe alst rehcd`hecjglradtclj lj strdtcnrdpfy (Adjmerd 435=). D`lve d hdyerwctf d gew Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco gcjms, preservem ljhy cj d

gcssure dt tfe `dse lg tfe seotclj, Adjmerd mcsolverem d wehh-megcjem "terrd rlssd" semcaejt (Hdyer CCC), oljtdcjcjndurcnjdocdj drtegdots. D`lve tfcs were d hess ohedrhy megcjemnrdvettcdj heveh (CW) djm d hdrnehy mestrlyem hdyer (W) wctfadnmdhejcdj adtercdh.

]ej sdaphes lg `lje, djther djm cvlry grla tfe

^chmsofeuer odve iept cj tfe ^ces`dmej Auseua wereoflsej glr DA_ mdtcjn. _daphes wctf evcmejoe lg fuadjadjcpuhdtclj were pregerrem djm d rdjne lg adtercdhs/speoceswds seheotem. Alst sdaphes guhgchhcjn tfese orctercd were grlatfe Adjmerd exodvdtclj, dhtflunf tfree speocaejs were grlalhmer cjvestcndtcljs. Dttrcùtclj tl durcnjdocdj Heveh CCC wds

fehpem `y gedtures suof ds dmfercjn rem semcaejt djm tfe

typcodhhy mdri stdcjem olhlur lg tfe speocaejs.

Lg tfe ^chmsofeuer CCC dssea`hdne, dhh ùt lje speocaej

lg cvlry ycehmem d resuht. ]fe mdtes gdhh ètweej ?=,022 djm

02,=62 `p, dhtflunf tfe ylujnest mdte odj ohedrhy è rekeotemglr dj durcnjdocdj oljtext, hedvcjn tfe jext ylujnest mdte ds

06,?=2 `p. Evej tfej, tfe mdtes olver d spdj lg dhalst 7,222rdmclodr`lj yedrs. ]fere cs jl gcjer pdtterjcjn ètweej dne

djm adtercdh/speoces mdtem djm tfe aedj dne lg tfe sdaphes

c so. ?4,>52 `p.]fe hdrne rdjne lg tfe ^chmsofeuer mdtes (Gcn. 4) odj è

cjterpretem cj severdh wdys. ]fe rehdtcvehy sadhh scze lg tfe

dssea`hdne djm tfe flalnejelus dppedrdjoe lg tfe adtercdhadie ct hciehy tfdt tfe scte wds looupcem lver d rehdtcvehysflrt perclm lg tcae. ]fe glraer cjterpretdtclj wluhm caphy d

aetflmlhlncodh prl`hea wctf tfe mdtes, wfcof acnft è

rehdtem tl adklr ghuotudtcljs cj tfe rdmclodr`lj reolrm dt tfcsperclm (Klrcs djm êjcjner 4336, 4333). Dhterjdtcvehy, tfe

scte wds cjmeem usem lj mcggerejt loodscljs lver d perclm lg

severdh achhejcd djm tfe mdtes doourdtehy regheot tfcs. Dscachdr spredm lg mdtes odj è l`servem dt ltfer sctes (e.n.

Hlaaersua, NecÜejih÷sterhe Chcd), sl tfdt tfcs pfejlaejljaust cj guture è exdacjem nejerdhhy cj lrmer tl dssess tfe

vdhue lg rdmclodr`lj mdte serces glr tfe Durcnjdocdj.

0.= @PEC]EJ@DOF @

]fe @rectej`dof scte (Rlfh 43569 Pcofter 436>) hces cjedsterj Neradjy. ]wl drofdelhlncodh olaphexes excst dt

presejt, dhtflunf tfese ohedrhy èhljn tlnetfer. ]fe

dssea`hdne mescnjdtem @rectej`dof D wds exodvdtem `y

Jcihdsslj cj 430> lver d surgdoe lg =22 a0 djm cs jlw

stlrem dt tfe Fdhhe Auseua cj _dofsej-Djfdht, wfche@rectej`dof @ represejts adtercdh lrcncjdhhy (o. 43?2) grlatfe prcvdte olhheotclj ^hlst, djm jlw iept cj tfe NeradjJdtcljdh Auseua cj Jureaèrn.

]fe nelofrljlhlncodh plsctclj lg tfe dssea`hdne wds

mcsoussem `y Fdfj (43>>; 453), wfl, glhhlwcjn R. ^lhstemtdjm W. ]lepger, sunnests tfdt tfe dssea`hdne wds glujmwctfcj d slch flrczlj djm plssc`hy mdtes tl kust èglre tfe

_tchhgrcem @ lsochhdtclj. Pcofter (436>; 75) cs alre odutclusdjm sunnests tfdt da`cnulus l`servdtcljs adme cj severdhtest trejofes dorlss tfe hdrne scte dre plssc`hy ljhy hlodhhyvdhcm. Ct seeas tfdt nelalrpflhlny odjjlt ncve suggcocejthypreocse cjglradtclj lj tfe nelofrljlhlny lg tfe dssea`hdne.Dhtflunf twl oljvejtcljdh rdmclodr`lj mdtes dhredmy excstem(Pcofter 436>), tfey were cjoljscstejt wctf edof ltfer djm

wctf dj durcnjdocdj looupdtclj._daphes glr DA_ mdtcjn were tdiej grla tfe @rectej`dof

@ gdujdh adtercdh iept cj Jureaèrn djm oflsej tl olver drdjne lg speoces/adtercdhs. Ct wds jlt plssc`he tl cmejtcgysdaphes wctf ujda`cnulus fuadj almcgcodtclj mue tl pllrsurgdoe preservdtclj, ùt tfe dsslocdtclj lg tfe gdujdhreadcjs djm tfe hctfco dssea`hdne cs supplrtem `y hdèhs wctftfe adtercdh wfcof reger tl d prlvejdjoe cj e.n. "_ofhdnphdtz

?" djm "=".






?. D`slhute mdtcjn lg tfe Neradj Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco

D revcew lg tfe dvdchd`he Neradj rdmclodr`lj reolrm (Gcn. 0,]d`he 0) sflws tfdt alst mdtes glr nrdvettcdj cjmustrces gdhhèglre tfe hdst Rhejcnhdocdh, ètweej ?2,222 djm 0?,222 `p,resuhts wfcof dre oljscstejt wctf tfe Eurlpedj

Nrdvettcdj/Rdvhlvcdj//W/>#l/S//egh supãrceur nejerdhhy. ]felhmest pltejtcdhhy nrdvettcdj mdtes gdhh drlujm ?4,222 `p,dhtflunf jlt dhh tfe mdtem sdaphes odj è ujequcvlodhhydsslocdtem wctf ohedrhy nrdvettcdj, rdtfer tfdj jlj-mcdnjlstcocjmustrces, djm tfere cs tfus d megcjcte lverhdp ètweej mdtesglr tfe Neradj Nrdvettcdj djm glr tfe Durcnjdocdj ujtch o.0>,222 `p (@rectej`dof). ]fe adklrcty lg nrdvettcdj mdtes hceèglre 05,222 `p, d gedture sflwj pdrtcouhdrhy `y tfe twlsctes wctf tfe hdrnest serces lg mdtes, Flfhe Gehs djmNecÜejih÷sterhe, wfere ljhy twl djm tfree lg tfe jcje djmglurteej 'nrdvettcdj' mdtes respeotcvehy dre ylujner tfdj tfcs.@ltf mdtes grla tfe êcjèrnf÷fhe dhsl hce dt tfe oejtre lgtfcs mcstrcùtclj.

]fe gew mdtes grla Lère Ihduse cj @dvdrcd, tfeIjcenrltte cj ]furcjncd djm tfe Adnmdhejdf÷fhe cj tfe Ecgehgdhh dt tfe ylujner ejm lg tfcs rdjne ohlse tl 05,222 `p. ]feIjcenrltte resuht, lj d èdr `lje wctf ohedr adris lgoflppcjn, dppdrejthy mlouaejts fuadj dotcvcty dt tfe wehh-ijlwj adnmdhejcdj scte dt d perclm wfcof wds jlt fctfertlmealjstrdtem `y tfe hctfco dssea`hdne, dhtflunf slae tllhswere mesorcèm ds "Nrdvette-_pctzej" (Geusteh 43>=).

Dhtflunf tfe Nrdvettcdj lg slutfwesterj Neradjy csqucte wehh mdtem `y rdmclodr`lj (see dhsl Fdfj, tfcs vlhuaedjm _ofeer, tfcs vlhuae), tfe Pfcjehdjm Nrdvettcdj (Fdfj

43739 @lscjsic et dh. 43659 @lscjsic 4330, 4335d, 4335`,4335o, tfcs vlhuae) cs stchh cjdmequdtehy mdtem `y d`slhuteaetflms. Ljhy lje westerj Neradj scte, tfe Adnmdhejdf÷fhe, ohlse tl Nerlhstecj cj tfe Ecgeh (êcÜ 43>6), csrdmclodr`lj mdtem tl tfe tcae rdjne medht wctf `y tfcsvlhuae. êjcner (4332; 4>=) qultes d mdte lg 05,5=2 ´ >>2`p, ncvej `y êcÜ (43>6; 425) ds 0?,532 è, djm tfe scjnhemdte glr recjmeer ady jlt, cj gdot, è rehevdjt tl fuadjdotcvcty dt dhh.

^lri cs jlw cj prlnress `y tfe dutflrs tl l`tdcj mdtesglr tfe Nrdvettcdj cj westerj Neradjy uscjn sdaphes stlremcj auseuas wfcof were reolverem `y prevclus cjvestcndtcljs dt tfe sctes lg Aetterjcof jedr Il`hejz (Fdfj 4373),_prejmhcjnej (@lscjsic et dh. 43659 @lscjsic 4335d),Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn (Fdfj 43739 @lscjsic 4335`), djm^chmsofeuer CW (Adjmerd 435=9 ]erèrner 433?) cj tfeHdfj Wdhhey.

=. ]fe prl`hea ètweej 0?-4? iyr

Dhtflunf tfey dre jlt juaerlus, d speocdh prl`hea cspresejtem `y rdmclodr`lj mdtes ylujner tfdj tfe adcj rdjneestd`hcsfem glr tfe Nrdvettcdj, speocgcodhhy tflse hycjn

]d`he 4. Ujodhc`rdtem mdtes glr tfe Neradj Durcnjdocdj.Rltejtcdh exphdjdtcljs glr scx mdtes rekeotem ds tll ylujngrla Wlnehferm, ^chmsofeuer CCC djm @rectej`dof @ (cj ctdhcos)dre mcsoussem cj tfe text.

IECH@EPN-ICPOFE (Utfaecec• 4337)

?6,722 ´ 4022 IJ-=730?>,522 ´ 4=52 IJ-=732

?>,522 ´ 4052 IJ-=734

NECÜEJIH×_]EPHE (Fdfj 43359 Flushey et dh. 433>)

Chcd =2.022 ´ 4722 LxD-=535

Chcd ?>,622 t 4252 E]F-607>

CCC ?>,?22 ´ 4622 LxD-547?

CCd ?7,622 ´ 4222 LxD-=53=

UC/6 ?7,=52 ´ 45>2 F-5?47-=323

CCC/> ?7,222 ´ ?572 F-5? 45-=326jc/7 ?=,4=2 ´ 4222 F-5446-=722

CCd ??,>22 ´ 4422 LxD-5472

CCC/= ??.>22 ´ 605 F-=>54-==2=

Chcd ??,522 t 7=2 E]F-6 073

hc ` ??.0 22 ´ 4422 LxD-5470

Chcd ??,422 ´ 762 E]F-6076

CC`/? ?0,762 ´ =>2 Rtd -04 47

CC`/4 ?4,6>2 ´ 4222 Rtd-00>2

44 d/0 ?4, 505 ´ >>2 F-=0>3-?5?=

CC`/0 ?4,2>2 ´ >52 Rtd-0?74

Chd/C ?2,705 ´ >37 F-=4=>-??=7

WLNEHFEPM (Fdfj 43>>, 433?)

W/> ?4,322 ´ 4422 F =257-?026

CW/= ?2,>?2 ´ >52 F =25?- ?044

W ?2,752 ´ 572 NrJ-7774

W/5 ?2,470 ´ 4?=2 F =25= -?04 2

CW-W 0>,7?2 ´ 6?2 NrJ-7770

CW-W 0?,672 ´ 432 NrJ-756?

FLFHEJ_]ECJ _]DMEH (Fdfj 43>>, 4335)

CW ?0,2 22 ´ 552 F-?622-?205

CW ?4, >52 ´ 4452

@LOI_]ECJ-]×PHE WCC (Fdfj 43>>, 433?)

E]F-06>>

?4,375 ´ >32 F-=253-?50>

F =253-??57



065 ADP]CJ _]PEE] DJM ]FLAD_ ]EP@EPNEP - ]FE NEPADJ URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

ètweej 0?,(V)() `p djm tfe wehh-mdtem hdtenhdocdh UpperAdnmdhejcdj dt drlujm 4?,222 `p (Gcn. ?, ]d`he ?). Mdtes lgtfcs perclm odj è su`mcvcmem cjtl mcggerejt odtenlrces;4. D gcrst nrlup lg mdtes glr `ltf tfe Nrdvettcdj djm tfe

Durcnjdocdj odj ohedrhy è rendrmem ds dèrrdjt djmujrehcd`he scjoe tfey mcgger grla hdrner serces lg lhmer

mdhes grla tfe sdae oljtext. ]fcs nrlup odj è rekeotem.0. D seoljm nrlup cs glraem `y mdtes grla ujohedr oljtext,suof ds tfe gdujdh readcjs grla Dsofejstecj cj Hlwer_dxljy (êjcner 4332) mdtem tl 46,602 ´ 462 `p, ùtwfere dj dsslocdtclj wctf fuadj dotcvcty cs jltmealjstrdtem. _cachdrhy, tfe mdtes lg 05,222-45,222 `pgrla tfe Flfhe Gehs scte aust è exohumem mue tl tfe

]d he 4 oljtcjuem.

HLAAEP_UA (Fdfj 4363)

hho-4 ??.=02 ´ 522 NrJ-7434

Ci' 0 ?4,352 ´ ?02 NrJ-7 733

YCo-? ?4,660 ´ 352 F =4=6- ??57

Fo-5 ?4,>22 ´ 502 Rtd -0> 5?

hce = ?4.22 2 ´ 4522 F =>= 5-= 4==

hho-6 03,>?2 ´ 452 Rtd -03 ?>

hho-> 03.?32 ´ 4=2 Rtd-0340

YCo-7 03,042 ´ 4=2 Rtd -03 46

CCo-6 03,022 ´ _52 Rtd -?2 >3

CCe-> 07, 3?2 ´ 05=2

^CHM_OFEUEP CCC (Rettctt et dt. 4336)

Rtd-03?3

?=.022 ´ 322 LxD ->? 3=

?=,422 ´ 4022 LxD-7302

??.?52 ´ >52 LxD ->? 3?

?0,752 ´ >22 LxD ->? 32

?4.252 ´ 722 LxD ->? 30

?2,022 ´4 42 2 LxD->=33

?2.252 ´ 552 LxD- 762>

06,?=2 ´ =02 LxD ->? 34

05,522 * =22 < IJ-?535

Lx D->=36

presejoe lg acxem sdaphes djm strdtcnrdpfco prl`heas(Fdfj 4335).

?. Mdtes wfcof pltejtcdhhy cjmeem mdte d hdte Nrdvettcdj dretflse lg 0?,==2 djm 02,=22 `p (aedj 1 04,302 `p) glr@loistecj ]÷rhe WC. ]fe mdtes, wfcof were l`tdcjemadjy yedrs dnl, dre dsslocdtem wctf tfe cjmustry

oljtdcjcjn d juaèr lg "durcnjdolcm"gedtures (Fdfj43>>; 03>). ]fe vdhcmcty djm cjterpretdtclj lg tfe@loistecj mdtes odjjlt è meocmem cj tfe oljtext lg tfcspdper, ùt olapdrd`he mdtes dre dhsl ijlwj grlaDustrcdj sctes (]d`he =) mesorcèm vdrclushy ds hdteDurcnjdocdj hcie Dhèrjmlrg (@dofjer et dh. 4337), lr hdteNrdvettcdj, glr exdaphe Hdjnadjjersmlrg D djm @,02,072 `p djm 02,562 `p respeotcvehy (Fdfj 43>>; 476),djm Plsejùrn, 02,402 `p (Ltt 4337). Cj tfe odse lgDhèrjmlrg ljhy tfe twl ylujnest mdtes (02,522 djm0?,4>2 `p) hce cj tfe prl`headtco tcae rdjne, wfche glurmdtes dre dppreocd`hy lhmer, cg stchh tll ylujn glr d ohdsscoDurcnjdocdj. Cj tfcs tfey resea`he rdtfer tfe DA_ mdteserces grla @rectej`dof (see d`lve). Gurtferalre, tfecjterpretdtclj lg tfe Dhèrjmlrg mdtes cs olaphcodtem `yprl`heas lg strdtcnrdpfy djm pltejtcdh rewlricjn lgadtercdh (@dofjer et dh. 4337). Jevertfehess, hdte'durcnjdolcm' cjmustrces scachdr tl @loistecj WC dre dhslijlwj grla gurtfer edst cj Eurlpe (Ilzhlwsic 43379Lhcvd 4337), ècjn perfdps dj equcvdhejt tl tfeoljteaplrdry Grejof "Durcnjdocej W" (Reyrljy djmReyrljy 43?69 @dzche 43379 Mkcjmkcdj 4337), djm tfcsejtcre pfejlaejlj fds èej reoejthy exdacjem cj slaemetdch (Rdhad mc Oesjlhd djm Adjteh ^fcte 4337). Cj tfehcnft lg tfcs ct tfereglre seeas plssc`he tfdt Neradj

cjmustrces wctf ola`cjdtcljs lg durcnjdocdj djmnrdvettcdj gedtures oluhm cjmeem dhsl mdte tl tfe perclm

kust èglre 02,222 `p.

=. D gurtfer nrlup olaprcses mdtes wfcof oljvcjocjnhymealjstrdte d fuadj presejoe murcjn tfe perclm cjquestclj. Fere aust è aejtcljem tfe serces lg mdtesgrla tfe Fesscdj scte lg ^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt (]erèrner43369 _treet djm ]erèrner 4333). ]fe hctfco dssea`hdnewds èhcevem tl è Durcnjdocdj djm tfe scte wdscjohumem cj tfe LPDU djm Ujcverscty lg Oda`rcmnemdtcjn prlkeot mesorcèm d`lve. ^fereds tfe oljscstejt

@PEC]EJ@DOF @ (Pcofter 436>; 309 _treet djm ]erèrner, tfcs vlhuae)

0>.622 ´ ?=2 LxD- 654 0 Adaautfus prcacnejcus adjmc`he<

0>,=62 ´ ?=2 LxD- 6544 Equus sp. pehvcs

0>,?=2 ´ ?02 LxD -65 23 Pdjncger tdrdjmus siuhh

0>,462 ´ ?02 LxD- 6542 Pdjncger tdrdjmus sfem djther

05,352 ´ 652 LxD- 654? Adaautfus prcacnejcus hca` `lje sfdgt

46,422 022< IJ-???0 Adaautfus `lje (adjmc`he)

40.?02 ´ 022 < IJ-?702 Adaautfus cvlry




]d`he 0. Ujodhc`rdtem mdtes glr tfe Neradj Nrdvettcdj.]fe cjterpretdtclj lg mdtes ylujner tfdj 0?,222 `p grlaFlfhe Gehs, @loistecj WC djm NecÜejih÷sterhe (ctdhcos) csmcsoussem cj tfe text. ]fe mdte glr tfe Adnmdhejdf÷fhe csplssc`hy ujoljjeotem tl fuadj dotcvcty.

]d`he 0 oljtcjuem.

ADNMDHEJD-F×FHE (êcÜ 43>6)

05,5=2 ´ >>2 @LJJ-45 76

FLFHE GEH_ _OFEHIHCJNEJ (êjcner 43329

Flushey et dh. 433>)

Fdfj 43359

CW-40 ?4,422 ´ 722 LxD-=722

CCC-4? ?2,5 52 ´ 552 LxD-=724

03,552 ´ 752 LxD -52 2>

CCo-44 06,302 ´ =22 LxD-=533

06,>52 ´ >52 LxD -=3 62

4-3 06,562 ´ =72 LxD- =53>0>,722 ´ 622 LxD-=3>3

0>,452 ´ 722 LxD -=3 >6

07,=52 ´ 552 LxD -=3 >7

hCo-42 07,222 ´ ?72 LxD-=536

05,0=2 ´ =62 LxD-=3>=

CC` 0?,422 ´ >2 Rtd-0>=7

CC` 04,472 ´522 F 5?4=-=633

NECÜEJIH×_]EPHE Cd (Fdfj 43359 Flushey et dh. 433>)

?2,352 ´ 622 LxD-=657

Co ?2,?22 ´ >52 LxD- 5474

4t 03,022 ´ 522 LxD- =53 ?

Ct 03,022 ´ =72 LxD- =530

Ct 06,522 ´ 552 LxD-5006

Cs 06,252 ´ 552 LxD-500>

Ct 0>,352 ´ 552 LxD-5003

Cr 0>,522 ´ 552 LxD- =65 >

Cr 0>,222 ´ 552 LxD-=655

Ct 07,5=2 ´ =72 LxD -50 07

Cr 07,? 22 ´ 522 LxD-5453

0=,?72 ´ ?62 LxD-545>

Cd 0?,705 ´ 032 F-544>-=576

47,3=2 ´ ?62

ÊCJ@EPNF×FHE (êjcner 4332)

LxD-5457

03,=42 ´ =>2 NrJ-5 222

06,075 ´ ?05

L@EPE IHDU_E (Femnes et dh. 433>)

NrJ-7253

0=,762 ´ ?72 LxD-5>04

@LOI_]ECJ-]×PHE WC (Fdfj 43>>9 êjcner 4332)

0?,==2 ´ 032 F-=256-?507

02,=22 ´ 002

IJCENPL]]E (_treet djm F÷oi 4336)

F =256-??55

05,?=2 ´ ==2 LxD-=6=>

mdtcjn resuhts glr ^chmsofeuer CCC (Rettctt et dh. 4336)djm @rectej`dof @ oljgcraem tfe expeotem durcnjdocdjdne lg tfe dssea`hdnes, resuhts grla ^ces`dmej-Cns tdmtwere olaphetehy ujexpeotem, ycehmcjn d qudsc

Rhejcnhdocdh dne glr tfe dssea`hdne (Rettctt et dh. 4336).Ct cs jlw èhcevem tfdt tfe dssea`hdne odj plssc`hy èolapdrem wctf oljteaplrdry Grejof @dmenluhcdjcjmustrces (_ofacmer 43>4, 4363, 4332) djm dhsl sflws

scachdrctces wctf cjmustrces gurtfer edst suof dsNru`nrdèj Hdyer CCC cj Dustrcd (Aljtet ^fcte 43329@rdjmtjer 4337) (]d`he =).

5. D gcjdh nrlup oljscsts lg mdtes (]d`he 5) wfcof plssc`hyregheot d adnmdhejcdj presejoe cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe edrhcertfdj tfe Upper Adnmdhejcdj wfcof cs wehh dttestem cjjlrtferj Eurlpe `y o. 4?,222 `p (Ofdrhes 433?, 43379Flushey et dh. 433>). Mdtes glr tfe slutferj Neradj lpejdcr scte lg Aujzcjnej fdve èej mcsoussem ds plssc`hyrepresejtcjn suof dj edrhy pfdse lg adnmdhejcdjlooupdtclj (Rdsmd 433=, 4336) djm cj jlrtfwesterj_wctzerhdjm dj dssea`hdne grla Idstehf÷fhe-Jlrm

(Heesof 433?) aust dhsl è aejtcljem cj tfe oljtext lgedrhy adnmdhejcdj looupdtclj, dhtflunf jl rdmclodr`ljmdtes dre yet dvdchd`he. ^lri cs jlw cj prlnress tl l`tdcjjew mdtes glr tfe rehevdjt acmmhe hdyer lg tfe odve djmglr ltfer sctes wctf pltejtcdhhy edrhy adnmdhejcdjlooupdtclj.

Dhtflunf tfe su`keot lg tfe plst Rhejcnhdocdh reolhljcsdtcljlg oejtrdh djm jlrtferj Eurlpe (Flushey et dh. 433>) hceslutscme tfe solpe lg tfcs pdper, ct odj dt hedst è stdtem tfdttfe cmed tfdt Eurlpe wds tltdhhy mesertem `y adj grla tfeljset lg tfe Rhejcnhdocdh dt 02,222 `p ujtch tfe dppedrdjoe lg

upper adnmdhejcdj cjmustrces dgter o. 4?,522 `p (e.n. Nda`he43679 @lscjsic 43329 _lgger djm Nda`he 43329 êjcner4332) aust prl`d`hy è revcsem lr dt hedst qudhcgcem. Cgèglre 0?,222 `p tfe renclj wds looupcem `y 'ohdssco'nrdvettcdj cjmustrces, dgter tfcs perclm we odj reolnjcse djuaèr lg cjmustrces wctf `rldmhy 'durcnjdolcm' ofdrdotercstcos, mdtcjn tl o. 0?,222-02,222 `p djm 43,222-4>,222 `p,wfche stchh ylujner mdtes fdve èej cjterpretem ds sflwcjn drehdtcvehy edrhy adnmdhejcdj presejoe.



06> ADP]CJ _]PEE] DJM ]FLAD_ ]EP@EPNEP - ]FE NEPADJ URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

Gcn. 0. Ujodhc`rdtem mdtes glr tfe

Nrdvettcdj lg Neradjy (dt hegt lg

tfe mcdnrda) djm glr seheotem

nrdvettcdj sctes cj edsterj Oejtrdh

Eurlpe (Dustrcd; ^chhejmlrg9 Ozeof

Pepu`hco; Mlhjc Wéstljcoe, Rdvhlv,

Rgemalstc, @uhfdry9 Rlhdjm;

_pdmzcstd _treet9 Pluadjcd; Actlo

Adhu Ndhèj). Nrdvettcdj mdtes dre

represejtem `y sya`lhs9 glr

olapdrcslj jlj-nrdvettcdj mdtes

dre represejtem wctflut sya`lh tl

lje stdjmdrm mevcdtclj.

-42222

--45222

-02222

-05222

-?2222

-?5222

-=2222

-=5222

_lutf Neradjy Pfcjehdjm djm ]førcjnej

Gcn. ?. Ujodhc`rdtem mdtes glr tfe

Rhejcnhdocdh lg Neradjy (dt hegt lg

tfe mcdnrda) djm glr seheotem

Rhejcnhdocdh sctes cj edsterj Oejtrdh

Eurlpe (Dustrcd; Nru`nrdèj9

Ozeof Pepu`hco; _trdjsid sidhd CW9

_hlvdicd; Idslv, Alrdvdjy-

[dhlvsid9 Fujndry; Alnylrÿs-

`djyd, _dnvdr, Admdrds, Drid,

Kdszegehsÿszejtny÷rny9 Alhmdvcd;

Olsdutsc, Ocujtu Odve, @rcjzejc).

Rhejcnhdocdh mdtes dre represejtem

`y sya`lhs9 glr olapdrcslj jlj-

Rhejcnhdocdh mdtes dre represejtem

wctflut sya`lh tl lje stdjmdrm

mevcdtclj.

-42222

-45222

-02222

-05222

-?2222

-?5222

-=2222

-=5222

_lutf Neradjy Pfcjehdjm djm ]førcjnej




]d`he ?. Ujodhc`rdtem Neradj mdtes ohlse tl tfe Rhejcnhdocdh.]fe mdtes cj ctdhcos dre tl è rekeotem ectfer lj aetflmlhlncodhnrlujms (^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt) lr dre prl`d`hy ujdsslocdtemwctf fuadj dotcvcty (Dsofejstecj, see text).

^CE_@DMEJ-CN_]DM] (Rettctt et dh. 4336)

43,?02 ´ 0=2 LxD->52043,022 ´ 472 LxD->=27

43,262 ´ 472 Lx D- 76 26

46,7>2 ´ 472 LxD-7623

46,002 ´ 462 LxD->524

4>,602 ´ 022 LxD->522

4>.042 ´ 4?5 U[- ?>7 6

4?,3=2 ´ 732 Fm-45>=0-45==2

40,222 ´ 32 U[-?>7>

D_OFEJ_]ECJ (êjcner 4332)

CV._02 ´ C_L IJ-0>40

5. _uaadry]fcs pdper fds dtteaptem tl revcew tfe Neradj UpperRdhdelhctfco d`slhute mdtcjn evcmejoe glr tfe perclm ?2,222-02,222 `p dndcjst tfe `doinrlujm lg tfe preoemcjn djmsuooeemcjn perclms. ]fe qudjtcty djm qudhcty lg tfe evcmejoecs very mcggerejt doolrmcjn tl renclj djm perclm. Nejerdhhy,slutferj Neradjy fds ujtch jlw fdm tfe hdrner djm alreolaprefejscve serces lg d`slhute mdtes, dhtflunf evej feretfe tltdh juaèr lg mdtem sctes cs jlt hdrne.

Oertdcj nejerdh trejms odj è reolnjcsem. ]fe Neradjdurcnjdocdj mdtes sflw d trcpdrtcte mcvcsclj. Lje nrlup lgmdtes èglre ?5,222 `p cs glujm ljhy cj slutferj Neradjy dtNecÜejih÷sterhe djm Iechèrn-Icrofe, l`tdcjem `ltf `yoljvejtcljdh djm DA_ aedsureaejt lg wllm ofdroldh djm`lje respeotcvehy. ]fe seoljm djm hdrnest nrlup lg mdtes hcesètweej ?5,222 djm 03,222 `p djm cjohumes sctes cj slutferjNeradjy djm tfe Pfcjehdjm. Slujner tfdj tfcs cs tfe serceslg mdtes ètweej 06,222 djm 0>,222 `p glr @rectej`dof @ cj]furcjncd (wctf d pltejtcdh pdrdhheh cj Dhèrjmlrg, Dustrcd),wfcof dre tfereglre scachdr tl mdtes glr tfe Nrdvettcdj. Ct csujohedr wfetfer tfcs perfdps caphces d alre olaphex

rehdtcljsfcp ètweej tfe twl trdmctcljs tfdj d scapheofrljlhlncodh suooessclj. Gurtfer serces lg mdtes drejeoessdry tl vercgy wfetfer tfe dppdrejt lverhdp ètweej tfeDurcnjdocdj djm Nrdvettcdj lg slae ?,222 rdmclodr`lj yedrsodj è oljgcraem dt ltfer sctes, djm flw tfcs pltejtcdhhypdrdhheh excstejoe lg mcggerejt hctfco trdmctcljs (cj mcggerejtrencljs<) oluhm è cjterpretem (d questclj mcsoussem `yêcÜaøhher 433>). Ct sfluhm flwever è stressem tfdt jlcjterstrdtcgcodtclj lg tfe twl trdmctcljs cs yet ijlwj grla

]d`he =. _eheotem ujodhc`rdtem mdtes glr tfe 'Epc-Durcnjdocdj','Epcnrdvettcdj' djm @dmenluhcdj / Hlwer Adnmdhejcdj lgjecnf`lurcjn rencljs. Ct cs ujohedr wfetfer tfe ylujnestmdtes grla Dhèrjmlrg (ctdhcos) odj è dooeptem ds vdhcm lr dretl è rekeotem lj aetflmlhlncodh nrlujms. Mdtes glr tfeAlhmdvcdj sctes lg Olsdutsc (Mda`hlj et dh. C337) djm

Ocujtu Odve (Femnes et dh. 4337) dre jlt hcstem fere, ùt tfeydre cjohumem cj Gcn. ?.

DU_]PCD;HDJNADJJEP_MLPG D djm @ (Fdfj 43>>)

02,56 2 ´ 4>2 NrJ -77 53

02,072 ´ 022

NPLÜÊCIEP_MLPG (Nchlt 433>)

NrJ-7772

02.?22 ´ ?72 Hv-4>55

PL_EJ@UPN (Ltt 43=7)02,402 ´ =62 Hv- 4>57

DH@EPJMLPG (@dofjer et dh. 4337)

07,322 ´ 4722 WPC- 4?>=

07,422 ´ 522 WPC-4 5?>

05,=22 ´ 072 E]F-4?2 =2

05,?52 ´ =52 WPC-45?7

0?.4>2 ´ 0?2 E]F-4?2=4

02,522 ´ 4=22

NPU@NPD@EJ (Mda`hlj et dh . 4337)

WPC-40>0

43,0>2 ´ 62 NrJ-04>32

46,372 ´ 032 DD- 4>= 7

46,602 ´ 472 NrJ -0 463 ?

46,702 ´ 002 Hv-4600

46,=22 ´ ??2 Hv-4762

46,4>2 ´ ?22 Hv-4772

46,2>2 ´ 0>2 Hv -4 60 ?

46,2?2 ´ 0>2 Hv- 464 2

4>,?52 ´ 432 Hv- 460 4

47,622 ´ 062 Hv-4605

O[EOF PERU@HCO;_]PÍJ_IÍ _IDHD CW (_vl`lmd et dh. 4334)

46,602 ´ 402 NrJ-4?3=5

4>,>=2 ´ 32 NrJ-4=?54

_HLWDICD (Frladmd djm Ilzhlwsic 4335; 6=);ID_LW

46,722 ´ ?32 Nm-7573




]d`he = oljtcjuem.

ALPDWDJS-[DILW_ID46.422 ´ ?52 Nm-=345

OEKILW (@drtd djm @íjesz 436>; 0=)

43,722 ´ ?=2 IJ-4=43,>55 ´ 0=2 "@erhcj"

FUJNDPS (Frladmd djm Ilzhlwsic 4335; 6=);ALNSLPL_@ÍJSD

43,3?2 ´ ?22 Me`-4473

]d`he 5. Ujodhc`rdtem mdtes glr seheotem Neradj sctes wctf dplssc`hy edrhy adnmdhejcdj presejoe.

FLFHE GEH_ ( ejcner 43329 Fdfj 43359 Flushey et dh. 433>)4>.422 ´ 452 F-5402-=573

45,>72 ´ 4=2 F-5?4?-=636

AUJ[CJNEJ ( ejcner 43329 Fdfj 43359 Flushey et dh. 433>9Rdsmd 4336)

_DNWDP (hlwer heveh)

46,322 ´ hll NrJ-4>6?

ADMDPD_

46.625 ´ =25 Fv-4743

DPID

46,>22 ´ 432 D5 46

KÍ_[EGEH_L_[EJ]NS×PNS

46.522 ´ =22 Me`-47=>

_DNWDP (upper heveh)

4>,>72 ´ ?52 NrJ -=2 ?6

GPDJOE; HDUNEPCE FDU]E E_] (Mãhc`rcds et dh. 43>7)

46.072 ´ ?72 Hy-3>04>.2=2 ´ ==2

OU[LUHMEWEP_I 'hu.hhet 4363)

Hy-3>?

46.=22 ´ 022 Ncg-7>36

46,?22 ´ 022 Ncg -7? >2

47.622 ´ 4>2 Ncg-7?>4

45,362 ´ 452 Ncg -77 ?6

D@PC GPC]_OF (Oflhhet 43639 _ofacmer 4332)

4>,362 ´ 452 Ncg -44 0=

4>,4?2 ´ ?52

RÃNLUPCÃ (_ãrljce-Wcvcej et dh. 43649

Hy-4404

Hlr`hdjofet 4363)

4>.=32 ´ 502 Hy-4?3=

4>.=02 ´ ?32 Hy -4 6? 7

4>.?02 ´ =72 Hy-46?=

HD__DO (Mãhc`rcds et ‚4. 43>7)

47,>52 ´ 052 Ncg-0364

47,272 ´ 4=2 LxD-=>65

45,6>2 ´ 4?5 F-=457-??>?

45,>22 ´ 4?5 E]F->=33

45,7>2 t 4=2 LxD-=>67

45,=22 ´ 4?2 LxD-=>6?

4=,542 ´ 442 LxD-=>6=

4=,0>2 t 402 LxD-=>66

4?,572 ´ 402 E]F->522

4?,0?2 ´ 442 LxD -=6 0240,?>2 ´ 422 LxD-=>6>

40,4?2 ´ 35 F-=>?6-=772

_RC][@U@EJF×FHE (êjcner 4332)

45,0?2 ´ 422 F-=4=3-??=6

4?,6=2 ´ 402 F-=?4=-?>45

40,>=> ´ 442 F-=250-?040

Neradjy lr cjmeem grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe. @y oljtrdst, dhh

wehh-mlouaejtem djm mdtem strdtcnrdpfces sunnest tfdt tfeNrdvettcdj rephdoem tfe Durcnjdocdj `y o. ?2,222 `p (Fdfj43359 Fdesderts et dh. 4337).

]fere cs stchh dj urnejt jeem tl l`tdcj d`slhute mdtes glr tfePfcjehdjm nrdvettcdj sctes, djm tfcs wlri cs jlw cj prlnress`y tfe dutflrs djm tfe LPDU hd`lrdtlry. @y oljtrdst, tfeslutf Neradj sctes lg Flfhe Gehs djm NecÜejih÷sterhe fdveoljscstejt serces lg nrdvettcdj mdtes ètweej ?4,222 djm05,(VV) `p, djm alst mdtes grla ltfer, hess olaprefejscvehymdtem slutf Neradj nrdvettcdj sctes gdhh cjtl tfe sdae rdjne,ljhy d gew mdtes ècjn ylujner. Dhalst dhh lg tfe ylujner'nrdvettcdj' mdtes odj prl`d`hy è rekeotem lj aetflmlhlncodhlr oljtextudh nrlujms, dhtflunf tfe excstejoe lg d ylujner,'durcnjdolcm' nrdvettcdj dssea`hdne dt @loistecj ]÷rhe WCaust stchh è oljscmerem d plssc`chcty.

Ct wluhm è mescrd`he tl re-exdacje, djm wfere plssc`he,orctcodhhy mdte tfcs pfejlaejlj lg 'durcnjdolcm' cjmustrces cjlrmer tl ujmerstdjm ètter tfe jdture lg tfe ofdjnes wfcoftlli phdoe dt tfe ejm lg tfe Nrdvettcdj, prl`d`hy ds dredotclj tl tfe ljset lg Rhejcnhdocdh oljmctcljs. ]fdt tfeRhejcnhdocdh ollhcjn mcm jlt scaphy hedm tl tfe rdpcm djmolaphete mesertclj lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe seeas cjoredscjnhy




Gcn. =. Od hc`rdtem mdtes glr tfe

slutf Neradj Durcnjdocdj, tfe

Pfcjehdjm djm ]furcjncdj

Durcnjdocdj, tfe Neradj Nrdvettcdj

djm tfe qudsc Rhejcnhdocdh

Pfcjehdjm scte lg ^ces`dmej-

Cnstdmt (odhc`rdtclj uscjn tfe OdhRdh

prlnrda lg Klrcs djm êjcjner,

versclj Dunust 4333). ]fe

olapdrcslj lg odhc`rdtem

rdmclodr`lj dnes wctf ohcadtco mdtd

mercvem grla Nreejhdjm coe olres

(fere NC_R0) wchh pltejtcdhhy dhhlw

orctcodhhy mdtem Upper Rdhdelhctfco

drofdelhlncodh dssea`hdnes tl è

preocsehy dttrcùtem tl speocgco

ohcadtco evejts (see dhsl

êcÜaøhher 433>).

]fe ujodhc`rdtem mdtes wfcof glra

tfe `dscs lg tfe odhc`rdtclj (dgter

L. Klrcs djm @. êjcner perfdps

alre jeutrdhhy expressem ds

"odhejmrco oljversclj") dre hcstem cj

td`hes 4-?. Jlt cjohumem cj tfe

'odhejmrco oljversclj' dre dhh tfe

mdtes grla tfe td`hes prcjtem cj

ctdhcos, dhtflunf dj exoeptclj wds

adme cj tfe odse lg tfe

Adnmdhejdf÷fhe (wfere fuadj

dsslocdtclj cs jlt ohedr), scjoe tfcs

cs tfe ljhy rdmclaetrcodhhy mdtem scte

grla tfe perclm cj tfe Pfcjehdjm.

Dhsl hegt lut lg tfe oljversclj dre

gcve durcnjdocdj mdtes grla

slutferj Neradjy (Wlnehferm,

Flfhe Gehs, @loistecj-]÷rhe) djm

tfe Pfcjehdjm (Hlaaersua), wfcof

dppedr tll ylujn cj olapdrcslj

wctf tfe readcjcjn mdtes grla tfe

respeotcve sctes. Ljhy tfe glur very

olferejt mdtes grla @rectej`dof @

were cjohumem cj gcnure =. Yid odh@OQ

prl`d`he. Evcmejoe glr tfe olaphex djm rdpcm suooessclj lgsflrt-tera ohcadtco evejts preservem cj Nreejhdjm coe olresadies ct alre hciehy tfdt Oejtrdh Eurlpe oluhm fdve èejvcsctem splrdmcodhhy lj severdh loodscljs murcjn auof lg tfeperclm ètweej 0?,222-45,222 `p (Gcn. =). ^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt, dppdrejthy oljteaplrdry wctf tfe Grejof@dmenluhcdj, prl`d`hy represejts lje suof 'cjoursclj' djm

scachdr evejts ady pltejtcdhhy fdve tdiej phdoe edrhcer, cjtfe glra lg 'durcnjdolcm' nrdvettcdj cjmustrces lr hdter, cj tfeglra lg typlhlncodhhy alre djocejt adnmdhejcdj cjmustrces.Ct jevertfehess seeas ohedr tfdt tfese pfejlaejd readcjemepfeaerdh djm tfdt tfe adcj upper adnmdhejcdj expdjscljljhy loourrem cj tfe hdte nhdocdh ètweej o. 4?,522 djm40,522 `p.




doijlwhemneaejts

]fe dutflrs wluhm hcie tl tfdji tfe Lxglrm Pdmclodr`ljDooeherdtlr Ujct (LPDU) djm, cj pdrtcouhdr, Rduh Rettctt glrtfecr oljtcjucjn fehp cj rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn tfe PfcjehdjmRdhdelhctfco. Reracssclj tl sdaphe tfe sctes lg @rectej`dof @djm ^chmsofeuer 444 wds nrdjtem `y Mr ]l`cds _prcjner

(Neradj Jdtcljdh Auseua cj Jureaèrn) djm Mr @erjfdrmRcjsier (^ces`dmej Auseua) respeotcvehy. Lhdg Klrcs(Jeuwcem) djm @erjfdrm êjcner (Olhlnje Pdmclodr`ljHd`lrdtlry) nejerlushy fehpem tfe dutflrs wctf tfecrodhc`rdtclj mdtd djm prlnrda.




regerejoes

@dofjer, A.,C. Adhecocuolv,N. ]rjid

4337 Mce _pítdurcnjdocej-_tdtclj Dhèrjmlrg ca Ruhidutdh, J×. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Rdhelhctfco

cj tfe Acmmhe Mdjuè Penclj, Djjcversdry vlhuae tl @lfushdv Ihcad, _vdzei 5, 3?-443,@rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny.

@írtd, K.,H. @íjesz

4364 ]fe Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco. Drofdelhlncodh resedrof cj _hlvdicd. 44-03. Cjstctute lgDrofdelhlny lg tfe _hlvdi Dodmeay lg _ocejoes. Jctrd. (Rdper presejtem dt tfe VtfCjterjdtcljdh Oljnress lg Rrefcstlrco djm Rrltlfcstlrco _ocejoes, Aexcol 43-0= Lotlèr4364).

@dzche, G. 4337 Hd questclj me "H'Durcnjdocej ]eracjdh " ej Hdjnuemlo. Cj; D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd djmD. Aljtet-^fcte (ems), ]fe hdte Durcnjdocdj, 55-76, Olhhlqucd lg tfe VCCC CjterjdtcljdhOljnress lg tfe U.C._.R.R. (Glrhc), Wlhuae 7, ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco (D. Rdhad mcOesjlhd em.).

@lscjsic, N. 4332 Flal sdpcejs. H 'fcstlcre mes ofdsseurs mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur ej Eurlpe (=2222-42222

dv. K.-O). Rdrcs; Emctcljs Errdjoe.

4330 Ecszectkíner ca Jeuwcemer @eoiej. Drofílhlnce mes Ecszectdhters da Acttehrfecj.

Drofílhlnce dj Acttehrfecj ujm Alseh 4. Il`hejz; Drofílhlncsofe Mejiadhpghene Dat.

4335d _prejmhcjnej. Cj; N. @lscjsic, A. _treet djm A. @ddhes (ems). ]fe Rdhdelhctfco djm

Aeslhctfco lg tfe Pfcjehdjm, 6>0-6>?, Tudterjdry Gcehm trcps cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe 45(0)(^. _ofcraer Yem.Q), Aujcof; 4=tf CJTUD-Oljnress @erhcj 4335.

4335 Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn. Cj; N. @lscjsic, A. _treet djm A. @ddhes (ems), ]fe Rdhdelhctfco djm

Aeslhctfco lg tfe Pfcjehdjm, 6>?-6>5, Tudterjdry Gcehm trcps cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe 45(0)(^. _ofcraer Yem.Q), Aujcof; 4=tf CJTUD-Oljnress @erhcj 4335.

4335o Pfejs. Cj; N. @lscjsic, A. _treet djm A. @ddhes (ems) , ]fe Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco lg

tfe Pfcjehdjm, 660, Tudterjdry Gcehm trcps cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe 45(0 ) (^. _ofcraer Yem.Q) ,Aujcof; 4=tf CJTUD-Oljnress @erhcj 4335.

tfcsvlhuae

]fe perclm ?2,222-02,222 `p cj tfe Pfcjehdjm.

@lscjsic, N.,F. @lscjsic,I. @rujjdoier,E. Ozceshd,I.R. Hdjser,G.L. Jeugger,K. Rreuss,F. _plerer,

^. ]chhadjjs,@. Ur`dj

4365 _prejmhcjnej. Ecj Gujmphdtz mes acttherej Kujnpdhílhcgfciuas cj Pfecjfessej, Kdfrùof mes

P÷acsof-Neradjcsofej [ejtrdhauseuas ?0, 5-34.

@lscjsic, N..A. _treet,A. @ddhes (ems)

4335 ]fe Rdhdelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco lg tfe Pfcjehdjm, Tudterjdry Gcehm ]rcps cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe

45(0), 603-333, 4=tf CJTUD-Oljnress @erhcj 4335, Aujcof; Mr. Grcemrcof Rgech.

@rdjmtjer, G. 4337 [ur nelstrdtcnrdpfcsofej ujm iuhturehhej [ulrmjujn mer Rdhílhctfstdtclj Nru`nrdèj ècIdaaerj, J×. Cj; K. _vl`lmd (em.), Rdhelhctfco cj tfe Acmmhe Mdjuè renclj. Djjcversdryvlhuae tl @lfushdv If'ad, _vdzei 5, 404-4=7, @rjl; Cjstctute lg Drofdelhlny.



03?

Ofdrhes, P.

Oflhhet. D.

Mda`hlj, G.,C*. Fdesderts,K. vdj mer Rhcoft

Mãhc`rcds, N.,A.-]f. Nuchhclr.K. Evcj,K. ]flaaeret,S. ]flaaereh

M'Errcol, G.,K. [chfíl,A. Kuhcej,M. @dggher,K. Rehenrcj

Mkcjmkcdj, C

Mlaèi, N.,K. Fdfj

Mu.Uhc'. O .

K. Adurgocl,R.@. Rettctt,R. _lutl,E. ]rcjidus.K. vdj mer Rhcoft,K. [chfíl

Geusteh, P.

Nda`he, O.

Nchlt, E.

Fdesderts, R.,G. Mda`hlj.A. @dofjer,N. ]rjid

ADP]CJ _]PEE] DJM ]FLAD_ ]EP@EPNEP - ]FE NEPADJ URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

433? ]lwdrms d jew ofrljlhlny glr tfe @ehncdj Hdtenhdocdh; Peoejt rdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfeLxglrm DA_ systea, Jltde Rrdefcstlrcode 40, 53-70.

4337 @doi cjtl tfe Jlrtf; tfe Pdmclodr`lj Evcmejoe glr tfe Fuadj Peolhljcsdtclj lg tfe Jlrtfwesterj Drmejjes dgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua, Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Rrefcstlrco _locety

70, Y-46.

4363 He Adnmdhãjcej zãrl. Cj; K.-R. Alfej (em.), He ]eaps me hd Rrãfcstlcre 4, 037-03>,_locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse.

4337 Jew mdtcjns djm oljscmerdt cljs lj tfe ofrljlhlny lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes cj tfe NredtEurdscdtco phdcj, Rrãfcstlcre Eurlpãejje 3, 4>>-0?4.

43>7 Mdtdtcljs d`slhues mes meplts qudterjdcres et mes sctes profcstlrcques pdr hd aetflmeOdr`lje 4=. Cj; F. me Huahey (em.), Hd Rrãfcstlcre Grdjodcse, ]lae 4(0), 4=33-454=.

4336 Jedjmertfdh doouhturdtclj cj êsterj Eurlpe<, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?3, _uppheaejt Kuje4336, _4-_=?.

4337 Hes cjmustrces durcnjdolcmes ej Dquctdcje ejtre 05,222 @.R. et 45,222 @.R. Cj; D. Rdhad mcOesjlhd djm D. Aljtet-^fcte (ems), ]fe hdte Durcnjdocdj, =4-5=, Olhhlqucd lg tfe VCCCCjterjdtcljdh Oljnress lg tfe U.C._.R.R. (Glrhc), Wlhuae 7. ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco(D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd em.).

4363 Pdmclodr`ljmdtcerujnej - Mce ofrljlhlncsofe _tehhujn vlj Hlaaersua ca Durcnjdocejjdof 4=O-Mdtej. Cj; K. Fdfj (em.), Nejese ujm Gujitclj ecjer kujnpdhílhctfcsofej

Grechdjmstdtclj; Hlaaersua ca Pfecjhdjm, 5=-70, I÷hj; Pfecjcsofe Dusnrdùjnej 03.

4333 ]fe edrhy Upper Rdhelhc tfco fuadj siehetlj grla tfe D`rcnl ml Hdndr Wehfl (Rlrtundh) djmalmerj fuadj eaernejoe cj Cèrcd, Rrlo. Jdth. Dodm. _ec. U_D 37 (Kuje 4333), >72=->723.

43>= Mce Ijcenrltte; Ecje Adnmdcãjcej-_tdtclj cj ]førcjnej. êcadr.


433> Cjmex nejerdh mes mdtes Hv. Hd`lrdtlcre mu Odr`lje 4= me Hluvdcj / Hluvdcj-hd-Jeuve,_tumcl Rrdefcstlrcod @ehncod >, 3.

4337 Pevcsem strdtcnrdpfy lg tfe ^chhejmlrg CC sequejoe, Hlwer Dustrcd, Drofdelhlncd Dustrcdod

62, 05-=0.

Fdfj, K. 4373 Nrdvettcej-Grechdjmstdtcljej ca Pfecjhdjm; Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn, Il`hejz-Aetterjcof ujmPfejs, @ljjer Kdfr`øofer 473, ==-6>.




Fdfj. K. 43>> Durcnjdocej. Mds íhtere Kujnpdhílhctfciua cj Actteh- ujm Lsteurlpd, Gujmdaejtd D 3,Olhlnje/Wcejjd; @÷fhdu.

4363 Nejese ujm Gujitclj ecjer kujnpdhílhctfcsofej Grechdjmstd tclj; Hlaaersua ca Pfecjhdjm, Pfecjcsofe Dusnrdùjnej 03, Olhlnje; Pfecjhdjm Werhdn.

433? H'lrcncje mu Rdhãlhctfcque _upãrceur ej Eurlpe Oejtrd he; hes mdtdtcljs O4=. Cj; W. Od`rerd

Wdhmãs (em.), Eh lrcnãj meh fla`re almerjl ej eh surleste me Eurlpd, 74-62, Admrcm.

4335 Jeue @esofheujcner-4=O-Mdtej zua Kujnpdhílhctfciua cj _øm estmeutsofhdjm, Ecszectdhter

ujm Nenejwdrt =5, 67-30.

tfcsvlhuae

]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy - ejvcrljaejt djm eoljlay.

Femnes, P.E.A.,P.D. Flushey,R.@. Rettctt,

OP. @rlji.N.K. vdj Ihcjiej

4337 Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea. Drofdelaetry Mdtehcst 04, Drofdelaetry

?6, 464-02>.

Femnes, P.E.A.,R.@. Rettctt,OP. @rlji,N.K. vdj Ihcjiej

433> Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea. Drofdelaetry Mdtehcst 0?, Drofdelaetry

?3, 0=>-070.

4336d Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea. Drofdelaetry Mdtehcst 05, Drofdelaetry

=2, 00>-0?3.

4336` Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea. Drofdelaetry Mdtehcst 07, Drofdelaetry

=2, =?>-=55.

F÷jecsej, A.,M. Heesof,K.-A. He ]ejslrer (ems)

433? He Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur rãoejt. Hd _ucsse mu Rdhãlhctfcque í h'duè mu Alyej-Dne, _RA

4, @dseh, 45?-020.

Flushey, P.D.,O _ . Nda`he,A. _treet,C'. Rettctt

433> Pdmclodr`lj evcmejoe glr tfe Hdtenhdocdh fuadj reolhljcsdtclj lg Jlrtferj Eurlpe,Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Rrefcstlrco _locety 7?, 05-5=.

Frladmd, K.,K.I. Ilzhlwsic

4335 Olaphex lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes jedr Alrdvdjy, westerj _hlvdicd. Wlh. C. Alrdvdjy-

[dilvsid (exodvdtcljs 4334-4330). ^ctf tfe olhhd`lrdtclj lg _. . Dhexdjmrlwcoz,

H. @íjesz, @. Idzclr, F. Iu`cdi, A. Hctyjsid-[dkdo, A. Rdwhcilwsic, D. Rdzmur,I. _lòzyi djm K. ]rd`sid. Irdilw; Kdnehhljcdj Ujcverscty Rress.

Klrcs, L.,@. êjcjner

4336 Extejsclj lg tfe 4=O odhc`rdtclj ourve tl od. =2,222 odh @O `y syjofrljczcjn Nreejhdjmh 62/ 4 72 coe olre reolrms djm Jlrtf Dthdjtco glrdacjcgerd prlgches; d olapdrcslj wctf U/]folrdh mdte, Pdmclodr`lj =2, =35-52=.

4333 Odhejmrco dne oljversclj lg nhdocdh rdmclodr`lj mdtd dt tfe trdjsctclj grla tfe Acmmhe tlUpper Rdhdelhctfco cj Eurlpe, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Huxea`lurnelcse 46(4337), =?-55.




Ilzhlwsic. K.I. 4337 ]fe hdtest Durcnjdocdj djm "Dur cnjdolcm" eheaejts cj tfe Epcnrdvettcdj lg tfe Odrpdtfcdj@dscj. Cj; D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd djm D. Aljtet-^fcte (ems). ]fe hdte Durcnjdocdj, 6?-36,Olhhlqucd lg tfe VCCC Cjterjdtcljdh Oljnress lg tfe U.C._.R.R. (Glrgc), Wlhuae 7, ]fe UpperRdhdelhctfco (D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd em.).

Heesof, M. 433? Odmre ofrljlhlncque et gdoces cjmustrcehs. Cj; A. F÷jecsej, M. Heesof djmK.-A. He ]ejslrer (ems), He Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur rãoejt. Hd _ucsse mu Rdhãlhctfcque í

h'duè mu Alyej-Dne, 45?-47=, _RA 4, @dseh.

C.lr`hdjofet, A. 4363 Odrdotæres lrcncjdux mu Adnmdhãjcej mu Tueroy. Cj; K.R. Pcndum (em.), He Adnmdhãjcej ej

Eurlpe, 0?3-050, Dotes mu Olhhlque me Adyejoe 436>, EPDUH ?6.

Adjmerd, F.F. 435= @ercoft øèr mce Jdofujtersuofujn mer F÷fhe "^chmsofeuer" ujm cfres Wlrphdtzes 435?, Jdssducsofe Djjdhej 75, ?5-=5.

Aehhdrs, R.D.,F.A. @rcoier,K.D.K. Nlwhett,P.E.A. Femnes

436> Pdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Mdtcjn lg Grejof Upper Rdhdelhctfco _ctes, Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny

06, 406-4??.

Aljtet-^fcte, D. (em.) 4332 ]fe Epcnrdvettcdj scte lg Nru`nrdèj, Hlwer Dustr cd; tfe 4367 djm 436> exodvdtcljs. (^ctfoljtrcùtcljs `y R. Fdesderts, @. Hlndj, A. Rdwhcilwsic. A. Ur`djei djm M. êst),

EPDUH =2.

Lhcvd. A. 4337 Epcdurcnjdocej ej Alrdvce; he ofdjneaejt ãoljlacque pejmdjt Ce meuxcæaecjterphãjcnhdocdre wøracej. Cj; D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd djm D. Aljtet-^fcte (ems), ]fe hdte

Durcnjdocdj, 73-60, Olhhlqucd lg tfe VCCC Cjterjdtcljdh Oljnress lg tfe U.C._.R.R. (Glrhc),Wlhuae 7, ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco (D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd em.).

Ltt. 4. 4337 Mce Drtegdite mer kujnpdhílhctfcsofej Gujmstehhe vlj Plsejùrn da Idap, Jcemer÷sterrecof. Drofdelhlncd Dustrcdod 62, =?-44=.

Rdhad mc Oesjlhd, D‚

D. Aljtet-^fcte

4337 ]fe hdte Durcnjdocdj. Cj; D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd (em.) , ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Olhhlqucd lg

tfe VCCC Cjterjdtcljdh Oljnress lg tfe U.C._.R.R.

(Glrhc), Wlhuae 7. [email protected]. Emczcljc,Glrhh.

Rdsmd, O. 433= Mds Adnmdhãjcej cj mer Grecùrner @uoft. Adtercdhfegte zur Drofílhlnce cj @dmej-

^ørtteaèrn 05, _tuttndrt; Iljrdm ]fecss.

4336 Mer @encjj mes Adnmdhãjcejs cj Actteheurlpd, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 06,4>5-432.

CWttctt, R.@. tfcsvlhuae

Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco; tfe rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe.

CWttctt, R.@.,A. _treet.

]. ]erèrner

4336 Olaaejts lj tfe mdtcjn lg ^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt. Drofdelaetry Mdtehcst 07, Drofdelaetry =2,==?-===.

Rettctt, R.@.,E. ]rcjidus

cj prep. ]fe ofrljlhlny lg hdte jedjmertfdhs djm edrhy almerj fuadjs cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj

Eurlpe; mcreot DA_ rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn lg fuadj readcjs djm lg hdte Acmmhe djm Edrhy

Upper Rdhelhctfco sctes. Rdper presejtem dt tfe Cjterjdtcljdh ^lrisflp "Oejtrdh djm EdsterjEurlpe grla 52.222-?2.222 @.R.", Jedjmertfdh Auseua Aettadjj, Adrof 46tf-0hst 4333,Rdrt 4; ]fe ejvcrljaejt djm cts use.

Reyrljy, M., 43?6 Hdunerce-Fdute prãs mes Eyzces (Mlrmlnje), Drofcves me h'Cjstctut me Rdheljtlhlnce

E. Reyrljy Fuadcje. Aealcre 43, Rdrcs; Adsslj.



037

Rlfh, N.

Pcofter, K.

Pcofter, K.


4356 Mce kujnpdhílhctfcsofe _cemhujn @rectej`dof, Ir. [ectz, ujm cfre `csfercne @eurtechujn, Kdfressofrcgt gør acttehmeutsofe Wlrnesofcofte =4/=0, 4>6-432.

436> Kujnpdhílhctfcsofe Gujme dus @rectej`dof / Ir. [ectz ca Neradjcsofej JdtcljdhauseuaJørjèrn, Tudrtír ?>/?6, 7?-37.

4337 "Lut lg Dgrcod CC" . Mce ]felrce øèr mce Ecjwdjmerujn mes almerjej Aejsofej jdof

Eurlpd dug mea drofílhlncsofej Rrøgstdjm, Drofílhlncsofej Cjglradtcljej 43(4 djm 0),7>->?.

_ofeer, D.

_ofacmer, @.

tfcs ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy; styhcstco gedtures, rdw adtercdh resluroes djm


43>4 Hes cjmustrces hctfcques mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur ej Che-me-Grdjoe, _upph. Ndhhcd

Rrãfcstlcre 7.

_treeh A.,

_. Ndumzcjsic

_treet, A.,O. Floi

_treet, A.,]f. ]erèrner

4363

4332

_ofacmt, P.P. 4340

_erdjnehc, K. 4337

_ãrljce-Wcvcej, A.-P.. 4364( ' . @eccA.hc,

P. Odpmenehhe,@. Ofe vet,A. Feacjnwdy,Drh. Herlc-Nlurfdj

_lgger, L., 4332O. Nda`he (ems)

_treet, A. 43369

4336`

He Adnmdhãjcej mdjs he oejtre mu @dsscj Rdrcscej. Cj; K.-R. Alfej (em.), He ]eaps me hd

Rrãfcstlcre 4, ?2>-?23, _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse.

]fe hdst Rhejcnhdocdh cj tfe Rdrcs @dscj (00 522-4> 222 @R). Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he

(ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R, Wlh. 4, Fcnf Hdtctumes, =4-5?, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

Mce mchuvcdhe Wlrzect Meutsofhdjms.

Mce _tecjdrtegdite mer Grechdjmstdtclj ^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt ujm cfre Wertechujn.

Adncsterdrèct ]ø`cjnej.

Hd Nrltte me Rãnlurcã í Odjcdo-mu-Odusse (Hlt). He ncseaejt dzchcej et adnmdhãjcej

cjctcdh. Oljnres Rrãfcstlrcque me Grdjoe, VVCe sessclj, Tueroy (43>3), 052-075.

]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4, Fcnf Hdtctumes. Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

Olaaejts lj tfe mdtcjn lg N÷jjersmlrg. Cj; P.E.A. Femnes, R.@. Rettctt, O. @rlji Pdaseydjm N.K. vdj Ihcjiej (ems), Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea; Drofdelaetry

Mdtehcst 05, 0?4, Drofdelaetry =2.

Olaaejts lj tfe mdtcjn lg tfe ]eugehs`røoie. Cj; P.E.A. Femnes, R.@. Rettctt, O. @rljiPdasey djm N.K. vdj Ihcjiej (ems), Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea;

Drofdelaetry Mdtehcst 05, 0??, Drofdelaetry =2.

4336 Olaaejts lj tfe mdtcjn lg Lehijctz. Cj; P.E.A. Femnes, R.@. Rettctt, O. @rlji Pdasey djmN.K. vdj Ihcjiej (ems), Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea; Drofdelaetry

Mdtehcst 05, 0??-0?=, Drofdelaetry =2.

4336 Olaaejts lj tfe mdtcjn lg tfe Ijcenrltte. Cj; P.E.A. Femnes, R.@. Rettctt. O. @rljiPdasey djm N.K. vdj Ihcjiej (ems). Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea;

Drofdelaetry Mdtehcst 05, 0?4 -0?0, Drofdelaetry =2.

4333 ]fe hdst Rhejcnhdocdh djm tfe fuadj settheaejt lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe. Jew cjglradtclj grlatfe Pfcjehdjm scte ^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt, Djtcqucty >?, 053-0>0.

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/BeiiM.li





03> ADP]CJ _]PEE] DJM ]FLAD_ ]EP@EPNEP - ]FE NEPADJ URREP RDHDELHC]FCO

_treet, A.,A. @umes,@. êjcjner

_vl`lmd, K. et 89/.

]erèrner, I.

433= D`slhute Ofrljlhlnce mes spítej Rdhílhctfciuas ujm Grøfaeslhctfciuas ca j÷rmhcofejPfecjhdjm, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 0=, 4-06.

4334 _tríjsií siíhd. Pesuhts lg exodvdtclj cj 4365-436>, Rdaítiy Drofelhlncoiã 60, 5-=>.

433? Mds Hdfjtdhpdhílhctfciua, Adtercdhcej zur Wlr- ujm Grøfnesofcofte vlj Fessej 44,

^ces`dmej.

]erèrner, ]. 4330 Ecj jeuejtmeoiter kujnpdhílhctfcsofer Gujmphdtz èc ^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt, Drofílhlncsofes

Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 00, 474-4>5.

4336 _cemhujnsspurej zwcsofej 02.222 ujm 47.222 @.R. da Acttehrfecj< Wlrèrcoft zu mejDusnrdùjnej dj mer kujnpdhílhctfcsofej Grechdjmstdtclj ^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt, Fessej,Neradjcd >7, =2?-=?>.

Utfaecer. ].

êcÜ, N.

êcÜaøhher. ^.

êjcner, N.-O.

4337 Ecj èaeriejswer tes grøfes Cjvejtdr mes Durcnjdocej vlj mer Grechdjmgujmstehhe"Iechèrn-Icrofe" èc Penejsùrn, Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 07, 0??-0=6.

43>6 Adnmdhejdf÷fhe. Cj; _. Wech (em.), Dht- ujm acttehstecjzecthcofe Gujmphítze mes Pfecjhdjmes,

42=-425, Olhlnje/@ljj; Iujst ujm Dhtertua da Pfecj 64.

433> Ecje Ilrrehdtclj mer 6'62-Erecnjcsse mes nr÷jhíjmcsofej Gesthdjmecses act mejCjterstdmcdhej mes dthdjtcsofej ujm mes iljtcjejtdhej Eurlpd ca [ectrdua vlj =5 `cs 4= id,Tudrtír =>/=6, 63-444, _ddr`røoier Werhdn.

4332 Neradjy dt 46 222 @R. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he (ems) , ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R,

Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 4>4-430, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

Adrtcj _treetGlrsofujnsèrecof Dhtstecjzect mesP÷acsof-Neradjcsofej [ejtrdhauseuas Adcjz_ofhlss Aljrepls

5757> JeuwcemNeradjy

]flads ]erèrnerCjstctut gør Ur- ujm Grøfnesofcoftemer Ujcversctít NrecgswdhmFdjs-Gdhhdmdstrdsse 44>=6> NrecgswdhmNeradjy





wch Ple rleis 0? D adrncjdh adtter; tfe fuadj looupdtclj lgjlrtfwesterj Eurlpe - ?2,222 tl 02,222 yedrs `p

Jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe fds ycehmem ljhy gew trdoes lg

looupdtclj cj tfe A) tl 02 iyr `p tcae perclm, djm tfecr

stumy cs hcactem `y tfe edrhy mdte dt wfcof alst iey sctes

were exodvdtem. ]fe dred wds severehy dggeotem `y Hdte

Rhecstloeje ohcadtco ghuotudtcljs9 looupdtclj wds

cjteracttejt, ds chhustrdtem `y reoejthy replrtem mdtes grla

Rdrc hdjm Odve (^dhes), djm ady fdve tdiej phdoe wctfcj

gdr-ghujn fujtcjn djm olhheotcjn exourscljs grla `dse odaps

sctudtem cj tfe slutf djm slutfedst lg tfe dred dt stdie fere.

Cj tfese exourscljs, adrcje resluroes ady fdve phdyem d

alre scnjcgcodjt rlhe tfdj fctfertl doijlwhemnem.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fcs pdper ncves d sflrt survey lg tfe trdoes lg fuadj

looupdtclj lg jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe, tdiej fere tl cjohume

Nredt @rctdcj, tfe Hlw Olujtrces djm jlrtferj Grdjoe. ]fe

rcofest dred cs tfe slutferj pdrt lg @ehncua, djm alst mdtd

presejtem fere olae grla tfdt dred, tflunf DA_ mdtcjn fds

reoejthy put @rctdcj gcrahy lj tfe nrdvettcdj adp tll

(Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336). ê wchh see tfdt trdoes lg

looupdtclj dre rdtfer aednre cj jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe, djm

tfdt tfey dre `dscodhhy hcactem tl tfe slutferj rca lg tfe

jlrtferj phdcjs. ]fe pdper gcrst dmmresses tfe pdhdelejvcrlj-

aejt lg tfe dred, tfej glouses lj tfe fcstlry djm qudhcty lg

tfe drofdelhlncodh reolrm djm alves grla tfere tl d

mcsoussclj lg tfe ofrljlhlncodh evcmejoe. Jext, rdw

adtercdhs, ùrcdhs djm drt olae cjtl glous, djm tfese

ola`cjem mdtd dre put tl use cj d serces lg cjter-scte

olapdrcsljs. ]fe pdtterj tfus estd`hcsfem wchh è mcsoussem

cj tfe gcjdh pdrt.

0. Rdhdelejvcrljaejt

]fe jlrtfwesterj pdrt lg Eurlpe wds severehy dggeotem `y

Hdte Rhecstloeje ohcadtco ghuotudtcljs, djm tfe hdjm-sed

mcvcsclj wds scnjcgcodjthy mcggerejt grla tfe dotudh lje. Ds

extejscve coe sfeets doouauhdtem murcjn tfe perclm dt stdie,

tfe sed heveh wds >5 tl 405 aetres èhlw tfe presejt heveh,

wctf @rctdcj dttdofem tl tfe Eurlpedj adcjhdjm djm auof lg

tfe Jlrtf _ed mry hdjm, ds testcgcem `y tfe hdrne dalujts lg

êcofsehcdj adaadh `ljes reolverem grla tfe `lttla lg

tfe Jlrtf _ed cj tfe jets lg presejt-mdy gcsferaej

(Ilhgsofltej djm Hd`dj 4335). ]fe olurse lg tfe rcvers

Pfcje djm Aeuse oljtcjuem slutfwest grla tfecr presejt

alutf, djm ejmem, klcjem `y tfe wdters lg tfe ]fdaes,

slaewfere ètweej tfe extreae slutfwest lg presejt-mdy

Ejnhdjm djm @rcttdjjy (og. [dnwckj 43>5).

]fe semcaejtdry djm venetdtcljdh reolrms grla tfcs dred

dre mcsoljtcjulus, djm alst represejt rdtfer sflrt tcae

cjtervdhs ljhy. Ilhstrup (4335) fds reoejthy usem tfe vdrclus

mdtd grla venetdtcljdh reolrms, grlst wemne odsts, delhcdj djm

ltfer percnhdocdh prloesses tl adie cjgerejoes lj

pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs cj jlrtferj Eurlpe murcjn

tfe 52 tl 42 iyr `p tcae perclm (see dhsl Fuckzer djm

Wdjmejèrnfe 4336). Cj alst odses, tfe venetdtcljs grla

tfcs perclm represejt pcljeer stdnes, wctf d mlacjdjoe lg

phdjts tfdt tlherdte lr preger rdw slchs dsslocdtem wctf

ujstd`he slch surgdoe oljmctcljs. Lgtej, tcae scaphy seeaem

tll sflrt glr tfe estd`hcsfaejt lg d std`he djm oljtcjulus

phdjt olver tfdt oluhm prlteot tfe slch dndcjst erlsclj djm

prlvcme d slch mevehlpaejt wfere glr exdaphe trees oluhm

tfrcve (Ilhstrup 4335; =4). ]fe aedj Kuhy teaperdtures

reoljstruotem grla vdrclus phdjt tdxd dre d`lut tej menrees

Oehscus glr adjy cjtervdhs, ùt ltfer pdrts ady fdve èej d

gew menrees wdraer ds memuoem grla phdjt djm èethereadcjs. D reoejt estcadte lg tfe aedj teaperdture murcjn

tfe olhmest aljtf cj tfe 0>-02 iyr `p cjtervdh, `dsem lj

percnhdocdh djm Olhelpterd mdtd, sunnests d teaperdture lg

ètweej -05 djm -02 menrees Oehscus. ]fe sdae mdtd ycehmem

estcadtes lg tfe aedj djjudh teaperdture grla d`lut -6 tl

-= menrees Oehscus (Fuckzer djm Wdjmejèrnfe 4336).

]fe ?2 tl 02 iyr `p cjtervdh cs ofdrdotercsem `y tfe renuhdr

loourrejoe lg grlst wemne odsts djm fejoe peradgrlst, wfche

shlpe meplscts wctf olhm slch surgdoe oljmctcljs loour cj tfe

hdtter fdhg lg tfcs cjtervdh. ]fcs pdrt lg tfe cjtervdh dhsl sees

tfe ljset lg tfe Rhejcnhdocdh hless meplsctclj, wfcof fdm d

very fcnf rdte drlujm tfe glradtclj lg tfe Ehtvchhe tepfrd

hdyer, dt d`lut 47 iyr `p (Kuvcnjã djm ^cjthe 43669 og.

@lscjsic, tfcs vlhuae). Ilhstrup stresses tfe swcgt

ejvcrljaejtdh ofdjnes tfdt loourrem tfrlunf tcae, djm tfe

fcnf mcverscty lg suèjvcrljaejts evej lver sflrt mcstdjoes.

Cj spcte lg d nejerdhhy mry ejvcrljaejt, tfere wds ejlunf

wdter glr phdjts tl nrlw - ds testcgcem `y tfe hdrne juaèr lg

adaadhcdj readcjs reolverem grla meplscts lg tfe ?2 tl

02 iyr `p rdjne. ]fe cjterdotclj lg tfese Rhecstloeje




Gcn. 4. Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes

cj jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe, aejtcljem

cj tfe text;

C. Iejt's Odverj9 0. Rdvchdjm odve9

?. Rcj Flhe9 =. @rdaglrm Pldm9

5. Adcscæres-Odjdh9 7. _py9 >. ]rlu

Adnrcte9 6. Nlyet9 3. djm 42. ]rlu

mu Ofejd (Alfd) djm Hd _tdtclj

me h'Feractdne (Fuoolrnje)9

C C . Ejncs9 40. Gljms-me-Glret9

4?. Nrltte ^dhlu9 4=. Wejrdy9

45. Ecjes9 47. Pejdjolurt-hæs-

Dacejs9 4>. He Ocrque me hd Rdtrce

(Jealurs)9 46. Rhdsejj-dh-Hlaa

(hhe-me-@rãfd).

ejvcrljaejts wctf tfe mcverse djcadh olaaujcty (Nutfrce

djm Wdj Ilhgsofltej, tfcs vlhuae) oredtem d ujcque

Rhecstloeje acxture tfdt Nutfrce (4332) fds mesorcèm ds tfe

Adaaltf _teppe.

Dpdrt grla tfese nejerdh mdtd lj tfe pdhdelejvcrljaejt lg

tfe dred ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p, speocgco cjglradtclj lj

tfe ejvcrljaejtdh `doinrlujm lg tfe Nrdvettcdjs' presejoe cs

hcactem tl tfe @ehncdj lpej dcr sctes lg Adcscæres-Odjdh djm

Fuoolrnje djm tfe gdujdh evcmejoe grla slae lg tfe odve

sctes. Glr Adcscæres tfe gdujdh readcjs cjmcodte d icjm lg

steppe-tujmrd ejvcrljaejt, wctf lpej wllmem dreds dhljn

wdter olurses. ]fe rcof adaadh gdujd cjohumes readcjs lg

`rlwj èdr, plhdr glx, adaaltf, flrse djm recjmeer

(Ndutcer ot dh. 43>?). ]fe hdst tfree speoces were dhsl

reolverem murcjn tfe reoejt exodvdtcljs dt Fuoolrnje (Ltte

etdh. 433?).

]fe d`sejoe lg prlvejdjoe mdtd glr alst odve gcjms adies

ct mcggcouht tl ofdrdotercse tfe gdujds dsslocdtem wctf tfe

nrdvettcdj looupdtclj, tflunf recjmeer djm flrse dre daljn

tfe djcadhs Ltte (43>3) wds d`he tl dsscnj tl tfe odve

Nrdvettcdj. Olapdrem tl tfe Durcnjdocdj, adaaltf djm

wllhhy rfcjl dre rdre cj tfe @ehncdj odves (Ltte 43>3; 705).

Adaaltf wds presejt murcjn tfe wflhe ?2-02 iyr `p

cjtervdh tflunf; reoejthy exodvdtem adaaltf readcjs grla

tfe lpej dcr scte lg Fuoolrnje (_trdus et dh. 433>) mdte grla

tfe gcrst fdhg lg tfe cjtervdh, wfche dt Rdvchdjm (^dhes) tfey

dre sdcm tl loour up tl 04 -00 iyr `p (Dhmfluse-Nreej djm

Rettctt 4336). Gcjdhhy, Hdrsslj (tfcs vlhuae) sflws tfdt

adaaltf wds presejt gurtfer jlrtf dhalst tfrlunflut tfe

?2-02 iyr `p rdjne. @escme adaaltf, Rdvchdjm odve fds

ycehmem qucte d juaèr lg hdrne adaadhs grla tfe perclm ?2

tl 02 iyr `p, e.n. `lvcms, flrses, fydejd, wlhg djm èdr(Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336; td`he 4).

?. ]fe drofdelhlncodh reolrm

]fe dred revcewem fere dttrdotem dttejtclj grla djtcqudrcdjs

cj d very edrhy pfdse lg tfe mevehlpaejt lg tfe mcsocphcje lg

drofdelhlny, djm adjy sctes lg rehevdjoe tl tfe perclm dt

stdie fdm dhredmy èej exodvdtem èglre tfe ejm lg tfe

jcjeteejtf oejtury. ]fus, cj 460? @uoihdjm ujolverem d



?24 ^CH PLE@PLEI_ - D ADPNCJDH AD]]EP

fuadj siehetlj dsslocdtem wctf `lje djm cvlry drtegdots cj

Rdvchdjm Odve (_lutf ^dhes), wfcof èodae ijlwj ds tfe

"Pem Hdmy lg Rdvchdjm". Klfj AdoEjery mun dt Iejt's

Odverj ètweej 4605 djm 4603, djm systeadtco exodvdtcljs

tlli phdoe grla 4675 tl 4662 tfere `y ^chhcda Rejnehhy.

]fe @ehncdj odve sctes Gljms me Glrët djm Ejncs (`ltf wctf

nrdvettcdj hevehs) were mun `y _ofaerhcjn grla 4603ljwdrms, wfche Em. Mupljt exodvdtem dj caplrtdjt serces lg

odve sctes cj tfe Aeuse `dscj cj tfe seoljm fdhg lg tfe

jcjeteejtf oejtury. Cj gdot, fe ujolverem tfe seoljm

pdhdelhctfco geadhe stdtuette ever dt ]rlu Adnrcte cj 467>,

tfree yedrs dgter tfe Wejus capumcque grla Hdunerce @dsse

wds glujm `y Me Wc`rdye (Mehplrte 433?; 7>). ]fe

caplrtdjt scte lg tfe Nrltte me hd @etofe-dux-Pltofes dt _py,

wehh ijlwj glr cts Jedjmertfdh gcjms, wds exodvdtem cj tfe

perclm 4665-4667 `y Me Ruymt djm Hlfest, djm ycehmem,

d`lve tfe alustercdj djm durcnjdocdj hdyers, d nrdvettcdj

dssea`hdne wctf Gljt Plèrt djm Nrdvette plcjts. Pehcd`he

mdtd lj strdtcnrdpfy, pdhdelejvcrljaejt djm typlhlncodh

olaplsctclj lg dj dssea`hdne dre ljhy ijlwj grla tfe lpej

dch scte lg Adcscæres-Odjdh, exodvdtem cj 4377 (Me Fecjzehcj

43>?) djm tfe reoejt exodvdtcljs dt Fuoolrnje (Ltte et dh.

433?9 _trdus eh dh, 433>). Peoejt gcehm wlri sflws tfdt tfe

Upper Rdhdelhctfco reolrm grla tfcs dred cs gdr grla

exfdustem, djm tfdt adklr jew mcsolverces dre stchh plssc`he

(_trdus djm Ltte 43359 _trdus et dh. 433>).

Ds alst sctes were exodvdtem cj tfe hdte 43tf-edrhy 02tf

oejtury, tfe qudhcty lg tfe wlri mlje djm tfe resuhtcjn

mdtd`dse cs cj nejerdh pllr (og. Mewez 4365). Cj fcs adklr

survey lg tfe @ehncdj reolrm, Ltte (43>3) aejtcljs d tltdh lg

07 nrdvettcdj sctes, ecnft lg wfcof dre oertdcj djm testcgy tl

wfdt Ltte (43>7) fds odhhem "uje looupdtclj", wfche 46

ltfers fdve ljhy ycehmem d sadhh juaèr lg trdoes lg

nrdvettcdj presejoe, suof ds cslhdtem gcjms grla qudrrces.

^ctf Nrltte ^dhlu (]rllz) ècjn d reoejt dmmctclj tl tfe

juaèr lg oertdcj sctes (Mewez 43309 Mrdchy 4336), tfere

jlw dre jcje, sevej lg wfcof dre cj dj d`rc/odve settcjn cj

tfe Aeuse `dscj; Ejncs, Gljms-me-Glrët, Nrltte ^dhlu,

Nlyet, _py, ]rlu Adnrcte (Rljt-d-Hesse) djm tfe ]rlu mu

Ofejd dt Alfd. ]wl dre hdrne lpej dcr sctes, `ltf sctudtem

jedr d rcver; Adcscæres-Odjdh djm hd _tdtclj me 4'Feractdne

(Fuoolrnje), wfere reoejthy jew exodvdtcljs fdve èej

ujmertdiej (Ltte et dh 433?9 _trdus et dh. 433>).

]fe reolrm grla ltfer olujtrces cs pllrer; cj Nredt

@rctdcj, Iejt's Odverj fds ycehmem mdtes lg drlujm 06,222 `p

glr `ljes 'dsslocdtem' wctf dj Upper Rdhdelhctfco cjmustry

wctf hedg plcjts djm d grdnaejt lg d tdjnem plcjt, dhsl

ijlwj grla Rdvchdjm Odve, `y gdr tfe alst caplrtdjt scte cj

@rctdcj (Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336). D hdrne tdjnem

plcjt grla Rcj Flhe, cj tfe Oreswehh Ordns, cs tfe ljhy

olaphete speocaej grla tfe @rctcsf Edrhy djm Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco odves sl gdr (Odapèhh 43>>), wfche tfe lpej dcr

scte lg @rdaglrm Pldm (Cpswcof) ycehmem dj dssea`hdne wctf

ujcgdocdh hedg plcjts scachdr tl tflse grla tfe odves wctf "d

gdcrhy oljvcjocjn, hdrne tdjnem "plcjt", alre lr hess

olapdrd`he tl tfdt grla Rcj Flhe" (Odapèhh 43>>; tfe

speocaej cs flwever jlt plcjtem, ùt rlujmem, see Odapèhh

43>>; gcn. 42>). Jlrtferj Grdjoe fds twl lpej dcr sctes

dttrcùtem tl tfe Rãrcnlrmcej supãrceur `y Gdnjdrt (4366),

dhtflunf tfe dssea`hdnes dre jlt very mcdnjlstco;

Pejdjolurt-hæs-Dacejs (_laae, Olaaljt 434?9 Gdnjdrt

4366) djm Ecjes (Rds-me-Odhdcs, @dumet 43729 Gdnjdrt 4366).

D gew cslhdtem Gljt Plèrt plcjts gurtferalre mlouaejt d

nrdvettcdj presejoe cj Huxea`lurn ([cesdcre 4336). ]flunf

lutscme tfe dred dt stdie fere, ct cs wlrtfwfche aejtcljcjn

tfdt tfe jedrest nrdvettcdj sctes gurtfer slutf dre cj tfe Che-

me-Grdjoe (Rdrcs @dscj), e.n. tfe rcof scte lg He Ocrque me hd

Rdtrce, jedr Jealurs (_ofacmer 43>4, 4332). Gcjdhhy, tfe

@ehncdj nrdvettcdj presejoe odj è glhhlwem edstwdrm cjtl

tfe Neradj Pfcjehdjm (@lscjsic, tfcs vlhuae), djm

jlrtfwdrm tfrlunf tfe Aeuse vdhhey cj tfe Jetferhdjms,

wfere d `rliej Gljt Plèrt-hcie plcjt grla Wejrdy

(Mrcessejs 4360) glras tfe ljhy trdoe lg nrdvettcdj nrlups dt

tfe rca lg tfe jlrtferj phdcjs. Jlrtferj Neradjy djm Rlhdjm

dhsl gct cjtl tfcs 'eapty' pdtterj (see Adjcd 4364, Geusteh

4363, djm @lscjsic, tfcs vlhuae, glr gcjms grla tfe

jecnf`lurcjn Neradj Pfcjehdjm, djm dhsl _ofeer, tfcs

vlhuae).

]fe rehdtcve sodrocty lg nrdvettcdj (djm durcnjdocdj) gcjms

cj tfcs dred cs jlt d adtter lg hdoi lg resedrof, ds cs l`vclus

grla tfe fcstlry lg drofdelhlncodh cjvestcndtcljs. Mespcte tfe

fcnf cjtejscty lg cjvestcndtcljs lg tfe hless seotcljs cj tfe

dred, looupdtclj trdoes grla tfe EUR djm AUR dre sodroe.

Cj tfe hless seotcljs dj caplrtdjt erlscljdh heveh kust èhlw

tfe sl-odhhem Jdnehèei tljnuem flrczlj (Fdesderts et dh.

43649 Kuvcnjã djm ^cjthe 4366) testcgces tl d adklr erlsclj

murcjn tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua. Cj tfe olrrespljmcjn

stlje hcje (rewlriem) Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco drtegdots dre d

olaalj pfejlaejlj, ùt tfe extreae rdrcty lg mcdnjlstco-

Upper Rdhdelhctfco drtegdots dhsl testcgces tl tfe adrncjdh

ofdrdoter lg nrdvettcdj djm edrhcer Upper Rdhdelhctfco

looupdtclj.

=. Ofrljlhlny

Alst lg tfe sctes aejtcljem d`lve fdve jl nllm mdtcjn

evcmejoe, jectfer rehdtcve - èoduse lg tfe d`sejoe lg mdtd lj

tfe strdtcnrdpfco oljtext lg tfe dssea`hdnes - jlr cj teras lg

d`slhute mdtcjn wlri. ]wl meodmes dnl, Odapèhh oljohumem

lj tfe `dscs lg tfe rdmclodr`lj dne estcadtes glr `ljes

'dsslocdtem' wctf Upper Rdhdelhctfco drtegdots tfdt "tfe

Edrhcer Upper Rdhdelhctfco wds plssc`hy ourrejt cj @rctdcj,

flwever splrdmcodhhy, grla d`lut ?6,222 tl 46,222 @.R., ùt

alsthy rlujm d`lut 06,222 @.R ." (Odapèhh 43>>; 62). ]fcs

dssessaejt wds `dsem lj d serces lg oljvejtcljdh




]d`he 4. _eheotem Lxglrm Pdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Ujct mdtes (cj yedrs `p) glr @rctcsf

Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes aejtcljem cj tfe text (sluroe; Femnes et dh. 43379

Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336).

Iejt's odverj Fuadj `lje ?2,322+322 LxD-4704

Rdvchdjm Odve Ofdrrem `lje 03,722+4322 LxD-?75

Rdvchdjm Odve Fuacos grla LxD-?75 06,222´4>22 LxD-?77

Rdvchdjm Odve Ofdrrem `lje 06,672+072 LxD->>63

Rdvchdjm Odve Ofdrrem `lje 0>,>62´?02 LxD->6>>

Rdvchdjm Odve Almcgcem `lje 07,?52*552 LxD-4645

Rdvchdjm Odve 'Pem Hdmy' `lje 05,6=2´062 LxD-6205

Rdvchdjm Odve adaaltf cvlry pejmdjt 0=,4=2´=22 LxD->444

Rdvchdjm Odve `lje spdtuhd (flrse) 0?,7>2´=22 LxD-4>32

Rdvchdjm Odve `lje spdtuhd (oervcm) 00,>62´?02 LxD->264

Rdvchdjm Odve almcgcem adaaltf cvlry 04,422´552 LxD->440

Fydejd Mej `lje/djther plcjt 0=, 722´?22 LxD-?22

rdmclodr`lj mdtes lg drlujm 06 iyr `p glr `ljes glujm cj

ohlse dsslocdtclj wctf drtegdots dt Iejt's Odverj djm Pl`cj

Fllm's odve (Odapèhh 43>>; td`he =9 ùt see Rettctt, tfcs

vlhuae, glr tfe mdtcjn lg Iejt's Odverj). Jlw, twejty yedrs

hdter, d reoejt serces lg DA_ mdtes lg megcjctehy fuadjhy

almcgcem sdaphes sflws tfdt tfere were vdrclus '`hcps' lg

fuadj dotcvcty (Nlwhett 4367) cj tfe rdjne ?4,222 tl 04,222

`p, ds very wehh chhustrdtem dt Iejt's Odverj `y d mdtem

fuadj adxchhdry (]d`he 4), d `lje/djther plcjt grla Fydejd

Mej djm tfe reoejthy pu`hcsfem Lxglrm dooeherdtlr mdtes glr

Nld t's Flhe, Rdvchdjm (Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336). D

serces lg mdtes ujda`cnulushy pertdcjcjn tl fuadj dotcvctces

dt tfe scte (]d`he 4) sflws tfdt 4) tfere wds (durcnjdocdj<)

looupdtclj drlujm 03,522 tl 06,222 `p, 0) tfdt tfe 'Pem

Hdmy' (see èhlw) mcem dt drlujm 07 iyr `p, djm ?) tfdt

gurtfer sflrt vcscts lr `rceg looupdtcljs loourrem drlujm 0?.5

(`lje pejmdjt djm spdtuhd) djm 04 (cvlry wlricjn) iyr `p

(ùt see èhlw)4.

Grla tfe 43>2's ljwdrms, Ltte fds repedtemhy hcjiem tfe

@rctcsf edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes wctf tfe dssea`hdne

grla Adcscæres-Odjdh, èoduse lg typlhlncodh ofdrdotercstcos

- tfe presejoe lg plcjts "d gdoe phdje" djm lg tdjnem plcjts

- djm èoduse lg tfe wcmehy qultem oljvejtcljdh rdmclodr`lj

dne glr Adcscæres-Odjdh lg 0>,375 ´ 072 `p (NrJ-550?). Dt

Adcscæres, tfe drofdelhlncodh dssea`hdne wds eaèmmem

wctfcj tfe hlwer tfcrm lg d fuaco slch mevehlpem wctfcj

hlday olhhuvcdh meplscts, djm tfe mdte wds l`tdcjem glr

fuaco extrdots grla d sdaphe tdiej "caaãmcdteaejt slus

4'flrczlj m'looupdtclj" (Me Fecjzehcj 43>?; =5). ]fe

Nrljcjnej mdte wds olrrl`lrdtem `y dj dne lg ?2,>62

´ =22 `p (NrJ 5732) glr fuaco extrdot grla d hlwer

flrczlj. Flwever, mdtes l`tdcjem `y tfe Hluvdcj hd`lrdtlry

glr fuaco extrdots grla djm drlujm tfe drofdelhlncodh

flrczlj (]d`he 0) ndve resuhts tfdt were cjmeem cjolferejt

djm dt lmms wctf tfe strdtcnrdpfy ("mes rãsuhtdts mcsolrmdjts,

jlj cjterprãtd`hes", Ltte 43>7; ??5). ]fe mdtes rdjnem grla

o. ?7,222 tl 0?,222 glr fuaco semcaejts cj djm drlujm tfe

drofdelhlncodh heveh, wctf glur mdtes ohustercjn drlujm

0=,222 `p. ]fe prl`heas wctf tfe Hluvdcj mdtes were

dsorcèm tl tfe odhodrelus adtrcx cj wfcof tfe sdaphes were

olhheotem (Nchlt 43>4), ùt tfcs surehy fds tl dpphy tl tfe twl

Nrljcjnej mdtes ds wehh. Cj dotudh gdot, Nchlt (436=) fds

stressem tfe extreae reservdtcljs lje sfluhm fdve dndcjst

tfese h=O mdtes lg slchs, evej cg tfe mdtes dre strdtcnrdpfcodhhy

olrreot, ds cj tfe odse lg tfe Nrljcjnej fuaco sdaphes. ]fe

06,222 mdte adies Adcscæres oljteaplrdjelus wctf tfe

Rãrcnlrmcdj CW lg Grdjoe, tflunf Gljt Plèrt plcjts dre

olaalj dt Adcscæres djm jlt ijlwj èglre tfe Rãrcnlrmcdj

W cj tfe Rãrcnlrm ctsehg. Cjmeem, "sc hd mdte O4= est gcd`he

(07.222 @O), ch serdct oljteaplrdcj mu Rãrcnlrmcej CW et

oljtcejmrdct mlje hes preacæres plcjtes pãmljouhães

m'Eurlpe" (Ltte 43>3; 70>9 ùt see Mkcjmkcdj, tfcs vlhuae)0.

]fe nrdvettcdj sctes lg _py djm tfe _tdtclj me 4'Feractdne

dt Fuoolrnje fdve pu`hcsfem h=O-mdtes cj tfe rdjne lg 02 tl

0? iyr `p (see ]d`he 0), ùt tfe rehcd`chcty lg tfe

aedsureaejts `dsem lj tfe usem grdotcljs cs jlt fcnf (seeNchlt 436=; 402, djm Rettctt, tfcs vlhuae, djm dhsl; Mewez

4363; 4?3). ]fe nrdvettcdj hevehs grla Nrltte ^dhlu fdve

oljvejtcljdh rdmclodr`lj mdtes lg 0? tl 07 iyr (Mewez

43309 Mrdchy 43369 see ]d`he 0), wfche d plssc`hy fuadjhy

almcgcem `lje grla Nlyet-Alzet/Nesves fds dj dooeherdtlr

mdte lg drlujm 0= iyr `p (]d`he 0). Dooeherdtlr mdtes lj

cjmcvcmudh adaaltf `ljes grla tfe reoejt exodvdtcljs dt

Fuoolrnje fdve hem _trdus et dh. (433>) tl cjger tfdt tfere



?2? ^CH PLE@PLEI_ - D ADPNCJDH AD]]EP

]d`he 0. Pdmclodr`lj mdtes (cj yedrs `p) glr @ehncdj nrdvettcdj sctes aejtcljem cj tfe text

(sluroe; Nchlt 43>4, 436= djm 433?, Mevvez 4363, Ehly djm Ltte 4335, _trdus et dh. 433>9

Mrdchy 4336).

Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaus gcjmheveh 0>, 375´072 NrJ-550?

Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaco extrdot gcjmheveh ?4,262+02=2-4702 Hv-?2=/4

Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaco extrdot gcjmheveh ?2,452+4632-45=2 Hv-?2=/0Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaco extrdot gcjmheveh ?5,3>2+?4=2-0052 Hv-?25/4

Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaco extrdot gcjmheveh 0=.422+752-742 Hv-?25/0

Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaco extrdot gcjmheveh 05,062+42=2-302 Hv-?5?

Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaus èhlw gcjmheveh ?2,>62´=22 NrJ-5732

Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaco extrdot èhlw gcjmheveh 0=,=22+>22-722 Hv-?27

Adcscæres-Odjdh Fuaco extrdot èhlw gcjmheveh 0?,472+552-542 Hv-?2>

]rlu ^dhlu Djther 00,622´=22 Hv-4754

]rlcc ^dhlu @lje grdnaejts 0=,522´562 Hv-46?>

]rlu ^dhlu @lje grdnaejts 05,672+=52 Hv-467>

Nlyet @lje 0=,==2+062 LxD-=307

Alfd Grdoturem O. ehdpfus `lje 00,6=2´=02 Hv-4705_py @urjt `lje 00,425*522 CPRD-4?0

_py @lje odr`ljdte grdotclj 02,7>5´=55 CPRD-020

Fuoolrnje @lje olhhdnej ùhi sdaphe 0?,4>2+472 NrJ-30?=

Fuoolrnje Adaaltf `lje strdtua = 07,?22´=72 LxD-?667

Fuoolrnje Adaaltf `lje strdtua = 06,?32´=?2 ODA_-5634

Fuoolrnje Adaaltf `lje strdtua = 0=,4>2´052 ODA_-563?

Fuoolrnje Adaaltf `lje strdtua = 07,7>2´?52 ODA_-5635

were dt hedst twl pfdses lg nrdvettcdj looupdtclj lg tfdt

ghcjt-rcof hlodtclj; lje drlujm tfe tcae lg tfe Adcscæres-lsochhdtclj (06-07 iyr `p) djm lje drlujm 0= iyr `p, murcjn

tfe ]ursdo cjterstdmcdh. Flwever, tfe adaaltf `lje

dooeherdtlr mdtes grla tfe drofdelhlncodh strdtua mcsphdy d

rdjne lg o. 0= tl 06 iyr `p (see ]d`he 4). djm ct readcjs tl

è estd`hcsfem flw tfe mdtem `ljes dotudhhy rehdte tl tfe

exodvdtem ghcjt adtercdh grla tfe scte, c.e. wfetfer tfey fdve

djy drofdelhlncodh scnjcgcodjoe. Cj teras lg tfe Adcscæres

mcsoussclj, ct cs useguh tl ijlw tfdt tfe jew exodvdtcljs dt

Fuoolrnje fdve jlt ycehmem d tdjnem plcjt yet, tflunf dt

hedst lje cs ijlwj grla lhmer olhheotcljs grla tfcs scte (Ltte

43>3).

Cj sua, tfe @rctcsf evcmejoe sflws vdrclus epcslmes lgfuadj presejoe cj tfe perclm dt stdie fere, espeocdhhy dt

Rdvchdjm, evej up ujtch 04,222 `p (ùt see èhlw). ]fe

ourrejt rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe glr @ehncua cs jlt ujprl`hea-

dtco. Dgter tfe Durcnjdocdj, nrdvettcdj looupdtclj tlli phdoe,

ùt cts ofrljlhlny cs ujohedr èoduse lg tfe prl`heas

aejtcljem d`lve. Rettctt's (tfcs vlhuae) exdacjdtclj lg tfe

mcstrcùtclj lg h=O mdhes cj tfe ?2-02 iyr rdjne sflws tfdt

tfere cs slae ohustercjn lg mdtes wfcof acnft represejt

vdrclus cjteracttejt puhses lg looupdtclj lj d Eurlpedj

sodhe. Ltte's cjterpretdtclj lg tfe @ehncdj rdmclodr`lj

evcmejoe sunnests tfdt tfcs wds dhsl tfe odse tfere (seeèhlw), ùt alre resedrof cs jeoessdry tl test tfe

Ofrljlaetrce slhcmcty lg suof d sunnestclj, pregerd`hy dhljn

tfe hcjes lg Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt (4336) lr Flushey et

dh. (433>), wflse mdtcjn prlnrdaae glousem lj sdaphes

wfcof ujequcvlodhhy odrrcem cjglradtclj lj fuadj dotcvctces,

suof ds `ljes wctf out adris lr tllhs adme lj djther lr

`lje. Gcjdhhy, d gew alre wlrms lj tfe mdtcjn evcmejoe grla

Rdvchdjm odve dre cj lrmer, c.e. tfe drofdelhlncodh

scnjcgcodjoe lg tfe DA_ mdtes lg rlujm 04,222 `p glr

wlriem cvlry grla tfe scte. Doolrmcjn tl Dhmfluse-Nreej

djm Rettctt (4336), tfcs cvlry wlricjn regheots tfe hdst pfdse

lg d serces lg 'pchnrcadnes' tl tfcs caplrtdjt scte. Flwever,

_treet djm ]erèrner, uscjn d hdrne sdaphe lg rdmclodr`lj

mdtes, sflw ehsewfere cj tfcs vlhuae tfdt tfere prl`d`hy wds

dj d`sejoe lg fuadj looupdtclj lg jlrtferj djm oejtrdh

Eurlpe - lje lg tfe sluroe dreds glr tfe vcscts tl Rdvchdjm -

ètweej 0? djm 02,222 `p. ]fcs strljnhy sunnests tfdt tfe

04 iyr mdte lj cvlry - d jltlrclushy prl`headtco adtercdh glrh=O mdtcjn - ady jlt regheot tfe dne lg d fuadj vcsct tl tfe

scte; d 0? tl 0= iyr `p mdte glr tfe hdst pre-HNA dotcvctces dt

Rdvchdjm - ds sunnestem `y tfe jext tl ylujnest serces lg



?2= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

mdtes grla tfe scte - gcts auof ètter cjtl tfe wcmer

nelnrdpfcodh pdtterj mesorcèm `y _treet djm ]erèrner (tfcs

vlhuae).

5. Pdw adtercdhs

Olapdrem tl tfe Durcnjdocdj, tfe @ehncdj Nrdvettcdj sees d

glous lj d vdrcety lg fcnf qudhcty gcje-nrdcjem rdw adtercdhs,wfcof were jeoessdry glr tfe prlmuotclj lg hdrne wehh-

prepdrem olres typcodh glr tfese cjmustrces (Ltte 43>3)?. _uof

'Rercnlrmcdj' olres dre qucte olaalj cj tfe @ehncdj

nrdvettcdj sctes, djm adjy seea tl fdve èej trdjsplrtem

lver qucte hdrne mcstdjoes, lg up tl 72 ia (see _ofeer 433?,

djm tfcs vlhuae, glr olapdrd`he l`servdtcljs lj _lutferj

Neradjy). ^fche pftdjcte wds olaaljhy usem, cj tfe

edsterj pdrt lg tfe mcstrcùtclj tfe glous wds lj nrdy ghcjt

grla tfe Addstrcoftcej lutorlps, wfche `hdoi L`lurn-type

ghcjt grla tfe Odapdjcej (Fdcjdut) cs mlacjdjt cj tfe

westerj loourrejoes. Rftdjcte wds trdjsplrtem lver mcstdjoes

lg =2 tl 72 ia (Odspdr 436=) djm olapdrd`he mcstdjoes

dpphy tl tfe schex jlcr mlacjdjt dt _py djm tl tfe

Addstrcoftcej ghcjt cj tfe edst. Alst adtercdhs were

l`tdcjd`he wctfcj sflrter mcstdjoes grla tfe sctes tflunf,

usudhhy wctfcj d 42 ia rdjne. Cjterestcjnhy, doolrmcjn tl

Ghlss (433=), @ehncdj rdw adtercdhs, djm espeocdhhy tfe

westerj ghcjt, seea tl fdve èej trdjsplrtem tl nrdvettcdj

sctes cj tfe Neradj Pfcjehdjm, lver mcstdjoes lg up tl

022 ia (og. @lscjsic, tfcs vlhuae). ]fe Neradj Pfcjehdjm

lj tfe ltfer fdjm ady fdve èej tfe sluroe dred glr tfe

perglrdtem glssch (Acloeje-Lhcnloeje) sfehhs glujm dt _py

(Ltte 43>3; ?20, glltjlte 52) djm tfe `hdoi rloi usem tl

prlmuoe tfe pedrhs dhsl glujm dt _py (Ltte 43>3; ?22,

glltjlte =>). ]fe (slutferj pdrt lg tfe) Rdrcs @dscj csdjltfer plssc`he sluroe dred glr tfe glssch sfehhs, dt d

olapdrd`he mcstdjoe grla tfe _py hlodtclj. Gcjdhhy, Ltte

(43>>) fds sunnestem tfdt twl glssch olquchhes glujm cj tfe

Upper Rdhdelhctfco hevehs dt _py, were plssc`hy caplrtem

grla tfe slutfedsterj pdrt lg Edst Djnhcd, @rctdcj, tfe jedrest

explsure lg semcaejts oljtdcjcjn tfese glsschs=. ]fe @rctcsf

rdw adtercdh mdtd fdve èej suaadrczem `y Odapèhh

(43>>), wfl mles jlt aejtclj mcstdjoes olapdrd`he tl tfe

@ehncdj ljes. ]fe nllm qudhcty ghcjt usem dt Iejt's Odverj

ady fdve èej redmchy dvdchd`he cj tfe Ejnhcsf Ofdjjeh Rhdcj

(wfere doolrmcjn tl extdjt gcjms aejtcljem d`lve, d rcof

gdujdh olaaujcty aust fdve èej presejt tll - djm plssc`hyd olapdrd`he drofdelhlncodh reolrm - see èhlw)5.

7. ]fe Pem Hdmy lg Rdvchdjm

]fe ljhy ùrcdh ijlwj grla tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg

jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe cs tfe Pem Hdmy lg Rdvchdjm, cj dotudh

gdot tfe siehetlj lg d o. 05 yedrs lhm djm 4.>2 a tdhh adhe

cjmcvcmudh. Ct wds mlouaejtem d`lut 4>5 yedrs dnl,

readrid`hy metdchem glr tfdt perclm, ùt cjsuggcocejt glr dj

dotudh reoljstruotclj lg flw ct èodae cjterrem. ]flunf

@uoihdjm's (460?) mesorcptclj hegt hctthe mlu`t tfdt `lje djm

cvlry tllhs djm lrjdaejts were glujm cj very ohlse

dsslocdtclj wctf tfe siehetlj, tfe resuhts lg tfe reoejt

redssessaejt lg tfe ùrcdh djm cts oljtext sflw tfdt tfe `lje

djm cvlry l`keots ml jlt regheot d scjnhe dotcvcty dsslocdtem

wctf tfe cjteraejt (Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336). Rdrtslg tfe siehetlj were acsscjn, prl`d`hy mue tl erlsclj, wfche

tfe readcjcjn `ljes, "cj tfecr jdturdh lrmer lg oljtdot",

were olverem cj rem lofre, "dhh lg tfea stdcjem supergcocdhhy

wctf d mdri `rcoi-rem olhlur, djm ejvehlpem `y d oldtcjn lg

rummhe, olaplsem lg rem acodoelus lxyme lg crlj, wfcof

stdcjem tfe edrtf, djm cj slae pdrts extejmem ctsehg tl tfe

mcstdjoe lg d`lut fdhg dj cjof drlujm tfe surgdoe lg tfe

`ljes. ]fe `lmy aust fdve èej ejtcrehy surrlujmem lr

olverem lver dt tfe tcae lg cts cjteraejt wctf tfcs rem

su`stdjoe. Ohlse tl tfe pdrt lg tfe tfcnf-`lje wfere tfe

ploiet cs usudhhy wlrj, C glujm hdcm tlnetfer djm surrlujmem

dhsl `y rummhe d`lut twl fdjmsguhh lg sadhh sfehhs lg tfejerctd hcttlrdhcs cj d stdte lg olaphete meody, djm gdhhcjn tl

must lj tfe shcnftest pressure. Dt djltfer pdrt lg tfe siehetlj,

vcz. cj oljtdot wctf tfe rc`s, C glujm glrty lr gcgty grdnaejts

lg sadhh cvlry rlms, jedrhy oyhcjmrcodh, djm vdrycjn cj

mcdaeter grla d qudrter tl tfree-qudrters lg dj cjof, djm

grla lje tl glur cjofes cj hejntf...@ltf rlms djm rcjns

Yc.e. grdnaejts lg d `rdoehet, see ejmjlte 4, P) ds wehh ds

tfe jercte sfehhs, were stdcjem supergcocdhhy wctf rem, djm hdy

cj tfe sdae rem su`stdjoe tfdt ejvehlpem tfe `ljes9 tfey fdm

evcmejthy èej ùrcem dt tfe sdae tcae wctf tfe wladj"

(@uoihdjm 460?; 63).

>. Drt

Cj tfcs mladcj tfere dre ùt gew trdoes lg tfe 'Nlhmej Dne'

lg fujter-ndtferers - dpdrt grla tfe Rdvchdjm Odve adtercdh

- djm tfe dsscnjaejt lg slae lg tfese tl tfe Nrdvettcdj cs

jlt oertdcj (Ltte 43>3). Dt Adcscæres tfe exodvdtcljs ycehmem

dj cvlry pcj djm grdnaejts lg dj cvlry phdquette wctf d

hlzejne-sfdpem meolrdtclj (Me Fecjzehcj 43>?), wfche d

meolrdtem djther cs ijlwj grla Fuoolrnje. Dpdrt grla tfese

gcjms, Ltte (43>3) glraerhy dsorcèm twl drtegdots tl tfe

Nrdvettcdj, `ltf grla ]rlu Adnrcte (Rljt-d-Hesse), `ltf

glujm murcjn Mupljt's extejscve exodvdtcljs tfere, `ltf cj

tfe sdae heveh. Ct oljoerjs dj ejnrdvem `dsdh pdrt lg d sfem

recjmeer djther djm tfe gdalus cvlry djtfrlplalrpfco

stdtuette (see Ltte 43>3; 47?-477 djm Mehplrte 433?),

ujolverem cj 467>. Ds mesorcèm `y Ltte (43>3), pdrts lg tfe

stdtuette mcsphdy d fcnf nhlss - espeocdhhy cts gdoe - prl`d`hy

ds d resuht lg hljn djm cjtejse adjcpuhdtclj lg tfe sadhh

l`keot. ]fe stdtuette sflws slae resea`hdjoe tl tfe sadhh

sofeadtco djtfrlplalrpfco gcnurcje grla tfe Wlnehferm cj

Neradjy, dhsl adme lg cvlry ùt mdtcjn tl tfe Durcnjdocdj

(@lscjsic 43609 Mehplrte 433?; 406-403), djm tl d stdtuette




]d`he ?. Rresejoe lg ofdrdotercstco drtegdot nrlups cj @ehncdj nrdvettcdj sctes (mdtd grla Ltte

43>3. ]fe plcjtes d retluofes phdtes dre lg tfe Adcscæres-type).

Rceoes í mls Rlcjtes me hd Gljt Plèrt Rlcjtes í retluofes phdtes

Adcscæres-Odjdh = 402 C 43

_py 40= >4 >7

Nlyet ? 46 4? 5Fuoolrnje 0 4 4

Gljms me Glrët 3 0 =

]rlu Adnrcte 4? 4? >

Ejncs 74 2 2

grla Rremalstc - adme grla d adaaltf aetdplme, lje cj d

serces lg olapdrd`he stdtuettes (Mehplrte 433?; 452, gcn.

456). Lj tfe `dscs lg d re-evdhudtclj lg tfe strdtcnrdpfy dt

Adnrcte djm styhcstco drnuaejts, Mewez (4365) fds sunnestem

tfdt `ltf gcjms mercve grla tfe durcnjdocdj hdyer dt Adnrcte,dj cjterpretdtclj jlw sfdrem `y alst @ehncdj wlriers (Ltte

43359 Hekeuje 433>9 Ltte cj press).

6. Cjter-scte olapdrcsljs

Cj teras lg tfecr hlodtclj cj tfe hdjmsodpe, tfe @ehncdj odve

djm d`rc sctes mcsphdy d readrid`he djm prl`d`hy scnjcgcodjt

oljscstejoy. Dhh ecnft dre very ohlse tl d (lgtej sadhh) rcver,

wctf tfecr ejtrdjoe dt 42 tl =2 aetres d`lve tfe presejt

wdter heveh. Dhh ùt lje dre sctudtem wctfcj 4 tl 0.5 ia grla

tfe oljghuejoe wctf d adklr rcver; tfe Aeuse, tfe Wesmre

djm tfe _da`re. ]fe sadhh odve lg ]rlu me Alfd hces dt =

ia jlrtf lg tfe oljghuejoe lg tfe Aãfdcnje wctf tfe Aeuse,

djm 4 ia slutf lg tfe lpej dcr scte lg _tdtclj me 4'Feractdne

(Fuoolrnje), cj tfe sdae rcver vdhhey. ]fe twl lpej dcr sctes

dre `ltf jedr d rcver. Feractdne lj dj ehevdtclj cj d

aedjmer èjm lg tfe Aãfdcnje, Adcscæres-Odjdh lj tfe rcnft

`dji lg tfe Fdcje, dj dgghuejt lg tfe Esodut, dt d strdtenco

hlodh clj glr tfe l`servdtclj lg djcadh alveaejts (Me

Fecjzehcj 43>?; =0).

]fe @rctcsf odse schls dppedr hl fdve d tlplnrdpfcodh

settcjn olapdrd`he tl tfe @ehncdj sctes; Iejt's Odverj hces

d`lut 4.5 ia edst lg ]lrqudy fdr`lur, cj tfe westerj shlpe

lg d sadhh vdhhey, wfcof teracjdtes d`lut 2.6 ia slutf lg tfe

odverj ejtrdjoes - cjterestcjnhy 462 ia mue jlrtf lg d rdre

nrdvettcdj scte lj tfe ltfer scme lg tfe (tfej mry) Ofdjjeh,

Rhdsejj-dh-Hlaa lj tfe jlrtferj rca lg tfe Che-me-@rãfd

(@rcttdjjy, Aljjcer 4362), dhsl wctf d nredt vcew lver tfe

Ofdjjeh phdcj, wfere tfe ola`cjem Pfcje, Aeuse djm

]fdaes glujm tfecr wdy cjtl tfe sed. Rdvchdjm Odve gdoes

slutf wctf dj exoehhejt vcew lver tfe (`y tfej mry) @rcstlh

Ofdjjeh (phdcj), djm hces dmkdoejt tl d rdvcje wfcof prlvcmes

edsy dooess tl tfe phdtedu lg tfe Nlwer pejcjsuhd (Odapèhh

43>>). Rcj Flhe cs d jdrrlw gcssure-odve cj tfe westerj ejm

lg tfe jlrtferj scme lg tfe Oreswehh Ordns, d rdvcje tfrlunf

wfcof d sadhh streda ghlws.

Ds tl tfe scze lg tfe @rctcsf dssea`hdnes, Odapèhh (43>>)

readris tfdt tfe tltdh juaèr lg extdjt drtegdots grla

megcjcte Edrhy djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco oljtexts fe wdsd`he tl trdoe cs 5,672, d tltdhcty fedvchy mlacjdtem `y =,=7=

stlje wdste prlmuots grla Rdvchdjm Odve (43>>; 4=4). Djm

tfese juaèrs dpphy tl tfe tltdh lg durcnjdocdj djm

nrdvettcdj drtegdots. Rdvchdjm fdm 55= Edrhy djm Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco stlje tllhs, dndcj `ltf durcnjdocdj djm

nrdvettcdj.

]fe gcjms grla adjy lg tfe @ehncdj sctes fdve scjoe tfecr

mcsolvery èej mcstrcùtem lver d hdrne juaèr lg olhheotcljs

- adtercdh grla _py, glr cjstdjoe, lver 5 pu`hco auseuas

wfcof ieep vdrclus olhheotcljs djm lver dt hedst 6 prcvdte

olhheotcljs. Auof lg tfe adtercdh fds mcsdppedrem, wfcof

adies cjter-scte olapdrcsljs fcnfhy prl`headtco (Ltte 43>3).

Alrelver, alst odve sctes dhsl oljtdcjem durcnjdocdj (djm

adnmdhejcdj) gcjms djm ds tfe strdtcnrdpfcodh plsctclj lg alst

gcjms wds jlt reolrmem, d olapdrcslj lg sctes cj teras lg

juaèrs lg drtegdots cs jeoessdrchy hcactem tl 'type glsschs'.

]d`he ? ncves d survey lg tfe juaercodh presejoe lg suof

drtegdot nrlups grla tfe @ehncdj nrdvettcdj sctes, olapchem

lj tfe `dscs lg mdtd pu`hcsfem `y Ltte (43>3). Lj tfe `dscs

lg tfe mcggerejoes cj prlplrtcljs lg tllh types djm tfe

rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe tfej dvdchd`he, Ltte sunnestem tfdt tfe

nrdvettcdj presejoe odj è mcvcmem cjtl tfree (ofrljlhlncodh)

gdoces, wctf Adcscæres glracjn tfe gcrst lje, ofdrdotercsem `y

pceoes wctf ghdt retluof, tfe d`lve aejtcljem pãmljouhcsd-

tclj djm mcfemrdh ùrcjs. Cj tfe seoljm gdoces, presejt cj

odves (_py, ]rlu Adnrcte), djm cj tfe lpej dcr (Fuoolrnje)

tfe teofjcques lg ghdt retluof djm pãmljouhcsdtclj perscst,

pdrdhheh tl tfe dppedrdjoe lg `doiem pceoes (nrdvettes djm

acorl-nrdvettes) djm ùrcjs sur trljodture. ]fe hdst gdoces

ujctes tfe sctes mlacjdtem `y `doiem pceoes (Nlyet, Ejncs,

Gljms-me- Glrët djm Nrltte ^dhlu, og. Ehly djm Ltte 4335).

^ctf respeot tl tfe rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe mcsoussem d`lve,

lje oluhm mlu`t tfe vdhue lg tfe ' =O mdtd lj wfcof tfcs




tfree-pdrtctclj cs `dsem. ]fe evcmejoe grla Rdvchdjm ohedrhy

sflws tfdt vdrclus epcslmes lg looupdtclj tlli phdoe tfere,

djm ct cs very prl`d`he tfdt tfe @ehncdj sctes mlouaejt d

olaphexcty lg reourrejt vcscts wfcof exoeems tfe Rdvchdjm

mdtd9 scaphy alre ofrljlaetco mdtd dre jeemem fere cj lrmer

tl rekeot tfe plssc`chcty tfdt tfe mcggerejoes ètweej tfe

@ehncdj dssea`hdnes regheot scte oljtext djm usef

rdtfer tfdjdjytfcjn ehse, dpdrt grla tfecr glradtclj fcstlry lver tfe hdst

fujmrem lmm yedrs. ^ctf tfe ofrljlhlny ècjn ujohedr, dj

dhterjdtcve exphdjdtclj acnft è tfdt alst tl dhh sctes dre

rehdtem, `ltf cj teras lg ofrljlhlny djm 'settheaejt-systea'.

]fe drnuaejt cs ds glhhlws. Dt Adcscæres-Odjdh, d scte

sctudtem jedr d nllm ghcjt sluroe, tfe dssea`hdne oljtdcjs

alre tfdj =22 olres, alst lg wfcof fdve twl lpplsem

phdtglras djm dre lg tfe Rercnlrmcdj type ds mesorcèm `y

@lrmes (437>) glr tfe Upper Rercnlrmcdj scte lg Olr`cdo.

]fese lpplsem phdtglra olres ycehmem strdcnft `hdmes,

doolrmcjn tl @lrmes (437>) espeocdhhy suctem glr tfe

prlmuotclj lg Nrdvette plcjts. Nrdvotto plcjts dre d`sejt dtA9ccscores-Odjdh, ùt loour dt _py, 72 ia tl tfe edst,

tlnetfer wctf 06 olres lg tfe Olr`cdo-type9 slae lg tfese

dre adme grla `hdoi ghcjt, "oertdcjeaejt Ce aëae adtãrcdu

que oehuc utchcse í Adcscæres-Odjdh" (Ltte 43>3; 02=). ]fcs

caplrtem ghcjt dhsl fdppejs tl è tfe adtercdh grla wfcof

lje tfcrm lg tfe jlj-pdtcjdtem `doiem pceoes (cjohumcjn

Nrdvette plcjts) cs adme, djm fdhg lg tfe cmejtcgcd`he Gljt

Plèrt plcjts. Hciewcse, daljn tfe fedvchy pdtcjdtem

adtercdh grla Nlyet, Ltte oluhm dsorcè Nrdvette plcjts djm

plcjts d gdoe phdje tl tfe Adcscæres type (Odapdjcej) ghcjt.

Ct cs tfereglre pergeothy plssc`he tfdt adjy sctes were hcjis cj

d ofdcj lg (eaèmmem) rdw adtercdh prloureaejt djmprlmuotclj (Adcscæres-Odjdh), use, djm gcjdhhy mcsodrm cj lje

lg tfe odve/d`rc sctes. Cj suof d soejdrcl Adcscæres-Odjdh

ycehmem auof lg tfe ghcjt adtercdh glr tfe westerj pdrt lg tfe

odve/d`rc sctes, wfche tfe ghcjt loourrejoes exphlctem dt

Fuoolrnje, _tdtclj me h'Feractdne, were tfe èncjjcjn lg d

oyohe tfdt ejmem cj tfe edsterj fdhg. ]fcs cs ujmlu`temhy d

tll scaphcstco soejdrcl - edschy gdhscgcd`he `y tfe

estd`hcsfaejt lg d slhcm ofrljlhlny - ùt _ofeer's (4367,

433?) regct mdtd lj tfe dotudh rehdtcljsfcp ètweej nrdvettcdj

sctes cj tfe Dof Wdhhey (Neradjy), sflw flw `rceg

settheaejt pfdses odj è, djm flw scte-dssea`hdnes ady

fdve èej prlmuoem cj dotudhhy oljteaplrdjelus lr dt hedst

ohlsehy rehdtem epcslmes lg use.

3. Mcsoussclj

]fe vcrtudh d`sejoe lg trdoes lg looupdtclj lj tfe jlrtferj

phdcjs djm tfe pregerejoe glr tfe uphdjm dreds lj tfe

slutferj `lrmers lg tfe phdcjs (slutferj @ehncua, tfe Acmmhe

Pfcje dred, eto.) sunnest tfdt ejvcrljaejtdh djm resluroe

drnuaejts phdyem d scnjcgcodjt rlhe cj tfe glradtclj lg tfe

l`servem scte mcstrcùtclj, `ltf cj ofrljlhlncodh djm

nelnrdpfcodh teras (tfe mcstcjot jlrtf tl slutf ohcadte

nrdmcejt cj jlrtfwest Eurlpe murcjn tfe perclm dt stdie aust

fdve èej dj caplrtdjt gdotlr cj tfcs respeot Yog. Fuckzer djm

Wdjmejèrnfe 4336Q). ]fe strcicjn oljscstejoy cj scte

hlodtclj cjmcodtes tfdt dotcvctces were mcreotem tlwdrms

pregerrem ploiets lg resluroes; tfe mcsseotem Aeuse vdhhey

hdjmsodpe djm tfe tlplnrdpfcodh dmvdjtdnes tfdt tfcshdjmsodpe lggerem glr fujtcjn dotcvctces, ola`cjem wctf tfe

presejoe lg rcof, fcnf qudhcty rdw adtercdhs `ltf tl tfe edst

djm tfe west lg tfe adcj mcstrcùtclj. Olapdrd`he gdotlrs

seea tl fdve phdyem d rlhe cj tfe odse lg tfe @rctcsf

mcstrcùtclj, wfere twl sctes fdve d mlacjdtcjn vcew lver

tfe glraerhy ujmuhdtcjn phdcjs lg tfe @rctcsf Ofdjjeh.

]fe sadhh juaèr lg sctes djm tfe sadhh scze lg alst

dssea`hdnes cjmcodtes tfdt tfe nrdvettcdj looupdtclj lg tfe

dred surveyem fere wds qucte adrncjdh. Drt cs rdre, struotures

dre ujijlwj (tflunf slae 'fedrtfs' dre aejtcljem cj tfe

lhmer hcterdture), djm sl dre ùrcdhs, wctf tfe jltd`he

exoeptclj lg tfe 'Pem Hdmy'. Evej glr lje lg tfe alstprlhcgco sctes, _py, ct fds èej drnuem tfdt tfe nrdvettcdj

ouhturdh hdyer wds tfcj, cjscnjcgcodjt cj `ltf tfcoijess djm

extejsclj, jlt testcgycjn tl d hljn looupdtclj lr tl grequejt

sflrt cjteracttejt vcscts (Ltte 43>3). ]fe aednre reolrm grla

tfe dred mles jlt seea tl cjmcodte tfdt we dre medhcjn wctf

olaphete dmdptcve systeas, wctf hdrne rescmejtcdh `dse odaps

estd`hcsfem cj tfe dred ctsehg. Adyè lje fds tl cjterpret

tfese jlrtferjalst trdoes ds tfe uhtcadte expdjsclj lg gdr-

ghujn fujtcjn djm olhheotcjn exourscljs grla `dse odaps

hlodtem tl tfe slutf djm slutfedst lg tfe dred. Flwever,

wfere tfej were tflse `dse odaps< ]l tfe slutf djm

slutfedst tfe reolrm cs dhsl pretty aednre, djm tfe regcts

estd`hcsfem `y _ofeer cj tfe Dof Wdhhey cj slutferj

Neradjy (see d`lve) dndcj stress tfe sflrt cjtervdhs cj wfcof

auof lg tfcs drofdelhlny ady fdve èej prlmuoem. Jlrtferj

Grdjoe, cjohumcjn tfe Rdrcs @dscj (_ofacmer 4332) djm

@rcttdjjy (Aljjcer 43629 Dhhdrm 4367) dre dhsl qucte pllr,

sl tfdt cj gdot lje cs dhalst glroem tl returj tl tfe ohdssco

'oejtres' lg Upper Rdhdelhctfco Eurlpe, djm cj vcew lg tfe

'westerj' gdoces lg tfe nrdvettcdj looupdtclj lg tfe jlrtf

alre speocgcodhhy tl tfe slutfwest lg Grdjoe. Lr cs ct d adtter

lg ècjn ujd`he tl cmejtcgy d '`dse odap' cj tfese adrncjdhhy

looupcem jlrtferj dreds< ]fe hljn seac-oljtcjucty lg

looupdtclj cj tfe ohdssco oejtres, cjohumcjn tfe pdvhlvcdj

olre dred, fds oredtem dj extreaehy rcof pdhcapsestcjolapdrd`he tl tfe reolrm prlmuoem murcjn tfe cjteracttejt

vcscts tl tfe jlrtf. Djm cjmeem, cg we lact sctes hcie Rdvhlv,

Mlhjg Wéstljcoe djm Rremalstc, tfe oejtrdh Eurlpedj reolrm

èolaes d rdtfer aednre lje ds wehh.

Dt tfcs stdne d olapdrcslj wctf tfe adnmdhejcdj

looupdtclj fcstlry lg jlrtferj Eurlpe ady è lg slae fehp.

Cj d pdper medhcjn wctf tfe Hdte Nhdocdh fuadj reolhljcsd-

tclj lg tfdt dred, Flushey et dh. (433>) usem d hdrne serces lg



?2> ^CH PLE@PLEI_ - D ADPNCJDH AD]]EP

]d`he =. _unnestem mcggerejoes cj settheaejt djm drofdelhlny rehdtem tl d twl pfdse olhljcsdtclj almeh glr tfe Adnmdhejcdj cj

Jlrtferj Eurlpe (sluroe; Flushey et dh. 433>).

RCLJEEP RFD_E PE_CMEJ]CDH @D_E RFD_E

Lje sedslj use lg tfe renclj ljhy Alre tfdj lje sedslj lg use lg tfe renclj

_adhh gdujd! dssea`hdnes Hdrne gdujdh dssea`hdnes

Pecjmeer mlacjdtem dssea`hdnes Pecjmeer, flrse djm `lvcm mlacjdtem dssea`hdnes_adhh, aemcua drtegdot sctes, regcttcjn ètweej sctes Hdrne djm sadhh drtegdot sctes, ljhy regcttcjn wctfcj sctes

Lpej df* fedrtfs, tejts Fluse struotures, tejts, pcts

Drt pllr Drt rcof

@urcdhs cj odves, usudhhy adhe Lpej scte ùrcdhs, `ltf sexes

D A_ mdtes tl prlplse d nejerdh almeh lg tfdt prloess dt d

suòljtcjejtdh sodhe. ]fe resuhtcjn renuhdr pdtterj lg

olhljcsdtclj sflwem glr edof dred tfe tcacjn lg tfe stdrt lg

tfe pcljeer pfdse djm d gew fujmrem yedrs hdter tfe stdrt lg

tfe rescmejtcdh pfdse, wfej hdrne rescmejtcdh `dse odaps

were estd`hcsfem grla wfcof tfe jext pcljeer pfdse wds

hdujofem cjtl prevclushy ujlooupcem terrctlrces. ]fe ohedr-

out mcggerejoes cj tfe drofdelhlny lg `ltf pfdses cs

suaadrcsem cj td`he =. tdiej grla Flushey et dh. (433>).

^ctf tfe l`vclus d`sejoe lg mdtd lj gdujdh dspeots (djm

fejoe cjgerejoes lj sedsljdhcty), tfe drofdelhlny lg tfe

renclj mcsoussem fere gcts qucte wehh cjtl tfe Rcljeer pfdse

lg C hlushey et dh., wctf tfe extrd `ljus lg tfe hlje adhe

ùrcdh cj Rdvchdjm Odve. @ut cj oljtrdst tl tfe adnmdhejcdj

reolrm, tfere dre jl ujda`cnulus drofdelhlncodh trdoes lg d

'Adnmdhejcdj-_tyhe' Pescmejtcdh `dse pfdse glr tfe

nrdvettcdj presejoe cj tfcs dred9 cj gdot, tl gcjm dj dred tfdt

wluhm ohdsscgy ds suof we, dndcj, wluhm fdve tl trdveh meep

slutf lr gdr tl tfe edst. Cj ltfer wlrms; wfere were tfe

oejtres glr tfese jlrtferj adrncjdhs< Ct cs >52 ia - ds tfe

orlw ghces! - grla Rdvchdjm Odve tl Hdunerce Fdute, tl ncve

dj cmed lg tfe mcstdjoes we dre tdhicjn d`lut. Cj tfe

adnmdhejcdj olhljcsdtclj pdtterj tfe mcstdjoes ètweej

rescmejtcdh `dse dreds djm tfe pcljeer zljes vdry grla 022 tl

=22 ia, c.e. hess tfdj fdhg lg tfe nrdvettcdj mcstdjoes kust

aejtcljem. Flw odj tfcs mcggerejoe è exphdcjem<

L`vclushy, lje oluhm evlie mcggerejoes cj tdpfljlaco

prloesses - dhwdys d splchcjn drnuaejt wfej lje gcjdhhy fds

dj cjterestcjn pdtterj cj pdhdelhctfco mdtd, ùt lje tfdt fds tl

è medht wctf cj tfe cjterpretdtclj lg prefcstlrco scte

mcstrcùtclj pdtterjs. ]fe tdpfljlay lg tfe nrdvettcdj

mcstrcùtclj cs mcggcouht tl dssess tflunf. Ct cs l`vclus tfdt

sctes fdve mcsdppedrem; tfe ujstd`he slch surgdoe oljmctcljs

djm erlscljdh prloesses lg tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua aust

fdve fdm d metrcaejtdh eggeot, espeocdhhy lj lpej dcr sctes.

Fdm tfese prloesses dotem lj d mejse mcstrcùtclj lg sctes,

flwever, lje wluhm expeot alre nrdvettcdj trdoes cj tfe

stlje hcjes èhlw tfe Jdnehèei tljnuem flrczlj, ds

mcsoussem d`lve. @ut dpdrt grla tfe mestruotcve dspeots lg

percnhdocdh prloesses, we dhsl fdve tl medh wctf tfecr eggeots

lj tfe vcsc`chcty djm dooessc`chcty lg nrdvettcdj sctes; tfe

glradtclj lg shlpe meplscts (Ilhstrup 4335) djm tfe fcnf

rdte lg hless semcaejtdtclj drlujm djm dgter tfe Hdst Nhdocdh

Adxcaua (Kuvcnjã djm ^cjthe 4366) aust fdve olverem djm

tfus prlteotem sctes grla erlsclj, dt tfe sdae tcae adicjn

tfea cjvcsc`he glr tfe drofdelhlncst (ùt tfe sdae dpphces glr

tfe edrhcer pfdses lg tfe Rdhdelhctfco, djm tflusdjms lg

Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco sctes dre ijlwj grla Neradjy, glr

cjstdjoe, tflunf grla d auof hljner perclm!). Cj tfe

Adnmdhejcdj lg Jlrtferj Eurlpe, looupdtclj wds alre lr

hess oljteaplrdjelus wctf tfe hdst puhses lg hless

semcaejtdtclj, wfcof stlppem dt tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe @2hhcjn

cjterstdmcdh (Kuvcnjã djm ^cjthe 4366). Fejoe adjy lpej dcr

sctes dre fcnf cj tfe Flhloeje slch-prlgches. ]fe Flhloeje

erlsclj fds oertdcjhy mestrlyem slae adnmdhejcdj sctes, ùt

dt tfe sdae tcae prl`d`hy cjoredsem tfecr lverdhh vcsc`chcty.

_l cj sua, tfe nrdvettcdj sdaphe fds ujmlu`temhy èej alre

severehy dggeotem cj teras lg preservdtclj djm drofdelhlncodh

vcsc`chcty tfdj tfe Adnmdhejcdj. ]fe acsscjn `dse odaps

ady scaphy fdve èej sctudtem cj speocgco tlplnrdpfco

settcjns tfdt were ectfer vuhjerd`he tl erlsclj lr tl olverdne

`y tfcoi hdyers lg shlpe meplscts djm/lr hless (og. @lscjsic' s

_essehhdne, tfcs vlhuae).

Gcjdhhy, wfej mcsousscjn suof adp glradtclj prloesses,

we fdve tl redhcse tfdt d scnjcgcodjt pdrt lg tfe Nrdvettcdjs'

terrctlry cs acsscjn; tfe hdrne phdcjs jlw fcmmej `y tfe

Jlrtf _ed, djm tfe glraer oldstdh dreds tfeasehves. ]fese

phdcjs aust fdve èej gchhem wctf djcadhs lg tfe adaaltf

steppe (og. Odapèhh 43>>), djm sed gllm prloureaejt aust

fdve èej dj caplrtdjt dotcvcty glr dt hedst slae lg tfe

Nrdvettcdjs cj tfe jlrtf; d reoejt djdhyscs lg tfe "Pem

Hdmy" `y A. Pcofdrms (Dhmfluse-Nreej djm Rettctt 4336)

sflwem d h?O vdhue lg -46.=, cjmcodtcve lg d adrcje

oljtrcùtclj tl mcetdry prltecj lg 45 tl 02%. ]lnetfer wctf

tfe gdujdh readcjs grla tfe Jlrtf _ed `lttla djm tfe ghcjt

drtegdot reolverem grla Jlrtf _ed semcaejts cj d olre




mrchhcjn (see ejmjlte 5), tfcs vdhue chhustrdtes tfe `cds cj lur

scte speotrua djm tfe hlss lg cjglradtclj ds d resuht lg sed

heveh rcse prloesses.

Rdrdhheh tl tfese tdpfljlacodh prloesses, ct cs dhsl pergeothy

plssc`he tfdt tfe jlrtferj Nrdvettcdjs scaphy fdm djltfer wdy

lg alvcjn tfrlunf tfese hdjmsodpes tfdj tfe Adnmdhejcdjs;

jlt sl auof glousem lj rescmejtcdh `dses, ùt alre al`che,wctflut tfe cjvestaejt cj scte struotures we ijlw grla

Neradj adnmdhejcdj sctes suof ds N÷jjersmlrg, Djmerjdof

djm Lehijctz. Cj tfcs sejse, tfe nrdvettcdj scte speotrua ady

fdve resea`hem tfe durcnjdocdj pdtterj, djm glr tfdt adtter,

dhsl tfe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco reolrm grla tfcs dred. Fejoe, lur

'adnmdhejcdj' megcjctclj lg d 'oejtre' scaphy ady jlt wlri

glr tfe jlrtferj Nrdvettcdj. Ml we cjmeem jeem drt djm

struotures dt Adcscæres-Odjdh tl qudhcgy tfdt rcof (djm ljhy

pdrthy exodvdtem) scte ds d rescmejtcdh `dse< Djm cs Odapèhh

rcnft wfej fe stdtes tfdt Rdvchdjm Odve "...odj surehy è

rendrmem ds dj Edrhcer Upper Rdhdelhctfco"`dse-odap"... tfe

oejtre lg tfe alst cjtejse Edrhcer Upper Rdhdelhctfco dotcvctyijlwj tfus gdr cj ^dhes, cg jlt cj tfe wflhe lg @rctdcj"<

(43>>;4==). Olapdrd`he cjterpretdtcljs oluhm è mevehlpem

glr hdrner sctes suof ds He Ocrque me hd Rdtrce djm

@chzcjnsheèj, djm cjmeem @lscjsic (tfcs vlhuae) presejts

suof d vcew glr Adcjz-Hcjsejèrn. Cj suof dj cjterpretdtclj

we odj tredt tfe jlrtferj reolrm ds tfe trdoes lg gdr-ghujn

fujtcjn djm olhheotcjn exourscljs grla `dse odaps kust tl tfe

slutf djm slutfedst lg tfe dred dt stdie fere.

Cj suof d soejdrcl, tfe jlrtfwest odrrces tfe trdoes lg sflrt

djm cjteracttejt trcps tl tfe jlrtf, cj wfcof adrcje resluroes

phdyem d rlhe; tfese jcps were odrrcem lut grla `dse odaps

wfcof ady fdve èej mcggerejt grla tfe adnmdhejcdj ljes,tflunf tfe mcggerejoes cj prloesses lg erlsclj djm

semcaejtdtclj ètweej tfe nrdvettcdj djm tfe adnmdhejcdj

scte mcstrcùtclj adie tfcs mcggcouht tl evdhudte.

^fdt we ml ijlw glr sure cs tfdt wfej tfe Nrdvettcdjs

mcsdppedrem, prl`d`hy drlujm 0?,222 yedrs dnl, tfcs jlrtferj

dred èodae, ljoe dndcj, tfe exohuscve mladcj lg tfe mcverse

djcadhs lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe, djm d hljn cjtervdh lg

(vcrtudh) fuadj d`sejoe oedsem d`lut 4?,522 yedrs dnl, wctf

tfe drrcvdh lg tfe adnmdhejcdj pcljeers>.

doijlwhemneaejts

4 da nrdteguh tl Adroeh Ltte (Hcene), wfl orctcodhhy wejt

tfrlunf tfe adjusorcpt, adme slae very vdhud`he olaaejts

djm gurjcsfem ae wctf rehevdjt djm slaetcaes ujpu`hcsfem

adtercdh lj tfe @ehncdj Nrdvettcdj, ds mcm fcs olhhednues

Rcerre Jlcret djm Peèood Achher (Hcene). _d`cje Ndumzcjsic

(Aljrepls), Adrnferctd Aussc (Plae) djm Dhexdjmer

Werpllrte (Hecmej) olaaejtem uplj dj edrhcer mrdgt lg tfcs

pdper, wfche Acofdeh @ddhes (Aljrepls) prlvcmem ae wctf

useguh cjglradtclj djm slae ujpu`hcsfem mdtd lj sctes

aejtcljem cj tfe text.

jltes

4 ]fdt tfe ùrcdh acnft è nrdvettcdj wds dhredmy dssuaem `yOdapèhh (43>>) lj tfe `dscs lg tfe scachdrcty lg tfe dsslocdtem cvlry`rdoehet grdnaejts wctf tfree suof rdre cteas glujm dt tfeAdnmdhejdf÷fhe cj tfe Neradj Pfcjehdjm, kust edst lg tfe dredrevcewem fere, d scte wctf d nrdvettcdj dssea`hdne djm d oljvejtcljdhrdmclodr`lj mdte lg 05,5=2 ´ >02 `p (@ljj-4576, see êcss 43>6).Cj rendrm lg tfcs mdte, _treet, @ddhes djm Klrcs (cj press) readri tfdttfe drofdelhlncodh rehdtcljsfcp lg tfe mdtem sdaphe - d sfem recjmeerdjther presejt cj d oljoejtrdtclj lg djthers cj d gcssure cj tfe odve -tl tfe drofdelhlncodh gcjms cjohumcjn tfe `rdoehets glujm meeper cj tfeodve jeems tl è estd`hcsfem. Gcjdhhy, tfe `rdoehet grla Rdvchdjm cs`ltf sadhher djm tfcoier - wctf d ocrouhdr orlss seotclj - tfdj tfegrdnaejts grla tfe Adnmdhejdf÷fhe.

0 Murcjn tfe olaphetclj lg tfcs adjusorcpt. Adroeh Ltte (pers.olaa. 4333) cjglraem ae tfdt jew djm yet ujpu`hcsfem

4=O mdtes

lj `ljes grla Adcscæres ycehm dj dne lg drlujm 06,222 `p.

? Ghlss (433=) dhsl aejtcljs dj cjoredse lg rdw adtercdh trdjsplrtcj tfe Neradj Nrdvettcdj ds olapdrem tl tfe Durcnjdocdj djm tfeAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco, wfche fcs prlvejdjoe stumces ohedrhy sflw tfdttfe jlj-hlodh adtercdhs cj tfe Neradj Nrdvettcdj were caplrtemgrla ltfer rencljs tfdj cj `ltf tfe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco djm tfeAdnmdhejcdj lg tfe Pfcjehdjm.

= ]fe speoces dre Jdssdrcus retcouhuas (Hcjjdeus) djm ]rcvcdoloocjehhlcmes (_lwer`y). @ltf exeaphdrs mcsphdy d fcnf nhlsspdtcjd ds d resuht lg hljn perclms lg adjcpuhdtclj, djm `ltf oljtdcjtrdoes lg rem semcaejt. Ct cs flwever ujohedr wfetfer tfey dre tl èdsslocdtem wctf tfe durcnjdocdj lr wctf tfe nrdvettcdj adtercdh grla_py. Cj vcew lg tfe Nrdvettcdj 'fd`ct' lg 'caplrtcjn' l`keots lverhdrne mcstdjoes, dj dttrcùtclj tl tfe Nrdvettcdj acnft è prl`d`he(tflunf tfcs cs, lg olurse, d jcoe exdaphe lg recjglroeaejt!).

5 ]fe readrid`he mcsolvery lg d sordper grdnaejt cj d vc`rl olremrdwj grla tfe jlrtferj Jlrtf _ed, dt 72.= menrees jlrtf, ètweejJlrwdy djm tfe _fethdjms (Hljn et dh. 4367), ncves d fcjt lg wfdttfe Hdte Nhdocdh djm Flhloeje rcse lg sed hevehs aust fdve admecjdooessc`he tl drofdelhlncsts (og. Hdrsslj, tfcs vlhuae).

7 Og. _ofeer, tfcs vlhuae, wctf rendrm tl tfe presejoe lg GljtPlèrt plcjts cj lpej dcr sctes ds lpplsem tl odves.

> ]fcs stdteaejt dpphces tl tfe dred dt stdie fere, djm ujtch veryreoejthy tfcs seeaem dhsl tfe odse cj Neradjy. _treet djm ]erèrner(4333), flwever, reoejthy presejtem d serces lg DA_ mdtes grla tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco scte lg ^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt cj tfe jlrtferjPfcjehdjm - slutfedst lg tfe dred revcewem fere - wfcof sunnests dthedst d sflrt presejoe lg fuadjs drlujm tfe Hdte Nhdocdh Adxcaua.




regerejoes

Dhchhcluse-Nreej, _.,

R. Rettcht

Dhhdrm. A.

@dumot, K.

@lrmes, G.

@lscjsic. N.

@uoihdjm, ^.

Odapèhh, K.K.@.

Odspdr, K.-R.

Olaaljt, W.

Me Fecjzehcj, K.

Mehplrte, CC.

Mewez, A.

Mkcjmkcdj, G.

Mrdchy, O.

4336 Rdvchdjm Odve; oljtextudhczcjn tfe 'Pem Hdmy' , Djtcqucty >0, >57->>0.

4367 He ncseaejt prãfcstlrcque me Hd Adrtcjcære í hd Rlaaerdye (Adcje-et-Hlcre). Acse ej

evcmejoe me pãrcnlrmcej supãrceur í ùrcjs me Jldchhes, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtc Rrãfcstlrcque

Grdjodcse 6?, >6-60.

4372 Epcphãcstloæje ghdadjm. Cj; N. Greujm (em.) , Gestsofrcgt gør Hltfdr [ltz. _tecjzectgrdnej mer

dhtej ujm jeuej êht, 43-?>, @ljj; Humwcn P÷frsofecm.

437> Oljscmerdtcljs sur hd typlhlnce et hd teofjcque mdjs he pdhãlhctfcque, Tudrtír 46, 05-55.

4360 Mce Iujst mer Ecszect cj Meutsofhdjm ujm cj mer _ofwecz. @ljj; Pumlhg Fdèht.

]fe perclm ?2,222-02,222 `p cj tfe Pfcjehdjm.tfcs

vlhuae

460? Pehcqucde Mchuvcdjde; lr L`servdtcljs lj tfe Lrndjco Peadcjs Oljtdcjem cj Odves,

Gcssures, djm Mchuvcdh Nrdveh djm lj ltfer Nelhlncodh Rfejlaejd Dttestcjn tl tfe Dotclj

lg dj Ujcversdh Mehune. Hljmlj.

43>> ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg @rctdcj. D _tumy lg Adj djm Jdture cj tfe Hdte Coe Dne. Lxglrm;

Ohdrejmlj Rress.

436= Adtãrcdux hctfcques me hd prãfcstlcre. Cj; M. Odfej djm R. Fdesderts (ems), Reuphes

ofdsseurs me hd @ehncque prãfcstlrcque mdjs heur odmre jdtureh, 42>-447, @ruxehhes;

Rdtrcalcje me 4'Cjstctut Plydh mes _ocejoes Jdturehhes me @ehncque.

434? Hes flaaes oljteaplrdcjes mu Pejje mdjs hd vdhhãe me hd _laae, Aealcre me hd _locãtã

mes Djtcqudcres me Rcodrmce ?>, 02>-7=7.

43>? H'cjmustrce mu scte pdhãlhctfcque me Adcscæres-Odjdh. Cjstctut Plydh mes _ocejoes Jdturehhes

me @ehncque, Aealcre Jl. 4>4, @ruxehhes.

433? H'cadne me hd geaae mdjs h'drt prãfcstlrcque. Rdrcs; Rcodrm.

4365 H'drt al`chcer pdhãlhctfcque mu ]rlu Adnrcte mdjs slj oljtexte strdtcnrdpfcque. @uhhetcj me

hd _locãtã ècne m'Djtfrlplhlnce et me Rrãfcstlcre 37, 44>-4??.

4363 Jluvehhes mljjães sur he Nrdvettcej me @ehncque, @uhhetcj _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse

67, 4?6-4=0.

4330 Hd nrltte ^dhlu í ]rllz (prlvcjoe me Hcæne, @ehncque), presejtdtclj mu scte. Cj;

A. ]lussdcjt (em.), Ocjq achhclj m'djjães, h'dvejture fucjdcj. ?44-?46, Hcæne; EPDUH 57.

tfcs ]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (?2,222 tl 02,222 `p) cj Grdjoe.

vlhuae

4336 Odapdnjes me gluchhes 4337-4336 í hd nrltte me ^dhlu í ]rllz, Jltde Rrdefcstlrcode 46,

05-?0.




Mrcessejs, K.E. 4360 Ljne`ruciehckie kljnpdhelhctfcsofe vljmstej uct Jllrm-Hcaùrn, wckzejm lp Durcnjdocej,

Rercnlrmcej ej Adnmdhejcej ej idjtteiejcjnej mddr`ck, Drofdelhlncsofe @ercoftej 44/40,

3?-426.

Ehly, H.,

A. Ltte

4335 He percnlrmcej me h'd`rc-slus-rlofe me Nlyet (Jdaur, @ehncque), @uhhetcj mes Oferofeurs

me hd ^dhhljcé ?5, 05-=2.

Gdnjdrt, K.-R. 4366 Hes cjmustrces hctfcques mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur mdjs he Jlrm me hd Grdjoe. Pevue

drofãlhlncque me Rcodrmce, juaerl spãocdh 4366.

Geusteh, P. 4363 Pdjcs. Cj; K. Feradjj (em.), Drofílhlnce cj mer Meutsofej Mealirdtcsofej Pepu`hci.

Mejiadhe ujm Gujme. 0. Gujmlrte ujm Gujme, ?6=-?65, Hecpzcn/Kejd; Urdjcd.

Ghlss, F.

Ndutcer, D.,

R. @dhhadjj.

K. me Oljcjoi

433= Plfadtercdhverslrnujn ca Rdhílhctfciua mes Acttehrfecjne`cetes. @ljj; Pumlhg Fdèht.

43>? Hdgduje mu scte pdhãlhctfcque me Adcscæres-Odjdh. Cjstctut Plydh mes _ocejoes Jdturehhes

me @ehncque, Aealcre Jl. 4>0, @ruxehhes.

Nchlt. E.

Nlwhett, K.D.K.

43>4

436=

433?

4367

Nutfrce, P.M. 4332

Nutfrce, P.M., tfcs

]. vdj Ilhgsofltej vlhuae

Fdesderts, R.. 4364

E. Kuvcnjã,

L. Iuyh.

F. Aøofer,

^. Ple`rleis

Femnes, P.E.A., 4337

R.@. Rottctt.O.@. Pdasey.

N.K. Wdj Ihcjiej

Flushey, P.D., 433>

O._. Nda`he,

A. _treet,

R. Rettctt

Hluvdcj Jdturdh Pdmclodr`lj Aedsureaejts V, Pdmclodr`lj 4?, =5-54.

Mdtdtcljs rdmclaãtrcques. Cj; M. Odfej djm R. Fdesderts (ems), Reuphes ofdsseurs me hd

@ehncque prãfcstlrcque mdjs heur odmre jdtureh, 44>-407, @ruxehhes; Rdtrcalcje me C'Cjstctut

rlydh mes _ocejoes jdturehhes me @ehncque.

Hcste mes mdtdtcljs O4= eggeotuães sur mu adterceh me hd Nrltte ^dhlu í ]rllz. Cj;

Peoferofes í hd nrltte ^dhlu d ]rllz (Rrlvcjoe me Hcene. @ehncque). Rreacer rdpplrt me

gluchhe. _locãtã ^dhhljje me Rdhetfljlhlnce, aealcre >, 0?-0=. (Rrlvcjoe me Hcene,

@ehncque).

Pdmclodr`lj Dooeherdtlr Mdtcjn lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco cj Jlrtfwest Eurlpe; d

Rrlvcscljdh Wcew. Cj; _.J. Olhhoutt (em.), ]fe Rdhdelhctfco lg @rctdcj djm cts Jedrest

Jecnf`lurs; Peoejt ]rejms, 36- 420, _feggcehm; Mepdrtaejt lg Drofdelhlny djm Rrefcstlry,

Ujcverscty lg _feggcehm.

Grlzej Gdujd lg tfe Adaaltf _teppe. Ofcodnl; Ujcverscty lg Ofcodnl Rress.

Jectfer wdra djm alcst, jlr olhm djm drcm; tfe eolhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

Olapte rejmu me 4'exoursclj mu 4? kucj 4364, ej Fes`dye et du Hca`lurn Jãerhdjmdcs,

oljsdorãe í hd ofrljlstrdtcnrdpfce mes hless mu Rhecstloeje supãrceur, Djjdhes me hd _locãtã

Nãlhlncque me @ehncque 42=, 00?-0=2.

Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea; Drofdelaetry mdtehcst 00, Drofdelaetry

?6,?34-=45.

Pdmclodr`lj evcmejoe glr tfe Hdtenhdocdh reolhljcsdtclj lg Jlrtferj Eurlpe, Rrloeemcjns lg

tfe Rrefcstlrco _locety 7?, 05-5=.

Fuckzer, @.,

K. Wdjmejèrnfe

4336 Ohcadtco reoljstruotclj lg tfe êcofsehcdj Rhejcnhdocdh cj jlrtfwesterj djm oejtrdh Eurlpe,

Klurjdh lg Tudterjdry _ocejoe 4?, ?34-=4>.




Kuvcnjã, E.F.,

D.N. ^cjthe

4366 D Jew Ofrljlstrdt cnrdpfy lg tfe Hdte êcofsehcdj Hless Ujcts cj Acmmhe Eurlpe `dsem lj

]feralhuacjesoejoe Mdtcjn, Ecszectdhher ujm Nenejwdrt ?6, 3=-425 .

Ilhgsofltej, 'C'. vdj.

o'. Hd`dj

4335 Rhecstloeje terrestrcdh adaadh gdujds grla tfe Jlrtf _ed, Aememehcjnej Pckis Nelhlncsofe

Mcejst 50, 4?5-454.

Ilhscrup, E. 4335 Rdhdelejvcrljaejts cj tfe jlrtf Eurlpedj hlwhdjms ètweej 52 id djm 42 id @R, Dotd

zllh. ordolv. ?6, ?5-==.

Hdrsslj. H. tfcs

vlhuae

Rhejty lg adaaltfs fut jl fuadjs< _odjmcjdvcd murcjn tfe Acmmhe êcofsehcdj.

Hekeuje, A. 433> H'drt al`chcer mu ]rlu Adnrcte (Rljt-í-Hesse , @ehncque); Durcnjdocej lu Nrdvettcej<,

H'Djtfrlplhlnce 424, 0?6-0=>.

Hljn, M.,

OP. ^coifda-Kljes.

J.D. Puoihey

4367 D ghcjt drtegdot grla tfe jlrtferj Jlrtf _ed. Cj; M. Ple (em.) , _tumces cj tfe Upper

Rdhdelhctfco lg @rctdcj djm jlrtfwesterj Eurlpe, @rctcsf Drofdelhlncodh Peplrt s, 55-70,

Lxglrm; @DP.

Adjcd. M. 4364 Ecje Gujmstehhe mes Rercnlrmcej/Nrdvettcej vlj @chzcjnsheèj (Irecs Drterj, MMP). Cj;

K.I. Ilzhlwsic djm _.I. Ilzhlwsic (ems), Rrefcstlcro me hd nrdjme pcdcje me C'Eurlpe,63-3?, Irdilw-^drszdwd (Drofdelhlncd Cjterrencljdhcs C).

Aljjcer. K.H.

Lje. A.

4362 He pdhãlhctfcque me hd @retdnje mdjs slj odmre nãlhlncque. Pejjes; Ujcversctã me Pejjes.

43>7 L`servdtcljs sur 4'cjmustrce hctfcque me Adcscæres et sur ses rehdtcljs dveo hes dutres

ejsea`hes pãrcnlrmcejs me @ehncque, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse. Etumes

et ]rdvdux >?, ??5-?54.

43>> Meux olquchhes, prl`d`heaejt m'lrcncje djnhdcse, mãoluvertes í _py, @ehncque. Cj;

K.K.@. Odapèhh (em.), ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lg @rctdcj. D _tumy lg Adj djm Jdture cj tfe

Hdte Coe Dne, 044-040 (Dppejmcx ?), Lxglrm; Ohdrejmlj Rress.

43>3 He pdhãlhctfcque supãrceur djocej ej @ehncque. @ruxehhes; Ausães Plydux m'Drt et

m'Fcstlcre.

4335 He sejs me hd strdtcnrdpfce mu ]rlu Adnrcte. Cj; A. Ltte djm H.N. _trdus (ems) , He ]rlu

Adnrcte. Gluchhes 4334-4330, 44-43. Hcene; EPDUH 73.

cj press

433>

Drt Durcnjdocej me @ehncque, @uhhetcj _lo. Rrefcst. Drcæne-Ryrãjães 50.

Ltte. A.,

H. _trdus,

D. Ndutcer,

D. Adrtcjez,

A. Jewadj,

O. _ofutz,

R. Fdesderts,

R. Jlcret,

K.-A. Heltdrm

433? Gluchhes pdhãlh ctfcques 4330 ej @ehncque, Jltde Rrdefcstlrcode 40, 45-?4.

Rehtchh. R. tfcs Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco; tfe rdmclodr`lj evcmejoe.

vlhuae

_ofeer. D. 4367 Ecj Jdofwecs d`slhuter Nhecofzectcniect vlj pdhílhctfcsofej _tdtcljej<, Drofílhlncsofes





_ofeer, D. 433? ]fe Lrndjczdtclj lg Hctfco Pesluroe Use murcjn tfe Nrdvett cdj cj Neradjy. Cj; F. Ijeoft,

D. Rcie ]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems), @eglre Hdsodux; tfe olaphex reolrm lg tfe Edrhy Upper


tfcs ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy; styhcstco gedtures, rdw adtercdh resluroes djm


_ofacmer, @. 43>4 Hes cjmustrces hctfcques mu pdhãlhctfcque supãrceur ej Che-me-Grdjoe, Wce supphãaejt í

Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre, Rdrcs; OJP_.

4332 ]fe Hdst Rhejcnhdocdh cj tfe Rdrcs @dscj (00522-4>222 @R). Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he

(ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, =4-5?, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

_trdccs, H.N.,

A. Ltte

_trdus. H.N.,

A . Ltte,

D. Ndutcer,

R. Fdesderts,

C. Hlpãz @dyÿj.R. Hdorlcx,

W Adrtcjez,

P, Achher,

K. Lrpfdh,

W _tutz

_treet, A.,

A. @ddhes,

l . Klrcs

_tree t, A.,

]. ]erèrner

4335 _tlje Dne ^dhhljcd (_lutferj @ehncua), Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?7, 654-65?.

433> Hdte Tudterjdry prefcstlrco cjvestcndtcljs cj slutferj @ehncua, Rrãfcstlcre Eurlpãejje 44,

4=5-46=.

cj press @ectríne zur Ofrljlhlnce drofílhlncsofer Gujmstehhej mes hetztej Nhdzcdhs ca j÷rmhcofej

Pfecjhdjm, cj; Gestsofrcgt ^. @lejcni, I÷hj.

4333 ]fe hdst phejcnhdocdh djm tfe fuadj settheaejt lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe. Jew cjglradtclj grla tfe

Pfcjehdjm, Djtcqucty >?, 053-0>0.

tfcs ]fe Neradj Upper Rdhdelhctfco ?5,222-45,222 fp. Jew mdtes djm cjscnfts wctf eapfdscs

vlhuae lj tfe Pfcjehdjm.

êcss. N. 43>6 Adnmdhejdf÷fhe, W`nea. Nerlhstecj, Ir. Mduj. Cj; _t. Wech (em.), Dht- ujm

acttehstecjzecthcofe Gujmphítze ca Pfecjhdjm, 42=-425, @ljj; Fdèht.

êjcner, N.O.

[dnwckj, ^.F.

4332 Neradjy dt 46 2(V) @R. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he (ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R.

Wlh. C. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 4>4-430, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

43>5 Me pdhdelnelnrdgcsofe ljtwciiehcjn vdj Jemerhdjm cj me hddtste mrce achklej kddr, I.J.D.N.

Nelnrdgcsof ]ckmsofrcgt 3, 464-024.

[cesdcre, R. 4336 Mer Durcnjdocej-Gujmphdtz Dhtwces-Hddjnej Dier cj Huxeaùrn, Huxeaùrn; Emctcljs

_locãtã me Rrãfcstlcre me Huxea`lurn.

^ch Ple`rleis

Gdouhty lg Drofdelhlny

Hecmej Ujcverscty

R.L. @lx 3545

0?22 PD Hecmej

]fe Jetferhdjms



Grdjnlcs Mkcjmkcdj 0= ]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (?2,222 tl 02,222 `p)cj Grdjoe

Grla ?2.222 tl 02,222 `p, tfe fujters lg tfe Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco (AWR) were dmdptem tl dj Coe Dne ohcadte

wfcof prlnresscvehy meterclrdtem. ]fe AUR cs represejtem

fy durcnjdocdj cjmustrces ujtch 06,522 `p djm tfej `y

nrdvettcdj cjmustrces grla 06,522 tl 04,222 `p. ]fe

nrdvettcdj cjmustrces dre ofdrdotercsem cj tfe gcrst phdoe `y

tfe eaernejoe lg tfe jew teofjcque lg `doiem retluof

(adcjhy dpphcem tl Nrdvette plcjts, acorlnrdvette plcjts djm

`doiem `hdmehets). Djltfer gedture cs tfe ofrljlhlncodh

suooessclj lg typlhlncodh gdoces. 8cs reolrmem cj tfe

strdtcnrdpfy lg Dquctdcje rloi sfehters; edrhy Nrdvettcdj

wctf vdrclus plcjts, acmmhe Nrdvettcdj wctf speocdh ùrcjs,

hdte Nrdvettcdj wctf juaerlus acorlnrdvette djm Nrdvette

plcjts, djm gcjem Nrdvettcdj ('Rrltladnmdhojcdj'') wctf d

pdrtcouhdr hdterdh retluof lj `hdmes.

Lpej dcr settheaejts dre rdre cj olapdrcslj wctf rloi

sfehter settheaejts, ùt ct cs plssc`he tl memuoe grla tfe mdtd

tfe excstejoe lg juaerlus sedsljdh odaps cj tfe jlrtferj

pdrt lg Grdjoe, sflwcjn flw wehh tfe Nrdvettcdjs dmdptem tl

fujtcjn hdrne adaadhs, suof ds adaaltfs, flrses, djm

recjmeer. ]fe lsochhdtcljs lg tfe meterclrdtcjn ohcadte dre dt

tfe lrcncj lg ofdjnes cj tfe nelnrdpfcodh mcstrcùtclj lg

nrdvettcdj settheaejts.

]fe rdw adtercdh prloureaejt sflws alveaejts lg up tl

severdh fujmrem ichlaetres `y tfe Nrdvettcdjs ljhy wctfcj

êsterj Eurlpe, plcjtcjn tl d nelnrdpfcodh `drrcer wctf

Oejtrdh Eurlpe mue tl ohcadtco ofdjnes ds edrhy ds 0>,222

`p. Nrdvettcdj odve drt fds ljhy reoejthy èej cmejtcgcem mue

tl jew dooeherdtlr ,=

O mdtes. Nrdvettcdj al`chcdry drt cs

dhalst ejtcrehy ijlwj ljhy `y geadhe stdtuettes. Cj Grdjoe,

jl ùrcdhs odj e ujquestcljd`hy dttrcùtem tl tfe AUR, djm

tfe pfyscodh dppedrdjoe lg tfe Grejof Nrdvettcdjs cs

ujijlwj.

4. Rdhdelohcadtco ofdjnes cj Grdjoe ètweej

?2,222 djm 02,222 `p

]fe ?2-02 iyr perclm cs d trdjsctclj perclm ètweej tfe

^ccra cjterstdmcdh, wfcof ejms drlujm ?=,222 `p - d oljoept

nejerdhhy usem cj êsterj Eurlpe - lr ètweej tfe ^ccra

Cjterphejcnhdocdh wfcof ejms drlujm 05,222 `p, d oljoept

nejerdhhy usem cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe, djm tfe nhdocdh

adxcaua lg tfe hdte ^ccra Rhejcnhdocdh drlujm 46,222 `p.

4.4 RDHDELOHCAD]CO MD]D PEOLPM_

Cj Grdjoe, djm alre nejerdhhy cj westerj Eurlpe, tfe

pdhdelohcadtco reoljstruotclj cs `dsem lj tfe glhhlwcjn

reolrms;

- rloi sfehter strdtcnrdpfces, glr tfe glhhlwcjn AUR sctes,

grla tfe jlrtf tl tfe slutf lg Eurlpe, cjohumcjn

@ehncua; ]rlu ^dhlu dt ]rllz (@ehncua), Nrltte mu

Pejje dt Droy-sur-Oure (Sljje), Nrltte mes Olttos dt

_dcjt-Rcerre me Adchhã (Wcejje), tfe odve lg Hd NrdjmePlofe me Hd Rhãadtrce dt Tucjody (Wcejje), tfe Plofe í

Rcerrlt rloi sfehter dt _dcjt-Oãsdcre (Ofdrejtes), tfe Hd

Gerrdssce, He Gdoteur, Plo me Olaè, djm Rdtdum rloi

sfehters cj tfe Rãrcnlrm, tfe Murutfy rloi sfehter dt _lrme

4'D``dye cj tfe Hdjmes, djm tfe _dhpãtrcære, Hd Hdluzd

djm Esqucofl-Nrdpdlu odves cj Hdjnuemlo (Mehplrte

43769 Hdvchhe 43>59 @dzche et dh. 43609 Mehpeof 436?9

@rcoier 4335)9

- hless strdtcnrdpfces, pdrtcouhdry tfe Adcscæres-Odjdh lpej

dcr scte cj @ehncua (Fdesderts djm me Fecjzehcj 43>3) djm

cj tfe Pfcjehdjm (@lscjsic, tfcs vlhuae)9

- pdhyjlhlncodh olre reolrms lg Coe Dne hdies, essejtcdhhytfe Hd Nrdjme Rche reolrm grla tfe Wlsnes alujtdcjs

(^lchhdrm 4362) djm tfe Hes Eofets reolrm grla tfe

Mlaès, jedr Hylj (Me @eduhceu djm Pechhe 436=)9

- olapdrcsljs wctf loedjco olre reolrms (Nlhge me

Ndsolnje), aemcterrdjedj olre reolrms (IE] 6200), lr

evej drtco coe olre reolrms (Mdjsnddrm et dh. 43>4).

4.0 ]F E WDHCMC]S LG ]FE RDHDELOHCAD]CO

PEOLJ_]PUO]CLJ AE]FLM_

Rdhdelohcadtco reoljstruotclj aetflms dre `dsem lj vdrclus

stumces, suof ds semcaejtlhlny, pemlhlny, pdhyjlhlny, djm

pdhdelzllhlny. Murcjn tfe 43>2's, severdh strdtcnrdpfcodh

syjtfeses lg rloi sfehter meplscts were prlplsem `y

F. Hdvchhe, adcjhy `dsem lj semcaejtlhlny (Hdvchhe 43>5),

djm `y Drh. Herlc-Nlurfdj, `dsem lj pdhyjlhlny (Drh. Herlc-

Nlurfdj 43769 see dhsl Rdqueredu 43>6). Cj tfe hdst tej

yedrs, tfe vdhcmcty lg tfese pdhdelohcadtco oljohuscljs fdve

èej orctcocsem wctf strljn drnuaejts, adcjhy oljoerjcjn

semcaejtlhlny (caplrtdjoe lg tfe ndps djm rehdtcve aedjcjn

lg tfe semcaejtlhlncodh evejts dt tfe lrcncj lg d meplsct cj d

rloi sfehter, see Odapy 4360), djm pdhyjlhlny (`cdsem




sdaphe `y hlodh djm mcsorcacjdtem trdppcjn, perolhdtclj lg

plhhej cj tfe meplscts), wfche tfe oljohuscljs lg pdhdelzll-

hlncodh stumces, adcjhy rlmejt djm alhhuso stumces, fdve

cjoredscjnhy ndcjem tfe oljgcmejoe lg drofdelhlncsts

(Rucssenur 43>79 Mehpeof 436?9 Adrquet 433?).

Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe olre reolrms ady èjegct grla dj

exdnnerdtem oljgcmejoe mue tl tfe capressclj tfdt tfeyoljstctute oljtcjulus djm hcjedr sequejoes, wfcof oluhm ljhy

è dsoertdcjem dgter systeadtco 4=O mdtcjn djm dpprlprcdte

adtfeadtcodh prloesscjn. Alrever, ct cs jlw redhcsem tfdt tfe

olre reolrms mlouaejt pdhdelohcadtco sequejoes lg severdh

fujmrem tflusdjm yedrs, wctf dj dpprlprcdte sdaphcjn, wfche

tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco speocdhcsts dre ljhy cjterestem cj tfe

hdst gcgty tflusdjm yedrs djm preocse pdhdelohcadtco evejts,

wfcof dt presejt dre nejerdhhy salltfem glr tfcs perclm lg

djdhyscs.

Oljsequejthy, tfe dvdchd`he pdhdelohcadtco reolrms aust è

djdhysem wctf d pdrtcouhdry orctcodh dpprldof ùt wctflut djy

aetflmlhlncodh d prclrc. Ct cs glr exdaphe plssc`he tl gcjmwctf dj errljelus aetflm d redh pdhdelohcadtco evejt, redh

èoduse reolnjcsem wctf djltfer vdhcm aetflm, cj wfcof odse

lje sfluhm jlt rekeot dj errljelus aetflm, d vdhcm aetflm

djm d redh ohcadtco evejt.

4.? RDHDELOHCAD]CO _CNJD]UPE_ @E]ÊEJ ?2,222

DJM 02,222 @R CJ GPDJOE

Cj Grdjoe, tfe hdrne adaadhs dre ofdrdotercstco lg d qucte

teaperdte ejvcrljaejt wctf rem meer alre dùjmdjt tfdj

recjmeer, djm tfe presejoe lg Equus fymrujtcjus, rle meer,

Oervus aendoerls, djm `ldr. Murcjn tfe Rhejcnhdocdh tfe

ejvcrljaejt cs ofdrdotercsem `y dj lverwfehacjn dùjmdjoelg recjmeer lver rem meer, djm d vdrcd`he presejoe lg flrse,

`lvcjes, djm cèxes mepejmcjn lj tfe `cltlpe. Jlrtf lg tfe

Hlcre `dscj, adaaltf, rfcjloerls djm nredt gehcjes dre

presejt cj scnjcgcodjt juaèrs.

]fe rlmejts dre represejtem `y extdjt speoces murcjn

teaperdte perclms (ûra cjterstdmcdh, Droy, Adcscæres).

Murcjn olhm djm mry perclms, tfe presejoe lg Mcorlstljyx

tlrqudtus djm Acorltcd leoljlausc'adhec cs ofdrdotercstco.

Jlrtf lg tfe Hlcre `dscj, tfe presejoe lg Heaaus heaaus cs

dhsl ofdrdotercstco.

Oljoerjcjn pdhyjlhlny, tfe sodrocty lr dùjmdjoe lg

meocmulus tree speoces ncves dj cjmcodtclj lg tfe severcty lg

tfe ohcadte, ùt ct cs tfe olapdrcslj lg tfe nejerdh mcdnrda

wctf type-mcdnrdas lg tfe dotudh ejvcrljaejts wfcof odj

ljhy dutflrcse d pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh mcdnjlscs.

]fe semcaejtlhlny lg rloi sfehters sflws tfdt tfe

teaperdte lr wet perclms dre ofdrdotercsem `y ofeacodh

ofdjnes, erlsclj, rujlgg, wdsfcjn, mrdcjcjn djm fcdtuses. ]fe

olhm perclms dre ofdrdotercsem `y orylohdstco evejts,

oryltur`dtclj, djm slhcghuotclj. ]fe semcaejtlhlny lg hless

sequejoes cjmcodtes tfdt teaperdte perclms dre ofdrdotercsem

`y glssch slchs lr nheys, wfche olhm perclms lg tfe hdte ûra

dre ofdrdotercsem `y hless meplscts.

4.= RDHDELOHCAD]CO EWEJ]_ LG ]FE @ENCJCJN LG ]FE

HD]E ÛPA

]fe ûra cjterstdmcdh (Fejnehl-hes Olttæs), hlodtem drlujm

?6,222 `p cs, cj odve lr rloi sfehter meplscts, dt tfe lrcncj lgcaplrtdjt fcdtuses lr almcgcodtcljs. Grla drlujm ?=,222

ujtch ?4,522 `p, d olhm djm mry ohcadte loours wfcof cs

ofdrdotercsem `y dj caplrtdjt orylohdstcsa, wfcof cs edsy tl

plcjt lut cj rloi sfehter sequejoes.

]fe glhhlwcjn teaperdte lsochhdtclj (Droy-Mejeidap),

drlujm ?4,522 ujtch ?2,522 `p, cs dsslocdtem wctf dhterdtclj

evejts, djm tfe presejoe lg d teaperdte gdujd lg hdrne

adaadhs djm extdjt speoces lg rlmejts.

Dgter d `rceg olhm perclm ètweej ?2,522 djm 03,522 `p,

djltfer teaperdte djm wetter lsochhdtclj (Adcscæres), ètweej

03,522 djm 06,522 `p, cs lgtej ofdrdotercsem `y fcdtuses cj

tfe sequejoes mue tl caplrtdjt erlscljs wfcof fdve ohedremtfe ujmerhycjn drofdelhlncodh hevehs. ]fe durcnjdocdj

cjmustrces ejm murcjn tfdt perclm (Hd Gerrdssce, He Gdoteur,

Rdtdum, Plo me Olaè).

]fe nrdvettcdj cjmustrces (edrhy Nrdvettcdj) dppedr dt tfe

èncjjcjn lg tfe glhhlwcjn olhm djm mry perclm, ètweej

06,522 djm 07,222 `p.

D hdst djm wedi teaperdte (<) lsochhdtclj (]ursdo), mdtem

ètweej 07,222 djm 0=,222 `p fds èej cjmcodtem `y

semcaejtlhlny djm pdhyjlhlny cj rloi sfehters, ùt jlt cj

pdhdelzllhlncodh mdtd, cjvlicjn questcljs d`lut cts redh

ohcadtco scnjcgcodjoe (Hdvchhe djm ]fc`dum 437>9 Drh. Herlc-

Nlurfdj 4376). ]fe Jldchhcdj cjmustrces (acmmheNrdvettcdj) dre nejerdhhy dsslocdtem wctf tfe ]ursdo

lsochhdtclj.

D Rhejcnhdocdh ohcadte tfej returjs, hedmcjn tl tfe Nhdocdh

Adxcaua lg tfe Hdte ûra drlujm 46,222 `p. D hdte

Nrdvettcdj cs dsslocdtem ètweej 0=,222 djm 04,222 `p cj

tfcs perclm.

Cj tfe hless sequejoes, tfe Droy djm Adcscæres lsochhdtcljs

fdve èej plcjtem lut cj tfe lpej dcr scte lg Adcscæres-

Odjdh, wfere tfey dppedr cj twl mdtem superplsem glssch

slchs. ]fe ]ursdo lsochhdtclj fds jlt èej mealjstrdtem cj

êsterj hless sequejoes ùt cs ijlwj cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe

(Rdvhlv CC) djm cj Edsterj Eurlpe (Alhlmlvd W).

Cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe, pdhdelohcadtlhlncsts,

`dscjn tfecr resuhts lj glssch slch sequejoes, fdve

nejerdhhy pregerrem tfe oljoept lg dj Cjterphejcnhdocdh

(CL_ ?), wfcof olvers tfe hljn perclm grla d`lut =5,222

tl 05,222 `p. ]fe Cjterphejcnhdocd h, `y megcjctclj, gcjcsfes

drlujm 05,222 `p dgter tfe ]ursdo lsochhdtclj cj êsterj

Eurlpe, lr dgter tfe Rdvhlv CC slch cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe, lr

dgter tfe @rcdjsi olaphex lg slchs cj Edsterj Eurlpe

(Wehctofil 4364).



?45 GPDJOLC_ MKCJMK4DJ -] FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO CJ GPDJOE

4.5 OLJOHU_CLJ_ LJ OHCAD]CO OFDJNE_ @E]ÊEJ

?2,222 DJM 02,222 @R

]fe mcggerejoes cj tfe ujmerstdjmcjn lg tfe hdst =2,222 yedrs

oljgcra tfdt tfe perclm ètweej ?6,222 djm 05,222 `p cs d

perclm lg dj lsochhdtcjn ohcadtco meterclrdtclj, glhhlwem `y d

olhm djm mry Rhejcnhdocdh perclm grla 05,222 `p ujtch tfe

olhm adxcauj drlujm 46,222 `p.

0. ]eofjcodh cjjlvdtcljs

0.4 ]EOFJCODH ]SRE_

Cj Grdjoe, murcjn tfe ?2,222-02,222 `p perclm, twl

suooesscve cjmustrces dre ijlwj; Durcnjdocdj djm

Nrdvettcdj.

Durcnjdocdj cjmustrces dre `dsem lj `hdme djm `hdmehet

mo`ctdne. Durcnjdocdj dssea`hdnes dre ofdrdotercsem `y

ejmsordpers alre dùjmdjt tfdj ùrcjs, juaerlus retluofem

`hdmes, mejtcouhdtes, jltofes, scmesordpers djm sphcjterem

pceoes9 odrcjdtem djm sfluhmerem tfcoi ejmsordpers, ùsiem

djm odrcjdtem ùrcjs, djm Muglur `hdmehets dre olrrehdtemwctf teaperdte lsochhdtcljs (Hes Olttæs, Droy, Adcscæres).

]fe `lje cjmustry cs dùjmdjt djm pdrtcouhdry tfe `lje

plcjts (sdndces) dre ofdrdotercstco lg tfe mcggerejt

ofrljlhlncodh durcnjdocdj gdoces. @hdmehet me`ctdne cs alre

dùjmdjt murcjn teaperdte perclms, wfche `hdme me`ctdne cs

alre dùjmdjt murcjn olhm perclms. ]fe durcnjdocdj

cjmustrces mcsdppedr dt tfe ejm lg tfe Adcscæres lsochhdtclj

drlujm 06,522 `p. ]fere cs evcmejoe tl sunnest tfdt tfe

Durcnjdocdj dt tfe èncjjcjn dppedrs tl è d slutferj

pfejlaejlj, wfdtever cts lrcncj (jdtcve lr ltferwcse). ]fe

Durcnjdocdjs spredm tlwdrms tfe jlrtf lg Eurlpe wfej tfe

ohcadtco ejvcrljaejt èodae alre duspcoclus, pdrtcouhdry

murcjn tfe Droy lsochhdtclj; jlrtferj Grdjoe, Ejnhdjm,

@ehncua, tfe Pfcjehdjm cj êsterj Eurlpe, Alrdvcd,

Fujndry, djm slutferj Rlhdjm cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe, djm tfe

Orcaed djm tfe Mlj `dscj cj Edsterj Eurlpe. Ct ghlws `doi

tl tfe slutf wfej tfe ohcadtco oljmctcljs dndcj èodae

ujgdvlurd`he (Mkcjmkcdj 4366, 4334, 433?).

]fe nrdvettcdj cjmustrces dre presejt cj Grdjoe ètweej

06.522 djm 04,222 `p. Fcstlrcodhhy, tfe Nrdvettcdj wds

cjctcdhhy megcjem ds Upper Durcnjdocdj (@reuch 4344),

Rercnlrmcdj (Reyrljy 43??), Upper djm Gcjdh Rercnlrmcdj

(_ljjevchhe-@lrmes 4372), djm Nrdvettcdj (Hdolrre 4372).

]fe jdaes lg Jldchhcdj (Mdvcm 4365), Hdunercdj (Alvcus

43>5), Rrltladnmdhejcdj (Reyrljy 43??), Gljtcrlèrtcdj

(Mehplrte djm ]uggredu 43>?), djm @dydocdj (Hdolrre 4372)

fdve èej prlplsem ds typlhlncodh gdoces, wctf ofrljlhlncodh

lr gujotcljdh aedjcjns wfcof dre stchh mcsoussem tlmdy

(_ljjevchhe-@lrmes 43729 @lrmes 4376`9 Hdvchhe djm Pcndum

43>?9 Mkcjmkcdj djm @lssehcj 433=9 Mkcjmkcdj 4333).

Dtteaps fdve dhsl èej adme tl olapdre tfe Nrdvettcdj lg

êsterj Eurlpe wctf tfe Nrdvettcdj lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe (Ltte

43649 Ilzhlwsic 4367).

]fe nrdvettcdj cjmustrces dppedr tl èhljn tl d jlrtferj

plpuhdtclj. Edrhy sctes dre mdtem grla 03,222 `p (doolrmcjn

tl severdh soflhdrs grla ?2,522 `p) cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe, dhljn

tfe Mdjuè rcver, cj Dustrcd djm Alrdvcd, èglre mcgguscjn tl

êsterj, Edsterj lr Aemcterrdjedj Eurlpe. Cj tfe Grejof

Nrdvettcdj, tfe hctfco cjmustry cs `dsem lj `hdme me`ctdne.

Nrdvettcdj tllhs dre ohedrhy mcggerejt grla durcnjdocdj tllhs;ghcjt plcjts dre tfe alst ofdrdotercstco nrdvettcdj tllhs; steaaem

plcjts (Gljt Plèrt plcjts), syaaetrcodh plcjts {ghãofettes),

`doiem plcjts (Nrdvette plcjts), `doiem acorlplcjts

(acorlnrdvette plcjts). Alrever, tfe ùrcj teofjlhlny cs tfe

alst ehd`lrdte ùrcj teofjlhlny lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco,

pdrtcouhdry glr twl ùrcjs wfcof oluhm è cj gdot twl `hdmehet

olres; Jldchhes ùrcjs djm Pdysse ùrcjs. ]fe lje lr djther

cjmustry cs jlt dùjmdjt; `lje plcjts dre rdre djm jlt

ofdrdotercstco, exoept tfe Csturctz 'sdndce' (Jldchhcdj gdoces).

0.0 TUDJ]C]D]CWE WDPCD@CHC]S LG D__EA@HDNE_ CJ

]FE GPEJOF NPDWE]]CDJ]fe gcrst settheaejt lg tfe edrhy Nrdvettcdj cj Grdjoe cs cj tfe

olhm pfdse caaemcdtehy glhhlwcjn tfe Adcscæres lsochhdtclj,

drlujm 06,522 `p.

]fe edrhy Nrdvettcdj cs ofdrdotercsem `y cjmustrces wfere

ejmsordpers dre alre juaerlus tfdj ùrcjs (ds cj

durcnjdocdj cjmustrces) djm wctf tfe eaernejoe lg drrlw

plcjts; Gljt Plèrt plcjts, ghãofettes, djm Nrdvette plcjts.

]fe olrrespljmcjn dssea`hdnes dre mesorcèm ujmer tfe

jdae lg Gljtcrlèrtcdj (Gljt Plèrt plcjts djm Nrdvette

plcjts), @dydocdj (ghãofettes djm Nrdvette plcjts), djm edrhy

Nrdvettcdj (Nrdvette plcjts ljhy).

Murcjn tfe ]ursdo lsochhdtclj, d acmmhe Nrdvettcdj csofdrdotercsem `y tfe mcsdppedrdjoe lg ghãofettes djm Gljt

Plèrt plcjts, d meoredse cj Nrdvette plcjts, dj cjoredse cj

ùrcjs lj trujodtclj, djm tfe eaernejoe lg Jldchhes ùrcjs,

sllj glhhlwem `y tfe eaernejoe lg Pdysse ùrcjs. ]fe

acmmhe Nrdvettcdj fds èej vdrclushy cjterpretem ectfer ds d

aemcterrdjedj drrcvdh lg jew fujter-ndtferers, tfe Jldchhcdj,

lr d ohcadtco dmdptdtclj lg edrhy nrdvettcdj fujter-ndtferers

tl tfe ]ursdo ejvcrljaejt. Djdhyscs lg h=O mdtes grla

Grdjoe, tfe ]yrrfejcdj oldst lg Ctdhy djm tfe Odjtd`rcdj

oldst cj _pdcj, dhh syjofrljcsem drlujm 07,222-0=,222 `p,

seeas tl gdvlur tfe oljohusclj lg d ohcadtco dmdptdtclj. @ut

tfe presejoe lg Jldchhes ùrcjs ljhy slutf lg tfe Hlcre rcver

cj Grdjoe, djm tfe presejoe lg tfe Nrdvettcdj murcjn tfe

sdae perclm jlrtf lg tfe Hlcre rcver seeas dhsl tl gdvlur tfe

oljohusclj lg d plpuhdtclj alvcjn tl jlrtferj hdtctumes mue

tl tfe ohcadtco ofdjnes lg tfe ]ursdo lsochhdtclj. D tfcrm

tfelry cs `dsem lj tfe prlplsdh lg d rephdoeaejt lg tfe

Jldchhes ùrcj `y Pdysse ùrcjs jlrtf lg tfe Hlcre rcver. Cj

tfe d`sejoe lg alre olaphete mdtd lj tfe Nrdvettcdj cj

jlrtferj Grdjoe djm @ehncua, ct cs mdjnerlus tl mrdw

megcjctcve oljohuscljs.




Dgter tfe ejm lg tfe ]ursdo lsochhdtclj, tfe olhm djm mry

Rhejcnhdocdh ohcadte returjs, djm èolaes prlnresscvehy alre

severe ujtch tfe adxcaua drlujm 46,222 `p. D hdte

Nrdvettcdj cs presejt, wfcof cs typlhlncodhhy jedrer tl tfe

edrhy tfdj tfe acmmhe Nrdvettcdj, wctf tfe shcnft mcggerejoe lg

alre acorlnrdvette plcjts tfdj Nrdvette plcjts. ]fe

olrrespljmcjn dssea`hdnes fdve èej mesorcèm ujmer tfe

jdae lg Hdunercdj.

]fe gcjdh Nrdvettcdj, dhsl odhhem Rrltladnmdhejcdj, cs

ofdrdotercsem `y d prlnresscve cjoredse cj mcfemrdh ùrcjs,

retluofem `hdmes wctf tfe speocgco prltladnmdhejcdj retluof,

djm tfe eaernejoe lg scaphe èvehhem `dse `lje plcjts.

]feredgter, nrdvettcdj cjmustrces sflw d teofjlhlncodh

trdjsctclj tlwdrms tfe edrhy _lhutredj, wctf durcnjdolc'm

eheaejts, djm meorcèm nejerdhhy ds tfe Durcnjdocdj W lr

gcjdh Durcnjdocdj. ]fese trdjsctclj cjmustrces dre jlw

oljscmerem ds Rrltlslhutredj (Mkcjmkcdj 43339 [chfíl et dh.

4333).

0.? NPDWE]]CDJ _E]]HEAEJ]_

Cj oljtrdst tl Oejtrdh lr Edsterj Eurlpe, lpej dcr settheaejts

dre rdre djm nejerdhhy jlt lr `dmhy pu`hcsfem. Jevertfehess,

ct seeas tfdt tfe Nrdvettcdjs cj Grdjoe oluhm fdve d`djmljem

juaerlus settheaejts tfdt pdst djm reoejt surveys lg

pdhdelhctfco sctes fdve jlt yet mcsolverem.

]fe alst cjterestcjn scte cs oertdcjhy tfe lpej dcr scte lg Hd

Wcnje @ruj dt Wchherest (Hlcre), ujglrtujdtehy ijlwj ljhy `y

d gew prehcacjdry replrts (Ola`cer et dh. 4360); severdh su`-

ocrouhdr mwehhcjns fdve èej exodvdtem lver d surgdoe lg 052

a0. ]fe alre evcmejt struotures, mepresscljs lg 52 oa cj

meptf, dre surrlujmem wctf stlje rlws acxem wctf rlhhs lg

slch, nejerdtcjn d ocrohe drlujm dj eapty cjjer spdoe. Ct fds

èej oljohumem tfdt tfcs wds d settheaejt lg glur tl gcve

mwehhcjns lg = `y ? a, glr d plpuhdtclj lg d`lut tfcrty pelphe.

_cachdr lpej dcr settheaejts fdve èej l`servem cj tfe

gcjdh nrdvettcdj scte lg Rhdsejj-dh-Hlaa cj @rcttdjy

(Aljjcer 4360) djm cj tfe hdte nrdvettcdj scte lg Olr`cdo cj

tfe Rãrcnlrm (@lrmes 4376d). Hdte djm gcjdh nrdvettcdj

mwehhcjns cj odves djm rloi sfehters dre dhsl ijlwj; tfe

Nrltte mu Pejje dt Droy-sur-Oure cj tfe Rdrcs `dscj (D. djm

Drh. Herlc-Nlurfdj 437=), tfe @hlt rloi sfehter cj tfe

Duvernje (Mehplrte 4373), djm tfe Hd _dhpãtrcære odve cj tfe

Hdjnuemlo (Esodhlj me Gljtlj 4377).

Ct seeas tfdt tfe Nrdvettcdjs grequejthy ùcht lpej dcr

settheaejts cj tfe lpej rencljs jlrtf lg tfe Hlcre vdhhey

wfcof dre gdvlurd`he tl fujtcjn hdrne adaadhs, suof ds

adaaltfs (Rdrcs `dscj; Droy-sur-Oure), flrse (_d÷je `dscj;

_lhutrã), djm recjmeer (slutfwesterj Grdjoe). Grla tfe

dvdchd`he mdtd, ct cs mcggcouht tlmdy tl mrdw oljohuscljs d`lut

tfe caplrtdjoe, tfe murdtclj lr tfe sedsljdhcty lg tfe

nrdvettcdj mwehhcjns. Cj Grdjoe, tfe nrdvettcdj rloi sfehters

dre juaerlus cj oejtrdh-westerj djm slutf-westerj dreds

(Wcejje, Ofdrejtes, Rãrcnlrm, Tueroy), ùt rdre cj tfe

Ryrejees djm Odjtd`rcd, djm cj tfe Hdjnuemlo, Odtdhljcd djm

tfe _pdjcsf aemcterrdjedj oldst. ]fe mcggcouhty tl survey

sctes ehsewfere tfdj cj rloi sfehters strljnhy `cdses tfe

sdaphcjn lg ijlwj lpej dcr sctes. Ct cs tfereglre jeoessdry tl

è odutclus cj mrdwcjn oljohuscljs lj (sedsljdh) plpuhdtclj

alveaejts ètweej tfe lpej olujtry lg tfe jlrtferj

hdtctumes djm tfe Dquctdcje rloi sfehters.

0.= OFDJNE_ CJ NELNPDRFCODH MC_]PC@U]CLJ LG

NPDWE]]CDJ _E]]HEAEJ]_

]fe nelnrdpfcodh mcstrcùtclj lg tfe Durcnjdocdj redofes cts

adxcaua murcjn tfe Droy lsochhdtclj; jlrtferj djm edsterj

Grdjoe, @ehncua, jlrtferj Neradjy, djm evej Nredt @rctdcj.

Ds tfe exodvdtcljs were mlje d hljn tcae dnl, ct cs

caplssc`he tl è sure lg tfe presejoe lg tfe Durcnjdocdj cj

Jlrtferj Eurlpe dgter ?2,222 `p, wfche ct dppedrs tl è

presejt cj tfe Rãrcnlrm ujtch 06,522 `p, tfe ejm lg tfe

Adcscæres lsochhdtclj.

Dt tfe sdae tcae lg tfe Adcscæres lsochhdtclj, djm perfdps

edrhcer (ùt stchh tl è oljgcraem), tfe edrhy Nrdvettcdj cs

oertdcjhy ijlwj cj Oejtrdh Eurlpe (Dustrcd, Alrdvcd, @dvdrcd)

djm cj Jlrtferj Eurlpe (@ehncua, Neradjy, Nredt @rctdcj<).

]fe edrhy Nrdvettcdj, cj cts Gljtcrlèrtcdj gdoces, dppedrs

cj Grdjoe cj tfe olhm cjter Adcscæres-]ursdo perclm, prl`d`hy

ds d resuht lg d reghux lg Nrdvettcdjs wctf d steaaem plcjt

grla Jlrtferj Eurlpe (Adcscæres-Odjdh, @chzcjnsheèj), vcd

tfe Rdrcs `dscj (Ocrque me hd Rdtrce), tl tfe slutf, ghlwcjn

mlwj tfe Hlcre rcver tlwdrms Dquctdcje (Wcejje, Ofdrejtes,

Rãrcnlrm), lr upstreda (Wcnje @ruj dt Wchherest). Cj cts

extejsclj tlwdrms tfe slutf, tfe gdoces cs hcactem tl tfe

Ofdrejtes (Hes Wdofljs), tfe Rãrcnlrm (Hd Gerrdssce, He

Ghdnelhet), tfe Olrræze (Hd Gljt-Plèrt), ùt d`sejt cj tfe

Ryrejees, Hdjnuemlo, tfe Rrlvejoe, Ctdhy, Odjtd`rcd,

Odtdhljcd djm tfe _pdjcsf aemcterrdjedj oldst.

Dppdrejthy, dt tfe sdae tcae, dj edrhy Nrdvettcdj, cj cts

`dydocdj gdoces (ghãofettes) cs ijlwj ljhy grla twl sctes cj

tfe Rãrcnlrm, Hd Nrdvette djm Rdtdum, wctflut djy plssc`he

strdtcnrdpfcodh hcji ètweej tfe gljtcrlèrtcdj djm tfe

`dydocdj gdoces. Jevertfehess, cj tfe Upper Mdjuè vdhhey, cj

@dvdrcd djm @dmej-^ørtteaèrn, nrdvettcdj hevehs fdve tfe

twl types cj tfe sdae heveh (og. _ofeer, tfcs vlhuae). D

mcggusclj grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe fds èej prlplsem `y Ltte

(4364) djm Ilzhlwsic (4367) ùt sl gdr jl nrdvettcdj sctes

wctf ghãofettes fdve èej mcsolverem ètweej tfe Rãrcnlrm

djm tfe Upper Mdjuè, d mcstdjoe lg 4522 ia. @ltf tfe

aemcterrdjedj djm tfe jlrtferj rlute dre dhsl phdusc`he, ùt

jlt yet mealjstrdtem. Ct cs dhsl plssc`he tfdt tfe twl types cj

tfe sdae gdoces cj Neradjy were d gujotcljdh speocdhcsdtclj

glr tfe adaadh fujt'. ]fe glhhlwcjn pfdse lg tfe edrhy

Nrdvettcdj cs ofdrdotercsem `y tfe mcsdppedrdjoe lg

syaaetrcodh plcjts (Gljt Plèrt, ghãofette) djm dj cjoredse






aetflm (wctflut dooeherdtlr) lg wfcof tfe preocsclj cs

nejerdhhy gdr èyljm tfe stdjmdrm mevcdtclj. Flwever, alre

reoejt mdtcjns wctf tfe dooeherdtlr aetflm oertdcjhy ncve

alre rehcd`he resuhts, djm ljhy tfey sfluhm è oljscmerem.

]fe ofrljlhlny lg tfe Edrhy djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco

cj Grdjoe odj è suaadrcsem ds glhhlws;

?.0 GCP_] DJM HD_] RLRUHD]EM DPED_

Nrdvettcdj cjmustrces èhljn tl d fujter-ndtferer ouhture

wfcof fds d su`scstejoe alme dmdptem tl tfe lpej phdcjs lg

Jlrtferj Eurlpe, wctf sedsljdh alveaejts ètweej jlrtferj

djm oejtrdh dreds lg Eurlpe, djm wctf edsy dmdptdtcljs tl tfe

pdhdelohcadtco meterclrdtclj lg tfe èncjcjn lg tfe Hdte

^ccra. ]fe Nrdvettcdj dppedrs cj Grdjoe wctf plcjt

cjmustrces; Gljt Plèrt plcjts glr gdoces Xd,ghãofette plcjts

glr gdoces h`, drrcvcjn vcd d jlrtferj rlute cj êsterj

Eurlpe. ^ctf tfe ljset lg tfe adxcaua lg tfe Coe Dne, tfe

Nrdvettcdj mcsdppedrs cj d nejerdh ghlw tlwdrms tfe slutf, cj

regune dreds cj tfe Rãrcnlrm, edsterj Hdjnuemlo, tfe _pdjcsf

djm Ctdhcdj aemcterrdjedj oldsts, djm Rlrtundh. Cj tfe westerj

pdrt lg tfe Pflje vdhhey, tfere loours d trdjsglradtclj cjtl

slhutredj cjmustrces djm cj tfe edsterj pdrt lg tfe Pflje

vdhhey cjtl edrhy epcnrdvettcdj cjmustrces.

?.? _]SHC_]CO DPED_ DJM ]EPPC]LPCE_

]fe qudhctdtcve djm qudjtctdtcve vdrcd`chctces lg nrdvettcdj

cjmustrces cj Grdjoe sflw d ofrljlhlncodh evlhutclj ds

prevclushy mesorcèm, wfcof cs exphdcjem ds dj dmdptdtclj tl

pdhdelohcadtco djm pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh vdrcdtcljs, glrocjn

tfe fujter-ndtferers tl dmdpt tfecr su`scstejoe strdtences djm

oljsequejthy tfecr tllh ict; dpdrt grla d ofrljlhlncodh

aedjcjn, tfe mcggerejt types lg plcjts cj gdot seea dhsl tl

fdve d gujotcljdh aedjcjn, lg dmdptdtclj tl d speocdhcsem

icjm lg fujtcjn. _uof d gedture dppdrejthy odjjlt è usem tl

megcje terrctlrces wctfcj tfe stumy dred. ]fcs cs oertdcjhy jlt

tfe odse dt d Eurlpedj sodhe wfere ct seeas plssc`he tl

megcje terrctlrces hcactem `y nelnrdpfcodh `drrcers, wfcof dre

alre lr hess capdssd`he dt d ncvej ofrljlhlncodh perclm.

Murcjn tfe edrhy Nrdvettcdj C, tfe mcstrcùtclj lg Gljt Plèrt

plcjt cjmustrces sflws dj edsy plpuhdtclj alveaejt cj tfe

jlrtferj phdcjs, cj Grdjoe, @ehncua, djm Neradjy, ds gdr ds

Oejtrdh Eurlpe. ]fe ghãofette djm Gljt Plèrt plcjts lg tfe

Upper Mdjuè vdhhey dre very scachdr tl tfe equcvdhejt cjmus

trces cj Grdjoe (og. _ofeer, tfcs vlhuae). Flwever, grla tfe

edrhy Nrdvettcdj CC, djm hdter, suof d alveaejt cs caplssc`he

djm êsterj Eurlpe èolaes cslhdtem grla Oejtrdh Eurlpe.

Murcjn tfe acmmhe Nrdvettcdj, tfe mcstrcùtclj lg Jldchhes

ùrcj sctes, grla tfe Hlcre vdhhey tl tfe slutf lg tfe

]yrrfejcdj oldst cj tfe edst djm tl tfe Odjtd`rcdj oldst tl

tfe west, sflws d plpuhdtclj alveaejt ètweej tfe slutf

djm jlrtf lg êsterj Eurlpe, wctf dj ujexpeotem exoeptclj

lg tfe _pdjcsf aemcterrdjedj oldst.

]d`he 4. Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Edrhy djm Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco

cj Grdjoe.

?4,222-06,522 `p; Durcnjdocdj CC-CCC-4W

06,522-0>,222 `p; Edrhy Nrdvettcdj Cd (ghãofette plcjt gdoces; @dydocdj, Rãrcnlrmcdj CW)

D`rc Rdtdum (Hes Eyzces-me-]dydo, Mlrmlnje)

5 06,=22 ´ 4422 `p LxD 473

06,522-0>,222 `p; Edrhy Nrdvettcdj h` (Gljt Plèrt plcjts

gdoces ('Rãrcnlrmcdj Wd'))

D`rc me Hd Gerrdssce (_dvcnjdo-me-Acrealjt, Mlrmlnje)

M0V 0>,322 ´ >>2 `p LxD =20

M0F 0>,5?2 ´ >02 `p LxD =2?

0>,222-07,222 `p; Edrhy Nrdvettcdj CC (Nrdvette plcjt gdoces

('Rãrcnlrmcdj CW, W`'))


5 07,222 ´ 4222 `p LxD 564

5 07,722 ´ 022 `p NrJ ==>>

5 0>,772 ´ 072 `p NrJ =770

5 06,452 ´ 005 `p NrJ =7?=

5 07,232 ´ ?42 `p NrJ 5240

5c 07,??2 ´ 0?2 `p NrJ 7?3

D`rc mu Ghdnelhet C (@ezejdo, Mlrmlnje)

WC 07,522 ´ 322 `p LxD 5>3

07,222-05,222 `p; Acmmhe Nrdvettcdj C (Jldchhcdj

ùrcj gdoces ('Rãrcnlrmcej Wo'))

D`rc mu Gdoteur (]ursdo, Mlrmlnje)

42/44 0=,>02 ´ 722 `p LxD 56?

42/44 0=,042 ´ 522 `p LxD 56=

42/44 0=,=22 ´ 722 `p LxD 565

42/44 0=,732 ´ 722 `p LxD 567

42/44 05,=52 + 752 `p LxD 53=

42/44 05,7?2 ´ 752 `p LxD 535


= 07,?22 ´ 322 `p LxD ?>=

= 7,322 ´ 4222 `p LxD 476

Nrltte m'Ejheje (Aljtesquceu-Dvdjtæs, Drcæne)

5 0=,722 ´ ?52 `p Ncg 7757

D`rc me Hd Gerrdssce (_dvcnjdo-me-Acrealjt, Mlrmlnje)

@> 0?,622 ´5?2 `p LxD =24



?43 GPDJOLC_ MKCJMKCDJ -]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO CJ GPDJOE

]d`he 4 oljtcjuem. Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Edrhy djm Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco cj Grdjoe.

]d`he 4 oljtcjuem. Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Edrhy djm Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco cj Grdjoe.

Nrltte me Renlurcã (Odjcdo-mu-Odusse, Hlt)

42 0=,022 ´ 4422 `p Hy 46?5

05,222-0=,222 `p; Acmmhe Nrdvettcdj CC (Pdysscdj ùrcj

gdoces g'Rãrcnlrmcdj Wo))

D`rc mu Pdysse (@rcve, Olrræze)

05,222 ´ 772 `p Hy 0>60


?-= 05,522 ´ >22 `p LxD 76>

?-= 07,422 ´ 322 `p LxD 477

=d 07,522 ´ 362 `p LxD 47>

D`rc mu Ghdnelhet 4 (@ezejdo, Mlrmlnje)LxD ==>

0=,222-00,222 `p; Hdte Nrdvettcdj (Hdunãrcdj gdoces

('Rãrcnlrmcej WC'))

D`rc mu Ghdnelhet C (@ezejdo, Mlrmlnje)

Ach 0=,722 ´ >22 `p LxD ==6

D`rc Rdtdum mes Eyzces-me-]dydo, Mlrmlnje)

? 0?,462 ´ 7>2 `p LxD 47?

? 0=,052 * >52 `p LxD 47=

? 0=,==2 * >=2 `p LxD 475

? 0=,522 ´ 722 `p LxD 767

? 00,>62 ´ 4=2 `p NrJ =527

? 0?.242 * 4>2 `p NrJ =>04

_tdtclj me hd Rejtl mes @hlsses (Aljtcnjy sur Hlcjn, _ecje

et Adrje)

00,222 ´ 722 `p LxD 4>3

00,522 ´ 722 `p LxD 462

Nrltte me hd _dhpãtrcære (Pãaluhcjs, Odrm)

Ao 0=52

00,222-04,522 `p; Gcjdh Nrdvettcdj (Rrltladnmdhejcdj

gdoces ) ('Rãrcnlrmcdj Wch')

D`rc mu @hlt (Oerzdt, Fdute-Hlcre)

K jc 04,>22 * 4022 `p Hy 57=

Nk 04 ,5 22 * >22 `p Hy 575


0 00,222 ´722 `p LxD 470

0 04,3=2 ´ 052 `p NrJ 4670

0 04,?62 ´ ?=2 `p NrJ =0?4

0 04,362 ´ 052 `p NrJ 46>7

04,522-02,522 `p; Rrltlslhutredj (Ex-gcjdh Durcnjdocdj)

Nrltte me Hd _dhpãtrcære (Pãaluhcjs, Ndrm)

?2d` 02,522 ´ =42 `p Hy 462?

?2d 02.7?2 ´ >>2 `p Hy 3=0

?2e 04,>72 ´ =32 `p Hy 3=?

?2a 04,?62 ´ >72 `p Hy 3=7

?2-2 02,672 ´ =72 `p Hy 3=5

D`rc me Hdunerce-4 hdute (Hes Eyzces-me-]dydo, Mlrmlnje)

?7 04,362 ´ 052 `p NrJ 46>7

Murcjn tfe hdte Nrdvettcdj, tfe mcstrcùtclj lg tfe Hdunãrcdj

gdoces cjmustrces sflws d alveaejt grla tfe Aemcterrdjedj

_ed tlwdrms tfe dreds jlrtf lg tfe Hlcre vdhhey ds gdr ds tfe

Pfcje vdhhey (og. @lscjsic, tfcs vlhuae), ùt wctflut

glhhlwcjn tfe Upper Mdjuè vdhhey ds gdr ds Oejtrdh Eurlpe.

Murcjn tfe gcjdh Nrdvettcdj djm tfe Rrltlslhutredj, tfere

eaernes d jew grljtcer, tfe Pflje rcver, ètweej tfe westerj

slhutredj cjmustrces djm tfe edsterj edrhy epcnrdvettcdj

cjmustrces. êsterj Eurlpe cs tfej sepdrdtem grla Oejtrdh

Eurlpe ujtch tfe adnmdhejcdj expdjsclj, wfcof stdrts grla

_pdcj djm slutfwesterj Grdjoe drlujm 4>,222 `p djm drrcves

cj Alrdvcd djm Rlhdjm drlujm 4=,222 `p.

?.= PD^ AD]EPCDH RPLOUPEAEJ]

?.=.4 Ghcjt prloureaejt

]fe Dquctdcje dred cs d renclj pdrtcouhdry rcof cj vdrclus

nllm qudhcty ghcjt lutorlps. ]fcs cs tfe redslj wfy ghcjt

prloureaejt cs adme dt d mcstdjoe grla tfe mwehhcjns lg

nejerdhhy hess tfdj 422 ichlaetres (Meadrs 4360). ]fe èst

djm perfdps ljhy exdaphe lg d hljn mcstdjoe ghcjt

prloureaejt cs tfe Duvernje, d vlhodjco dred very pllr cj

ghcjt lutorlps. ]fe hdte djm gcjdh nrdvettcdj ghcjt tllhs lg tfe

He @hlt rloi sfehter, cj tfe Upper Hlcre vdhhey, fdve èej

ijdppem lj d rdw adtercdh wfcof olaes grla tfe renclj lg

Wdhejody/_ehhes sur Ofer (Cjmre, Hlcre-et-Ofer), severdh

fujmrem ichlaetres tlwdrms tfe jlrtf lg He @hlt, tfere`y

prlvcjn tfdt tfe Duvernje wds plpuhdtem grla tfe jlrtf `y

glhhlwcjn up tfe Dhhcer djm Hlcre vdhheys (Adsslj 4364).

?.=.0 _fehh prloureaejt

S. ]d`lrcj's pu`hcodtclj (4335) lj tfe sfehh lrjdaejts lg tfe

Upper Rdhdelhctfco sflws sfehh prloureaejt alveaejts.





?04 GPDJOLC_ MKCJMK4DJ - ]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO CJ GPDJOE

jlrtf lg tfe Hlcre vdhhey, djm tfe edst dre jlt ijlwj lr

pu`hcsfem.

]fe mcggerejt tdxd vdry wctf dhtctume djm hdtctume, ùt dhsl

tfecr nelnrdpfcodh mcstrcùtclj glhhlws cj tcae tfe ohcadtco

vdrcdtcljs. _everdh rdre speoces fdve d teaperdte ohcadte

cjmcodtclj; Equus fymrujhcjus, Oervus aendoerls, rem meer,

rle meer, djm `ldr. ]fe alre juaerlus speoces murcjn tfeAUR dre recjmeer, flrse, rem meer, `cslj/lx, cèx, djm

ofdalcs. Cj tfe jlrtferj djm edsterj pdrts lg Grdjoe,

adaaltf djm rfcjloerls dre alre grequejt. ]fe mlacjdjt

speoces cj tfe Rãrcnlrm dre recjmeer djm rem meer, cj tfe

Hdjnuemlo recjmeer djm flrse, djm cj tfe _d÷je `dscj flrse

djm adaaltf.

=. Oljohuscljs

Grla ?2,222 tl 02,222 `p cj Grdjoe, lje lg tfe hdrner

nelnrdpfcodh dreds lg êsterj Eurlpe murcjn tfe Upper

Rdhdelhctfco, tfe nrdvettcdj plpuhdtclj lg fujter-ndtferers,

dooustlaem tl fujtcjn hdrne adaadhs cj tfe jlrtferj dredslg êsterj, Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe, cs glroem, èoduse

lg tfe prlnresscve djm lsochhdtcjn ohcadtco meterclrdtclj lg

tfe hdte ûra, tl juaerlus dmdptdtcljs, wfcof dre

represejtem `y caplrtdjt vdrcdtcljs cj hctfco djm `lje

cjmustrces, tl ouhturdh speocdtcljs mue tl nelnrdpfcodh

sepdrdtcljs ètweej êsterj djm Oejtrdh Eurlpe, tl

acnrdtcljs grla jlrtf tl slutf djm `doi, djm tfej tl d gcjdh

wctfmrdwdh tl tfe Aemcterrdjedj oldsts, wfere d

trdjsglradtclj tlli phdoe cjtl tfe _lhutredj.

jltes

4 @ltf ghãofettes djm Gljt Plèrt plcjts dre presejt cj tfedssea`hdne lg tfe Hd Wcnje @ruj lpej dcr scte dt Wchherest (Hlcrevdhhey). (K.H. Rlrte, pers. olaa.).

0 ]fe excstejoe lg dj edrhy Nrdvettcdj wctf ljhy Nrdvette plcjtsujmer tfe Jldchhcdj hdyers cs oljgcraem cj tfe Hd Odhd rloi sfehterjedr _dherje (Odapdjce) (@lsodtl et dh. 433>).

? Jew 4=O DA_ mdtes lg Hd Odhd (07,662 `p, 07,?62 `p) glr tfeedrhy nrdvettcdj hevehs oljgcra tfe dèrrdjt lhm mdtes glr tfeJldchhcdj hevehs (@lsodtl et dh. 433>).

= Jedr Wdhejoe, lj tfe rcnft `dji lg tfe Pflje rcver, severdh lpejdcr sctes fdve reoejthy revedhem d pllr nrdvettcdj cjmustry, lgtejdsslocdtem wctf fujtem adaaltfs (Hæofes, ]dydo, Kduhdj, Aeret),wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts, prlvcjn d jlrtferj lrcncj grla tfe _dljercver. Jedr`y, tfe lpej dcr scte lg @luzch, wctf Jldchhcdj gedtures, cscjmcodtcjn d slutferj lrcncj grla tfe Drmæofe (Ljlrdtcjc djmOla`cer 4336).




regerejoes

@dzche, G.,

E. @dzche-Plèrt,

Rf. Nuchherduht

4360 Ofrljlstrdtcnrdpfce et pdhãlohcadtlhlnce mu pdhãlhctfcque supãrceur ej Hdjnuemlo lrcejtdh,

Etumes Tudterjdcres Hdjnuemlocejjes 0.

@eduhceu, K.H..

A. Pechhe

436= D hljn upper phecstloeje plhhej reolrm grla Hes Eofets (Hylj, Grdjoe), @lreds 4?(0), 444-4?0.

@lrmes, G. 4376 Eaphdoeaejts me tejtes mu Rãrcnlrmcej supãrceur ãvlhuã í Olr`cdo, prãs me @ernerdo,

Mlrmlnje, Tudrtír 43, 054-070.

@lsodtl, R.,

D.A. Pljofctehhc,

U. ^cerer

4376 Hd questclj pãrcnlrmcejje. Cj; Hd Rrãfcstlcre, prl`hæaes et tejmdjoes. Rdrcs; OJP_, 53->2.

433> CC Nrdvettcdjl djtcol mehhe nrlttd mehhd Odhd d Adrcjd mc Odaerltd, Pcvcstd mc _ocejze

Rrecstlrcofe =6. 3>-467.

@lscjisc, N. tfcs ]fe perclm ?2,222-02,222 `p cj tfe Pfcjehdjm.

vlhuae

@reuch, F. 4340 Hes su`mcvcscljs mu pdhãlhctfcque supãrceur et heur scnjcgcodtclj. Oljnres Cjterj. m'Djtfrlp.

et m'Drofãlh. prãfcst., Nejæve, OP, vlh. 4, 475-00?.

@rcoier, F.A. (em.) 4335 He Rdhãlh ctfcque supãrceur me 4'd`rc Rdtdum (Mlrmlnje); Hes gluchhes me F.H. Alvcus Kr.,

MDG 52, Rdrcs; Emctcljs me hd A._.F.

Odapy, A. 4360 He qudterjdcre grdjo-olatlcs; essdc ofrljlhlncque et pdhãlohcadtcque. ]fese m'Etdt;

Nelhlnce, Ujcversctã me @esdjolj.

Ola cer, K.,

R. Dyrlhes,K.H. Rlrte,

@. Nehy

4360 Etdt dotueh mes reoferofes í hd Wcnje @ruj (Wchherest), Hlcre. Cj; K. Ola`cer (em.), Hes

fd`ctdts mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur, Dotes mu olhhlque cjterjdtcljdh Pldjje-Wchherest, 00-0=Kucj 4360, vlh. 0, 0>=-064.

Mdjsnddrm, ^.,

_.K. Klfjsej,

F.@. Ohdusej,

E.O. Hdjnwdy

43>4 Ohcadtco reolrm revedhem `y tfe odap oejtury coe olre cj Hdte Oejlzlco nhdocdh dnes . Cj;

I.I. ]urreicdj (em.), ]fe hdte Oejlzlco nhdocdh dnes, ?>-57, Jew Fdvej; Sdhe Ujcverscty

Rress.

Mdvcm, J.O. 4365 Exodvdtclj lg tfe d`rc Rdtdum, Hes Eyzces (Mlrmlnje) ; ]fe Jldchhcdj (heveh =) dssea`hdnes

djm tfe Jldchhcdj ouhture cj êsterj Eurlpe, Daercodj _ofllh lg Rrefcstlrco Pesedrof,

Red`lmy Auseua, @uhhetcj ?>.

Mehpeof, G.

Mehplrte, F.

436? Hes gdujes mu Rdhãlhc tfcque supãrceur mdjs he _um-Luest me hd Grdjoe, Odfcers mu

Tudterjdcre 7, @lrmedux; OJP_.

4376 H'd`rc mu Gdoteur í ]ursdo, Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre 44(4), 4-440.

4373 He Rrltladnmdhejcej mu @hlt, olaauje me Oerzdt (Fdute-Hlcre),

Oljnres Rrãfcstlrcque me Grdjoe, VCV² _essclj, Duvernje, 432-433.

Mehplrte, F.,

D. ]uggredu

43>? Hes cjmustrces mu Rãrcnlrmcej supãrceur me Hd Gerrdssce,

Tudrtír 0?/0=, 3?-40?.



Meaurs, R.S.

Mkcjmkcdj, G.

Mkcjmkcdj, G.,

@. @lssehcj

Esodhlj me Gljtlj, A.

Fdesderts, R.,

C. me hhecjzehcj

Il/hlwsic. K.I.

Hdelrre, G.

Hdvchhe, F.

GPDJOLC_ MKCJMKCDJ -]FE ACM URREP RDHDELHC]FCO CJ GPDJOE

4360 H'utchcsdtclj mu schex mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur. Oflcx, dpprlvcscljjeaejt, ocrouhdtclj.

H'exeaphe mu `dsscj me @rcve, Odfcers mu Tudterjdcro 5, Rdrcs; OJP_.

4366 Peoferofes sur h'Durcnjdocej mu Rãrcnlrm í pdrtcr mes mljjãos jluvehhes me Hd Gerrdssce,

g Djtfrlplhlnce 32(4), 63-427.

4334 Hes lrcncjes mu peupheaejt durcnjdocej ej Eurlpe, Dotes mu VVCe oljnres UC_RR,

@rdtcshdvd. _epteaèr 4334, vlh. 0, 4?7-45=.

433? H'durcnjdocej mu Rãrcnlrm; uje revcsclj, Rrãfcstlcre eurlpãejje ?, 03-5=.

4333 Ofrljlhlnce mu peupheaejt nrdvettcej sur hes o÷tes me Aãmcterrdjãe loocmejtdhe. Cj;

M. _doofc (em.), Hes gdoces heptlhctfcques mu Jlrm-Luest Aãmcterrdjcej; Achceux jdturehs et

ouhturehs, VVCWe Oljnres Rrãfcstlrcque me Grdjoe (Odrodssljje), 40>-4?6.

433= Rãrcnlrmcej et Nrdvettcej ; 4'ãpchlnue m'uje oljtrdmcotclj<, Rrãfcstlcre

eurlpãejje 7, 44>-4?4.

4377 Mu Rdhãlhctfcque _upãrceure du Aãslhctfcque mdjs Ce Acmc Aãmcterrdjãej, @uhhetcj me hd

_locctc Rrãfcstlrcque h'rdjodcse 7?(4), 77-462.

43>3 He scte pdhãlhctfcque me Adcscæres-Odjdh. Mcssertdtcljos Drofdelhlncode Oljmejses 43,

@runes.

4367 ]fe Nrdvettcdj cj Oejtrdh djm Edsterj Eurlpe, Dmvdjoes cj ^lrhm Drofdelhlny 5, 4?4-022.

4372 Hd Nrdvette, he Nrdvettcej et Ce @dydocej. Hdvdh; Caprca. @drjelum.

43>5 Ohcadtlhlnce et Ofrljlhlnce mu Rdhãlhctfcque ej Rãrcnlrm; ãtume sãmcaejtlhlncque me

mãp÷ts ej nrlttes et slus-d`rcs. Etumes Tudterjdcres, Aealcre =, Ru`hcodtclj me 4'Ujcverschã

me Rrlvejoe.

Hdvchhe, F.,

Oh. ]fc`dum

Hdvchhe, F.,

K.-Rf. Pcndum

Herlc-Nlurfdj. Dhh.

Herlc-Nlurfdj, Drh.,

D. Herlc-Nlurfdj

437> H'lsochhdtclj ohcadtcque oljteaplrdcje mu Rãrcnlrmcej supãrceur í ùrcjs me Jldchhes mdjs

he _um-Luest me hd Grdjoe, OP. Dodm.

_o. 07=, 0?7=-0?77.

43>0 ]fe Rercnlrmcdj W cjmustrces cj Rãrcnlrm; typlhlncodh vdrcdtcljs, strdtcnrdpfy, djm rehdtcve

ofrljlhlny, ^lrhm Drofdelhlny =(?), ??2-??6.

4376d Mejlacjdtclj mes lsochhdtcljs wccracejjes, @uhhetcj D.G.E.T. =, 064-06>.

4376` H'd`rc mu gdoteur í ]ursdo CCC; Djdhyse plhhcjcque, Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre 44(4), 40?-4?0.

437= Ofrljlhlnce mes nrlttes m'Droy-sur-Oure, Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre >, 4-7=.

Adrquet, K.O4.

Adsslj, D.

Aljjcer, K.H.

433? Rdhãlejvcrljjeaejt et ofrljlhlnce mes sctes mu mladcje dthdjtcque grdjodcs m'dne

phecstloeje alyej et supãrceur m'dpræs 4'ãtume mes rljneurs, Hes odfcers me hd Ohdcse,

supph. 0, ]lurs.

4364 Rãtrldrofãlhlnce mes rlofes schcoeuses, cjtãrët ej Rrãfcstlcre. ]fese me ?² oyohe,

4'Ujcversctã me Hylj, j² 42?5.

4360 He ncseaejt pdhãlhctfcque supãrceur me Rhdsejj-dh-Hlaa (che me @refdt, O÷tes -m'Dralr) ,

Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre 05( 4), 4?4 -475.

Alvcus, F.H. 43>5 Exodvdtclj lg tfe d`rc pdtdum. Hes Eyzces, Mlrmlnje, Daercodj _ofllh lg Rrefcstlrce

Pesedrof, @uhhetcj lg tfe Redflmy Auseua, Oda`rcmne; Fdrvdrm Ujcverscty.




Ljlrdtcjc, N.,

K. Ola`cer

4336 Hes Nrdvettcejs me hd @lurnlnje í hd Aemcterrdjãe. Pehdtcljs dveo he Nrdvettcej lrcejtdh.

Cj; F.D. Dacrifdjlv, ]fe Edsterj Nrdvettcdj, 32-40=, Alsolu; Jdui.

Lr`dj, P. (em.) 4366-3? Odtdhlnue mes Flaaes glssches; Uje acse í klur, Ujcversctã hc`re me @ruxehhes 7, Grdjoe,

mãoea`re 433?.

Ltte, A.

Rdqueredu, A.A.

Reyrljy, M.

Rucssenur, K.K.

4364

43>6

43??

43>7

_ofeer, D. tfcs

vlhuae

_ljjevchhe-@lrmes. M. me 4372

]d`lrcj, S. 433?

He Nrdvettcej ej Eurlpe oejtrdhe. Mcssertdtcljej Drofdelhlncode Ndjmdjses 02, @runes ;

Me ]eapeh.

Ghlres et ohcadts mu ûra CCC mdjs he _um-Luest me hd Grdjoe, Tudterjdrcd 02, 40?-47=.

Hes cjmustrces durcnjdocejjes mdjs he `dsscj me hd Wãzære, Durcnjdocej et Rãrcnlrmcej,

@uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse ?2, 5=?-553.

Alhhusques oljtcjejtdux qudterjdcres me @lurnlnje. _cnjcgcodtcljs strdtcnrdpfcques et

ohcadtcques. Pdpplrts dveo m'dutres gdujes `lredhes me Grdjoe. Aãa. Nãlh. Ujcv. Mcklj,

Mcklj; Mlcj.

]fe Nrdvettcdj cj _lutfwest Neradjy; styhcstco gedtures, rdw adtercdh resluroes djm

settheaejt pdtterjs.

He Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur ej Rãrcnlrm. @lrmedux; Mehads.

Hd pdrure ej olquchhdne du Rdhãlhctfcque, VVCV² supphãaejt d Ndhhcd-Rrãfcstlcre, Rdrcs;

OJP_.

Wehctofil, D.D. (em.)

^lchhdrm, N.

4364 Drofãlhlnce et Rdhãlnãlnrdpfce mu pdhãlhctfcque supãrceur me hd phdcje russe. Alsolu.

(cj Pusscdj).

4362 ]fe plhhej reolrm lg Hd Nrdjme Rche (JE Grdjoe) djm tfe ohcadt co ofrljlhlny tfrlunf tfe

hdst cjternhdocdh oyohe. Cj; K. Ofdhcje (em.), Rrl`hæaes me strdtcnrdpfce qudterjdcre ej

Grdjoe et mdjs hes pdys hcactrlpfes, @uhhetcj me 4'DGET, supph. 4, 35-42?.

[chfíl, K.,]. Du`ry,

G. Dhaecmd

4333 Uj almehe teofjlhlncque plur he pdssdne mu Nrdvet tcej du _lhutrãej mdjs he sum-luost me4'Eurlpe. Cj; M. _doofc (em.), Hes gdoces heptlhctfcque mu Jlrm- Luest Aãmcterrdjãej;

Achceux jdturehs et ouhturehs, VVCWe Oljnres Rrãfcstlrcque me Grdjoe (Odrodssljje),

454-47=.

Grdjnlcs Mkcjmkcdj

OJP_/ER 4>?2, Hd`lrdtlcre EP_ ?6?

Adcslj Pejã Ncjluvæs

04 Dhhee me 4'Ujcversctã

30 222 Jdjterre Oemex

lr

Ujcversctã me Rdrcs C

? Pue Acofehet

>5227 Rdrcs

Grdjoe






prlplse extreae odutclj cj tfe use, cg jlt dt tcaes tfewctfmrdwdh, lg teras tll lgtej chh-megcjem, cjdoourdte lrcjdpprlprcdte ('Iesseht', 'Adcscæres', 'Hdunerce', 'Hdsodux',eto.). Gurtferalre, odj we redsljd`hy olrrehdte tfe ouhturdhstdne 'Durcnjdocdj CW' - ljhy ijlwj grla tfe rloi sfehtermeplscts lg Hd Gerrdssce cj tfe Mlrmlnje, wctf dj dverdne dne

lg drlujm 0?,522 `p, ùt wfcof tfe 4=

O mdtcjns phdoe lverdhhètweej ?4,222 djm 04,222 `p (Mkcjmkcdj 4367; 5=) - wctftfe ohcadtco epcslme 'Adcscæres' mealjstrdtem cj dj lpej dcrscte cj @ehncua mdtem tl 06,222 `p (Fdesderts 433=)<

Ljhy tfe adklr ohcadtco loourrejoes tfdt dre ofdrdotercstcodjm fdve èej l`servem lj d hdrner sodhe wchh tfereglre ètdiej cjtl oljscmerdtclj cj tfe rest lg tfcs pdper9 tfe sedrofglr drnuaejts tfdt dhhlw us tl dggcra tfe redh oljteaplrdjecty lg nelhlncodh, pdhdel`ltdjcodh, drofdelzllhlncodh, djmdjtfrlplhlncodh eheaejts wctfcj dj drofdel-semcaejtdrydssea`hdne cs d prerequcscte lje odj jl hljner cnjlre wfejprlplscjn drofdelhlncodh olrrehdtcljs lj d Eurlpedj sodhe.

Jew djdhytcodh aetflms, ourrejt regerejoe systeas, djm dalre nejerdh jltclj lg pdhdelejvcrljaejts fdve sflwj tfdtadjy lg tfe lhm cjterpretdtcljs were `dsem lj errljelusplstuhdtes (He @er 43669 ]excer djm He @er 4366). ]fus, glrexdaphe, dj dùjmdjoe lg ã`luhcs cj d hctflstrdtcnrdpfy odjjl hljner è cjterpretem ds d resuht lg grlst prloesses murcjndj extreaehy olhm pfdse, ds acorlsolpco djdhyscs lg tfesemcaejts djm tfe cjvestcndtclj lg scnjdtures lg tfesemcaejtdry myjdacos hedm tl mcggerejt cjterpretdtcljs lgtfese mdtd. Alrelver, dpdrt grla d gew exoeptcljs (Nrcnnl4337), we dre lgtej jlt d`he tl ofdrdotercse djm qudjtcgy tfepdhdelejvcrljaejtdh mdtd cj ohcadtco teras djm tl speocgy

wfetfer tfese l`servem ghuotudtcljs fdve djy scnjcgcodjoe ljtfe strcothy hlodh sodhe lg tfe scte, lr wfetfer tfey dpphy lj drencljdh lr alre nejerdh sodhe. ê tfereglre hdy lursehveslpej tl serclus errlrs wfej dtteaptcjn ohcadtl-ofrljlhlncodholrrehdtcljs lver d hdrne mcstdjoe, ds stressem `y qudterjdrynelhlncsts djm qudterjdry pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh speocdhcsts.

Ncvej tfe d`lve djm wctf tfe prlspeot lg mrdwcjn up d pdhdelejvcrljaejtdh grdaewlri usd`he lj d Eurlpedj sodhe,we fdve olhheotem fere mdtd glr tfe perclm =2-05 iyr, wfcofolrrespljm tl tfe durcnjdocdj djm nrdvettcdj looupdtclj cjslutfwesterj Grdjoe. ]fese mdtd olae hdrnehy grla reoejthyexodvdtem sctes wfcof fdve èej tfe su`keot lg auhtcmcsocphc-

jdry stumces (4'D`rc Rdtdum, Hd Gerrdssce, He Ghdnelhet 4, Pleme Olaè, Adhmcmcer, hd Nrltte VWC), ùt dhsl resuhts grlaltfer mcsocphcjes suof ds nhdoclhlny, loedjlnrdpfy,aetelrlhlny, djm pdhdeljtlhlny fdve èej cjolrplrdtem.

?. Ofdrdotercsdtclj lg tfe ohcadtco meterclrdtclj

hedmcjn tl tfe hdst Rhejcnhdocdh cj slutfwesterj

Grdjoe

Glhhlwcjn tfe severe olhm lg lxynej csltlpe stdne (LC_) =, dperclm odhhem cjterstdmcdh ûra CC/CCC' lr '^ccracdj

Cjterstdmcdh' wds glr d hljn tcae ofdrdotercsem `y tfemevehlpaejt lg d slch dt tfe tcae lg tfe ohcadtco lptcaua,glhhlwem `y dj erlscljdh pfdse (trujodtem slch) djm `y dpfdse lg semcaejtdtclj `y phuvcdh ruj-lgg lr olhhuvcua dt tfeejm lg tfe 'cjterstdmcdh' (Hdvchhe 43>5). ]fe 'Cjterstdmcdh lgHes Olttæs' lg tfe plhhej zljdtclj oluhm olrrespljm tl tfe

hdst pdrt lg tfcs cjterstdmcdh, ètweej ?7 djm ?=.5 iyr `p.]fe teaperdture ghuotudtcljs memuoem grla djdhyscs lg tfe

csltlpe ourve estd`hcsfem grla mrchhcjn olres cj tfejlrtfedsterj Dthdjtco (Ruklh djm ]urlj 4367), djm tfe plhhejreolrm lg Hes Eofets (@eduhceu djm Pechhe 436=) sflw tfdtLC_ ? cs ofdrdotercsem `y d adriem ohcadtco cjstd`chcty,tejmcjn tlwdrms d nejerdh ollhcjn. ]fcs cjstd`chcty setthesmlwj tlwdrms tfe ejm lg tfe stdne, wctf d mrlp cjteaperdtures tfdt dooeherdtes djm èolaes alre prljlujoem,redofcjn cts ohcadx murcjn LC_ 0. @ut ct seeas tfdt tfere cs dmcvernejoe lg lpcjclj ètweej tfe adrcje qudterjdryspeocdhcsts djm tflse wlricjn lj oljtcjejtdh meplscts d`lut

tfe ofdjne grla LC_ ? tl LC_ 0. Glr tfe glraer tfcs ofdjnewluhm è phdoem drlujm 03 iyr `p, wfche glr tfe hdtter ctwluhm è hdter, drlujm 0? iyr. Lj tfe `dscs lg tfe coe olremdtd, tfe ohcadtco myjdaco lg tfcs perclm cs ofdrdotercsem `y dserces lg lsochhdtcljs tfdt dre nettcjn olhmer djm hess fuacm.mcggcouht tl olrrehdte tflunf tl tflse reolrmem cj oljtcjejtdhmeplscts (Hlrcus et dh. 43669 Kluseh et dh. 433=).

Cj oljtcjejtdh ejvcrljaejts tfcs meterclrdtclj cs dhslofdrdotercsem `y d gcrst pfdse lg ohcadtco cjstd`chcty murcjnwfcof, cj d nejerdhhy ollh oljtext, shcnfthy alre fuacmperclms dhterjdte wctf mrcer teaperdte ljes. ]fese ohcadtcoghuotudtcljs odj è represejtem `y tfe lsochhdtcljs lg 'Droy',

'Iesseht-Adcscæres' djm ']ursdo', tfdt dre mealjstrdtem `ypdhyjlhlny, ùt tfe rdpcm rdte lg tfese ohcadtco ghuotudtcljs,tfe wedi reslhutclj, djm tfe ujoertdcjty lg lur ofrljlhlncodhperoeptclj, adie ct lgtej mcggcouht tl estd`hcsf megcjctecjterscte olrrehdtcljs.

]fe gdujdh dssea`hdnes lg tfcs perclm oljtdcj recjmeer,flrse, rem meer, `cslj, wchm `ldr, Equus fymrujtcjus djmadaaltf cj dj lpej hdjmsodpe lg wllmem steppe (Mehpeof433?, td`he C, pp. >7->3).

Dgter ']ursdo', tfe seoljm pfdse lg tfcs meterclrdtcljolrrespljms tl d prlnresscve èncjjcjn lg olhmer djm mrceroljmctcljs (Mehpeof 433?). ]fe peroejtdne lg wllmhdjm

meoredses dt tfe sdae tcae ds tfe tferalpfche glrest ghlrdmeohcjes. ]fe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua (HNA) cs cjmcodtem cjslutfwesterj Grdjoe `y tfe presejoe lg d oljtcjulusperadgrlst cj jlrtferj Dquctdcje djm d mcsoljtcjulus ljegurtfer slutf, mealjstrdtcjn pdrtcouhdrhy fdrsf oljmctcljswctf dverdne djjudh teaperdtures plssc`hy èhlw -7² O cjtfe jlrtfedst lg Dquctdcje (]excer 4332).

Cj tfe adrcje ejvcrljaejt, LC_ 0, olrrespljmcjn tl tfeRhejcnhdocdh, testcgces tl extreaehy fdrsf oljmctcljs9 tfedrotco wdters cjvdme tfe Ndsolnje nuhg, oduscjn d hlwercjn



?0> KEDJ-RFCHCRRE PCNDUM - FUADJ DMDR]D]CLJ ... CJ _LU]FÊ_]EPJ GPDJOE

lg tfe dverdne suaaer teaperdture cj tfe lrmer lg 7² O(Odrdhp et dh. 43609 Hdvchhe et dh. 436?).

Cj vcew lg tfe reservdtcljs expressem d`lve, we odj retdcjprlvcscljdhhy tfe glhhlwcjn ohcadtco sequejoe ds d grdaewlridt tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe hdst nhdocdh adxcaua;4. ?3-?= iyr; '^ccracdj Cjterstdmcdh' lg wfcof tfe 'hes

Olttæs Cjterstdmcdh' wluhm represejt tfe gcjdh pfdse,ofdrdotercsem `y d teaperdte djm fuacm ohcadte, wctf dperoejtdne lg wllmhdjm lg drlujm =5% djm dfeterlnejlus gdujd wfere recjmeer, wchm `ldr djm remmeer hcve scme `y scme, ùt wfere dhsl flrse, `cslj,adaaltf, wllhhy rfcjloerls, `lvcm djm aendoerls drepresejt (Pdyjdh djm Nudmehhc 4332).

0. ?=-?4 iyr; Peturj lg tfe olhm, doolapdjcem `y d mrlp cj tfeperoejtdne lg wllmhdjm djm `y d gdujd ofdrdotercsem `yrecjmeer, flrse, djm `cslj, ejmcjn cj fdrsf djm mry oljmctcljs.

?. ? 4-?2 iyr; ]eaperdte djm jlt very fuacm ohcadtcocaprlveaejt, olrrespljmcjn wctf tfe lsochhdtclj lg

'Droy' lg tfe plhhej zljdtclj, murcjn wfcof tfeperoejtdne lg wllmhdjm rcses dndcj jltcoed`hy, wctf`lvcm, rle meer, rem meer djm recjmeer.

=. ?2-03 iyr; Peturj lg d mry olhm hedmcjn tl d gdhh cj tfeperoejtdne lg wllmhdjm, wctf recjmeer, `cslj djm flrse.

5. 03-0> iyr; _ettcjn cj lg d perclm lg ohcadtco cjstd`chcty wctfd nejerdhhy ollh djm fuacm tejmejoy, wctf d shcnfthy fcnferperoejtdne lg wllmhdjm djm d mlacjdjoe lg recjmeer, remmeer, djm rle meer. Ct cs murcjn tfcs perclm tfdt tfe lsochhdtcljlg 'Iesseht-Adcscæres' sfluhm è phdoem, dhtflunf, ncvej tfemdtd grla slutfwesterj Grdjoe, ct cs caplssc`he tl phdoe ctwctf alre preocsclj cj tfcs ohcadtco oljtext.

7. 0>-0= iyr; D perclm lg teaperdte ohcadtco caprlveaejtcjmcodtem d`lve dhh `y d auof fcnfer fuacmcty, d fcnferperoejtdne lg wllmhdjm (=2%), wctf recjmeer, flrse djmrem meer. ]fcs perclm olrrespljms tl tfe lsochhdtclj lg']ursdo' lg tfe plhhej zljdtclj.

>. 0=-02 iyr; @encjjcjn lg alre std`he djm fdrsferoljmctcljs, ohedrhy olhmer wctf slae alre fuacm puhses.]fe peroejtdne lg wllmhdjm cs nejerdhhy hlw djm tfegdujd cs mlacjdtem `y recjmeer.

6. 02-43 iyr; Rerclm wctf d shcnfthy hess adriem olhm djm djcjoredse cj fuacmcty, oduscjn d rcse cj tfe peroejtdne lgwllmhdjm djm tfe returj lg rem meer wctf recjmeer, wfcofoluhm è tfe lsochhdtclj lg 'Hdunerce' cj tfe pdhyjlhlncodhzljdtclj.

3. 43-46 iyr; Rerclm lg extreae olhm olrrespljmcjn wctf tfeHdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua, wctf d very hlw wllmhdjmperoejtdne djm d gdujd wctf recjmeer (lg d sadhher scze),`cslj, flrse, adaaltf, sdcnd djtehlpe djm drotco glx.

=. Ohcadtco ghuotudtcljs djm fuadj dmdptdtcljs

Lj tfe `dscs lg tfese mdtd we odj try tl evdhudte tfe capdotlg tfe ejvcrljaejtdh vdrcdtcljs lj tfe gcrst plpuhdtcljs lg

Flal sdpcejs sdpcejs cj slutfwesterj Grdjoe. Flwever,slae plcjts aerct d prehcacjdry orctcodh regheotclj;4. ]fe murdtclj djm rdte lg oertdcj ohcadtco ghuotudtcljs djm

tfe ofdjnes cj tfe `clhlncodh ejvcrljaejt loourrem lj dsodhe èyljm fuadj peroeptclj. D ohcadtco meterclrdtcljlr caprlveaejt lj tfe sodhe lg d achhejcua (wfcof cs

wfdt we jltcoe ncvej tfe resuhts lg lur djdhyses) oluhmjlt è meteotem ds suof `y fuadjs9 ct cs evej plssc`hetfdt teofjlhlncodh èfdvclur djm su`scstejoe prdotcoeswere alre cjghuejoem `y d serces lg fdrsf wcjters lralre fuacm suaaers tfdj `y d shlw menrdmdtclj (lrcaprlveaejt) olvercjn severdh oejturces. Flwever,l`servdtcljs adme `y djdhyscs lg nhdocdh olres sflw tfdtslaetcaes caplrtdjt ohcadtco ofdjnes tlli phdoe wctfcj dvery sflrt cjtervdh, cj tfe lrmer lg d meodme, wfcof wereperoeptc`he glr fuadjs ncvej tfe almcgcodtcljs cj tfeejvcrljaejt, evej cg we dmact d oertdcj cjertcd cj tferespljse lg tfe `clhlncodh ejvcrljaejt tl ohcadtcoofdjnes. Ujglrtujdtehy lur teaplrdh sodhe mles jlt fdvetfe jeoessdry preocsclj tl dppreocdte teofjcodh ofdjneslver d perclm lg d meodme lr oejtury. ]fe dmdptcverespljses tfdt we dre trycjn tl mcsoerj tfrlunf tfe stumylg teofjcodh èfdvclur odj tfereglre ljhy è very nejerdhdjm strljnhy adriem `y cjdoourdoy djm we sfluhm dhwdystdie cjtl doolujt tfe plssc`chcty, cg jlt prl`d`chcty, lgcjolrreot olrrehdtcljs. ]fe olaphexcty lg glraereolsysteas djm tfe cjdoourdoy lg lur ujmerstdjmcjnolapehs us tfereglre tl è extreaehy prumejt lj tfcsplcjt. Gurtferalre, pdrdhheh tl tfe prloess lg 'fuadj-ejvcrljaejt' dmdptdtclj, we sfluhm tdie tfe teofjcodhmevehlpaejts cjtl doolujt wfcof, `y d oljtcjulus

doouauhdtclj, ùt dt vdrcd`he speem, lg 'ijlw-flwteofjcques', adies tfe cjterpretdtclj lg tfese teofjl-typlhlncodh ofdjnes mcggcouht cj d strcothy dmdptcve sejse.

0. ]fe teofjl-typlhlncodh djdhyscs lg durcnjdocdj djmnrdvettcdj cjmustrces cj tfe Rãrcnlrm fds sflwj tfdt glr tfenejerdhhy oljteaplrdjelus ouhturdh sequejoes, tfe cjtrdsctevdrcdtcljs dre systeadtcodhhy hlwer tfdj tfe cjtersctevdrcdtcljs (Pcndum 4360). ]fe stumy lg tfe dmdptcveprloess tfereglre glroes us tl preger mdtd olacjn grlasctes wctf hljn strdtc nrdpfcodh djm ouhturdh sequejoeswfere tfe ejvcrljaejtdh pdrdaeters speocgco tl edof sctefdve èej rehdtcvehy oljstdjt (sluroes lg rdw adtercdh,speocgco `cltlpes, nelalrpflhlny, fymrlnrdpfy, eto.).

?. Glhhlwcjn tfe stumces lg @reuch, Reyrljy, djm M. me_ljjevchhe-@lrmes, tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco ouhtures werelrndjcsem cjtl evlhutcljdry ouhturdh stdnes lj tfe `dscs lgtfe dppedrdjoe lr mcsdppedrdjoe lg type glsschs djmvdrclus typlhlncodh ghuotudtcljs. Cj tfcs wdy 7 durcnjdocdjstdnes were mcstcjnucsfem (grla 2 tl W), 7 percnlrmcdjstdnes (grla C tl WC) tl wfcof dre dmmem tfe prltl-adnmdhejcdj (1 Rercnlrmcdj WCC), djm > adnmdhejcdj




stdnes (grla 2 tl WC). Grla tfe 43>2's ljwdrms tfcsmcvcsclj cjtl ofrljlhlncodh stdnes fds èej alre djmalre oljtestem `y tfe mcsolvery lg d hdrne qudjtctdtcvedjm typlhlncodh vdrcd`chcty cj cjmustrces wctfcj lje djmtfe sdae ouhturdh stdne, `y tfe presejoe lg oertdcj typeglsschs tfdt ml jlt oljglra tl tfe 'ohdssco sofeae'

(Pcndum 4360), djm `y tfe ofrljlhlncodh cjoljscstejocesrevedhem `y d`slhute mdtcjn.

=. ]fe qudjtctdtcve vdrcdtcljs lg oertdcj typlhlncodhodtenlrces (ejmsordpers, ùrcjs, eto.) wfcof fdve hljnèej rendrmem ds ouhturdhhy lr ofrljlhlncodhhy scnjcgcodjt,dre ljhy sl cj pdrtcouhdr cjstdjoes. ê fdve sflwj tfdttfey dre very lgtej mue tl gujotcljdh oduses (speocgco lradklrcty dotcvctces) lr tl drofdelhlncodhhy `cdsemsdaphcjn (hcactem exodvdtcljs, lhm jlj-exfdustcve lrseheotcve olhheotcljs, eto.) (Pcndum 4360).

5. ]eofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs oljteaplrdry wctf

tfe ohcadtco meterclrdtclj lg tfe hdstRhejcnhdocdh

]fe gcrst fdhg lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco wds adriem `y doertdcj juaèr lg teofjlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs.

Rrlmuotclj lg `hdmes djm `hdmehetsFdvcjn èej prdotcsem glr d hljn tcae `y tfe Jedjmertfdhs(@lscjsic et dh. 43779 Ola`cer 437>9 @lrmes 43>>, 43629]uggredu djm Pãvchhclj 436=9 Olli 43679 Aecnjej 433=),`hdme prlmuotclj mevehlpem su`sequejthy, djm alst jltd`hycj tfe Ofdtehperrljcdj. @ut, ds Rehhenrcj (4335) fds sflwj,tfe ofdtehperrljcdj `hdme prlmuotclj cs ohedrhy mcstcjot grla

tfe `hdme prlmuotclj lg oertdcj auof lhmer alustercdj gdocesdjm odj dhsl è mcstcjnucsfem grla tfe durcnjdocdj lje.Alrelver, wctf tfe Durcnjdocdj dppedrs dj caplrtdjt`hdmehet prlmuotclj, cj oertdcj durcnjdocdj teofjlolaphexeshcjiem tl tfe dùjmdjoe lg 'odrcjdtem' glras djm oertdcjùsiem ùrcjs. ]fcs `hdmehet prlmuotclj, wfcof lj dEurlpedj heveh adris tfe gcrst pfdses, lr tfe gcrst durcnjdocdjgdoces, oluhm cjmcodte daljnst ltfers tfe mevehlpaejt lg djew teofjcodh systea cj tfe gd`rcodtclj lg olaplsctewedpljs ds dj dhterjdtcve respljse tl tfe prlmuotclj lgplcjts lg lrndjco adtercdh (Pcndum 4330). Gurtferalre, tfestumy lg tfe ofdcjes lpãrdtlcres lg `hdmes cj tfe cjctcdhUpper Rdhdelhctfco seeas tl cjmcodte d redh mcggerejoe

ètweej tfe durcnjdocdj djm percnlrmcdj ofdcjeslpãrdtlcres9 tfe durcnjdocdj `hdme prlmuots ècjn nejerdhhyfedvy, ourvem djm tfcoi, oljtrdry tl tflse lg tfe Nrdvettcdj,glr wfcof tfe prlmuoers ndve pdrtcouhdr dttejtclj tl tfeglracjn djm tfe exphlctdtclj lg olres, cj lrmer tl prlmuoe`hdmes wctf ds hctthe ourvdture ds plssc`he djm lg d renuhdrtfcoijess, tfe requcrem ofdrdotercstcos glr tfe gd`rcodtclj lgnrdvettcdj plcjts djm acorl-plcjts (@lrmes djm Ord`tree4373).

Rrlkeotche plcjtsD `dsco eheaejt cj tfe oyjenetco equcpaejt lg fujters, tfeprlkeotche plcjt lggers tfe plssc`chcty lg redofcjn d prey dt dmcstdjoe lg lver twl aetres. Cj tfe alustercdj tllh ictl`keots lggercjn tfcs plssc`chcty dre rdre, lj tfe ltfer fdjm cjtfe Ofdtehperrljcdj tfe ofdtehperrljcdj plcjt lj d `hdme

supplrt oluhm glra dj dradture wctf d hdujofem wedplj. Cjtfe Durcnjdocdj tfe mevehlpaejt lg plcjts adme grlalrndjco adtercdh, lr tfe dhterjdtcve slhutclj aejtcljemedrhcer, dhsl oljgcras tfe durcnjdocdj d`chcty lg redofcjnalre mcstdjt prey. Cj tfe Nrdvettcdj, we wctjess, èscme tfenrdvettcdj plcjts djm acorl-plcjts, tfe dppedrdjoe lg speocgcoprlkeotche plcjts (Gljt Plèrt plcjts, trujodtem eheaejtsdsslocdtem wctf d olaplscte cjstruaejt), ds wehh ds d hcactemuse lg plcjts lg lrndjco adtercdh. ^ctf tfe _lhutredj tfefujtcjn tllh ict mevehlps wctf tfe capheaejtdtclj lg dspeocgco adjugdoturcjn teofjcque tl dttdcj d `cnnereggeotcvejess; `cgdocdh plcjts djm sfluhmerem plcjts (Nejeste

djm Rhcsslj 4367). ]fcs jew odpd`chcty oljscmerd`hycjoredsem tfe eggeotcvejess lg tfe fujters cj ncvcjn tfeplssc`chcty lg redofcjn ujtch tfej cjdooessc`he prey, wctfoljscmerd`he caphcodtcljs glr tfecr su`scstejoe strdtences.

7. ]fe ouhturdh sequejoe dt tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe

Upper Rdhdelhctfco cj slutfwesterj Grdjoe

Estd`hcsfem d hljn tcae dnl adcjhy tfdjis tl tfe exodvdtcljslg M. Reyrljy djm tfe wlri lg M. me _ljjevchhe-@lrmes(4372), tfe ouhturdh sequejoe lg tfe èncjjcjn lg tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco cj tfe Rãrcnlrm wds glr severdh meodmesoljscmerem tl è tfe ohdssco regerejoe sequejoe. ]fe

suooessclj lg edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco ouhtures djm tfecr'evlhutcljdry stdnes' wds `dsem lj tfe drofdelstrdtcnrdpfceslg d oertdcj juaèr lg sctes wctf d hljn sequejoe (HeAlustcer, Hd Gerrdssce, Hd Nrdvette, 4'D`rc Rdtdum, Hdunerce-Fdute) djm lj tfe ejvcrljaejtdh djm rdmclaetrco mdtd tfeyycehmem. Orctcocsem cj vdrclus wdys (Mkcjmkcdj 43309 @lssehcjdjm Mkcjmkcdj 433=) djm upmdtem cj vcew lg tfe resuhts lgreoejt exodvdtcljs djm wlri dt severdh sctes cj tfe Rãrcnlrm,daljnst wfcof epljyalus sctes (Alvcus 437?9 Mehplrte43769 Mehplrte djm ]uggredu 43>?, 436=9 Pcndum 4360), ctrepresejts cj gdot hess d serces lg 'strdtltypes' tfdj d rencljdhsequejoe, estd`hcsfem cj d semcaejtdry oljtext speocgco tlodves djm rloi sfehters. ]flunf wcmehy mlouaejtem, tfcs

sequejoe odjjlt è put glrwdrm ùt wctf odutclj ds dregerejoe almeh lutscme tfe renclj wfere ct wds estd`hcsfem.Jevertfehess, ds d resuht lg tfe juaèr, tfe metdch, djm tfehejntf lg tfe drofdelsequejoes, tfe 'Dquctdcje almeh' cslgtej qultem djm usem.

]fe durcnjdocdj sequejoe]fe gcrst durcnjdocdj looupdtcljs ijlwj cj tfe Rãrcnlrm hce,ds td`he 4 sflws, ètweej ?5 djm ?0 iyr `p.



?03 KEDJ-RFCHCRRE PCNDUM - FUADJ DMDR]D]CLJ ... CJ _LU]FÊ_]EPJ GPDJOE

]d`he 4. '=O mdtes glr edrhy durcnjdocdj sctes cj tfe Rãrcnlrm.

Plo-me-Olaè heveh >` ??,=22 ´ 4422 LxD 4070

Plo me-Olaè heveh >o ?=,622 ´ 4022 LxD 407?

Rdtdum heveh 4= ?=.052 ´ 7>5 NrJ =52>

Rdtdum heveh 4= ??,??2 ´ =42 NrJ =>02

Ghdnelhet-4 heveh VC ??,622 ´ 4622 LxD 536Ghdnelhet-4 heveh VC ?=,?22 ´ 4422 NcgD 35553

Ghdnelhet-4 heveh VC ?0,2=2 ´ 652 NcgD 355?6

Gerrdssce heveh Ij ??,022 ´ 5>2 Ncg 5>54

Gerrdssce heveh I7 : ?5,222 Ncg =0>3Odacjdme heveh M0c ?=,4=2 ´ 332 NcgD 3>46>

Odacjdme heveh G ?5,=22 ´ 4422 NcgD 3>467

Odacjdme heveh N* ?>,022 ´ 4522 NcgD 3>465

Odstdjet `dse heveh ?=.622 ´ 4422 NcgD 3>?40

Odstdjet `dse heveh ?5,022 ´ 4422 NcgD 3>?4?

*d plhhutclj wctf tfe ujmerhycjn Alustercdj fds èej jltem(K.-N. @lrmes 4336).

]fe edrhcest durcnjdocdj cjmustrces cj tfe Rãrcnlrm dreofdrdotercsem `y dj dùjmdjoe lg l`keots wctf d sodhdrretluof, tfe sl-odhhem 'durcnjdocdj retluof' (nejerdhhy `hdmesdjm ejmsordpers lj `hdmes), tfdt èolae auof rdrer, evejd`sejt, cj hdter cjmustrces. ]fe odrcjdtem djm tfcoi-jlsemodrcjdtem sordpers dre presejt cj vdrcd`he prlplrtcljs ds dretfe Muglur `hdmehets9 `hdme djm `hdmehet prlmuotclj csdùjmdjt. ]fese cjmustrces oljstctute tfe edrhy Durcnjdocdjcj tfe Rorcnlrm, ùt we sfluhm eapfdscze tfdt ct seeaem

ylujner `y slae gcve tflusdjm yedrs tfdj tfe drofdcoDurcnjdocdj lg jlrtferj _pdcj (Dr`remd, Odstchhl) (@csoflgget dh. 43639 Od`rerd-Wdhmes djm @csoflgg 4363).

Cg tfe edrhy Durcnjdocdj cj tfe Rãrcnlrm cs wehh ejlunfofdrdotercsem `y tfe teofjl-typlhlncodh equchc`rcua mesorcèmd`lve, glujm cj Eurlpe ds gdr dwdy ds tfe @dhidjs (Ilzhlwsic433?), tfe cjmustrces tfdt glhhlw ct fdve d mcggerejt equchc`rcua;tfcoi ejmsordpers (odrcjdtem djm tfcoi-jlsem) èolae alredùjmdjt, ùsiem ùrcjs dre presejt ùt cj vdrcd`he prlplrtcljs,djm pceoes wctf dj 'durcnjdocdj retluof' èolae rdrer. ]fcsjew equchc`rcua fds èej eapfdsczem djm dt hejntf mesorcèmehsewfere (_ljjevchhe-@lrmes 43729 Mehplrte et dh. 43>>9

@rllis 43>3, 4335; Pcndum 43609 Mehplrte 436=). ê fdveprlplsem tl cjohume tfese cjmustrces cj d 'acmmhe Durcnjdocdj',rehdtcvehy flalnejelus, tfe hlw vdrcd`chcty lg wfcof mles jltjeoessdrchy fdve d ofrljlhlncodh scnjcgcodjoe lj d rencljdhsodhe (Pcndum 4360; ?63) djm wfcof mles jlt seea tl èhcjiem tl pdrtcouhdr ejvcrljaejtdh ghuotudtcljs.

]fe revcsclj lg tfe Durcnjdocdj ujmertdiej `yG. Mkcjmkcdj (4367), wfl usem alre ehd`lrdte stdtcstcodhaedjs (olrrespljmejoe djm ohuster djdhyscs), fds hem fca tl

prlplse d jew struoturcjn lg tfe Durcnjdocdj cj tfe Rãrcnlrm.]fe prloemure cs scaphe; wctf olrrespljmejoe djdhyscs, femealjstrdtem d oertdcj juaèr lg teofjl-typlhlncodh gdmesgrla tfe cjmustrces lg sctes lg slutfwesterj Grdjoe ljwdrms(He Rcdne, He Gdoteur, Odacjdme, Hd Plofette, Hd Ofævre,Hd Gerrdssce, He Ghdnelhet 4, eto.). ]fese gdoces fdve èejolapdrem, cj d ofrljlhlncodh perspeotcve, tl tfe pdhdelejvc-rljaejtdh djm rdmclaetrco mdtd (Mkcjmkcdj 4367, 4330, tfcsvlhuae). ]fe prcjocpdh resuhts lg tfcs revcsclj dre ds glhhlws;

4 tfe excstejoe lg wfdt fds èej rendrmem ds tfe Durcnjdocdj2 cj Dquctdcje (_ljjevchhe-@lrmes 4372) cs odhhem cjtlquestclj9 tfese cjmustrces wluhm èhljn cj gdot tl gdoces 4 lgMkcjmkcdj (hlo. oct.) (Plo-me-Olaè heveh 3, Odacjdme-EstN, Hd Plofette 5M, Hd Gerrdssce I>). Ljhy tfe cjmustrces lghevehs K djm I lg He Rcdne oluhm èhljn tl d fypltfetcodh

gdoces 2, evej tfej ljhy wctf serclus reservdtcljs.

0 Mealjstrdtem wctf dj Durcnjdocdj gdoces 4; (Hd GerrdssceI7 djm I5, Rdtdum hevehs 4=, 40, djm 44, He Ghdnelhet 4heveh VC) tl wfcof sfluhm è dmmem tfe 'regunees' lg

gdoces 2. Gdoces 2 djm 4 lg Mkcjmkcdj olae cj wfdt wefdve mescnjdtem ds tfe edrhy Durcnjdocdj cj tfe Rãrcnlrm.

? Mealjstrdtem wctf gdoces 0 edrhy djm reoejt djm wctf gdoces ? essejtcdhhy represejtem `y tfe cjmustrces lgRdtdum hevehs 7, >, djm 69 Hd Gerrdssce hevehs I=, I?`,I0, I? /4, I0/?, K, djm 409 He Ghdnelhet 4 hevehs WCCC,Wchhd, WCF`, djm CV. (Mkcjmkcdj hlo. oct.). ]feyoljstctute, cj lur lpcjclj, tfe acmmhe Durcnjdocdj cj tfeRãrcnlrm.

= Mealjstrdtem wctf gdoces =, ljhy presejt cj Hd Gerrdssce(NL, Nh, G, Ehs, Ehsd, Ehs`). @ut tfcs gdoces odjjlt èvery ohedrhy mcstcjnucsfem grla gdoces 0` (Mkcjmkcdj hlo.oct. p. =6) djm tfe 4=O mdtes tfdt dre ncvej glr tfesedrofdelhlncodh hevehs dre very wcmehy mcspersem, lverjedrhy 42,222 yedrs (Mkcjmkcdj hlo. oct. p. 5=).

Nejerdhhy spedicjn, tfese gdoces tl wfcof Mkcjmkcdj dsscnjsd ofrljlhlncodh vdhue (Mkcjmkcdj hlo. oct. p. ?2), gdhh sflrt lgtfe expeotdtcljs lg tfecr dutflr djm odj tfereglre jlt serve dsd `dse glr d revcsclj lg tfe ofrljlstrdtcnrdpfy lg durcnjdocdjsctes cj tfe Rãrcnlrm `dsem lj tfe scjnhe drofdelstrdtcnrdpfc-odh sequejoe lg Hd Gerrdssce. Cj lur lpcjclj, gdoces 0, ?, djm= cj gdot ml ljhy represejt teofjl-typlhlncodh ghuotudtcljs glrwfcof we fdve prlplsem d gujotcljdh djm jlt d ofrljlhlncodh

exphdjdtclj. ]fdt cs tfe redslj wfy we fdve pregerrem tlieep tfese cjmustrces prlvcscljdhhy cj tfe nrlup lg tfe acmmhe

Durcnjdocdj cj tfe Rãrcnlrm.

]fe nrdvettcdj squejoe]fe eaernejoe lg tfe 'Rercnlrmcdj' fds èej extejscvehymesorcèm djm we sfdhh jlt repedt fere tfe cjtrlmuotclj lgtfcs fcstlrcodh perspeotcve (@reuch 43239 Reyrljy 43??9 M. me_ljjevchhe-@lrmes 43729 Mehplrte 436=9 Pcndum 43669



??2 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

]d`he 0. D revcew lg tfe typlhlncodh gdoces lg tfe Nrdvettcdj lg slutfwesterj Grdjoe. ]fese 'tdxljlacodh' equcvdhejoes ml jltjeoessdrchy caphy d ofrljlhlncodh scnjcgcodjoe.

M. RESPLJS M. ME _LJJEWCHHE- K.-RF. PCNDUM

@LPME_ et

G. @LPME_

F. ALWCU_, F.

@PCOIEP et J. MDWCM

F. MEHRLP]E G. MKCJMKCDJ et

@. @L__EHCJ

Rrltladnmdhãjcej Rrltladnmdhãjcej Rrltladnmdhãjcej Rrltladnmdhãjcej Rrltladnmdhãjcej Rrltladnmdhãjcolu Rãrcnlrmcej WCC j

Rãrcnlrmcej WC Rãrcnlrmcej WC Rãrcnlrmcej Rãrcnlrmcej supãrceur Rãrcnlrmcej Hdunãrcej(ex-Rãrcnlrmcej CCC) supãrceur gcjdh gcjdh lu Rãrcnlrmcej WC supãrceur

Rãrcnlrmcej Wo Rãrcnlrmcej Wo Jldchhcej Rãrcnlrmcej Pdysscejsupãrceur í ùrcjs meJldchhes lu Jldchhcej

Rãrcnlrmcej Jldchhcejsupãrceur

Rãrcnlrmcej W` Rãrcnlrmcej W` Rãrcnlrmcej Nrdvettcejsupãrceur í eheaejts cjmcggãrejocã

trljquãsRãrcnlrmcej Wd Rãrcnlrmcej Wd Gljtcrlèrtcej

Gljtcrlèrtcejet @dydocej

Rãrcnlrmcej CW Rãrcnlrmcej CW Rãrcnlrmcej alyej Rãrcnlrmcej alyej @dydocej« Rãrcnlrmcej hch ¹

Pcndum djm _caei 4332). ]fe ouhturdh sequejoe lg tfeNrdvettcdj cj tfe Rãrcnlrm (1 Rercnlrmcdj) cs essejtcdhhy`dsem lj tfe drofdelsequejoes lg tfe rloi sfehters lg HdGerrdssce djm He Rdtdum djm lj tfe cjterscte olrrehdtcljsgrla tfe h=O mdtes, djm cj oertdcj odses lj pdhdelejvcrlj-aejtdh mdtd (]d`he 0).

Cmejtcgcem cj Hd Nrdvettte djm cj D`rc Rdtdum, Reyrljy's'Rercnlrmcdj CW' lr Alvcus' 'acmmhe Rercnlrmcdj' wdsofdrdotercsem, cj cts edrhy pfdse, `y tfe presejoe lg ghãofettes.]fe tera '@dydocdj' wds tfej prlplsem tl mescnjdte tfcsouhturdh stdne lg tfe Rercnlrmcdj. Jltwctfstdjmcjn tfed`sejoe lg d strdtcnrdpfco superplsctclj, tfe rdmclaetrco mdtdohedrhy sflw tfdt tfe edrhy acmmhe Rercnlrmcdj (1 edrhyRercnlrmcdj CW 1 @dydocdj) lg Rdtdum heveh 5 (Nr =7?=;06,452 ´ 005 `p, LxD 473; 06,=22 ´ 4422 `p) cs edrhcertfdj tfe Rercnlrmcdj wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts lg Hd Gerrdssce

(heveh M0) (LxD =20; 0>,322 ´ >>2 djm LxD =2?; 0>,5?2´ >02). ]fe cjctcdh pfdse lg tfe Nrdvettcdj cj tfe Rãrcnlrm(1 Reyrljy's Rercnlrmcdj CW 1 Alvcus' edrhy acmmheRercnlrmcdj 1 @dydocdj) preoeems tfereglre tfe Rercnlrmcdjwctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts, oljtrdry tl tfe lpcjclj lg Mkcjmkcdjdjm @lssehcj (@rcoier 43>79 Mkcjmkcdj djm @lssehcj 433=9@lssehcj 4337). ]l tfcs ofrljlhlncodh drnuaejt we sfluhmdmm tfe presejoe lg Gljt Plèrt plcjts cj dsslocdtclj wctfJldchhes ùrcjs cj heveh WCC lg He Ghdnelhet 4, mdtem tl

07,452 ´ 722 (HS 0>0?) djm lg :/1 05,>02 + 742 (HS 4>=6)djm Hes @dttuts (Dhdux 43>?9 Pcndum 43>6).

]fe tdjnem plcjts lg Hd Gljt-Plèrt glra d 'type glssch'lg d pfdse lr gdoces lg tfe Nrdvettcdj, tfe Rercnlrmcdj ' Wd'lg M. Reyrljy djm M. me _ljjevchhe-@lrmes tfdt suooeems tfeRercnlrmcdj CW (og. suprd) djm preoeems tfe Rercnlrmcdj W`wctf trujodtem eheaejts djm tfe Rercnlrmcdj Wo wctf Jldchhesùrcjs ds sflwj `y tfe strdtcnrdpfy lg Hd Gerrdssce.Doolrmcjn tl A. Ltte (43>=), tfe Nrdvettcdj wctf GljtPlèrt plcjts dppedrs cj @ehncua (Adcscæres) drlujm06,222 `p, oljteaplrdjelus wctf tfe hlodh Durcnjdocdj. Ctsdppedrdjoe cj tfe Rãrcnlrm seeas tl è d hctthe hdter; cj HdGerrdssce ètweej 0>,322 ´ >>2 djm 07,052 ´ 722, djm cj HeGhdnelhet 4 etweej 05,>02 ´ 742 djm 07,452 ´ 722. ]fcssadhh ofrljlhlncodh mcsorepdjoy sfluhm, flwever, ècjterpretem wctf odutclj èoduse lg tfe hcactem juaèr lg

dvdchd`he mdtes. Jevertfehess, cg tfe @ehncdj Nrdvettcdj wctfGljt Plèrt plcjts cs oljteaplrdjelus wctf tfe hlodhDurcnjdocdj, cj tfe Rãrcnlrm lj tfe ltfer fdjm ct cs (tl tfcsmdte) systeadtcodhhy hdter tfdj tfe Durcnjdocdj sejsu strcotl,grla wfcof ct cs ofrljlhlncodhhy sepdrdtem `y tfe acmmheRercnlrmcdj (1 ex Rercnlrmcdj CW). Gcjdhhy, èyljm tfepresejoe lg tfcs type glssch (tfe Gljt Plèrt plcjt), tfenrdvettcdj dssea`hdnes oljoerjem presejt pdrtcouhdr teofjl-typlhlncodh ofdrdotercstcos, glr exdaphe tfe juaercodh



??4 KEDJ-RFCHCRRE PCNDUM - FUADJ DMDR]D]CLJ ... CJ _LU]FÊ_]EPJ GPDJOE

dùjmdjoe lg ejmsordpers. ]fcs prlaptem F. Mehplrte tlcslhdte tfese cjmustrces grla tfe nrdvettcdj trdmctclj djm tlphdee tfea cjtl tfe 'Gljtcrlèrtcdj', wfche eapfdsczcjn tfecaplrtdjt typlhlncodh mcggerejoes tfdt excst ètweej tfecjmustrces wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts cj slutfwesterj Grdjoedjm tflse lg @ehncua (Mehplrte 436=). Flwever, tfe oredtclj

lg chccs tdxljlace ejtcty seeas superghulus lr cj djy odsepreadture ds tfe nrdvettcdj olapljejt lg tfese cjmustrces cscjmcsputd`he djm extreaehy strljn.

]fe sdae dpphces tl tfe 'Jldchhcdj' tfdt J. Mdvcm djmF.H. Alvcus fdve wdjtem tl cslhdte grla tfe nrdvettcdjdssea`hdne, dndcj cj vcew lg oertdcj styhcstco ofdrdotercstcos.C fcs •Jldchhcdj'. cj spcte lg d pdrtcouhdr typlhlncodh

olaplsctclj (dùjmdjoe lg ùrcjs sur trljodture djm cjpdrtcouhdr lg Jldchhes ùrcjs, meohcje lg sordpers lj `hdmes),èhljns ujequcvlodhhy tl tfe Nrdvettcdj `y tfe presejoe, cjvdrcd`he qudjtctces, lg Nrdvette plcjts djm acorl-plcjts. Cjlrmer tl supplrt tfe fypltfescs lg 'tfe cjmepejmejoe lg tfe

Jldchhcdj trdmctclj', Mdvcm (cj @rcoier 4335; 4?2) rendrms tfecjmustrces lg heveh = lg Rdtdum ectfer ds d nelhlncodh acxturelg tfe Jldchhcdj djm tfe Rercnlrmcdj WC (heveh =d), lr ds tferesuht lg dj doouhturdtclj grla tfe Nrdvettcdj ljwdrms, lg dpure 'Jldchhcdj' (ùt mles tfcs 'Jldchhcdj' excst wctflut d setlg ofdrdotercstcos djm cg sl wfere<).

ê fdve sflwj ehsewfere tfdt tfese teofjlolaphexesseea tl olrrespljm auof alre tl gujotcljdh gdoces tfdj tlredhhy mcstcjot tdxljlacodh djm fuadj ejtctces (Pcndum43>6). Cj severdh sctes wctf d percnlrmcdj sequejoe wctfJldchhes ùrcjs (glr exdaphe, Rdtdum heveh =, He Ghdnelhet4 hevehs WCC, WC, W djm CW), tfe ejm lg tfe sequejoe wctf

Jldchhes ùrcjs cs oljscstejthy adriem `y tfe dppedrdjoe djmmevehlpaejt lg Pdysse ùrcjs (Mdvcm hlo. oct.) djm `y dscauhtdjelus meoredse cj Jldchhes ùrcjs. ]fcs typlhlncodh lrstyhcstco ofdrdotercstco fds hem @lssehcj djm Mkcjmkcdj tl usetfe tera 'Pdysscdj' tl mescnjdte tfese cjmustrces (Mkcjmkcdjdjm @lssehcj 433=9 @lssehcj 4337). @ut glr tfe sdae redsljsds tflse presejtem d`lve, tfese cjmustrces odjjlt èsepdrdtem grla tfe nrdvettcdj dssea`hdne. Cg tfe teras'Gljtcrlèrtcdj', 'Jldchhcdj' djm 'Pdysscdj' odj è supplrtemtfej tfcs cs ljhy tl cjmcodte teofjl-typlhlncodh gdoces wctfcjtfe Nrdvettcdj, wctflut djy ouhturdh caphcodtclj. ]fese sdaedutflrs sunnest tl mehete tfe stdne 'Rercnlrmcdj W`',prlplsem `y Reyrljy, djm ofdrdotercsem `y 'trujodtem

eheaejts', djm tl cjtenrdte ct wctf tfe Rercnlrmcdj CW, dsdoolrmcjn tl tfea tfe trujodtem eheaejts dre cj gdot Nrdvetteplcjts trujodtem dt lje lr `ltf ejms (Mkcjmkcdj djm @lssehcj433=; @lssehcj 4337) - espeocdhhy scjoe tfe exodvdtcljs lgMehplrte dt Hd Gerrdssce fdve ycehmem ljhy d scjnhe trujodtemoheaejt cj tfe heveh (O= - Mh) wfere tfey were dùjmdjt dttfe tcae lg Reyrljy's exodvdtcljs.

]fese drnuaejts odj, flwever, jlt è dooeptem èodusetfe trujodtem eheaejts mcgger alrpflhlncodhhy djm teofjcodhhy

grla Nrdvette plcjts; tfcoijess lg tfe `doi, seotclj, type lgretluof, djm tfey dre jlt jeoessdrchy dsslocdtem wctf dhh tfecjmustrces wctf Nrdvette plcjts. Gurtferalre, tfey wererehdtcvehy juaerlus dt tfe tcae lg Reyrljy's exodvdtcljs(heveh I) djm tfecr rdrcty dt tfe tcae lg tfe hcactemexodvdtcljs `y Mehplrte oluhm è mue tl hdterdh vdrcdtcljs lg

tfe gdoces. Djm gcjdhhy, cj heveh Dè cj tfe Nrltte VWC(Oãjdo-et-_dcjt-Kuhcej) excsts d percnlrmcdj heveh cj wfcof, cjdsslocdtclj wctf d Gljt Plèrt plcjt, tfe 'trujodtemeheaejts' represejt 3% lg tfe tllh ict. ]fe trujodtemeheaejts fdve tfereglre d typlhlncodh excstejoe djm tfey drepresejt, cj vdrcd`he prlplrtcljs, cj oertdcj nrdvettcdjcjmustrces cj dsslocdtclj wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts (Ghdnelhet4, Nrltte VWC) djm Jldchhes ùrcjs (Ghdnelhet 4) (Pcndum4360).

]fe Rercnlrmcdj CW djm WC fdve very ohlsehy rehdtemofdrdotercstcos tfdt adie ct mcggcouht tl mcstcjnucsf tfeawctflut tfe cjteraemcdry strdtcnrdpfcodh presejoe lg tfe

Rercnlrmcdj W, wfetfer wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts, 'trujodtemeheaejts' lr Jldchhes lr Pdysse ùrcjs (Pcndum 43669 Ohdyet dh. cj @rcoier 4335). ]fe adcj mcggerejoes hce cj tfe fcnferprlplrtcljs lg acorl-nrdvettes cj tfe Rercnlrmcdj WC djm dhsld fcnfer juaèr lg mcfemrdh ùrcjs. ]l realve tfcstdxljlace da`cnucty, tfe tera 'Hdunercdj' fds èej usem tlmescnjdte tfe Rercnlrmcdj WC presejt cj Hdunerce Fdute djmdt D`rc Rdtdum. Doolrmcjn tl tfe prlpljejts, tfe tera'ujmcggerejtcdtem Nrdvettcdj' mescnjdtes tfe Rercnlrmcdj CW(Mkcjmkcdj djm @lssehcj 433=9 @lssehcj 4337). Ds wctf tfeGljtcrlèrtcdj, tfe Jldchhcdj, djm tfe Pdysscdj, tfcs jewtdxljlace ejtcty mles jlt seea kustcgcem tl us lj dmvdjoemtyplhlncodh `dses.

Cg tfe stdtcstcodh aetflms usem `y Mkcjmkcdj djm @lssehcjmealjstrdte cjmcsputd`hy tfe typlhlncodh gdoces, lgtejmeteotem alrelver `y alre prcactcve aedjs, tfej tfecrouhturdh scnjcgcodjoe readcjs, flwever, tl è estd`hcsfemèglre dspcrcjn tl ujmertdie d restruoturcjn lg tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco ouhtures.

>. OljohuscljsOdj we mealjstrdte d olrrehdtclj ètweej tfese teofjcodhdjm typlhlncodh cjjlvdtcljs djm pdrtcouhdr ohcadtco pfdses<]fe durcnjdocdj sequejoe cj tfe Rãrcnlrm mles jlt seea tlsflw prljlujoem djm rehcd`he olrrehdtcljs ètweej tfeteofjl-typlhlncodh ghuotudtcljs djm ohcadtco evejts (og.suprd). Grla tfe edrhcest adjcgestdtcljs lg tfcs ouhture cj tfeMlrmlnje ljwdrms, `hdmehet prlmuotclj grla odrcjdtem glrascs presejt (Muglur `hdmehets), pceoes wctf d hdterdh retluof drepresejt cj very vdrcd`he prlplrtcljs, djm su`sequejthy, tfeùsiem ùrcjs lgtej vdry cj juaèrs, ùt cjmepejmejthy lgohcadtco ghuotudtcljs.

]fe nrdvettcdj cjmustrces dre wctflut exoeptclj cjmcodtem`y tfe presejoe lg Nrdvette plcjts djm acorl-plcjts, ùt cj




prlplrtcljs tfdt vdry mcdofrljcodhhy djm syjofrljcodhhy.]fey dre cj pdrtcouhdr presejt, cj vdrcd`he qudjtctces, cj tfecjmustrces wctf Gljt Plèrt plcjts, wctf 'trujodtemeheaejts', wctf Jldchhes ùrcjs djm wctf Pdysse ùrcjs(Pcndum 4360). Ljhy tfe presejoe, djm dhsl tfe dùjmdjoe,lg Jldchhes ùrcjs djm Pdysse ùrcjs odj è olrrehdtem wctf

d perclm lg hessejcjn lg tfe ohcadtco meterclrdtclj dt tfe ejm

lg LC_ ? (`clzlje > lg G. Mehpeof) (1 ]ursdo). Ct cs,flwever, cjterestcjn tl jlte tfdt tfe perclm lg ohcadtcocjstd`chcty dt tfe èncjjcjn lg LC_ ? olrrespljms tl d oertdcjstd`chcty lg durcnjdocdj cjmustrces djm tfdt lj tfe ltfer fdjmd hdrne teofjl-typlhlncodh vdrcd`chcty djm d nredter oredtcvctycj tfe Nrdvettcdj dre oljteaplrdjelus wctf tfe ohcadtco

meterclrdtclj wfcof preoeems tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua.



??? KEDJ-RFCHCRRE PCNDUM - FUADJ DMDR]D]CLJ .. . CJ _LU]FÊ_]EPJ GPDJOE

regerejoes

Dhdux. .4.4'.

@ertrdj, R.,K.-R. ]excer

43>? Rlcjtes me hd Gljt Plèrt ej phdoe mdjs Ce Rãrcnlrmcej supãrceur í ùrcjs me Jldchhos meh'd`rc mes @dttuts, Olaauje me Rejje (]drj), @uhhetcj me hd _locctc RrãfcstlrcqueGrdjodcse. 54-55.

4335 Gd`rco djdhyscs; dpphcodtclj tl pdhdelhctfco sctes, Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe 00,504-5?5.

@eduhceu, K.-H..A. Pechhe

436= D hljn upper-Rhecstloeje plhhej reolrm grla hes Eofets, jedr Hylj, Grdjoe, @lreds 4?(0),444-4?0.

@csoflgg, K.H.,J. _lher,K. Adrltl.P. Kuhcd

4363 D`rupt Aluster cdj/durcnjdocdj `lujmdry dt o. =2 id @R; dooeherdtlr 4= O mdtes grlaDr`remd odve (Odtdhujyd, _pdcj), Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe 47, 57?-5>7.

@lrmes, G. 43>> Tue sljt Ce Rrãdurcnjdocej et Ce Cd`rlumcej< Cj; @. Drejsùrn djm L. @dr Slseg (ems),

Alsfe _teiehcs aealrcdh vlhuae, =3-55, Csrdeh Exphlrdtclj _locety.

4362 He mã`ctdne hevdhhlcs et ses vdrcdjtes. @uhhetcj mo hd _locctc Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse >>(0),=5-=3.

@lrmes, G.,M. Ord`tree

@lrmes, G.,K. Hd`rlt

@lscjsic, (c..I. @rujjdoier,

P. _ofchtruapg,P. Pltthíjmer

4373 ]fe Olr`cdo `hdme teofjcque djm ltfer expercaejts, ]E@C^D Klurjdh lg tfe Cmdfl _tdteUjcverscty Auseua 40(0), 4-04.

437> Hd strdtcnrdpfce mu ncseaejt mu Plo-me-Olaè (Hlt) et ses caphcodtcljs, @uhhetcj me hd_locctc Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse 7=(4), 45-06.

4377 Mer pdhílhctfcsofe Gujmphdtz Pfecjmdfhoj, [cenehec Mreesej-êstwdjm, @ljjer Kdfr`øofer?2, 64-440.

@lssehcj, @.

@reuch, F.

@rcoier, F.A.

@rcoier, F.A. (em.)

4337 He Rrltladnmdhãjcej mu @hlt. Hes cjmustr ces hctfcques mdjs he oljtexte ouhtureh muNrdvettcej grdjodcs, Hcene; EPDUH 7=.

4323d H'Durcnjdocej prã-slhutrãej. Epchlnue m'uj e oljtrlverse, Pevue Rrãfcstlrcque =, 003-0=6.

4323` H'Durcnjdocej prã-slhutrãej. Epchlnue m'uj e oljtrlverse, Pevue Rrãfcstlrcque =, 075-067.

43>7 Hd oljtrcùtclj me h'd`rc Rdtdum í hd questclj `dydocejje, Olapte rejmu me hd VVe sessclj,Rrlvejoe 43>= Rdrcs, Oljnres Rrãfcstlrcque me Grdjoe, =6-50.

4335 He Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur me h'd`rc Rdtdum (Mlrmlnje), hes gluchhes me F.H. Alrcds Kr._ucvc m'ccj cjvejtdcre djdhytcque mes sctes durcnjdocejs et pãrcnlrmcejs me Mlrmlnje, Rdrcs;MDG 52, Emctcljs Adcslj mes _ocejoes me 4'Flaae.

@rllis. D. 43>3 ]fe scnjcgcodjoe lg vdrcd`chcty cj Rdhdelhctfco dssea`hdnes; Dj durcnjdocdj exdaphe grla_lutfwesterj Grdjoe, RfM mcssertdtclj Mepdrtaejt lg Djtfrlplhlny, Fdrvdrm Ujcverscty.

4335 H'Durcnjdocej me 4'D`rc Rdtdum, jcvedux 7 í 4=. Cj; F.A. @rcoier (em.), He Rdhãlhctfcquesupãrceur me h'd`rc Rdtdum (Mlrmlnje), hes gluchhes me F.H. Alvcus Kr. _ucvc m'uj cjvejtdcredjdhytcque mes sctes durcnjdocejs et pãrcnlrmcejs me Mlrmlnje, 476-005, Rdrcs; MDGAdcslj mes _ocejoes me h'Flaae.



??= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Od`rerd-Wdhmes, W.,K.H. @csoflgg

4363 Dooeherdtlr 4=O mdhes glr edrhy Upper Rdhdelhc tfco (@dsdh durcnjdocdj) dt Eh Odstc hhl odve(_pdcj), Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe 47, 5>>-56=.

Odrdhp, A.,G. Nrlusset,K. Alyes,K.R. Reypluquet,

O. Ruklh

4360 H'ejvcrljjeaejt oljgcje mu nlhge me Ndsolnje dvdjt he adxcaua nhdocdc r. Dotes muOlhhlque cjterjdtcljdh mu OJP_, @lrmedux 4364, @uhhetcj me h'Cjstctut Nãlhlncque mu

@dsscj m'Dquctdcje ?4 , =44-=00.

Ola`cer, K. 437> He pdhãlhc tfcque me 4'Drmæofe mdjs slj odmre pdhãlohcadtcque, Ru`hcodtclj me h'Cjstctut meRrãfcstlcre me 4'Ujcversctã me @lrmedux =.

Olli, K. 4367 D `hdme cjmustry grla _tljefda' s Rct, _trdyglrm. Cj; _.J. Olhhoutt (em.). ]fe Rdhdelhctfco lg @rctdcj djm cts jecnf`lurs; reoejt trejms, 47-43, _feggcehm.

Mehpeof, G. 433? ]fe gdujd lg tfe Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco; @clstrdtcnrdpfy lg Hdrne Adaadhs djm OurrejtRrl`heas cj Ofrljlhlny. Cj; F. Ijeoft, D. Rcie-]dy djm P. ^fcte (ems), @eglre Hdsodux;tfe olaphex reolrm lg tfe Edrhy Upper Rdhelhctfco, >4-6=, @lod Pdtlj; OPO Rress.

Mehpeof, G.,

F. Hdvchhe,K.-Rf. Pcndum

Mehplrte, F.

433= Ofrljlhlnce et ejvcrljjeaejt ohcadtcque mu Rdhãlh ctfcque supãrceur mdjs he _um-Luest me hd

Grdjoe. Cj; G. @erjdhml me Tucrÿs (em.), Eh Oudmrl nelerljlhlncol meh Rdhelhctcol superclrcjcocdh, 4>?-467, Admrcm; Cjstctutl me Oljservdoclj y Pestdurdoclj me @cejes Ouhturdhes(Espdjd) 4?.

4376 H'd`rc mu Gdoteur í ]ursdo; C Ãtume nãjãrdhe, Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre 44(4), 4-440.

43>7 H'lrndjcsdtclj mu Rãrcnlrmcej supãrceur ej Grdjoe et ses rdpplrts dveo he Rãrcnlrmcejm'Eurlpe loocmejtdhe, Oljnres me h'UC_RR, olhhlque VW, >-54.

Mehplrte, F. (om.) 436= He Nrdjm D`rc me hd Gerrdss ce - gluchhes 4376-43>, Ãtumes qudterjdcres. Aealcre 4,Ru`hcodtcljs me 4'Ujcversctã me Rrlvejoe.

Mehplrte. F..

N. Adzcære,G. Mkcjmkcdj

Mehplrte, F.,D. ]uggredu

43>> H'Durcnjdocej me hd Gerrdssce; L`servdtcljs prãhcacjdcres í hd sucte me gluchhes rãoejtes, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse 4=, Etumes et ]rdvdux 4, ?=?-?74.

43>? Hes cjmustr ces mu pãrcnlrmcej supãrceur me hd Gerrdssce, Tudrtír 0?-0=, 3?-40?.

436= Hes cjmustrces mu Rãrcnlrmcej W me hd Gerrdssce. Cj; F. Mehplrte (em.), He Nrdjm D`rc me hdGerrdssce, 0?5-0=>, Ãtumes Tudterjdcres >, Ujcversctã me Rrlvejoe.

Mkcjmkcdj, G. 4367 Peoferofes sur 4'Durcnjdocej mu Rãrcnlrm í pdrtcr mes mljjães jluvehhes me hd Gerrdssce. H'Djtfrlplhlnce 32(4), 63-427.

4330 H'Durcnjdocej mu Rãrcnlrm, uje revcsclj, Rrãfcstlcre Eurlpãejje ?, 03-5=.

tfcs ]fe Acm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (?2,222 tl 02,222 `p) cj Grdjoe.vlhuae

Mkcjmkcdj, G.,@. @lssehcj

433= Rãrcnlrmcej et Nrdvettcej; 4'ãpchlnue m'uje oljtrdmcotclj, Rrãfcstlcre Eurlpãejje 7, 44>-4?4

Nejeste, K.-A.,CC. Rhcsslj

4367 He _lhutrãej me hd nrltte me Olaè _dujcere 4 (Mlrmlnje) ; Rreacære dpprlofepdhetfjlhlncque, Ndhhcd Rrãfcstlcre 03, 3-0>.






Rehhenrcj, K.

Reyrljy, M.

Ruklh, O,

K.-H. ]urlj

4335 ]eofjlhlnce hctfcque; He Ofítehperrljcej me Plo-me Olaè (Hlt) et me hd O÷te (Mlrmlnje) ,OJP_ Odfcers mu Tudterjdcre.

43?? Hes cjmustrces durcnjdocejjes mdjs he `dsscj me hd Wãzære, @uhhetcj me hd _locctcRrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse ?2, 5=?-553.

4367 Olapdrdcslj mes oyohes ohcadtcques ej mladcje adrcj et oljtcjejtdh ejtre 4?2 222 et

00 222 @R mdjs 4'fãacspfære jlrm. @uhhetcj me W'Dsslocdtclj grdjodcse, Etumes Tudterjdcre67(4-0), 4>-05.

Pdyjdh, K.-R.,K.-H. Nudmehhc

4332 Achceux pfyscques et `clhlncques; Tuehs ofdjneaejts ejtre 72 et ?2 222 djs í 4'luest me4'Eurlpe. Cj; O. Gdrczy (em.), Rdcãlhctfcque alyej rãoejt et Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur djocejej Eurlpe, (Olhhlque Cjterjdtcljdh me Jealurs, 3-44 adc 4366), 5?-74, Aealcre mu Ausãeme Rrãfcstlcre m'Che me Grdjoe ?.

Pcndum, K.-Rf. 43>6 ]fe scnjcgcodjoe lg vdrcd`chcty daljn hctfco drtegdots; d speocgco odse grla _lutfwesterjGrdjoe, Klurjdh lg Djtfrlplhlncodh Pesedrof ?=(?), 033-?42.

4360 He pdhãlhctfcque ej Rãrcnlrm; hes mljjães mu sum-luest sdrhdmdcs et heurs caphcodtcljs.]fese me Mlotlrdt m'Etdt mes _ocejoes Jdturehhes Jl. >?>, Ujcversctã me @lrmedux C.

4366 He peupheaejt nrdvettcej mu sum-luest me hd Grdjoe; prl`hæaes tdxljlacques. Cj;F. Mc``he djm D. Aljtet-^fcte (ems), Upper Rhecstloeje Rrefcstlry lg êsterj Eurdscd,Rfchdmehpfcd; Ujcverscty Auseua, Ujcverscty lg Rfchdmehpfcd.

4330 H'Durcnjdocej mdjs he _um-Luest me hd Grdjoe; @chdj et perspeotcves. Cj; Cjstctutdrofãlhlncque me RDodmãace _hlvdque mes socejoes (em.), H'Durcnjdocej ej Eurlpe et duRrlofe Lrcejt, Olhhlque lrndjcse pdr hd Olaacssclj 6 me 4'UC_RR, @rdtcshdvd 4334.

433? Rdssdnes et trdjsc tcljs mu Rdhãlhc tfcque alyej du Rdhãlh ctfcque supãrceur. Cj; W. Od`rerdWdhmes (em.), Eh lrcnej meh flafre almerjl ej eh surleste me Eurlpd, 44>-407, Admrcm;UJEM.

Pcndum, K.-Rf.,K.G. _caei

_ljjevchhe-@lrmes, M. me

]excer, K.-R.

]excer, K.-R.,A. He @er

]uggredu, D.,

_. Pãvchhclj

4332 ]fe hdst Rhejcnhdocdh cj tfe _lutf lg Grdjoe (0= 222-4= 222 yedrs dnl) . Cj; L. _lgger djmO. Nda`he (ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 73-67, Hljmlj;Ujwcj Fyadj

4372 He Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur ej Rãrcnlrm. @lrmedux; Mehads.

4332 @chdj sur hes pdhãlejvcrljjeaejts mu Alustãrcej ofdrejtcej m'Eur lpe loocmejtdhe m'dpr æshes mljjães me hd Nelhlnce, Olhhlque cjterjdtcljdh 'Hes Alustãrcejs ofdrejtcejs', @rcve-HdOfdpehhe dux _dcjts, 07-03 Dløt 4332, 45-43.

4366 H'ejrenc streaejt mes ohcadts et mu teaps mdjs hes meplts me pejtes odr`ljdtes; h'exeaphemu Rãrcnlrm, Olhhlque AOT_, 5-> Meoeaèr 4366, Mcklj, 33-422.

436= He ncseaejt pdhãlhctfcque alyej me _eohcj (Jlrm); preacers rãsuhtdts me hd odapdnje me

gluchhes me 436?, Odfcers me Nelnrdpfce pfyscque 5, ?4-=?.

Kedj-Rfchcppe PcndumCjstctut me Rrãfcstlcre et me Nelhlnce mu TudterjdcreUjcversctã @lrmedux C et Oejtre Jdtcljdh me Rrãfcstlcre(UAP 5626 mu OJP_)Dvejue mes Gdouhtãs??=25 ]dhejoeGrdjoe



Klíl zccfdl 07 Jdture djm ouhture cj Rlrtundh grla ?2,222 tl02,222 `p

]fe perclm ?2-02 iyr mcm jlt see scnjcgcodjt ejvcrljaejtdh

ofdjnes cj hcttlrdh Rlrtundh, tflunf hdjmsodpes èodae alre

lpej, djm tfe lverdhh hdjm surgdoe cjoredsem tfrlunf

hlwercjn lg tfe sed heveh. ]fe èncjjcjn lg tfcs perclm

wctjessem tfe rephdoeaejt lg Jedjmertfdhs `y almerj

fuadjs, wflse dmdptdtcljs mcm jlt ofdjne scnjcgcodjthy ujtch

tfe HNA, exoept cj tfe teofjlhlncodh mladcj. Ct cs sunnestem

fere tfdt ofdjnes cj tfe scze lg slocdh jetwlris were èfcjm

tfe rdpcm djm hdrne-sodhe mcggusclj lg jew teofjlhlncodh

trdcts. ]fe perclm dt stdie sees d hljn-tera trejm tlwdrms d

alre eoljlaco use lg rdw adtercdh, djm d oljolactdjt

acjcdturcsdtclj lg tllh icts.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

Dhalst everytfcjn we ijlw d`lut tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lgRlrtundh cs `dsem lj tfe evcmejoe olhheotem scjoe tfejcjeteejtf oejtury, djm pdrtcouhdrhy wctfcj tfe hdst 45 yedrs,cj Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd. Ujhess wfere exphcocthyaejtcljem ltferwcse, dhh ofdrdotercsdtcljs cj tfcs text sfluhmè hdiej ds regerrcjn tl tfcs renclj wfcof, grla d struoturdhplcjt lg vcew, olrrespljms tl tfe plrtclj ètweej tfe

presejt-mdy ]dnus djm Aljmenl rcvers lg tfe êsterj@lrmer, lje lg tfe nelteotljco ujcts lg tfe Cèrcdj Rejcjsuhd.Ct cs adcjhy olaplsem lg Aeslzlco semcaejts dggeotem `y dserces lg lrlnejco epcslmes wfcof prlmuoem tfe rcscjn lgseverdh alujtdcj rcmnes (dhh ouhacjdtcjn drlujm 722 a) tfdtrepresejt tfe oljtcjudtclj, cjgheotem tl tfe slutfwest, lg tfeCèrcdj Olrmchfecrd Oejtrdh. ]l tfe slutf djm slutfedst lgtfese hcaestlje rehcegs hces tfe hlwer ]dnus `dscj, gchhemadcjhy wctf oljtcjejtdh semcaejts lg Rdhelnejco djmJelnejco dne9 tl tfe west, tfey dre sepdrdtem grla tfeDthdjtco `y d hcttlrdh phdtglra hevehem cj Rhcl-Rhecstloejetcaes djm oljtcjucjn èyljm tfe presejt oldst hcje ds dj

extejscve oljtcjejtdh phdtglra (Pcècrl et dh. 43>3).Cj spcte lg tfcs cjterjdh nelalrpflhlncodh vdrcdtclj, tfe

renclj cs wehh mcggerejtcdtem grla jecnf`lurcjn rencljs `yscnjcgcodjt nelnrdpfcodh `drrcers; tl tfe jlrtf, tfe wcmevdhhey lg tfe hlwer Aljmenl9 tl tfe edst, tfe sofcst djmnrdjcte alujtdcjs lg oejtrdh Rlrtundh, rcscjn very qucoihyd`lve >22 a djm ouhacjdtcjn dt 0222 a cj tfe _errd mdEstrehd9 djm tl tfe slutf djm slutfedst, tfe hlwer `dscj djmtfe estudry lg tfe ]dnus, tfe hdrnest rcver lg Cèrcd. ]lmdy,

tfese nelnrdpfco grljtcers represejt ds adjy eolhlncodh ljes;d zlje lg `dhdjoe wfere aemcterrdjedj speoces equdh lrshcnfthy mlacjdte dthdjtco ljes, tfe renclj cs surrlujmem `ypfytlohcadtco zljes lg adriemhy su`-dthdjtco (tl tfe jlrtfdjm jlrtfedst) djm su`-aemcterrdjedj (tl tfe slutf djmslutfedst) mlacjdjoe (Dhùquerque 436=) djm odj tfereglreè alre scaphy mesorcèm ds tfe renclj lg êsterj Cèrcdwfere tfe trdjsctclj ètweej tfe twl wlrhms (Aemcterrdjedjdjm Dthdjtco) cs redhcsem.

0. Ohcadte djm ejvcrljaejt

0.4 CJ]EP_]DMCDH EJWCPLJAEJ]_

]frlunflut LC_ ?, ohcadtco oljmctcljs cj RlrtunueseEstreadmurd seea tl fdve èej teaperdte. Dt tfe odve sctelg Hdpd mls Gurls, jedr ]ladr, dj drofdelhlncodhhy stercheheveh ujmerhycjn d tfcj alustercdj looupdtclj fdm hdrnedalujts lg hdjm sjdchs (cjohumcjn Oepded jealrdhcs)

dsslocdtem wctf rem meer `ljes. D sdaphe lg tflse sjdchs wdsmdtem tl o. ?=.5 iyr `p (]d`he 4). ]fcs gdujdh dsslocdtcljsunnests d wllmhdjm ejvcrljaejt, ds cs tfe odse wctf tfdtgrla hdyer I lg tfe jedr`y odve scte lg Odhmecríl, wfere

`ljes lg Odprelhus odprelhus. Odstlr gcèr djm _us sorlgd

were reolverem ([chfíl 436>, 4335d9 Djtujes 4363). @ljegrla tfe upper pdrt lg tfdt hdyer fds èej DA_ mdtem tl o.

06 iyr `p (]d`he 4).

Mcreot mdtd lj venetdtclj olae grla pdhyjlhlncodhdjdhyses lg hcttlrdh pedt `lns hlodtem jlrtf lg Rejcofe (Gcn.4 d). Cj doolrmdjoe wctf tfe mdtd olhheotem cj tfe odves grlatfe ]ladr renclj, tfese djdhyses cjmcodte d hdjmsodpe lgfedtfhdjm djm pcje lj tfe oldst djm lj tfe sdjmy slchs lg tfecjterghuves, wctf ldi wllmhdjms olvercjn tfe hlw dhtctumehcaestlje adsscgs (Mcjcz 433?).

]fe odve scte lg Gcnuecrd @rdvd cs hlodtem jedr _esca`rd,

lj tfe slutferj shlpe lg tfe _errd md Drrí`cmd, wfere tfeoljtcjejtdh phdtglra cs very steep. Ct prlvcmem evcmejoerehdtem tl tfe oljmctcljs prevdchcjn dt sed murcjn shcnfthy hdtertcaes (Djtujes 4332-34). Rdtehhd sp. sfehhs grla tfealustercdj looupdtclj cj heveh 0 were rdmclodr`lj mdtem tlo. ?4 iyr `p, tfdt cs, tl tfe èncjjcjn lg LC_ 0. ]fe ljhypu`hcodtclj dvdchd`he hcsts tfe gdujd olhheotem dt tfe sctewctflut strdtcnrdpfco mcsorcacjdtclj lg tfe severdh tdxd(hevehs ? djm =, wfcof ujmerhce tfe mdtem heveh 0, dre dhsl




]d`he 4. Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd (d). Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla drofdelhlncodh sctes (?5-02 Iyr `p).

_C]E HEWEH AD]EPCDH DPOFDELHLNS HD@ jl. DNE`p L@_.

Djeorcdh h`-0d Ofdroldh Rrltl-_lhutredj COEJ-37? 0?,=52/+4=>2/-40=2

Djeorcdh 0` Ercod ofdroldh Rrltl-_lhutredj LxD-5507 04,572´002

Djeorcdh 0` Ofdroldh Rrltl-_lhutredj COEJ-37= 04,572´762@urdod Esourd O0O Equus Rrltl-_lhutredj LxD-550= 04,602+022

@urdod Esourd O0E Odprd Hdte Nrdvettcdj LxD-550? 00,>22´0=2

ORA FC Acmmhe Ofdr oldh Hdte Nrdvettcdj COEJ-=0? 0?,=32+062 `)

ORA CCC Hlwer Ofdr oldh Hdte Nrdvettcdj COEJ-5=4 04,262´652

ORA CCC Hlwer Ofdroldh Hdte Nrdvettcdj _AU- 0=>5 00,>42+?52

ORA CCC Hlwer Ofdr oldh Hdte Nrdvettcdj COEJ-=06 0?,252´>52

Odhmecríl Gd tlp Oervus _lhutredj LxD-43?6 02,=22´0>2 o)

Odhmecr&l Gd tlp Ofdroldh _lhutredj COEJ-035 04,022/+0?22/-4622

Odhmecrgcl F Odprd _lhutredj LxD-43?3 43,322´072

Odhmecr@l F @lje _lhutredj LxD-05 4 4 02,5?2´0>2

Odhmecrgcl C Oervus Rrltl-_lhutredj LxD-43=2 00,322´?62 m)Odhmecríl K` (prlgche) @lje Upper Rdhdelh ctfco LxD-55=0 07,202´?02

Odhmecrghl I tlp Oervus Alustercdj LxD-55=4 46,272Ć=2 e)

Odhmecríl I tlp Oervus Alustercdj LxD-43=4 0>,722+722

Odhmecríl I `dse (I5) Odprd Alustercdj LxD-5504 0?,2=2´?=2 2Odsd md Alurd h ` Odjcs hupus Odrjcvlre mej ]L-4420 05,232´002 n)

Olhuaècrd 47 Odr`ljdoelus Alustercdj Ncg-0>2? 07, =22´ >22 f)

semcaejt

Olhuaècrd 02 Odr`ljdoelus Alustercdj Ncg-0>2= 06,322´352 f)

semcaejt

Gcnuecrd @rdvd 0 Rdtehhd sp. Alustercdj COEJ-?6> ?2, 3?2´ >22

Hdpd mls Gurls = Hdjm sjdch sfehhs Alustercdj COEJ-=>??=.562/+4242/-4472Hdpd md Pdcjfd = @lje _lhutredj COEJ->63 05,562/+4602/-4=32 c)

glsschcgerlus). Ct seeas redsljd`he, flwever, tl dmact tfdt tfeadrcje djcadhs cmejtcgcem - Rusd fcspcmd djm Rcjnucjus

capejjcs - olae grla tfe sdae heveh ds tfe Rdtehhd sfehhs.Ncvej tfe almerj mcstrcùtclj lg tflse speoces, ujijlwjslutf lg tfe @rctcsf Ofdjjeh, loedj wdters lgg tfe Rlrtunueseoldst aust fdve èej olhmer tfdj dt presejt.

('dprd pyrejdcod cs dhsl replrtem grla Gcnuecrd @rdvd. Cg ctmles olae grla tfe sdae hevehs ds tfe adrcje tdxd, ctspresejoe acnft sunnest tfdt, dt fcnfer ehevdtcljs (tfe _errd

md Drrí`cmd ouhacjdtes dt o. 522 a), tfe hcaestlje adsscgsdjm alujtdcjs were lpej hdjmsodpes, evej tfrlunflut tfecjterstdmcdh. Dhterjdtcvehy, tfcs evcmejoe ady cjmcodte tfdt tfetrejm tlwdrms d ollher ohcadte wds dhredmy wehh ujmer wdy cjRlrtundh `y ?4 iyr `p, cj nllm doolrm wctf tfe presejoe lgtfe drotco sedh djm tfe nredt dui cj tfe gdujdh dssea`hdnegrla heveh 0. ]fe ltfer hdrne fer`cvlres presejt (durlofs,flrse, rem meer) dre jlt very cjmcodtcve djm hdrnehyu`cquctlus. Dhtflunf Djtujes aejtcljs tfe presejoe lg

adaaltf, tfe djdtlacodh `dscs glr tfcs dttrcùtclj cs jltspeocgcem. Ct seeas qucte hciehy tfdt tfe readcjs cj questcljèhljn cjstedm tl Ehepfds djtcquus, wfcof cs ijlwj tl fdvesurvcvem cj Rlrtundh ujtch o. ?2 iyr `p (Odrmlsl 433?).

0.0 RDHDELEJWCPLJAEJ]DH EWCMEJOE O. 05 ISP @R

Mdtd lj tfe ohcadte lg tfe gcrst pdrt lg tfe Rhejcnhdocdh drestchh rehdtcvehy sodroe. Dhljn tfe èdofes slutf lg Lplrtl ctfds èej plssc`he tl reolver stuaps djm `rdjofes lg Rcacs

syhvestrcs cj pedt meplscts explsem murcjn caplrtdjt tcmes(Gcn. hd). Pdmclodr`lj mdtes glr tfese readcjs, lg wfdtseeas tl fdve èej dj lpej pcje glrest olvercjn tfe sdjmyslchs lg tfe Rlrtunuese oldst ètweej tfe Mlurl djm tfeAljmenl rcvers, rdjne grla o. ?2 tl o. 02 iyr `p (Nrdjkddjm Odrvdhfl 4335).

Odve sctes wctf meplscts grla tfcs tcae perclm, suof ds_dheads (jlrtf lg Hcs`lj), Odsd md Alurd (edst lg Rejcofe)djm Odhmecríl, oljtdcj dùjmdjt readcjs lg Pupcodprd



??3 KLÍL [CHFÍL - JD]UPE DJM OUH]UPE CJ RLP]UNDH

]d`he 4 oljtcjuem. Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd (d). Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla drofdelhlncodh sctes (?5-02 Iyr `p).

_C]E HEWEH AD]EPCDH DPOFDELHLNS HD@ jl. DNE`p L@_.

4 dpd md Pdcjfd 5 @lje Fydejd mej COEJ->32 02,??2´??2 c)Remrecrd me 0 @lje Alustercdj COEJ-?77 03632/+44?2/-362

_dheadsRenl ml Mcd`l 0d @lje Durcnjdocdj COEJ-=32 0?,262+=32 K)Renl ml Mcd`l 0` @lje Durcnjdocdj COEJ->?0 06.402/+672/->62_dheads W._. @lje _lhutredj COEJ-?>7 02,052´?02 c)_dheads ].W.` @lje Alustercdj COEJ-?>3 0=,602´552 c)]errd ml Adjueh 0s Ofdroldh Hdte Nrdvettcdj E]F-72?6 04,>>2´042

Wdhe Dhalcjfd 5 Ofdroldh _lhutredj LxD-57>7 43,3=2´462

Wdhe Dhalcjfd 5 Ofdroldh _lhutredj COEJ->4 02,?62+452

d) Mdtd grla; Mehc`rcds et dh. 43679 Djtujes et dh. 43639 Odrmlsl 433?9 Du`ry djm Alurd 433=9 Adris et dh. 433=9 _trdus43639 [chfíl 4335d. ORA 1 Odèol me Rlrtl Adrcjfl.

`) Mdte tll lhm glr ujijlwj redsljs (sfluhm è ylujner tfdj tfe ujmerhycjn Hlwer Heveh, wflse 4=

O dne cs ètweej 00 djm0? Iyr `p).o) ]fe mdtem `lje wds prl`d`hy d mcsphdoem pceoe, scjoe cts dne cs scnjcgcodjthy lhmer tfdj tfe 46,6=2 ´ 022 `p (LxD-0542) lgtfe ujmerhycjn heveh Go djm cmejtcodh tl tfdt lg tfe sdaphes mdtem grla heveh F.m) ]fe mdtem `lje wds prl`d`hy d mcsphdoem pceoe, scjoe cts dne cs scnjcgcodjthy lhmer tfdj tfdt l`tdcjem ehsewfere cj Rlrtundhglr scachdr oljtexts.e) Mdte tll ylujn, plssc`hy mue tl very hlw olhhdnej oljtejt (2,?0%J9 ?,77%O9 2,5?%F).C') Mdte tll ylujn, plssc`hy mue tl very hlw olhhdnej oljtejt (2,?0%J9 0,?3%O).n) ]fe sdaphe odae grla rescmudh meplscts exodvdtem `y _trdus (4363) djm cts resuht ady è rehdtem tl d nrdvettcdj olapljejtreolnjcsem cj tfe drtegdot dssea`hdne grla Mehndml's jcjeteejtf oejtury exodvdtcljs ([chfíl 4335d).f) Mdte tll ylujn, plssc`hy mue tl tfe cjdmequdte jdture lg tfe sdaphe.c) ]fe dsslocdtclj ètweej tfe mdtem `ljes djm tfe mcdnjlstco drofdelhlncodh adtercdhs cs questcljd`he.

k) Mdte tll ylujn, plssc`hy mue tl oljtdacjdtclj `y hdter adtercdh (tfe durcnjdocdj heveh cs surgdoe).

rupcodprd, ùt Olprd pyrejdcod cs dhsl presejt ([chfíl 436>,4335d9 Odrmlsl djm Djtujes 43639 Odrmlsl 433?). _cjoetlmdy ofdalcs hcves cj alujtdcj wllmhdjms, tfcs dsslocdtcljsunnests tfdt tfe ohcadte wds wet ejlunf tl dhhlw glr treenrlwtf, ùt tfdt glrest olver wds jlt ds mejse ds tl cjfc`cttfe presejoe lg cèx plpuhdtcljs, wfcof ady fdve hcvem dtfcnfer ehevdtcljs lr cj dreds lg alre runnem terrdcj.

Nelofeacodh djdhyscs lg tfe Upper Rhecstloeje sequejoe

grla Odhmecríl (Oruz 4332, 433?) cjmcodtes tfdt tfeadxcaua lg loedjco fuacmcty cs glujm cj hdyer K`,rdmclodr`lj mdtem tl o. 07 iyr `p. Djltfer cjmcodtclj lgrehdtcvehy fuacm oljmctcljs cs ncvej `y tfe gdot tfdt tfercvers were doouauhdtcjn extejscve meplscts lg sdjm djmnrdveh. ]fcs prloess aust fdve ènuj lr, dt hedst, cjoredsem,preocsehy drlujm 05-07 iyr `p, scjoe tfe meplscts cj questcljoljtdcj rlhhem durcnjdocdj djm edrhy nrdvettcdj drtegdots([chfíl 4335d). Hdst Nhdocdh alujtdcj nhdocers excstem cj_errd md Estrehd djm cj tfe jlrtfwesterj alujtdcjs lg tfe

_errd md Rejemd, _errd ml Neres djm _errd md Od`recrd (Gcn.hd), ùt jl mdtd excst lj wfej tfey èndj tl glra. ]feevcmejoe grla tfe hcttlrdh hlwhdjms sunnests tfdt suof dprloess ady fdve resuhtem grla caplrtdjt sjlw preocpctdtcljcj tfe fcnf alujtdcjs lg Oejtrdh djm Jlrtferj Rlrtundhmurcjn tfe gcrst pdrt lg tfe Rhejcnhdocdh.

0.? HD_] NHDOCDH ADVCAUA EJWCPLJAEJ]_

Nhl`dh pdhdelohcadtco almehs premcot tfdt cj Cèrcd dverdnedjjudh teaperdtures sfluhm fdve èej o. 42²O hlwer tfdj dtpresejt, wfche preocpctdtclj aust fdve èej slae 52%hlwer (Ndtes 43>79 Nuclt et dh. 4363). ^cjter sed surgdoepdhdelteaperdtures dre estcadtem tl fdve èej cj tfe lrmerlg ?-=²O lgg tfe Rlrtunuese oldst (Muprdt 436?) djm, dtOdhmecríl, loedjco fuacmcty ds aedsurem `y tfe Jd/I rdtclredofes cts hlwest heveh cj tfe sequejoe dt drlujm 46 iyr `p(Oruz 4332, 433?). Cj tfe cjterclr Aesetd, tfese ofdjnesaust fdve `rlunft d`lut tfe mevehlpaejt lg d oljtcjejtdh



?=2

Gcn. 4d djm `. ]fe sctes wctf pre-02 iyr `p Upper Rdhdelhctfcolooupdtclj presejthy ijlwj cj Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd djm tfecrpdhelejvcrljaejtdh oljtext.4d; D. LC_0 Rcjus syhvestrcs glrest9 @. LC_ ? pedt meplscts wctfteaperdte ghlrd9 O. Edrhy LC_ 0 olhm sed gdujd9 M. Lpej dcr sctes;Adzluol, O÷d Wdhhey9 Looupdtclj sctes; _dhtl ml @lc (Odrmcjd C)9 E.Odve drt sctes; Esolurdh9 Looupdtclj sctes; Esolurdh, Aljte mdGdcjfd. C. alujtdcj nhdocers9 CC. : >22 a9 percnhdocdh dreds(ujvenetdtem alujtdcj shlpes9 Aesetd - oljtcjejtdh steppe)9 CCC. 8

>22 a9 olapressclj lg dhpcje, su`dhpcje, `lredh djm teaperdtevenetdtclj zljes.4`; Odve sctes; 4. Luríl9 0. @urdod Nrdjme, @urdod Esourd9 ?.Odhmecríl9 =. Djeorcdh9 5. Rcodrecrl9 7. Dhaljmd9 >. Guacjfd9 6. Odsdmd Alurd9 3. Hdpd ml _uíl9 42. Hdpd md Pdcjfd9 44. Olvíl,Gljtdcjfds, Gurdmlurl9 40. _dheads, Renl ml Mcd`l9 4?. Rlnl Wehfl,Dhndr me Odsodcs. Lpej dcr sctes; 4=. Dnume ml Dhvlríl, G÷jte _djtd945. Odsdh ml Oepl9 47. Odsdh ml Gehcpe, Wdhes, ]errd ml Adjueh,]errd ml Klsã Rerecrd, Wdhe Olaprcml9 4>. Odènl me Rlrtl Adrcjfl,Wdsods, Ndtl Rretl, Estrdmd md Dzcjfecrd, Wdhe me Rlrols, Rcols9 46.Rdssdh9 43. Olvd md Alurd, Wdhd Dhalcjfd.

steppe hdjmsodpe. Cj tfe hcttlrdh hlwhdjms lg êsterj Cèrcd,tfe adcj ohcadtco gdotlrs aust fdve èej tfe strljnwesterhces djm tfe olhmjess lg sed wdters. _djm mujeswflse doouauhdtclj èndj drlujm 00 iyr `p dre glujmdhljn tfe presejt-mdy hcttlrdh djm evej cj slae cjterclrrencljs, pdrtcouhdrhy cj tflse wctf sdjmy èmrloi, suof dstfe Pcl Adclr `dscj. Fere, tfe doouauhdtclj lg elhcdj sdjmswds dhsl gdochctdtem `y extejscve shlpe explsure, `rlunftd`lut `y tfe prloess lg rcver mlwjouttcjn odusem `yeustdtco respljse tl hlwerem sed hevehs ([chfíl 436>, 4332,4335d).

Ofdroldh olhheotem cj tfe slhutredj hevehs grla Odhmecríl(Gcnuecrdh j.m. d) sunnests tfdt acxem `lredh-teaperdtewllmhdjms, wctf d nllm represejtdtclj lg aemcterrdjedj tdxd(cjohumcjn Lhod), excstem cj tfe alre sfehterem vdhheys lg tfe

hcaestlje adsscgs. ]fe hdjmsodpe lg pcje wllms djmfedtfhdjms aust fdve redofem cts adxcaua extejsclj `ytfej djm tfe jlw suàernem hcttlrdh phdtglra (wfcofextejmem tfe presejt hdjm djltfer ?2 ia tl tfe west)olrrespljmem, cj dhh prl`d`chcty, tl d hdjme (Adteus djmTuecrÿs 433?). Evcmejoe grla Hdpd ml Djeorcdh (hlodtem dttfe fedrt lg tfe Hcaestlje Adsscg, slae =22 a d`lvealmerj sed heveh) djm grla Odè<l me Rlrtl Adrcjfl(hlodtem cj tfe Pcl Adclr `dscj, slae 62 a d`lve almerj

Ah 'J C C I _ Lh ] c h h ( C ( ) C . C ) C 9 J D( c h -



?= 4 KLÍL [CHFÍL - JD]UPE DJM OUH]UPE CJ RLP]UNDH

]d`he 0. Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua gdujds. _peoces represejtem cj Estreadmurdj odves (d).

DPOFDELHLNCODH _C]E_ RDHDELJ]LHLNCODH _C]E_

Odhmecríl Djeorcdh Dhaljmd (`) _dheads Gljtdcjfds Odsodcs

Flrse (Equus od`dUus) • • •

^chm `ldr (_cts sorlgd) • • • •Pem meer (Oervus ehdpfus) • • • • •

Gdhhlw meer (Mdad mdad) •

Durlofs (@ls prcacnejcus) • •

Ofdalcs (Pupcodprd rupcodprd) •

Cèx (Olprd pyrejdcod) • • •

Fdre (Hepus odpejscs)

Pd``ct (Lryotlhdnus oujcouhus) • • • •

Fc cms • •

d) Dgter [chfíl (436>d, ujpu`hcsfem mdtd) djm Odrmlsl (433?)

`) Ndhhery lg tfe Ocsterj

sed heveh), sunnests d adriem dhtctumcjdh nrdmcejt cj tfeolaplsctclj lg tfe pcje wllms. Drlujm tfe glraer (Gcnuecrdhj.m. `), tfey were adme up lg Rcjus syhvestrcs (dj cjmcodtcljlg tfe mesoejt tl very hlw dhtctumes lg tfe venetdtcljdholaaujctces tfdt, cj tfe Cèrcdj alujtdcjs lg tlmdy, dreofdrdotercstco lg tfe Dhpcje stdne) djm, drlujm tfe hdtter, lgRcjus pcjdster!pcjed (Gcnuecrdh 433?).

Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua gdujds (]d`he 0) dre ijlwj grladrofdelhlncodh (suof ds _dheads djm Odhmecríl) djmpdhdeljtlhlncodh sctes (suof ds Dhndr me Odsodcs djm Nrutdmds Gljtdcjfds). ]fey ml jlt mcgger scnjcgcodjthy grla tflsemlouaejtem cj Gcnuecrd @rdvd dt tfe èncjjcjn lg Lh_ 0(Odrmlsl 433?). _ed adaadhs dre jdturdhhy d`sejt grlatflse cjhdjm sctes djm ofdalcs seeas tl è stchh dùjmdjt, dthedst dt Odhmecríl. Jlje lg tfe olhm dmdptem speoces lg hdrneadaadhs (`cslj, wllhhy rfcjl, ausi lx, adaaltf,recjmeer) glujm cj tfe Aesetd lr cj tfe hcttlrdh dreds jlrtf lgtfe Odjtd`rl-Ryrejedj alujtdcjs fds sl gdr èej seourehycmejtcgcem cj Rlrtundh. ]fe sdae cs true lg rlmejts; tfedssea`hdne reolverem dt Odhmecríl gedturem tfe sdae speocesglujm tlmdy cj tfe renclj (Rÿvlds et dh. 4330).

?. Fuadj dmdptdtcljs

?.4 RLRUHD]CLJ PERHDOEAEJ]; ]FE E@PL GPLJ]CEP

Pdmclodr`lj mdtcjn lg alustercdj hevehs cj tfe odve sctes lgGcnuecrd @rdvd, Remrecrd me _dheads, Odhmecríl djm Hdpd mlsGurls (]d`he 4) cjmcodtes tfdt, cj hcttlrdh Rlrtundh, AcmmheRdhdelhctfco cjmustrces were adjugdoturem ujtch o. 06-?2 iyr`p (Djtujes et dh. 43639 Djtujes 4332-349 [chfíl 4334,433?, 4335d). Slujner h=O dnes, up tl o. 05 iyr `p, fdvedhsl èej l`tdcjem dt Olhuaècrd djm _dheads (]d`he C).

]fe hd`lrdtlry oljscmers tfe Olhuaècrd resuhts ujrehcd`he(Mehc`rcds et dh. 4367), mue tl tfe jdture lg tfe sdaphe, djm ctfds èej sflwj tfdt heveh ].W.` lg _dheads hdoisstrdtcnrdpfco cjtenrcty ([chfíl 4335d). Pdplsl (433?, 4335)replrts U/]f mdtes glr tfree tlltf sdaphes grla tfealustercdj lpej dcr scte lg Glz ml Ejxdrrcque (hlodtem dtPlmíl, lj tfe ]dnus, jedr tfe _pdjcsf `lrmer); dverdncjn??,722 ´ 522 `p, tfese resuhts cjmepejmejthy oljgcra tfeexcstejoe lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco cjmustrces cj Rlrtundh dgter?5 iyr `p. D scachdr hdte survcvdh lg tfe Alustercdj fds èej

sunnestem glr _lutferj _pdcj, `dsem lj semcaejtlhlncodh djm`clstrdtcnrdpfco drnuaejts (Wend ]lsodjl 43329 Wchhdvermedjm Guadjdh 4332), mercvem grla tfe sctes lg Olvd Jenrd(Wdhejocd) djm Odrcnuehd (Djmdhuocd). ]fcs cmed wds reoejthyoljgcraem dt [dgdrrdyd odve, dhsl hlodtem cj Djmdhuocd,wfere d alustercdj sequejoe oljtdcjcjn Jedjmertfdhreadcjs fds èej mdtem `y h=O tl 03.6 ´ 2.7, dt tfe tlp, djm`y U/]f tl ??.= ´ 0 iyr `p, dt tfe `lttla (Fu`hcj et dh.

4335).

]fe edrhcest Upper Rdhdelhctfco cs tfe Durcnjdocdj. Cj tferenclj lg Wdhejocd (_pdcj), dj durcnjdocdj heveh fds èejrdmclodr`lj mdtem tl o. ?2 iyr `p dt tfe odve scte lg Adhhdehes

(Glrted djm Klrmd 43>7). Cj Rlrtundh, tfe ljhy mdte dvdchd`hecs tfdt l`tdcjem glr tfe `dse lg heveh 0 dt tfe odve scte lg Renlml Mcd`l, jlrtf lg Hcs`lj; o. 06 iyr `p (]d`he 4). ]feadtercdh ouhture dhsl cjmcodtes tfdt tfese loourrejoes pertdcjtl d hdte Durcnjdocdj. Cj Cèrcd, jl sphct-`dsem `lje plcjts lrltfer cteas typcodh lg tfe edrhy Durcnjdocdj fdve sl gdr èejglujm slutf lg tfe E`rl. Cts ofrljlstrdtcnrdpfco plsctclj austè looupcem, tfereglre, `y tfe Hdte Alustercdj, ds cs dhslsunnestem `y tfe hljn djm rcof odve sequejoes spdjjcjn tfe



?=0 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Gcn. 0. ]fe E`rl grljtcer.Durcnjdocdj C dssea`hdnes wctfsphct `dsem `lje plcjts dre

ujijlwj slutf lg tfe Odjtd`rl-Ryrejedj alujtdcjs, wfere tfeolrrespljmcjn strdtcnrdpfco plsctcljcs looupcem `y d hdte Alustercdjadjugdoturem `y Jedjmertfdhs.]fcs spdtcdh senrendtclj ady fdvehdstem glr ds auof ds 42,222 yedrs,ujtch o. 06-?2 iyr `p, wfej hdtedurcnjdocdj tllh icts dppedr cjRlrtundh djm _lutferj _pdcj.

Peohdu Wcver DC'Dr`remd D

]fe E`rl grljtcer(=2-?2 Iyr @R)

8l*""*%Ɛ

«Í]Nlrfda's

_ctes wctf Durcnjdocdj C

_ctes wctf hljn AR/UR sequejoeshdoicjnZdj Durcnjdocdj C

rdte Alust ercd j sequ ejoe wctfJedjmertfdh readcjs

Acmmhe/Upper Rdhdelhctfco mcvcme (Odrcnuehd, @ejectl djm

Odhmecríl9 Wend ]lsodjl 43329 Cturè et dh. 433?9 [chfíl433?, 4335d) wfcof dhh hdoi 'Durcnjdocdj C' meplscts.Cj tfese ocrouastdjoes, ct wluhm seea tfdt tfe vdhhey lg tfe

E`rl gujotcljem glr alre tfdj 5222 yedrs ds d adklr `cl-ouhturdh grljtcer (Gcn. 0); tl tfe jlrtf, êsterj Eurlpe wdslooupcem, scjoe dt hedst o. ?7.5 iyr `p, djm adyè ds edrhy ds=2-?6 iyr `p (ds sunnestem `y tfe mdtes l`tdcjem glr EhOdstchhl djm Dr`remd; Od`rerd djm @csoflgg 43639 @csoflgg et

dh. 4363), `y djdtlacodhhy almerj fuadjs wctf dj UpperRdhdelhctfco adtercdh ouhture9 tl tfe slutf, tfe rest lg Cèrcdoljtcjuem tl è looupcem, ujtch o. ?2-06 iyr `p, `y Jedjmertfdhs wctf d Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco adtercdh ouhture. @clouhturdhrephdoeaejt seeas tl fdve tdiej phdoe qucte summejhy (dt hedstcj olapdrcslj wctf tfe prevclus achhejjcd lg dppdrejthy std`henelnrdpfcodh senrendtclj), dhtflunf reoejt gcjms sunnest tfdthlodh Jedjmertfdhs were d`slrèm, rdtfer tfdj mrcvej cjtlextcjotclj, `y tfe almerj caacnrdjts (Mudrte et dh. 4333).

]fcs pdtterj rdcses severdh caplrtdjt questcljs9- wfy mcm djdtlacodhhy almea fuadjs, wflse Edst-êst

spredm lver Jlrtf djm Oejtrdh Eurlpe wds dhalstcjstdjtdjelus (dt tfe dvdchd`he sodhe lg reslhutclj), stlp dttfe E`rl<

- wfy mcm tfey gcjdhhy orlss tfe `lrmer djm wfy mcm tfey ml

ct dt tfdt speocgco tcae<- wfy wds tfe rephdoeaejt lg Cèrcdj Jedjmertfdhs `ydjdtlacodhhy almerj fuadjs sl gdst (ds ct fdm èej tfeodse everywfere ehse cj Eurlpe èglre)<

_caphcstco almehs lg d `clhlncodhhy `dsem cjtehheotudhsuperclrcty lg djdtlacodhhy almerj fuadjs (_trcjner djmNda`he 433?) odjjlt exphdcj tfcs pujotudtem prloess. Lj tfeltfer fdjm, tfe gdot tfdt Cèrcdj Jedjmertfdhs adcjtdcjem tfecrtrdmctcljdh ouhture sl hljn dgter almerj fuadjs fdm redofemtfe Ryrejedj renclj, gdhscgces tfe exphdjdtclj lg tfeOfítehperrljcdj djm scachdr Oejtrdh Eurlpedj ouhtures putglrwdrm `y suof almehs - tfdt tfey were d `yprlmuot lg tfecjevctd`he doouhturdtclj lg Jedjmertfdhs `rlunft d`lut `ytfecr oljtdot wctf oljteaplrdjelus nrlups lg almerjslooupycjn jecnf`lurcjn terrctlrces. ]fus, lj presejtevcmejoe, ct wluhm seea tfdt tfe alst pdrscaljclus wdy lgcjterpretcjn tflse ouhtures cs tfdt, cj êst djm OejtrdhEurlpe, dt tfe tcae lg oljtdot, Jedjmertfdhs were dhredmynlcjn tfrlunf tfecr lwj 'Upper Rdhdelhctfco revlhutclj'(Nchadj 436=).

Cj tfcs grdaewlri, tfe gdot tfdt Jedjmertfdhs mcm jlt fdvepdrcetdh drt, cg oljgcraem `y guture resedrof, ady fdve d







?=5 KLÍL [CHFÍL - JD]UPE DJM OUH]UPE CJ RLP]UNDH

Gcn. ?. ]fe trejm tlwdrms d alreeoljlaco use lg ghcjt cj tfeRlrtunuese Upper Rdhdelhctfco, dschhustrdtem `y prcsadtco olres. ]fescze lg d`djmljem olres meoredsesadriemhy dgter tfe Durcnjdocdj, dsmles tfe peroejtdne lg tflsewfere sodrs lg hdme-scze realvdhsdre l`servd he. ]fcs trejmouhacjdtes cj tfe Adnmdhejcdj.(Nrey mlttem dred; wecnft (dverdne´ stdjmdrm mevcdtclj)9 slhcm hdoihcje; % lg olres 'glr hdmes')

wecnft (dverdne ´ stdjmdrm mevcdtclj cj nrdas)

?22%

052

022

452

422

"glr hdmes"

>5

1 ” a l u- oll- 3; Ø L ø HH: : : :

_ 1 OH 2 . - C UK

L

< l z _ z ”C L l : l£ l

WRCC1 Wdhe me Rlrols CC9 WRC1 Wdhe me Rlrols C9 WO@1 Wdhe Olaprcml-@drrdod9 WOO1 Wdhe Olaprcml-Oruzdaejtl9 OG1 Odsdh ml Gehcpe9G_1 Gljte _djtd9 ]AC1 ]errd ml Adjueh C9 ]ACC1 ]errd ml Adjueh CC9 ORACCC1 Odènl me Rlrtl Adrcjfl CCC9 ]KR1 ]errd ml Klsã Rerecrd9NR1 Ndtl Rretl9 W_H1 Wdhes md _ejflrd md Huz9 WOE1 Wdhe Olaprcml-Ejolstd9 WDHA1 Wdhe Dhalcjfd9 OO1 Odsdh ml Oepl9 OJ1 OerrdmlJlvl9 WA1 Wdhe md Adtd9 LOJ1 Lhcvdh md Odrjecrd.

(Mutùr `hdmehets lg tfe Muglur su`type, ds megcjem `yMeaurs djm Hdurejt 4363)9

- tfrlunf ujchdterdh mcreot d`rupt retluof lg `hdjisextrdotem ectfer grla prcsadtco olres lr grla tfcoiauhtcphe trujodtem 'ùrcjs' cj tfe Nrdvettcdj (acorl-nrdvettes),

]fese plcjts dre nejerdhhy dsslocdtem wctf severdh types lgl`tuse acorlhctfs wfcof, cj tfe Durcnjdocdj djm cj tfe Rrltl-_lhutredj, dre lgtej adme lj `hdjis extrdotem grla odrcjdtemlr jlsem 'ejmsordpers'9- Muglur `hdmehets lg Plo-me-Olaè su`type (Meadrs djm

Hdurejt 4363), cj tfe Durcnjdocdj9- `doiem `hdmehets cj tfe Nrdvet tcdj9- `doiem djm trujodtem `hdmehets cj tfe hdte Nrdvet tcdj9

adrncjdhhy, ujchdterdhhy, retluofem `hdmehets cj tfe Rrltl-_lhutredj.

Hctfco plcjts cj tfe scze rdjnes mlouaejtem glr tfeeuhture-strdtcnrdpfco ujcts aejtcljem cj tfe preoemcjnpdrdnrdpf dre jlt ijlwj cj wehh-mdtem lr wehh-megcjemdurcnjdocdj djm nrdvettcdj dssea`hdnes, dhtflunf d gewcslhdtem gcjms lg hdrner ('jdvette plcjts dcr ijlwj grla odvesctes exodvdtem cj tfe jcjeteejtf oejtury. ]fey ady èofdrdotercstco lg dj ds yet ujmcggerejtcdtem pfdse (AcmmheNrdvettcdj<) lr, cjstedm, olrrespljm tl d type olaaljhyusem djm mcsodrmem ljhy dt hlncstcodh sctes. ^fetfer tfealrpflhlncodh mcggerejoe ètweej l`tuse djm plcjtemacorlhctfs lg tfe Durcnjdocdj djm tfe Nrdvettcdj fdm djygujotcljdh oljtejt cs jlt yet ohedr. ]fey ady fdve èej usem

tl dra mcggerejt types lg wedpljs lr mcggerejt pdrts lg tfesdae wedplj (plcjtem ds perglrdtcjn tcps, l`tuse ds tedrcjn`dr`s), ùt ct ady dhsl è tfdt, alre scaphy, tfey were dhhcjterofdjned`hy usem ljhy ds `dr`s glr sdndce `lje/wllmplcjts.

Cj cjmustrces wctf hctfco plcjts djm hdoicjn retluofem

`hdmehets (suof ds tfe Gljtesdjtejse djm tfe Acmmhe_lhutredj), tfe rlhe lg hctfco `dr`s wds prl`d`hy phdyem `yujretluofem `hdmehets djm ofcps. Cj ltfer wlrms, tfe `ljeplcjt phus hctfco `dr`s olapljejt wds dhsl presejt cj tfewedplj systeas lg tflse tcaes, dhtflunf ct cs jlt vcsc`hewfej djdhyscs cs restrcotem tl tfe typlhlny lg retluofem tllhicts. ]fe mehcèrdte extrdotclj lg suof ujretluofem `dr`sgrla mcggerejt types lg qudrtz olres represejts, glr cjstdjoe,d adklr cjmustrcdh dotcvcty cj tfe Rrltl-_lhutredj (Gcn. 5).]fcs plpuhdrcty lg qudrtz cj dssea`hdnes grla suof d ghcjt-rcof dred ds tfe Pcl Adclr `dscj odj ljhy è cjterpretem ds douhturdh pregerejoe, wfcof wds dhsl adjcgestem cj tfe use lgrloi orystdh, dhwdys presejt cj tfe sdae dssea`hdnes, dhèctcj very sadhh juaèrs.

_yaaetrcodhhy, cj tfe hdte nrdvettcdj djm prltl-slhutredjdssea`hdnes exodvdtem dt _dhtl ml @lc, cj tfe O÷d vdhhey,rloi orystdh wds olaalj ùt ghcjt wds rdre djm fedvchyeoljlacsem, sunnestcjn tfdt, cj tfcs pdrt lg tfe olujtry, ctrepresejtem d sodroe djm vdhuem rdw adtercdh l`tdcjem grlavery mcstdjt, prl`d`hy Estreadmurdj, sluroes ([chfíl et dh.

4335). ]fcs pdtterj ady dhsl cjmcodte tfdt tfe ljset lg tfeHdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua `rlunft d`lut dj cjtejscgcodtclj lg




4 oa

Gcn. =. Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua hctfco plcjts grla Rlrtundh. Dhtflunf vdrycjn cj lverdhh alrpflhlny, retluof djm teofjcque lg `hdji extrdotclj, tfecr

almuhes readcj essejtcdhhy std`he, sunnestcjn d scachdr gujotclj. @rliej speocaejs lgtej sflw typcodh capdot grdotures cjmcodtcjn d use ds sdndce

tcps. Ofdjnes cj tfe ofdrdotercstcos lg tfe hctfco plcjts djm tfe jdture lg cjgerrem fdgtcjn aetflms ml jlt seea tl supplrt tfe jltclj lg djcjoredsem eggcocejoy lg tfe wedplj systea (dj Coe Dne 'dras rdoe'). 4. Odsdh ml Gehcpe plcjt (cjmex glssch lg tfe Gljtesdjtejse, o. 0? iyr `p)9 0.plcjte í gdoe phdje (Acmmhe _lhutredj, o. 02.5 iyr `p)9 ?. Aemcterrdjedj sfluhmerem plcjt djm =. Grdjol-Odjtd`rcdj sfluhmerem plcjt (Upper

_lhutredj, 02-46 iyr `p).

exofdjne rehdtcljs ètweej tfe hcttlrdh hcaestlje dreds, rcofcj Fcjt, djm tfe nrdjctco dreds lg tfe cjterclr, wfere rloiorystdh cs dùjmdjt.

Fedt pretredtaejt lg tfe ghcjt cs mlouaejtem glr tfeprlmuotclj lg glhcdtes cj tfe Acmmhe djm Upper _lhutredj,

ùt jlt ds d teofjcque lg olre prepdrdtclj glr lrmcjdry `hdmeme`ctdne. Ct cs jlt ijlwj cj su`sequejt adnmdhejcdjcjmustrces.

?.= ]EPPC]LPCE_

Mdtd lj etfjlnrdpfcodh hy mlouaejtem fujter-ndtferers (suofds tfe _ehi 'jda9 Ofdpadj 4367) djm lj tfe odrrycjnodpdocty lg Hdst Nhdocdh ejvcrljaejts cj Odjtd`rcdj _pdcj(_trdus 4367) djm cj Nreeoe (@dchey et dh. 4367) sunnesttfdt, cj Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd, Upper Rdhdelhctfcoplpuhdtclj mejsctces prl`d`hy were cj tfe rdjne lg 2.25cjfd`ctdjts per ia ;. Cjmcvcmudh `djms adme up lg tfe adnco

juaèr lg 05 cjmcvcmudhs wluhm fdve exphlctem terrctlrces lgslae =22-522 ia0 edof, olrrespljmcjn `rldmhy tl tfe dredlg edof lg tfe mrdcjdnes lg tfe adcj rcvers tfdt, grla tfeoejtrdh spcje lg hcaestlje fchhs, alujtdcjs djm phdtedus, ghlwslutfedst cjtl tfe ]dnus lr jlrtfwest cjtl tfe sed (Gcn. 7d).]fe juaèr lg `djms cjfd`ctcjn tfcs nelnrdpfcodhhyflalnejelus renclj (wflse surgdoe dred, cjohumcjn tfe jlwsuàernem hcttlrdh phdtglra, wluhm fdve èej lg slae40,222 ia09 Gcn. 7`), acnft fdve dhhlwem, tfereglre, tfe

mevehlpaejt lg hdrne djm olfescve slocdh jetwlris, plssc`hyrepresejtcjn lje lr alre mcggerejtcdtem etfjco nrlups.

Rrehcacjdry mdtd lj tfe ocrouhdtclj lg rdw adtercdhs djmtfe mcstrcùtclj lg oertdcj adtercdh ouhture gedtures sunnesttfdt ct ady è plssc`he, dt hedst glr tfe hdter pdrt lg tfe

perclm ujmer djdhyscs (00-02 iyr `p), tl mcsorcacjdte alreocrouasorcèm terrctlrces (Gcn. 7d). Ghcjt grla tfe hcttlrdh dredlg Odaèhds, glr cjstdjoe, fds sl gdr èej glujm ljhy cj tfeslutferj pdrt lg tfe renclj, ètweej Hcs`lj (ds sflwj `ygcjms grla _dheads) djm Pcl Adclr (wfere ct wds presejt dt]errd ml Adjueh). ]fe use lg ghdt sofcst pe``hes ds `hdjisglr glhcdte prlmuotclj seeas tl è restrcotem tl sctes cj tfeDhaljmd mrdcjdne, gurtfer tl tfe jlrtf. Dt Odhmecríl, dpdrtcouhdr type lg dmlrjaejt (perglrdtem meer pfdhdjxes) wdsglujm cj nredt juaèrs cj tfe slhutredj hevehs, ùt csujijlwj cj dhh ltfer odve sctes lg Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd.]fe slocdh scnjcgcodjoe lg tfese mcstrcùtcljs, flwever,

readcjs tl è ohdrcgcem.]fe excstejoe lg hljn-mcstdjoe exofdjne jetwlris

oljjeotcjn Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd tl tfe rest lgslutfwesterj Eurlpe cs caphcem `y tfe teaplrdh olcjocmejoelg `dsco teofjlhlncodh ofdjnes; grla Durcnjdocdj tlNrdvettcdj djm grla Nrdvettcdj tl _lhutredj. Rdrtcouhdrmevehlpaejts (suof ds tfe Gljtesdjtejse, wctf ctsofdrdotercstco Odsdh ml Gehcpe plcjts), flwever, dre ohedrevcmejoe tfdt suof pdrdhheh mevehlpaejts sfluhm è



?=> KLÍL [CHFÍL - JD]UPE DJM OUH]UPE CJ RLP]UNDH

Gcn. 5. ]fe use lg qudrtz cj tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco lg tfe Pcl Adclr`dscj. Cj suof d ghcjt-rcof dred, tfewecnft lg tfcs rdw-adtercdh cj prltl-slhutredj dssea`hdnes odj ljhy ècjterpretem ds d ouhturdh pregerejoedjm cs lg d heveh lg adnjctume tfdtejd`hes cts use ds d mcstcjotcveofrljlstrdtcnrdpfco adrier.D scachdr pregerejoe cs mlouaejtem

cj oljteaplrdjelus sctes grlaltfer dreds lg Estreadmurd, suofds Hdpd ml Djeorcdh djm Dnume mlDhvlríl.

422

62

72

=2

02

%C C

• ghcjt

C Q qudrtz

• qudrtzcte

2.

:

ll:

d) ´ ; 1 OAOA ” ” \H

Durcnjdocdj

L2\

l2\

l

HdteNrdvettcdj Rrltl-_lhutrcdj

azll

OH

ø

C & I

L2-ø

1 -"K

rr ol8 z

Adnmdhejcdj

EdrhyNrdvettcdj

Upper_lhutredj

WRCC1 Wdhe me Rlrols CC9 WOO1 Wdhe Olaprcml-Oruzdaejtl9 ORACC`1 Odènl me Rlrtl Adrcjfl CC `dse9 ]ACC-0s1 ]errd ml Adjueh CC, heveh 0s9ORACCt1 Odènl me Rlrtl Adrcjfl CC tlp9 ORACCC1 Odènl me Rlrtl Adrcjfl CCC9 ]ACC-0- ]errd ml Adjueh CC, heveh 09 NR1 Ndtl Rretl9LOJ51 Lhcvdh md Odrjecrd, heveh 59 ORAC1 Odènl me Rlrtl Adrcjfl C9 ORACCC_1 Odènl me Rlrtl Adrcjfl AC_9 ORACCC]1 Odènl me RlrtlAdrcjfl FC]9 RO1 Rcjfdh md Odrjecrd9 ODPCC1 Odrjecrd CC9 LOJ?-=1 Lhcvdh md Odrjecrd, hevehs ?-=.

ujmerstllm ds resuhtcjn grla tfe cjterdotclj lg hlodh fcstlrcodhtrdkeotlrces, jlt ds tfe adjcgestdtclj lg hdrne-sodhe plpuhdtclj

alveaejts (acnrdtcljs). ]fe cjteraemcdte nelnrdpfcodhplsctclj lg tfe renclj dhsl exphdcjs wehh tfe ol-loourrejoe lgupper slhutredj hctfco types tfdt, ehsewfere cj Cèrcd, dreautudhhy exohuscve; tfe `doiem djm sfluhmerem djm `drèmdjm tdjnem plcjts typcodh lg Wdhejocd djm Djmdhuocd, lj tfelje fdjm9 djm tfe ehd`lrdtehy retluofem sfluhmerem plcjtstypcodh lg Odjtd`rcd djm Dquctdcje, lj tfe ltfer.

?.5 DP]

Dmlrjaejts (adrcje sfehh èdms, glr tfe alst pdrt) dre tfeljhy cteas lg al`chcdry drt tfdt fdve èej reolverem, sl gdr, cjseoure oljtexts lg edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco djm slhutredj dne.

]fe odve scte lg Esolurdh (Nhlry et dh. 43759 _djtls et dh.

43629 Hekeuje 4335) gedtures d pdrcetdh drt oljtdcjcjn `hdoidjm rem djcadh pdcjtcjns tfdt dre styhcstcodhhy drofdco. ]fesepdcjtcjns dre tfeasehves olverem `y tfcj, ds yet ujmdtem,stdhdnactco gchas. Ncvej tfdt tfe ljhy drofdelhlncodhhymlouaejtem Upper Rdhdelhctfco uses lg tfe odve mdte grladurcnjdocdj djm slhutredj tcaes ([chfíl 4335d), ct seeashciehy, tfereglre, tfdt tfcs pdrcetdh drt wds exeoutem ètweej?2 djm 02 iyr `p.

Dhh ltfer adjcgestdtcljs lg pdhdelhctfco rloi drt ijlwj cjRlrtundh dre cj tfe lpej dcr. ]fey dre hlodtem cj tfe Mlurl

`dscj, tfe alst caplrtdjt ècjn tfe reoejthy glujm ohuster lgsctes cj tfe O÷d vdhhey. _tyhcstcodhhy, d scnjcgcodjt prlplrtcljlg tfe petrlnhypfs glujm fere oluhm mdte tl tfe edrhy UpperRdhdelhctfco perclm (@dptcstd djm Nlaes 43359 Hlr`hdjofet43359 [chfíl 4335`, 4335o, 433>).

=. Oljohusclj

Dvdchd`he evcmejoe odj è suaadrcsem ds cjmcodtcjn tfdt, cjhcttlrdh Rlrtundh, tfe nhl`dh trejm tlwdrms olhmer djm alredrcm oljmctcljs mcm jlt `rcjn d`lut scnjcgcodjt ofdjnes cjvenetdtcljdh olaaujctces djm djcadh plpuhdtcljs murcjn tfeperclm ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p. ]fe alst caplrtdjt

ejvcrljaejtdh ofdjne aust fdve èej tfe cjoredse cjterrctlry odusem `y tfe adrcje renressclj. Hdjmsodpes adydhsl fdve èolae alre lpej, wctf extejscve fedtfhdjmsrepresejtcjn tfe mlacjdjt type lg venetdtclj olver. Glrnrlups lg fujters wflse eoljlay rehcem lj tfe exphlctdtcljlg hdrne fer`cvlres tfdt, cj tfese oljmctcljs, glujm caprlvempdsture djm spdoe, tfe nhl`dh ohcadtco meterclrdtclj adyfdve turjem lut tl represejt, tfus, d hlodh ejvcrljaejtdh

daehclrdtclj.




Aljmenl dred

Adsscg dred

daèhds dred

02 ia• _ctes wctf Odaèhds ghcjt

• _ctes wctf sofcst hdureh-hedves

D hlncstcodh lr sedsljdh scjnhegdachy fd`ctdtclj sctes

L rescmejtcdh sctes

Gcn. 7d djm `. D almeh glr tfe lrndjczdtclj lg tfe fuadj settheaejt lg Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd cj Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua tcaes, `dsem ljetfjlnrdpfcodh cjglradtclj grla ]cerrd meh Guenl djm lj pdheleolhlncodh mdtd grla Hdst Nhdocdh Odjtd`rcd djm Epcrus. ]fe grljtcers ètweej tfetfree fypltfetcodh rdw adtercdh prloureaejt dreds cj gcnure 7d oluhm represejt etfjcodh `lujmdrces. Cjmcvcmudh `djms wluhm exphlct sadhherterrctlrces, cj tfe scze rdjne lg tfe Dhaljmd mrdcjdne, glrdncjn grla odap sctes hlodtem cj tfe hlwhdjms djm uscjn odves cj tfe oejtrdh spcje lghcaestlje alujtdcjs djm phdtedus ds hlncstcodh lr sedsljdh sfehters. ]fe fypltfetcodh terrctlry lg tfe 'Dhaljmd `djm' (o. =52 ia0) cj gcnure 7` cscmejtcodh tl tfdt lg tfe fdruwej lg tfe _ehi'jda djm Fdusf lg ]cerrd meh Guenl (41 Hdpd ml Rcodrecrl9 01 Nrutd ml Dhaljmd9 ?1 Dnume mlDhvdríl9 =1 Gljte _djtd9 51 Odsdh ml Oepl).

]fe èncjjcjn lg tfe perclm olcjocmes `rldmhy wctf dplpuhdtclj rephdoeaejt evejt cjvlhvcjn tfe d`slrptclj lrextcjotclj lg tfe dutloftljlus Jedjmertfdh plpuhdtcljs. ]fesettheaejt djm su`scstejoe strdtences lg tfe djdtlacodhhy

almerj fuadj nrlups tfdt suooeemem tfea ml jlt seea tlofdjne scnjcgcodjthy ujtch tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua. Dt tfeteofjlhlncodh heveh, flwever, caplrtdjt ofdjnes ml loour._cjoe tfey dre scauhtdjelus tl djm glhhlw pdrdhheh hcjes wctftflse loourrcjn ehsewfere cj eolhlncodhhy very mcggerejtrencljs lg êsterj Eurlpe, ct mles jlt seea plssc`he tlexphdcj suof ofdjnes ds d mcreot respljse tl ohcadtco djmejvcrljaejtdh ofdjne. Ct dhsl mles jlt seea plssc`he tlexphdcj tfea ds tfe lutolae lg seheotcve pressures gdvlurcjn

dj cjoredsem eggcocejoy lg tfe fujtcjn teofjlhlny - tfe CoeDne dras rdoe cadncjem `y _trdus (4334). ]fdt slhutredjplcjts wluhm, cj tfcs rendrm, èfdve ètter tfdj tflse grlatfe Nrdvettcdj, cs slaetfcjn tfdt readcjs ujmealjstrdtem

djm mles jlt seea hciehy cj tfe gcrst phdoe.Dj dhterjdtcve dpprldof tl tfe Rlrtunuese pdtterj djm,

alre `rldmhy, tl slutfwesterj Eurlpe ds d wflhe, oljoecveslg jdturdh seheotclj ds dotcjn, murcjn tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco,alsthy tfrlunf tfe aemcdtclj lg tfe slocdh redha ([chfíl4335d). Cj tfcs djdhytcodh grdaewlri, ct cs tfe expdjsclj djmsfrcjicjn lg exofdjne jetwlris, ds wehh ds tfe almcgcodtcljstfdt evejtudhhy loour cj tfecr olaplsctclj, tfdt dre cjvliemds tfe adcj exphdjdt cljs glr tfe wcme djm rdpcm mcggusclj



?=3 KLÍL [CHFÍL - JD]UPE DJM OUH]UPE CJ RLP]UNDH

djm dmlptclj, lver vdst nelnrdpfcodh dreds, lg jewteofjlhlncodh trdcts tfdt dre cj tfeasehves, grla tfe plcjt lgvcew lg dmdptdtclj, essejtcdhhy jeutrdh. Dt tfe heveh lg mcreotcjterdotclj wctf tfe jdturdh ejvcrljaejt, flwever, ct dhsl

seeas plssc`he tl cmejtcgy, dt hedst cj Rlrtundh, d hljn-teratrejm tlwdrms d alre eoljlaco use lg rdw adtercdhs,`rcjncjn d`lut, ds d oljsequejoe, dj cjoredscjn acjcdturcsdtclj lg tllh icts tfdt wchh ouhacjdte hdter, cj tfe Adnmdhejcdj.




regerejoes

Dhùquerque, K.R.A.

Djtujes, A.].

436= Odrtd Eolhÿncod me Rlrtundh. Hcs`ld; Olacssíl Jdocljdh ml Da`cejte.

4363 Odstlr gcèr jd Nrutd ml Odhmecríl. Excstëjocd, mcstrcùcoíl e extcjoíl ml odstlr eaRlrtundh, Ocëjocds md ]errd 42, 0?-=2.

Djtujes, A.]. 4332-34 L F÷rjerj md Nrutd md Gcnuecrd @rdvd (od. ?2 222 `p). Oljtextl eolhÿncol, dhcaejtdoíl,odjc`dhcsal, Aeaÿrcds md Dodmeacd mds Ocëjocds me Hcs`ld. Ohdsse me Ocëjocds ?4,=6>-5?7.

Djtujes, A.].,K.A.R. Od`rdh.K.H. Odrmlsl,K. Rdcs,D.A. _ldres

4363 Rdhelhgtcol aemcl e superclr ea Rlrtundh; mdtds 4=O, estdml dotudh mls oljfeocaejtls,scjtese e mcsoussíl, Ocëjocds md ]errd 42, 40>-4?6.

Drdøkl, D.O.,A. Hekeuje

Du`ry, ]f.,A.F. Alurd

4335 Nrutd ml Esolurdh; jeorÿplhe jelhctcod e drte rupestre pdhelhctcod. Hcs`ld; CjstctutlRlrtunuës ml Rdtrcaÿjcl Drqucteotÿjcol e Drquelhÿncol.

433= Rdhelhgtcol md _errd me _coÿ, ]rd`dhfls me Djtrlplhlncd e Etjlhlncd ?=(?-=), =?-72.

@dchey, N.J.,O _ . Nda`he,F.R. Fcnns,O. Pluèt,M.D. _turmy,M.R. ê`hey

@dptcstd, D.A.,A.W. Nlaes

4367 Rdhdelh ctfco cjvestcndtcljs dt Ihctfc; prehcacjdry resuhts lg tfe 436= djm 4365 gcehm sedsljs,]fe Djjudh lg tfe @rctcsf _ofllh lg Drofdelhlny dt Dtfejs 64, >-?5.

4335 Drte rupestre ml Wdhe ml O÷d. 4. Odjdmd ml Cjgerjl. Rrcaecrds capress÷es, ]rd`dhfls me

Djtrlplhlncd e Etjlhlncd ?5(=), ?=3-=00.

@cjglrm, H.

@csoflgg, K.H.,J. _lher,K. Adrltl,P. Kuhcd

436? Cj Rursuct lg tfe Rdst. Hljmlj; ]fdaes djm Fumslj.

4363 D`rupt Alustercdj/Durcnjdocdj `lujmdry dt o. =2 id `p; Dooeherdtlr h=O mdtes grla4'Dr`remd Odve (Odtdhujyd, _pdcj), Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe 47, 57?-5>7.

Od`rerd, W.,K.H. @csoflgg

4363 Dooeherdtlr h=O mdtes glr Edrhy Upper Rdhelhctfco (@dsdh Durcnjdocdj) dt EC Odstchhl Odve(_pdcj), Klurjdh lg Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe 47, 5>>-56=.

Odrmlsl, K. 433? Oljtrcùcoíl pdrd l oljfeocaejtl mls nrdjmes adacgerls ml Rhcstloãjcol _uperclr me

Rlrtundh. Lecrds; Odadrd Aujcocpdh me Lecrds.

Odrmlsl, K.,A.]. Djtujes

4363 Pupcodprd rupcodprd (Adaadhcd) cj tfe Hdte Rhecstloeje lg Rlrtundh, Ocëjocds md ]errd 42,64-37.

Odrmlsl, K.,A.W. Nlaes

433= [dndcds ml Rdhelhgtcol _uperclr me Rlrtundh, Rlrtundhcd 45, >-?4 .

Ofdpadj, D. 4367 Hls _ehi'jda. Hd vcmd me hls ljds. @uejls Dcres; Eaeoã Emctlres.



?54 KLÍL [CHFÍL - JD]UPE DJM OUH]UPE CJ RLP]UNDH

Oruz, D.K.O. 4332 D cjghuëjocd dthíjtcod jl ohcad md Estreadmurd plrtunuesd murdjte l Rdhelhgtcol _uperclr;ls resuhtdmls nelqugacols md Nrutd ml Odhmecríl, Gcjcsterrd 05, =3, 457-476.

433? Estuml nelqutacol me preejofcaejtls semcaejtíres me nrutds md Estreadmurd ola

vestcncls me loupdoíl fuadjd prã-fcstÿrcod. Hcs`ld; Ujcverscmdme me Hcs`ld (Mlotlrdhmcssertdtclj).

Mehc`rcds, L.,A.-]. Nuchhcer.K. Hdèyrce

Moadrs, R.-S.,R. Hdurejt

4367 NCG jdturdh rdmclodr`lj aedsureaejts V, Pdmclodr`lj 06(4), 3-76.

4363 ]ypes m'lutchs hctfcques mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur ej Eurlpe. Rdrcs; OJP_.

Mcjcz, G.

Mudrte, O.,K. Adurcocl.

R.@. Rettctt.E. ]rcjidus.F. Wdj mer Rhcoft.K. [chfíl

Muprdt, .4.

Gcnuocrdh, C.

Glrted, K.,G. Klrmd

Ndtes, ^.

Nejet-Wdrocj, E.

Nchadj, D.

Nhlry. D`è,A. Wduhtcer.

A.G. _djtls

433? Dspeotls me venetdeíl e ml ohcad me glradZ÷es qudterjírcds ejtre ß`cmls e Rejcofe. Cj; Eh

Oudterjdrcl ej Espdjd y Rlrtundh C, ??>-?==, Admrcm; Dslocdoclj Espdjlhd pdrd ehEstumcl meh Tudtorjdrcl.

4333 ]fe Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco Fuadj _iehetlj grla tfe D`rcnl ml Hdndr Wehfl (Rlrtundh)djm Almerj Fuadj Eaernejoe cj Cèrcd, Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Jdtcljdh Dodmeay lg _ocejoes

U_D 37, >72=->723.

436? Hes glrdacjcgæres phdjotljcques mu Tudterjdcre teracjdh m'uj mladcje percoljtcjejtdh

(Nlhge me Ndsolnje, O÷tes Luest-C`ãrcques, Aer m'Dh`lrdj); Eolhlnce-@clstrdtcnrdpfce.

@lrmedux; Ujcversctã me @lrmedux C (Mlotlrdh mcssertdtclj).

433? Odèol me Rlrtl Adrcjfl; uje dpprlofe pdhãlãolhlncque. Rreacers rãsuhtdts, Estumcls sl`re

Oudterjdrcl 433?, 47>-4>0.

j.m. d Nrutd ml Odhmecríl. Pesuhtdmls md djmhcso djtrdolhÿncod. Ujpu`hcsfem replrt.

j.m. ` Hdpd ml Djeorcdh. Mdmls prehcacjdres md djmhcse djtrdolhÿncod. Ujpu`hcsfem replrt.

43>7 Hd Ouevd me Hes Adhhdetes y hls prl`heads meh Rdhelhgtcol _uperclr meh AemcterríjelEspdgclh, [epfyrus, 07-06, 403-477.

43>7 Almehcjn tfe Coe Dne Ohcadte, _ocejoe 434, 44?6-44==.

43>3 Hes flaaes glssches. Rdrcs; @lu`ãe.

436= Exphdcjcjn tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco Pevlhutclj. Cj; A. _prcnns (em.), Adrxcst Rerspeotcves cj

Drofdelhlny. C 45-407. Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

4375 Hd nrltte lrjãe m'Esolurd h (Rlrtundh), @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse 70,442-44>.

Nrdjkd, F.A..N._. Odrvdhfl

4335 Ds mdtdo÷es pehl rdmclodr`ljl e l Rhcstloãjcol-Flhloãjcol md zljd olstecrd ml JL meRlrtundh (sc'jtese me oljfeocaejtls). Cj; ?"Peujcíl ml Tudterjmrcl C`ãrcol. Dotds,

?6?-?3?, Olca`rd; Ujcverscmdme me Olca`rd.

Nuclt, K.,D. Rljs,K.-H. @eduhceu,A. Pechhe

4363 D 4=2,222-yedr oljtcjejtdh ohcadte reoljstruotclj grla twl Eurlpedj plhhej reolrms, Jdture ??6, ?23-?4?.





?5? KLÍL [CHFÍL - JD]UPE DJM OUH]UPE CJ RLP]UNDH

_trdus, H.N. 4367 Hdte ûra dmdptcve systeas cj Odjtd`rcdj _pdcj; tfe odse lg Edsterj Dsturcds, Klurjdh lg

Djtfrlplhlncodh Drofdelhlny 5, ??2-?76.

4363 Jew Ofrljlaetrce mdtes glr tfe Rrefcstlry lg Rlrtundh, Drquelhlncd 02, >?->7.

4334 ]fe lrcncjdh dras rdoe; C ercdj perspeotcves lj tfe _lhutredj pfejlaejlj. Cj; Geuchhos me

pcerre. Hes cjmustrces í plcjtes glhcdoães mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur eurlpeej. Dotes mu

Olhhlque me Ordolvce 4363, =05-==>, Hcene; EPDUH.

_trcjner, O ,O. Nda`he

433? Cj _edrof lg tfe Jedjmertfdhs. Hljmlj; ]fdaes djm Fumslj.

]excer, K.-R.,K. Fuxtd`he. E. Pflmes.M. Acdhhcer,A. Lusalc

4366 Jluvehhes mljjães sur hd sctudtclj ofrljlhlncque me 4'Dtãrcej mu Adrlo et heurscaphcodtcljs, Olaptes Pejmus me WDodmãace mes _ocejoes me Rdrcs CC, ?2>, 60>-6?0.

Wend ]lsodjl. C..(c . 4332 Hd gcj mu Rdhãlh ctfcque alyej du sum me 4'Espdnje; ses caphcodtcljs mdjs Ce oljtexte me hdRãjcjsuhe C`ãrcque. Cj; O. Gdrczy (em.), Rdhãlhctfcque alyej rãoejt et Rdhãlhctfcque

supãrceur djocej ej Eurlpe (Olhhlque Cjterjdtcljdh me Jealurs, 3-44 adc 4366), 473-4>7,Aãalcres mu Ausãe me Rrãfcstlcre me 4'Che me Grdjoe ?.

Wchhdverme, W.,A.R. Guadjdh

4332 Pehdtcljs ejtre Ce Rdhãlh ctfcque alyej et Ce Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur mdjs Ce versdjtaãmcterrdjãej espdnjlh. Cj; O. Gdrczy (em.), Rdhãlhctfcque alyej rãoejt et Rdhãlhctfcque

supãrceur djocej ej Eurlpe (Olhhlque Cjterjdtcljdh me Jealurs, 3-44 adc 4366), 4>>-46?,Aãalcres mu Ausãe me Rrãfcstlcre me 4'Che me Grdjoe ?.

[chf_l, K. 436> L _lhutrejse md Estreadmurd plrtunuesd. Uad prlplstd me cjterpretdeíl

pdheldjtrlplhÿncod. Hcs`ld; Cjstctutl Rlrtunuës ml Rdtrcaÿjcl Ouhturdh.

4332 ]fe Rlrtunuese Estreadmurd dt 46 222 @R; tfe _lhutredj. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he(ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 423-405, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

4334 He _lhutrãej mu Rlrtundh; ejvcrljjeaejt, ofrljlhlnce, cjmustrces, peupheaejt, lrcncjes. Cj;Geuchhes me pcerre. Hes cjmustrces d plcjtes glhcdoães mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur eurlpeej.

Dotes mu Olhhlque me Ordolvce 4363, =65-524, Hcæne; EPDUH.

433? He pdssdne mu Rdhãlh ctfcque alyej du Rdhãlh ctfcque supãrceur mdjs he Rlrtundh. Cj;W. Od`rerd (em.), Eh Lrcnej meh Fla`re Almerjl ej eh _urleste me Eurlpd, 40>-4=5,Admrcm; Ujcverscmdm Jdocljdh me Emuodocÿj d Mcstdjocd.

4335d L Rdhelhctcol _uperclr md Estreadmurd plrtunuesd. Hcs`ld; Ujcverscmdme me Hcs ld(Mlotlrdh mcssertdtclj).

4335` H'drt rupestre pdhãlhctfcque me phecj dcr. Wdhhãe mu O÷d (Rlrtundh), Mlsscers m'Drofãlhlnce

023, 427-44>.

4335o ]fe dne lg tfe O÷d vdhhey (Rlrtundh) rloi-drt; vdhcmdtclj lg drofdelhlncodh mdtcjn tl tfeRdhdelhctfco djm regutdtclj lg 'socejtcgco' mdtcjn tl fcstlrco lr prltl-fcstlrco tcaes, Djtcqucty

73, 66?-324.

[chfíl, K. (em.) 433> Drte Pupestre e Rrã-fcstÿrcd ml Wdhe ml O÷d. ]rd`dhfls me 4335-4337. Pehdtÿrcl ocejtcgcol

dl nlverjl md Pepø`hcod Rlrtunuesd ehd`lrdml jls terals md reslhueíl ml Oljsehfl me

Acjcstrls jl. =437, me 4> me Kdjecrl. Hcs`ld; Acjcstãrcl md Ouhturd.

[chfíl, K.,]f. Du`ry

4335 Hd plcjte me Wdhe Olaprcml et hes lrcncjes mu _lhutrãej, H''Djtfrlplhlnce 33(4), 405-4=0.




[chfíl, K., 4335 L sgtcl drquelhÿncol pdhelhgtcol ml _dhtl ml @lc (Odrmcjd, _djtd Ola`d, Wchd Jlvd me Glz]f. Du`ry, O÷d), ]rd`dhfls me Djtrlplhlncd e Etjlhlncd ?5(=), =>4-=3>.D.A. Gdustcjl me Odrvdhfl.N. [daùkl,G. Dhaecmd

Klíl [chfílCjstctutl Rlrtunuës me DrquelhlncdDv. md Cjmcd, 4?74?22-?22 Hcs`ldRlrtundh



Adrnferctd Aussc 0> Fedmcjn slutf; tfe nrdvettcdj olhljcsdtclj lg Ctdhy

]fe nrdvettcdj settheaejt lg Ctdhy stdrtem dt 06-07 iyr, dgter

tfe Durcnjdocdj fdm mcsdppedrem grla tfe reolrm. Murcjn

hcte glhhlwcjn achhejjcd, jeu- fuadj nrlups ejterem dndcj

djm dndcj cjtl tfe spdrsehy plpuhdtem pejcjsuhd, setthcjn cjtl

slae rencljs, djm dvlcmcjn ltfer ljes. Evcmejoe lg cjtejse

rctudh dotcvcty djm lg fcnfhy mevehlpem sya`lhco odpdocty dre

ea`lmcem cj tfe adjy, glradhcsem ùrcdhs, ds wehh ds cj

olaphex wlris lg drt, adjy lg wfcof dre geadhe gcnurcjes.

]fe fypltfescs cs mcsoussem tfdt tfcs dhhlwem ieepcjn cj

tluof wctf mcstdjt `djms, djm cjtenrdtcjn cjtl hlodh jetwlri

nrlups jewhy drrcvcjn grla lver tfe Dhps. Ds d gcjdh resuht,

tfe nrdvettcdj settheaejt wds d hdstcjn lje. wfcof

suooessguhhy slhvem tfe mealnrdpfco pctgdhhs tfdt fdm jlt

èej lverolae murcjn tfe durcnjdocdj pfdse.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fe nrdvettcdj settheaejt spdjs adcjhy lver oljtcjejtdh

Eurlpe, wctf d hcactem extejsclj slutf lg =?² hdtctume, c.e. cj

tfe pejcjsuhds èyljm tfe Ryrejedj, Dhpcje djm @dhidj

rcmnes. ]fcs odj è seej cj tfe hcactem Cèrcdj djm Nreei

reolrm (_trdus 43309 Remes, tfcs vlhuae9 [chfdl, tfcs

vlhuae). Ctdhy cs jl exoeptclj, wctf twl lr tfree mlzej sctes

alre lr hess gcrahy rehdtem tl tfe Nrdvettcdj (Aussc 4332,

4330). Adklr sctes, flwever, dhsl loour, djm ds gdr ds ùrcdhs

djm plrtd`he drt cs oljoerjem, tfe Ctdhcdj reolrm lverwfehas

tfe evcmejoe grla djy ltfer êst Eurlpedj olujtry.

Dgter d revcew lg tfe ourrejt ujmerstdjmcjn lg tfe nejerdh

ejvcrljaejt, C wchh `rceghy suaadrcse djm mcsouss tfe

drofdelhlncodh evcmejoe. D fypltfescs rehdtem tl tfe

dmdptdtclj tl d mcggerejt ejvcrljaejt `y pelphe olacjn grla

auof gurtfer jlrtf wchh tfej è put glrwdrm. ]fcs wchh è

rehdtem tl tfe sya`lhco dotcvcty ea`lmcem cj rctudh dotcvcty

djm drt.

0. ]fe ejvcrljaejt ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr

0.4 ]FE OLJ]CJEJ]DH _FEHG

Dt tfe ejm lg LC_ ? djm drlujm ?2 iyr, tfe sed heveh wds

dpprlxcadtehy 02 a hlwer tfdj tfe presejt heveh lj tfe

Ctdhcdj oldsts (Dhesscl et dh. 433=9 Djtljclhc et dh. 433=). Ds

tfe sedghllr nrdmcejt cs nejerdhhy sfdrp, tfe oldstdh strcp wds

tfej lverdhh jl alre tfdj 4-0 ia `rldmer tfdj tlmdy. Evej

dt tfe HNA, wfej tfe sed heveh dssuaemhy mrlppem 402 a,

alst lg tfe oldstdh phdcjs were ljhy ejhdrnem `y slae 42-02

ia. Fere djm tfere hdrner expdjses lg jlw suàernem hdjm

odae cjtl excstejoe - ds glr cjstdjoe jext tl tfe cshdjm lg

Eh`d, `y tfej d prlaljtlry - tfe ljhy adklr exoeptclj ècjn

tfe jlrtferj Dmrcdtco; cj hceu lg d sfdhhlw sed, d wcme phdcj

extejmem ds gdr slutf ds tfe almerj tlwj lg Djoljd,

mlu`hcjn tfe scze lg tfe presejt Rl vdhhey, djm hcjicjn Ctdhy

tl tfe @dhidjs (Gcn. 0). ]fcs dred, flwever, wds su`keotem tl

adriem su`scmejoe murcjn alst lg tfe Upper Rhecstloeje

(Ocd`dttc et dh. 436>). ]fereglre, ds tfe adrcje sfehg wds

su`scmcjn dt d rdte nredter tfdj tfe sed heveh wds gdhhcjn, evej

drlujm tfe nhdocdh adxcaua tfe rcvers were jlt erlmcjn ùt

meplsctcjn oldrse dhhuvcd. ]fe jlrtf-slutf nrdmcejt lg tfe

Nredt Dmrcdtco Rhdcj wds tfej prl`d`hy very hlw. Alst lg tfe

dred wds ofdrdotercsem `y rcvers wctf d pllrhy megcjem èm,

ds wehh ds `y swdaps djm `lns, wctf aummy ghdts dhterjdtcjn

wctf nrdveh `drs, djm `y hdnlljs ohlse tl tfe sedsflre. Cj tfe

edsterj pcemaljt lg tfe Dpejjcjes, tfe rcvers ghlwcjn cj d

west-edst mcreotclj meplsctem oldrse semcaejts wctfcj `rdcmem

rcver èms djm ujmer d sodroe venetdtclj olver (Olhtlrtc djm

Mrdacs 4335).

Evej cg alst lg tfe oldsthdjm wds jlt mrdadtcodhhy

mcggerejt grla tlmdy's, d adklr mcggerejoe excstem cj djltfer

resluroe oejtrdh tl pdhdelhctfco hcge, c.e. odves. Ohcggs djm

rlois dre u`cquctlus cj Ctdhy. Murcjn tfe Rhecstloeje, d acx

lg pfyscodh djm ofeacodh dnejts, cjohumcjn teotljcos,

idrstcsa djm wdve dotclj, resuhtem cj tfe lpejcjn lg strcjns

lg odvctces dt gdcrhy oljstdjt hevehs, wfcof dre lgtej rehdtem tl

pdst adrcje stdjms (Aussc 4333). Drofdelhlncodh exodvdtcljs

fdve glousem lj rescmudh meplscts cj odves d gew aetres

d`lve tfe presejt sed heveh, wfcof nejerdhhy olrrespljm tl

tfe Eutyrrfejcdj heveh lg LC_ 5e. @escmes tfe exodvdtem

odves, suàernem odves, flwever, dre dhsl ijlwj tl excst.

Dt Odpl Rdhcjurl, wfere Nrlttd Hd Odhd, Nrlttd Hd Odhdjod

djm Odhd mehhe Lssd dre dhh hlodtem (Gcn. 4 j. 05-0>), alre

tfdj ?2 suof odves dre reolrmem, loourrcjn dt twl wehh-

megcjem hevehs; wctfcj tfe gcrst 02 a èhlw sed heveh djm

ètweej -=5 a djm -72 a (Djtljclhc et dh. 433=). ]fe

fcnfer heveh lg jlw suàernem odves wluhm fdve èej

dvdchd`he glr settheaejt dt ?2 iyr `p, tfe meeper lje murcjn

tfe glhhlwcjn achhejjcd. ^fche ct odj è ruhem lut tfdt fuadj

nrlups ljhy setthem dt tfe ijlwj drofdelhlncodh odves, wfcof




Gcn. 4. Hlodtclj lg tfe durcnjdocdj,

nrdvettcdj djm epcnrdvettcdj sctes

aejtcljem cj tfe text.

4-7 @dhzc Plssc (Nr. mec Gdjocuhhc,Nr. meh Odvcnhclje, Pcp. Alofc, Pcp.

@la`rcjc, @drad Nrdjme, Nr. mc

@dlussl md ]lrre)9 > Nr. mehhe

Dreje Odjmcme9 6 @us mec Hdmer9

3 Pcp. mc Guadje9 42-40 Nr. meh

@rlclj, Nr. mc ]reje, Nr. mc Rdcjd9

4? Aljte Dvejd9 4= _dvcnjdjl9

45 @chdjocjl9 47 ]rdscaejl9

4> Rljte mc Rcetrd9 46 Glssl mc

Rdnhcdjl9 43 Nr. Rdnhcooc9

02-04 Wcol meh Ndrndjl, GlrestdUa`rd9 00 Nr. meh Glssehhlje9

0? _ercjl9 0= Nr. mc Odstehocvctd9

05-0> Nr. Hd Odhd, Nr. Hd Odhdjod,

Odhd mehhe Lssd9 06 Nr. mc _. Adrcdmc Dnjdjl9 03 Nr. mehhe Wejerc9

?2 Pcp. mc Gljtdjd Julvd.

stllm dt dj ehevdtclj lg lver 422 a dt tfe HNA, tfe extejt

lg cjglradtclj hlss odj ljhy è nuessem dt.

0.0 NHDOCD]EM DPED_

Murcjn tfe olhm pfdses lg tfe Rhecstloeje, nhdocers mevehlpem

`ltf lj tfe Ctdhcdj versdjt lg tfe Dhps - wfere tlmdy tfey

stchh juaèr jedrhy lje tflusdjm - djm lj tfe Dpejjcjes,

wfcof sphct tfe pejcjsuhd cj twl grla jlrtf-west tl slutf

edst, djm wfere ljhy d scjnhe tcjy nhdocer cs jlw hegt. ]fere

cs jl evcmejoe lg djy nhdocdh expdjses cj _cochy lr _drmcjcd.

Metdchs dre jlt dvdchd`he lj tfe ehevdtclj djm plsctclj lg

nhdocer grljts dt tfe ejm lg LC_ ?. @y tfej, flwever, tfe tlp

lg Aljte Dvejd (edsterj pre-Dhps), wfere nllm qudhcty ghcjt

lutorlps dt 4=52 a d.s.4., wds setthem `y durcnjdocdj nrlups.

Aljte Dvejd wds su`sequejthy ejocrohem `y tljnues lg coe

4222 a tfcoi, wfcof ghlwem tejs lg ichlaetres tl tfe slutf,

mlouaejtcjn d su`stdjtcdh nhdocdh dmvdjoe dgter ?2 iyr

(Hdjzcjner djm Oreadsofc 43669 @rlnhcl et dh. 4330). Dt tfeHNA, nhdocer grljts stllm dt tfe pcemaljt lg tfe pre-Dhps,

tfdt cs dt o. ?22 a d.s.4. kust edst lg ]urcj, djm mlwj tl o.

022 a d.s.4. slutf lg tfe almerj tlwj lg Werljd. Peajdjts

lg fune alrdcjes stchh ejocrohe tfe slutferj sflres lg tfe pre-

dhpcje hdies, suof ds Hdnl Adnnclre, Hdnl mc Olal, djm

Hdnl mc Ndrmd (Gcn. 0).

Lj tfe Dpejjcjes, mlzejs lg sadhh nhdocers, rdrehy

exoeemcjn 5-7 ia cj hejntf, mevehlpem lj tfe fcnfest rdjnes



?5> ADPNFEPC]D AU__C - FEDMCJN _LU]F - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ OLHLJC_D]CLJ LG C]DHS

_ Z ]eracjdh Alrdcjes Oldsts djm rcvers dt tfe HNA

Gcn. 0. Rdhdelnelnrdpfy lg jlrtferj Ctdhy dt tfe HNA (dgter Mdcjehhc 4372).

^øracdj nhdocers E? Rresejt mdy nhd

ds gdr slutf ds Odhd`rcd (Mescl 43>?9 Gemercoc 43>39 Ncrdumc

djm Grezzlttc 433>). ]fey expdjmem mlwj tl d acjcaua lg

7->22 cj d.s.h. lj tfe jlrtferj Dpejjcjes, djm tl 322-4222 a

cj tfe oejtrdh Dpejjcjes. Cj tfe slutferj Dpejjcjes, tfe

nhdocer grljt wds mlwj tl 4052 a d.s.4. lj At _crcjl, djm tl

4522-4552 a d.s.4. gurtfer slutf lj At Rlhhcjl, `ltf cj

Odhd`rcd (O. Ncrdumc pers. jcaa. 4333). Cj dmmctclj tl tfcs

jlrtf-slutf nrdmcejt cj adxcaua mevehlpaejt, tfere wds

dhsl d west-edst nrdmcejt; èoduse lg aetelrlhlncodh gdotlrs,

preocpctdtclj alsthy loours lj tfe westerj shlpes lg tfeDpejjcjes, wfere alre coe doouauhdtem tfdj lj tfe mrcer

edsterj versdjts.

0.? WLHODJC_A DJM REMLNEJE_C_

Murcjn tfe wflhe Rhecstloeje, vlhodjles were dotcve cj

Oejtrdh djm _lutferj Ctdhy. Dt tfe ejm lg LC_ ?, _lutf-

Oejtrdh Ctdhy wds dggeotem `y d speotdouhdr eruptclj oejtrem

lj tfe Rfhenredj Gcehms, tfe hdrnest suof evejt tl loour cj

tfe Aemcterrdjedj renclj murcjn tfe hdst 022,222 yedrs

(@drèrc et dh. 43>69 Jdrocsc djm Wezzlhc 4333). Ct hem tl tfe

meplsctclj lg tfe sl-odhhem Odapdjcdj Cnjca`rcte - c.e.

puacoe djm hctfco grdnaejts cj dj dsfy adtrcx - presejthy

lutorlppcjn cj tfe vcocjcty lg tfe Nuhg lg Jdphes lver dj

dred lg o. 522 sq. ia. ]fcs cs ljhy d grdotclj lg tfe lrcncjdhhy

estcadtem extejsclj lg d acjcaua lg >-6222 ia0, wfcof

glraem d oljtcjulus olver lg 2.6 a tl 52-72 a cj tfcoijess

(@drèrc et dh. 43>69 ]fujehh et dh. 43>39 Plsc et dh. 436?).

]fe eruptclj - ètter seej, cj gdot, ds d serces lg eruptcljs- dhsl dggeotem tfe dtalspfere wctf tfe glradtclj lg

prl`d`hy `ltf d Rhcjcdj eruptclj olhuaj djm fcnf-dhtctume

ohlums lg dsfes (Olrjehh et dh. 436?). ]fe ejsucjn dsf

meplsct, mcstrcùtem lver d auof wcmer dred tfdj tfe

cnjca`rcte, fds èej olrrehdtem wctf tfe sl-odhhem S-5 tepfrd

hdyer mlouaejtem cj pcstlj olres lg tfe edsterj Aemcter

rdjedj ds gdr dwdy ds Oyprus djm dt lver 4522 ia grla cts

sluroe. ]fe Odapdjcdj Cnjca`rcte fds dhsl èej cmejtcgcem dt




Ilstejic lj tfe Pusscdj phdcj (_cjctsyj djm Rrdshlv 433>). D

acjcaua lg 4=,222,222 ia0 lg hdjm djm sed were dggeotem,

jlt tl aejtclj tfe oljsequejoe lg d remuoem nhl`dh

cjslhdtclj.

Mdtcjn lg slae 72 sdaphes lg Odapdjcdj Cnjca`rcte `y

scjnhe-orystdh, hdser-gusclj =2Dr/ ?3Dr teofjcque cjmcodtes dj

dne lg ?7.0 ´ 2.= iyr, wfche adjy rdmclodr`lj mdtes,l`tdcjem cj tfe 43>2's djm hdter, rdjne grla :=2 tl 06 iyr,

lgtej wctf d fune stdjmdrm mevcdtclj (Mecjl et dh. 4330). ]fe

oejtrdh '=O vdhues fdve d aedj lg o. 03 iyr, c.e. dpprlxc

adtehy 02% ylujner tfdj tfe '"'Dr/ ?3Dr ljes. ]fcs olapdres

wehh wctf d mcggerejoe lg 46% ètweej h=O djm U/]f

l`servem dt 02 iyr lj olrdh mdtes. Drnlj mdtes wluhm seea

tl olapdre ètter wctf odhc`rdtem 4=O mdtes.

Dt o. ?0-?2 iyr (cj ujodhc`rdtem h=O oljvejtcljdh

ofrljlhlny), slch mevehlpaejt, mue tl d alcster djm alre

teaperdte ohcadte, cs dhsl mlouaejtem cj tfe lpej ds wehh ds

cj odves djm rloi sfehters, dt ehevdtcljs rdjncjn grla sed

heveh tl 4522-4>22 a. Remlnejescs dhterem vlhodjco tepfrdsmeplsctem cj tfe oejtre djm tfe slutf lg tfe pejcjsuhd (djm

tfe Odapdjcdj Cnjca`rcte), ds wehh ds ltfer semcaejts lg tfe

sdae nejerdh dred (@hdjo 43?>9 Aesserc djm Rdhad mc

Oesjlhd 43>79 Grezzlttc djm Ncrdumc 43309 Grezzlttc djm

Jdrocsc 4337). Gurtfer jlrtf, hlesses were scachdrhy dggeotem

(@drtlhlaec et dh. 43609 Doolrsc et dh. 43329 Oreadsofc et

dh. 43329 Oreadsofc djm Hdjzcjner 43309 @rlnhcl djm

Caprltd 433=-4335). _lae lg tfe pemlnejcsem meplscts fdve

èej glujm tl cjohume durcnjdocdj capheaejts.

Hdter, ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr, tfere cs jectfer evcmejoe lg

vlhodjco dotcvcty ds cjtejse ds èglre, jlr djy adklr pfdse lg

slch glradtclj. Jdrocsc (4337), flwever, tejtdtcvehy cmejtcgcestfe lhmest Rhcjcdj eruptclj lg Wesuvcus dt 05 iyr, wfche dj

dne lg 02 ´ 0 iyr cs sunnestem `y Rdtejte et dh. (4367) glr d

tugg lrcncjdtem `y dj exphlsclj lg tfe Csofcd vlhodjl. _lae

pemlnejescs cs dhsl l`servem cj tfe alujtdcjs lg Oejtrdh

Ctdhy dt 0>-05 iyr `p, djm plssc`hy evej hdter (Ncrdumc djm

Grezzlttc 433>9 Ncrdumc djm Aussc cj press).

0.= GDUJD DJM GHLPD

Adaadh dssea`hdnes dt drofdelhlncodh sctes nejerdhhy

cjohume equcms (Equus od`dhhus slaetcaes doolapdjcem `y

E. fymrujtcjus), `lvcms (`ltf durlofs djm `cslj) djm rem

meer. Cj rloiy ejvcrljaejts, evej cj tfe slutf djm dt sed

heveh, cèx cs lgtej glujm, cjmcodtcjn d mry djm ollh ohcadte

wctf dj lpej venetdtclj. Ofdalcs djm rle meer dre hess

grequejt, djm tfe adriers lg alre wllmem surrlujmcjns. Ehi

ljhy hcvem cj Jlrtferj Ctdhy. Pecjmeer djm adaaltf dre very

rdrehy mlouaejtem, djm jlt lutscme tfe westerj pdrt lg

Hcnurcd, dmkdoejt tl tfe Grejof Rrlvejoe (wfere tfey dre dhsl

qucte ujolaalj). Ct cs jlt ohedr cg djy lg tfe gew

loourrejoes lg wllhhy rfcjl èhljns tl tfcs gcjdh pdrt lg tfe

hdst nhdocdh dne, lr cg tfey dre edrhcer. _dcnd djtehlpe

dppdrejthy jever pdssem cjtl Ctdhy.

@edr djm wlhg, ds wehh ds fyejd, helpdrm, hclj djm sadhher

odrjcvlres were mwehhcjn cj odves. @cn odts djm fyejds,

flwever, were prl`d`hy represejtem `y mwcjmhcjn

plpuhdtcljs, djm wluhm fdve mcsdppedrem cj hdter nhdocdh

tcaes. @rlwj èdrs were dhsl rephdocjn odve èdrs, wfcof

survcvem cj Jlrtferj Ctdhy ds hdte ds tfe Nhdocdh Adxcaua.]fe venetdtclj cs èst mlouaejtem cj Oejtrdh Ctdhy, wfere

severdh hljn plhhej olres fdve èej stumcem. Ghuotudtcljs cj

venetdtclj olver ofdrdotercse tfe sl-odhhem Hdzcl Olaphex,

reolrmem lj tfe westerj scme lg tfe pejcjsuhd djm dt hlw

ehevdtclj, wfcof ejolapdsses LC_ ? djm cs ofdrdotercsem `y

7 lr > wedi tree expdjscljs (Dhesscl et dh. 43679 Glhhcerc et

dh. 43679 Glhhcerc et dh. 4336). Rcjus djm Kujcperus dre tfe

alst grequejt tdxd, ùt meocmulus djm evernreej ldi,

Olryhus, @etucd, Gdnus, ]chcd, Uhaus, Odrpcjus ètuhus,

Rcoed, D`ces dh`d, djm evej [ehilvd (jlw extcjot cj

pejcjsuhdr Ctdhy) dre dhh reolrmem, evej cg cj meoredscjn

peroejtdnes. ]fere cs d nejerdh trejm grla dj lpej wllmhdjmtl d wllmhdjm-steppe, wctf tfe hdst dr`lredh pedi mdtem dt o.

?2 iyr.

Dgter ?2 iyr, ljhy Rcjus, slaetcaes doolapdjcem `y

Kujcperus djm Epfemrd, cs stchh dhalst oljtcjulushy reolrmem,

wfche djnclspera trees loour kust splrdmcodhhy djm slae

speoces, suof ds Odrpcjus ètuhus djm ]chcd, scaphy mcsdppedr.

Fdrsf steppe oljmctcljs prevdch, wctf Drteacscd nejerdhhy

mlacjdjt, djm doolapdjcem `y Nrdacjede djm, alst lg dhh,

`y Ofejlplmcdoede. D perclm wctf d pdrtcouhdrhy hlw dr`lredh

peroejtdne cs oejtrem drlujm 00 iyr, wfche tfere cs d gurtfer,

wedi spredm lg trees (adcjhy ldis djm Rcoed) dt o. 02 iyr.

0.5 OHCAD]CO CJGEPEJOE_

D `rldm ofdrdotercsdtclj lg tfe ohcadte drlujm tfe Nhdocdh

Adxcaua odj è memuoem grla nejerdh almehs lg tfe

Aemcterrdjedj (]fceme 43>69 ]fujehh 43>39 Jewehh et dh.

4364). ]fe surgdoe teaperdture lg tfe sed, lj tfe westerj

oldsts lg Ctdhy, wds ètweej 4?² djm 43²O cj suaaer

(presejthy 00²-0=²O) , djm ètweej >² djm 4?²O cj wcjter

(almerj dverdne 4?²-45²O). _uaaer teaperdtures,

doolrmcjnhy, mcacjcsfem alre tfdj wcjter teaperdtures.

^cjms were strljner, espeocdhhy cj suaaer. ]fe tferaco

nrdmcejt, mue tl d ollher westerj Aemcterrdjedj `dscj,

prlmuoem cj wcjter d fcnf pressure rcmne ètweej tfe Cèrcdj

Rejcjsuhd djm tfe Adnfre`. ]fe oyohljco mepresscljs grla

tfe Dthdjtco, wfcof `rcjn wcjter rdcjs tl Ctdhy (tfe suaaer cs

alsthy mry lutscme tfe alujtdcj rdjnes), mevcdtem gurtfer

slutf (Plnjlj 4364).

Alre preocse ijlwhemne odj è ndcjem grla nelalrpfl-

hlncodh stumces wfcof dhhlw d metdchem reoljstruotclj lg tfe

ujstd`he ejvcrljaejt cj tfe oejtrdh Dpejjcjes (Ncrdumc

43379 Ncrdumc djm Grezzlttc 433>9 Ncrdumc djm Aussc cj

press). Hljn-mcstdjoe olrrehdtcljs dre adme dvdchd`he `y tfe



?53 ADPNFEPC]D AU__C - FEDMCJN _LU]F - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ OLHLJC_D]CLJ LG C]DHS

]d`he 4. Ohcadtco ghuotudtcljs cj tfe Oejtrdh Dpejjcjes. ]eaperdtures dre olapdrem tl tfe

presejt ljes cj tfe sdae dred (dmdptem grla Ncrdumc djm Aussc cj press).

]CAE PDJNE (`p) MCGGEPEJOE CJ AEDJ ]EAREPD]UPE OHCAD]E

4>,522 - 04,222 -5.>² tl -7.>" O Wery olhm djm mry

04,222 - 05,522 ->.?² tl -6.?" O Wery olhm djm wet (HNA)05.522 - 0>,222 Achm (<) djm wet

0>,222 - 06,522 Olhm(<)djmmry

06,522 - ?4.522 ]rdjsctcljdh

Achm djm wet

meplsctclj lg mcstcjot vlhodjco tepfrds, wfche mcggerejoes cj

teaperdture, olapdrem tl tfe presejt, were odhouhdtem dgter

tfe dhtctume lg teracjdh alrdcjes, rloi nhdocers djm pdst sjlw

hcacts (]d`he 4). Olrrehdtcljs estd`hcsfem dt d nhl`dh heveh -

jdaehy wctf tfe 'Fecjrcof evejts' lg tfe Jlrtferj Dthdjtco dt

o. 04 iyr - sunnest tfdt tfe cjgerrem ohcadtco ofdjne fdm

alre tfdj kust hlodh vdhue. ]fe ohcadtco vdrcdtcljs dre dhsl cj

nllm doolrmdjoe wctf tfe mdtd mercvem grla pdhyjlstrdtc-

nrdpfco stumces cj tfe sdae nejerdh dred, ùt dt hlwer

ehevdtclj (see d`lve).

?. ]fe drofdelhlncodh reolrm

Dt ?2 iyr `p djm edrhcer, durcnjdocdj cjmustrces dre

mlouaejtem dhh lver Ctdhy. ]fey dre hdter glhhlwem `y

nrdvettcdj ljes, wfcof tfej ncve wdy, dt o. 02 iyr, tl tfe Edrhy

Epcnrdvettcdj. Ds sunnestem `y tfe pregcx 'Epc-X tfe hdtter

ljes mcsphdy oljtcjucty `ltf cj teofjlhlny djm cj typlhlny.

?.4 HLJN _]PD]CNPDRFCO _ETUEJOE_

Jlt adjy strdtcnrdpfco sequejoes dre ijlwj wfcof spdj tfe

perclm ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr, pdrtcdhhy lr tltdhhy

ejolapdsscjn tfe gcjdh Durcnjdocdj, tfe Nrdvettcdj djm tfe

Edrhy Epcnrdvettcdj. ]fe rehevdjt sctes dre Pcpdrl Alofc,

Nrlttd mehhe Drojo Odjmcme, djm Pcpdrl mc Guadje cj

jlrtferj Ctdhy9 Nrlttd Hd Odhd djm Nrlttd Rdnhcooc cj tfe

_lutf. Ltfer caplrtdjt sequejoes ectfer were exodvdtem tll

edrhy - ds dt Nrlttd mec Gdjocuhhc (Nrltte mes Ejgdjts cj tfe

Grejof hcterdture) djm @drad Nrdjme, `ltf dt tfe @dhzc Plssc,

lr dre jlt yet prlperhy replrtem - ds dt Nrlttd Hd Odhdjod djm

Nrlttd mehhe Wejerc cj slutferj Ctdhy. Flwever, evej dt tfe

ltfer sctes alst lg tfe mdtd dre prehcacjdry lr cjolaphete.

]fe dvdchd`he evcmejoe cs syjtfetcodhhy hcstem cj td`he 0.

Ds aejtcljem d`lve, tfe Durcnjdocdj ejms drlujm ?2 iyr.

Hdter mdtes dt Nrlttd Hd Odhd dre jlt tltdhhy rehcd`he èoduse

lg tfe rdtfer oljtrdmcotlry rdmclodr`lj ofrljlhlny lg tfcs

scte. ]fe hlweralst pdrt lg tfe strdtcnrdpfy lg Nrlttd

Rdnhcooc - cj oljtrdst wctf fcnfer hevehs - scachdrhy mcsphdys

cjoljscstejoces, evej alre sl cg lje tdies cjtl doolujt tfdt d

vlhodjco dsf wds cmejtcgcem cj heveh 0 4. c.e. cj tfe upper

durcnjdocdj hdyer. D prehcacjdry dttrcùtclj tl tfe

Odapdjcdj Cnjca`rcte fds èej put glrwdrm, glr wfcof d

nredter dne wluhm è expeotem, evej wctf 4=O djdhyscs (ds

lpplsem tl Dr/Dr ljes) (Oreadsofc djm Ofcesd 43309 Rdhad

mc Oesjlhd 4330). Dt `ltf sctes, tfe Durcnjdocdj cs glhhlwem

`y nrdvettcdj cjmustrces mdtem dt 07-06 iyr, jlt wctflut

cjterjdh oljtrdmcotcljs.

?.0 L]FEP MD]EM _C]E_

Jlt adjy olapdrdtcvehy hdte durcnjdocdj sctes fdve èej

rdmclodr`lj mdtem, ltfer tfdj tflse lg td`he 0. Lur sflrt hcst

wchh cjohume _ercjl, dj lpej dcr scte slutf lg Jdphes dt

?4,022 ´ 752 `p (G-426) (Doolrsc et dh. 43>3), djm Nrlttd mc

Odstehocvctd, cj tfe sdae renclj; tfe hdst drofdelhlncodh heveh

lg tfcs hljn Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco sequejoe cs dj

durcnjdocdj lje wctf dj dne lg ?0,?32 + =32 `p (@etd-

5646=) (Nda`dsscjc 433>). Ehsewfere, su`stdjtcdhhy edrhcer

DA_ mdtes, ds wehh ds tepfrd meplscts, pemlnejescs djm ltfer

ohcadtco cjmcodtlrs, dhsl plcjt tl d pre-?2 iyr ofrljlhlny

(Aussc cj prep.).

Ds gdr ds nrdvettcdj sctes dre oljoerjem, tfe evcmejoe grla

sctes wctf restrcotem strdtcnrdpfco sequejoes cs shcnfthy alre

olaglrtd`he, ds suaadrcsem cj td`he ?. ]fe hcstem rdmclaetrco

resuhts were dhh prloessem cj tfe hdst gew yedrs, pdrt lg tfea

`y DA_.

?.? ]FE DUPCNJDOCDJ DJM NPDWE]]CDJ PEOLPM_

OLJ]PD_]EM

D mcsoussclj lg mcggerejoes cj hctfco teofjlhlny djm typlhlny

cs lutscme tfe solpe lg tfe presejt pdper, djm wchh kust è

tdiej glr nrdjtem. Cjstedm, C wchh `rceghy luthcje scte typlhlny,

fujtcjn oflcoes, dspeots lg tfe reolrm wfcof odj è hcjiem tl

tfe rctudh djm sya`lhco spfere, djm tfe nelnrdpfcodh

mcstrcùtclj lg fuadj settheaejt. Cjesodpd`hy, slae lg tfe

Durcnjdocdj oljscmerem èhlw wchh fdve dj dne cj exoess lg

?2 iyr.

]fe juaèr lg sctes cs rlunfhy scachdr, wctf slae =2

durcnjdocdj hlodhes, djm slae ?2 nrdvettcdj odve djm lpej

dcr sctes. Cj `ltf cjstdjoes, d 'scte' ejolapdsses djytfcjn




]d`he 0. ]fe adcj strdtcnrdpfco sequejoes dt ?2-02 iyr. A 1 adjy drofdelhlncodh readcjs9 G 1 gew drofdelhlncodh readcjs9

L 1 jl drofdelhlncodh evcmejoe. _luroes. Pcpdrl Alofc; Femnes et dh. 433=9 Hdphdoe 43>>. Nrlttd mehhe Dreje Odjmcme9 @cettc djm

Alhdrc 433=9 Odsslhc djm ]dnhcdolzzl 433=. Pcpdrl mc Guadje; @rlnhcl djm Caprltd 433=-43359 Odsslhc djm ]dnhcdolzzl 4334.

Nrlttd Hd Odhd; @ejcjc et dh. 433>9 @lsodtl et dh. 433>. Nrlttd Rdnhcooc; @lsodtl 433=9 Rdhad mc Oesjlhd 43669 Rdhad mc Oesjlhd 433?.

Sedrs

`p Pcpdrl Alofc Nr. Dreje Odjmcme Pcpdrl mc Guadje Nrlttd Hd Odhd Nrlttd Rdnhcooc

Epcnr.

Hev O4= Hev O4= Hev O4= Hev O4= Hev O4=

Epcnr. R6 G 43,7?2´052 4>e Dg 43,722*?22

02 id

R3 G 02,=>2´?02

aduu

A

A

02,022*?2502,472*?42

Nrdv O A

RCL G

43d02`

A

A

02,>?2*03204,072*?=2

00 id pj G Odve èdr mej02od02o`02me

A

A

A

00,002*?7200,442*??200,7?2*?32

Nrdv R40 G 0?,=52´002TcTU

A

A 0>,5?2*0?7204d04`

A

A

0?,2=2*?620?,=>2*?>2

0= id TUCTCW

A

A 06,0?2*0=7204o A 0?,>52*?32

0=,042*=42

Nrdv. R4? L 05,702´022

05,702*002TWTWC

A

A0>,=22*4>02 0 hm

00` A

A

0=,>02*=020=,622*?22

07 id Mc m G NHN@h

<

A 07,?62´072 00o A

Nrdv M A Mce GN@0N@?

A A 07,662´?02

00m00e

A A

06 id00G= A 06,?22*=22

06 id0?D A 06,422*=22

E L 0 ? @ Z KH,K A2 2 ´ = 2 2 £

Dur. DccìlDU44 A

0?O0=D4 G

Fyejd mej03,?22*722

?2 id G G DU40DU4?

A

A 0>,252*652*0=D0 G

Dur. M?d A 03,652*6>2

?0 id N52 A ?0,062* 562 M?` A ?0,?22´=22

grla d gcjm splt djm d surgdoe sodtter, tl d hdrne lpej dcr

settheaejt lr d auhtc-hdyerem strdtcnrdpfco sequejoe cj d odve.

]lnetfer wctf restrcotem drofdelhlncodh dssea`hdnes, `ltf

durcnjdocdj djm nrdvettcdj ' rcof' sctes dhsl loour - c.e., ds d

ruhe lg tfua`, wctf hctfco capheaejts cj tfecr tflusdjms.

Pcpdrl Alofc heveh N, Pcpdrl mc Guadje, Nrlttd meh

Glssehhlje, dre durcnjdocdj exdaphes, wfche Pcpdrl Alofc

heveh M, Nrlttd Rdnhcooc heveh 46 tl 00 djm Nrlttd Hd Odhd

dre nrdvettcdj ljes. Lpej dcr sctes wctf mwehhcjn struotures -

jdaehy fedrtfs - dre ijlwj `ltf cj tfe gcrst odse (_ercjl)

djm cj tfe seoljm (Aljte Hljnl). Tudrry sctes dt ghcjt

lutorlps were scachdrhy mcsolverem dt Aljte Dvejd

(Durcnjdocdj), djm dt Glrestd Ua`rd djm Wcol meh Ndrndjl

(Nrdvettcdj).

]fe dvdchd`he evcmejoe lj fujtem speoces cs hcstem cj td`he

=. Fere C ljhy tdie cjtl doolujt mlacjdjt fer`cvlre speoces,

c.e. tflse wfcof adie up dt hedst lje-tfcrm lg tfe tltdh

juaèr lg cmejtcgcem speocaejs cj tfe ujnuhdte su`-nrlup.

]fe dssea`hdne lg Nrlttd mec Gdjocuhhc (lr Nrltte mes

Ejgdjts) heveh G, wctf d nrdvettcdj cjmustry, glr wfcof

metdchem gdujdh djdhyscs cs jlt dvdchd`he, cs dhsl tejtdtcvehy

cjohumem.

]fe sadhh juaèr lg dssea`hdnes mles jlt dhhlw djy

metdchem stdtcstcodh djdhyscs. Dhh tfe sdae, rem meer odj è

oljgcmejthy tdiej ds fdvcjn èej stdphe gllm glr alst fuadj

nrlups. Flrses djm cèxes were fujtem wctf `ltf durcnjdocdj

djm nrdvettcdj tllhs - adyè tfe fymrujtcje flrse (Equus

fymrujtcjus) alre grequejthy `y tfe Durcnjdocdjs, djm tfe

cèx alre lgtej `y tfe Nrdvettcdjs. Durlofs cs rdrer, djm

dppdrejthy ljhy oljscstejthy preyem uplj murcjn tfe

meplsctclj lg slae lg tfe hdyers lg Nrlttd Rdnhcooc. Lje

suspeots tfdt pdrt lg tfe jlt adjy mcggerejoes dre hcjiem tl




]d`he ?. Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla sctes jlt cjohumem cj ]d`he 0.

_luroes; Drdjnurej djm Pevemcj 433>9 @cettc 433=9 @rlnhcl

djm Caprltd 433=-43359 Odhmerljc et dh. 43349

Wdood djm Olpplhd 433?.

Nr. meh @rlclj str. M 0=,>22 ´ =22 `p (UtO-073=)

Nr. meh @rlclj str. E 05,052 ´ 062 `p (UtO-073?)Nr. Dzzurrd str. > 02,022 ´ 0=2 `p (UtO-073>)

(Nr. mc Rdcjd)

@chdjocjl 0=,332 ´ 442 `p (@etd-3?0>4)

0=.002 ´ 422 `p (@etd-3?0>0)

05,=42 ´ 456 `p (@etd-4275=3)

Glssl mc Rdnhcdjl 0?,522 ´ =22 `p (PLA-4==)

Nr. mc _. Adrcd mc Dnjdjl 0=,=42 ´ ?02 `p (Ncg-30=>4)

Nr. mc Odhd mehhe Lssd 0?.>62 ´ ?52 `p (PLA)

ejvcrljaejtdh oljstrdcjts. Lverdhh, tfe pcoture cs quctescachdr glr tfe twl nrlups lg sctes.

Fuadj readcjs dre d mcggerejt ohdss lg `ljes, wfcof

dhhlws l`servdtcljs rehdtem tl tfe sya`lhco djm rctudh spfere.

]flse mcsolverem cj dsslocdtclj wctf durcnjdocdj capheaejts

dre kust d gew; meocmulus teetf grla Pcpdrl @la`rcjc

(Glracolhd 4363) djm Pcpdrl mc Guadje (@drtlhlaec et dh.

4330)9 peradjejt teetf djm `lje grdnaejts grla Nrlttd meh

Glssehhlje (Adhhenjc djm _enre-Jdhmcjc 4330) djm Pcpdrl mc

Gljtdjd Julvd (Ofchdrmc et dh. 4337). ]fere cs jl evcmejoe

lg djy cjtejtcljdh meplsctclj lr drrdjneaejt.

]fe nrdvettcdj reolrm cs tltdhhy mcggerejt. Jlt tdicjn cjtl

doolujt hllse readcjs, 47 cjfuadtcljs wctf 04 cjmcvcmudhs

fdve sl gdr èej mcsolverem cj Hcnurcd djm Dpuhcd, cjohumcjn

mlu`he djm trcphe ùrcdhs (]d`he 5).

]fe meplsctcljs were glujm tl fdve d mcstcjot plsctclj djm

lrcejtdtclj wctfcj tfe odves, wctf ùrcdh pcts djm lgtej d hlt

lg lofre. ]fey dre dhsl ejmlwem wctf rcof nrdve nllms.

Exdaphes dre tfe fune `hdme tllhs cj tfe ùrcdhs lg @drad

Nrdjme djm Nrlttd mehhe Dreje Odjmcme - tfe hdrnest ever

mcsolverem cj Ctdhy - (Gcn. ?)9 tfe rcofhy meolrdtem odps lr

`ljjets lg alst cjmcvcmudhs9 tfe lrjdaejts lj tfe ofest lg

tfe meoedsem, plssc`hy gcxem lj ehd`lrdte ndraejts.

Rerglrdtem odjcjes lg meer, d vdrcety lg adrcje sfehhs, gcsf

verte`rds, djm cvlry pejmdjts were su`thy cjterwlvej tl

oredte meolrdtcve pdtterjs. Cj sflrt, every dspeot lg tfe

gujerdry reolrm plcjts tl tfe mcsphdy lg slpfcstcodtem cteas,

djm tl fcnfhy glradhcsem rctudhs, sfdrem `y cjmcvcmudhs djm

nrlups hcvcjn dt d su`stdjtcdh mcstdjoe grla edof ltfer

(Aussc 4367, 4335).

Lrjdaejts dre dhsl glujm lutscme tfe gujerdry oljtext, `ltf

dt Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco (EUR) djm dt Acm Upper

Rdhdelhctfco (AUR) sctes, slaetcaes wctf slae dùjmdjoe, ùt

dndcj wctf d ètter represejtdtclj, cg djy, dt nrdvettcdj sctes.

]fe oljtrdst ètweej d 'pllr' Durcnjdocdj djm d 'rcof'

Nrdvettcdj cs dhsl evcmejt cj tfe drtcstco reolrm (Aussc djm

[dapettc 433>, wctf regerejoes). Dotudhhy, ct odj è

oljtejmem tfdt tfere cs djy suof evcmejoe dt dhh cj tfe

Durcnjdocdj, ujhess lje cs sdtcsgcem `y d nrdjm tltdh lg glur

cteas wctf d rlw lg jltofes lr sadhh cjocscljs grla tfree

sctes (Pcpdrl @la`rcjc, Pcpdrl mc Guadje djm Pcpdrl mc

Gljtdjd Julvd). ]fe Nrdvettcdj, lj tfe ltfer fdjm, cs

dsslocdtem wctf slae jdturdhcstco djm nelaetrco cjocscljs lj

`ljes (Nrlttd mehhe Dreje Odjmcme, Nrlttd Rdnhcooc), ds wehh

ds wctf pdcjtcjns djm gcnurcjes. ]fe mdtcjn lg tfe hdst twl

ejtrces cs dmacttemhy hess seoure, ùt tfere dre mcstcjot ohues

plcjtcjn tl dj dne jlt hdter tfdt 05-46 iyr.

Cj tfe redr lg Nrlttd Rdnhcooc, d pdjeh lg rem flrses cs

dsslocdtem wctf plsctcve djm jendtcve fdjm prcjts, slae

hdoicjn tfua`s ([lrzc 4370). _tyhcstco gedtures, cjohumcjn tfe

vertcodh plsctclj lg lje lg tfe djcadhs, sunnest olapdrcsljs

wctf tfe Grejof Nrdvettcdj djm _lhutredj (Aussc djm

[dapettc 433>). D shd` wctf pdrt lg djltfer rem flrse, wfcof

fdm gdhhej grla tfe rllg dt tfe ejtrdjoe lg tfe odve, wds

glujm ùrcem cj heveh 4=d, rdmclodr`lj mdtem dt o. 47 iyr

(Rdhad mc Oesjlhd 4366), sunnestcjn d acjcaua dne glr tfe

redr pdjeh.

Cvlry, `lje djm slgt stlje gcnurcjes, tltdhhcjn 43

speocaejs, were mcsolverem dt glur wcmehy mcspersem sctes;

@dhzc Plssc (Aussc et dh., tfcs vlhuae), _dvcnjdjl (Aussc

4337), ]rdscaejl ([dapettc 4335), djm Nrlttd mehhe Wejerc

(Pdmachhc 4377). Jlje wds glujm `y prlgesscljdh

drofdelhlncsts. Flwever, cj dmmctclj tl typlhlncodh djm

teofjlhlncodh dspeots rehdtcjn tfea tl tfe ohdssco nrdvettcdj

cadnery, dt edof djm every scte tfere cs ocrouastdjtcdh

evcmejoe plcjtcjn tl tfe AUR. Jlt ljhy dre tfe @dhzc Plssc

tfe scte lg westerj Eurlpe wctf tfe alst juaerlus lg suof

dssea`hdnes (45 speocaejs), ùt tfe Ctdhcdj reolrm cs lverdhh

tfe hdrnest lg djy renclj west lg tfe Pfcje-Dmrcdtco

nelnrdpfcodh mcvcme lg tfe oljtcjejt, ds, dgter F. Mehplrte's

cjvejtlry (433?), 45 speocaejs cj dhh were mcsolverem cj

Grdjoe djm Neradjy (Gcn. =).

Djltfer sfdrp mcggerejoe ètweej tfe EUR djm AUR odj

è cmejtcgcem cj tfe nelnrdpfcodh mcstrcùtclj; durcnjdocdj

evcmejoe cs glujm wctf slae su`stdjtcdh settheaejt prdotcodhhy

everywfere, grla tfe Ctdhcdj Pcvcerd tl tfe dred lg Jdphes

djm, gurtfer slutf, tl tfe Ochejtl9 ds wehh ds grla tfe pre-

dhpcje pcemaljt tl tfe _dhejtl, c.e. tfe feeh lg tfe 'Ctdhcdj

`llt'. Evej cj tfe pre-Dhps djm tfe Dpejjcjes, dt ehevdtcljs

lg 4?22-4722 a d.s.4., ds wehh ds cj _cochy dorlss dj dra lg

tfe sed, were mcstcjot trdoes lg tfe Durcnjdocdj mcsolverem.

]fe hdter, nrdvettcdj reolrm, cs auof alre spdrse; tfe

Pcvcerd, Dpuhcd djm tfe Ochejtl, ds wehh ds êst-Oejtrdh Ctdhy

ètweej tfe Drjl djm ]cèr vdhheys, dre rencljs wctf slae

icjm lg repetctcve djm phdjjem settheaejt. Ehsewfere, tfe

evcmejoe cs èst mesorcèm ds spdrse lr cjteracttejt. ]fcs odj




]d`he =. Mlacjdjt ujnuhdtes dt durcnjdocdj djm nrdvettcdj sctes; • aedjs speoces' presejoe,

wctf JC_R peroejtdnes, wfej dvdchd`he. _luroes; Nrlttd mehhe Dreje Odjmcme; Odsslhc djm

]dnhcdolzzl 433=. Nrlttd Hd Odhd; @ejcjc et dh. 433>9 @lsodtl et dh. 433>9 _dhd 436?.

Nrlttd Hd Odhdjod; _dhd 436?. Nrlttd mc Odstehocvc td; Nda`dsscjc 433>. Nrlttd mec Gdjocuh hc;

Me Wchhejeuve et dh. 4327-4343. Nrlttd mc Gljtdjd Julvd; Ofchdrmc et dh. 4337. Nrlttd meh

Glssehhlje; Dhfdcque et dh. 4336. Pcp. mc Guadje; Odsslhc djm ]dnhcdolzzl 4334.

Nrlttd Rdnhcooc; @lsodtl 433=9 _dhd 436?.

DUPLOF_ PEM MEEP

DUPCNJDOCDJ _C]E_

FLP_E FSMP. FLP_E C@EV

Pcpdrl mc Guadje •=>

Nr. meh Glssehhlje • ?7 • 5?

Nr. mc Odstehocvctd • =2

Nr. Hd Odhd hev. 42-4? • 5>

Nr. Rdnhcooc hev. 0= • =7

Pcp. mc Gljtdjd Julvd

NPDWE]]CDJ _C]E_

•3?

Nr. mec Gdjocuhhc hev.G • •

Nr. mehhe Dreje Odjmcme • 76

Nr. Hd Odhd hev. T • 67

Nr. Hd Odhd hev. N@ • >5

Nr. Hd Odhdjod • 7>

Nr. Rdnhcooc hev. 46-02 • ?= •=2

Nr. Rdnhcooc hev. 04 •5=

Nr. Rdnhcooc hev. 00-0? ??

]d`he 5. Cjvejtlry lg tfe nrdvettcdj ùrcdhs cj Hcnurcd (d`lve) djm Dpuhcd (èhlw mdsfem hcje).

]lt. D; tltdh juaèr lg ùrcdhs. ]lt. @; tltdh juaèr lg ùrcem cjmcvcmudhs. _luroes;

Olpplhd 43309 Olpplhd djm Wdood 43359 Aezzejd djm Rdhad mc Oesjlhd 4363-43329

Aussc et dh. 4363.

_CJNHE

@UPCDH_

MLU@HE

@UPCDH_

]PCRHE

@UPCDH_

]L].

D

]L].

@

Nr. mec Gdjocuhhc 4 4 0 ?

Nr. Odvcnhclje 4 4 4

@drad Nrdjme ? 4 = 7

Nr. @. md ]lrre ? ? ?

Nr. Dreje Odjmcme 4 4 4

Nr. Rdnhcooc 0 0 0

Nr. _.Adrcd Dnjdjl 4 4 0 ?

Nr. mehhe Wejej 4 4 0

]ltdh 47 04



?7? ADPNFEPC]D AU__C - FEDMCJN _LU]F - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ OLHLJC_D]CLJ LG C]DHS

è seej cj Ctdhy jlrtf lg tfe Dpejjcje rdjne, wctf d fdjmguh

lg hctfco capheaejts cj tfe upper, ujmdtem pdrt lg tfe

sequejoe lg Nrlttd mc Guadje, ds wehh ds dt Nrlttd meh

@rlclj dt o. 05 iyr. Hdter, tfere dre d gew `doiem plcjts

mcsodrmem drlujm 02 iyr murcjn mcstcjot epcslmes lg

grequejtdtclj dt Nrlttd mc Rdcjd, djm ltfer scachdrhy restrcotem

dssea`hdnes dt C_ iyr dt Nrlttd mc ]reje, djm dt 4> iyr dt

@øs mec Hdmer (@cdnc 43>79 @rlnhcl djm Caprltd 433=-4335).

Evej alre olnejt cs tfe evcmejoe lg tfe Adrofe renclj cj

Gdst Oejtrdh Ctdhy; tfe ljhy drofdelhlncodh readcj cs d fedrtf

cj tfe lpej dt Glssl mc Rdnhcdjl, rdmclodr`lj mdtem dt 0?.5

iyr (]d`he ?), dt wfcof jlt d scjnhe tllh wds mcsolverem

(Odhmerljc et dh. 4334). ]fe gcrst su`stdjtcdh settheaejt cj tfe

dred wluhm fdve èej tfe hdrne lpej dcr scte lg Rljte mc

Rcetrd dt 43-46 iyr (@rlnhcl djm Hlhhcjc 4360).

Doolrmcjnhy, drofdelhlny sunnests d mchutem durcnjdocdj

settheaejt spdjjcjn tfe wflhe olujtry djm cjohumcjn dj

cshdjm, c.e. _cochy, ds wehh ds alujtdcjs. Hdter, nrdvettcdj

sctes loour ljhy lutscme fcnf alujtdcj rdjnes - wfcof,

flwever, cs jl surprcse, ncvej tfe nhdocdh re-dmvdjoe sllj

dgter ?2 iyr (see d`lve). Rdrts lg tfe olujtry, suof ds tfe

jlrtferj djm oejtrdh pdrt lg tfe Dmrcdtco renclj lg Ctdhy - djm

adyè _cochy ds wehh ([dapettc 436=-436>) - dre solurem

dndcj djm dndcj `y sadhh pdrtces wfcof, flwever, jever

oflse tl returj djm setthe tfere glr nllm. Doolrmcjnhy, tfere

cs nrlujm tl èhceve tfdt fuadj nrlups glousem lj slae

rencljs ljhy - c.e. lj alst lg tfe ]yrrfejcdj lr westerj scme

lg tfe pejcjsuhd, djm lj Dpuhcd ds wehh - èoduse tfe

dmkdoejt pceoes lg hdjm fdm èej exphlrem djm glujm ujgct.

?.= CJ]PU_CWE EWCMEJOE DJM HLODH DMDR]D]CLJ_

]fe AUR drofdelhlncodh reolrm lg Ctdhy dhsl cjohumes cteas

wfcof dre ètter mesorcèm ds cjtruscve. D gcrst odse cj plcjt

cs cvlry, wfcof loours cj Hcnurcd, cg rdrehy, odrvem cjtl

slpfcstcodtem gcnurcjes djm pejmdjts. ]fe aedjcjn lg tfe

cvlry gcjms fds dhredmy èej mcsoussem dt hejntf ehsewfere

(@lhmuo et dh. 43379 Aussc et dh., tfcs vlhuae). ]fey odj è

oljscmerem ectfer ds exltco - c.e. jlrtferj - nllms ejmcjn up

lj tfe Aemcterrdjedj sflres dt tfe ejm lg exofdjnes hcjicjn

mcstdjt nrlups, lr ds hlodhhy adjugdoturem l`keots, odrvem `y

pelphe wfl fdm doqucrem ehsewfere sichhs dhhlwcjn tfea tl

perglra tfe tdsi, plssc`hy lj pceoes lg caplrtem rdw

adtercdh. ]fe fuadj nrlups hcvcjn cj tfe _dhejtl lg

slutferj Dpuhcd, flwever, dppdrejthy oluhm jlt turj tl gresfsupphces lg caplrtem adtercdh lr cteas9 jectfer oluhm tfey

gcjm djy lg tfe slgt olhlurem rlois wfcof were usudhhy usem

ds dj dhterjdtcve cj rencljs hdoicjn cvlry (Aussc 4337,

433>); tfe ghdt, odhodrelus _dhejtl cs mevlcm lg djy lg tfe

aetdalrpfco rlois wfcof dre tfe sluroe lg serpejtcje,

stedtcte, ofhlrcte djm tfe hcie. Glr tfecr gcnurcjes, tfey ejmem

up uscjn d tfcoi pceoe lg `lje sfdgt - d pllr slhutclj wfcof

hegt tfe trdèouhdr struoture lg tfe cjjer `lje vcsc`he lj tfe

Gcn. ?. D speotdouhdr lofre-stdcjem djm retluofem orestem hdme grla

tfe ]rcphe @urcdh lg @drad Nrdjme (Hcnurcd). _odhe cj oa (mrdwcjn `y

A. Aussc).

hegt scme lg d geadhe stdtuette mcsolverem dt Nrlttd mehhe

Wejerc (Gcn. 5).

êsterj Hcnurcd cs reaeaèrem jlt ljhy glr cvlry, ùt

dhsl ds dj dred wfere `dtljs í trlus, ltferwcse jlt ijlwj cj

Ctdhy, wfere mcsolverem dt twl mcstcjot sctes. Lje wds

ujedrtfem dt Nrlttd meh Odvcnhclje (lr Nrltte mu Odvchhlj,




AUR gcnurcjes

êsterj Eurlpe

Ctdhy

42 45 02

Gcn. =. ]fe reolrm lg Ctdhcdj AUR gcnurcjes olapdrem tl tfe rest

êsterj Eurlpe.

lje lg tfe @dhzc Plssc odves), cj tfe heveh lg tfe nrdvettcdj

ùrcdh, wfche glur alre surrlujmem tfe `lmy lg d `ly cj tfe

AUR nrdve lg Nrlttd mehhe Dreje Odjmcme (Pcvcere 466>9

Alhdrc 433=). @dtljs í trlus dre usudhhy hcjiem tl recjmeerdjther, wfcof wds tfe adtercdh olaaljhy usem `ltf tl adie

tfea, djm tl prepdre tfe prlkeotche plcjts supplsemhy tl è

strdcnftejem wctf tfe fehp lg tfe `dtljs tfeasehves. ]fecr

sodrocty slutf lg tfe Dhps cs jl surprcse, ds recjmeer jever

hcvem cj Ctdhy, lr jedrhy sl. ]fe Hcnurcdj speocaejs dre jlt

adme lg recjmeer djther, flwever; tfe Odvcnhclje lje wds

prepdrem, cjstedm, `y mrchhcjn d flhe tfrlunf d flrse

aetdodrpdh, wfche ehi djther wds usem dt Nrlttd mehhe Dreje

Odjmcme. Ectfer èoduse tfe resuhts were evejtudhhy glujm

jlt truhy sdtcsgycjn, lr èoduse tfe tllhs were jlt jeemem dt

dhh, tfe `dtljs dre jectfer ijlwj dt ltfer sctes gurtfer slutf,

jlr cj hdter meplscts.

D alre pervdscve evcmejoe lg dmdptdtclj tl d mcggerejt

olujtry - tl tfe 'rem meer olujtry' cjstedm lg tl tfe 'recjmeer

olujtry' - cs dhsl sunnestem `y d olaalj type lg pejmdjts,

c.e. `y perglrdtem teetf. D vdrcety lg ltfer pejmdjts dotudhhy

dhsl excsts. Flwever, wfej ct olaes tl teetf, murcjn tfe AUR

djm hdter, cjscme ds wehh ds lutscme ùrcdhs, tfe seheotem ljes

dre cjvdrcd`hy rem meer odjcjes. Oertdcjhy, meer odjcjes were

dhsl wcmehy usem dhh lver Eurdscd, ùt plssc`hy jlt wctf tfe

sdae exohuscve ejtfuscdsa ds cj Ctdhy. D auof hdrner vdrcety

lg pejmdjts djm perglrdtem teetf cs mesorcèm, glr cjstdjoe, cj

tfe Durcnjdocdj lg Oejtrdh Eurlpe, djm cj tfe Grejof Upper

Rdhdelhctfco, wfche cj jlrtferj _pdcj perglrdtem meer odjcjes

èolae qucte olaalj glr tfe gcrst tcae cj adnmdhejcdj hevehs

(Fdfj 43>09 Mes`rlsse et dh. 43>79 _trdus 4330). C suspeot

tfdt, cj Ctdhy, tfecr exohuscve use wds d resuht lg tfe dmdptdtclj

tl d alre restrcotem vdrcety lg ndae. Jlt èoduse pelphe were

mcreothy l`hcnem tl ml sl - dgter dhh, `lvcms, glxes eto. were

dvdchd`he, djm tfecr teetf fdm èej dotudhhy usem `y tfe hlodh

durcnjdocdj nrlups - ùt èoduse AUR nrlups fdm tl glous

lj d speoces wfcof wds auof hess caplrtdjt jlrtf lg tfe

Dhps, djm tl redrrdjne tfecr sya`lhco dotcvcty doolrmcjnhy.

Hctfco cjmustrces lg tfe tcae dre jlt tltdhhy mevlcm lg lmm

dmkujotcljs ectfer. Cj tfe @drad Nrdjme (@dhzc Plssc), tfe

dadteur exodvdtcljs lg H.D. Kuhhcej cj tfe hdte 43tf oejtury

hem tl tfe mcsolvery lg tfe wehh-ijlwj gcnurcjes (@lhmuo et

dh. 43379 Aussc et dh., tfcs vlhuae), ùt dhsl tl tfe

ujedrtfcjn lg d hctfco cjmustry jlw iept cj mcggerejt

auseuas. ]fe olhheotclj lg tfe Red`lmy Auseua (FdrvdrmUjcverscty) cjohumes d trujodtem `doiem `hdme, wctf dj

cjvdscve ghdt retluof, wctflut djy olujterpdrt ehsewfere cj

Ctdhy (Gcn. 7;4). Olapdrcsljs, cg djy, odj tejtdtcvehy è

estd`hcsfem wctf tfe hdaehhes í mls dveo retluofe phdte sur

uj o÷tã lg tfe Upper _lhutredj (_actf 4377). Djltfer ctea

wctf d mcstcjot 'slhutredj `hejm' cs tfe orume geuchhe me hdurcer

mcsolverem dt Nrlttd mc ]reje cj jlrtfedsterj Ctdhy cj dj

dppdrejthy ujmcsturèm hdyer, jlw rdmclodr`lj mdtem tl

4>,7=2 ´ 4=2 `p (UtO-0734) (Heljdrmc et dh. 4356-43539

@rlnhcl djm Caprltd 433=-4335) (Gcn. 7;0). ]fcs sadhh

cjvejtlry lg ujcque gcjms odj è olaphetem wctf tfe 02 lr sl

plcjts wctf d mcstcjotcve ghdt retluof, sfluhmerem lr jlt,wfcof were mcsolverem cj hevehs 46 djm 4> lg Nrlttd

Rdnhcooc, wctf DA_ mdtes lg 02 tl 46 iyr (Rdhad mc Oesjlhd

4366) (Gcn. 7;?-7). C suspeot tfdt tfe gdsfclj lg capheaejts

acacoicjn slhutredj ljes wds hcjiem tl dj cjghux lg pelphe

djm cmeds grla dorlss tfe Dhps.

]fe èst evcmejoe lg slae`lmy trdvehhcjn dhh tfe wdy

grla, perfdps, Grdjol-Odjtd`rcd tl Dpuhcd cs dotudhhy tl è

glujm dt Nrlttd Rdnhcooc. ]fe pdjeh wctf flrses djm fdjms

mcsoussem cj tfe prevclus pdrdnrdpf cs d ujcque mcsolvery cj

Ctdhy, wfere pdcjtcjns ljhy redppedr cj tfe gcjdh Rdhdelhctfco

wctf jlj-zllalrpfco cadnery. Kust ds cvlry odrvcjn, odve

wdhh pdcjtcjn cs jlt dj caprlvcsem sichh, djm tfe rephcodtcljlg styhcstco pdtterjs ètter exeaphcgcem cj mcstdjt dreds cs jl

ofdjoe loourrejoe. Ds ct odj è ruhem lut tfdt, cj oljtrdst tl

Wejuses, odve wdhhs odj è exofdjnem grla fdjm tl fdjm,

trdvehhcjn lver tfe olujtrces, tfe ljhy dhterjdtcve hegt tl

exphdcj tfe pdjeh lg Nrlttd Rdnhcooc cs dj drtcst olacjn grla

dorlss tfe Dhps.

?.5 RLRUHD]CLJ MSJDACO_

]dicjn `ltf DA_ djm oljvejtcljdh 4=O mdtes dt gdoe vdhue,

tfe Durcnjdocdj wluhm hdst cj Ctdhy grla ?>-?7 iyr tl ?2 iyr,

djm tfe Nrdvettcdj grla 06 tl 02 iyr (@rlnhcl djm Caprltd

433=-43359 Femnes et dh. 433=). ]fdt cs, tfe tcae rdjne cs

dpprlxcadtehy tfe sdae, djm tfe juaèr lg cmejtcgcem sctes cs

dhsl rlunfhy scachdr, evej cg tfere dre alre durcnjdocdj

hlodhes (see d`lve). Ds sdcm, C dssuae tfdt tfe suàersclj lg

oldstdh odves dggeotem gewer durcnjdocdj tfdj nrdvettcdj sctes,

doolujtcjn glr tfe acjlr grequejoy lg tfe hdtter ljes.

]fe hdoi lg evcmejoe ètweej ?2 djm 06 iyr cs d mcggerejt

prl`hea. Evej dooeptcjn tfdt, dt Nrlttd Rdnhcooc, tfe

Durcnjdocdj wds ds hdte ds 03 iyr, djm glhhlwem `y tfe

Nrdvettcdj dt 06 iyr - wfcof aedjs mcsacsscjn tfe mdte lg




07 iyr grla heveh 0?@ (]d`he 0) - tfere cs jl oljtcjucty cj

fuadj settheaejt. Murcjn tfe cjtervejcjn achhejjcd tfe

drofdelhlncodh evcmejoe cs dt èst spdrse, wctf fyejds

mejjcjn cj tfe odve (]d`he 0). ]fe sdae flhms true dt tfe

ltfer sctes wctf d oljtcjulus strdtcnrdpfco reolrm; ectfer d

sodtter lr hdoi lg durcnjdocdj capheaejts cs glhhlwem `y

slujm nrdvettcdj evcmejoe (Alofc, Hd Odhd - wctf dsemcaejtdry hdoujd dt tfe hdtter scte, dgter @lsodtl et dh.

433>). lr. vcoe versd, d mejse durcnjdocdj meplsct ncves wdy

tl d auof sadhher nrdvettcdj presejoe (Guadje). Lje nets

tfe sdae mcsoljtcjulus pcoture tdicjn cjtl doolujt sctes wctf

d reolrm cjohumcjn ljhy lje lg tfe twl hctfco dssea`hdnes; ds

sdcm, tfe Durcnjdocdj cs cjvdrcd`hy mdtem dt :?2 iyr, wfche

tfe Nrdvettcdj stdrts dt 07-05 iyr (]d`he ?).

C fdve mcsoussem cj metdch ehsewfere tfe ofdrdotercstco lg

tfe mcgguse durcnjdocdj, olapdrem tl tfe auof alre seheotcve

nrdvettcdj settheaejt (Aussc cj prep.). Ct wchh suggcoe fere tl

ujmerhcje tfdt ofrljco ujmerpelphcjn aust fdve èej d

slc cljs prl`hea glr prefcstlrco `djms, djm alre sl cj tfeCtdhcdj terrctlry, nelnrdpfcodhhy auof pdrtctcljem èoduse lg

alujtdcj rdjnes djm sed dras. ^fche sadhh cslhdtem

plpuhdtcljs dre jlt vcd`he lj mealnrdpfco nrlujms (^l`st

43>7). tl ieep cj tluof wctf mcstdjt nrlups wluhm fdve èej

qucte d ofdhhejne.

]fe sya`lhco alme lg olaaujcodtclj, ds ea`lmcem cj

wlris lg drt djm lrjdaejts, fehps tl trdjsact cjglradtclj

tfrlunf tcae djm spdoe, wfejever d sfdrem ouhture dhhlws tfe

reocpcejt(s) tl meolme tfe aessdne (og. ^l`st 43>>). ]fe

drofdelhlncodh reolrm sunnests, flwever, tfdt daljnst

durcnjdocdj nrlups, sodtterem lver mcstdjt cshdjms, alujtdcjs

djm phdcjs, d èfdvclur rehdtem tl sya`lhco djm rctudh dotcvcty

hegt sodjty trdoes djm acnft fdve èej pllrhy mevehlpem. Lj

tlp lg tfdt, dt slae plcjt, lver vdst stretofes lg _lutf-

Oejtrdh Ctdhy tfe ncndjtco eruptclj(s) hedmcjn tl tfe

meplsctclj lg tfe Odapdjcdj Cnjca`rcte èodae d serclus

tfredt tl djcadh djm fuadj survcvdh.

Mcggerejt mdtcjn aetflms ml sl gdr jlt dhhlw d strcot

olrrehdtclj lg drofdelhlncodh sctes djm nelhlncodh evejts.

Flwever, tfcoi meplscts lg vlhodjco dsfes dre ijlwj tl excst

dhh lver tfe upper pdrt lg tfe EUR sequejoe lg Nrlttd mc

Odstehocvctd, evejtudhhy odppcjn ct djm oljtrcùtcjn dgter ?0

iyr tl gchh djm ohlse tfe odve (Nda`dsscjc 433>). Dt _ercjl,

cj tfe sdae renclj, tfe durcnjdocdj lpej dcr scte wds

mcsolverem ujmer d tfcoi olver lg vlhodjco dsfes (Doolrsc et

dh. 43>3). ]fese dsfes fdm tltdhhy gchhem d sadhh hdie `dscj cj

wfcof tfe teaplrdry odap fdm ljoe èej estd`hcsfem.

Wlhodjco meplscts fdve dhsl èej aejtcljem dt Nrlttd

Rdnhcooc (see d`lve), scachdrhy adricjn tfe ejm lg tfe

Durcnjdocdj.

]fcoi tepfrd meplscts `hdjietcjn d wflhe renclj wluhm

fdve adme mcsdppedr tfe venetdtclj, sprcjns djm ltfer

hdjmadris, ds wehh ds ghcjt lutorlps djm ltfer resluroes.

Gcn. 5. Gcnurcje grla Nr. mehhe Wejerc, wctf tfe trdèouhdr struoture lg tfe

`lje cj evcmejoe lj tfe rcnft scme. _odhe cj oa (dgter Pdmachhc 4377).

^fche slae reolvery plssc`hy fdppejem, tfcs eolhlncodh

odtdstrlpfe wluhm fdve èej dj dmmem stress tl tfe grdnche

`dhdjoe lg fuadj plpuhdtclj. Hdoicjn dj eggeotcve "drtcgdot

alme lg olaaujcodtclj" (^l`st 43>>) vcd ourdtem cteas,

djm adyè wctflut auof olhheotcve rctudh dotcvcty, cj tfe ejm

mcstdjt hlodh `djms wluhm jl hljner fdve èej cj tluof wctf

edof ltfer. _pdrsehy plpuhdtem Ctdhy wluhm fdve turjem cjtl d

icjm lg mealnrdpfco trdp, wctf d sfeer stlofdstco ca`dhdjoe

cj sexes djm ohdsses lg dne mcsruptcjn lje nrlup dgter djltfer

djm hedmcjn tl extcjotclj.

]fe nrdvettcdj dssea`hdnes seea tl fdve èej prlmuoem

`y jew fuadj nrlups ejtercjn tfe pejcjsuhd dgter slae ndp

cj tfe pelphcjn lg tfe olujtry. ]fe nelnrdpfy sunnests tfdt

tfcs acnft fdve fdppejem grla `ltf tfe edst djm tfe west,

tfdt cs grla tfe @dhidjs djm grla Grdjoe. ]fe medrtf lg

AUR sctes cj jlrtfedsterj Ctdhy djm dmklcjcjn glraer

Sunlshdvcd, ds wehh ds cj Nreeoe (Rerhæs, tfcs vlhuae),

flwever, oljtrdsts wctf tfe slujm drofdelhlncodh evcmejoe

grla tfe Rrlvejoe (Ljlrdtcjc 4360), Hcnurcd djm ltfer dreds

gurtfer slutf. ^fche nrlups acnft wehh fdve ejterem tfe




Gcn. 7. ]llhs wctf dj cjvdscve ghdt retluof, wfcof dre ljhy exoeptcljdhhy glujm cj Ctdhy. 4) @drad Nrdjme(ujpu`hcsfem - mrdwcjn `y A. Aussc)9 0 Nr. mc ]reje (dgter Heljdrmc et dh. 4356-4353)9 ?- 7) Nr. Rdnhcooc

hev. 4>-46 (dgter Aezzejd djm Rdhad mc Oesjlhd 437>9 Rdhad mc Oesjlhd 43>5). _odhe cj oa.

pejcjsuhd grla `ltf tfe edsterj djm tfe westerj 'ndte', C

suspeot tfdt, ds dhsl mlouaejtem `y styhcstco djm teofjcodh

tces, tfe cjghux wds alsthy grla tfe west. Fuadj nrlups

tfej oljoejtrdtem cj slae rencljs. ^fche alst lg tfe Rl

vdhhey, `y tfej aerncjn cjtl tfe ghdthdjms lg tfe jlrtferj

Dmrcdtco, odjjlt è cjvestcndtem èoduse lg tfe tfcoi olver lg

dhhuvcua, lr èoduse lg tfe rcse cj sed heveh, tfe rloiy dreds

ejocrohcjn ct dre jedrhy mevlcm lg djy settheaejt. ]fere cs

nrlujm tl èhceve tfdt tfcs dred wds mehcèrdtehy dvlcmem, dsmejumem shlpes aerncjn cjtl adrsfy dreds djm `lns were

jlt glujm suctd`he glr settheaejt.

_pdrse ds AUR plpuhdtclj wds, ct olpem suooessguhhy wctf

tfe mcggcouhtces ejolujterem cj d slutferj, mcggerejt

ejvcrljaejt. Ds tfe oljtcjulus sequejoes lg Nrlttd Hd Odhd

djm Nrlttd Rdnhcooc, ds wehh ds tfe lverdhh drofdelhlncodh

reolrm sunnest, tfey ndve rcse tl dj ujcjterruptem settheaejt,

spdjjcjn tfe wflhe gcjdh Rhecstloeje.

=. Oljohuscve readris

]fe AUR settheaejt lg Ctdhy cs spdtcdhhy mcsoljtcjulus. Kust

ds cj ltfer pdrts lg Eurdscd, sadhh oljoejtrdtcljs lg fuadjs

were surrlujmem `y vdst meplpuhdtem stretofes lg hdjm. ]fe

gcrst nrdvettcdj nrlups perfdps ejterem tfe pejcjsuhd ds edrhy

ds 06 iyr `p - cj dj ujodhc`rdtem h=O ofrljlhlny - wfej tfe

ohcadte fdm dhredmy adriemhy meterclrdtem, setthcjn, ds ct

seeas, cj tfe slutf. Alre sctes odae cjtl excstejoe dt 05-0=

iyr, plssc`hy testcgycjn tl tfe drrcvdh lg d jew fuadjoljtcjnejt kust dt tfe ljset lg tfe HNA. Dndcj djm dndcj,

djm adyè ds hdte ds 02 tl 46 iyr, wfej tfe ohcadte wds stchh

auof olhmer tfdj tlmdy, exltco cteas dre dhsl reolrmem cj

sadhh juaèrs. ]fey ncve d ohue tl alveaejts lg pelphe

djm cmeds, djm tl jew drrcvdhs grla tfe jlrtf, wfl

suooeemem cjtl cjgchtrdtcjn tfe slutferj terrctlrces,

strejntfejcjn `djms estd`hcsfem tfere hljn èglre. ]fcs

soejdrcl cs cj nllm doolrm wctf tfe djdhyscs lg fuadj



?7> ADPNFEPC]D AU__C - FEDMCJN _LU]F - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ OLHLJC_D]CLJ LG C]DHS

readcjs, wfcof stresses flalnejecty cj pfyscodh ofdrdoters

dhh lver Eurlpe (Ofurofchh et dc, tfcs vlhuae).

Nrdvettcdj dmdptdtclj tl tfe jlveh Aemcterrdjedj

ejvcrljaejt wds plssc`hy prlaltem `y tfe steppe-hcie

oljmctcljs prevdchcjn dt drrcvdh lj tfe Ctdhcdj soeje, wfcof

`y 06 iyr wds suggcocejthy dicj tl alre jlrtferj hdjmsodpes.

Dhh tfe sdae, fuadj nrlups mcsphdyem nredt odre cjofllscjn tfe dreds èst ègcttcjn tfea, oljscmerd`he

ghexc`chcty glouscjn lj hlodh djcadh speoces, djm readrid`he

cjnejucty tucjcjn tl jew rdw adtercdhs. ]fecr hdstcjn djm

suooessguh olhljcsdtclj wds tfej ofdrdotercsem `y tfe

odpdocty lg `ltf ieepcjn cj tluof wctf mcstdjt `djms, djm lg

dhhlwcjn jew pelphe tl ejter tfe renclj, doolaalmdtcjn

djm cjtenrdtcjn tfea cjtl tfe dhredmy setthem terrctlrces. Cj

mlcjn sl, tfey dvlcmem cslhdtclj djm mealnrdpfco ca`dhdjoe

wfcof fdm jlt èej lverolae `y durcnjdocdj nrlups. ^fche

glradhcsem meplsctcljs djm speotdouhdr nrdve nllms gct cjtl

tfe grdae lg wehh-estd`hcsfem, olaaujdh oerealjces (Aussc

4366-4363, 4332, 4334, 4330, 4335, cj prep9 Aussc djm

[dapettc 433>; Aussc et dh. 4363), tfe slpfcstcodtem set lg

vdhues djm èhcegs eaèmmem cj tfe sl-odhhem 'Wejuses' cs

kust stdrtcjn tl è nrdspem, ujvechcjn dj ejlralushy

olaphex ouhturdh `doinrlujm (Aussc et dh. cj press9 Aussc

et dh., tfcs vlhuae). ]fe uhtcadte tllh lg tfe AUR

mealnrdpfco dofceveaejt cs prl`d`hy tl è glujm cj tfcs

ujpreoemejtem mevehlpaejt lg sya`lhco odpdocty djm rctudh

dotcvcty.

doijlwhemneaejts

C wcsf tl tfdji Mr H. Ghyjj djm tfe stdgg lg tfe Red`lmy

Auseua glr drrdjncjn tfe stumy lg tfe Kuhhcej olhheotclj

iept dt tfe Red`lmy Auseua, ds wehh ds Lger djm Mdjcehhd

@dr-Slseg glr tfecr fehp djm ejolurdneaejt. Dt tfe Ausel

mec @dhzc Plssc, tfe peract tl stumy tfe ùrcdh nllms lg tfe

]rcphe @urcdh grla tfe @drad Nrdjme wds ncvej `y tfe

_lprcjtejmejzd drofelhlncod mehhd Hcnurcd, wfche

Mr D. Meh Huoofese icjmhy adme dhh tfe prdotcodh

drrdjneaejts.

Rdrt lg tfe resedrof, c.e. tfe dspeots rehdtem tl tfe @dhzc

Plssc, wds gujmem `y d nrdjt lg tfe AUP_] (Pcoerod_ocejtcgcod 72%) dwdrmem tfrlunf tfe Ujcversctí mc Plad

"Hd _dpcejzd", Gdolhtí mc Hettere.




regerejoes

Doolrsc, O.D.,

E. Dcehhc,

O. @drtlhcjc.H. Odstehhettc,

N. Plmlhgc,

D. Pljofctohhc

43>3 CC ncdocaejtl pdhelhctcol mc _ercjl (Dvehhcjl); strdtcnrdgcd, da`cejtc e pdhetjlhlncd, Dttc mehtd

_locetí ]lsodjd mc _ocejze Jdturdhc 67, =?5-=6>.

Doolrsc, O.D.,

A.K. Dctiej,

A. Oreadsofc,

A. Gerrdrcs,

O. AoEhrly,

M. Tuestcdux,

@. Wdj Whcet Hdjlé

4332 ]fe hless meplsct lg tfe Pcvlhc alrdcje systea. Cj; A. Oreadsofc (em.), ]fe hless cj

Jlrtferj djm Oejtrdh Ctdhy; d hless `dscj ferweej tfe Dhps djm tfe Aemcterrdjedj rencljs,

04-?3, Tudmerjc mc Nelmcjdacod Dhpcjd e Tudterjdrcd 4.

Dhesscl, A.,

C.. Dhhenrc,

G. @ehhd,

N. Odhmerljc,

O. Olrtesc,

N. Mdc Rrd,

M. Me Pctd,

M. Esu,

A. Glhhcerc,

_. Caprltd,

M. Adnrc,

@. Jdrocsc,

W. Retrlje.

H. _dmlrc

4367 4=O mdtcjn, nelofeacodh gedtures, gdujcstco djm plhhej djdhyses lg tfe upperalst 42a olre

grla Wdhhe mc Odstcnhclje (Plae, Ctdhy), Nelhlncod Pladjd 05, 06>-?26.

Dhesscl, A,

H. Dhhenrc,

G. Djtljclhc.

N. @ehhulacjc,

_. Caprltd,

H. Adjtrd,

A. Rrecte Adrtcjez

433= Hd ourvd mc rcsdhctd meh adre ]crrejl jenhc uhtcac =? id rcodvdtd md mdtdzcljc su spehelteac

slaaersc e mdtc drofelhlncoc, Aealrce Mesorctt cve mehhd Odrtd Nelhlncod m'Ctdhcd HCC,

074-0>7.

Dhfucque, G.,

_f. @cljmc.

R.G. Odsslhc,

D. Peoofc,

D. ]dnhcdolzzl

Djtljclhc, G.,

D. Ocjque,

H. Gerrdjtc,

R. Pladjl

4336 Almcgcodtcljs cj tfe exphlctdtclj lg djcadh resluroes ètweej tfe Acmmhe Rdhelhc tfco djm tfe

Durcnjdocdj dt Nrlttd meh Glssehhlje (Aljte Ocroel, Ctdhy). Cj; P. Nrcgljc Orealjesc,

O. ]lzzc, D. Wcnhcdrmc djm O. Rerettl (ems), Rrloeemcjns lg tfe VCCC Oljnress UC_RR,

5>4-5>7, Glrhc; [email protected].

433= Eaernem djm suàernem qudterjdry adrcje terrdoes lg Rdhcjurl Odpe (slutferj Ctdhy),

Aealrce Mesorcttcve mehhd Odrtd Nelhlncod m 'Ctdhcd HCC, 0?>-072.

Drdjnurej, @.,

D. Pevemcj

433> CC oclttlhl cjocsl e utchczzdtl mdhh'cj semcdaejtl nrdvettcdjl mc @chdjocjl e c "oclttlhc d

ouppehhe" cj Ctdhcd, Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe =6, 46>-000.




@drèrc. G.,

G. Cjjloejtc,

H. Hcrer,

P. Aujjl,

]. Resodtlre,

P. _djtdorloe

43>6 ]fe Odapdjcdj Cnjca`rcte; d Adklr Rrefcstlrco Eruptclj cj tfe Jedplhctdj Dred (Ctdhy),

@uhhetcj Wlhodjlhlg:cque =4, 42-?4.

@drtlhlaec, N..

D. @rlnhcl.

H. Odttdjc,

A. Oreadsofc,

D. Nuerresofc,

E. Adjtlvdjc,

O. Rerettl,

@. _dhd

4360 4 meplsctc wøracdjc meh Pcpdrl ]dnhcejte, Djjdhc mehh'Ujcversctí mc Gerrdrd, j.s., _ez. VW,

444,74-425.

@drtlhlaec, N.,

D. @rlnhcl.

C'. ('dsslhc.

H. Odstehhettc,

H. Odttdjc,A. Oreadsofc.

oc Lcdol`cjc,

N. Adher`d.

D. Adsperl,

A. Reresdjc,

D. _drtlrehhc,

X. ]dnhcdolzzl

@ejcjc, D..

R. @lsodtl,

4'. Nda`dsscjc

4330 Hd Nrltte me Guadje. Uj scte durcnjdocej du pcem mes Dhpes, Rrecstlrcd Dhpcjd 06(4), 4?4-4>3.

433> Nrlttd mehhd Odhd (_dherjl) ; cjmustrce hctcofe e gduje uhuzzcdje e durcnjdzcdje, Pcv. _ocejze

Rrecstlrcofe =6, ?>-35.

@cdnc, C'. 43>7 _truaejtl hctcol meh Rdhelhctcol superclre mdhhd Odverjd @us mec Hdmer, Jdturd @resocdjd

4?, 44>-402.

@cettc. D. 433= D re-exdacjdtclj lh' tfe hctfco cjmustrces lg tfe R hdyer (43=2-=0 exodvdtcljs) lg tfe Drejo

Odjmcme odve (_dvljd, Ctdhy). Mcsoussclj djm nejerdh oljohuscljs, Tudtecjdrcd Jlvd CW,

?=4-?>2.

@cettc, D.,

O. Alhdrc

@hdjo, D.O.

@lhmuo, R.,

K. Ocjq-Adrs,

A. Aussc

433= ]fe Upper Rhecstloeje meplsct lg tfe Dreje Odjmcme Odve (_dvljd, Ctdhy); nejerdh

cjtrlmuotclj djm strdtcnrdpfy, Tudtecjdrcd Jlvd CW, 3-0>.

43?> Julvc ncdocaejtc pdhelhctcoc meh Hdzcl e mehhd ]lsodjd, _tumc Etrusofc 44, 0>?-?2=.

4337 Hes gcnurcjes mes @dhzc Plssc (Ctdhcé); uje olhheotclj permue et retrluvãe, Rrãfcstlcre

Drcãnelcse 54 , 45-5?.

@lsodtl. R.

@lsodtl, R.,

D. Pljofctehhc,

U. ^cerer

433= Nrlttd Rdnh cooc ; hd gdujd d nrdjmc adaacgerc menhc strdtc 00-0= (Nrdvettcdjl djtcol-

Durcnjdzcdjl), Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe =7, 4=5-4>7.

433> CC Nrdvettcdjl djtcol mehhd Nrlttd mehhd Odhd d Adrcjd mc Odaerltd, Pcv. _ocejze

Rrecstlrcofe =6, 3>-467.

@rlnhcl, D.,

M.N. Hlhhcjc

4360 4 rctrlvdaejtc adrofcncdjc meh Rdhelhctcol superclre e meh Aeslhctcol. Cj; 4² Oljvenjl @ejc

Ouhturdh! e Da`cejtdhc mehhe Adr ofe, 0>-74, Plad; Rdhedjc.





?> 4 ADPNFEPC]D AU__C - FEDMCJN _LU]F - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ OLHLJC_D]CLJ LG C]DHS

Oreadsofc, A.,A. Hdjzcjner

Oreadsofc, A.,

J. Gemlrlgg.

D. Nuerresofc,

K. Fuxtd`he,J. Olhla`c.

C.. Odstohhettc.

D. Adsperl

Mdcjehhc, N.

Mecjl, D..

N. Ourtcs,

A. Plsc

4330

4332

4372

4330

Aljt Dvejd. Cj; D. @rlnhcl djm D. Nuerresofc (ems), Hcvret-Nucme mes exourscljs, 73->0,

Olhhlque Cjterjdtcljdh "Dmdptdtcljs du achceu aljtdnjdrm du Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur et du

Aãslhctfcque", ]rejtl 5-44 lotl`re 4330, Gerrdrd; Ujcversctí mc Gerrdrd.

_emcaejtdry djm pemlhlncodh prloesses cj tfe Upper Rhecstloeje hless lg Jlrtferj Ctdhy.

]fe @dndnnerd sequejoe, Tudterjdry Cjterjdtcljdh 5, 0?-?6.

He Dhpc. ]lrcjl; U]E].

=()D/?3Dr Mdtcjn lg tfe Odapdjcdj hnjca`rcte, Odapdjcdj Penclj, Ctdhy. Cj; D`strdots ?,

075=, 03tf Cjterjdtcljdh Nelhlncodh Oljnress, Iyltl, Kdpdj, 0= Dunust - ? _epteaèr

4330.

Mehplrto. CC.

Mes`rlsse. P..K. Gerrcer,

W. C'd`lrcj

433? H'cadne me hd geaae mdjs C'drt prãfcstlrcque. Rdrcs; Rcodrm.

43>7 Hd pdrure. Cj; F. me Huahey (em.) , Hd prãfcstlcre grdjodcse, vlh. 4, >42->4?, Rdrcs; OJP_.

Mescl, D. (em.)

Me Wchhejeuve, H..

A. @luhe,

P. Werjedu,

E. Odrtdchfdo

43>? Nelhlncd mehh'Ctdhcd. ]lrcjl; U]E].

4327- Hes nrlttes me Nrcadhmc. Aljdol; Caprcaerce me Aljdol.

4343

Gemorcoc, R.P.

Glhhcerc. A..

M. Adnrc,

C.. _dmlrc

43>3 Ujd cpltesc mc orljlhlncd nhdocdhe wøracdjd, tdrml e plst-wøracdjd jehh'Dppejjcjl

oejtrdhe. Nelnrdgcd Gcscod e Mcjdacod Tudterjdrcd 0, 437-020.

4367 Hdte Rhecstloeje [ehilvd extcjotclj cj Oejtrdh Ctdhy, ]fe Jew Rfytlhlncst 42?, 073-0>?.

Glhhcerc, A.,

A. Ncdrmcjc,

M. Adnrc.

C . _dmlrc

4336 Rdhyjlstrdtcnrdpfy lg tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Rerclm cj tfe Wlhodjco Penclj lg Oejtrdh Ctdhy.

Tudterjdry Cjterjdtcljdh =>-=6, ?-02.

Glracolhd, W.

Grezzlttc, A.,

O. Ncrdumc

Grezzlttc, A.,

@. Jdrocsc

4363 Edrhy Durcnjdocdj meocmulus cjocslr grla Pcpdrl @la`rcjc dt @dhzc Plssc (Nrcadhmc , Ctdhy),

Pcvcstd mc Djtrlplhlncd 7>, 06>-030.

4330 Evlhuzclje nelhlncod tdrml-phecstloejcod em lhloejcod meh oljlcme olaphessl mc Wdhhe

Adkehdad (Adsscoocl meh Wehcjl, D`ruzzl), // Tudterjdrcl 5, ??-52.

4337 Hdte Tudterjdry tepfrd-mercvem pdhelslhs cj Oejtrdh Ctdhy's Odr`ljdte Dpejjcje Pdjne;

strdtcnrdpfcodh djm pdhelohcadtlhlncodh caphcodtcljs. Tudterjdry Cjterjdtcljdh ?=-?7,

4=>-45?.

Nda`dsscjc, R. (em.) 433> // Rdhelhctcol mc Odstehocvctd, ouhturd e da`cejte. Jdplhc; Eheotd.

Ncrdumc, O. 4337 H'caprljtd meh "Slujner Mryds" e menhc "Fecjrcof Evejts" jehh'evlhuzclje ohcadtcod e

da`cejtdhe mehh'Ctdhcd oejtrdhe, // Tudterjdrcl 3, 5??-5=2.



?>0 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Ncrdumc, O‚

A. Grezzlttc

433> Hdte Rhecstloeje Nhdocdh Evejts cj tfe Oejtrdh Dpejjcjes, Ctdhy, Tudterjdry Pesedrof =6,

062-032.

Ncrdumc, O,

A. Aussc

cj press ]fe ofdjncjn ejvcrljaejt lg tfe oejtrdh djm slutferj Dpejjcje (Ctdhy) murcjn Lh_ ? djm 0,

EP DUH.

Fdfj, K.

Femnes, P.E.A.,

P.D. Flushey,

O. @rlji Pdasey,

N.K. Wdj Ihcjiej

Hdjzcjner, A.,

A. Oreadsofc

Hdphdoe, N.

Heljdrmc. R.,

G. Adjocjc,

D. Rdsd

Adhhenjc, G.,

E. _enre-Jdhmcjc

Aesserc. R..

D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd

Aezzejd, G.,

D. Rdhad mc Oesjlhd

43>0 Durcnjdo cdj scnjs, pejmdjts djm drt l`keots cj oejtrdh djm edsterj Eurlpe . ^lrhm

Drofdelhlny ?, 050-077.

433= Pdmclodr`lj mdtes grla tfe Lxglrm DA_ systea; Drofdelaetry Mdtehcst 46, Drofdelaetry

?7, ??>-?>=.

4366

43>>

4356-

4353

Ghcjt exphlctdtclj djm prlmuotclj dt Aljte Dvejd cj tfe Mlhlactco Penclj lg Ctdhcdj Edst

Dhps. Cj; F.H. Mc``he djm D. Aljtet-^fcte (ems). Upper Rhecstloeje Rrefcstlry lg êsterj

Eurdscd, 405-4?3. Rfchdmehpfcd; Ujcverscty Auseua.

CC Pcpdrl Alofc dc @dhzc Plssc mc Nrcadhmc (Gluchhes 43?6-43=3). Hes cjmustrces

heptlhctfcques, Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe ?0, ?-4?4.

CC Olvlhl Glrtcgcodtl mc ]reje jec Olhhc @ercoc lrcejtdhc (Wcoejzd), @uhh. Rdhetjlhlncd

Ctdhcdjd 7>-76, >>-400.

4330 D fuadj adxchhd (Glssehhlje 4) djm sodpuhd (Glssehhlje 0) reolverem cj tfe Rhecstloeje

hdyers lg tfe Glssehhlje Odve, At. Ocroel, Ctdhy, Tudterjdrcd Jlvd CC, 044-005.

43>7 Oljteaplrdjecty mc Rdhedjtrlpc e Gdjerdjtrlpc suhhe olste mehh'Ctdhcd Aercmcljdhe, [epfyrus

VVWC-VVWCC, >-?2.

437> H'Epcnrdvettcdjl mehhd Nrlttd Rdnhcooc jeh Ndrndjl. Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe 00, ?0-457.

Alhdrc. O.

Aussc, A.

4363 Julvd seplhturd nrdvettcdjd jehhd nrlttd Rdnhcooc. Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe 50, ?-03.4332

433= ]fe cjmustry lj `lje lg tfe Rhecstloeje hdyers grla tfe Dreje Odjmcme Odve (_dvljd,

Ctdhy), Tudterjdrcd Jlvd CW, 03>-?=2.

4366-63 H'usl mehhd stedtcte jeh Rdhelhctcol superclre ctdhcdjl, Lrcncjc VCW, 463-025.

4332 Oljtcjuc ty djm ofdjne cj Ctdhy dt tfe hdst nhdocdh adxcaua. Cj; L. _lgger djm O. Nda`he

(ems), ]fe ^lrhm dt 46 222 @.R., Wlh. 4. Fcnf hdtctumes, 407-4=>, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Ghyadj.

4334 H'utc hcsdt clj me hd stedtcte mdjs hes Nrlttes mes @dhzc Plssc (lu Nrlttes me Nrcadhmc), Ndhhcd-

Rrãfcstlcre ??, 4-47.

4330 // Rdhelhctcol e ch Aeslhctcol cj Ctdhcd, Rlplhc e Ocvchtí mehh'Ctdhcd Djtcod, vlh. V. @lhlnjd;_tchus-@c`hclteod mc _tlrcd Rdtrcd.

4335 Pctuehs gujãrdcres mdjs hes sepuhtures nrdvettcejjes mes Nrlttes me Nrcadhmc et me hd

Nr. mehhe Dreje Odjmcme; uje acse du plcjt. Cj; A. Ltte (em.), Jdture et Ouhture, EP DUH

76/44, 6??-6=7.

4337 Rrl`hæaes rãoejtes et mãoluvertes djocejjes; hd stdtuette me _dvcnjdjl (Almæje, Ctdhcé),

@uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque me H'Drcæne HC, 55->3.



?>? ADPNFEPC]D AU__C - FEDMCJN _LU]F - ]FE NPDWE]]CDJ OLHLJC_D]CLJ LG C]DHS

Aussc, A. 433> Mce Plte vlj Aduerj; Hd "Mdae rlune" me Aduerj revcsctãe, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã

Rrãfcstlrcque me H'Drcæne 50, =5-72.

4333 ]fe Jedjmertfdhs cj Ctdhy; d tdhe lg adjy odves. Cj; ^. Ple`rleis djm O. Nda`he (ems),

]fe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco looupdtclj lg Eurlpe, =3->3, Hecmej; Ujcverscty lg Hecmej.

Aussc. A.,

M. [dapettc

cj prep. Edrhcest Ctdhy. Dj lvervcew lg tfe Ctdhcdj Rdhelhctfco djm Aeslhctfco.

433> Odrvcjn, pdcjtcjn djm ejnrdvcjn ; Rrl`heas wctf tfe Edrhcest Ctdhcdj Mescnj. Cj; A. Oljiey.

L. _lgger djm M. _trdtadjj (ems). @eyljm Drt; Rhecstloeje Cadne djm _ya`lh, 04>-0?6,

Aealcrs lg tfe Odhcglrjcd Dodmeay lg _ocejoes 0?.

Aussc. A..

M.^. Grdyer,

P. Adoofcdrehhc

4363 Hes vcvdjts et hes alrts . Hes sepuhtures mu Rdhãlhctfcque supãrceur ej Ctdhcé et heur

cjterpretdtclj. Cj; C. Fersfilvctz (em.), Relphe djm Ouhture cj Ofdjne, Rdrt C, =?5-=56 , @DP

Cjt. _er. 526.

Aussc. A..

R. @lhmuo,

K. Ocjq-Adrs

Aussc. A.,

K. Ocjq-Adrs,R. @lhmuo

cj press He 45 gcnurcje pdhelhctcofe solperte md Hlucs Dhexdjmre Kuhhcej dc @dhzc Plssc. Dttc mehtd

]dvlhd Pltljmd "@dhzc Plssc 46=7-4337", Wejtcacnhcd 4-0 ge``rdcl 433>.

tfcs Eofles grla tfe Adaaltf _teppe; tfe odse lg tfe @dhzc Plssc.

vlhuae

Jdrocsc, @.

Jdrocsc, @.,

C.. We//lhc

Jewehh, P.E.,

_. Nluhm-_tewdrt,

K.O. Ofujn

Ljlrdtcjc. N.

4337 ]epfrlofrljlhlny lg d Hdte Tudterjdry hdoustrcje reolrm grla tfe Aljtcoofcl Addr

(Wuhture Wlhodjl, _lutferj Ctdhy), Tudterjdry _ocejoe Pevcews 45, 455-475.

4333 Tudterjdry strdtcnrdpfy lg mcstdh tepfrd hdyers cj tfe Aemcterrdjedj - dj lvervcew, Nhl`dh

djm Rhdjetdry Ofdjne 04.

43V4 D plssc`he cjterpretdtclj lg pdhelohcadt co reoljstruotcljs glr 46222 @R glr tfe renclj 72TJ

tl 72²_, 72²^ tl 422²E, Rdhdeleolhlny lg Dgrcod 4?, 4-43.

4360 Rrãfcstlcre, semcaejts, ohcadts mu ûra 444 í h'Flhloæje mdjs he _um-Est me hd Grdjoe.

Adrsechhe; Ujcversctã m'Dcx-Adrsechhe CCC.

Rdhad mc Oesjlhd. D. 43>5 CC Nrdvet tcdjl mehhd Nrlttd Rdnhcooc jeh Ndrndjl. C. H'cjmustrcd hctcod e hd orljlhlncd

dsslhutd, Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe ?2, ?-4>>.

4366 Rdnhcooc. _. Adrol cj Hdacs; Penclje Runhcd, Dssesslrdtl dhcd Ru``hcod Cstruzclje e

Ouhturd.

4330 Nrlttd Rdnhcooc (Pcnjdjl Ndrndjcol, Rrlv. mc Glnncd), Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe ==,

0==-0=7.

433? Hd odapdnjd 4334 d Nrlttd Rdnhcooc, Dttc 44² Oljv. Jdz. Rrecstlrcd- Rrltlstlrcd-_tlrcd

mehhd Mdujcd, 3-47.

Rdtejte A..

G. Nucofdrm.

K. Hdèyrce,

R.S. Nchhlt,

K.O. Muphessy

Rerhæs, O.

4367 ]yrrfejcdj _ed tepfrlofrljlhlny lg tfe Lxynej Csltlpe Peolrm glr tfe hdst 72,222 yedrs,

Adrcje Nelhlny >0, 053-065.

tfcs Nreeoe, ?2,222-02,222 `p.

vlhuae



?>= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Pdmachhc, D.A.

Pcvcære, E.

Plnjlj, R.

Plsc, A.,D. _`rdjd,

O. Rrcjocpe

_dhd, @.

_cjctsyj, D.D.,

J.M. Rrdshlv (ems)

_actf, Rf.

_trdus. H.

]fceme, K.

]fujehh, P.O.

]fujehh. P.,

D. Gemeradj,

_. _pdris.

M. ^chhcdas

Wdood, E..

M. Olpplhd

^l`st. F.A.

[dapettc, M.

[chfíl, K.

[lrzc, G.

4377 He mue "We jer c" mc Rdrd`ctd, Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe 04, 40?-4??.

466> Me Wdjtcquctã me Wflaae mdjs hes Dhpes-Adrctcaes. Rdrcs; @dchhcære.

4364 Cjterpretdtclj pdhãlohcadtcque mes ofdjneaejts m'ejvcrljjeaejt ej Dgrcque mu Jlrm et du

Alyej Lrcejt murdjt hes 02 merjcers achhãjdcres, Rdhdeleolhlny lg Dgrcod 4?, 04-==.

436? ]fe Rfhenredj Gcehms; struoturdh evlhutclj, vlhodjco fcstlry djm eruptcve aeofdjcsas, K. lgWlhodjlhlny djm Neltferadh Pesedrof 4>, 0>?-066.

436? Wdrcdtcljs ohcadtcques et sequejoes ofrljlhlncques sur hd `dse mes vdrcdtcljs mes

dsslocdtcljs gdujcques í nrdjms adaacgæres, Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe ?6, 474-462.

433> Pdmclodr`lj Ofrljlhlny lg tfe Rdhdelhctfco lg Edsterj Eurlpe djm Jlrtferj Dscd.

Rrl`heas djm Rerspeotcves. _dcjt-Retersùrn; Pusscdj Dodmeay lg _ocejoes.

4377 He _lhutrãej ej Grdjoe. @rlmedux; Mehads.

4330 Cèrcd èglre tfe Cèrcdjs. Dhùquerque; Ujcverscty lg Jew Aexcol Rress.

43>6 D Nhdocdh Aemcterrdjedj, Jdture 0>7, 762-76?.

43>3 Edsterj Aemcterrdjedj _ed murcjn tfe Hdst Nhdocdh Adxcaua; dj 46,222-Sedrs

Peoljstruotclj, Tudterjdry Pesedrof 44, ?5?-?>0.

43>3 ]fe dne, lrcncj djm vlhodjlhlncodh scnjcgcodjoe lg tfe S-5 Dsf hdyer cj tfe Aemcterrdjedj,

Tudterjdry Pesedrof 40, 0=4-05? .

433? ]fe Upper Rdhdelhctfco ùrcdhs dt tfe odve lg _djtd Adrcd mc Dnjdjl (Lstujc, @rcjmcsc) ;

prehcacjdry replrt, Pcvcstd mc Djtrlplhlncd >4, 0>5-06=.

43>7 Hlodtcljdh rehdtcljsfcps cj Rdhelhctfco slocety, Klurjdh lg Fuadj Evlhutclj 5, =3-56.

43>> _tyhcstco èfdvclr djm cjglradtclj exofdjne. Cj; Of.E. Ohehdjm (em.), Glr tfe Mcreotlr;

resedrof essdys cj fljlr lg Kdaes @. Nrcggcj, ?4>-?=0, Ujcverscty lg Acofcndj

Djtfrlplhlncodh pdpers 74.

436=- CC Rdhelhc tcol superclro meh Pcpdrl meh Odstehhl d ]eracjc Caerese (Rdheral); djdhcsc mc ujd

436> olhhezclje, Lrcncjc VCCC, 53-3>.

4335 ]fe `lmy cadne cj Rdhdelhctfco tcaes. Rrehcacjdry readris lj tfe "]rdscaejl Wejus"

(Oejtrdh Ctdhy). Cj; A. Ltte (em.), Jdture et Ouhture, EPDUH 76/44, 7?4-752.

tfcs Jdture djm ouhture cj Rlrtundh grla ?2,222 tl 02,222 fp.

vlhuae

4370 Rctture pdrcetdhc e lnnettc m'drte al`chcdre meh Rdhelh ctcol solpertc jehhd Nrlttd Rdnhcoocpressl Pcnjdjl Ndrndjcol, Pcv. _ocejze Rrecstlrcofe 4>, 40?-4?>.

Adrnferctd Aussc

Mcpdrtcaejtl mc _ocejze mehh'Djtcofctí

Ujcversctí mc Plad "Hd _dpcejzd"

Wcd Rdhestrl 7?

22465 Plad

Ctdhy



Odtfercje Rercæs 06 Nreeoe, ?2,222-02,222 `p

]fe edrhcer pdrt lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco cj Nreeoe

(Durcnjdocdj djm Nrdvettcdj) cs ofdrdotercsem `y dj extreae

sodrocty lg drofdelhlncodh mdtd. Ct ¹chh fe drnuem fere tfdt

tfcs sctudtclj cs jlt slhehy mue tl cjsuggcocejt resedrof, fut

tfdt ct dhsl regheots very spdrse looupdtcljs, cj dj

cjoredscjnhy mry ejvcrljaejt.

4. Cjtrlmuotclj

]fe `dsco prl`hea we were dsiem tl dmmress cj tfcswlrisflp wds 'olpcjn wctf ohcadtco meterclrdtclj cj tfeperclm ?2-02 iyr `p'. @ut evej d ourslry hlli dt tfehcterdture revedhs tfdt tfe mdtd pertdcjcjn tl tfe Edrhy djmAcm Upper Rdhdelhctfco cj Nreeoe dre sodjty tl tfe plcjt lgècjn dhalst jljexcstejt. ê dre tfus gdoem wctf dstrdcnft glrwdrm dhterjdtcve; cs tfe plverty lg tfe mdtd`dse muetl dmverse preservdtclj oljmctcljs lr tl resedrof `cdses< Lrcs ct. alre scnjcgcodjthy, tfe resuht lg 'meterclrdtcjn ohcadtcooljmctcljs' djch very spdrse fuadj looupdtclj<

Flwever, èglre tfcs prl`hea cs dmmressem cj metdch, dpresejtdtclj lg tfe ejvcrljaejtdh djm drofdelhlncodh mdtd csjeoessdry, scjoe jlje fdve èej pu`hcsfem cj dj edschy

dooessc`he glradt. Cj dmmctclj, ct wchh sllj è dppdrejt tfdt,cj Nreeoe, d aedjcjnguh dpprldof tl tfe questclj requcrestfdt lje oljscmers tfe hdte Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco ds wehh ds tfeedrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco.

0. Ohcadtco ofdjnes djm ejvcrljaejt, ?2-02 iyr `p

0.4 ]FE _LUPOE_

]fe alst olaprefejscve ejvcrljaejtdh mdtd dre prlvcmem `yglur plhhej olres, tdiej cj tfree mcggerejt hdies; Cldjjcjd 4 cjEpcrus (@lttead 43>=, 43>3, 43349 vdj [ecst djm @lttead4360). Cldjjcjd 0=3 (]zemdics 433?)', Vcjcds C cj ]fessdhy(@lttead 43>3, 43349 vdj [ecst djm @lttead 4360), ]ejdnc

Rfchcpplj cj Adoemljcd (^ckastrd 4373; @lttead 43>3, 43349vdj [ecst djm @lttead 4360). @y djdhlny wctf tfe d`lveaejtcljem sequejoes, tfe `dscs lg tfe hdie Ilpd'cs mcdnrda,tflunf jlt mdtem, odj è `rldmhy dttrcùtem tl tfe Hdte Nhdocdhdjm dmmem tl tfe hcst (]urjer djm Nrecn 43>59 Dhhej 4367).

Dhtflunf d `rldm ohcadtco luthcje odj è mrdwj, preocseolrrehdtcljs ètweej tfe mcggerejt olres dre rejmerem mcggcouht`y tfe sodrocty lg d`slhute mdtcjns djm tfe speocgcocty lg edofhdie's ejvcrljaejt; Cldjjcjd djm Vcjcds dre `ltf hlodtem cj

alujtdcjlus surrlujmcjns (respeotcvehy dt =>2 djm 522 ad.s.4.), ùt Cldjjcjd olrrespljms tl tfe wehh-wdterem westerjscme lg tfe Rcjmus rdjne (presejt-mdy aedj preocpctdtclj lg o.

4022 aa), wfereds Vcjcds cs hlodtem lj tfe mrcer, edsterj scme,djm reoecves ljhy fdhg tfcs tltdh. Pdcjgdhh dt ]ejdnc, cj tfe hlw-hycjn Adoemljcdj phdcj, cs olapdrd`he tl tfdt lg Vcjcd (aedjpresejt-mdy preocpctdtclj drlujm 522 aa), wfchst Ilpd'cs, cj@leltcd, reoecves ljhy ?22-=22 aa lg rdcj djjudhhy0.

]fe Cldjjcjd mdtd odj è extrdplhdtem tl tfe drofdelhlncodh sctes lg Epcrus, djm tflse lg Ilpd'cs odj serve ds d `dscsglr tfe jedr`y _ecmc rloi sfehter. Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tferedre jl mcdnrdas grla _lutferj Nreeoe, wfere tfetlplnrdpfcodh djm fymrlaetrco oljtexts dre very mcggerejt.]fe ljhy cjglradtclj tfdt odj è ndtferem glr _lutferjNreeoe cs prlvcmem `y tfe adorl`ltdjcodh djm gdujdh readcjsgrla tfe Grdjoftfc Odve, scjoe jl mdtd fdve èej pu`hcsfemgrla tfe caplrtdjt sequejoe lg Iepfdhdrc? lr grla tfe sadhhDrvejctsd odve, dhsl cj tfe Drnlhcm (]d`he 4). Gcjdhhy,caplrtdjt mdtd dre dwdctem grla tfe jewhy exodvdtem scte lg]felpetrd cj ]fessdhy, ùt prehcacjdry replrts ljhy fdveèej pu`hcsfem (Iypdrcssc-Dplstlhcid 433=, 4333).

0.0 EWCMEJOE GLP OHCAD]CO OFDJNE; ]FE RLHHEJ

MCDNPDA_ LG JLP]FEPJ DJM OEJ]PDH NPEEOE

Dhh dvdchd`he plhhej mcdnrdas cjmcodte d meoredse cj treeolver dgter o. ?2 iyr `p, wfcof adris tfe ljset lg d hljnperclm lg mry djm ollh ohcadte.

Flwever, evej murcjn tfe preoemcjn achhejjcd tfe treeolver wds jlt extejscve. ]fe hdst wcmespredm glrests fdmmcsdppedrem grla tfe Cldjjcjd djm Vcjcds dreds `yo. =2 iyr/?6 iyr `p ([lje ] cj Cldjjcjd, W cj Vcjcds) lrevej edrhcer cj tfe mrcer Adoemljcdj phdcj. Grla o. ?6 iyr tlo. ?2 iyr `p caplrtdjt vdrcdtcljs lg tfe DR vdhues dre

reolrmem cj dhh mcdnrdas, ùt tfey sehmla redof 52% djmalre usudhhy hce ètweej 02 djm =2%, wctf d meoredscjnnrdmcejt grla west tl edst. Cj dmmctclj, tfe tree olvermeoredses tfrlunf tcae; tfe peroejtdne lg tfe ètterrepresejtem trees, Rcjus djm Ttterous og. oerrcs, meoredsescrrenuhdrhy grla tfe èncjjcjn tl tfe ejm lg tfe perclm, wfejtfey fdrmhy dalujt tl 42% edof. ]fus, ds edrhy ds o. ?> iyr`p, dhh sctes were surrlujmem `y d mlacjdjt steppevenetdtclj, ofdrdotercsem `y dùjmdjt Drteacscd,



?>7 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

Gcn. 4. Adp lg Nreeoe sflwcjn tfeadcj hlodtcljs qultem cj tfe text.]rcdjnhes; plhhej olres - D. ]ejdncRfchcpplj9 @. hldjjcjd9 O. Vcjcds9M. Ilpd'cs. Mlts; drofdelhlncodhsctes- 4. Ihctfc9 0. Idstrctsd9?. Dsprlofdhcil9 =. Iliicjlpchls95. _pchdclj9 7. ]felpetrd9 >. Nrluplt sctes grla tfe Rejcls terrdoes96. _ec'mc9 3. Iepfdhdrc942. Drvejctsd9 44. Grdjoftfc940. Advrc Aytc9 4?. Ehdcloflrc94=. Nrlup lg sctes grla tfe Idstrlj

renclj9 45. Nrlup lg sctes grla tfeDadhcds renclj.

DD k -

| '*W/ X • Z/ Z XW O H D- 0 Zc ZX ¹ 7 ) X N<

vk ?Q) r vs -L×

8$W:Z.iM X -

J ] Z 3.4.² h

CLJCDJ _ED g W X Z «[>

2 422 iaC 4 4

DENEDJ _ED

?§FCl

8c

DENEDJ _ED

?§FCl

8c

Ofejlplmcdoede djm Nrdacjede9 tfe steppco ofdrdoter lg tfevenetdtclj cjoredsem tfrlunf tcae.

D sadhh 'pedi' cj DR plhhej adris, flwever, tfe èncjjcjnlg lur perclm lg stumy. Dt d`lut ?2 iyr `p, tree plhhej dndcjredof d vdhue lg o. =2% dt hldjjcjd (zlje W0), wctf Tuerous

djm Rcjus mlacjdjt, sodroe Uhaus, Odrpcjus ètuhus, Doer djm Kujcperus dt aemcua ehevdtcljs, D`ces djm Gdnus dt fcnferehevdtcljs (@lttead 43>=). @ut dscme grla hldjjcjd, wfere tfe

trees tfdt fdm glujm regune lj tfe fcnfer, alre wdteremwesterj shlpes lg tfe Rcjmus oluhm alre rdpcmhy reolhljcse tfehlwer-hycjn dreds, tfcs `rceg epcslme lg fcnfer preocpctdtclj mcmjlt rdmcodhhy almcgy ejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs cj Nreeoe; dtVcjcds (zlje ^?/V) djm ]ejdnc (zlje R><), DR vdhues(alsthy Tuerous djm Rcjus) `drehy redof 02%.

]fcs 'pedi' cs adriemhy dsyaaetrcodh, djm tfe tree olvermeoredsem rdpcmhy dgter o. ?2,222 `p. @etweej o. ?2 djm 02 iyr`p, dhh tfree rencljs dppedr tl fdve èej dhalst mevlcm lg trees

(see Gcn. 0). ]fe shcnft vdrcdtcljs adriem `y tfe prdhhej mcdnrdas ml jlt scnjcgcodjthy dhter wfdt @lttead qudhcgcem, evej dthldjjcjd, ds "extreae oljmctcljs" (@lttead 43>=). Dt hldjjcjd(zlje W?->) tfe mlacjdjoe lg tfe steppe venetdtclj cj tfevdhhey djm lj tfe shlpes cs cjmcodtem `y JDR vdhues lg 72 tl62%. Dt fcnfer ehevdtcljs, meocmulus ldi, Doer djm Kujcperus

ady fdve glraem lpej glrests lr steppe-glrests. ]fe very hlwvdhues lg ltfer tree plhhej ady è tdiej ds dj cjmcodtclj lg

hljn-mcstdjoe trdjsplrt (@lttead 43>=). Dt Vcjcds (zlje V),JDR vdhues dre oljscstejthy d`lve 62%. Tuerous, Rcjus djmplssc`hy @etuhd ady fdve èej nrlwcjn cj gdvlurd`he fd`ctdts(vdj [ecst djm @lttead 4360), lr trdjsplrtem grla gurtfer dwdy(@lttead 43>3). Dt ]ejdnc djm Ilpd'cs ([lje Ih), tfe treeolver wds evej alre restrcotem, wctf DR vdhues `drehy redofcjn42% (]urjer djm Nrecn 43>5; 4>5-4>7).

]fus, d steppe venetdtclj wctf Drteacscd, Ofejlplmcdoede,Nrdacjede djm d wcme rdjne lg fer`s oljstctutem tfe mlacjdjt,



?>> OD]FEPCJE REPHÆ_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02.222 @R

cg jlt exohuscve venetdtclj cj dhh glur rencljs. ]fe olujtryscmewds lpej djm mry, wctf trees restrcotem tl sadhh regunes djm tltfe explsem fcnfer shlpes lg tfe êsterj Rcjmus (^chhcs 4330d,`, o). DR vdhues tejm tl meoredse shcnfthy ètweej ?2 djm 06iyr `p, ùt tfey were dhredmy sl hlw dt tfe stdrt lg tfe perclmtfdt tfcs gurtfer meterclrdtclj oluhm fdrmhy fdve fdm djy

scnjcgcodjt capdot lj djcadh djm fuadj nrlups. _td`chcty, jltofdjne, cs wfdt ofdrdotercses tfe ohcadte djm ejvcrljaejt lgjlrtferj Nreeoe ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p.

0.? GDUJDH MD]D; JLP]FÊ_]EPJ NPEEOE

]felretcodhhy, tfe gdujdh sequejoes grla tfe rloi sfehters lgDsprlofdhcil djm Idstrctsd, jedr hldjjcjd, sfluhm regheot`ltf tfe hljn-tera ejvcrljaejtdh ofdjnes djm tfe lverdhhstd`chcty wctfcj lur perclm lg stumy. @ut Dsprlofdhcil wdsexodvdtem `y E. Fcnns alre tfdj twejty yedrs dnl (Fcnnsdjm Wctd-Gcjzc 43779 Fcnns 4376), djm tfe strdtcnrdpfcojltdtcljs prlvem cjsuggcocejt wfej tfe adtercdh wds revcsemglr pu`hcodtclj. _l gew cmejtcgcd`he speocaejs oluhm èseourehy dttrcùtem tl tfe Hdte Acmmhe RdhdelhctfcoOAcorlalustercdj')= djm tl tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco, tfdt ctprlvem caplssc`he tl su`mcvcme edof perclm doolrmcjn tl tfestrdtcnrdpfy (@dchey et dh. 436?d). Dt Idstrctsd, lj tfeoljtrdry, gdujdh readcjs dre hcstem glr edof strdtua, ùt tfegcnures dre extreaehy sadhh prclr tl 02 iyr `p (strdtua 3).

Cj tfese oljmctcljs, tfe lverdhh ujnuhdte speotrua dppedrsreadrid`hy std`he lver tfe o. 32 iyr yedrs lg tfeDsprlofdhcil sequejoe (]d`he 0). Hljn-tera ohcadtco trejmsady, jevertfehess, è regheotem `y tfe prlnresscve meoredselg Mdad djm tfe cjoredse lg Cèx grla tfe alustercdj tl tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco strdtd9 tfcs wluhm doolrm wctf tfemeoredse cj fuacmcty, teaperdture djm tree olver.

Jectfer speoces cs presejt dt tfe `dscs lg tfe Idstrctsdsequejoe, mdtem tl : 00 iyr `p. Oervus cs fedvchy mlacjdjt,

Equus djm @ls, wfcof dre d`sejt cj tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco lgDsprlofdhcil, dre fere represejtem `y d gew `ljes9oljversehy, Odprelhus djm Cèx, presejt dt Dsprlofdhcil, dred`sejt grla strdtd 3 djm > dt Idstrctsd. Fujtcjn speocdhcsdtcljds wehh ds mcdofrljco trejms fdve èej sunnestem tl doolujtglr tfese mcggerejoes (@dchey eh dh. 436?d9 @dchey djmNda`he 4332). Flwever, tfe Dsprlofdhcil djm Idstrctsdgdujdh dssea`hdnes dre pdhcapsests lg looupdtcljs olvercjnseverdh achhejjcd (alre tfdj tej dt Dsprlofdhcil); ct cs tfus

caplssc`he tl estd`hcsf wfcof gdujdh ofdjnes, cg djy,loourrem ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p. Jevertfehess tfese mdtd,oljscmerem ds d wflhe, sunnest caplrtdjt mcggerejoes wctfGrdjoftfc djm tfe ltfer Rehlpljjescdj sctes.

0.= @L]DJCODH DJM GDUJDH MD]D GPLA _LU]FEPJ

NIFCVC

]fe ejvcrljaejtdh oljmctcljs cj _lutferj Nreeoe èglre ?2iyr readcj ujijlwj; tfe Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco hevehs dt tfe

`dscs lg tfe Grdjoftfc odve fdve jlt èej exodvdtem (Rerhæs436>), djm tfe hljn Acmmhe tl Upper Rdhdelhctfco sequejoegrla Iepfdhdrc cs jlt yet pu`hcsfem cj djy metdch. ]fesctudtclj cs fdrmhy alre sdtcsgdotlry glr tfe Edrhy UpperRdhdelhctfco, ùt tfe dvdchd`he evcmejoe seeas tl regheot evejmrcer oljmctcljs tfdj cj Jlrtferj Nreeoe.

Jl plhhej were reolverem grla tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfcosequejoe dt Grdjoftfc. Odrplhlncodh mdtd dre rcof, ùtmcggcouht tl olapdre wctf tfe plhhej mdtd lg Jlrtferj Nreeoe.]fe ejtcre tcae spdj ètweej o. ?2 djm 02 iyr `p csolaprcsem cj @ltdjcodh zlje C (Fdjsej 4334), ofdrdotercsem`y dùjmdjt ujodr`ljcsem readcjs lg @lrdncjdoede(@unhlsslcmes drvejscs YHctflsperaua drvejseQ, Dhidjjd sp.djm Djofusd sp.), jlje lg wfcof dppedrs cj tfe plhhejmcdnrdas. _cjoe dhh tfree speoces odj è glujm cj steppcoejvcrljaejts, d oljstdjthy olhm, mry ohcadte cs cjgerrem. Djcjversclj ètweej tfe prlplrtcljs lg Dhidjjd djm

@unhlsslcmes dhhlws glr d mcvcsclj cjtl twl su`zljes, wfcofolrrespljm tl tfe (ujmdtem) hcact ètweej hctfco pfdses C djmCC. D teaplrdh fcdtus cs prl`d`he, ùt ct cs jlt plssc`he tlstdte wfetfer tfcs cjversclj olrrespljms tl ejvcrljaejtdhtrdjsglradtcljs (Fdjsej 4334; 42=). Kujcperus cs mlacjdjtcj wllm ofdroldhs (Fdjsej 433=; 4>7), wfcof oljgcras djlpej ejvcrljaejt, wctf spdrse trees. ]fe presejoe lg adjytcjy sedsfehhs, cj pdrtcouhdr @cthcua spp. (_fdoihetlj 4366),prl`d`hy wcjm`hlwj, dhsl supplrts tfe d`sejoe lg djextejscve tree olver.

Ujglrtujdtehy, tfe gdujdh readcjs olrrespljmcjn tl@ltdjcodh zlje hd, c.e. tl tfe edrhcest Upper Rdhdelhctfco, fdvejlt yet èej pu`hcsfem. ]fe edrhcest dvdchd`he mdtd (gdujdhpfdse D) olrrespljm tl @ltdjcodh zlje h` djm tl Hctfco pfdsesCC djm CCC, c.e. tl o. 05-02 iyr `p (]d`he ?). Equus og.fymrujtcjus cs tfe alst dùjmdjt speoces cj tfe trejofreolvery (o. >2%)9 ct cs doolapdjcem `y tfe u`cquctlus Oervus

ehdpfus (o. ?2%), fdre djm tlrtlcses (djm d scjnhe `lje lg_us), ùt dhsl `y dùjmdjt hczdrms djm `crms djm sodroe rlmejtssuof ds Acorltcd, Aus djm _pdhdx (Rdyje 43>5, 4360). ]fcsdssea`hdne sunnests dndcj d mry djm lpej ejvcrljaejt tfdtmcm jlt ofdjne scnjcgcodjthy murcjn tfe achhejjcd ujmeroljscmerdtclj. Cjterestcjnhy, Equus og. fymrujtcjus djm Oervus

ehdpfus dre dhsl wehh represejtem cj tfe acjute gdujdh sdaphegrla _e'cmc cj @leltcd djm dt Iepfdhdrc, cj jdturdhejvcrljaejts olapdrd`he tl tfdt lg Grdjoftfc (_ofacm 43759

Pecsof 43>7). ]fcs prl`d`hy cjmcodtes tfdt Equus og.fymrujtcjus, d speoces dmdptem tl lpej djm mry steppes (Rdyje43>5), wds alre dùjmdjt cj tfe phdcjs lg Oejtrdh djm_lutferj Nreeoe (wfere ct ady fdve èej tfe mlacjdjtujnuhdte speoces) tfdj cj tfe alujtdcjs lg Jlrtferj Nreeoe.

0.5 ]FE RL]EJ]CDH CARDO] LG OHCAD]CO OFDJNE_

Dhh dvdchd`he mdtd sunnest tfdt ejvcrljaejtdh ofdjnes drlujm?2 iyr `p djm ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p were lg hcactem





?>3 OD]FEPCJE REPHE_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02,222 @R

]d`he 4. Adcj sctes djm rencljs qultem cj tfe text.

_AC "O MD]E_ `p GCEHM^LPI ADCJ PEGEPEJOE_

ILIihJLRCC.L_ Jlje _. Mdidrcs djm E. Fcnns, Mdidrcs et dh. 437=, Fcnns 43764370

D_RPLOFDHCIL 07,72 2 ´ 322 glr O.3 lr E. Fcnns 437 =-437742 (pfdse wctf

nrdvettes)

Penclj lg tfe

ILRDÌ_hdie

_LMQ

Fcnns djm Wctd-Gcjzc 4377, Fcnns 4376, @dcheydjm Nda`he 4332, @dchey et dt. 436?`, 4330,Fuxtd`he et dh. 4330, Dmda 4363

ID_]PC]_D 5 mdtes grla 04,622 ´ E. Fcnns 4377-437> Fcnns et dh. 437>, Fcnns 4376, @dchey djm Nda`he

=>2 tl 4?,=22 ´ 042 @R 4332, @dchey et dh. 436?d, 436?`, 4330, Dmda4363

IE4]FC 7 mdtes, grla 4>,=22 ´ N.J. @dchey 436=-4366 @dchey 4330, @dchey djm Nda`he 4332, @dchey

=22 dt tfe `dscs, tl (em.), 433>d djm 433>`

42,=02 ´ 452 dt tfe tlp

ID]_CID Jlje Fcnns 4375; ?76

iLJh]_D Jlje Fcnns djm Wctd-Gcjzc 4377; 00

_RCHCDCLJ Jlje Mcsolverem `y O. Pujjehs et Pujjehs et dh. cj pressdh. (survey lg tfe Rrevezdrenclj)

]FELRE]PD Juaerlus mdhes grla : Ljnlcjn exodvdtcljs `y J. Rrehcacjdry replrts; Iypdrcssc-Dplstlhcid 43h)=,?=,222 `p tl tfe presejt Iypdrcss c-Dllstlhcid 4333

Wdhhey lg tfe o. =5,222 d ?2,222 `p _urveys `y W.H. Achlkoco et Achlkoco et dh. 4375, Pujjehs 4366REJECL_ dc. cj tfe 72's, tfej `y O.

Jlje

Jlje

Pujjehs et dh. cj tfe 62's

_urvey]. _pyrlpluhls

P. _tdapguss 43=4,E. _ofacm 4357

Rrehcacjdry replrt; _pyrlpluhls 43>?

_tdapguss 43=0, _ofacm 4375

UH@P4OF Jlje D. Adrilvcts, o. 4302 Adrilvcts 4306

DPWEJC]_D Jlje E. Me'chdic Rrehcacjdry replrt; Rrltljdrclu-Mec'hdic 43>5

IERFDHDPC Jlje P. Gehsof 43>0, Gehsof 43>?, Pecsof 43>7, Pecsof 4362, PecsofH. Pecsof 43>5-43>7 4360

ih.h.__LUPD Jlt yet pu`hcsfem _urveys O. Pujjehs djm @. Ilualuzehc s et dh. 4337êhhs, o. 4366-4330.Ljnlcjn exodvdtcljs `yK.I. Ilzhlwic




]d`he 4 oljtcjuem. Adcj sctes djm rencljs qultem cj tfe text.

_C]E PENCLJ JD]UPE LG _C]E _ETUEJOE

GPDJOF]FC Drnlh cm Odve Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco (ujexodvdtem). Upper Rdhdelhctfco (edrhy djmhdte), Aeslhctfco, Jelhctfco, Ohdsscodh

HLUIDC]C Drnlhcm Lpej dcr Oljscmerem ds Upper Rdhdelhctfco

EHDCLOFLPC Dofdc'd Lpej dcr "Drofdìo Durcnjdocdj" (cjohumcjn d Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco olapljejt)ADWPC AS]C Dofdc'd Lpej dcr Cj sctu Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco; ]ypcodh Alustercdj djm juaerlus pe``hetllhs

Penclj lg Ehcs Lpej dcr _erces lg hloc cj dhhuvcdh semcaejts. Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco djm EdrhyDADHCD_ Upper Rdhdelhctfco tllhs, usudhhy glujm cj dsslocdtclj

Penclj lg Ehcs Lpej dcr _erces lg hloc cj dhhuvcdh semcaejts. Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco djm EdrhyID_]PLJ Upper Rdhdelhctfco tllhs, usudhhy glujm cj dsslocdtclj

adnjctume. Oljmctcljs were dhredmy extreae cj dhh ùt tfealst explsem rencljs, djm ohcadtco meterclrdtclj dgter ?2 iyr`p wluhm fdve adcjhy restrcotem tfe mevehlpaejt lg trees ljtfe fcnfer alujtdcj shlpes. ]fe venetdtclj cj tfe vdhheys djmphdcjs, dhredmy mlacjdtem `y tfe Drteacscd steppe, readcjemgujmdaejtdhhy ujofdjnem (see plhhej mcdnrda grla CldjjcjdC). Cj spcte lg d hljn tcae ndp, tfere cs jl gdujdh turjlver dtDsprlofdhcil ètweej tfe 'Acorlalustercdj' djm tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco. ]fe sfcgt cj fujtcjn strdtences wds jlt mrdstco;tfe sdae speoces dre presejt cj `ltf perclms5, djm Oervus

djm Mdad dhtlnetfer oljstctute alre tfdj 52% lg tfe tltdhdssea`hdne cj edof odse. Dt Grdjoftfc, tfe tfree edrhcestUpper Rdhdelhctfco pfdses (hctfco pfdses C tl CCC) dre cjsorcèmwctfcj lje @ltdjcodh zlje djm lje Gdujdh pfdse ljhy. ]fcsolaes ds d gurtfer oljgcradtclj lg tfe lverdhh ohcadtco djm

ejvcrljaejtdh std`chcty, dhredmy cjmcodtem `y tfe plhhejmcdnrdas.

]fe redh oljtrdst cs jlt fere; tfe alst mrdstco ejvcrljaejtdh ofdjnes fdm loourrem auof edrhcer, drlujm o. =2 iyr `p.@eglre o. =2 iyr `p, extejscve glrests olverem dhh tfealujtdcjs lg Jlrtferj Nreeoe, wctf DR vdhues redofcjn 32%lr alre cj tfe wehh-wdterem êsterj Rcjmus, djm 52% cj tfeEdsterj Rcjmus. Cjterestcjnhy, rencljdh oljtrdsts dre revedhemevej alre sfdrphy; cj tfe phdcj lg Mrdad (]ejdnc), tfesteppe wds dhredmy tfe mlacjdjt venetdtclj (Gcn. 0). Grlatfej lj, djm ujtch tfe ]drmcnhdocdh, "glrests lr tree stdjmsmeoredse lr evej mcsdppedr wctf tfe pdssdne lg tcae,

slaetcaes reolvercjn murcjn sflrt ghuotudtcljs ùt lj tfewflhe oljstdjthy hlscjn terrdcj" (@lttead 43>3; ?7).

Oljsequejthy, tfe capdot lg ohcadtco ofdjnes lj fuadjsettheaejt djm su`scstejoe pdtterjs aust è vcewem dndcjst dwcmer grdaewlri, ejolapdsscjn tfe Hdte Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfcods wehh ds tfe Edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Cj pdrtcouhdr, cg treenrlwtf wds prlnresscvehy capemem `y tfe hdoi lgpreocpctdtclj alre tfdj `y hlw teaperdtures, ds stdtem `y@lttead (43>3), tfe hdoi lg wdter ady fdve èolae d

hcactcjn gdotlr tl tfe spredm lg hdrne adaadhs djm fuadjnrlups dwdy grla peradjejt hdies lr perejjcdh rcvers. Ctady evej fdve èej tfe oduse lg tfe mcsdppedrdjoe lg tfeAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco Jedjmertfdh nrlups, wfl setthempregerejtcdhhy cj terrctlrces wfere wdter sluroes werephejtcguh (Pujjehs 4335). @y o. ?2 iyr `p, AcmmheRdhdelhctfco nrlups fdm vdjcsfem, djm Nreeoe dppedrs tlfdve èej qudsc-mesertem, wctf ljhy d gew durcnjdocdjnrlups readcjcjn cj hlodhcsem dreds. D alst gujmdaejtdh djmlrcncjdh gedture lg tfe Nreei Rdhdelhctfco cs, cjmeem, tfemrdstco meoredse cj tfe juaèr lg sctes grla tfe AcmmheRdhdelhctfco tl tfe Durcnjdocdj djm tfe 'Nrdvettcdj'.

?. Fuadj looupdtclj; grla tfe Acmmhe

Rdhdelhctfco tl tfe edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco

?.4 ]FE DPOFDELHLNCODH _ETUEJOE; DJ LU]HCJE

]fe drofdelhlncodh sequejoe tfdt jeems tl è oljscmerem fereodj è suaadrcsem ds glhhlws (Ilurtessc-Rfchhcpdics 43679Rerhæs 436>9 Pujjehs 43669 Mdrhds 433=);

- (d) Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco dssea`hdnes dre very vdrcem cjtfecr olaplsctclj. _everdh gdoces dre represejtem, cjohumcjnofrljlhlncodh djm gujotcljdh ljes (Mdrhds 433=, 4335).Ilzhlwsic (4330) tejtdtcvehy dsscnjs tfe hlwest looupdtcljdhheveh dt Dsprlofdhcil, ]H mdtem dt o. 422 iyr `p (@dchey et

dh. 43309 Fuxtd`he et dh. 4330), djm tfe cjmustrces grla Ehedcj tfe Rehlpljjese, tl d 'ofdrejtl'cm' Alustercdj. HdterAlustercdjs dre nejerdhhy ofdrdotercsem `y Hevdhhlcs djm

mcsolcm olres, Hevdhhlcs ghdies, `hdmes djm plcjts, wehh-admescmesordpers djm Alustercdj plcjts, sodroe Tucjd retluof._lae, flwever, cjohume d gdcr olapljejt lg tllhs adme ljpe``hes (Mdrhds 433=), ltfers, hcie tfe 'Acorlalustercdj'grla Dsprlofdhcil, presejtem dj lrcncjdh aetflm glr tfeprlmuotclj lg trcdjnuhdr ghdies (Rdpdoljstdjtcjlu 4363).

- (`) ]fese 'typcodh aluster cdj' lr 'hevdhhlcsl-alustercdj'cjmustrces dre suooeemem `y dssea`hdnes oljtdcjcjn dacxture lg Acmmhe djm Upper Rdhdelhctfco (durcnjdocdj)



?_C OD]FEPCJE REPHÆ_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02,222 @R

]d`he 4 oljtcjuem. Adcj sctes djm rencljs qultem cj tfe text.

_C]E h=O MD]E_ p GCEHM LPI ADCJ PEGEPEJOE_

GPDJOF]FC Alre tfdj scxty ].^. Kdol`slj 437>-43>6 Fdjsej 4334, Kdol`sej djm Gdrrdjm 436>, Rdyjedhtlnetfer (og. 43>5, Remes 436>, 4332d, _fdoihetlj 4366, vdjKdol`slj djm Djmeh djm _uttlj 436>, ^chicjslj djm Muflj 4332

Gdrrdjm 436>)HLUID4]C Jlje @cjthcgg 43>>; 0?7-0?>Kdol`sej 43>7; >6

EHDIVFLPC Jlje D. Mdrhds Mdrhds 4363ADWPC AS]C Jlje D. Mdrhds Mdrhds 4335

Penclj lg Jlje _urveys D. Herlc-Nlurfdj, Ofdvdchhlj et dh. 437>, 4373DADHCD_ K. djm J. Ofdvdchhlj, G.

Flurs, murcjn tfe 72'sPenclj lg _urveys D. Herlc-Nlurfdj, Ofdvdchhlj et dh. 437>, 4373ID_]PLJ K. djm J. Ofdvdchhlj, G.

Flurs, murcjn tfe 72's

oheaejts, alst lgtej glujm cj ghuvcdtche oljtexts9 tfey drerenuhdrhy dsslocdtem wctf `cgdocdh glhcdte plcjts wfcof reodhhs/ehetcdj ljes (Pujjehs 4366; td`he 49 Mdrhds 433=).

]fese 'acxem dssea`hdnes', wctf Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfcoolapljejts, d rdre use lg tfe Hevdhhlcs teofjcque, `cgdocdhplcjts djm/lr durcnjdocdj eheaejts, fdve èej glujmrepedtemhy cj Nreeoe. ]fey dre ofdrdotercstco, glr cjstdjoe, lgdhhuvcdh meplscts cj Ehcm djm Dofd'td (Ofdvdchhlj eh dh. 437>,4373), cj]fessdhy (Achlkoco et dh. 43759 Pujjehs 43669Pujjehs djm vdj Djmeh 4333) djm lg tfe vdrclus gcjmsplts lgtfe Rrevezd dred (Pujjehs et dh. 4333). ]fey dre dhsl glujm

cj tfe `dsdh Upper Rdhdelhctfco hevehs (hevehs 04-07) lgIepfdhdrc cj tfe Drnlhcm (Pecsof 4362), ùt oljtdacjdtcljsgrla tfe ujmerhycjn alustercdj meplscts odjjlt è ruhem lut.Flwever, tfe dsslocdtclj cs tll reourrejt tl è dttrcùtem tlsysteadtco oljtdacjdtcljs. Cj ]fessdhy cj pdrtcouhdr. Pujjehsdjm vdj Djmeh (4333) ujmerhcje tfe gdot tfdt tfe gcjmspltsolrrespljm tl teaplrdry odaps lr ichh sctes lj tfe nrdveh`drslr cjterghuves lg tfe `rdcmem ofdjjehs lg tfe rcver, djm jlt tltfe rewlricjn lg adtercdh olacjn grla upstreda.

Glhcdte plcjts dppedr tl olver d hljn tcae spdj, djm tlevlhve tfrlunf tcae grla `cplcjtem tl lvdh-`dsem types. ]felhmest mdtem ljes nl `doi tl 52,222 `p (Rlpe et dh. 436=)

djm acnft è dsslocdtem wctf d 'pure' Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfcoolapljejt. Alst, flwever, dre glujm cj 'trdjsctcljdh'dssea`hdnes, oljtdcjcjn `ltf Acmmhe djm Upper Rdhdelhctfcoolapljejts. ]fey fdve èej mdtem cj tfe dhhuvcdh semcaejtslg tfe Rejecls (]fessdhy) grla o. =5 tl ?2 iyr `p (Pujjehs4366, 4335).

]fey ady è dhsl loodscljdhhy dsslocdtem wctf durcnjdocdjcjmustrces; Mdrhds aejtcljs twl grdnaejtdry plcjts cj tfe"drofdco Durcnjdocdj" lg Ehdcloflrc cj Dofdìd (Mdrhds 433=;

?0?). ]fcs cjmustry cjohumes d megcjcte Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfcoolapljejt (Hevdhhlcs ghdies, ghdt mcsolcm olres, scmesordpers),ùt ct cs hdrnehy lverruj `y durcnjdocdj eheaejts (ejmsordperslj `hdmes, odrcjdtem ejmsordpers, mcfemrdh ùrcjs djm ùsiemùrcjs). Mdrhds dttrcùtes tfcs cjmustry tl d hdte "]rdjsctcljdh" pfdse (Mdrhds 4363, 433=). Djltfer plssc`hegrdnaejt lg d glhcdte plcjt grla dj durcnjdocdj oljtext cschhustrdtem cj heveh 0? lg Iepfdhdrc (Pecsof 4362, gcn. 07;6).

]fe vdrcem oljtexts dsslocdtem wctf tfe glhcdte plcjtsreodhh tfe nejerdh sctudtclj lg tfe 'gcjdh acolqucdj' djm'szehetcdj' dssea`hdnes lg Oejtrdh djm _lutfedsterj Eurlpe.

Cj Nreeoe, ds ehsewfere, ct wluhm dppedr tfdt d vdrcety lg'Hdte Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco' lr 'trdjsctcljdh' cjmustrces olveremtfe tcae spdj ètweej =2 djm ?2 iyr `p. Oljtdots ètweejAcmmhe Rdhdelhctfco djm durcnjdocdj nrlups dre sunnestem `ytfe presejoe lg typcodh durcnjdocdj tllhs7.

- (o) 'Rure ' durcnjdocdj dssea`hdnes fdve ycehmem jlsphct-`dsem plcjts, ùt odrcjdtem ejmsordpers, jlsemejmsordpers, Muglur `hdmehets, djm durcnjdocdj `hdmes drewehh-represejtem djm typcodh.

Jl 4=O mdte grla tfe durcnjdocdj sctes lr hevehs fds èejpu`hcsfem sl gdr, djm jlje lg tfe sctes tfdt were looupcemmurcjn tfe Acmmhe tl Upper Rdhdelhctfco trdjsctclj fds yet

èej pu`hcsfem cj metdch>. ]fe durcnjdocdj tllhs cj tfeRejecls hdte alustercdj dssea`hdnes drnue cj gdvlur lg djdurcnjdocdj presejoe ètweej o. =2 djm ?2 iyr `p. DtGrdjoftfc tfe durcnjdocdj heveh restem lj dj dsf heveh,cmejtcgcem ds tfe tepfrd S-5 lg tfe Dmrcdtco olres9 ourclushy,tfe wcmehy mcggercjn mdtes sunnestem glr tfcs tepfrd vdrywctfcj tfe sdae tcae rdjne; =2 tl 05 iyr `p (Wctdhcdjl et dh.

4364). ]fus, tfe Durcnjdocdj grla Grdjoftfc ady dhsl èlhmer tfdj ?2 iyr `p, d fypltfescs tfdt wluhm exphdcj tfe





?6? OD]FEPCJE REPHE_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02.222 @R

]d`he 0. Ujnuhdte readcjs dt Dsprlofdhcil djm Idstrctsd cj tfe Acmmhe djm edrhy UpperRdhdelhctfco cj juaèrs lg cmejtcgcem speocaej (dgter @dchey et dh. 436?d).

Dsprlofdhcil Dsprlofdh cil Dsprlofdhcil Idstrctsd Idstrctsdstrdtua 5 strdtua ? strdtua 4 strdtua 3 strdtua >(Alustercdj) (Acorl- (Upper (: 02,222) (o. 02,222 `p)

alustercdj Rdhdelhctfco)

Oervus 406 4== ? 6 56 43=

Muad == 4>2 45 2 2

Odprelhus 46 ?= > 2 2

@ls 7 4 4 2 > 7

Cèx == 53 ?7 2 2

Equus 2 2 2 = ?

_us = 4= = 0 4

C'L]Dh. 0== =? 0 422 >4 02=

]d`he ?. _yjtfetco mdtd lj tfe edrhcer Upper Rdhdelhctfco dt Grdjoftfc.

REPCLM "O `p @L]DJ. @L]DJCODH

[LJE _REOCE_

GDUJ. GDUJDH

RFD_E _REOCE_

ADPCJE ADPCJE ]EPPE_]PCDH HC]FCO

ALHHU_ODJ ALHHU_O_ ALHHU_O_ RFD_E

[LJD]CLJ

Rrl`d`hy hd Dhidjjd sp., Mdtd jlt 2 _adhh D gew 4

?2.222 `p Hctflsperaua dvdchd`he speoces suof Fehcx sp.

lr lhmer drvejse, ds og. @cttcua Rupchhcmde djm

Djofusd sp. sp. (jdturdh Fehcoehhd sp.

(ujodr`ljcsem meplsctclj)

seems)

O. 0?rm 00 ,??2´40> h` Dhidjjd sp., D hcqucms (Equus 2 cmea Fehcx sp., CC

achhejjcua 2 (4-74=2) Hctflsperaua og. Fehcoehhd sp.

`p drvejse. fymrujtcjus) djm Rupchhcmde.

04 ,=62´?52 Djofusd sp. djm Oervcms alre dùjmdjt

(R-00??) (ujodr`ljcsem (Oervus), phus

seems) tlrtlcses, fdres,

hczdrms, `crms,

rdre

Acorltcjc,

Aurcjde djm

Orcoetcjc

o. 02/0 0jm h` Dhidjjd sp., D cmea 2 cmea cmea CCC

achhejjcua Hctflsperaua

`p drvejse,

Djofusd sp.(ujodr`ljcsem

seems)

Fcdtus




plcjts wchh hdst ujtch tfe ejm lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco, wctftfe hdter dmmctclj lg sfluhmerem plcjts djm nelaetrces (Remes436>9 Dmda 43639 Ilzhlwsic 43309 Pluèt 433>).

?.0 MC_]PC@U]CLJ LG _C]E_ DJM MEJ_C]S LG

LOOURD]CLJ

Oljscmercjn tfe trdmctcljdh hdoi lg cjterest glr pdhdelhctfcoresedrof cj Nreeoe3, tfe dùjmdjoe lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfcoreadcjs cs dhh tfe alre strcicjn; Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco sctes,djm evej alre sl Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco gcjmsplts (cjohumcjn'hdte alustercdj' djm/lr 'trdjsctcljdh' cjmustrces) odj èglujm cj hdrne juaèrs lver wcme pdrts lg Nreeoe. ]fe o. 52pu`hcsfem exodvdtcljs djm surgdoe gcjmsplts, alst reoejthyhcstem `y Mdrhds 433=, ncve ljhy d very pdrtcdh cadne lg tfejuaerlus Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco tllhs vcsc`he lj tfe surgdoe lrcj prcvdte olhheotcljs. _cnjcgcodjthy, reoejt surveys dredmmcjn d wflhe jew serces lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco sctes (seePujjehs 4366, 43359 Mdrhds 4363, 43359 Rdpdoljstdjtcjlu43349 @dchey et dh. 4333). ]fese oljgcra tfe caplrtdjoe lg

wdter glr Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco nrlups (@dchey et dh. 436?ddjm `9 Plhhdjm 4365, 43669 Pujjehs 4366); alst lg tfe sctesdre oljoejtrdtem dhljn tfe adcj rcvers djm hdies (tfe Rejeclscj ]fessdhy, tfe Dhpfecls djm Rejecls cj Ehcm, tfe hdies djmrcvers lg Epcrus djm Detlhl-Didrdjdjcd) lr lj tfe oldstdhphdcjs lg Jlrtfwesterj Nreeoe.

Flwever, systeadtco surveys (hem `y tfe sdae soflhdrs)dhsl revedh tfe oljtrdsts ètweej tfe wehh-wdteremJlrtfwesterj Nreeoe djm tfe alre drcm _lutfedsterjNreeoe; lje scte djm d mlzej tllhs ljhy were cmejtcgcemmurcjn tfe @er`dtc survey cj tfe Drnlhcm (72 ia0), wfereds02 sctes, slae lg wfcof extreaehy rcof, were mcsolveremdrlujm Rrevezd (êhhs et dh. 43329 Pujjehs 43359 Pujjehsetdh. 4333).

'Rure' durcnjdocdj dssea`hdnes, `y oljtrdst, dre auofrdrer. ]fecr nelnrdpfco mcstrcùtclj dhsl mcggers, scjoe severdhsctes dre preocsehy hlodtem cj tfe Drnlhcm; Grdjoftfc 42,Drvejctsd", Ihcsslurd40, djm prl`d`hy Iepfdhdrc44 djmUh`rcof4=. ]fe fcnf prlplrtclj lg odves cs djltfer oljtrdstètweej Hdte Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco djm durcnjdocdj sctes.Dscme grla tfe d`lve aejtcljem scte lg Ehdcloflrc cjDofd'cd, wfcof ady mdte tl d very edrhy pfdse lg tfeDurcnjdocdj, tfe ljhy plssc`he lpej dcr settheaejt wdsreoejthy mcsolverem `y dj Daercodj survey cj tfe renclj lg

Rrevezd, dt _pchdclj (Pujjehs et dh. 4333)45. Gcjdhhy, d gewpceoes ofdrdotercstco lg tfe Durcnjdocdj were glujm cj tfehlwest Upper Rdhdelhctfco heveh grla Dsprlofdhcil (Dmda4363), sunnestcjn tfdt d `rceg durcnjdocdj looupdtclj adyfdve tdiej phdoe. Evej wctf tfe dmmctclj lg tfese jew sctes,tfe tltdh readcjs auof hlwer tfdj glr 'hdte alustercdj' lr'trdjsctcljdh' sctes. ]fcs mcggerejoe cs dhh tfe alre scnjcgcodjtds tfe Durcnjdocdj aust, hlncodhhy, fdve hdstem severdhachhejjcd (see mcsoussclj suprd).

Lj tfe wflhe, durcnjdocdj looupdtclj dppedrs tl fdveèej very spdrse djm nelnrdpfcodhhy restrcotem. Adjyrencljs exphlctem `y Hdte Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco nrlups dremevlcm lg 'pure' durcnjdocdj settheaejt; ]fessdhy47, Ehcm,tfe _lutferj Rehlpljjese. Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe mryoljmctcljs lg tfe Drnlhcm (djm plssc`hy @leltcd) ml jlt

seea tl fdve èej dj l`stdohe tl d olapdrdtcvehy 'mejse 'settheaejt.Gcjdhhy, dt tfe ejm lg lur ofrljlhlncodh speotrua, glur

sctes ljhy odj è dhhlodtem, wctflut mlu`t, tl tfe perclmètweej o. 07,222 djm 02,222 `p; Dsprlofdhcil djmIdstrctsd cj Epcrus, ]felpetrd cj ]fessdhy djm Grdjoftfc cjtfe Drnlhcm. Dhh glur sctes were mdtem `y h=O (]d`he =) djmycehmem cjmustrces mlacjdtem `y `doiem `hdmehets djm `doiemplcjts (cjohumcjn acorlnrdvettes). Cj dmmctclj, fdhg d mlzejsctes (lr hevehs), rcof cj `doiem `hdmehets djm plcjts, adydhsl fdve èej looupcem `y tfej (Iliicjlpchls djm Idtscidcj Epcrus, _ec'mc cj @leltcd, Uh`rcof djm Iepfdhdrc cj tfeDrnlhcm) ùt, ncvej tfe sodjty typlhlncodh mdtd djm tfed`sejoe lg d`slhute ofrljlhlny, tfey oluhm equdhhy wehh èmdtem ètweej 02,222 djm 45,222 `p. Ct sfluhm è jltem tfdtdhh tfese sctes dre odves, djm tfdt jl 'Nrdvettcdj' cs ijlwjgrla lpej dcr sctes4>.

D sfdrp meoredse cj tfe juaèr lg sctes wluhm tfusolrrespljm tl tfe ljset lg tfe very mry djm olhm perclmwfcof hdstem ètweej o. ?2 djm 02 iyr `p. Ct wluhm, dt tfesdae tcae, olrrespljm tl tfe mcsdppedrdjoe lg tfe hdst sctestfdt odj è dttrcùtem tl tfe Jedjmertfdhs. _cjoe tfeDurcnjdocdj readcjs ujmdtem, ct cs dotudhhy plssc`he tfdt ctpremdtes ?2 iyr `p, djm tfdt tfcs trejm stdrtem edrhcer. Jlheveh fds èej rdmclodr`lj mdtem ètweej ?2 djm 07 iyr`p, sl tfdt ct cs evej plssc`he tl oljscmer dj looupdtclj ndpmurcjn tfcs perclm, ds dppedrs tl è tfe odse cj Ctdhy(Aussc, tfcs vlhuae). Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe sdaphe lgsctes djm rdmclodr`lj mdtes cs tll sadhh tl è oljscmeremrehcd`he, djm tfe plssc`chcty lg sdaphe `cdses aust èmcsoussem èglre Nreeoe sfluhm è oljscmerem ds d jedrfuadj mesert.

?.? ]F E EDPHS URREP RDHDELHC]FCO WDJC_FCJN

LOOURD]CLJ; _DARHE @CD_E_<

]free gdotlrs ady, cj tfelry, doolujt glr tfe sodrocty lg sctesètweej o. ?2 djm 02 iyr `p; erlsclj, oldstdh suàersclj

djm pllr reolvery murcjn surveys.Espeocdhhy dhljn tfe wcme oldstdh phdcjs lg Jlrtfwesterj

Nreeoe, eustdtco rcse ady fdve hem tl tfe suàersclj lgoldstdh sctes. Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe prevdchcjn mryoljmctcljs were jlt, d prclrc, gdvlurd`he glr d wcmespredmpfdse lg erlscljdh dotcvcty djm adsscve mestruotclj lrl`hcterdtclj lg cjhdjm sctes. ]fdt jl suof erlsclj loourrem csoljgcraem `y nelhlncodh stumces; jl dhhuvcdh pfdse csreolrmem cj ]fessdhy ètweej o. 0> iyr djm o. 42 iyr `p,



?65 OD]FEPCJE REPHÆ_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02,222 @R

]d`he =. '=O mdtes glr tfe perclm o. ?2,222 tl 02,222 `p cj Nreeoe.

_C]E HEWEH CJMU_]PS HD@. PEG. _DARHE MD]E `p OLAAEJ] @C@HCLNPDRFS

]felpetrd [>-_4?; MEA-?>= ??, 0?4´ 4602 Oljtext jlt Iypdrcssc,

?.45 -?.? 2 a yet pu`hc csfem cj pres s

]felpetrd ]42; 0.>= a MEA-0= > ??, 267+ 45>? Oljtext jlt Iypdrcssc,yet pu`hc csfem cj press

]felpetrd ]42-442; MEA-00? ?2,20?*6>7 Oljtext jlt Iypdrcssc,

0.7?-?.22 a yet pu`hc csfem cj p res s

]felpetrd [6 ; ?.20-?.0? a MEA-74 05,?5=+04?0 Oljtext jlt Iypdrcssc.

yet pu`hc csfem cj p res s

Dsprlofdhcil Heveh 42, Ujchdt. djm `chdt. 4-4375 07,22 2 +322 Dhsl Fcnns djm Wctd-

strdtua 4 `doie m `hdm ehet s, -622 pu`hcsf em ds Gcjz c 4376,

acor lnrd vett es heveh 3 Fcnns 4376,

@dchey et dh.

436?

Grdjoftfc F4D -04 3, _trdcnft `doiem 4-74=2 ^llm 00 ,? ?2 +40 >2 Kdol`sej djm

hctfco pfdse CC `hdmehets djm ofdroldh Gdrrdjm 436>plcjtem mlu`he-

`doiem `hdmehets

Grdjoftfc F4@-434-430, cmea R-00?? Odr`ljczem 04 ,=6 2´? 52 Kdol`sej djm

hctfco pfdse CC adtter Gdrrdjm 436>

Idstrct sd hdyer 04 , str. 3 Ujchdt. `doiem 4-0=7> 04,622´=>2 @dchey et dh.

`hdmehets 436?

Idstrct sd hdyer 04 , str. 3 cmea 4-0=76 02,022´=62 @dchey et dh.

436?

Ids trct sd hdyer 02, str. > cmea 4-0=77 02,622+642 @dchey et dh.

436?

djm tfe hdtter cs lg very hcactem extejsclj (Meactrdoi 43679vdj Djmeh et dh. 4332). Cj tfe Drnlhcm, tfe hdst extejscvepfdse lg dhhuvcdtclj ejmem èglre ?0 iyr `p, djm d std`hehdjmsodpe perscstem ujtch d`lut =522 `p (Rlpe et dh. 436=).Dgter extejscve drofdelhlncodh djm nelhlncodh wlri cj]fessdhy, Epcrus djm tfe Drnlhcm, Pujjehs djm vdj Djmehdre qucte ohedr cj tfecr oljohuscljs; tfe mrdstco oljtrdst cj tfejuaèr lg Acmmhe djm Upper Rdhdelhctfco gcjmsplts cs jltrehdtem tl tfe erlsclj lg oljteaplrdry semcaejts lr tfecrùrcdh ujmer ylujner semcaejts. ]fey oljohume cj gdvlur lgd megcjcte looupdtcljdh fcdtus cj ]fessdhy (Pujjehs djm vdj

Djmeh 4333) djm sunnest tfdt, cj tfe Rrevezd dred, " ctdppedrs tfdt tfe use lg plhke sctes glr ejodapaejts wdsd`djmljem cj tfe Hdter Rhecstloeje, murcjn tfe fcnf nhdocdh,perfdps èoduse lg d returj tl d sfdrphy olhmer djm mrcerohcadte" (Pujjehs et dh. 4333; 42). _cachdrhy, cj tfe Drnlhcm,tfey estcadte tfdt tfe pltejtcdh hlss lg sctes ujmer reoejtdhhuvcua wluhm dalujt tl hess tfdj 6% lg tfe presejt hdjmsurgdoe (Kdaeslj et dh. 433=; 0=?). Dhtflunf cmclsyjordtcogdotlrs ady fdve ejtdchem hlodh erlsclj, espeocdhhy cj odves,

tfcs odjjlt fdve èej suggcocejthy wcmespredm tl doolujt glrtfe sodrocty lg cjhdjm durcnjdocdj djm nrdvettcdj sctes.

Rllr reolvery murcjn surgdoe surveys aust dhsl èoljscmerem, scjoe tfe sadhh `doiem `hdme cjmustrces lg tfeUpper Rdhdelhctfco acnft è alre mcggcouht tl splt tfdj tfehdrner Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco ljes. Jevertfehess Pujjehs cjpdrtcouhdr oljmuotem very tflrlunf surveys dhljn tfeRejecls rcver cj ]fessdhy djm lj cts Lhm ]errdoe(Jcemerterrdsse), djm odreguhhy sedrofem glr evcmejoe lgUpper Rdhdelhctfco cjmustrces. Dhtflunf fe cmejtcgcem ?0pdhdelhctfco gcjmsplts, jlje oluhm è dttrcùtem tl tfe Upper

Rdhdelhctfco sejsu strcotl djm jlt d scjnhe `doiem `hdmehet lr`doiem plcjt wds mcsolverem (Pujjehs 4366). Cj tfe Rrevezdrenclj, Pujjehs djm fcs olhhednues glujm lje plssc`hedurcnjdocdj scte (ds lpplsem tl 02 alustercdj ljes) ùt jlNrdvettcdj, djm tfey oljscmer ct ujhciehy tfdt tfcs d`sejoe cstfe resuht lg cjexpercejoe lj tfe pdrt lg gcehmwdhiers(Pujjehs et dh. 4333; 42). D scachdr sctudtclj l`tdcjem cjEhcm djm Dofdìd, wfere tfe Grejof surveys ycehmem ljhy lje`doiem `hdmehet djm lje `doiem plcjt, wfereds Acmmhe




Rdhdelhctfco gcjmsplts (slaetcaes cjohumcjn durcnjdocdjtypes) dalujtem tl alre tfdj =2 (Ofdvdchhlj et dh. 437>,4373).

Cj tfese cjhdjm rencljs dt hedst, tfe sodrocty lr d`sejoe lgUpper Rdhdelhctfco sctes, grla o. 0> iyr `p lj, cs redh. Lgtejtfcs sctudtclj hdstem ujtch tfe dmvejt lg tfe Jelhctfco (Remes

4335); tfe cjjer dhhuvcdh `dscjs were mesertem `y pdhdelhctfcofujter-ndtferers, wflse settheaejts were glujm alsthy cjtfe alujtdcjs djm fchhscmes. @ut tfese spdrse looupdtcljsodjjlt, ds we sfdhh mcsouss jlw, fdve represejtem tfe guhhterrctlrcdh rdjne lg tfese fujters. _cjoe tfe sed heveh wdsmrdstcodhhy hlwer dt tfe tcae, hcèrdtcjn wcme oldstdh phdcjs(espeocdhhy cj Jlrtfwest Nreeoe), tfere readcjs tfeplssc`chcty tfdt tfe mejsest looupdtclj loourrem cj tfe jlwsuàernem oldstdh dreds.

?.= ]EPPC]LPCDH EVRHLC]D]CLJ

]fcs plssc`chcty hedms us tl oljscmer ofdjnes cj settheaejt

pdtterjs grla djltfer plcjt lg vcew, terrctlrcdh exphlctdtclj.Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco sctes djm 'trdjsctcljdh' ljes tejmem tlohuster cj wehh-wdterem hlw-dhtctume djm oldstdh dreds(Plhhdjm 43669 Pujjehs 4335)46. Upper Rdhdelhctfco sctes, `yoljtrdst, dre alre evejhy mcstrcùtem lver tfe wetter djmmrcer dreds lg Nreeoe43, ùt tfey mesert tfe hdrne dhhuvcdh`dscjs. Cj Epcrus, sctes spredm gurtfer cjhdjm cj alujtdcjlusejvcrljaejts, dhtflunf tfe fcnfest zljes wchh ljhy èlooupcem dgter tfe Rhejcnhdocdh (@dchey et dh. 436=, 4367d djm`, 4333).

]fcs dppdrejt sfcgt cj settheaejt pdtterjs cs hcjiem `yPlhhdjm (4365, 4366) djm `y @dchey et dh. (436?d djm `9@dchey djm Nda`he 4332) tl d trdjsglradtclj cj su`scstejoestrdtences. _adhh, al`che, Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco fujter-ndtfererrescmejtcdh ujcts wluhm fdve exphlctem d mcverscgcem djm rcof`cltlpe grla d restrcotem flae rdjne, loodscljdhhycjteroeptcjn acnrdtcjn ferms, ùt wctflut caplrtdjt sedsljdhacnrdtcljs lg tfe fuadj nrlups tfeasehves. Doolrmcjn tlPujjehs (4335), tfe mcstrcùtclj lg hdte alustercdj sctes cjtfe Drnlhcm cjmcodtes slae glra lg hlncstcodh phdjjcjn, wctfspeocdhcsem stlje wlricjn odaps djm fujtcjn stdjms wctfcj dmdy's wdhi lg tfe `dse odaps (odves hcie Grdjoftfc djmIepfdhdrc, glr cjstdjoe), djm cslhdtem hlst wedpljs ljehevdtem nrlujms gurtfer dwdy.

Cj oljtrdst, tfe Epcrltes Upper Rdhdelhctfco nrlups, dgter

?2 iyr `p, wluhm fdve prdotcsem d sedsljdh acnrdtcljètweej oldstdh djm cjhdjm sctes, respeotcvehy looupcemmurcjn tfe wcjter djm suaaer sedsljs (@dchey djm Nda`he4332). Dsprlofdhcil, ds dhredmy sunnestem `y Fcnns (Fcnnset dh. 437>), wluhm fdve èej usem murcjn tfe sprcjn djmdutuaj meer acnrdtcljs grla tfe oldsts tl tfe alujtdcjs. Ctsadcj cjterest, flwever, wluhm fdve rescmem cj tfe oljtrlh lgdj cslhdtem nrdzcjn dred tl tfe jlrtf lg tfe scte wfere tfeferms oluhm è mcvertem (@dchey djm Nda`he 4332; 474). Cj

pdrdhheh, cèxes oluhm fdve èej cjteroeptem murcjn tfecrvertcodh alveaejts ètweej fcnfhdjms djm hlwhdjms. Cjhdjmsctes, suof ds Idstrctsd djm Ihctfc, wluhm fdve oljstctutemspeocdhcsem fujtcjn stdtcljs, exphlctem murcjn tfe suaaer,edof oljoejtrdtcjn lj tfe alst dùjmdjt speoces hlodhhydvdchd`he. @ut tfe glous lg dotcvctces wluhm fdve readcjem

oejtrem lj hlwhdjm oldstdh sctes, ds yet tl è mcsolverem lrsuàernem ujmer wdter (c`cm; 470).

]fere cs hctthe evcmejoe, flwever, tl supplrt tfcs almeh glrtfe edrhy pfdses lg tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. Fujtcjnspeocdhcsdtclj cs sunnestem `y tfe mcggerejoes cj tfe gdujdhspeotrd grla Dsprlofdhcil djm Idstrctsd djm `y tfe strljnpremlacjdjoe lg Oervus dt Idstrctsd. ]fe premlacjdjoe lgtwl hdrne ujnuhdte speoces dt Grdjoftfc (Equus djm Oervus)

ady dhsl resuht grla fujtcjn speocdhcsdtclj02. Lj tfe ltferfdjm, Ihctfc djm tfe ltfer fcnf-dhtctume speocdhcsem fujtcjnstdtcljs were jlt yet looupcem, tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco gdujdhspeotrua grla Dsprlofdhcil cs fdrmhy hess mcverscgcem tfdjtfe 'acorlalustercdj' lje (gcve speoces versus scx) djm ct csjlt alre speocdhcsem cj teras lg speoces prlplrtcljs. Cjdmmctclj, ct dppedrs mcggcouht tl reoljstruot su`scstejoepdtterjs djm terrctlrcdh exphlctdtclj wfej tfe sdaphes grlaedof scte lr heveh dre sl extreaehy sadhh.

]fe plverty lg drtegdotudh djm gdujdh readcjs cs cjmeem

tfe adcj, djm prl`d`hy tfe alst scnjcgcodjt ofdrdotercstco lg

dhh sctes glr wfcof cjglradtclj cs dvdchd`he. ]fe wflhe lgstrdtua 3 dt Idstrctsd ycehmem ljhy >4 cmejtcgcem gdujdhspeocaejs djm 06 tllhs (squdres P0, P= djm P5, Dmda4363)04. Heveh 42 dt Dsprlofdhcil wds 'rcofer', ùt tfe 4??5stlje grdnaejts hcstem cj @dchey et dh. (436?d; td`he 42)olaprcsem ljhy => retluofem tllhs (squdre P0, Dmda 4363;

>6). ]fe sdae sctudtclj l`tdcjs dt Grdjoftfc; ?2 retluofemtllhs cj Rfdse C, 4?6 cj pfdse CC djm 50 cj pfdse CCC,dsslocdtem wctf sodjt gdujdh readcjs. ]fe edrhy UpperRdhdelhctfco hevehs dt Iepfdhdrc dre dhsl very pllr (Pecsof4362), wfche gewer tfdj 52 gdujdh readcjs were cmejtcgcemgrla _ec'mc (_tdapguss 43=0)9 murcjn fer su`sequejtexodvdtcljs dt _ec'mc, _ofacm reolverem ljhy o. 752 stljepceoes cj d slujmcjn lg 40 squdre aetres djm alre tfdj 4.52a meep (_ofacm 4375). Dt Grdjoftfc dt hedst tfe semcaejtswere wdter-scevem djm mry-slrtem, sl tfdt tfe aednrejess lgtfe cjmustry cs jlt tfe resuht lg pllr exodvdtcljs. Cj dmmctclj,cj sctes suof ds Grdjoftfc, Idstrctsd djm Dsprlofdhcil, tfere

cs d sfdrp oljtrdst cj tfe mejscty lg adtercdh èglre djm dgter02,222 `p (lr, alre doourdtehy, 45/47 iyr `p). ]fe sadhhsdaphes dre jlt aerehy dj eggeot lg sadhher exodvdtem dredsdt tfe `lttla lg tfe trejofes, djm tfere cs hctthe mlu`t tfdtextreaehy spdrse looupdtcljs ofdrdotercse dhh tfe sctespresejthy ijlwj murcjn tfe perclm ?2-02 iyr `p. Edof lg tfegcrst tfree hctfco 'pfdses' dt Grdjoftfc, glr cjstdjoe, olvers dmeptf lg 52 tl 62 oa wfcof acnft represejt, doolrmcjn tlGdrrdjm's estcadtes lg tfe rdte lg semcaejtdtclj (Gdrrdjm



?6> OD]FEPCJE REPHE_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02,222 @R

433?), d murdtclj lg d`lut 5 tl 42 oejturces. Doolrmcjnhy,tfe juaèr lg mcsodrmem drtegdots wluhm jlt è d`lve 42 tl02 pceoes d oejtury cj tfe exodvdtem dred. Ds d gurtferoljgcradtclj lg tfe hlw cjtejscty lg dotcvcty, lje odj jltetfdt jl exodvdtclj ujct (lg d gew oejtcaetres meep edof) fdsycehmem alre tfdj 02 hctfco drtegdots (Rerhæs 436>).

]fe jdture lg tfese looupdtcljs cs èst chhustrdtem dtGrdjoftfc, wfere, cj hctfco pfdses CC djm CCC, `doiem `hdmehetsdjm plcjts represejt >5% djm >3% lg tfe tltdh dssea`hdne.Cj oljtrdst wctf tfe glhhlwcjn perclms, jl alhhusos wereolhheotem, jl gcsf wds `rlunft `doi tl tfe odve djm tfere csjl evcmejoe lg phdjt ndtfercjn; phdjt readcjs dre alsthyujodr`ljcsem djm lg jdturdh lrcncjs. ]fcs, hcjiem wctfpremlacjdjoe lg twl hdrne djcadh speoces djm tfe very sadhhjuaèr lg `ljes, sunnests d fujtcjn stdtclj wctf very `rceg,mcsoljtcjulus looupdtcljs. ]fe dotcvctces wluhm fdve èejglousem drlujm tfe tredtaejt lg tfe odrodsses djm tfeadcjtejdjoe lg tfe fujtcjn equcpaejt. ]fe sdae pcoture

prl`d`hy flhms true glr tfe ltfer rloi sfehters djm odves

00

,wfere `doiem `hdmehets djm plcjts aust è severehyujmerrepresejtem cj tfe d`sejoe lg wdter-scevcjn (lr lg djyicjm lg scevcjn). Dt Idstrctsd, tfe d`sejoe lg `lje tllhs djmùrcjs cj strdtua 3 oljtrdsts wctf wfdt l`tdcjs cj hevehs 4-5djm ady è tdiej ds d gurtfer oljgcradtclj lg tfe speocdhcsemjdture lg tfe looupdtclj0? (@dchey et dh. 436?d, td`he 42).

]fus, ds @dchey djm Nda`he (4332) ujmerhcjem, exodvdtemsctes odjjlt represejt tfe guhh rdjne lg settheaejts djmdotcvctces lg fujter nrlups cj Nreeoe ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr`p. ^fetfer tfese speocdhcsem dotcvcty odaps dre rehdtem tlhdrner settheaejts cj tfe jlw suàernem oldstdh dreds, lr

wfetfer tfe nrlups were oljstdjthy alvcjn drlujm grla sctetl scte cs mcggcouht tl stdte. Ncvej tfe mryjess lg tfe ohcadtedjm tfe jdture lg tfe steppe, ct ady wehh fdve prlvejmcggcouht tl setthe glr severdh weeis lr aljtfs cj tfe sdaehlodtclj. @ut, evej tfus, d scte suof ds Grdjoftfc dppedrs tlè tll speocdhcsem (djm hdoicjn cj mlaestco equcpaejt) tlrepresejt tfe guhh rdjne lg tdsis djm dotcvctces lg d al`chenrlup. ]fe gdot tfdt dhh presejthy-ijlwj sctes dre rloisfehters lr odves (lgtej lg sadhh scze) dhsl plcjts tl tfecrspeocdhcsem jdture.

]fcs dppedrs tl fdve fehm true tfrlunflut tfe tejachhejjcd ètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p. D alst readrid`hegedture lg tfese sctes, sl gdr ds tfe evcmejoe nles, cs flwhctthe ofdjne tfere cs cj teras lg cjtejscty lg looupdtclj,jdture lg looupdtclj djm dotcvctces. Evej cg, ds wchh jlw èsflwj tfrlunf Grdjoftfc. teofjcodh lr styhcstco trdjsglradtcljs mcm loour cj tfe hctfco dssea`hdnes, tfe hdtter odjjlt èrehdtem tl ofdjnes cj tfe gujotclj lg tfe sctes.

=. Ouhturdh mdtd djm ouhturdh ofdjne

]fe speocdhcsem jdture lg tfe exodvdtem sctes preohumes d gdcrdssessaejt lg ouhturdh ofdjnes murcjn tfe ?2-02 iyr `p

perclm. Jl `lje tllhs (exoept glr dj lmm plcjt dt Idstrctsd),djm, tl ay ijlwhemne, jl eheaejt lg al`che drt lrlrjdaejts0= odj è dttrcùtem wctf djy oertdcjty tl tfe hevehsètweej ?2 djm 02 iyr `p.

Jl ohedr pdtterjcjn eaernes grla tfe ?2-02 iyr `p hctfcodssea`hdnes dt Dsprlofdhcil djm Idstrctsd, wfcof dppedr tl

cjohume `ltf durcnjdocdj djm nrdvettcdj eheaejts (]d`he 5).]fe suooessclj cs ohedrer dt Grdjoftfc (]d`he 7), wfere tfreehctfco pfdses odj è reolnjcsem; (d) dj durcnjdocdj pfdse(pfdse C), wfcof, ct wchh è reodhhem, odj è mdtem djytfcjnètweej 07 djm =2 iyr `p. ]flunf tfe sdaphe lg tllhs csextreaehy sadhh (?2 retluofem pceoes), tfe dssea`hdne csofdrdotercstco; èscmes jltofes djm mejtcouhdtes, ct cjohumesofdrdotercstco odrcjdtem djm jlsem ejmsordpers ds wehh ds tfeolrrespljmcjn twcstem `hdmehets. Rfdse CC, wfcof wds mdtemtl 04,=62 ´ ?52 djm 00,??2 ´ 40>2 `p, cs mlacjdtem `yscjnhe-`doiem, l`tuse `hdmehets (7=% lj d tltdh lg 4?6retluofem pceoes), glhhlwem `y mlu`he-`doiem, plcjtem

`hdmehets (40%). ]rujodtem pceoes, ejmsordpers, jltofes djmmejtcouhdtes dre dhh sodroe. Rfdse CCC, wfcof wds jltrdmclodr`lj mdtem ùt dppedrs tl è cj mcreot strdtcnrdpfcooljtcjucty wctf pfdse CC, ljhy mcggers grla tfe preoemcjn lje`y tfe rephdoeaejt lg tfe hljn mlu`he-`doiem plcjtem`hdmehets `y sflrt, scjnhe-`doiem ourvem plcjtem `hdmehets.Jl redh 'acorlnrdvette' lr Wdoflj plcjt wds glujm dtGrdjoftfc. ]flunf tfe tltdh juaèr lg tllhs cs sadhher tfdjcj pfdse CC, tfe peroejtdne lg `doiem eheaejts readcjsreadrid`hy std`he (>3%).

]fe extejt tl wfcof tfcs typlhlncodh evlhutclj, wfcofmcggers cj metdchs grla tfdt lg ]eajdtd Odve, glr cjstdjoe

(Ilzhlwsic et dh. 4330) lr lg Ctdhy (Aussc, tfcs vlhuae), odjè nejerdhcsem tl tfe wflhe lg Nreeoe cs jlt ijlwj sl gdr. Cjdmmctclj, dt Grdjoftfc dt hedst, tfere cs jl cjmcodtclj tfdtofdjnes cj tfe hctfco dssea`hdne odj è mcreothy rehdtem tlejvcrljaejtdh lr eoljlaco trdjsglradtcljs. ]fey dre ètterdoolujtem glr `y cmclsyjordtco trdjsglradtcljs lg tfe fujtcjnequcpaejt. _cachdrhy, tfe d`sejoe lg al`che drt djm tfesodrocty lg `lje tllhs cs d nejerdh pfejlaejlj cj tfe UpperRdhdelhctfco lg Nreeoe, tfdt mles jlt dppedr tl è rehdtem tlspeocgco ejvcrljaejts lr tl d ncvej odtenlry lg sctes. Evejwfej tfe scte's looupdtclj sfcgtem tl d alre rescmejtcdh pdtterjdt Grdjoftfc, murcjn tfe Hdte Upper Rdhdelhctfco (Rerhæs 436>,4333), jl eheaejt lg al`che drt lr `lje tllhs wds reolverem 05.

5. Oljohuscljs

Dhh dvdchd`he mdtd, wfetfer olacjn grla plhhej olres,adorl`ltdjcodh readcjs lr gdujdh readcjs, plcjt tl d hljnperclm lg ejvcrljaejtdh std`chcty ètweej o. ?2 djm 02 iyr`p. ]fere dre jl 'meterclrdtcjn ohcadtco oljmctcljs' lg djyscnjcgcodjt sodhe dt tfe tcae; tfe adklr epcslmes lg ohcadtcometerclrdtclj fdm tdiej phdoe hljn èglre, djm tfe trejmtlwdrms d prlnresscvehy olhmer djm mrcer ohcadte fdm stdrtem




]d`he 5. _tlje tllhs grla tfe edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco hevehs dt Idstrctsd djm Dsprlofdhcil(dgter Dmda 4363).

]SRE D_RPLOFDHCIL ID_]PC]_D ID_]PC]_D ID_]PC]_D

HEWEH 42, P0 _]P. 3, P= _]P. 3. P0 _]P. 3, P5

_caphe ejmsordper = 4Dtypcodh ejmsordper 4 4Mlu`he ejmsordper 0Ejmsordper lj retluofem 0 4 ?

`hdme lr ghdieEjmsordper/trujodtclj 4@ee 4@ctrujodtem pceoe 4]rujodtem ghdie lr `hdme 0]rujodtem `hdmehet 4 0Acorlnrdvette 0Rhdcj ujchdterdh `doiem 5 4 0

`hdmehetUjchdterdh `doiem `hdmehet =

wctf lpplsem retluof@chdterdh `doiem 5

`hdmehet, phdcj@doiem `hdmehet wctf 4

cjversehy retluofem ejm]rujodtem `hdoiem `hdmehet = 4Rceoe wctf oljtcjulus 4 0

ujchdterdh retluofDurcnjdocdj `hdme 4 0Muglur `hdmehet 0

Jltofem pceoe 4 4Jltofem `hdmehet 4@hdmehet wctf seac-d`rupt 5

retluof_cmesordper 5 4 4]ltdhhy lr pdrtcdhhy 4 4

retluofem pceoe]L]DH => 43

slae tej achhejjcd edrhcer. Oljmctcljs were dhredmy extreae kust dgter ?2 iyr `p (wfej d acjlr daehclrdtclj cs

peroeptc`he), djm tfe sadhh ghuotudtcljs cj tfe represejtdtcljlg tfe trees odjjlt fdve fdm djy peroeptc`he capdot cj tfewcmehy lpej Drteacscd steppe.

]fese steppes were exphlctem `y nrlups lg fujters, wflpreyem lj meer djm cèxes cj tfe alujtdcjs lg tfe Jlrtf, meerdjm Equus og. fymrujtcjus cj tfe hlwer phdcjs djm fchhs lgOejtrdh djm _lutferj Nreeoe. ]fey usem tl stlp `rceghy cjfujtcjn stdtcljs, hedvcjn èfcjm d gew `ljes, tllhs djmwedpljs (`doiem `hdmehets djm plcjts). ]fese fujtcjn stdtcljs

dre, dppdrejthy, dhh tfdt wds reolverem grla tfese durcnjdocdjdjm nrdvettcdj fujter-ndtferers. ]fey dre gew cj juaèr, djm,

evej alre sl, pllr cj readcjs. Peoejthy mcsolverem lpej dcrdurcnjdocdj sctes ady represejt tfe ltfer ejm lg tfe gujotcljdhspeotrua, c.e. rcofer djm alre mcverscgcem rescmejtcdh odaps.@ut tfese sctes dre ds yet ujmdtem, djm oluhm edschy pre-mdtetfe perclm ujmer oljscmerdtclj. Cj tfe hdtter odse, tfey wluhmgct wehh cj tfe nejerdh pdtterj lg alre juaerlus djm rcoferlooupdtcljs prclr tl ?2 iyr `p.

]fe presejt pcoture, dhèct `dsem lj mrdstcodhhy hcactemmdtd, sflws tfdt tfe ?2-02 iyr `p perclm cs cjmeem



?63 OD]FEPCJE REPHÆ_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02,222 @R

]d`he 7. ]yplhlncodh olaplsctclj lg tfe edrhy Upper Rdhdelhctfco cjmustrces grla Grdjoftfc(dgter Remes 436>).

HC]FCO RFD_E C HC]FCO RFD_E CC HC]FCO RFD_E CCC

Jlsem ejmsordpers 4

Odrcjdtem ejmsordpers 5_teep-grljt ejmsord pers =

Ejmsordpers lj `hdmes 0

_caph e ejmso rdpe rs lj ghdies ? =

Jltofes > 5 -Mejtcouhdtos = 4 -Oljtcjulus hdterdh retluof = 3 ?

Gcje d`rupt retluof 4

Rrlxc adh truj odtc ljs lj ghdies = 4

]rujodtem `hdmehets 4 = 4

Aescdh lr prlx. grdnaejts lg =0 47

scjnhe `doiem `hdmehets

_trdcnf t scjnhe `doie m `hdmeh ets =2 46Ourvem, plcjtem, scjnhe `doiem ? >

`hdmehets

]rujodtem `doiem `hdmehets 0

Aescdh lr prlx. grdnaejt lg 3

mlu`he `doiem `hdmehets

Rlcjtem mlu`he `doiem `hdmehe ts >

@doiem ghdies 0

Ujcmejtcgce m `doiem grdnaejts 0 0

Nelaetrces 4

@urcjs 4

@ees 0

_phcjterem pceoes 4Wdrcd 4

]L]DH ?2 4?6 50

Juaèr lg typlhlncodh nrlup 7 3 =

ofdrdotercsem `y tfe mcacjutclj cj tfe juaèr lg sctes djm cjtfe mejscty lg tfecr looupdtclj. ]fe hcactdtclj cj tfemdtd`dse cs tfe alst ofdrdotercstco gedture lg tfe perclm. _cteswere gdr alre juaerlus cj tfe Edrhy djm Hdte AcmmheRdhdelhctfco, djm evej cj tfe sodroe sctes lg tfe ]drmcnhdocdh,tfe mejscty lg looupdtclj wds su`stdjtcdhhy fcnfer.

Mles tfcs caphy tfdt Nreeoe wds meplpuhdtem ds doljsequejoe lg ohcadtco ofdjnes< Rrl`d`hy yes, ùtoertdcjhy jlt tl tfe extejt sunnestem `y tfe presejthydvdchd`he mdtd`dse.

]fe ljset lg tfcs perclm dppdrejthy olrrespljms wctf tfemcsdppedrdjoe lg tfe hdst Jedjmertfdh nrlups cj Nreeoe. Cg,ds sunnestem `y vdrclus dutflrs, tfe Jedjmertfdhs weredttrdotem `y wehh-wdterem ejvcrljaejts, tfe cjoredscjnmryjess dgter ?2 iyr `p ady fdve fdm mcreot èdrcjns lj

tfecr mcsdppedrdjoe. @ut tfe strcicjn pfejlaejlj cs tfdt cjadjy rencljs lg Nreeoe, tfey were jlt rephdoem `y UpperRdhdelhctfco nrlups. Hdrne dreds lg Nreeoe dppedr tl fdvereadcjem ujexphlctem djm ujplpuhdtem ujtch tfe Jelhctfco,djm tfe lverdhh Upper Rdhdelhctfco plpuhdtclj cj Nreeoeseeas tl fdve readcjem very hlw.

Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, Nreeoe jever seeas tl fdve èejolaphetehy mesertem. Acjcadh `reemcjn plpuhdtcljs fdmadcjtdcjem tfeasehves cj Epcrus, ]fessdhy, Oejtrdh Nreeoedjm tfe Rehlpljjese. L`vclushy, tfe juaèr lg sctespresejthy ijlwj cs gdr èhlw tfe juaèr lg sctes tfdt suofplpuhdtcljs aust fdve hegt èfcjm. Ct wchh è reodhhem tfdt, cg@dchey's, Plhhdjm's djm Pujjeh's fypltfeses dre rcnft, jlw-suàernem oldstdh sctes wluhm fdve èej tfe alst caplrtdjtgloc lg dotcvctces murcjn tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco. ^fetfer




alre caplrtdjt sctes dre cjmeem tl è glujm cj oldstdh dreds,rdtfer tfdj cjhdjm, cs caplssc`he tl dssess. Het us jlte, cjgdvlur lg cjhdjm sctes07, tfdt C ijlw lg jl readcjs lg oldstdhlrcncj cj djy lg tfese sctes.

@ut ct cs mcggcouht tl esodpe tfe oljohusclj tfdt tfeprlnresscvehy mrcer ejvcrljaejt hcactem tfe mejscty djm

spredm lg djcadh djm fuadj plpuhdtcljs. ]fcs sctudtclj,wfcof stdrtem drlujm =2 iyr `p djm ouhacjdtem dgter ?2,222`p, hdstem ujtch tfe ejm lg tfe Rhejcnhdocdh. Ct wds prl`d`hyrecjglroem `y tfe rehdtcve cslhdtclj lg Nreeoe, wfere hctfcodssea`hdnes mealjstrdte adjy cmclsyjordtco gedtures. ]ferecs jl evcmejoe lg ohlse oljtdots wctf tfe jedr`y _lutfedst@dhidjs, djm evej hess lg cjghux lg plpuhdtcljs. Evej tfeachmer ohcadte lg tfe ]drmcnhdocdh djm Edrhy Flhloeje mcmjlt hedm tl d rdpcm cjoredse lg tfe fuadj plpuhdtclj, djm ctcs jlt ujtch acnrdjt olhljcsts drrcvem, dt tfe èncjjcjn lg tfeJelhctfco, tfdt tfe trejm wds mrdstcodhhy reversem.

Jlte; ]fcs syjtfescs wds ehd`lrdtem èglre djy mdtd weredvdchd`he lj tfe ljnlcjn exodvdtcljs dt Ihcsslurd Odve(Drnlhcm). D prehcacjdry replrt fds èej pu`hcsfem scjoe ljtfcs sequejoe lg adklr caplrtdjoe, tfdt cjohumes tfcoi EURmeplscts (see Iluzluaehcs et dh. 4337). ]fe cjohusclj lgtflse prehcacjdry mdtd, wfcof sl gdr ml jlt seea tloljtrdmcot tfe nejerdh pcoture mrdwj fere, wluhm fdverequcrem d su`stdjtcdh revcsclj lg tfe text djm td`hes. ]fehdtter mcm jlt seea kustcgcem, scjoe gurtfer replrts wchhprl`d`hy rejmer d syjtfescs `dsem lj tfe presejthy dvdchd`hemdtd rdpcmhy l`slhete.

jltes

4 ]fcs extreaehy hljn djm caplrtdjt sequejoe fds ljhy èejpresejtem cj d prehcacjdry replrt.

0 Nrecn djm ]urjer 43>=. ]fcs gcnure seeas alre phdusc`he tfdjtfe gcnure lg 522-622 aa pu`hcsfem cj ]urjer djm Nrecn 43>5.

? ]fe gdujdh mdtd, cj pdrtcouhdr, fdve jlt yet èej pu`hcsfemdoolrmcjn tl tfe strdtcnrdpfy.

= Glr d mcsoussclj lg tfe jltclj lg 'Acorlalustercdj'Dsprlofdhcil. see Rdpdoljstdjtcjlu 4363.

d C

5 ^ctf tfe exoeptclj lg @ls, ùt ct dalujtem tl ?% ljhy lg tfe'Acorlalustercdj' dssea`hdne.

7 ]fcs cs dndcj d typcodh sctudtclj cj Oejtrdh djm _lutfedsterjEurlpe (@læmd, lrdh olaa.). Glr d mcsoussclj lg 'doouhturdtclj' cjtfe Acmmhe/Upper Rdhdelhctfco trdjsctclj, see Rerhæs 4332`.

> ]fe glrtfolacjn pu`hcodtclj lg ]felpetrd ady tfus è lg utalstcaplrtdjoe.

6 Lj tfe ltfer fdjm, tfe d`sejoe lg semcaejtlhlncodh ofdjne odjè tdiej tl supplrt d hdte mdtcjn.

3 D trejm wfcof fds glrtujdtehy èej reoejthy reversem, dsmealjstrdtem `y tfe suooess djm qudhcty lg tfe Gcrst CjterjdtcljdhOljgerejoe lj tfe Nreei Rdhdelhctfco, lrndjcsem dt Cldjjcjd cj_epteaèr 433= (@dchey et dh. 4333).

42 Dhtflunf d gew, usudhhy pdtcjdtem, Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco ghdiesfdve èej glujm cj tfe Upper Rdhdelhctfco hevehs lg Grdjoftfc, tfesedre ohedrhy cjtruscve djm jlt espeocdhhy dsslocdtem wctf tfedurcnjdocdj hevehs (Remes 436>, oljtrd Pujjehs 4366).

44 ]fere cs ljhy d very `rceg prehcacjdry replrt lj tfcs scte(Rrltljdrclu-Meìhdic 43>5), ùt tfe adtercdh exfc`ctem dt tfeAuseua lg Jdgphclj dppedrs tl è Durcnjdocdj.

40 _everdh strdtcgcem durcnjdocdj hevehs fdve reoejthy èej replrtemgrla tfe ljnlcjn exodvdtclj lg Ihcsslurd, ujmer tfe mcreotclj lgK.I. Ilzhlwsic. Jl metdchem cjglradtclj wds dvdchd`he tl tfe dutflrwfej tfcs pdper wds sejt tl press.

4? Cg tfe presejoe lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco eheaejts cs mue hloljtdacjdtcljs, ds C suspeot.

4= ^fere Adrilvcts (4306) speocgcodhhy aejtcljem slae"Durcnjdocdj".

45 ]fe cjmustry fds jlt yet èej mesorcèm cj metdch, djm tfedttrcùtclj cs ljhy ncvej `y tfe dutflrs ds prlvcscljdh.

47 Ujhess tfere cs dj durcnjdocdj heveh dt ]felpetrd.

4> D very rcof "Upper Rdhdelhctfco" scte wds mcsolverem jedrAdvrlaadtc murcjn surveys cj @leltcd, ùt jl metdchs lj tfecjmustry were pu`hcsfem (@cjthcgg djm _jlmnrdss 4365; 4?>)._cachdrhy, ct seeas tfdt cjmustrces wctf `doiem `hdmehets were

mcsolverem murcjn test exodvdtcljs cj odves djm rloi sfehters lg@leltcd (_pyrlpluhls 43>?). Ct cs tfus prl`d`he tfdt tfe _eìmc odvewds cslhdtem, ùt tfe exdot perclm lg looupdtclj lg tfese ltfer sctesodjjlt è dsoertdcjem.

46 Doolrmcjn tl Pujjehs (4366) tfe lhmer Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco scteswere oljoejtrdtem cj tfe ètter wdterem êsterj Nreeoe9 pejetrdtcljedst lg tfe Rcjmus djm cj slutferj Nreeoe wluhm fdve loourrem ljhydgter 52,222 `p. dj extejsclj wfcof ady fdve èej requcrem `y tfeoljtrdotclj lg tfe oldstdh phdcjs murcjn LC_ ?. ]fe reoejt mcsolverylg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco drtegdots cj edsterj Adoemljcd lr cjAessejcd, ds wehh ds ujpu`hcsfem drtegdots grla Dttcod, sflws.flwever, tfdt tfcs rencljdh mcstrcùtclj ady è dj drtegdot lgresedrof.

43 Adyè èoduse tfe mcggerejoe wds hess prljlujoem dt tfdt tcae'<

02 @ut ct ady dhsl regheot tfecr rehdtcve dùjmdjoe olapdrem wctfltfer speoces.

04 @dchey et dh. cjmcodte auof alre dùjmdjt stlje drtegdots cjstrdtua 3 dt Idstrctsd (see @dchey et dh. 436?d, td`he 42) ùt tfecrolujts ml jlt olrrespljm tl Dmda's metdchem stumy (4363) djmwere presuad`hy mlje èglre tfe jdturdh me`rcs, mlacjdjt cjstrdtua 3, wds slrtem lut. ]fe sdae prl`d`hy flhms true glrDsprlofdhcil.






regerejoes

Dmda, E.

Dhhej, F.M.

@dchey, N.J.

@dchey, N.J. (em.)

4363 D ]eofjlhlncodh djm typlhlncodh djdhyscs lg Upper Rdhelhctfco _tlje Cjmustrces lgEpcrus,

Jlrtfwesterj Nreeoe. Lxglrm; @rctcsf Drofdelhlncodh Peplrts, _-540.

4367 Hdte Tudterjdry lg tfe Ilpdcs `dscj, Nreeoe; semcaejtdry djm ejvcrljaejtdh fcstlry.

Rf.M. tfescs, Ujcverscty lg Oda`rcmne.

4330 ]fe Rdhdelh ctfco lg Ihctfc cj cts wcmer oljtext , Djjudh lg tfe @rctcsf _ofllh lg Drofdelhlny

dt Dtfejs _C, 4-06.

433>d Ihctfc; Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt djm Tudterjdry ejvcrljaejts cj jlrtfwest Nreeoe. Wlh. K;

Exodvdtcljs djm cjtrd-scte djdhyscs dt Ihctfc. Oda`rcmne; AoMljdhm Cjstctute glrDrofdelhlncodh resedrof.

433>` Ihctfc; Rdhdelhctfco settheaejt djm Tudterjdry ejvcrljaejts cj jlrtfwest Nreeoe. Wlh. 0;

Ihctfc cj cts hlodh djm rencljdh settcjn. Oda`rcmne; AoMljdhm Cjstctute glr Drofdelhlncodhresedrof.

@dchey, N.J.,O _ . Nda`he

@dchey, N.J.,R.H. Odrter,O_ . Nda`he,F.R. Fcnns

4332 ]fe @dhidjs dt 46 222 @R; tfe vcew grla Epcrus. Cj; L. _lgger djm O Nda`he (ems), ]fe

^lrhm dt 46 222 @R. Wlh. 4. Fcnf Hdtctumes, 4=6-47>, Hljmlj; Ujwcj Fyadj.

436?d Dsprlofdhcil djm Idstrc tsd; gurtfer cjvestcndtcljs lg Rdhdelh ctfco settheaejt djm eoljlay cjEpcrus (Jlrtf-êst Nreeoe), Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Rrefcstlrco _locety =3, 45-=0.

436?` Epcrus revcsctem; sedsljdhcty djm cjter-scte vdrcdtclj cj tfe Upper Rdhdelhc tfco lg Jlrtf-êstNreeoe. Cj; N.J. @dchey (em.), Fujter-Ndtferer Eoljlay cj Rrefcstlry; D Eurlpedj

Rerspeotcve, 7=->6, Oda`rcmne; Oda`rcmne Ujcverscty Rress.

@dchey, N.J.,R.H. Odrter,O _. Nda`he,F.R. Fcnns,O. Pluèt

436= Rdhelhctfco cjvestcndtcljs cj Epcrus; tfe resuhts lg tfe gcrst sedslj 's exodvdtclj dt Ihctfc,436?, Djjudh lg tfe @rctcsf _ofllh dt Dtfejs >3, >-00.

@dchey, N.J.,O_ . Nda`he,F.R. Fcnns,O Pluèt,M.D. _turmy,M.R. ê`hey

@dchey, N.J.,O_ . Nda`he,F.R. Fcnns,O Pluèt,M.R. ê`hey,K.D.K. Nlwhett,M.D. _turmy,O ]urjer

4367d Rdhelhctf co cjvestcndtcljs dt Ihctfc; prehcacjdry resuhts lg tfe 436= djm 4365 gcehm sedsljs, Djjudh lg tfe @rctcsf _ofllh dt Dtfejs 64, >-?5.

4367` Mdtcjn resuhts grla pdhdelh ctfco sctes djm pdhdelejvcrljaejt cj Epcrus (jlrtf-west Nreeoe).Cj; K.D.K. Nlwhett djm P.E.A. Femnes (ems), Drofdelhlncodh Pesuhts grla Dooeherdtlr

Mdtcjn, 33-42>, Lxglrm; Lxglrm Ujcverscty Olaacttee glr Drofdelhlny.



?3? OD]FEPCJE REPHE_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02,222 @R

@dchey, N.J.W. Rdpdoljstdjtcjlu,M. _turmy

@dchey. N.J.,E. Dmda,@, Rdjdnlpluhlu,

O. Rerhæs,I. [dofls (ems)

4330 Dsprlofdhcil djm Iliicjlpchls; ]H mdtcjn djm recjterpretdtclj lg Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco sctescj Epcrus, Jlrtf-êst Nreeoe, Oda`rcmne Drofdelhlncodh Klurjdh 0(4), 4?7-4==.

4333 ]fe Rdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny lg Nreeoe djm dmkdoejt dreds. Rrloeemcjns lg tfe COLRDN

Oljgerejoe, hldjjcjd, _epteaèr 433=. Hljmlj; @rctcsf _ofllh dt Dtfejs _tumces ?.

@cjthctì, K.H.

@cjthcgg, K.H.,D.A. _jlmnrdss

@lttead, _.

Ofdvdchhlj, K.,J. Ofdvdchhlj,G. Flurs

43>> Jdturdh Ejvcrljaejt djm Fuadj _ettheaejt cj Rrefcstlrco Nreeoe, @dsem lj Lrcncjdh

Gcehmwlri. Lxglrm; @rctcsf Drofdelhlncodh Peplrts, _. 06, 0 vlhs.

4365 ]fe @leltcd _urvey, d prehcacjdry replrt; tfe gcrst glur yedrs, Klurjdh lg Gcehm Drofdelhlny

40, 407-474.

43>= Hdte Tudterjdry Wenetdtclj Fcstlry lg Jlrtfwesterj Nreeoe, Rf.M. tfescs, @clhlncsof-Drofdelhlncsof Cjstctuut, Nrljcjnej.

43>3 Rlhhej djdhytcodh cjvestcndtcljs cj ]fessdhy (Nreeoe), Rdhdelfcstlrcd VVC, 43-=2.

4334 Mãvehlppeaejt me hd venetdtclj et mu ohcadt mdjs Ce `dsscj aãmcterrdjãej lrcejtdh í hd gcjmu Rhecstloeje et pejmdjt 4'Flhloæje, H'Djtfrlplhlnce 35(=), 735->06.

437> Cjmustrces pdhãlhc tfcques me 4'Ehcme. C. Penclj m'Dadhcds. @uhhetcj me Olrrespljmdjoe

Fehhãjcque VOC, 454-024.

4373 Cjmustrces pdhãlhc tfcques me 4'Ehcme. CC. Penclj mu Idstrlj, @uhhetcj me Olrrespljmdjoe

Fehhãjcque VOCCC, 3>-454.

Ouhhej, ].

Mdidrcs, _.C..E._. Fcnns,P.^. Fey

Mdrhds, D.

Meactrdoi, D.

Gdrrdjm, ^.P.

Gehsof. P.

Nrecn, K.P.D..K. ]urjer

4335 Aeslhctfco alrtudry rctudh dt Grdjoftfc Odve , Nreeoe, Djtcqucty 73(07?), 0>2-063.

437= ]fe ohcadte, ejvcrljaejt djm cjmustrces lg _tlje Dne Nreeoe, pdrt C, Rrloeemcjns lg tfe

Rrefcstlrco _locety ?2, 433-0=7.

4363 C Lrcjcdid hctflteofjcd tlu Ehdcloflrlu Dofdc'ds, Drofdclhlncic Egcaercs 406, 4?>-453.

433= He Rdhãlhc tfcque cjgãrceur et alyej me Nræoe, H'Djtfrlplhlnce 36(0-?), ?25-?06.

4335 H'cjmustrce mu Rdhãlhctfcque alyej me Advrc Aytc (Hdiilpetrd, Nræoe), @uhhetcj me hd

_locctc Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjo9dcse 30(?), ?32-?34.

4367 ]fe Hdte Tudterjdry Nelhlnce Fcstlry lg tfe Hdrcssd Rhdcj, ]fessdhy, Nreeoe; ]eotljco,

Ohcadtco djm Fuadj Capdot lj tfe Hdjmsodpe. Rf.M. tfescs, _tdjglrm Ujcverscty.

433? Mcsoljtcjucty cj tfe strdtcnrdpfco reolrm; sjdpsflts grla Grdjoftfc Odve. Cj; R. Nlhmèrn,M.]. Jdsf djm A.M. Retrdnhcd (ems), Glradtclj Rrloesses cj Drofdelhlncodh Oljtext, 65-37,Admcslj; Rrefcstlry Rress.

43>? Mce F÷fhe vlj Iepfdhdrc. Ecje kujnpdhílhctfcsofe _cemhujn cj mer Drnlhcs, Dtfejs Djjdhs lg

Drofdelhlny 7, 4?-0>.

43>= _lae plhhej mcdnrdas grla Nreeoe djm tfecr drofdelhlncodh scnjcgcodjoe, Klurjdh lg

Drofdelhlncodh _ocejoe 4, 4>>-43=.




Fdjsej, K.A. 4334 ]fe Rdhdeletfjl ltdjy lg Grdjoftfc Odve. Exodvdtcljs dt Grdjoftfc Odve, Nreeoe, gdso. >,@hllacjntlj/Cjmcdjdplhcs; Cjmcdjd Ujcverscty Rress.

433= Rdhdeletfjl`ltdjy cj rencljdh perspeotcve . Cj; R.J. Idrmuhcds (em.), @eyljm tfe _cte.

Pencljdh _tumces cj tfe Denedj Dred, 4>?-432, Hdjfda; Ujcversc ty Rress lg Daercod.

Fcnns, E._. 4375 _lae reoejt Lhm Dne mcsolverces cj Epcrus, Drofdeclhlncilj Mehtclj 02 (Ofrljcod),

?74-?>=.

4376 ]fe stlje cjmustrces lg Nreeoe. Cj; Hd Rrãfcstlcre. prl`hæaes et tejmdjoes, 00?-0?5, Rdrcs;OJP_.

Fcnns, E._., 4377O. Wctd-Gcjzc

Fcnns, E._., 437>O. Wctd-Gcjzc,M.P. Fdrrcs,D.E. Gdnn

Fuxtd`he, G., 4330K.D.K. Nlwhett,N. @dchey,R. Odrter,R.W. Rdpdoljstdjtcjlu

Kdol`sej, ].^. 43>7

Kdol`sej, ].^., 436>^.P. Gdrrdjm

Kdaeslj, A.F., 433=O.J. Pujjehs,]k.F. vdj Djmeh

]fe ohcadte, ejvcrljaejt djm cjmustrces lg _tlje Dne Nreeoe, pdrt CC, Rrloeemcjns lg tfe

Rrefcstlrco _locety ?0, 4-03.

]fe ohcadte, ejvcrljaejt djm cjmustrces lg _tlje Dne Nreeoe, pdrt CCC, Rrloeemcjns lg tfe

Rrefcstlrco _locety ??, 4-03.

4330 ]feralhuacjesoejoe mdtes djm d jew djdhyscs lg tfe Edrhy Alustercdj grla Dsprlofdhcil,Ourrejt Djtfrlplhlny ?? , 423-44=.

4>,222 yedrs lg Nreei Rrefcstlry, _ocejtcgco Daercodj 0?=(7), >7-66.

Grdjoftfc Odve djm Rdrdhcd. Adps. Rhdjs djm _eotcljs. Exodvdtcljs dt Grdjoftfc Odve,gdso. 4, @hllacjntlj/Cjmcdjdplhcs; Cjmcdjd Ujcverscty Rress.

D Nreei Olujtryscme. ]fe _lutferj Drnlhcm grla Rrefcstlry tl Rresejt Mdy. _tdjglrm;_tdjglrm Ujcverscty Rress.

Ilurtessc-Rfchhcpdics. N. 4367 He Rdhãlhctfcque me hd Nræoe oljtcjejtdhe. Etdt me hd questclj et perspeotcves me reoferofe.

Rdrcs; Ru`hcodtcljs me hd _lr`ljje.

Ilzhlwsic, K.I. 4330 ]fe @dhidjs cj tfe Acmmhe djm Upper Rdhdelhc tfco; tfe ndte tl Eurlpe lr d ouh-me-sd o<,Rrloeemcjns lg tfe Rrefcstlrco _locety 56, 4-02.

Ilzhlwsic, K.I.,F. Hdvchhe,@. (ujter (ems)

4330 ]eajdtd Odve, Exodvdtcljs cj Idrhuilvl Idrst Dred, @uhndrcd. Wlh. 4, Rdrt 4. Irdi lw;Kdnehhljcdj Ujcverscty Rress.

Iypdrcssc-Dplstlhcid, J. 433= Rrefcstlrco cjfd`ctdtclj cj ]felpetrd Odve, ]fessdhy. Cj; Hd ]fessdhce. 45 djjães me

reoferofes drofãlhlncques. @chdjs et perspeotcves,42?-42_, Dtfejs; Idplj.

4333 ]fe Rdhdelhctfco meplscts lg ]felpetrd Odve. Cj; N.J. @dchey, E. Dmda, E. Rdjdnlpluhlu ,O. Rerhæs djm I. [dofls (ems), ]fe Rdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny lg Nreeoe djm dmkdoejt dreds.

Rrloeemcjns lg tfe COLRDN Oljgerejoe, hldjjcjd, _epteaèr 433=, Hljmlj; @rctcsf_ofllh dt Dtfejs _tumces ?.

Adrilvcts, D. 4306 Rerc tlj Aeofrc _eaerlj Erevjlj epc tes hctfcics perclmlu tcs Ehhdmls, Rrditcid tcs Ehhcjcics

Djtfrlplhlncos Etdcrcds 4306, 44=-4?=.



?35 OD]FEPCJE REPHÆ_ - NPEEOE. ?2,222-02,222 @R

Achlkoco, W.,K. @lessjeoi.M.Kujn,F. _ofjecmer

4375 Rdhílhctfciua ua Hdrcssd cj ]fessdhcej. @ljj; Pumlhg Fdèht. ('@ectríne zur ur- ujmgrøfnesofcofthcofe Drofílhlnce mes Acttehaeer-Iuhturrduaes, vlh. 4').

Aussc, A. tfcsvlhuae

Fedmcjn slutf; tfe nrdvettcdj olhljcsdtclj lg Ctdhy.

C'dpdoljstdjhcjlu. W. 4363 Acorlalustãrcej; hes cmees et hes pcerres. He Acorlalustãrcej m'Dsprlofdhcil (Nræoe) et he

Rrl`heae mes cjmustrces acorlhctfcques mu Alustãrcej. ]fese me mlotlrdt, Ujcversctã Rdrcs V- Jdjterre.

4334 Ejmecxe cs pdhdclhctfcics pdrluscds stcj Dctlhldidrjdjcd. Rrditcid D' drofdclhlncilu idc

cstlrcilu syjermclu Dctlhldidrjdjcds. Dnrcjcl 04-0? litlvrclu 4366, Eimlsc, Dnrcjcl,0?-07.

Rdyje. _. 43>5 Gdujdh ofdjne dt tfe Grdjoftfc Odve grla 02.222 @.O. tl ?.222 @.O. Cj; D.]. Ohdslj (em.), Drofdelzllhlncodh _tumces, 402-4?4, ]fe Fdnue; Ehsevcer.

4360 Gdujdh evcmejoe glr ejvcrljaejtdh/ohcadtco ofdjne dt Grdjoftfc Odve, 05,222 @.R. tl 5,222

@.R. Cj; K.H. @cjthcgg djm ^. vdj [ecst (ems), Rdhdelohcadtes, Rdhdelejvcrljaejts djm Fuadj Olaaujctces cj tfe Edsterj Aemcterrdjedj Penclj cj Hdter Rrefcstlry, 4??-4?7,Lxglrm; @rctcsf Drofdelhlncodh Peplrts, _. 4??.

Rerhæs. O. 436> Hes cjmustrces hctfcques tdchhães me Grdjoftfc (Drnlhcme, Nræoe). ]lae C; Rresejtdtclj

nãjãrdhe et cjmustrces pdhãlhctfcques. Exodvdtcljs dt Grdjoftfc Odve, gdso. ?,@hllacjntlj/Cjmcdjdplhcs; Cjmcdjd Ujcverscty Rress.

4332d Hes cjmustrces hctfcques tdchhães me Grdjoftfc (Drnlhcme, Nræoe). ]lae CC; Hes Cjmustrces mu

Aãslhctfcque et mu Jãlhctfcque cjctcdh. Exodvdtcljs dt Grdjoftfc Odve, gdso. 5. @hllacjntlj/Cjmcdjdplhcs; Cjmcdjd Ujcverscty Rress.

4332` Olapte rejmu me; O. Gdrczy (ãm.), Rdhãlhc tfcque alyej et Rdhãlh ctfcque supãrceur djocej ej

Eurlpe, Jealurs 4363, @uhhetcj me hd _locãtã Rrãfcstlrcque Grdjodcse 6>(>), 436-022.

4335 Hd trdjsctclj Rhecstloeje/ Flhloæje et he prl`hæae mu Aãslhc tfcque ej Nræoe. CjW. Wchhdverme-@ljchhd (em.), Hls Uhtcals odzdmlres. ]rdjsglradocljes ouhturdhes y

eoljlacods murdjte eh ]drmcnhdocdr y eh cjcocl meh Flhloejl ej dh dafctl aemcterrdjel,

4>3-023, Dhcodjte; Cjstctutl Kudj Nch-Dhvert.

4333 Hljn tera perspeotcves lj tfe looupdt clj lg Grdjoftfc Odve. Cj; N.J. @dchey, E. Dmda,E. Rdjdnlpluhlu, O. Rerhæs djm I. [dofls (ems). ]fe Rdhdelhctfco drofdelhlny lg Nreeoe

djm dmkdoejt dreds. Rrloeemcjns lg tfe COLRDN Oljgerejoe, Cldjjcjd, _epteaèr 433=,

Hljmlj; @rctcsf _ofllh dt Dtfejs _tumces ?.

Rlpe, I.L., 436=

O. Pujjehs,].H. Iu

Rrltljdrclu-Meìhdic. E. 43>5

Pecsof, H. 43>7

Mdtcjn Acmmhe Rdhdelhctfco Pem @ems cj _lutferj Nreeoe, Jdture ?40, 07=-077.

Ei tcs prlc'stlrcics Jdvphcds, Rehlpljjcscdid WC(0), ?6=-?6>.

@el`doftujnej dj Wlnehijlofej dus mea _pítphecstlzíj mer F÷fhe vlj Iepfdhdrc (Drnlhcs,Nrceofejhdjm), Drofílhlncsofes Ilrrespljmejz`hdtt 7(=), 074-075.

4362 Rhecstlzíj ujm Urnesofcofte mer Rehlpljjes. Rf.M. Mcss., Grcemrcof-Dhexdjmer Ujcv.





?3> OD]FEPCJE REPHÆ_ - NPEEOE, ?2,222-02,222 @R

Fuadj Olaaujctces cj tfe Edsterj Aemcterrdjedj Penclj cj Hdter Rrefcstlry, 0>>-?04,Lxglrm; @rctcsf Drofdelhlncodh Peplrts, Cjt. _erces 4??.

Wchdhcdjl, O.K.,_.P. ]dyhlr,^.P. Gdrrdjm,].^. Kdol`sej

4364 ]epfrd hdyer cj Grdjoftfc Odve, Rehlpljjesls, Nreeoe. Cj; _. _ehg djm P._.K. _pdri (ems) ,]epfrd _tumces, ?>?-?>3, M. Pecmeh Ru`hcsfcjn Olapdjy.

êhhs, @.,O. Pujjehs,E. [djnner

4332 ]fe @er`dtc-Hcajes drofdelhlncodh survey. ]fe 4366 sedslj, Lpusouhd Dtfejcejscd

VWCC4(45), 02>-0?6.

^ìkastrd, ].D. 4373 Rdhyjlhlny lg tfe gcrst ?2 aetres lg d 402 aetre meep seotclj cj jlrtferj Nreeoe, Dotd

@ltdjcod Jeerhdjmcod 46, 544-506.

^chicjslj, ].K.,_. Muflj

4332 Grdjoftfc Rdrdhcd, ]fe _emcaejts. _trdtcnrdpfy, djm Lggsflre Cjvestcndtcljs. Exodvdtcljs dtGrdjoftfc Odve, Nreeoe, gdso. 7. @hllacjntlj/Cjmcdjdplhcs; Cjmcdjd Ujcverscty Rress.

^chhcs, D. 4330d ]fe Hdte Tudterjdry venetdtcljdh fcstlry lg jlrtfwest Nreeoe. C. Hdie Nrdalustc, Jew

Rfytlhlncst 404, 424-44>.

4330 ]fe Hdte Tudterjdry venetdtcljdh fcstlry lg jlrtfwest Nreeoe. CC. Pezcjd adrsf, Jew

Rfytlhlncst 404, 443-4?6.

4330o ]fe Hdte Tudterjdry venetdtcljdh fcstlry lg jlrtfwest Nreeoe. CCC. D olapdrdtcve stumy lgtwl oljtrdstcjn sctes, Jew Rfytlhlncst 404, 4?3-455.

Odtfercje RerhæsMãpdrteaejt m'etfjlhlnceUjcversctã Rdrcs V022 dvejue me hd Pãpu`hcque30224 Jdjterre OemexGrdjoe





nejerdh cjmex

D`ces ?>7

D`ces dh`d ?56

doouhturdtclj ?=0

Doer ?>7dmdptdtclj ?4, ?7, =4, =6, 52, 007, 00>, 05=, ?05-?06

dnnrendtclj 53, 72, 7>, 76, 004

Dhtes dhoes 464 Dcres hdtcgrljs 47

@hmec 4>=. 4>5, 4>>, 460

dhmer (Dhacs sp.) 7? Dhidrad sp. ?>>, ?6?

Dhjus 0??

Alptx hdnlpus 4?, 462-460, 05? , 0>>

Dapuhhcjd 4?>

djdhlnue 4=, 45, 4>

Djofusd sp. ?>>, ?6?

djtehlpe 4=, 7>djther tllhs 072. 074

drofdelhlncodh reolrm

- me`dte lj glradtclj ?2>, ?26, ?47, ?=?, ?55, ?57, ?6=-?67

- vcsc`chcty ?2>

drofdco fuadjs ?0

drotco glx 4=, 45, 74 , 45>, 4>>, 462-460, 465, 463, 0>0, ?0>

drotco heaacjn 45

drotco sedh ??6

Dro dhdhcd nc``lsuhd H. 4?>, 4?3

drcmcty 4?-4>, 4>7, 0??, 033, ?02

drt {see odve drt)

- mevehlpaejt lg 6>

- nejerdh 5, 52, 64 , 6>-422, 405-4?0, 432, 042, 043, ?=>, ?74

- al`chcdry 7 4, 64 , 66, 405-4?0, 46=, 432, 43>, 025, 005, 074-

07?, 077, ?2=, ?25, ?=>

- lpej dcr ?=?, ?=>

- preservdtclj 66

- tfeaes 6>, 4?2-4?0, 452

Drteaescd 4>>. 4>6, 0?? , 050, ?56, ?>5, ?>7, ?62, ?60, ?66

Dsohepcds sp. 7?Dscdtco wchm dss 4>>, 4>3-460

dsterdoedo 050

durlofs 33, 464, ??6, ?=4, ?=?, ?56, ?72, ?70

Dustrdhlpctfeous 62

`dse odap 0>=, 0>>, ?27-?26, ?==, ?66

`dsietry 53, 74-7=, 77-76, 027, 044

@dydjcd hdoted 4?>èdms 4?5-4?3, 465, 075, 077, ?=>

èdr 6>, 30, 3>-422, 405-4?0, 4?6, 02?, 052, 0>5, 06=, ?22, ?56

- `rlwj èdr 47>, 4>>, 4>3-464, 46?, ?22, ?56èdver 4?6

èeof 433

èfdvclur

- repetctcve >6, >3, 042

- sedsljdh 075

@etuhd 455, ?56, ?>7

`cladss =4

- djcadh 4>

- mejscty 4>

`crof 455, 4>=-4>>, 4>3, 460, 466, 054, 050`crm 77, 33, 422, 405-4?0, 4?>, 45>, 456, 460-467, 020, 02?, 043,

05?,?=4,?>>,?6?

`cslj 4?, 4>, 63, 30, 3?, 33, 422, 444, 47>, 473, 4>>, 4>3-46?, 467,

466, 0??, 0=4, 0=5, 075, ?04, ?07, ?0>, ?=4, ?56

- 'sflrt-ol rjem' cslj 4>>

@cslj 0? @cslj prcsous 457, 462-46?

@cttcua spp. ?>>, ?6?

`ldts =?, 453`lmy lrjdaejts 4?5-4?3, 467, 432, 005

`lmy sfdpe ?4, ?7-?3

`lchcjn stlje 72

@lrdncjdoede (@unhlsslcmes drX:ejscs YHctflsperaua drvejseQ) ?>>,?6?

`lredh glrest 45 @ls 0??, ?6?, ?32

@lssp. 464

@ls/@cslj 05?, 0>0, 0>5, 0>>, ?>>

@ls prcacnejcus ?=4

`lvcm 36, 33, 4?6, 4==, 02?, 072, 070, 075, 0>5, ?22, ?2>, ?4=, ?0>,

?56, ?7=

@uoocjua olrjcouhua 4?7

ùrcdhs 4, 0, =-7, 74 , >6, >3, 64-6?, 4=?-452, 46?, 465, 432, 027-

026, 043, 007, 075, ?24, ?2=, ?02, ?74-?7?odhc`rdtclj 032

odap (see scte)Odjcs 0??

Odjcs hupus 462, 464, 05? , ??6

Odprd 462, 0?? , ??6

Odprd cèx 05?, 075, 0>>

Odprd pyrejdcod ??6, ??3, ?=4

Odprelhus ?>>, ?6?

Odprelhus odprelhus 462-460, ??>

odprcm 36, 422odrjcvlre 4?, 422, 405, 407, 4?2-4?0, 043, 002, 0??, 0=0, 05?, ??6,

?=?, ?==, ?56

Odrpcjus ètuhus ?56, ?>7

Odrylpfyhhdoede 050

Odstlr gcèr ??>

Odtcjehhd drejdrcd 0?0odve drt (see drt) 0, 5, 7, 64, 6>-422, 426, ?02, ?=0, ?=>, ?74, ?7=

- djcadh 37-422, 456, ?74 , ?7=- mdtcjn 66-30

- mevehlpaejt 30-37

- ejnrdvcjn =0

- fdjm scnjs ?02, ?74

- pdcjtcjn =

- pdtterjcjn 66

- styhes 63, 30, 37




- su` rencljs 5

- tfeaes 37-422

odve èdr 4>3, 0=0, 052, 05?, 070, 07?, 075, ?56odve fyejd 462

odve hclj 464, ?=?

odve semcaejts ?4?, ?4=, ?05, ?07

- doouauhdtclj 0?0 , 0=0, 0=3, 052, 050

- meplscts 0=?, 050- preservdtclj lg drofdelhlncodh adtercdh 0? , 0?0, 0==

odve sctes =, 0?, 0=3, 05>, ?06, ??6-?=2

- mcsoljtcjulus settheaejt 0?0Oepded jealrdhcs ??>

oerdacos 0, 7, 53, 72, 7?, 025, 027, 044

oervcms 3>-422, ?20, ?6?

Oervus 0>5, 0>>, ??6, ?>>, ?62, ?6?, ?67

Oervus sp. 46?

Oervus ehdpfus 462-460, 0>5, ?2?, ?=4, ?>>

Oervus aendoerls ?4=, ?04

mfccjo lpãrdtlcre ?06ofdalcs ?04, ??3, ?=4, ?=?, ?56

ofeetdf 45Ofejlplmcdoede 0??, ?56, ?>7, ?60ofrljlhlny =, 04-0>, 457, 45>, 453, 436-020, 0?4, 0?0, 064-034,

?24-?2?, ?05, ?07, ?=4-?=?, ?7=, ?75, ?>5-?62ocoflrcmdede 050

ohcadte 4?-4>, ?7-?3, 0=3, 077, ?0>, ?56, ?53ohcadtco dmdptdtclj ?3-=4, =6, 52, ?0>, ?06, ??4ohcadtco almehhcjn 4?, ?56oldh 72, 044

oldstdh settheaejt 45>-453Olehlmljtd djtcquctdtcs 0?, 462-46?, 05?, 0>>Olhelptdrd 033

olhhdrm heaacjn 4?, 4=, 05?, ?4=olhljcsdtclj 475-4>2Olhuaèhhd rustcod H. 4?7, 4?>Olhuaehhd olhuaehhd 0??oljteaplrdjecty, lg sctes 075, ?07, ?=0olrsdo (Wuhpes olrsdo) 462Olryhus 0??, ?56olwrce 4?3

ordjcdh alrpflhlny ?4-?7Orcoetcjc ?6?Orl-Adnjlj ?4, ?3, 62, 60, ?02Orloutd 0??

Orloutd spehded 462, 05?oruocgerde 054

ouhturdh

- grljtcer ?43- nelnrdpfy >6, >3

- flalnejecty =4, 52- trdmctclj 4?5-4?3, 477-473, 463, 432, 0?7, 0?>. 074

Oyohlpe 0>7

Oyohlpe jercredH. 4?7, 4?>, 4?3Oyperdoede 455,050Oyprded sp. 4?7, 4?>, 4?3

Mdad ?>>, ?62, ?6?

meer 7>, 46?, 466, 074, 07?, 0>0, 0>=, 0>5, 0>>, ?=7, ?74, ?7=, ?67, ?66

menhdocdtclj ?, 457

mealnrdpfy 04, 05-0>, ?0, 0=5, 075, ?4>-?04, ?=7, ?75, ?77, ?66,

?63mejscty gcnures ?, 05, 07mejtdhcua 4?>, 4?6, 023, ?34

Mejtdhcua sp. 4?>, 4?6, 4=?, 4== Mejtdhcua `dmejse Rdrtsof 4==, 452, 007

meplpuhdtclj 0=4, 0==, 0=5, ?4>, ?46 Mcorlstljyx 4?

Mcorlstljyx tlrqudtus 45, ?4=mcet =4, 52, 77, 02?murd`hes 72, 74mwdrg `crof 4>=, 4>>,050

mwehhcjns (see fd`ctdtclj struotures, fluses, futs, tejts) 7=, >3, 62,

60, 407, 4>>, 460, 46?, 467, 463, 43>, 026, 042, 044, 000, ?2>,

?47, ?72

edrhy almerj Eurlpedjs ?4eolhlny 4?-4>, 457

Ehepfds djtcquus ??6ehi 64, 0??, ?56, ?7=

ejolujter strdteny 0=3ejvcrljaejt 7, 4?-4>, 07, 0>, ?4, 476, 4>?-4>>, 436, 433, 007, 0?0,

0??, 0?5, 0=4, 0=3, 052, 033, ?22, ??6-?=4, ?=>, ?55-?53, ?>5-?62- djm fuadj evlhutclj ?4

- reoljstruotclj 0=3-05?, ?4?-?45, ?05-?06, ?>5 Epfemrd ?56

equcms ?56

Equus 0??, 0>5, 0>>, ??6, ?>>, ?6?, ?67

Equus sp. 460,05?,065 Equus od`dhhus 462-46?, ?=4, ?56 Equus neradjcous 0??

Equus feacljus 462-460

Equus fymrujtcjus ?4=, ?04, ?07, ?56, ?72, ?70

Equus og. fymrujtcjus ?>>, ?6?, ?66 Equus og. przewdhsicc 0?

Ercod ??6erlsclj 0=4-0==, 054, 07>, ?24, ?2>, ?4=, ?6=, ?65

etfjldrofdelhlny 02>

etfjlnrdpfco reolrm 53, 7?, 75-73, 0=5, ?==, ?=6evlhutclj lg almerj fuadjs ?4-52extcjotclj 4?, 07

Gdnus ?56, ?>7gdhhlw meer (Mdad mdad) ?=4

gdujd 4?-4>gdujdh

- mdte 457, 45>- exphlctdtclj stumces ?=?

gdujdh dssea`hdne- olaplsc tclj 4=, 457, 45>, 473, 4>>, 043, 0??, 050, 05?, ?22,?4=,?07,?=4,?=?,?56,?67- preservdtclj 457, 0>5

gehcjes 6>, 30, 36-422, 405-4?4, 02?, ?4=

Gehcs 0??geadhe hd`lur 53-73

gcnurcjes 5, 7, 72-7=, 73, 66, 30, 37, 425-404, 405-4?0, 4=?-4=7,

4=6, 4=3, 46=-467, 432, 005, 007, 074, 0>0, 0>?, ?2=, ?02, ?74,?7?, ?7=, ?7>



=24 NEJEPDH CJMEV

- djcadh 73, 405-4?0, 465, 005, 007- `diem ohdy 5, 72, 73, 025 , 027, 042

mcstrcùtclj ?- cvlry 74, 66, 30, 44?-446, 407, 40>, 4?4, 4?0, 4=5, 4=6, 4=3,

467, ?2=, ?7?

spdtcdh mcstrcùtclj 40>-4?2, 4?0WHAUC_ 5, 426

gcr 4>=, 4>5, 4>3, 460gcsfcjn 05=

hlum

- adrcje =?, ==, 455, 456, 453, ?2>

- phdjt 53, 7?, 7>, 02?, 05=, 0>5, 0>>

resluroes 0. 5, 53, 77, 76, 07>

- supphy 0gllm adjdneaejt 75, 473, ?02, ?04glr` 4>5. 4>>

glrest 4?, 45, 47. 70, 4>=-4>>, 4>3. 466, 0??, ??3, ?56

glx 77. 4?5. 4?6. 020, 02? , 042, 044, 0??, 05? , ?7=

ndstrlplm 074neje ghlw 0-=, ?4,=4,52

nejetco mrcgt ?0nelalrpflhlny 0?4 , 0?=, 0?>, ?27, ??>, ?56OC_R0 032

nhdocdtclj ?, 4?-4>, 455-453, 4>5, 4>7, 0=4, ??3, ?57, ?5>

nllse 46?Nrdacjede 455, 4>6, 0??, 050, 05=, ?56, ?>7Nrdjdrcd gruaejtua 0?0

nrdss 4>=, 4>5, 4>>,054,050

nredt dui 456, ??6nrcjmcjn 72, 74, 75, 02?-027, 044. 0>5-0>>

nrlup scze 75, 77nuhh 46?

Nuhlnuhl 464fd`ctdtclj struotures (see mwehhcjns, fluses, futs, tejts) 4, 0, =, 5,

72, 405-4?0, 46?, 465,0>?,0>=fdre 77, 47>, 020, 02?, 0??, 05? , 07?, 075, ?=4, ?>>, ?6?

Fdusf ?=6fedrtf 72. 7?. >3. 405-40>, 4>>, 4>3, 462, 46?, 465, 467, 466, 463,

43>, 02=, 027, 02>, 023-044, 0>?-0>5, ?27, ?72

'Fecjrcof evejts' ?53

Fehcoehhd sp. ?6? Fehcx sp. ?6?feadtcte 72, 66, 025fer`cvlre 0, ?. 4>. 7>. 405, 40>, 4?2, 4?4, 455, 0??, 0=4, ??6, ?=?,

?=>, ?72fer`s 4>5,050.?>7,?60

ferm èfdvclur 4>

fcdtus 0=4-0=5, 075, 07>, ?4=, ?75, ?65fcnf hdtctumes, olhljcsdtclj 475-4>2, 463, ?4>hhuud 0>7

Fcjcd cjordssdtd 4?7hhcjcd retcouhdtd H. 4?>

Fladtlplad sdjnucjeus 4?7, 4?>,0>7flae `dse 000

Flal ereotus 62, 6> Flal sdpcejs 64

hhajl sdpcejs sdpcejs >6, 6>, 432, ?0>

flrse 4?-45, 4>, 7>, 63, 30, 3? , 36-422, 407-403, 4?4 , 4?6, 4==,475-47>, 473, 4>>, 4>3, 46?, 467, 466, 020, 02?, 043, 0??, 0?7,0?>, 0=4, 05?, 075, 0>4, 0>0, 0>5, 0>>, ?22, ?20, ?2>, ?4?,

?4=, ?47, ?02, ?04, ?07, ?0>, ??6, ?=4, ?=?, ?56, ?72-?70, ?7=

flrse/dss (Equus sp.) 460fluses (see mwehhcjns, fd`ctdtclj struotures, futs, tejts) 72

fuadj mcet =4, 52

fuadj readcjs ?, ?4-52, 4=?, 4==, 4=3, 465, 432, 027, 0=4, 075,?02, ?==, ?74

fujter-ndtferers 4, ?0, =0, =?, =5, 53, 77, 76, 73, 60, 43>, 022, 044,

?2=, ?45, ?46, ?02, ?04, ?==, ?=7, ?67, ?66

- djdhlny wctf pdst =0, 02>

- hlodh nrlup ?==- pdtterjs lg exphlctdtclj ?==

fujtcjn 0, 5, 4>, 7=-77, >6, 36, 463, 020, 02?, 044, 05?, 05=, 075,

0>5,?47,?46,?72,?62

- djm ndtfercjn 7=, 453, 020, 02?

- èfdvclur 4>, ?4, ?0 . 463

- odap 0?5, 0?>, 0=4 ,0> =, ?6>

- olaaujdh 77, 7>, 043

- lg adaaltf 0, 5, 4=3, 020, 044, 043, 007, 05?, 075, 0>5,?47,?02,?04,?=6- teofjlhlny ?4. ?0, 74, 7=

- terrctlry 0==, 0=5futs (see mwehhcjns, fd`ctdtclj struotures, fluses, tejts) >3

fyejd 45, ?22, ??6, ?=?, ?56, ?72, ?75cèx 45, 36, 33, 4?6, 4>6, 462, 050, 05?, 070, 07?, 0>5, ?4=, ?04,

??3, ?=4, ?=?, ?56, ?72, ?70, ?67, ?66 Cèx ?>>, ?6?

coe

- odps 455-453, ?57

- olres 47, 032, 034 , ?4? , ?4=, ?07- sfeets 47, 4>5, 4>7

cj`reemcjn ?4, =4, 52

cjmustry djm cjmustrcdh nrlupcjns 463, 432, ?45, ?47cjjlvdtclj 7=, 75, 4?5, 4?7, 0?7, 0?>, ?45, ?06, ??4

Kujcperus ?56, ?>7, ?>>

idjndrll 7>

ichj 43>

Hdnlpus 0??

Hdnurus hdnurus 45

hdrof 4>5, 4>7, 4>3

hdrcx 4>=, 4>5, 4>>

heaacjn 475, 47>, 473, 05?

heaacjn, steppe 45heaacjn, true 4?, ?4=

Heaaus heaaus 4?, ?4=

helpdrm 45, ?56 Hepus sp. 05? Hepus odpejscs ?=4

hcnuhcghlrde 054hclj 4?, 4=, 4>, 3?, 3>-33, 440, 4?4, 4?0, 4?6, 02?, 0??, ?56

Hctflsperaua drvejse ?6?

Hcttlrcjd hcttlred H. 4?>

Hcttlrcjd l`tusdtd H. 4?>

Hcttlrcjd sd.xdtchcs Lhcvc 4?>

hczdrm ?>>, ?6?




hless 4?, 47, 4=?, 433. 0?0, 05>, 0>4

- doouauhdtclj 033, ?2>

- meplscts ?24

hlodhctces 433- prlgches 433, 0>4

- sequejoes 47hlncstcodh strdteny ?==, ?=5

Hupus 0>>hyolplms 4>>

Hyjx 0??

adaaltf 0, 5, 72, >3, 30, 3>-422, 44=-44>, 405-4?0, 4=?-4=5, 4=>,4=3, 455-45>, 475-473, 4>?, 4>>, 4>3-467, 466, 463, 43>, 436,020, 02?, 023, 044, 043-000, 005, 007, 0??, 0=4, 050, 05?, 07?,075, 0>0, 0>5, 0>>, ?22, ?20, ?2?, ?25, ?4?, ?4=, ?47, ?04,?07,?0>,??6,?=4,?56

adaaltf steppe 0, 5, 7, 4?-4>, 425, 404, 45>, ?22

Adaautfus 065 Adaautfus pracnejcus 462-46?, 05?, 0>>, 065

adrcje- olres 47

- gdujd 45>- gllm =?, ==, 455, 456, 453, ?2>

- renressclj ?=>

- sfehhs ?=>, ?74adralt 0>4

Adraltd 444

adsis 44?

adtcjn jetwlri 52aendoerls 33, ?4=, ?02, ?04, ?0>

Aendoerls ?02 Aondhloerls ncndjteus 457

Aehdjlpscs 4?6acorltcjes 05?

Acorltcjc ?6?

Acorltus ?>> Airltus drvdhcs/dnrestcs 05?

Acorltus leoljlaus 05? Acorltus leoljlaushadtec ?4=

Achdjilvcof oyohes 4?-45achiweem 7?, 76

Actrdrcd sdhlaejscs Adyer 4?>al`che

- dmdptdtclj 044- resluroes 4>, 020

al`chcty ?0, ?3, 52, 020, 044, 0=5, 07?, 07=, 0>5, ?4>

almerj fuadjs 4, =-7, 05, ?4 , ?0, ?5, ?7, ?3, =0, >6-62, 60, 6?,027, 0=4, 075, ??>, ?=0, ?=?, ?=6

- drrcvdh lg ?4 , ?0- `clhlny lg ?4-52

- pfyscodh dppedrdjoe ?4, ?0Aljnlhcdj ndzehhe 466Aurcjde ?6?

Aus ?>>ausi lx 4=, 45, 457, 47>, 473, ?=4

Jdssdrcus retcouhdtus (Hcjjdeus) ?26 Jdtcod 4?>

Jedjmertfdh =, 7, 07, ?4, ?0, ?3, >6-6?, 6>, 66, 0=4, ?24, ?06, ??>,?=4-?=?, ?=6, ?62, ?6=, ?63

jeoihdoe 465

jeemhes 74, 465,074 Jerctd hcttlrdhcs ?2=jettcjn 53, 74-77, 020, 027

jetthe (Urtcod sp.) 7?, 76

jetwlris 0, 5, ?0, =4, 52, 447, 446, 4?7, 4?3, 043, 0=3, 07=, 077,?=7, ?=6, ?=3, ?77, ?7>

jcofe nelnrdpfy >6 Juoehhd hdpchhus H. 4?>Jujdacut ?==

jutrcejts 45jutrctclj =4

ldi 433, ??>, ?56, ?60Lhed ?=2

lpej systeas ?0, =4, 52, 043, ?77, ?7>lrjdaejts 4?5-4?3

lut`reemcjn =4, =0Lvc`ls alsofdtus 457Lvcs 462, 464

Lvcsdaalj 462, 464

Lvcsjcvcolhd 462, 464lwh 33

pdhdel-alrpfcjn 442-440Rdjtferd spehded 464

Rdtehhd sp. ??>, ??6

pejmdjts 423, 442, 44=, 4?5-4?3, 465, 027, 074-07?, 077, ?74, ?7=

percnhdocdh 45, 47, 4>5, 4>7, 033, ?2>perclmcsdtcljs >>-6?, 064percsfd`hes 53, 74-7=peradgrlst 45, 445, 455, 4>=, 0>4, 033

Rcoed 0??, 0>?, ?56pcnaejts 72, 74, 66

pcje 4>5-4>>, 4>3, 0??, 050, ??>, ??6, ?=2-?=0, ?60Rcjnucjus capejjcs ??6

Rcjus 455, 0??, ?56, ?>5, ?>7Rcjus pcjdsterc'pcjed ?=4Rcjus syhvestrcs ??6, ?=2, ?=4

phejcnhdocdh looupdtclj 067-034, ?26

Rldoede 050

Rlepfdnus `dcidhejscs 462plhdr èdr 453plhdr mesert 45

plhdr glx 4?, 47>, 473, 02?, 0>>, ?22plhhej djdhyscs 054, 050Rlhynljua 0??

plpuhdtcljmejscty =4 , 52, 453 ,075

- mcstrcùtclj 04, 00, ?47- cj tfe hdjmsodpe ?47

plst-meplsctcljdh gdotlrs ?2>, ?26, ?47, ?=?prloureaejt

- mcreot 002

- eaèmmem 002prlkeotche plcjts ?06, ?==, ?7=



=2? NEJEPDH CJMEV

ptdracndj 05?Rupchhd trcphcodtd 0??

Rupchhcmde ?6? C'uscc fcspcmd ??6

Tuerous 0??, ?>7

Tuerous og. oerrcs ?>5rd``ct (Lryotlhdnus oujcouhus) ?=4

rdmclodr`lj mdtcjn 0, 04-0>, 63-30, 022-020, 052, 054, 064-034,?4>-?02

Pdjntger 45, 0>>

Pdjncger tdrdjmus 45, 457, 462, 464, 05?rdu adtercdQ 72, 74, 002-005, 0?5, 0?7, 075, 0>=, ?2=, ?27, ?=?,

?=5-?=>- mcstrcùtclj 02?, 004, 053- extrdotclj 4?7, 4?>. 0?4 , 0?5-0?>, 05=, ?43, ?02, ?=5

- caplrts 72, 02?, 043, 002-005, 0?>

- hlodh 463, 0?5, 0?7, 05=, 07?, 07=alveaejt 4, ?, 5, 4?5, 466, 02? , 0?5 , 0=5, 053, 07?-077,

0>5, 0>7, ?2=, ?26, ?43, ?==, ?=5, ?7?rem meer 4?7 4?3. 4>>, 4>3-460, 467, 02? , 0?? , 050, 05?. 0>5, ?4=,

?04. ?07, .?0>, ??>, ??6, ?=4, ?=?, ?56, ?72, ?70, ?7=rem glx 4>>, 462-460, 463,050

'Pem Hdmy' lg C'dvchdah =. >3. ?24. ?20, ?2=, ?27, ?26

regcttcjn =. 042, 05?, 07=, 075, 0>=regune ?4 s

re ame« 4?-45, 4>, 63. 4?6. 4==, 4=5, 452, 45>, 475-47>, 473, 4>?,4>>, 4>6. 462-46?, 465, 467, 463, 020, 02?, 023, 043, 007, 0??,

0=4. 05?, 074, 075, 0>4-0>5, 0>>, 06=, 065, ?22, ?2=, ?2>, ?26,?4?, ?4=, ?47, ?04, ?07, ?0>, ?=4, ?56, ?7=

rescmejtcdh al`chcty 52, 53, 76reslhutclj, ofrljlhlncodh 5. 04, 00, 07, 0>, ?4=, ?0>

resluroe

djcadh 4>, 075

- dqudtco ?=?dvdchd`chcty 4>

- adrcje =?, ==, 455, 456, 453

- al`che 4>

- spdtcdh exphlctdtclj ?67, ?6>- stress ?4, ==, 52, 002, 0==

rfcjloerls 4=, 45, 6>, 32, 30-3=, 3>-422, 407, 4?2, 4=?, 4==, 46?,

467, 466, 02?, 007, 0??, 05?, 0>5, 0>>, ?4=, ?04

rctudh 5, 53, 76, 73, 4=?, 027, 007, ?55, ?74, ?7>rloi sfehters ?06

rlmejts 476, 043, 0??, ?4=, ?= 4, ?>>rle meer 462-460, ?4=, ?04 , ?0>, ?56

Pupcodprd 0??

Pupcodprd rupcodprd 05?, ??6, ?=4

sdcnd 4?, 45-4>, 4>>, 462, ?0>sdcnd djtehlpe 4>, 466, ?0>. ?56

_dcnd 45, 462

_dcnd tdtdrcod 47, 462, 46?

_dhcx 455

sdhalj 33sdhaljcm

Fuofl fuofl 05?

- Hltd hltd 05?

- ]fyadhhus tfyadhhus 05?sodvejncjn 473

sed ?=2- heveh 4=, 4?7, 45>, 0=0, 033, ?2>, ?26, ?=2, ?=4, ?55 , ?57,

?67

sedh 45>, 456

- èdrmem sedh 453

- fdrp sedh 453- rcjnem sedh 453

semejtcsa 43>, 027, 0?=, 0?>, 0>?

_ehi'jda ?==, ?=7, ?=6

_eacodsscs sdùrlj @ru. 4?>

sexudh mcvcsclj lg hd`lur 0, ?4, =?-=5, 53, 7>sfdadjcsa 402, 4=3, 452, 007

sfeep 45, 462, 464

- alujtdcj sfeep 7>

- sjlw sfeep 4>>sfehhgcsf 453

sfehhs ?, 5, 72, 74, 4?5-4?3, 4=?-4=5, 452, 456, 042, 007, 074, 07?,

0>=, 0>7, 0>>, ?2=, ?26, ?43, ?02, ?=>, ?74

- adrcje ?=>, ?74- prloureaejt 4?5-4?3, 07=, 0>=, ?02

_cèrcdj pcje 4>5, 460

schver gcr 4>5scte

- dropdtterjs >3- odap 027-026, 0=5

- oljteaplrdjecty 075 , ?27, ?0>, ?==- meoredse cj juaèrs 07>, ?6=, ?63

- extrdotclj 07?

- cjoredse cj juaèrs 0-=, 05, =4 , 07>

- hlodtclj 0>?, 0>=, 0>>, ?2=, ?27, ?4>, ?=?, ?67

- lpej 0?, >3, 405, 077

- sedsljdh dnnrendtclj 53

- sfehters 7, 72, ?47

- survcvdh 455-453,?47,?6=- type =, 473, 464, 436, 027-026, 002, 000, 0=5, 0>?, 0>=, ?=?,

?53, ?72

- ujct lg djdhyscs 027-026, 042, 044

- wlrisflp 467, 0?=-0?7, ?=?, ?72siehetdh adtercdh ?4-52

sjdchs (hdjm) ??>, ??6slocdh

- olaphexcty ?0, 52, 044 , 007- nelnrdpfy 52

slhcghuotclj 05>, 07>, ?05

_lrùs 0??

_pdhdx ?>>spdtcdh

- èfdvclur >6

- hctfco adtercdh 002-005

spedr =5, 77, ?==speoces

- mcverscty 4?, 4=, 47- rcofjess 47

_pfderljdssd autd`chcs H. 4?>



=2= FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE NLHMEJ DNE

splttem fyejd 4?, 4>

spruoe 054, 050stdn-allse 47stlje drtegdots

- gujotclj 72

- alrpflhlny 72

stlrdne 7>, 407, 40>, 042

strdteny ejolujter 4>su`-_dfdrdj Dgrcodj ?4, ?>-?3

su`scstejoe ?0, =4, 473, 020, 02?, 007, 00>, 0>5, ?06, ?=?,

sucm 0>5

_us 0>5, 0>>, ?>>, ?6?

_us sorlgd ??>, ?=4swdj 465tdcnd 45, 4>=-4>>

tdpfljlay 05?

teofjlhlny ?4, 53-73, 62, 4?3, 02?-027, ?45, ?47, ?06

- ofdjne =?, ==, 52, 7=, ?45, ?47, ?0>, ?==-?=7, ?=6- eggcocejt =?, 62

- slocdh oljtext lg 53-73

teotljcsa 4=teaplrdh sodhe ?0>, ?=0tejts (see mwehhcjns, fd`ctdtclj struotures, fluses, futs)terrctlry ?46, ?=7, ?=>, ?67

- glrdncjn nrlups 0==

- scze 0>5, 0>7, ?=7, ?=>

textches 0, 53, 74-7=, 77, 76, 43>, 025, 027, 044]chcd ?56tlrtlcse ?>>, ?6?

]rcvcd oloocjehhlcmes (_lwer`y) ?26

]rcvcd eurlped Atn. 4?7, 4?>, 4?3tujmrd 45, 476, 4>=-4>>, 050, ?22]urrctehhd tere`rdhcs Hai. 4?>]yapdjltlay adrndrcoeus 04D

]yapdjltlay adrndrctdoeus @rloofc 4?>typlhlny 064, ?45, ?47, ?05, ?0>-??0Uhaus 0??, ?56, ?>7

uaèhhcgerde 054

ujnuhdtes 463, ?56, ?72, ?>>, ?67Ursus 0>>

Ursus drotls 462, 464, 46?Ursus spehdeus 05?

Urtcod 027, 044

usewedr 02=

Wdhhljcd tejuchd`rcs 0??Wejus gcnurcjes 5, 426

?==, ?67 vlhodjcsa ?5>, ?56

Wuhpes olrsdo 462Wuhpes vuhpes 05?

wdhrus (Lmlèjus rlsadrus) 457, 45>wedpljs 72, 007, ?06, ?==wfdhe 45>

- `hue wfdhe 453

- `lwfedm wfdhe 453

- wfcte wfdhe 453wchm dss 4>3

wchm `ldr 33, 0??, 0>5, ?4=, ?04, ?07, ?0>, ?=4

wchm oeredhs 0>5wchm sfeep/drndhc 4>>-460wchhlw 054, 050

- mwdrg wchhlw 050- semnes 4>=

wlhg 4?, 4>, 407, 4?6, 47>, 4>>, 462, 464, 463, 020, 02?, 042, 0>=,

?22, ?56wlhvercje 464, 460, 465, 463, 02?wllm drtegdots 74, 70, 43>wllhhy adaaltf 4?, 4>, 065

wllhhy rfcjloerls 4?, 4>, 4==, 473, 4>>, 462-46?, 467, 466, 463,

043,0??,?22,?0>,?=4,?56wlrawllms 4>5, 4>>ydi 462

- @dcidh ydi 4>6yew (]dxus sp.) 7?, 433

[ehilvd ?56



scte cjmex

D`rc @hdjofdrm 66, 30, 4?3

D`rc ca Mlrg 0=3, 05>, 053, 074, 07=

D`rc mu Gdoteur 0=, 30, ?4?, ?4=, ?46, ?02, ?03

D`rc Grctsof 063D`rc Rdtdum 00-05, =2, =?, 30, 056, 074, ?4?, ?4=, ?47, ?46

?07,?06-??4

D`rc mu Pdysse ?43Dofdìd ?65

Dofejfeca 0>4-0>?, 0>>

Dofcjsidcd 4>7. 4>>, 462, 46=, 463, 432Doume ml Dhvlríl ?=2, ?=>, ?=6

Dmherquehhe 053

Dnns`dof 4?>, 436, 000Dhèrjmlrg 00>, 06?, 065, 066

Dhexeevsi 4 4>7, 460, 467

D idr me Odsodcd ?=2, ?=4

Dhaljmd?=2, ?=4, ?=6Dhhdacrd 64

Dadhmd ?4>

Dadhcds (renclj lg) ?62, ?64Da`rlscl 30

Djmerjdof 06?, ?26

Djeorcdh ??6, ?=2, ?=4Djuc 4>5-4>6

Dr`remd ?03, ?=0

Droy-sur-Oure 30, ?47, ?4>

Nrdjme Nrltte 6>, 30, 33, 422, ?02

Nrltte mu Pejje 62, 4?>, ?4?, ?47

]rchl`cte 4?>

Drea`lvsiy 463Dreje Odjmcme (see Nrlttd ...)

Drid 06>, 063Drtdhh 4>7, 4>3, 46?. 466

Drvejctsd ?>5, ?>7, ?>6, ?>3. ?6=

Dsofejstecj 065, 066Dspeht 053

Dsprlofdhcil ?>7-?62, ?60-?66, ?32Durcnjdo 64

Dvmeevl05, 423, 444, 44?-445, 44>-443, 405, 407, 4?2, 4?4,005

@dofl Icrl 0=?, 06?

@dhzc Plssc (Nrcadhmc) odves 5, =2, =4, 52, 64, 60, 37, 425-442,

440-447. 446-404, 4?7,07>,?02,?57,?53,?74,?7=

@djjd Nrdjme ??, ?>, ?6, =2, =?, =>. 425, 426, 44=, 4?>, 4?3,

074,?57,?74-?7=,?77

Nrlttd mc @dlussl md ]lrre =2, =?, 425, ?57, ?70

Nrlttd meh Odvcnhclje (1 Nrltte mu Odvchhlj) =2, 425, 452, ?57,?70-?7=

Nrlttd mec Gdjocuhhc (1 Nrltte mes Ejgdjts) ??, ?>, ?6, =2, =?,

=>, >6, 425, 44=, ?57. ?53, ?72, ?70Nrltte mu Rrcjoe 425, 426

Pcpdrl @la`rcjc ?57, ?74

Pcpdrl Alofc 425, ?57, ?53, ?72, ?75

@djdje @hdjo ?4>

@dlussl md ]lrre (seo ujmer @dhzc Plssc)

@ehodyre 66, 30

@ejectl?4>,?=0

@ereifdt Pda 66

@erehylif 473

@fcaètid 66

@chdjocjl ?57, ?74@chzcjnsheèj 66, 05>, 053, 072, 07=, 077, ?26, ?47

@hdjofdrm (see D`rc ...)

@hdteo 002-00?@loistecj-]÷rhe 00>, 0=3-050, 05=, 05>, 053, 074, 077, 07>, 064,

06?-06>, 063, 032

@lmrlnieresztur 0?0-0?>@lfujcoe 06?

@lgetcoe 452

@lrscoe 436, 023, 002-00?, 005

@luzch ?04@rdaglrm Pldm ?22, ?24

@rdsseapluy 30, 446, 4?3, ?02@rectej`dof 064-067, 066, 032

@rchhejf÷fhe 4?>, 0=3-05? , 05>-053, 074, 07?-077

@rcjzejc 06>

@rjl ??, 64, 4=?, 452

@rjl CC ?, 4=?-452,02=,007

@rjl CCC 007@rjl-Ilflutlvcoe 00>

@rjl-_tríjsií siíhd 00>

@rujcqueh ??, ?>, =2, =?, =>

@øii odves 0?4

@uhfdry 06>@urdod Esourd ??6, ?=2

@urdod Nrdjme ?=2

@uret' 05, 74, 4>7, 460, 46=, 467, 463, 432

@us mec Hdmer ?57, ?7?@yzlvdyd 4>, 475-473

Odèol me Rlrtl Adrcjfl ??6, ?=2, ?==, ?=5, ?=>

Odhd mehhe Lssd ?55, ?57Odhmecríl odve 05, ??>-?=0, ?=7

Odacjdme ?03

Odp @hdjo ??, ?>, =2, =?, =>

Odrcnuehd?=4, ?=0

Odrjecrd ?=>

Odsd md Alurd odve ??6, ?=2, ?==Odsdh ml Oepl ?=2, ?=5, ?=6

Odsdh ml Gehcpe ?=2, ?==-?=7

Odstdjet 30, ?03

Odstchhl ?03, ?=0

Odvcnhclje (see ujmer @dhzc Plssc)

Oekilv 063Olhhcer 66, 30

Oerrdml Jlvd ?=5

Oertlvd peo 4?6

Ofdjoehdme ??, =2, =?, =>




Ofdperlj-Plune C ?=?Ofcilc 466

Ofctidj 4>7, 466

Oclohlvcjd ??

Ocrque me Hd Rdtrce ?47

Ocujtu odve 06>, 066

Olhuaècrd } Z

Olaè-Odpehhe ?3, ?02Olaè _dujcere 0?

Olr`cdo ?27,?47

Olsdutsc 06>, 066

Olunjdo 5, 6>, 30, 33, 422, ?02Olvd md Alurd ?=2Olvd Jenrd ?=4

Olvíl ?=2

Orl Adnjlj ??, =2, =0, =?, =>, 64, ?02

Orvejd _tckejd 0=0, 0=?

Ouzluh me Wers 063Mcvke @dè 0=4, 0==

Ml`rctz =2

Mlhjg Wéstljcoe 0, ?, ??, ?>, ?6, =2, =?, 36, 405, 4?6, 43>-433, 020,027-026, 005, 007, 0?=, 074, 06>, ?27

Mlhjg Wéstljcoe C 05, 53-70, 7>, 4?0, 4?6, 4?3, 4=3, 43>, 433-

02?, 025-02>, 023, 042, 002-00?, 005, 007Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CC 05, ??, 53-7?, 7>, 76, 4?6, 4=3, 43>, 433-044,000,00?,007,00>

Mlhjg Wéstljcoe CCC ('Pdkjy') 022, 02>-023, 00>Mlacjnl Ndrocd 32Murutfy ?4?

Mvunhdzid rloi sfehter 4>5, 4>6, 462Eh Oljme 30Eh Rdrpdhhÿ 37, ?4>Ehdcloflrc ?>7, ?62, ?64, ?6=Ehed ?62

Ehcm ?65Ecjes ?22, ?24Ejncs ?22, ?24, ?25Esolurdh odve ?=2, ?=?, ?=>Esqucofl-Nrdpdlu ?4?Estrdmd md Dzcjfecrd ?=2Gdrcjolurt =2, =?Gehmèrn (_tecjdoier) 0>4, 0>0Gcnuecrd @rdvd odve ??>, ??6, ?=4, ?=?Gcsofhectejf÷fhe 077Gljms-me-G÷ret ?22, ?24, ?25Gljndh 30

Gladcjfds (see ujmer Nrutd)

Gljte _djtd ?=2, ?==, ?=5, ?=6Glrestd Ua`rd ?57, ?72Glssl mc Rdnhcdjl ?57, ?74, ?7?Glz ml Ejxdrrcque ?=4, ?=?Glz O7d 32, 30

O7d vdhhey =, ?=2, ?=?, ?=>Grdjoftfc 0==, ?>5-?>>, ?62, ?64, ?6?-?6>, ?63-?34Grdjoluzsií _treet (@rjl CC) 4?6, 4=?, 4=3, 452Guejte meh _dhcj 30, 35Gurdmlurl ?=2

Gurjcjfd ?=2

Nd`chhlu 63, 422

Ndndrcjl05, 442, 44?, 44=, 446, 405, 4?2, 4?4Ndhnejèrn 66, 37, 422

Ndrofc C 475-473

Ndrnds 30, 35, 33, 070, ?02

Ndtl Rretl ?=2, ?=5, ?=>

Necssejih÷sterhe 0?, 66, 4?>, 4?6, 0=3-05=, 05>-07>, 064-06=, 067,06>, 066, 063

Nldt's Flhe (Rdvchdjm) ?20N÷jjersmlrg 4?3,06?,?26Nlrfda's odve ?=0Nlunf's Odve ?, ?>Nlurdj 446

Nlyet ?22-?2?, ?25, ?27Nrdadt ?>Nru` 000

Nrcadhmc (see @dhzc Plssc)Nrlssweciersmlrg 066Nrlttd mehhe Dreje Odjmcme ??, ?>, =2, =?, =>, 44=, 4?>, 4?3, 452,

?02, ?57, ?53-?70, ?7=Nrlttd meh @rlclj ?57, ?74, ?7?Nrlttd mc Odhd mehhe Lssd ?74

Nrlttd Hd Odhd 4?7, ?4>, ?04, ?55, ?57, ?53, ?72, ?70, ?75, ?77Nrlttd Hd Odhdjod ?55, ?57, ?53, ?70Nrlttd mc Odstehocvctd ?57, ?53, ?70, ?75Nrlttd meh Glssehhlje ?57, ?72-?70Nrlttd mc _. Adrcd mc Dnjdjl ?57, ?74, ?70Nrlttd Rdnhcooc ?, =2, =?, =>, >6, 070, ?57, ?53-?70, ?7=-?77Nrlttd mc Rdcjd (Nr. Dzzurd) ?57, ?74, ?7?Nrlttd mc ]reje ?57, ?7?, ?7=, ?77Nrlttd mehhe Wejerc ?57, ?53, ?74-?7?, ?75Nrltte @dylh 33

Nrltte me hd @etofe-dux-Pltofes (_py) ?24

Nrltte Ofduvet 7, 6>-35, 3>-422, ?02Nrltte Olsquer 6>, 30, 35, 33, 422, ?02Nrltte mes Olttæs ?4?Nrltte mes Ejgdjts (see ujmer @dhzc Plssc)Nrltte m'Ejheje ?46

Nrltte me Reof-Aerhe 6>, 63, 30, 33, 422, 444, ?02Nrltte me Renlurcã ?43Nrltte dux Rlcjts 30Nrltte mu Pejje (see ujmer Droy)Nrltte ^dhlu (]rllz) ?22-?20, ?25Nrltte VWC ?07, ??4

Nru`nrdèj 4?>, 02?, 023, 000, 00>, 067-066Nrutd mds Gljtdcjfds ?=2, ?=4

Femmesfeca 0>4-0>?, 0>5, 0>>Fcmdsjãaetc 0??-0?>Flemco ?>Flfhe Gehs 445, 4?6, 0=3-05=, 05>-074, 07?, 075, 06?-06>, 063,

032Flfhejstecj-@írejf÷fhe 05=

Flfhejstecj-_tdmeh 66, 422, 054 , 05=, 064 , 06?, 06=Fljt 0?0-0?7Fuoolrnje ?22-?27Fydejd Mej ?20



=2> _C]E CJMEV

Ynetecsicc Hln C 4>7, 4>3. 46Q

Tsejf÷fhe/Pdjcs 05>, 053, 072

Cjnejmlrg 0>4,0>0

Ystdhhÿsi÷ odve 0?4.0??,06?

Csturctz 4?>, 4?_. 074, ?45. ?02

Kdrlshdvcoe 43>, 024

Kdrl_lv 436, 02?, 02>, 023

Kdszegehsÿszejtny÷rny 06>, 063Kduhdj ?04

Kdzyncd 0?0

Kcgcoe 452

Klvehhe 30

Kujmrlv 00>

Idmdr 0=?, 0==

Idaojid C 4>5. 4>3, 460, 466, 463Idaaej 0==

Idplvd odve 473Idrd-@la 05, 4>>, 463

Idrd-]ejesf 4>>, 463

Idrlhgj 00>

Idsftdjidh 4>7, 4>3-464, 463Idslv 020, 06>, 066

idsi-hf÷fhe-Jlrm 067

Idstrctsd ?>7-?>3, ?6?-?66, ?32, ?34Idstrlj (renclj lg) ?62, ?64Idhscid ?>6, ?>3, ?6=

Ie`drd >3

Iechèrn-Icrofe 064, 06?, 06=, 066Ieadtfejf÷fhe 05?, 077

Iejt's Odverj 0?, ?22-?20, ?2=, ?25

Iepfdhdrc ?>5-?>3, ?64, ?6=, ?67

Ifltyhevl 44?, 44=

Ifltchevl0 405, 407, 4?2, 4?4

Ihcsslurd ?>6. ?>3. ?6=, ?32, ?34

Ihchfc ?>7, ?>6, ?>3, ?67Ijcenrltte 06=, 067, 06>I÷jcnsèrn 053

Iliicjlpchls ?>7, ?>6, ?>3, ?6=Ilhmcjn Ímdh 45>

Iljctsd ?>6, ?>3

Ilpdìs ?>6, ?>3Ilrhít 0??-0?7

Ilradj CW 405

Ilstejic 05, ??, =2, 423, 44?-445, 44>-443, 405, 452, 477, 432,

?56

Ilstejic 4 (4) 73, 444, 44?, 405-4?0, 452, 477, 476. 4

Ilstejic 0 4=3

Ilstejic = (CW) 0, 4?2. 4?4, 452, 473, 02=, 0>5Ilstejic 44 4?2, 4?4Ilstejic VCC 476

Ilstejic 46 4=3Irdilw 000

Irdilw _pdmzcstd _treet 00, 0?Ireas 06?

Ireas-Fujmsstecn 4?6Irejs ^doftèrn 436, 025

Isdr-'Dqch 4?7

Iøhjd odve 002

Iujdhec 4>5, 4>3, 46?, 466, 463

IurtdiCW 4>7, 4>6, 4>3, 464, 463

Iyklv 436

Hd @duae Hdtrlje 30, 33

Hd Odhd (see Nrltte ...)

Hd Odvdchhe 30

Hd Ofdpehhe-dux-_dcjts >6Hd Ofævre ?03

Hd Oltte me _t. @rãhdme >3

Hd Orluzdme ?02Hd Orlze í Nljtrdj 66, 30

Hd Gerrdssce 0?, 0=, 66, 30, ?4?, ?4=, ?47, ?46, ?02, ?07, ?06-??4Hd Gljt-Plèrt ?47, ??2Hd Nrdjme Plofe me hd Rhãadtrce ?4?

Hd Nrdvette 074, ?47, ?06, ??2

Hd Hdluzd ?4?HdAdrofe 4?>, 4?3

Hd Plofette =2, =>, ?03

Hd _dhpãtrcære ?4?, ?47, ?4>, ?43

Hd _luquette 30Hd _tdtclj me 4'Feractdne ?22-?20, ?25, ?27Hd ]ëte mu Hclj 30

Hd Wcnje@ruj00, ?47, ?04Hd Wcgcd 30

Hd`dttut 30, 35Hdndr Wehfl =

Hdjnadjjersmlrg 00>Hdjnadjjersmlrg D 065, 066

Hdjnadjjersmlrg @ 065, 066Hdpd ml Djeorcdh ?=2, ?=>

Hdpd mls Gurls odve ??>, ??6, ?=4

Hdpd ml Rcodrecrl ?=6Hdpd md Pdcjfd ??6, ?=2

Hdpd ml _uíl ?=2Hdrtet 30

Hdsejcx 6>, 63, 3?

Hdssdo 063Hdunerce @dsse ??, =?, 4?3, ?24

Hdunerce Fdute 30, 063, ?2>, ?4>, ?43, ?06, ??4Hdussec 30, 442

He @coflj ?>-=2

He @hlt ?47, ?43, ?02He Ocrque me hd Rdtrce ?22, ?24, ?26

He Gdoteur (see D`rc mu Gdoteur)He Ghdnelhet 0=, ?47, ?46, ?43, ?07, ?03-??4

He Glurjedu mu Mcd`he 30

He Adrrljcer ?02He Alustcer ?06He Reyrdt ?>, =2

He Rcdne ?03

He Rcdodrm ??, =2, =0, =?, 30

He Rlcsslj 30Hæofes ?04

Hefrcjnej 7?Hes @dttuts ??2

Hes @erjlus 66, 30





=23 _C]E CJMEV

Rhdcmter Fuaaercof 0>4-0>=, 0>>

Rhdsejj-dh-Hlaa ?22, ?25, ?47

Rlol Wehfl ?=2

Rlmzvljidcd 466

Rljte mc Pett¹ ?57. ?7?Rltloid0=Q

Rcvmalstg ??, =2,=4,53-74,64, 44?, 445, 4?6, 4=3, 452, 43>-020,

02=, 025, 02>, 023, 002-00?, 005, 007, 074, 06>, ?25,Rrevezd ?6=, ?65C'ccspccifdtvdj 0?0-0?7

Ryavd _flr C 475-47>, 473, 4>2Tdgzef >6Tucjody ?4>Tujoctrd 66

Pdmlscjí odve 436Pdkjy (see ujmer Mlhjc' W.)

Pdjcs (.vee Chsejf÷fhe)

Píuèrf÷fhe 053Pdsteh ?>

Peohdu vcver ?4>, ?=0

Penejsùrn 077Pejdjolurt-hæs-Dacejs ?22, ?24

Pfejs 053, 0>4-0>?, 0>5-0>>Pcem (Mlhhjstecj) 05>, 053

Pcerd ?4>

Pcpdrl Oljtcjejzd =2, =>

Pcpdrl mc Gljtdjd Julvd 62, ?57, ?74, ?70

Pcpdrl mc Guadje 4?7, ?57, ?53-?7?, ?75Pcpdrl ]dnhcejte =2, =>

Pcpdrl Wchhd`rujd =2Pl`cj Fllm's odve ?20

Plo me Olaè 6?, ?4?, ?4=, ?07, ?03Plo me _ers 30

Plofe me C.dhcjme 4?3

Plofe í Rcerrlt ?4?Plhhs`l 45>

Pladjehhc =2, =? , =>Pladjc 4?7

Plafíjy 0??-0?7Plactl ?>, =2, =?, =>

Plsejùrn 065, 066Pluodmlur 30

Pluggcnjdo 3?, 36_d`djcifd 4>7, 4>6-462

_dndcmdi C 05

_ínvír 0?0, 06>, 063_dkÿszejtpãter 0??-0?7

_dhofcjn 0=3-054, 05=, 05>-072, 07=, 077_dheads odve ??6-?=4, ?==, ?=7

_dhtl ml @lc ?=2, ?=5_dj ]elmlrl ??, =2, =>

_djmdhckd 0=4-0=?, 0=5_dvcnjdjl 442. 44?, 447,?57

_of÷jcjnej 7?_eest 45>

_eìmc ?>5-?>3, ?6=, ?67, ?32

_ehlutiy 00>

_ercjl ?57, ?53, ?72, ?75

_essehgehs odve 47

_etu`dh 37_fdjcmdr >6

_festdilvl 4>7-4>6, 462, 463_fcsficjl WCCC 4>7, 4>3, 467

_cend Werme 32

_creuch 423, ?02_crnejstecj 0=3, 05>-053, 07?, 075, 077_ifuh >6

_hdtcjcoe 00>_lifdtcjl 4>5, 46?, 466, 463

_lhutrã64,?47_lsjlvyc @lr 4>7, 460, 467, 463_pdmzcstd 436, 024 , 00>, 06>

_pchcdclj ?>7, ?>6, ?>3, ?6=

_pctzùèjf÷fhe 063_prejmhcjnej 4?>, 05>, 053, 0>4-0>>, 06=

_py ?22-?27, ?26_pytcfjév 4=3, 436, 007

_t. Neradcj-hd-Pcvcære ??, ?>, =2, =?, =>, 452_tdmcoe 00>

_tdtclj me hd Rejte mes @rdsses ?43_tecjdoier 0=3, 05>-072, 07?, 075, 077, 0>4

_tettej (see Wlnehferm)

_tchhgrcem 000

_tríjsií siíhí 06?

_tríjsií siíhd CCd 433

_tríjsií siíhd hchd 433

_tríjsií siíhd CW 02?, 06>, 066_tumejleF 4>7, 466

_ujncr' 05 ,=2 ,74 , 446, 405, 4?7, 4?3, 477, 476, 473, 432_vctdvid ??

_wdjsolaè 7?

_zl` 0>=]dhctsiy 475-47>]dydo ?04

]eajdtd ?6>]errd Dadtd >3

]errd ml Klsã Rerecrd ?=2, ?=5

]errd ml Adjueh ??3, ?=2, ?=5-?=>]evceo ?>

]felpetrd ?>5, ?>7, ?>6, ?>3, ?6=, ?65 , ?32, ?34

]lh`dnd 466, 463]lurjdh 4?7

]rdscaejl 44?, 447, ?57, ?74]rãgljms mes ]rlcs-Græres (see ujmer Hes ...)

]rejocdjsiã @lfushdvcoe 436, 020]rlu mu Ofejd (Alfd) ?22, ?24, ?25

]rlu Adnrcte ?22, ?24, ?2=, ?25

]rlu mu Alfd ?25]rlu ^dhlu ?2?, ?4?

]ue m'Dumluèrt 35]ursdo 44?, 447, ?02

]utl me Odadhflt 4?3Uh`rcof ?>6, ?>3, ?6=

Ujieh`dof 053, 0>4,0>0



=42 FUJ]EP_ LG ]FE

Urtcoe 00>

UsgUmd 452, 4>>

Ust'Idrdilh 4>5, 4>>, 4>6. 462, 463Ust'Ilvd 4>7, 4>3, 460, 46=, 467, 432

Wdml dh]Drdjocl =2

Wdhe Dhalcjfd ??3, ?=2, ?=5

Wdhe Olaprcml ?4>, ?=2, ?==, ?=5, ?=>

Wdhe me Adtd ?=5Wdhe me Rlrols ?=2, ?=5, ?=>

Wdhes ?=2

Wdhes md _ejflrd md Huz ?=5

Wdrvdrcjd Nlrd 466

Wdsods ?=2

Wemrlvcoe hd 00>

WehcidReocjd 0=4, 0=?-0=5Wejrdy ?22, ?24

Wersen 0??-0?7

Weterjcod 0=4

Weyrcer =2, =?, =>

Wcol meh Ndrndjl ?57, ?72

Wcnjdum 30Wcjmckd 0=4, 0=?-0=5

DNE

Wcslil @rml 0==

Wlnehferm 66, 63, 054, 05=, 064, 06?, 06=, 032, ?2=

Wlnehferm (_tettej) ??, =0, =?êcjèrn 44?

êcjèrnf÷fhe 0=3-05=, 05>-053, 074, 07?-077, 06=, 067, 06>

êhsof`chhcn 0>4, 0>0

^ces`dmej-Dmherquehhe 0>4, 0>0, 0>=-0>>

^ces`dmej-Cnstdmt 060, 065-066, 032, ?26^chmsofeuer 053, 0>4, 0>?, 064-06?

^chmsofeuer CCC 060, 06?, 065, 067

^chmsofeuer CW 0>0, 0>5-0>>, 06=

^chhejmlrg 44?, 44=, 44>, 446, 4?6, 436, 433,0?=,0?7,0?>,074,

06>^chhejmlrg C 020

^chhejmlrg CC ?, 4?>, 4?6, 433-02=, 002, 000, 00?[dgdrrdyd odve ?=4, ?=0[dilvsid 4?6

[dlzerye 476

[fluilumcdj Upper Odve 432[hdty Iuj ??

[l`cste 0=?, 0==[updjlv _plmalh 0=0, 0=?



olhlpflj

• wlrmprloesscjnLhnd Sdtes

• sodjjcjn & cadncjn lg pfltlnrdpfco adtercdh Kdj Rduptct

• emctcjn, styhcjn & mrdunftcjn lg adps, nrdpfs, mcdnrdas djm td`hes*• cadncjn & hdy-lut lg drtegdot mrdwcjns djm pfltlnrdpfco chhustrdtcljs**

• typlnrdpfco mescnj & hdy-lut lg tfe prcjtem cjterclr• olver-mescnj & -redhcsdtclj glr tfe E_G fdrm`doi emctclj

Feji me Hlra

• teofjcodh supplrt & dmvcoe @rujl Wdjmej Eyjme djm Gremmy Rersckj

• pre-press & prcjtcjnLrcéjtdhcste, Heuvej

• `cjmcjn @cjmerck Odhhej`dof `.v., Jckieri

* ]d`he 0 lj pdne ?72 `y A. Aussc.

** ]fe lrcncjdh pej-djm-cji drtegdot mrdwcjns ds wehh ds tfe lrcncjdh pfltlnrdpfswere adme `y vdrclus, alsthy djljyalus drtcsts djm pfltlnrdpfers. Dhtflunf jltregerrem tl cjmcvcmudhhy cj tfcs olhlpflj, we wcsf tl doijlwhemne tfecr su`stdjtcdholjtrcùtclj tl tfe vcsudh presejtdtclj lg tfcs `lli.









Documents

Hunters of the Golden Age. The mid upper palaeolithic of Eurosia 30,000-20,000 BP