Hungarian phonology 1

Hungarian phonologyFor assistance in making IPA transcriptions of Hungarian for Wikipedia articles, see Help:IPA for Hungarian.

Hungarian language

Closeup of a Hungarian keyboard

Alphabet

•• ő ű•• cs•• dz•• dzs•• gy•• ly•• ny•• sz•• ty•• zs

Grammar

•• Noun phrases•• Verbs•• T-V distinction

History

• Sound correspondences withother Uralic languages

Other features

•• Phonetics and phonology•• Vowel harmony•• Orthography

•• Old Hungarian script•• Hungarian Braille

•• Hungarian names

Hungarian and English

•• Hungarian pronunciation of English•• English words from Hungarian

•• Regulatory body

•• v•• t• e [1]

The phonology of the Hungarian language is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent use of geminateconsonants and the presence of otherwise uncommon palatal stops.

Hungarian phonology 2

ConsonantsThis is the Hungarian consonantal system, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Consonant phonemes of Hungarian

Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar

Palatal Velar Glottal

Nasal m n ɲ

Stop p  b t  d c  ɟc͡ç  ɟ͡ʝ*

k  ɡ

Affricate t͡s  d͡z t͡ʃ  d͡ʒ

Fricative f  v s  z ʃ  ʒ h

Trill r

Approximant l j

• ^* It is debated whether the palatal consonant pair consists of stops or affricates. They are considered affricatesby Tamás Szende, head of the department of General Linguistics at PPKE, Doctor of Linguistics,[2] and stops byMária Gósy, research professor, head of the Department of Phonetics at ELTE, doctor of the HAS. The reason forthe different analyses is that the relative duration of the friction of /c/ (as compared to the duration of its closure)is longer than those of the stops, but shorter than those of the affricates. /c/ has the stop-like nature of having a fullduration no longer than those of other (voiceless) stops such as /p, t, k/ but, considering the average closure timein relation to the friction time of the consonants, its duration structure is somewhat closer to those of theaffricates.

Almost every consonant may be geminated, written by doubling a single letter grapheme: ⟨bb⟩, ⟨pp⟩, ⟨ss⟩ etc., or bydoubling the first letter of a grapheme cluster: ⟨ssz⟩, ⟨nny⟩, etc.The phonemes /dz/ and /dʒ/ can appear on the surface as geminates: bridzs [briddʒ] ('bridge (the card game)'). (Forthe list of examples and exceptions, see Hungarian dz and dzs.)Hungarian does not use any haceks or any other consonant diacritics like the surrounding Slavic languages. Instead,the letters c, s, z are used alone (t͡s, ʃ, z) or combined in the digraphs cs, sz, zs (t͡ʃ, s, ʒ), while y is used only in thedigraphs ty, gy, ly, ny as a palatalization marker to write the sounds c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ, j (formerly ʎ), ɲ.The most notable allophones are:• /j/ becomes [ç] if between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary (e.g. lopj [lopç] 'steal').• /j/ becomes [ʝ] e.g. between voiced obstruents, such as dobj be [dobʝ bɛ] 'throw (one/some) in'• /h/ may become [ɦ] between two vowels (e.g. tehát [tɛɦaːt] 'so'), [ç] after front vowels (e.g. ihlet [içlɛt]

'inspiration'), and [x] word-finally after back vowels (e.g. doh [dox] 'musty/mouldy/stale smell') if it isn't deleted(which it often is; e.g. méh [meː] 'bee').

According to Gósy, it becomes [x] (rather than [ç]) in words such as pech, ihlet, technika ('bad luck,inspiration, technology/technique'), while it becomes postvelar fricative in words such as doh, sah, jacht,Allah, eunuch, potroh.

• /h/ becomes [xː] when geminated, in certain words: dohhal [doxːɒl] ('with blight'), peches [pɛxːɛʃ] ('unlucky').

Hungarian phonology 3

Examples

Phoneme Example

/p/ pipa [pipɒ] 'pipe'

/b/ bot [bot] 'stick'

/t/ toll [tol] 'feather'

/d/ dob [dob] 'throw', 'drum'

/k/ kép [keːp] 'picture'

/ɡ/ gép [ɡeːp] 'machine'

/f/ fa [fɒ] 'tree'

/v/ vág [vaːɡ] 'cut'

/s/ szó [soː] 'word'

/z/ zöld [zøld] 'green'

/ʃ/ só [ʃoː] 'salt'

/ʒ/ zseb [ʒɛb] 'pocket'

/j/ jó [joː] 'good'

/h/ hó [hoː] 'snow', 'month'

/t͡s/ cél [t͡seːl] 'goal', 'target'

/d͡z/ edző [ɛd͡zːøː] 'coach'

/t͡ʃ/ csak [t͡ʃɒk] 'only'

/d͡ʒ/ dzsessz [d͡ʒɛss] 'jazz'

/l/ ló [loː] 'horse'

/c͡ç/ tyúk [c͡çuːk] 'hen'

/ɟ͡ʝ/ gyár [ɟ͡ʝaːr] 'factory'

/r/ ró [roː] 'carve'

/m/ ma [mɒ] 'today'

/n/ nem [nɛm] 'no', 'gender'

/ɲ/ nyár [ɲaːr] 'summer'

Hungarian phonology 4

Vowels

The vowel phonemes of Hungarian. From Szende (1994:92)

Hungarian has seven pairs of corresponding short andlong vowels. Their phonetic values do not exactlymatch up with each other, so ⟨e⟩ represents /ɛ/ and ⟨é⟩represents /eː/; likewise, ⟨a⟩ represents /ɒ/ while ⟨á⟩represents /aː/.[3] For the other pairs, the short vowelsare slightly lower and more central, and the longvowels more peripheral.

The sound marked by ⟨a⟩ is considered to be [ɒ] byTamás Szende and [ɔ] by Mária Gósy. Gósy alsomentions a different short /a/ that contrasts with both/aː/ and /ɒ/, present in a few words like Svájc('Switzerland'), svá ('schwa'), advent ('advent'), hardver('hardware', this usage is considered hyperforeign), andhalló (used when answering the phone; contrasting with haló ['dying'], and háló ['web']).

Although not found in Budapest, some dialects contrast three mid vowels /e/ (written ⟨ë⟩), /ɛ/, and /eː/. Thus mentekcould represent four different words: mëntëk [mentek] ('you all go'), mëntek [mentɛk] ('they went'), mentëk [mɛntek]('I save'), and mentek [mɛntɛk] ('they are exempt'). In Budapest, the first three collapse to [mɛntɛk], while the latterone is unknown, having a different form in the literary language (mentesek).

Examples

Phoneme Example

/ɒ/ hat [hɒt~hɔt] 'six'

/aː/ lát [laːt] 'see'

/o/ ok [ok] 'cause'

/oː/ tó [toː] 'lake'

/u/ fut [fut] 'run'

/uː/ kút [kuːt] 'well'

/ɛ/ lesz [lɛs] 'become'

/eː/ rész [reːs] 'part'

/i/ visz [vis] 'carry'

/iː/ víz [viːz] 'water'

/ø/ sör [ʃør] 'beer'

/øː/ bőr [bøːr] 'skin'

/y/ üt [yt] 'hit'

/yː/ tűz [tyːz] 'fire'

Hungarian phonology 5

Vowel harmony

A Venn diagram of Hungarian vowel harmony,featuring front rounded vowels, front unrounded

vowels (neutral vowels), and back vowels.

As in Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian, vowel harmony plays animportant part in determining the distribution of vowels in a word.Hungarian vowel harmony classifies the vowels according to front vs.back assonance and rounded vs unrounded for the front vowels.Excluding recent loan words, Hungarian words have either only backvowels or front vowels due to these vowel harmony rules.

Hungarian vowel harmony

Front Back

unrounded rounded back

Close i iː y yː u uː

Mid ɛ eː ø øː o oː

Open ɒ aː

While [i], [iː], [ɛ], and [eː] are all front unrounded vowels, they are considered to be “neutral vowels” in Hungarianvowel harmony. Therefore if a word contains back vowels, neutral vowels may appear alongside them. However ifonly neutral vowels appear in a stem, the stem is treated as though it is of front vowel assonance and all suffixesmust contain front vowels.Vowel harmony is most notable when observing suffixation in Hungarian. Vowel harmony must be maintainedthroughout the entire word, meaning that most suffixes have variants. For example, the dative case marker [nɒk] vs.[nɛk]. Stems that contain back vowels affix back vowel suffixes, and stems that contain only front vowels affix frontvowel stems. However the front vowel stems distinguish rounded vs. unroundedness based on the last vowel in thestem. If the last vowel is front and rounded, it takes a suffix with a front rounded vowel; otherwise it follows thestandard rules. While suffixes for most words have front/back vowel variants, there are not many that haverounded/unrounded variants, indicating that this is a rarer occurrence.One is able to observe the distinction when looking at the plural affix, either [-ok] (back), [-ɛk] (front unrounded), or[-øk] (front rounded).

Hungarian phonology 6

Hungarian vowel harmony and suffixation

Stem Gloss Description of stem Plural

asztal table Only back vowels asztal-ok

gyerek child Only neutral (front) vowels, last vowel unrounded. gyerek-ek

füzet notebook Only front vowels, last vowel unrounded. füzet-ek

ismerős acquaintance Only front vowels, last vowel rounded. ismerős-ök

papír paper Back vowel with neutral vowel papír-ok

As can be seen above, the neutral vowels are able to be in both front and back vowel assonance words with noconsequence.However, there are about fifty monosyllabic roots that only contain [i], [iː], or [eː] that all take a back vowel suffixinstead of the front vowel suffix.

Irregular suffixation

Stem Gloss "At" "From"

híd bridge híd-nál híd-tól

cél aim cél-nál cél-tól

These exceptions to the rule are hypothesized to be caused by those roots originally containing a phone no longerpresent in modern Hungarian, [ɨ], which could elongate to [ɨː]. As it was an unrounded back vowel, it is theorizedthat while these roots merged with the vowels [i] or [iː], and less commonly [eː] or [uː], the vowel harmony rules ofthe original, now obsolete sound remained in place.

AssimilationThe overall characteristics of the consonant assimilation in Hungarian are the following:[4][5]

•• Assimilation types are typically regressive, that is the last element of the cluster determines the change.•• In most cases, it works across word boundaries if the sequence of words form an "accentual unity", that is there is

no phonetic break between them (and they bear a common phase stress). Typical accentual unities are:• attributes and qualified nouns, e.g. hideg tél [hidɛk‿teːl] 'cold winter';• adverbs and qualified attributes, e.g. nagyon káros [nɒɟoŋ‿kaːroʃ] ~ [nɒɟon‿kaːroʃ] 'very harmful';• verbs and their complements, e.g. nagyot dob [nɒɟod‿dob] 's/he throws long toss', vesz belőle [vɛz‿bɛløːlɛ]

'take some (of it)'.•• There are obligatory, optional and stigmatized types of assimilation.• The palatal affricates behave like stops in assimilation processes. Therefore they will be treated as stops in this

section, including IPA notations [ɟ] and [c].

Hungarian phonology 7

Voice assimilationIn a cluster of consonants ending in an obstruent, all obstruents change their voicing according to the last one of thesequence. The affected obstruents are the following:•• In obstruent clusters, retrograde voicing assimilation occurs, even across word boundaries:

Voiced Voiceless Undergoes devoicing Undergoes voicing Causes voicing Causes devoicing

b [b] p [p] dobtam [doptɒm] 'I threw (it)' 'képzés [keːbzeːʃ]'training, forming'

futball [fudbɒlː] 'soccer' központ [køspont] 'center'

d [d] t [t] adhat [ɒthɒt] 's/he can give' hétből [heːdbøːl] 'from7'

csapda [tʃɒbdɒ] pénztár [peːnstaːr] 'cash desk'

dz [dz] c [ts] edzhet [ɛtshɛt] 's/he can train' ketrecben [kɛtrɛdzbɛn]'in (a) cage'

alapdzadzíki [ɒlɒbdzɒdziːki]'standard tzatziki'

abcúg! [ɒptsuːɡ] 'down withhim!'

dzs[dʒ]

cs [tʃ] bridzstől [britʃtøːl] '(because) ofbridge <game of cards>'

ácsból [aːdʒboːl] 'from(a) carpenter'

barackdzsem [bɒrɒdzɡdʒɛm] ~[bɒrɒdʒːɛm] 'apricot jam'

távcső [taftʃøː] 'telescope'

g [ɡ] k [k] fogtam [foktɒm] 'I held (it)' zsákból [ʒaːɡboːl] 'outof (a) bag'

állítgat [aːlːiːdɡɒt] 's/heconstantly adjusts'

zsebkendő [ʒɛpkɛndøː]'handkerchief'

gy [ɟ] ty [c] ágytól [aːctoːl] 'from (a) bed' pintyből [piɲɟbøːl]'fom (a) finch'

gépgyár [ɡeːbɟaːr] 'machinefactory'

lábtyű [laːpcyː] 'socks withsleeves for the toes'

v [v] f [f] szívtam [siːftɒm] 'Ismoked/sucked (it)'

széfben [seːvbɛn] 'in(a) safe'

* lábfej [laːpfɛj] 'part of thefoot below the ankle'

z [z] sz [s] méztől [meːstøːl] 'from honey' mészből [meːzbøːl]'out of lime'

alapzat [ɒlɒbzɒt] 'base(ment)' rabszolga [rɒpsolɡɒ] 'slave'

zs [ʒ] s [ʃ] rúzstól [ruːʃtoːl] 'from lipstick' 'hasba [hɒʒbɒ] 'in(to)(the) stomach'

köldökzsinór [køldøɡʒinoːr]'umbilical cord'

különbség [kylømpʃeːɡ] ~[kylømʃeːɡ] 'difference'

– h [h] – – – adhat [ɒt.hɒt] 's/he can give'

• [6] /v/ is unusual in that it undergoes assimilation but doesn′t cause voicing, e.g. hatvan ('sixty') is pronounced[hɒtvɒn] not *[hɒdvɒn]. Voicing before [v] occurs only in south-western dialects, though it isstigmatized.Wikipedia:Citation needed

• Similarly, /h/ causes devoicing, but never undergoes voicing in consonant clusters. e.g. dohból [doxboːl] 'from(the) musty smell'.

• Other than a few foreign words, morpheme-initial /dz/ doesn't occur (even its phonemic state is highly debated),therefore it is hard to find a real example when it induces voicing (even alapdzadzíki is forced and not usedcolloquially). However, the regressive voice assimilation before [dz] does occur even in nonsense soundsequences.

Nasal place assimilationNasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant (even across word boundaries):• only [ŋ] precedes a velar consonant (e.g. hang [hɒŋɡ], 'voice'), [ɱ] precedes a labiodental consonant (e.g. hamvad

[hɒɱvɒd], 'smoulder'), and [m] precedes bilabial consonants.• [m] before labial consonants /p b m/: színpad [siːmpɒd] ('stage'), különb [kylømb] ('better than'), énmagam

[eːmmɒɡɒm] ('myself');• [ɱ] before labiodental consonants /f v/: különféle [kyløɱfeːlɛ] ('various'), hamvas [hɒɱvɒʃ] ('bloomy');• [ɲ] before palatal consonants c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ ɲ: pinty [piɲc] ('finch'), ángy [aːɲɟ] ('wife of a close male relative'),

magánnyomozó [mɒɡaːɲːomozoː] ('private detective');• [ŋ] before velar consonants /k ɡ/: munka [muŋkɒ] ('work'), angol [ɒŋɡol] ('English');

Hungarian phonology 8

• Nasal place assimilation is obligatory within the word, but optional across a word or compoundboundary,Wikipedia:Citation needed e.g. szénpor [seːmpor] ~ [seːnpor] ('coal-dust'), nagyon káros[nɒɟoŋ‿kaːroʃ] ~ [nɒɟon‿kaːroʃ] ('very harmful'), olyan más [ojɒm‿maːʃ] ~ [ojɒn‿maːʃ] ('so different').

Sibilant assimilation• Voiceless sibilants form a voiceless geminate affricate with preceding alveolar and palatal stops (d [d], gy [ɟ], t [t],

ty [c]):• Clusters ending in sz [s] or c [ts] give [tsː]: metszet [mɛtsːɛt] 'engraving, segment', ötödször [øtøtsːør] 'for the

fifth time', négyszer [neːtsːɛr] 'four times', füttyszó [fytsːoː] 'whistle (as a signal)'; átcipel [aːtsːipɛl] 's/he lugs(something) over', nádcukor [naːtsːukor] 'cane-sugar'.

• Clusters ending in s [ʃ] or cs [tʃ] give [tʃː]: kétség [keːtʃːeːɡ] 'doubt', fáradság [faːrɒtʃːsaːɡ] 'trouble', egység[ɛtʃːeːɡ] 'unity', hegycsúcs [hɛtʃːuːtʃ] 'mountain-top'.

•• Two sibilant fricatives form a geminate sibilant fricative; the assimilation is regressive as usual:• sz [s] or z [z] + s [ʃ] gives [ʃː]: egészség [eɡeːʃːeːɡ] 'health', község [køʃːeːɡ] 'village, community';• sz [s] or z [z] + zs [ʒ] gives [ʒː]: vadászzsákmány [vɒdaːʒːaːkmaːɲ] 'hunter′s game'; száraz zsömle

[saːrɒʒ‿ʒømlɛ] 'dry bread roll';• s [ʃ] or zs [ʒ] + sz [s] gives [sː]: kisszerű [kisːeryː] 'petty', rozsszalma [rosːɒlmɒ] 'rye straw';• s [ʃ] or zs [ʒ] + z [z] gives [zː]: tilos zóna [tiloz‿zoːnɒ] 'restricted zone', parázs zene [pɒraːz‿zɛnɛ] 'hot

music'.• Clusters zs+s [ʃː], s+zs [ʒː], z+sz [sː] and sz+z [zː] are rather the subject of the voice assimilation.

• If one of the two adjacent sibilants is an affricate, the first one changes its place of articulation, e.g. malacság[mɒlɒtʃːaːɡ], halászcsárda [hɒlaːʃtʃaːrdɒ] 'Hungarian fish restaurant'. Sibilant affricate-fricative sequences like/tʃʃ/ are pronounced the same as geminate affricate [tʃː] during normal speech.

• Sibilant assimilation can be omitted in articulated speech, e.g. to avoid homophony: rozsszalma [rosːɒlmɒ] ~[roʃsɒlmɒ] 'rye straw' ≠ rossz szalma [ros‿sɒlmɒ] 'straw of bad quality', and rossz alma [rosː‿ɒlmɒ] 'apple ofbad quality' as well.

• NB. Letter cluster szs can be read either as sz+s [ʃː], e.g. egészség [eɡeː ʃːeːɡ] 'health', or as s+zs [ʒː], e.g.liszteszsák [listɛʒːaːk] 'bolting-bag' depending on the actual morpheme boundary. Similarly zsz is either zs + z[zː], e.g. varázszár [vɒrazːaːr] 'magic lock', or z + sz [sː], e.g. házszám [haːsːaːm] 'street-number'; and csz: cs + z[dʒz] ~ c + sz [tss]. Moreover, single digraphs may prove to be two adjacent letters on morpheme boundary, likecs: cs [tʃ] ~ c + s [tʃʃ]; sz: sz [s] ~ s + z [zː], zs: zs [ʒ] ~ z + s [ʃː].

Palatal assimilationCombination of a "palatalizable" consonant and a following palatal consonant results in a palatal geminate.Palatalizable consonants are palatal ones and their non-palatal counterparts: gy [ɟ] ~ d [d], l [l] ~ j [j], n [n] ~ ny [ɲ],ty [c] ~ t [t].• Full palatal assimilation occurs when the ending palatal consonant is j [j]: nagyja [nɒɟːɒ] 'most of it', adja [ɒɟːɒ]

's/he gives it'; tolja [tojːɒ] 's/he pushes it'; unja [uɲːɒ] 's/he is bored with it', hányja [haːɲːɒ] 's/he throws it'; látja[laːcːɒ] 's/he sees it', atyja [ɒcːɒ] 'his/her father'. — Cluster lyj [jː] is a simple orthographic variant of jj [jː]:folyjon [fojːon] 'let it flow'.

• Partial assimilation takes place if an alveolar stop (d, t) is followed by palatal is gy [ɟ], ty [c]: hadgyakorlat[hɒɟːɒkorlɒt] 'army exercises', nemzetgyűlés [nɛmzɛɟːyːleːʃ] 'national assembly'; vadtyúk [vɒcːuːk] 'wild chicken',hat tyúk [hɒc‿cuːk] 'six hens'.

• Some sources report that alveolars stops change into their palatal counterparts before ny [ɲ]: lúdnyak [luːɟɲɒk]'neck of a goose', átnyúlik [aːcɲuːlik] 'it extends over'. The majority of the sources doesn't mention this kind ofassimilation. Maybe just palatalized allophones [dʲ], [tʲ] are pronounced in this position.

Hungarian phonology 9

•• When the first consonant is nasal, the partial palatal assimilation is a form of the nasal place assimilation (seeabove).

•• The full palatal assimilation is an obligatory feature in the standard Hungarian: its omission is stigmatized and itis considered as a hypercorrection of an undereducated person. Partial palatal assimilation is optional inarticulated speech.

DegeminationLong consonants become short when preceded or followed by another consonant, e.g. folttal [foltɒl] 'by/with (a)patch', varrtam [vɒrtɒm] 'I sewed'.

Intercluster elisionThe middle alveolar stops may be omitted in clusters with more than two consonants, depending on speed andarticulation of speech: azt hiszem [ɒs‿hisɛm] ~ [ɒst‿hisɛm] 'I presume/guess', mindnyájan [miɲːaːjɒn] 'one and all',különbség [kylømpʃeːɡ] ~ [kylømʃeːɡ] 'difference'. In morpheme onsets like str- [ʃtr], middle stops tends to be morestable in educated speech, falanxstratégia [fɒlɒnʃtrɒteːɡiɒ] ~ [fɒlɒŋkʃtrɒteːɡiɒ] ~ [fɒlɒŋksʃtrɒteːɡiɒ] 'strategy basedon phalanxes'.

Elision of [l]• /l/ assimilates to [r] before /r/ (e.g. balra [bɒrrɒ], 'to the left')./l/ also tends to be omitted between a preceding vowel and an adjacent stop or affricate rapid speech, causing thelengthening of the vowel or diphthongization (e.g. volt [voːt] 'was', polgár [poːɡaːr] 'citizen'). This is considerednon-standard.

HiatusStandard Hungarian allows (prefers) hiatus between adjacent vowels. However some optional dissolving features canbe observed:• An optional weak glide [j] may be pronounced within a word (or a compound element) between two adjacent

vowels if one of them is i [i], e.g. fiaiéi [fiɒieːi] ~ [fijɒjijeːji] ('the ones of his/her sons').• Adjacent identical short vowels other than a and e may be pronounced as the corresponding long vowel, e.g.

zoológia [zooloːɡiɒ] ~ [zoːloːɡiɒ] ('zoology').• Two adjacent i′s are always pronounced as single short [i] in the word endings, e.g. Hawaii [hɒvɒi]. This

reduction is reflected in the current orthography when the adjective-forming suffix -i is added to a noun ending ini. In this case suffix -i is omitted also in writing. e.g. Lenti 'a small town in SW Hungary' + -i → lenti 'of Lenti'.

StressThe stress is on the first syllable of the word. The articles a, az, egy, and the particle is are usually unstressed.

References[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Hungarian_language& action=edit[2] Szende (http:/ / nyelveszet. btk. ppke. hu/ Tanar/ szende. html)[3][3] Short a is slightly rounded in the standard language, though some dialects exhibit an unrounded version closer to ) .[4][4] Miklós Törkenczy: Practical Hungarian Grammar. A compact guide to the basics of Hungarian Grammar. Corvina, 2002. pp. 9-12. ISBN

963-13-5131-9[5][5] A magyar helyesírás szabályai. 11.kiadás, 12. lenyomat. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984-2000. pp. 26-30. ISBN 963-05-7735-6[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Hungarian_phonology#endnote_v

Hungarian phonology 10

Bibliography• Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya ('Phonetics, the Study of Speech'), Budapest: Osiris,

ISBN 963-389-666-5• Rounds, Carol (2001), "Vowel harmony", Hungarian : An Essential Grammar, Routledge, ISBN 9780415226127• Rounds, Carol (2009), Hungarian: An Essential Grammar (2nd ed.), New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-203-88619-4• Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2007), The Phonology of Hungarian, The Phonology of the World's Languages,

Oxford University Press• Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24

(2): 91–94, doi: 10.1017/S0025100300005090 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1017/ S0025100300005090)• Vago, Robert M. (1980), The Sound Pattern of Hungarian, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press• Vago, Robert M. (1976), "Theoretical Implications of Hungarian Vowel Harmony", Linguistic Inquiry 7 (2):

243–63, JSTOR  4177921 (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 4177921)

External links• The Hungarian alphabet (omniglot.com) (http:/ / www. omniglot. com/ writing/ hungarian. htm)

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsHungarian phonology  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=598052086  Contributors: Acbeltz, Adam78, Aetil, Aeusoes1, AlexanderKaras, Andonic, Astral, Barefact, Bobrani,Bogdangiusca, Caeruleancentaur, Cassowary, Cenarium, Cf. Hay, Chzz, Circeus, CoolKoon, Cserlajos, DopefishJustin, Emiellaiendiay, Epbr123, EstendorLin, Ferike333, Florian Blaschke,Foerno, GTBacchus, Gabbe, Gailtb, Graham87, Hairy Dude, Harilevente, Hgilbert, Hippietrail, Hvn0413, IceKarma, InFairness, Ish ishwar, John of Reading, JorisvS, Kapostamas, KovacsUr,Kwamikagami, Lesgles, Lfdder, LittleWink, Matthew Beta, Mk270, Moxfyre, Neko85, Nohat, Nyenyec, Ojovemlouco, Pablo-flores, Pankykapus, PigFlu Oink, RTG, Ralesk, Ross Burgess, S.Neuman, Samadhi77, Sardanaphalus, Sicboy, Tarcsay Zoltán, TheMexican2007, Themightyquill, Tropylium, Uptelevator, Velag, Wfgiuliano, Wikiwow, Zzyzx11, 67 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Specialkeys hungarian keyboard.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Specialkeys_hungarian_keyboard.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Cserlajos, Javier Carro, Man vyi, Qorilla, Tacsipacsi, TomchiukcImage:Hungarian vowel chart with rounded short a.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hungarian_vowel_chart_with_rounded_short_a.svg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Hungarian_vowel_chart.svg: Moxfyre (talk) derivative work: Moxfyre (talk)File:HungarianVowelHarmony.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HungarianVowelHarmony.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Acbeltz

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