Skeletal & Muscular System Packet-Please be sure to cut and paste each section on the correct page of your spiral notebook

Page 31 (“Skeleton Diagram”): Label the diagram. Color the axial skeleton one color and the appendicular another color. Make a Key. Ref. Pg: 941

Page 32 (“Skeleton Notes”): To be filled out in class.

I. Function of the Skeletal System A. Support – Provides a framework that supports the body B. Protection – Protects many ________________ from mechanical injury C. Movement – Movement occurs when muscles attached to bones contract. D. Blood Cell Formation E. Storage - Storage site for _____________________________ and ___________________.

II. Human Skeleton A. The human skeleton has two divisions: 1. Axial – Forms the main _____________ and includes the ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

2. Appendicular – Contains the bones that form the _______ & _________ and includes the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton including the _____________________________

B. Joints - Point where two bones meet. Bones are held together by ______________________. Joint are classified according to the amount of movement possible and the appearance of the bones involved.

1. Immovable or ____________ Joints - _________ movement. Example:_______________________. 2. Movable Joints - Most joints are moveable. The ends of the bones that form moveable joints are covered with a thin layer of _________________ to ________________________________. The space between the two bones is filled with a fluid to moisten and lubricate the joint called ___________________ fluid. Some examples of movable joints are:

a. Ball & Socket – Greatest range of movement. Examples: ___________________________ b. Hinge – Back and forth movement. Examples: ______________________ c. Pivot – Bones twist against each other. Examples: ______________________

d. Saddle – One bone slides in two directions. Examples:___________________________________

Page 33 (“Bone Structure Diagrams”): Color and label the bone structure diagram. Color the long bone anatomy diagram.

Page 33 (“Bone Structure Diagrams”), Con’t.: Color image of the long bone anatomy.

Page 34 (“Bone Structure Notes”): To be filled out in class.

III. Bone StructureA. Embryonic Development – Embryo skeleton is composed entirely of ______________________. The process of converting cartilage to bone requires the addition of ___________. This process is not completed until after birth. The adult skeleton is completely composed of bone, except for___________________________________.B. Bone Structure - Bone is an _____________ composed of living tissue. It is surrounded by a tough, protective layer called the ______________________. There are two types of bone tissue:

1. Compact Bone – Outer bone; dense, almost solid tissue that provides ___________________. 2. Spongy Bone – Less dense, porous tissue provides __________________________________. The spaces are filled with soft tissue called _____________. There are two types of bones marrow: a. Red Marrow - Location of ___________________ cell production b. Yellow Marrow – Site of ________ storage.

Page 35 (“Skeletal Damage Diagrams”): Color diagrams

Page 35 (“Skeletal Damage Diagrams”), Con’t.

Page 36 (“Skeletal Damage Notes”): To be filled out in class.

IV. Skeletal System DamageA. Osteoporosis – Associated with _________________. Characterized by loss of ______________ which results in increased risk of fracture

B. Scoliosis - __________________ curvature of the spine C. Arthritis - Inflammation of the _________________. Caused by wear and tear on ______________ Cushioning the joints.

Page 37 (“Muscle Types Diagrams”): Color & Label the types of muscles

Page 38 (“Muscular System Notes”)

I. Purpose: The primary function of the muscular system is to produce ___________________. The contraction of muscle tissue requires _______, so muscles are constantly carrying out ___________________ and require a large number of ____________________________.

II. Description A. Muscle Fibers Individual muscle cells are called muscle _________________. All humans have the __________ number of fibers. Muscle bulk occurs because of ________________________ of muscle fibers, not an increase in the number of muscle cells. B. Muscle Types 1. Skeletal Muscle - ________________, ___________ muscle cells that fuse together to form a __________________________ muscle fiber. Muscle fibers are arranged end-to-end to produce strong contractions. If the oxygen supply to muscle cells is depleted, they can switch to ___________________________ for energy production. 2. Cardiac Muscle - _____________________, ____________________ muscle cells found only in the ______________, with each cell having its own nucleus. Cardiac muscle cells are arranged in chains that lattice together. When the muscle contracts, the entire lattice of cells contracts together producing a powerful contraction. 3. Smooth Muscle - ________________, ___________ muscle cells. Smooth muscle contractions are slow and prolonged. Found in the ______________________________________________

Page 39 (“Skeletal Muscle Diagrams”): Color the diagram.

Page 39 (“Skeletal Muscle Diagrams”) Con’t: Color & label the diagram.

Page 40 (“Skeletal Muscle Notes”): To be filled out in class

III. Skeletal Muscle A. Anatomy - Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough bands of tissue called ____________. Every muscle has at least 2 tendons, each attached to a different bone: 1. Origin – Muscle attachment site(s) that ______________________________________ 2. Insertion – Bone that is ___________________________________________. For example, the ______________________________ has __________________ attaching it to the ____________________ and __________________. The origin is the ____________________ and the insertion is the _____________________. B. Movement - Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the __________________ skeleton work in opposing pairs. 1. Flexor – muscle that causes limb to _____________ at ____________. 2. Extensor – muscle that causes limb to ___________________ at ___________. For example, contraction of the biceps brachii _____________ the arm so it acts as a _____________, while contraction of the triceps brachii __________________ the arm so it is the ________________.

Page 41 (“Muscle Contraction Diagram”): Color Diagram

Page 42 (“Muscle Contraction Notes”): To be filled out in class.

C. Muscle Contraction Each muscle fiber contains thousands of contracting units called ___________________. Sarcomeres are made up of two types of protein filaments: 1. Actin - ___________filaments that form the border of each sarcomere. 2. Myosin - _______________ filaments found in the _______________ of the sarcomere. Actin and myosin overlap to produce the _________________ pattern seen in ________________ and __________________ muscle. When a muscle contracts, the actin and myosin filaments slide over each other and the sarcomere ________________________. Every sarcomere within a single muscle fiber contracts as a unit, thereby shortening the entire __________________. The number of fibers that can contract at one time determine an individual’s _________________. The length of the contraction time is known as __________________________.