Humanities Referencing Guide 14-15

8/10/2019 Humanities Referencing Guide 14-15

1/4

1

Humanities Style Sheet: Referencing Guide 14-15

You should adopt the following practice in referencing for literature, drama and creativewriting assignments. (In the case of creative writing modules, you will typically requirethis guide when writing reflective commentaries.)

General

Titles of complete published works should be in italics. Hamlet distinguishes the playfrom the character, whose name is simply written Hamlet.

Single inverted commas are used for titles of poems, short stories and essays within apublished collection. Araby in Joyces Dubliners . (Araby is the title of the short storyreferred to in the collection called Dubliners . Never use inverted commas for the names ofcharacters.)

Quotations

Short quotations of no more than four printed lines (about forty words) should beenclosed within quotation marks and incorporated within the text of your essay: I wastravelling post from Tiflis. The only luggage I had on my cart was a small portmanteauhalf-filled with travel notes on Georgia. Luckily for you most of them have been lost, butluckily for me the portmanteau and the rest of my things survived. 1

In the example above, there is a footnote which gives the full reference, including thepage reference to the quotation (see the bottom of this page). Subsequent references or

quotations from the same text are given as short titles in the text of your essay, like this:(Lermontov, Hero, p. 27).

If the quotation is longer than four printed lines, it should be set off by indenting theentire quotation and put in single spacing:

Caleb Williams could scarcely be more different. The narrator is unable to stabilizehis memories, his experiences, his determination to compose a history of himself.In dramatic terms, his insatiable curiosity about Falkland is to blame. But in lexicalterms, the intervention of ascendancy signifies the destabilization of power togetherwith its simultaneous redeployment and intensification in rapidly alternatingpatterns. Marxists would say that in this respect, the novel treats the succession oforder by class. 2

Note the line of white space before and after this long quotation. Subsequent quotationswould employ the short title: (MacCormack, Ascendancy pp. 23-26).

1 Mikhail Lermontov, A Hero of Our Time , trans. Paul Foote (Harmondsworth: Penguin,2001), p. 52 William J. MacCormack, Ascendancy and Tradition in Anglo-Irish Literary History from1789-1939 (Oxford: OUP, 1985), p. 106


2/4

2

Quoting poetry

Single lines or part-lines of verse should be put in quotation marks and incorporated intoyour essay: Seal up the book, all visions at an end. If you quote two to three lines ofverse, indicate the ends of lines with / , as follows: Thou, to whom the world unknown

/ With all its shadowy shapes is shown; / Who seest appalled the unreal scene / Whilefancy lifts the veil between

If you quote more than three lines then set out the poem exactly as it appears in theoriginal (or as near as possible to this) for example (this is e.e. cummings):

itsspringand

thegoat-footed

balloonMan whistlesfarandwee

Drama

If you quote dialogue, set off the quotation in your text. Names of characters (if includedin the quotation) are written in capitals. As with poetry follow the spacing andpunctuation of the original as far as possible. It is helpful to indicate act, scene and lines

referred to in the case of a play: King Lear II.4.254-58.

Ellipsis

Indicate omitted material within a sentence by three spaced full-stops: Medical thinking stressed air as the communication of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers.

Remember that the quotation should still make grammatical sense, in the context of itsuse. Always take care to introduce quotations properly and preserve the logic of yourown sentence. It is preferable to avoid breaking your sentences by long quotations;instead, introduce the quotation by a complete sentence.

Referencing

In humanities style you document your sources by giving a footnote or endnote for thefirst reference, then subsequent short title references (see above).

Finally, there should be an alphabetical list of works (a bibliography) at the end of yourpaper.

Jonathan Bate examines the ecological thinking of the philosopher MartinHeidegger in the final chapter of Song of the Earth (Bate, Song, pp. 243 - 283) [Usingshort-title]


3/4

3

This reference indicates pages 243-283 by Jonathan Bate. At the end of the paper, the bibliography lists the work cited:

Bate, Jonathan, Song of the Earth (London: Picador, 2000)

[Authors surname, first name, Title of Work (Place of Publication: Publisher, date ofpublication of edition used]

You may encounter Latin abbreviations in scholarly material:

ibid ., short for ibidem, in the same place (e.g. the page just cited) op. cit ., short for opera citato, in the work cited et al meaning and others (usually meaning and other authors).

Modern practice, however, is to avoid these abbreviations. Instead of ibid or op. cit., use

the short title and page number and write 'and others' for et al .Works by two or three authors Reverse only the name of the first author, add a comma, and give the other name(s) innormal form.

Jakobson, Roman, and Linda R. Waugh, The Sound Shape of Language (Bloomington:Indiana UP, 1979)[Notice that Indiana University Press is abbreviated to UP]

Works by more than three authors

You may name only the first author as given on the title page and add and others:Gilman, Sander, and others, Hysteria beyond Freud (Berkeley: U. of California Press,1993)

Work in an Anthology; edited worksIf you are citing an essay, short story, or poem that appears within an anthology thenyou need to give the title of the anthology and any other relevant information as well:

Allende, Isabel, Toads Mouth, trans. Margaret Sayers Peden, A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America, ed. Thomas Colchie (New York: Plume, 1992), pp.83-88

[The story Toads Mouth was written by Isabel Allende and can be found in thecollection A Hammock beneath the Mangoes which was published by Plume in New York.The translator and editor of the collection are given. To find this book in a library youwould search for Thomas Colchie, not Allende. Notice the first and last page numbers ofthe story are given after the date (pages 83-88).]

An article in a JournalBaum, Rosalie Murphy. Alcholism and Family Abuse in Maggie and The Bluest Eye ,

Mosaic 19.3 (1986), pp. 91-105

[The journal is called Mosaic and the reference is to pages 91-105 in volume 19, issue 3.]


4/4

4

The page numbers provided in the bibliography should cover the entire article not justthe portion you have used.

Internet referenceThe Literature Encyclopedia [Online]

Available from http://www.litencyc.com/ [Accessed 8 September 2007]

You may find that web addresses are sometimes very long; in that case you could useTinyURL.com this free site compresses long URLs or web addresses into shortversions.

Bibliography

It is usual to separate primary sources, such as literary works from secondary sources,such as criticism. For example:

Primary Sources

Joyce, James, Dubliners, ed. Jeri Johnson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)

Joyce, James, Occasional, Critical, and Political Writing , ed. Kevin Barry (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2000)

Joyce, James, Ulysses: a Critical and Synoptic Edition , ed. Hans Walter Gabler, 3 vols(Garland: New York & London, 1984)

Secondary Sources

Attridge, Derek, Joyce Effects: on Language, Theory, and History (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2000)

Maddox, Brenda, Nora: a biography of Nora Joyce (London: Minerva, 1988)

Seidel, Michael, James Joyce: A Short Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002)

Slote, Sam, No Symbols where none Intended: Derridas war at Finnegans Wake in

James Joyce and the Difference of Language , ed. Laurent Milesi (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2003), pp. 195-207

Documents

Humanities Referencing Guide 14-15