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LIVELIHOODS ZONING “PLUS”ACTIVITY IN AFGHANISTAN

A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS

NET)

February 2011

2

LIVELIHOODS ZONING “PLUS” ACTIVITY IN AFGHANISTAN

A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS

NET)

February 2011

The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

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Contents Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................5

Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................5

Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................7

Livelihoods Highlights ....................................................................................................................................................8

National Seasonal Calendar ...........................................................................................................................................9

Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Mixed Agriculture and Forest...........................................................................................10

Livelihood Zone 2: Eastern Agro-Pastoral and Forest.................................................................................................12

Livelihood Zone 3: Southeastern High-Migration, Forest-Product and Livestock .......................................................14

Livelihood Zone 4: Eastern Semi-Arid Agriculture .......................................................................................................16

Livelihood Zone 5: Eastern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture .........................................................................................18

Livelihood Zone 6: Eastern Cross-Border Trade and Labor .........................................................................................20

Livelihood Zone 7: Eastern Deep-Well Irrigated Agriculture .......................................................................................22

Livelihood Zone 8: Kabul and Logar Irrigated ..............................................................................................................24

Livelihood Zone 9: Southern Intensive Irrigated Vegetable and Orchard ...................................................................26

Livelihood Zone 10: Southern Semi-Arid Pastoral .......................................................................................................28

Livelihood Zone 11: Northern Kandahar Agriculture and Livestock ............................................................................30

Livelihood Zone 12: South-Central Mixed Farming .....................................................................................................32

Livelihood Zone 13: Western Intensive Irrigated Agriculture......................................................................................34

Livelihood Zone 14: Western Semi-Arid Agro-Pastoral ...............................................................................................36

Livelihood Zone 15: West-Central Highland Agro-Pastoral .........................................................................................38

Livelihood Zone 16: Western and Southern Cross-Border Trade and Labor ...............................................................40

Livelihood Zone 17: Northeastern Highland Agro-Pastoral .........................................................................................42

Livelihood Zone 18: Takhar-Badakshan Mixed-Agriculture.........................................................................................44

Livelihood Zone 19: Kunduz-Baghlan High Cereal Production ....................................................................................46

Livelihood Zone 20: Northwest Agro-Pastoral.............................................................................................................48

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Livelihood Zone 21: Northern Rainfed Mixed Farming................................................................................................50

Livelihood Zone 22: Northern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture.....................................................................................52

Livelihood Zone 23: Amo River Irrigated Cereals and Oilseed.....................................................................................54

Livelihood Zone 24: East-Central Vineyard, Cereal and Horticulture ..........................................................................56

Livelihood Zone 25: East-Central Orchard and Agriculture .........................................................................................58

Livelihood Zone 26: East-Central Mountainous Agro-Pastoral....................................................................................60

Livelihood Zone 27: South-Central Mountain Wheat, Dried Fruit and Livestock ........................................................62

Livelihood Zone 28: Southeastern Zabul Rainfed Cereals and Orchard ......................................................................64

Livelihood Zone 29: Helmand Intensive Irrigated Wheat and Cash Crop....................................................................66

Annex One: Provinces and Districts by Livelihood Zone..............................................................................................68

Annex Two: Workshop Participant List........................................................................................................................80

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Acknowledgments

This work was done by Famine Early Warning Systems Network Project that is funded by USAID

and administrated by Chemonics International in collaboration with the Afghan Ministries of

Agriculture Irrigation and Livestock and the Ministry of Rural Recovery and Development, FAO,

GTZ, Afghanaid, ActionAid, MADERA and ADA. The profiles were produced as a knowledge base

for FEWS NET, the !fghan government and other stakeholders’ activities in the country/ FEWS

NET is thankful to the collaboration and active participation of above-mentioned organizations

and participants.

Introduction

Livelihoods across Afghanistan are as diverse as its landscape. From the Hindu Kush Mountains

to the Registan desert, rural Afghans use resources found in the natural environment to obtain

food and cash for their immediate and long-term survival. Though the environment plays an

important role on what households are able to grow, raise, sell and buy, it does not explain the

livelihoods variations found across Afghanistan and how these variations influence household

food security. An analysis of the physical environment only provides a piece of the larger

picture. Factors such as agricultural technology, market accessibility, transportation,

infrastructure and conflict must also be considered in understanding livelihoods and household

food security in Afghanistan.

Livelihoods in !fghanistan have changed since FEWS NET’s 2005 profiling exercise/ !mong some

of the changes have been the poppy eradication initiatives which resulted in increase of the licit

crops and the increasingly important role that the agriculture sector plays in the Afghan

economy.

Agricultural technology and approaches vary throughout rural Afghanistan. The manner in

which the land is prepared and tilled, the use of rainfed and/or irrigation systems, even inter-

household labor agreements differ from one zone to the next.

Most often, land is tilled by tractor, oxen and to a lesser extent, by hand. Households residing in

areas that are flatter and cultivate more land may use tractors. However the price of tractors

limits ownership and many rural people rent them from the few that own. The cost of renting

varies from 300 per jerib1 to 500 AFs per hour; most households pay in cash. Oxen are also

used to till land, primarily in hilly areas and/or on smaller plots. This practice depends on

11 jerib = 1/5 of an hectare

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whether two oxen are owned – the minimum required for tilling. Those that lack one or both

animals must rent or borrow from neighbors or family members. Like tractors, the cost for

renting is mostly paid in cash, however some households may also pay in grain upon harvest.

Agriculture-based livelihoods are common throughout Afghanistan and the availability of

sufficient water is an important factor to production optimization and ensuring food security.

Traditional karez2 systems and other types of gravity flow systems are the most common types

of irrigation in rural Afghanistan. These gravity flow systems depend on the snowfall deposited

during the winter months and the rate at which it melts during the spring. Pump irrigation

either from deep wells or rivers is found in some zones. Households in Zone 7 use petrol-

powered pumps to water their fields, which is impacted by fuel price rises.

Most agricultural areas in this document use a combination of both rainfed and irrigated crop

production/ For the most part zones named “irrigated” represent areas in which the majority of

households use irrigation to cultivate their crops. Rainfed areas may also have irrigation

however the majority of households residing in these areas depend on rainfall for crop

production.

Poor households often have less land and fewer assets and are typically less food secure than

their better-off neighbors. With fewer options to access food and important non-food items,

the poor often rely on labor power to finance essential expenditures. This is no exception in

Afghanistan where in some areas poor people cannot produce sufficient amounts of food to

meet their annual needs. This is due to one or more of the following factors: small plots of land,

infertile or unproductive soil, inability to cultivate land, lack of draft animals to till their plots in

a timely manner and inability to afford agricultural inputs. As a result, poor households must

work for cash in order to buy food, or work and receive grain as payment. Another common

practice is share cropping or dekhani. Under dekhani arrangements better-off households

supply all agricultural inputs, i.e. tractors or oxen, seeds, fertilizers and pesticides while the

poor offer their land and their labor power. Upon harvest the yields are split between the two

sharecroppers at varying rates: 2:1 or 3:1 (better-off : poorer). Another common arrangement

has the better-off providing all inputs including land and the poorer households providing labor

power, for which they will receive grain as an in-kind payment.

2 Karez irrigation systems are underground channels that use gravity to transport water from higher elevations to

agriculture fields.

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Methodology

This Livelihoods Zoning ‘Plus’ product has been carried out using a rapid livelihoods assessment approach that aims to identify and describe trends and patterns in livelihoods that can be used as a starting point for early warning analysis. It is based on the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) methodology that FEWS NET uses as a foundation for its livelihoods activities.

The methodology for the Livelihoods Zoning ‘Plus’ exercise in Afghanistan consisted of two steps:

Step One: Representatives from the regions came together in four regionally-focused workshops to delineate the national map into livelihood zones, which are areas with similar livelihoods activities, agro-ecology, and access to markets.

Step Two: Descriptions of each livelihood zone are drafted at the national workshop, identifying the key characteristics of livelihoods found in each zone, as well as the Seasonal Calendar for each zone.

In a more secure situation, a third step that includes rapid field verification of the livelihood zone boundaries and descriptions is undertaken. However, the insecurity in Afghanistan limited the exercise to national workshops.

For more details on the Household Economy Analysis and principles, please visit the livelihoods section on www.fews.net or download the paper ‘Application of the Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles for Food Security Analysis and Early Warning’/

http://www.fews.net/

http://v4.fews.net/docs/Publications/Guidance_Application%20of%20Livelihood%20Zone%20Maps%20and%20Profiles_final_en.pdf

http://v4.fews.net/docs/Publications/Guidance_Application%20of%20Livelihood%20Zone%20Maps%20and%20Profiles_final_en.pdf

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National Livelihood Zone Map

Livelihoods Highlights

In a normal year, livelihood zones 15, 12, 27, 26, 25, 17, 18, and 11 are considered

chronically food insecure. Contributing factors to food insecurity include limited market

access, particularly during winter, isolated from rest of the country, and with harsh

terrain. Finally, these zones are all at high elevation where only one crop grows per year.

In a bad year livelihoods zones 1, 2, 6, 10, 14, 20, 24, and 28, are considered at risk of

food insecurity due variously to erratic or insufficient rainfall, obstructed market access

and dependence on cross-border trade that may fluctuate.

The prolonged conflict in Afghanistan has impacted a number of zones, the most at risk

of which are 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 25, 28, and 29. There are a large number of internally

displaced people in these zones and conflict continues to impact households.

Price competition with neighboring countries is steep, and producers in Afghanistan

receive a small profit as imported agricultural commodities are often cheaper.

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow* Lean season Agriculture Seasons Spring crop w w h h h lp pl Summer crop lp pl w w h h Autumn crop lp pl w w h h

Key Cycles Milk production

Local labor

Labor migration

Shocks and Hazards Floods Insufficient rain Animal disease

Crop disease Legend lp land prep pl planting w weeding h harvesting

National Seasonal Calendar

* high elevation areas only

occurs before harvest

Seasonal Calendar Key Points

!fghanistan’s main harvest is from May to August, depending on the elevation.

Afghanistan has two main cultivation seasons for wheat: winter and spring. Winter

wheat plantation takes place between September and December while spring

cultivation takes place between March-April. Winter wheat is predominately irrigated

while the spring crop is rainfed.

The lean season extends through the winter months and coincides with peak cost of

staple foods, as well as part of the migratory labor season.

Key shocks and hazards are flooding, which happens March-August, and crop diseases

that happens between April and August. Both of these may affect the spring and

summer wheat crops.

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Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Mixed Agriculture and Forest

Characterization of Food Security

This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity when wheat prices increase as most households rely heavily on market.

Households residing in this rugged and sparsely populated zone do not produce sufficient amounts of food to meet their annual needs. From the southern reaches of Nangarhar Province continuing through the mountainous districts of Logar, Paktia, Khost and Paktika Provinces households cultivate small and relatively infertile plots. As a result most households rely on the market to source their food.

Key Livelihood Activities

Poor Better-off

Grain and cash Forest product crop production sales

Income earning activities are restricted by the options available within the zone. Cash crops and the labor associated

Livestock keeping Grain and cash crop production

Livestock keeping

with its production, as well as livestock keeping finance essential and non-essential household needs for most of the zones residents. Better-off households however, earn most of their income from the sale of timber and firewood. These products are extracted from the forest and sold at the nearest local market.

Wheat, maize and pulses are the main food crops produced whereas hashish, walnuts and pulses are the main cash crops. Though hashish is common throughout most of the zone, some districts in Nangarhar Province have ceased its production as a result of the national poppy eradication initiative. Poor households sell small quantities hashish, walnuts and beans but earn most of their income performing agricultural labor.

Sheep and goats are an important source of food and income for most households in the zone. Better-off households typically slaughter according to need whereas the poor slaughter before the onset of the winter, preserving fodder stock until the next harvest and thinning herd sizes. Milk is consumed when production peaks from March until August and krut, dried yogurt is consumed throughout the year.

Market access throughout the zone is good allowing households to buy essentials and sell their wares throughout the year. Most settlements are linked to the larger markets of Jalalabad, Khost and Peshwar by reliable road networks. Rice imported from Pakistan via Jalalabad market is purchased in small quantities throughout the year whereas wheat is also bought 8-9 months out of the year or once food stocks run out. Hashish harvested in October/November is sold at the farm gate to traders and smuggled into Pakistan. Walnuts and beans are also sold at the farm gate to traders then taken to larger markets in Khost and Jalalabad with final destination to Kabul. Firewood is collected from October to February meeting the urban demand of the winter months. Timber is harvested from the forest from November to January and smuggled into Pakistan for sale. Pine nuts are another significant forest product that is sold, mostly from September until November.

Types and Sources of Food*

Poor

Wheat: 8-9 mths purchase, 3-4 mths own produce

Rice: purchase

Livestock products: own produce

Better-off

Wheat: 6-7 mths purchased, 5-6 mths produced

Rice: purchased

Livestock products: own produce

Beans: 1 mth own produce

Key Income Sources

Poor

Agriculture labor

Livestock sales

Crop sales

Better-off

Forest product sales

Livestock sales

Crop sales

Main Markets

Jalalabad

Khost

Peshwar

Shocks and Hazards

Floods

Insufficient precipitation

Market shocks

Key Early Warning Indicators

Food price spikes

Decrease in dry fruit prices

Afghan government policy on banning deforestation as poor households work in forest

Pakistan policy on food exports to Afghanistan

Conflict

*Months listed are not meant to express exact timing, but rather indicate trends and patterns.

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Seasons

Peak rains Snow Lean season

Key livelihood activities Wheat h h lp pl Hashish lp pl w h h Maize/Beans lp pl pl w h h Walnut lp pl pl w h h Milk production Livestock sales Livestock migr. Wool sales Skin sales Pine nut harvest Wheat purchase Rice purchase Other opportunities Local labor Timber labor Labor migration Hazards Flood Animal diseases Crop diseases Hail storms

Legend lp land prep pl planting w weeding h harvesting

Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Mixed Agriculture and Forest

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Livelihood Zone 2: Eastern Agro-Pastoral and Forest


This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in bad year, particularly when the Pakistan labor market cannot absorb migrants from this zone.

This agro-pastoral and forest-based zone covers the mountainous areas of Southern Nuristan, Northern Laghman and parts of Kunar Province. Ox plowing is the most common form of land tilling however some households, mostly better-off, will use tractors.

Households in this zone depend on agricultural production, livestock keeping and the forest to meet their food and cash needs. Livestock keeping and cash earned from it far outweighs the other two income earning activities. Wheat, maize and pulses are the main food crops in the zone, whereas beans and walnuts are mostly produced for sale. Households typically reside in the valleys and rely on gravity flow irrigation systems for crop production. The availability of water depends on the amount of snow (December – February) and rain (March – May).

Food is largely purchased from the market by all wealth groups, with the poor purchasing roughly ¾ of their food, and the better off purchasing ½ - ¾. After the harvest in June/July the poorer can consume wheat from their own production for four to five months relying on the market, and to a lesser extent livestock, to make up their remaining food needs. To prepare for the winter months households will stock up on grains in the fall to sustain them through the winter. If available they will slaughter sheep and goats before the winter and consume the meat throughout the season. This strategy serves two purposes: One, it thins out the herd, prolonging the fodder reserves and two, provides food for when market access is limited. Krut, or dried yogurt, is also consumed during this time supplementing winter food needs.

Cash for most of the zone’s poor is earned from working either within the zone, on better-off households’ plots, or outside the zone in Jalalabad, Kabul and/or Pakistan. Livestock, dairy products and wool are also an important source of income for both poor and better-off households. The latter is sold during the summer months whereas milk is sold from March until August. Forest products such as timber, pine nuts and firewood are sold from October until February. Beans and walnut are taken to district markets then transported by traders to Kunar and Jalalabad.

Market access is limited for three to four months a year due to the rugged terrain, extreme winters and poor transportation networks.

Key Livelihood Activities

Poor

Grain production

Livestock keeping

Better-off

Grain production


Livestock keeping

Staple Foods and Sources*

Poor

Wheat : 9mths purchase; 3 mths own produce

Rice: all purchase

Livestock products: 3-6 mths own produce

Better-off

Wheat : 6mths purchase; 6 mths own produce

Rice: all purchase

Livestock products: 6 mths own produce

Key Income Sources

Poor

Agriculture labor

Livestock and livestock product sales

Better-off

Livestock sales


Crop sales

Main Markets

Jalalabad

Kunar

Mehterlam

Shocks and Hazards

Floods

Animal disease

Crop disease and pest


Food price spikes

Reduction in daily wages

Pakistan policy changes on food export to Afghanistan

Conflict


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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h h lp pl Maize/beans lp pl w h h Walnut h h Milk production Livestock sales Livestock migr. Wool sales Skin sales Pine nut harvest Wheat purchase Rice purchase Other opportunities Local labor Timber labor Labor migration Hazards Flood Animal diseases Crop diseases Hail storms Legend lp land prep pl planting w weeding h harvesting

Livelihood Zone 2: Eastern Agro-Pastoral and Forest

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Livelihood Zone 3: Southeastern High-Migration, Forest-Product and Livestock


This zone is considered as food insecure in bad year. However, bad year for this zone is when households are unable to continue cross border trade and food price increase

This relatively sparsely-populated hilly livelihood zone sits within the southeastern districts of Paktika along the border with Pakistan.

Livestock husbandry, agriculture and forest product sales serve as the foundation for household livelihoods in the zone. Livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats and camels make significant contributions to household annual food and cash needs. Household use keraz irrigation systems to produce wheat, maize and beans. Firewood sales and the labor opportunities associated with them are another important income source for many households. The distinctive feature of this zone is the degree to which households are dependent on remittances for migrant laborers. The majority of

Key Livelihoods Activities

Poor

Labor

Agro-pastoral

Better-off

Agro-pastoral

Forest products

Staple Foods and Sources

Poor Better-off

Wheat: 6mths Wheat: 9mths own households in this zone have at least one person who is working

own produce; produce; 3mths outside of Afghanistan, either in Pakistan or the Gulf States.

6mths purchase purchase Households purchase between half and three quarters their Rice: all purchase Rice: all purchase staple food at the market. Poor households produce Livestock Livestock products: approximately six months worth of wheat, and one to two months

products: 4 4-6mths own of maize and beans. Their remaining food needs are sourced from 6mths own produce local district markets and from their livestock. Traders import rice produce and wheat from the Angor Ada market in Pakistan to sell at small

zone markets. While meat consumption occurs throughout the year, it is contingent on the number of livestock each household

Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Migrant labor Trade owns. Milk is consumed during peak production periods, whereas krut is consumed in the autumn and winter months.

Agricultural labor Forest product

Livestock and sales Labor opportunities are the main income source for the zone’s dairy sales Livestock sales poor and is sourced locally from better-off household farms or as

firewood collection laborers. It is the better-off households who regulate the tree felling in the zone and benefit from the profits of sales. Most of the firewood is designated for urban markets, especially Kabul. Poor households also have at least one household member living in Pakistan or the Gulf States and receive remittance on a regular basis.

Kuchi pastoralists traditionally pass through the zone between October and April. However, over the past few years their numbers have declined as movement has become more restricted due to the war and the expansion of agriculture production.

Main Markets

Angor Ada (Pakistan)

Sharan

Kabul

Shocks and Hazards

Floods

Insufficient rainfall

Livestock disease

Crop disease and pest


Decrease/Increase in livestock prices

Food price spikes

Conflict


h

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Seasons Peak rains Snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat (1) w w h h lp pl Maize/beans lp pl pl w w h Wheat (2) lp pl w w w h Fruit h h Milk production Livestock sales Livestock migr. Wheat purchase Rice purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Firewood sales Labor migration Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Animal diseases Crop diseases Hail storms


Livelihood Zone 3: Southeastern High-Migration, Forest-Product and Livestock

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Livelihood Zone 4: Eastern Semi-Arid Agriculture

Characterization of Food Security This zone is considered at little risk of food

insecurity.

This mixed-agriculture zone is divided into two areas: one south of Jalalabad city in Nangarhar province and the other, a narrow crescent shaped strip along Khost Province’s border with Pakistan. Formerly a major poppy producing area, now most households cultivate grains and vegetables. Agricultural


Poor Better-off Labor Agriculture production production in this flat semi-arid zone is largely dependent on Agriculture Livestock husbandry water availability. The majority of households rely on

production Trade irrigation, mostly from the river, to produce wheat, maize and cash crops/ The zone’s proximity to the cities of Jalalabad and Khost provides ample labor opportunities for the zone’s poorer households.

Dekhani, or sharecropping, is important for poor households’ access to food. One or more poor household members work on a better-off household’s plot, utilizing the inputs offered, and receiving a third to half of the grain harvested in June and July. This arrangement is mostly reserved for wheat production; however, some laborers may also receive maize as payment when it is harvested in October and November.

Wheat and rice are the two main staples that households purchase. The latter is bought in small quantities throughout the year, whereas the former is purchased as household stocks diminish.

Many poor households have migrated to urban centers and Pakistan since the eradication of poppy production, in search of labor opportunities. Some also find local work on better-off household farms during the vegetable and wheat harvesting season (April-July). Better-off households earn most of their cash trading agriculture products, livestock and/or non-food items. This usually entails purchasing crops or livestock when prices are low either in Afghanistan or Pakistan then selling when prices peak then buying non-food commodities to sell within the zone.


Poor Wheat: 5mths own

produce; 6mths dekhani, 1mth in-kind

Vegetables: 7 mths own produce

Livestock products : 4 mths own produce

Better-off Wheat: 7mths own

produce, 4-5 purchase


Livestock products: 4mths own produce

Key Income Sources

Poor Migrant labor Agricultural labor Crop sales

Better-off Trade Crop sales Livestock sales

Main Markets Jalalabad Khost Peshawer

Shocks and Hazards Insufficient rainfall Floods Animal diseases Crop pest and disease

Key Early Warning Indicators Irrigation water availability Decrease in wheat and Maize prices Decrease in daily wages Conflict


w

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h lp pl Maize lp pl h h Vegetables lp pl w w h h h Milk production Livestock sales Wool/skins Wheat purchase Rice purchase Veg. purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Animal diseases Crop diseases Hail storms

Food prices



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Livelihood Zone 5: Eastern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture


This zone is considered as food secure zone where multiple corps grow per year and this zone supply vegetables to Kabul market

This densely populated irrigated agriculture zone is split into two geographic areas. The first area is situated in intensely irrigated areas of Nangarhar, southern Laghman, Kunar and central Khost. The Kabul and Kunar Rivers in the northern zone and the Shamal, and Mangal Rivers in Khost offer a steady source of water for grain, vegetable and fruit production.


Poor Better-off

Labor Agriculture production Intensive agricultural production in the zone makes it a Agriculture Livestock husbandry main source of vegetables for Kabul and neighboring areas.

production Good road access and close proximity to Jalalabad, Khost and the border with Pakistan ensures ease of access to markets for the sale of commodities produced in the zone.

The zone’s main cash crops and are harvested three times per year and include vegetables such as potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, radishes, green beans, eggplants. Wheat is harvested once in May and June while maize is harvested in the autumn, (October and November). Though most land holdings rarely exceed 1.5 jeribs

3, households maximize their yields by timely plowing,

irrigating and fertilizing their fields.

Poorer households, from within and outside the zone, supply labor to better-off households in exchange for both cash and grain, as intense agricultural production requires a large amount of labor. A minority of households send one member to migrate to Pakistan and Iran from December to February when there is a lesser demand for agricultural labor.

Vegetables, wheat and maize are sold at the local district markets to traders. From there the products are brought to the larger regional markets at Jalalabad, Khost and Peshwar then brought to the larger urban market in Kabul. Maintained highways traverse both the northern and southern areas of this livelihood zone connecting both to Kabul and Pakistan. A reliable network of feeder roads offers households unlimited opportunities to both sell production and purchase essentials year-round.

For the past several years floods have disrupted livelihood activities in the zone requiring food assistance in many northern districts. Rations of wheat, oils, pulses, salt and non-food items were provided to flood-affected areas by the World Food Program and the Government of Afghanistan.


Poor

Wheat: 5 mths own produce; 7 mths in-kind


Maize: 2mths in-kind


Better-off

Wheat: 7mths own produce; 5mths purchase

Vegetables: 9mths own produce; 3mths purchase

Maize: 2 mths own produce

Rice: 3 mths purchase


Key Income Sources

Poor

Agricultural labor

Vegetable sales

Off-farm labor

Better-off

Crop sales

Trade

Livestock sales

Main Markets

Jalalabad

Khost

Peshawe

Shocks and Hazards

Floods

Animal diseases

Crop pest and disease


Reduction in vegetable prices

Increase in river water volumes that result in flooding

Crops diseases

Conflict

31 jerib= 1/5 hectar

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h lp Maize lp pl w h Vegetables (1) lp pl w w h h h Vegetables (2) lp pl w h Vegetables (3) lp pl w h h Milk production Livestock sales Wool/skins Wheat purchase Rice purchase Oil purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Animal diseases Crop diseases Hail storms

Food prices


pl h

Livelihood Zone 5: Eastern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture

20

Livelihood Zone 6: Eastern Cross-Border Trade and Labor


This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in a bad year. Erratic or low levels of rainfall can lead to households 4-6 months of households food from own crop production.

The zone’s economy is largely based on cross-border trading with Pakistan. The zone hugs the border with Pakistan, extending south from Naray District of Kunar to Dor Baba District of Nangarhar. The terrain of the zone varies from the mountainous areas of Eastern Kunar to the barren areas of Eastern Nangarhar. Several road networks link the zone with Pakistan, allowing for a steady flow of commodities (firewood, livestock, vegetables and non-food items) to pass in and out of


Poor Better-off

Labor Trade the zone.

Agriculture Livestock husbandry Labor migration is also an important source of income for production Agriculture

production residents, especially the poor. Migrants go particularly to Pakistan but also to the Gulf States. Labor opportunities associated with trade are found in district towns throughout the zone and a minority of laborers work on better-off farms.

Crop production of wheat and maize is not a dominant activity but is done by the better-off with access to land. The majority of crops produced in the zone are rainfed and therefore dependent on rains that fall from March to May and again in July and August. Land is tilled either with oxen or by hand via mostly local landless laborers. Wheat is produced for household consumption whereas maize is produced for animal fodder.

Poor households often sharecrop - dekhani - with the better-off and receive half of the harvest in exchange for their labor. Dekhani-sourced food only accounts for a portion of the sharecroppers’ annual food needs- therefore most of their food must be purchased from the market.

Livestock is kept by majority households, but it is only the better-off who have the resources to own larger herds and profit from their sales. Better-off households also engage in livestock trading, buying animals cheaply in Afghanistan and transporting them to markets in Pakistan where they can be sold for a profit. Cash earned from livestock sales is then used to buy various commodities, such as wheat flour, oil, fertilizers and other non-food items, and transported back to Afghanistan for sale. Timber smuggling is another source of revenue in the zone, mostly for the better-off though some poor households are offered laborer opportunities. Timber is cut from neighboring Zones 1 and 2 and smuggled to Pakistan and sold.

Increased instances of civil insecurity, mostly during the warmer months of March to October, have affected household livelihoods in the zone as increased clashes with security forces often disrupt trade activities. Given the porous border, many Pakistani Taliban infiltrate Afghanistan.


Poor

Wheat: 3mths dekhani, 9 mths purchase

Wild vegetables: 5mths collection

Maize: 3mths purchase


Better-off

Wheat: 6mths own produce, 6mths purchase

Rice: 12mths purchase

Maize: 2mths purchase


Key Income Sources

Poor

Migrant labor

Local on and off-farm labor

Better-off

Trade

Livestock sales

Formal employment

Main Markets

Jalalabad

Asadabad

Chatral – Pakistan

Bajawar – Pakistan

Malmand – Pakistan

Shocks and Hazards

Floods


Market shocks


Climate performance

Food price spikes

Border restriction by Pakistan that affect cross border trade

Conflict


h

21

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains

Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w w h h lp pl Maize lp pl w h Pea h lp pl Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wheat purchase Rice purchase Oil purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Wild foods X-border trade Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Animal diseases Insecurity Hail storms Food prices


Livelihood Zone 6: Eastern Cross-Border Trade and Labor

22

Livelihood Zone 7: Eastern Deep-Well Irrigated Agriculture


The zone is considered at little risk of food insecurity when climate performance is normal.

Most of the zone residents are congregated in the irrigated areas of central Paktia and western Paktika. The Kandarhar-Kabul road transects this flat zone connecting it to the larger regional and national markets. The distinctive feature of this zone is the large land holdings (approx. 30 Jeribs) and the dependence of deep-well pump irrigation systems.

Livelihoods depend on the irrigation for fruit cash cropping and its associated agricultural labor opportunities. Orchard fruits such as apples, grapes and pomegranates are the main cash crops, followed by potatoes and wheat. The costs associated with the crop production in the zone are directly influenced by the cost of fuel and fertilizers. Most households till their land with tractors and those that don’t own tractors must rent them at 400 Afghanis per hour.

Food is obtained through a combination of majority purchase and minority own production or sharecropping payment. The majority of poor households have limited access to or no land holdings and therefore must engage their better-off neighbors in various social arrangements such as dekhani and in-kind labor payment to obtain food. Despite these arrangements the amount of food earned often falls short of meeting all of the poorer households’ needs/ Wheat, rice and mung beans imported from India and Pakistan are purchased from the market as reserves subside.

Labor migration to Pakistan and the Gulf States is an important source of cash for the poor. Locally cash labor opportunities, specifically the harvesting of maize (October) and the cultivation (May-June) and harvesting (September) of potatoes.


Poor

Labor

Agriculture production

Better-off


Livestock husbandry


Poor

Wheat: 6mths dekhani/in-kind, 6mths purchase



Beans: 3mths purchase

Better-off




Maize: 4mths own produce

Key Income Sources

Poor

Migrant labor

Local on- and off-farm labor

Firewood sales

Better-off

Crop sales (fruits)

Remittances

Livestock trading

Main Markets

Gardez Construction labor opportunities are also abundant in April/May and July through September.

Sharan

Zurmat Cash crops, such as fruit and potatoes, are bought by traders at the farm gate and transported to the main zone markets. From the main market fruit are exported to Pakistan and India via Khost while potatoes are bound to Kabul, Khost, Jalalabad and Pakistan.

Better-off households also travel to Pakistan to buy sheep and goats when prices are low (April to August) and then sell to butchers in the main zone markets.

Shocks and Hazards

Increased fuel prices

Crop diseases and pests


Poor rainfall

Water table

Increase in fuel cost

Food price spikes

Conflict


h

23


Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w w h h lp pl Maize lp pl pl w w h Potato lp pl w h Fruit h Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wheat purchase Rice purchase Beans purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Livestock trade Firewood sales Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Animal diseases Crop diseases Food prices


Livelihood Zone 7: Eastern Deep-Well Irrigated Agriculture

24

Livelihood Zone 8: Kabul and Logar Irrigated


This zone is considered at little risk of food insecurity.

This irrigated agriculture zone covers most districts in Kabul and Logar Provinces with the exception of the grape and orchard areas annexed to Zone 24. Rivers, springs and wells provide water for irrigation systems, where most settlements are concentrated. Households in this moderately populated zone use tractors to cultivate the two to three jeribs owned. Better-off households have more land under cultivation and use local laborers to tend the land through dekhani or wage labor.

Wheat, beans and vegetables (tomatoes, onions and potatoes) are produced in surplus quantities for household consumption. Both short and long cycle wheat is produced in the zone, both harvested in June/July. Apples, onions and beans are sold to traders at the farm gate who then transport and sell the goods at the larger regional markets of Kabul, Khost and Pol Alam.

There is a high demand for agricultural labor in the zone which is mostly supplied by poorer households from March-September. In addition to paid labor, poor households also engage in dekhani farming earning a portion of the harvest as payment.

The better-off produce the majority of their food needs, whilst the poor produce less than half of theirs. Thus market purchases are a major source of income for the poorest in the zone. Households purchase wheat, rice and chickpeas once their food stocks expire.

There is a steady flow of food and non-food items as well as seasonal employment opportunities for the laboring poor thanks to the zone’s proximity to Kabul and the regional markets of Pol Alam and Khost allows for a.


Poor

Agriculture production and labor

Livestock husbandry

Better-off


Livestock husbandry


Poor


Beans/potatoes: 45mths own produce


Livestock products:

6mths own produce

Better-off

Wheat: 9mths own produce, 3 mths purchase

Beans: 9mths own produce

Vegetables: 5mths produce


Livestock products:

7mths own produce, 3mths purchase

Key Income Sources

Poor

Local on-farm labor

Livestock product sales

Better-off

Cash crop sales

Trade/small business

Livestock and product sales

Main Markets

Kabul

Pol Alam

Khost

Shocks and Hazards

Crop diseases and pests


Floods


Food price spikes

External wheat supply

Decrease in daily wage

Conflict


25


Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat (1) lp pl h Beans lp pl w h h Vegetables lp pl w w w h h Wheat (2) h h lp pl Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wheat purchase Rice purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Firewood sales Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Low river level Animal diseases Crop diseases Food prices


h w

Livelihood Zone 8: Kabul and Logar Irrigated Zone

Livelihood Zone 9: Southern Intensive Irrigated Vegetable and Orchard


This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in bad years due to erratic climatic behavior.

This relatively densely populated agricultural zone follows Kabul-Kandarhar highway and expands across the districts within Ghazni, Zabul and Kandahar Provinces. The majority of settlements are concentrated within close proximity to irrigated plots and along the main highway. Key Livelihoods Activities

Poor Better-off Agriculture

production and Agriculture

production

The economy of the zone is based on the irrigation available from Arghandab River and some from karez

4 irrigation. This zone was

labor Livestock formerly a poppy producing zone which has since transitioned to

Livestock husbandry the intense production of vegetables and fruits. The latter is

husbandry especially important to the zone’s economy/ Pomegranates and stone fruits are bought at the farm gate and transported to larger regional markets of Hirat and Kabul and to international markets in


Poor Better-off Wheat: 7mths Wheat: 8mths own

Pakistan and Iran.

purchase, produce, 4mths Irrigation is also used to grow staple food crops of the zone 5mths produce purchase including wheat, maize and pulses. A combination of private crops or dekhani Vegetables: 8mths and grain earned from labor produces nine months of the poor’s

Maize: 2mths own produce annual food needs, but requires them to purchase wheat and rice produce or Rice: 12mths for the remaining three months. The poor purchase a small amount dekhani purchase of rice every couple of months and wheat after reserves expire.

Livestock Livestock products: Those that have smallstock also consume milk, cheese, meat and products: 3 4-5mths own krut. 4mths own produce produce Income for all wealth groups is dependent on agriculture – with

the better-off depending on the sale of fruit, vegetable and staples, and the poor primarily depending on work on the farms of the

Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off Local on-farm Fruit and vegetable better-off. Pomegranates, grapes and radishes are harvested and

labor sales sold during the autumn months (September to November) whereas

Crop sales Grain trade tomatoes, melons and string beans are sold from May to August.

Livestock product Livestock and Poor households sell a portion of the wheat, maize and vegetables

sales product sales they receive from in-kind payment immediately after harvested to cover pressing food and non-food needs. Livestock are sold throughout the year with peak peak sheep and goat sales happening from November to February.

Insecurity is the largest hazard affecting livelihoods in this zone. Kandahar is a Taliban hotspot and clashes between them and international and national security forces sometimes limit household access to markets. Though insecurity is a constant threat, increased instances of civil insecurity occurs from March to November.

Main Markets Kandahar Lashkargah Ghazni

Shocks and Hazards Insufficient rainfall Floods

Key Early Warning Indicators Food price spikes Decrease in vegetable and fruit price Conflict Unavailability of irrigation water Increase in fuel prices


4 Karez irrigation systems are underground channels that use gravity to transport water from higher elevations to agriculture

fields.

26

h h h

27

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h h lp pl Maize lp pl pl h h Poppy h lp pl Barley h h lp pl Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wheat purchase Rice purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Trade Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Insecurity Animal diseases Crop diseases Hailstorms Food prices



28

Livelihood Zone 10: Southern Semi-Arid Pastoral


This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in a bad year when poor rainfall affects pasture conditions.

This large and sparsely populated livelihood zone covers most of the semi-arid non-agriculture areas of Kandarhar, Helmand and Nimroz provinces. The zone boundaries extend to the border of Pakistan to the south and Iran to the west. Sandy, infertile soils and low rainfall restricts agriculture opportunities; therefore most households in the zone do not cultivate the land.

Livestock husbandry drives the economy in this zone. Nearly every household sells livestock and livestock products within their own means but many, especially the poorest, must complement this income with cash from on- and off-farm labor opportunities or by migrating to Iran or Pakistan in search of work. Smuggling of poppy, livestock, and non-food items is another source of cash for better-off households. Access to transportation, strong international social relationships and little government presence allow many smugglers to operate without limitation.

Households consume meat and dairy products provided from their animals, and purchase staples from the market. Market access is difficult for many as road networks are poor, trading centers are far and adequate transportation is in short supply. Many poor households also depend on wheat received as in-kind payment working in the northern irrigated agriculture areas and from herding work within the zone.

Some Kuchi pastoralists from the central highlands pass through the zone to take advantage of the southern pastures during the winter months (December – March).


Poor

Livestock husbandry

Labor

Better-off

Livestock husbandry

Trade


Poor

Wheat: 9mths purchase, 3mths in-kind


Better-off

Wheat: 12mths purchase


Key Income Sources

Poor

Labor migration


Better-off

Livestock and product sales

Trade and smuggling

Main Markets

Zaranj

Kandahar

Lashkargah

Shocks and Hazards

Wind storms



Poor rainfall

Poor pasture conditions

Terms of trade between livestock and wheat

Dramatic livestock changes


29

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Camel milk Sheep/goat milk Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wheat purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration

Smuggling:

Poppy

Human

Animals

Clothes X-border trade Hazards Insufficient rains Windstorms Animal diseases Food prices


Livelihood Zone 10: Southern Semi-Arid Pastoral

30

Livelihood Zone 11: Northern Kandahar Agriculture and Livestock


This zone is considered moderately at risk of food insecurity in a normal year.

This moderately populated, rainfed zone sits within the mountainous districts of Northern Kandahar. The 300-500 mm of rain the zone receives annually – which falls primarily between mid-November and March - is the main source of water for crop production.

Livelihoods are built on crop production of wheat and maize, with some poppy and hashish. Surplus wheat and rice is brought to the main market at Kandahar to be sold, and then transported to larger regional markets throughout the country. Poppy that is harvested in April/May and Hashish that is harvested in December/January is bought at the farm gate by traders and then smuggled through the desert into Iran.

Households also rely on the meat and dairy products of sheep, goat and cattle to fill a small portion of the annual food and cash needs. The sale of small livestock makes up a generous portion of household income, especially for the better-off but is overshadowed by the cash contribution from poppy sales/ Many of the zone’s poor also travel outside the zone to Kandahar and as far as Pakistan and send remittances home. Poorer households purchase wheat and rice for nearly six months out of the year.

Market access is limited due to poor road conditions. Wheat and rice from Pakistan are brought to local markets via Kandahar. As the supply of grain produced from their fields and those they sharecrop reduces, households rely more on the market to fill additional needs.

Insecurity is a hazard throughout the year, however fighting tends to increase March through November.


Poor

Crop production

Livestock keeping

Labor

Better-off

Crop production

Livestock keeping

Trade


Poor

Wheat: 6mths own produce or dekhani, 6mths purchase

Rice: 6mths purchase, 2mths own produce


Better-off

Wheat: 12mths produce

Rice: 10mths purchase, 2mths


Vegetables: 8mths own produce

Key Income Sources

Poor

Agricultural labor

Crop sales


Handicraft sales

Better-off

Crop sales

Livestock & product sales

Trade

Main Markets

Qalat

Kandahar

Trimqot

Shocks and Hazards

Floods


Crop and livestock diseases


Conflict

Food price spikes

Decrease in poppy prices


h

31

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h h lp pl Maize lp pl h h Poppy h lp pl Hashish h lp pl h Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Hide/skin sales Wheat purchase Rice purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Petty trade Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Insecurity Animal diseases Crop diseases Food prices



32

Livelihood Zone 12: South-Central Mixed Farming


This zone is considered as moderately food in secure, if poppy production decreased to zero as this mountainous area have less arable land to cultivate

This mixed agriculture zone is relatively populated and covers the mountainous districts of Northern Helmand Province, the Northeastern district of Nimroz Province and the southeastern parts of Gulistan and Pur Chaman districts of Farah Province.

Livelihoods are dependent on a livestock, and a mix of staple grain crops and cash crops. Wheat, maize and vegetables are cultivated using keraz irrigation systems/ The zone’s main cash crop is poppy, which is harvested and sold in April and May. Settlements in some districts, such as Naw Zad and Washir also produce and sell fruits in lieu of or in addition to poppy.

Some households sell a portion of their wheat harvest in May and June to cover immediate needs or to repay debts.

Livestock, mostly goats and sheep, but also cattle, are an important source of income for all households. The better-off earn most of their cash selling livestock from November to February. Labor opportunities serve as the main income generating opportunity for the zone’s poor/ Some opportunities are found locally on better-off households’ poppy fields. Migration to the Helmand Intensively Irrigated Wheat and Cash Crop Zone offers additional income earning opportunities for the poor. Others travel to Hirat or Iran in search of off-farm work during the winter and spring months. Both the poor and the better off are able to produce the more than half of their food needs, however they are still largely dependent on the market for staples.

Market access is limited given the rough terrain, extreme winters,


Poor

Crop production

Livestock keeping

Labor

Better-off

Crop production

Livestock keeping

Trade


Poor

Wheat: 7mths purchase, 5mths own produce or dekhani

Maize: 2mths own produce or dekhani


Better-off




Livestock products: 4-5mths own produce

Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Agricultural labor Livestock & poor road networks and insecurity. Households typically take their

Livestock product sales goods e.g. crops and livestock, to local district markets where

product sales Crop sales

Trade

traders buy then transport to larger markets outside the zone. Wheat specifically is taken through district markets to Hirat or Kandarhar via the main zone markets. Poppy is bought at the farm gate by wealthier traders then transported to Kandarhar or smuggled into Iran.

Kuchi pastoralists, who are not represented in this description, stay in the zone during the summer months.

Main Markets

Delorram

Cheghacheran

Laskargah

Shocks and Hazards

Floods


Crop & livestock diseases


Food price spikes

Decrease in poppy prices

Increasing and/or sustained conflict


h

33

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h h lp pl Maize lp pl h h Poppy h lp pl Fruit h h Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Hide/skin sales Wheat purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Petty trade Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Insecurity Animal diseases Crop diseases


Livelihoods Zone 12: South-Central Mixed Farming

34

Livelihood Zone 13: Western Intensive Irrigated Agriculture


This zone is considered at little risk of food insecurity zone.

This moderately populated zone sits within the northern half of Hirat Province. Most of the settlements are found near the irrigated areas the Harirud and Kagban Rivers and their tributaries. Some northern settlements practice rainfed agriculture however they represent the minority. Between 80%-90% of plots are irrigated producing surplus quantities of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables. Saffron is a newly introduced cash crop, however due to the conflict producers find it challenging to market their product to international buyers.


Poor

Agricultural labor

Crop production

Better-off

Crop production

Trade


Poor Better-off

Wheat/rice: Wheat/rice: Crop production drives the zone’s economy and provides most

8mths produce 12mths own households with a steady source of food and income. Poor

or in-kind, produce households and migrant laborers from neighboring zones take

4mths Vegetables: 3mths advantage of the nearly year-round availability of agricultural labor

purchase produce opportunities. In addition to local work, the poor also travel to Hirat

Vegetables:2 Livestock products: during the winter months and to Iran, Pakistan and neighboring

3mths produce 4-5mths own provinces in search of labor opportunities.

Livestock produce Land ownership is the main limitation to food self-sufficiency for products: 3 the zone’s poor; many are landless. This portion of the population 4mths own gets most of their annual food needs from in-kind payment for produce agricultural laboring. They primarily receive wheat in June/July and

rice in October. Their remaining food needs are met through local market purchases.

Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Agricultural labor Livestock and Hirat market is the regional market for most of western Livestock product sales Afghanistan and the commercial hub for Zone 13. Most

product sales Crop sales

Trade commodities, both crops and livestock, are brought from the villages to Hirat. Traders from within and outside the zone purchase grains and fruit at Hirat and transport them to other provinces throughout the country/ Sheep are also brought to Hirat’s livestock market then smuggled into Iran.

Main Markets

Hirat

Enjil

Qooryan

Gozara

Shocks and Hazards

Floods



h

35

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w w h h lp lp pl pl Rice lp lp pl pl lp w h h Vegetables lp pl w w h h

Fruit h h Saffron lp lp pl h Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Hide/skin sales Wheat purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Wild food coll. Hazards Food prices Insufficient rains Insecurity Crop diseases


Livelihood Zone 13: Western Intensive Irrigated Agriculture

36

Livelihood Zone 14: Western Semi-Arid Agro-Pastoral


The zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in a bad year.

This flat, semi-arid and predominantly low altitude zone stretches across southern Hirat, southward through Farah until the northern districts of Nimroz Provinces and borders Iran to the west. Population density is comparatively sparse with most of the settled population concentrated around the irrigated


Poor Better-off

Agricultural labor Agriculture areas.

Livestock keeping Livestock keeping

Trade Wheat, barley, maize and some vegetables are the primary crops produced for both consumption and sale. Some of the irrigated areas in Hirat are reserved for rice cultivation however this does not represent the majority.

Most poor households cultivate 2 to 3 jeribs of land, reserving most of their land for wheat production and a smaller portion to grow livestock fodder, maize or barley. In a typical year, poorer households’ yields provide less than half of their annual food needs, which leads them to purchase wheat and rice from Zone 13 via credit. Better-off households produce sufficient amounts of wheat to cover most of their needs but they also purchase rice from Zone 13 on a monthly basis. Meat from their own livestock is consumed through the year whereas dairy from sheep and


Poor

Wheat/barley: 7mths purchase, 5mths in-kind


Better-off

Wheat/barley: 8mths own produce 4mths purchase


Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Agricultural labor Crop sales cattle are consumed during the peak production months (April to

Migrant labor Livestock & product July).

Livestock product sales The proximity to the border of Iran and porous borders offers sales Trade many income earning opportunities for the zone’s better-off

traders and poor laborers. Grains are bought during the harvest Main Markets

Darwazai from July through September and sold in Iran when price peak

Hirat from November through March. Similarly livestock are bought

Trarabar Maiden from October to December and sold from January to March.

Zaranj Most of the expansive rangeland found in the zone is used by Kuchi Pastoralists who pass through seasonally. Shocks and Hazards

Windstorms

Floods



Disruptions to cross-border trade with Iran

Increased and sustained conflict

Deportation of migrant laborers from Iran


37

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w h h h lp lp pl pl Pea h h lp lp pl pl Barley w h h lp pl pl

Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wheat purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Livestock trade Hazards Floods Windstorms

Insecurity Animal diseases Crop diseases


Livelihood Zone 14: Western Semi-Arid Agro-Pastoral

38

Livelihood Zone 15: West-Central Highland Agro-Pastoral


This zone is at risk of food insecurity in a normal year

This high altitude mountainous zone covers most districts in Ghor Provinces, the northwest districts of Daykundi Province and some districts in Eastern Farah Province. Livelihoods in the zone are based on a mixture of rainfed and irrigated agricultural production, and animal husbandry. The zone is dominated by rangeland that is used by the zone’s residents and by Kuchi Pastoralists during the summer months. Cattle, small stock and poultry are the dominant livestock kept by households though poorer households own fewer cattle. Oxen-pulled plows are the most common form of land preparation. Households that lack the necessary two oxen have to borrow or rent animals from neighbors or family members.

Most of the settled population engages in mixed agriculture, producing wheat, potatoes (only in the irrigated areas) and barley, in addition to livestock keeping. The barley is used as animal fodder while the wheat and potatoes are for household consumption. Relatively modest landholdings translate into low crop yields for the zone’s poorer population/ To compensate, the poor work for the better-off in exchange for wheat. Wheat and rice from Hirat are purchased, complementing in-kind wheat earned and livestock products.


Poor

Labor

Livestock keeping

Better-off

Agriculture

Livestock keeping


Poor

Wheat: 6mths own produce, 6mths in-kind


Better-off


Potatoes: 4mths own produce


Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Labor Crop sales Market access is limited during the winter months when excessive

Livestock Livestock & snowfall blocks transportation routes to and from Kabul and a Hirat.

product sales product sales

Trade Households typically do not produce much food but sell a portion of their wheat, barley or potato harvest immediately to cover costs or repay debts. From the villages people transport goods for sale by foot or donkey to local markets within the zone. Local traders then transport the commodities to central markets then to the main regional market at Hirat. Livestock sales follows the same route but is then brought into Iran via Zone 16.

Main Markets

District markets

Hirat

Chaghcharan

Shocks and Hazards

Extreme winter



Floods


Insufficient and untimely rainfall

Livestock price drops

Food price spikes

Increased cost of transportation

Reduced remittance sharing


39

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat lp pl w h h Potato lp pl w h Barley lp pl pl w h

Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wheat purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Firewood sales Hazards Floods Avalanche

Food prices Animal diseases Crop diseases



40

Livelihood Zone 16: Western and Southern Cross-Border Trade and Labor



Livelihoods in this composite zone are based on the trade/smuggling and labor-based activities associated with being located on the north-western/western borders with Turkmenistan and Iran, and the southern border with Pakistan. Though this peri-urban zone relies heavily on cross-border activities, many households are also engaged in small-scale agriculture and livestock.

Income is largely earned through trade and the labor opportunities associate with it. Grain, livestock, manufactured goods and opium are the various commodities that are flowing through these border areas. Better-off households are the primary operators in the zone. They own the transport trucks and have the capital and connections to move commodities across international boundaries. They also supply labor opportunities to the poorer households of zone which can include construction, loading and unloading, transport and other activities associated with trade. Others travel to one of the foreign countries in search of labor opportunities.

Most households engage in farming however harvests are limited due to a combination of factors including small landholdings, poor soil quality and the lack of irrigation infrastructure. As in other zones, better-off households have


Poor

Labor

Agriculture

Better-off

Trade

Agriculture


Poor

Wheat: 6mths own produce, 6mths in-kind and purchase

Maize/chickpea: 2mths own produce


Better-off

Wheat: majority own produce

Maize/chickpea: 2mths own produce


Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Labor Trade/self the means to produce more food for themselves than their

Migrant labor employment poorer neighbors however they too source the bulk of their

Livestock sales Livestock and product sales

food from the market. The market is the primary source of food for all households in the zone. Wheat and rice from Pakistan or Iran are bought at the market.

Sheep, goats and cattle are the main livestock kept in the zone and are sold according to need throughout the year. Most animals are sold to better-off traders from October to November and are transported or smuggled to Iran and Pakistan.

Main Markets

The main settlements within zone

Adjacent markets in Iran and Pakistan

Shocks and Hazards

Rising food prices

Crop pest/ diseases


Insecurity


Border restrictions

Decrease in daily labor wage


41


Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w w h h lp lp pl pl Maize lp pl w h h Chickpea pl pl h h lp lp

Milk production Livestock sales Other opportunities X-border trade Labor migration Hazards Insufficient rain Insecurity Food prices Diarrhea Malaria


Livelihood Zone 16: Western and Southern Cross-Border Trade and Labor

42

Livelihood Zone 17: Northeastern Highland Agro-Pastoral


This zone is at risk of food insecurity in a normal year given its limited access to market and harsh winter conditions.

This hilly and mountainous livelihood zone covers most of Badakhshan, extends southwestward into the southernmost district of Takhar, south to the northern reaches of Nurestan and the southeastern district of Baghlan Provinces. Population density in this remote part of the country is relatively sparse with most settlements in the valleys in the western part of the zone and some


Poor Better-off

Daily farm labor Livestock keeping along the border with Tajikistan.

Agriculture Agriculture Most households rely on livestock as a key resource for food and Livestock Grain & livestock income. Sheep, goats, cattle, and donkeys are the main livestock

keeping trading owned by households. Sheep and goats are mostly sold according to need but are also consumed throughout the year, mostly before the onset of winter. Wool and hides are also sold, however many keep these products for household use. Those that own dairy cattle, consume dairy products, especially milk, from March to July, selling surpluses locally.

Crop production is also important for all wealth groups’ livelihoods in the zone. Though there is some rain dependence, most households rely on snow-melt irrigation for wheat, barley, beans, maize, and potato production. The availability of water for irrigation is largely dependent on the amount of snow that accumulates from December to mid-March and the rate at which it melts.

Market access is limited in the zone due to poor road conditions,


Poor

Wheat: 8mths purchase, 4mths dekhani

Potato: 1mth dekhani

Livestock products: 4

5mths own produce

Better-off

Wheat: 7mths own produce, 4-6mths purchase

Potato: 3mths dekhani

Livestock products:

6mths own produce

Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Labor sales Livestock and remoteness, and seasonality. From December to mid-March snow

Crop sales livestock product accumulation blocks the flow of commodities in and out of the zone.

Livestock and sales The majority of households use local district markets to sell and buy

livestock Crop sales goods, traveling on foot or by donkey. Faizabad is the primary product sales Trade market in the zone and where most commodities pass through en

route to local markets. Those households settled along the Tajikistan border may cross the border to buy staples though prices tend to be higher there.

Main Markets

Faizabad

Tahkar

Tajikistan

Kunduz

Shocks and Hazards


Floods


Households food stock ability prior winter

Climate performance

Road access

Food price spikes

Prepositioning food prior winter


h

43

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat lp pl w h h Potato lp lp pl w h h Barley lp pl pl h h

Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wool/skin sales Other opportunities Local farm labor Formal work Labor migration X-border trade

Wild foods

Petty trade Hazards Floods Food prices Animal diseases Crop diseases


Livelihood Zone 17: Northeastern Highland Agro-Pastoral

44

Livelihood Zone 18: Takhar-Badakshan Mixed-Agriculture


This zone is considered chronically at risk of food insecurity with very limited access to market and harsh winter conditions.

This moderately dense and reasonably flat livelihood zone covers the plains of Takhar Province and continues into the central districts of Badakhshan Province.

Agriculture production and to some extent animal husbandry serves as the foundation for livelihoods in this zone. Wheat, rice and vegetables are produced on fairly fertile soils. Most of the agriculture is rainfed however some households have access to


Poor Better-off

Daily farm labor Agriculture snow melt irrigation. The rainy season occurs after the winter from

Agriculture Livestock keeping March until mid-June. The agriculture season starts before winter

Livestock keeping Trade/selfemployment

with the land preparation of a single cycle of wheat and ends with the harvest in July. Households cultivating less than five jeribs use oxen to till their plots while those owning more land, typically better-off households, use a tractor.

Poor households source a limited amount of food from their fields and must purchase the larger share of their food from the market. Livestock products - mostly dairy - represent a small part of the poor’s food from April to October. Better-off households are able to produce a surplus in crops, using them to meet most of their annual food and cash needs. They too consume livestock products, both dairy and meat from their animals.

Cash earned from labor is the primary source of income for poor households. Some find local agricultural labor opportunities on better-off farms but many migrate to more productive agriculture areas such as neighboring Northern High Cereals Production Zone. In addition to agriculture labor, some work is found in construction or in neighboring countries of Pakistan and Iran. The poor also sell portions of their rice harvest in November/December and wheat in July/August. If available the poor sell sheep and goats, and milk and butter to supplement their annual income. Better-off households sell surplus grain, livestock and livestock products. They also purchase grains and livestock when prices dip and re-sell when prices are more favorable.

Market access in the zone is relatively good. The construction and reconstruction of many roads connect it to the main transportation artery of the north. Most commodities sold, grains and livestock, are done at the district market. Traders, both local and from other areas, transport commodities in and out of the zone. Grains, wheat and rice are transported to Taluqan or Faizabad and livestock is taken to Tajikistan or Kabul via Taluqan. Food bought at the local market, namely wheat, is brought in from Turkmenistan or Pakistan via Kabul.


Poor


Rice: 7mths own, 5mths purchase


Better-off

Wheat: 12mths own produce,

Rice: 12mths own produce


Livestock products:

4-6mths own produce

Key Income Sources

Poor

Labor sales

Crop sales


Better-off

Crop sales


Trade

Main Markets

Taluqan

Faizabad

Kunduz

Shocks and Hazards

Floods



Food price spikes

Poor market access

Poor weather conditions, particularly erratic rains


h

45

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat pl pl w h lp Rice lp pl w h

Vegetables h h lp pl w

Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Remittances

Hazards Floods Insufficient rain Food prices Crop diseases



46

Livelihood Zone 19: Kunduz-Baghlan High Cereal Production


This zone is considered at little risk of food insecurity it is a surplus producer of agricultural products.

This surplus-cereal producing zone lies low and covers all of Kunduz Province, the northwestern districts of Takar Province and most of the districts of Baghlan Province. Most of the zone depends on irrigation however those living in the southern part (Nahrin and Dahaneh-ye-Ghowri Districts) depend on rainfall. The main staples produced are wheat, rice, oilseeds, melons and some potatoes. There are two agricultural season in this zone: wheat, maize and flax are harvested in the summer whereas rice and sesame are harvested in the autumn.

The dekhani farming arrangement is central to production in this zone, in which better-off and poor households sharecrop and split the harvest at a 3:1 or 2:1 ratio. Most poor households in the zone rely heavily on the grain earned through dekhani for most of their food, though some may sell a part their dekhani crops after harvest for additional income. Surplus wheat, rice and melons are the main crops sold for cash followed by flax and sesame.

Demand for labor is high in this breadbasket region. Many poor households rely on local agricultural work, which is paid in grain and/or cash/ The zone’s high demand labor attracts laborers from other areas which in turn push down labor rates.

Market access is good as main transportation artery from Kabul transects through the center of the zone with many secondary and tertiary roads connecting villages to the larger zone markets. Wheat and rice are sold at the local market and transported throughout the north and down to Kabul. Traders from Kabul come to the farm gate and buy melon and watermelon. Although this is a surplus producing zone, many households purchase beans from Zone 18 or import them from Turkmenistan.


Poor

Agriculture

Livestock husbandry

Better-off

Agriculture

Livestock husbandry


Poor

Wheat/rice: 6mths dekhani, 6mths purchase

Potatoes: 3-4mths own produce


Better-off

Wheat/rice: 12mths produce

Potatoes: 3-4mths produce


Key Income Sources

Poor

Labor sales

Crop sales (from Dekhani)

Livestock sales

Better-off

Crop sales

Livestock sales

Trading

Main Markets

Kunduz

Imam Sahib

Khanabad Manduy

Mazar-e-Sharif

Shocks and Hazards

Flood


Crop pest/ diseases

Livestock disease


Crops diseases

Decrease in staple food prices

Reduced irrigation water availability

Increase in agricultural inputs prices

Conflict


h

47

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w w h h h lp lp pl pl Rice lp pl w h h Potato lp pl w h h

Sesame lp pl pl w w h h

Flax lp pl pl w h

Maize lp pl w w h h

Milk production Livestock sales Butter sales Wool/skin sales Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Remittances

Wild plants

In-kind payment Hazards Floods Food prices Diarrhea Crop diseases


Livelihood Zone 19: Kunduz-Baghlan High Cereal Production

48

Livelihood Zone 20: Northwest Agro-Pastoral


This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in a bad year, when market access is poor.

This expansive and sparse zone cuts across the southern districts of Samangan, Balkh, Sari Pol, Faryab Provinces, the northern parts of Ghor and Hirat Provinces, and all of Bagdhis Province/ The zone’s landscape is mostly grassland, intermingled agricultural land, wild plants and pistachio forests to the west.

Households have increased their reliance on crop production in the last several years – a shift from former times in which animal husbandry was dominant and complemented with limited crop production. While the majority of households in the zone rely on rainfall, there are some pockets of irrigated fields throughout the zone in which rice is produced.

Household production and earnings from dekhani sharecropping is roughly sufficient to cover household needs of all wealth groups. Grains such as wheat, barley and maize are produced for household consumption whereas wheat, pulses and zera (cumin) are cultivated as cash crops.

Households’ access to major markets is restricted by distance, few roads and limited transportation options. After harvest, households take a portion of their wheat to be sold at local district markets. Wheat is brought in from Hirat, Kabul and Zone 22 to local market to meet consumers’ demands/ Pulses are typically sold at the farm-gate to traders who then take the goods to local markets or to larger regional markets outside the zone. Cumin is also bought by traders but is then exported to one of the major trading centers within Afghanistan where it is then exported to India, Pakistan or Iran. Livestock stock and livestock products are sold at local markets then transported to the provincial capital to be slaughtered.


Poor Agriculture Livestock husbandry

Better-off Agriculture Livestock husbandry


Poor Wheat/maize:

7mths purchase, 5mths dekhani


Better-off Wheat/maize/rice:

12mths own produce


Key Income Sources

Poor Labor Crop sales Livestock sales

Better-off Crop sales Livestock sales Trading

Main Markets District markets Mazar-e-Sharif Hirat

Shocks and Hazards Insufficient rainfall Flood


Reduced pistachio sale prices Conflict Food price spikes Decrease in daily wage rates and work

availability


49

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w w h h lp pl pl Maize lp pl w lp pl w h h

Chickpea pl pl h h lp lp

Cumin lp pl h h

Milk production Livestock sales Livestock migr. Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Pistachio collect. Hazards Floods Food prices Avalanche Crop diseases



50

Livelihood Zone 21: Northern Rainfed Mixed Farming


This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in a bad year, which is affected by insufficient or erratic rainfall.

This zone is mixed agricultural zone is rainfed and located in the hilly and mountainous areas of the districts of southern Balkh and Northern Samangan, Sari Pul and Faryab Provinces. Forests cover much of the mountainous area to the south, and offer pistachio, almond and walnut trees amongst the wild growth.

Most households in this area cultivate wheat, barley, sesame and on small to moderately sized plots. Grains are sown before the winter, mature through the rainy season and are harvested in the summer. In addition to grains households also cultivate sesame and cumin. Sheep, goats and cattle are owned by most in the zone however the number owned varies according to wealth. Plough oxen are used by the majority to till the land, though some better-off households use tractors.

Land size is a key limitation for livelihoods in the zone. Poor


Poor Agriculture labor Wheat and barley

production Handicraft

production

Better-off Wheat and barley

production Livestock

husbandry Trade


Poor Better-off Wheat/barley: Wheat/barley: households sharecrop, dekhani, to access most of their food. Under

7mths 10mths own this system a land-poor laborer provides all labor on a better-off purchase, produce, 2mths household’s land in which proportions are divided roughly 3.1 or 5mths dekhani purchase 2:1 land-owner:laborer. This accounts for roughly half of the or own produce Livestock products: poor’s food, requiring them to purchase for six to seven months.

Livestock 6mths own Better-off households get most of their food from their fields products: produce supplementing their remaining needs from livestock products and 4mths own rice and potatoes purchased from the market. produce

Crop sales are a key source of income for all wealth groups. Though the yields poorer households produce are insufficient to

Key income sources

Poor Better-off Labor sales Livestock sales meet their food needs they sell a small portion of their higher value

Crop sales Crop sales crops or grain earned through in-kind payment to purchases

Carpet weaving & Trade cheaper grains and buy other essentials. However, the majority of

wool spinning their income comes from labor sales, both locally and in other provinces or in Iran. Migration labor is typically undertaken by one male household member who travels to Iran from November to March, working in construction or other off-farm employment activities. A minority of the poor may also earn cash from carpet weaving or wool spinning. Better-off households earn the bulk of their cash through livestock sales followed by wheat and sesame sales. Some better-off families are also engaged in grain, livestock and handicraft trade.

Good road networks connect many of the small district markets to larger provincial markets and the major northern market at Mazar-e-Sharif. Wheat and sesame, as well as livestock, are bought by traders at the local district market, transported to provincial market and then sold at the larger markets of Mazar-e-Sharif and/or Kabul.

Main Markets Mazar-e-Sharif Samangan Faryab Sari-Pul

Shocks and Hazards Floods Insufficient rainfall Crop pest and disease Market shocks

Key Early Warning Indicators Poor rainfall and snow performance Decrease in livestock prices Decrease in price of wheat and rice


h

w

51

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w w h h lp lp pl Barley w w h h lp pl Sesame lp pl w h h

Cumin lp pl h h

Milk production Livestock sales Hides/skin sales Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Wild foods

Remittances

Hazards Floods Food prices Animal disease Crop diseases



52

Livelihood Zone 22: Northern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture



This lowland zone includes the intensively irrigated areas of Balkh, Jawzjan and Faryab Provinces. Most of the settlements in the zone are concentrated in small part of the overall area.

!griculture is the main driver of the zone’s economy where surplus wheat, oilseeds and fruit represent the main cash crop. Wheat and vegetables (onions, tomatoes and okra) are also produced though mostly for household consumption. Vegetables can be harvested twice annually, once in September and October and again in December and January. In addition to crop production, sheep, cattle and poultry are kept, mostly for household consumption.

Poor households rely on the market for the majority of their food. This is due to small land holdings and the lack of draft animals needed to plow in a timely manner. Conversely, the better-off are able to produce the vast majority of their food themselves and rely on the market for a minimum amount of staple food.

Ample on-farm work is available from April through December due to the high demand for agricultural laborers. Some of the poorer laborers travel to other provinces in search of work, or to Pakistan, Iran or Uzbekistan.

Though livestock keeping is not an integral part of this zone’s economy it does offer some limited income that is used for purchasing essentials. Like crops, livestock are sold locally and taken to provincial livestock markets.


Poor

Cash and food cropping

Labor

Handicraft production

Better-off

Cash and food cropping

Livestock husbandry

Handicraft trade


Poor

Wheat: 6mths in-kind, 6mths purchase



Better-off




Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Labor Crop sales Carpet production and wool spinning is a significant income source

Handicraft Trading for the zone’s poorer population/ Most of this work is reserved for

production Livestock sales women and is a primary source of income for most female headed Crop sales households. The majority of the carpets and rugs are sold to local

traders who then take them to regional commercial centers where buyers from Kabul and other regional markets buy in bulk.

Most villages are connected to the main market at Mazar-e-Sharif by a series of road networks, ensuring the flow of commodities in and out the zone. Surplus wheat, oilseeds and fruits are taken to local district markets by producers to be sold to traders. Then the goods are taken to the larger provincial market to be sold. The main limitation to commodity sales is the influx of foreign grain, from Kazakstan and Pakistan or from relief.

Main Markets

Sherberghan

Mazar-e-Sharif

Sari Pul

Maymana

Shocks and Hazards


Floods

Crop pest/ diseases


. .

53

Livelihood Zone 22: Northern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat w w h h lp pl pl Fruit lp pl pl w w h h h lp

Vegetables (1) lp pl w w w w h h

Vegetables (2) h lp pl h

Milk production Livestock sales Livestock migrat. Hides/skin sales Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Wild foods

Hazards Floods Food prices Animal disease Crop diseases


54

Livelihood Zone 23: Amo River Irrigated Cereals and Oilseed



This sparsely populated lowland zone stretches along the southern banks of the Amo River across Faryab, Jawjan and Balkh Provinces. The Amo River is the primary source of irrigation, feeding cereals such as wheat and maize and oilseed such as sesame and flax. Snowfall in the distant highlands, as well as rainfall, influences water levels of the Amo, which causes periodic flooding. The majority of households rely on their oxen to till their land however some, mostly better-off households, use tractors.

Agriculture is the foundation for the majority of livelihoods in the zone and provides food, income and labor opportunities for the majority. Labor is performed through the dekhani or ejara systems or for in-kind payment and cash. Livestock, mostly sheep, goats and cattle, but also camels, are kept by all in the zone however the extent to which households rely on livestock products and sales increases with wealth.

Staple foods are sourced largely through own production or dekhani farming arrangements across the zone, though the poor still purchase more than half of their staple grains. Wheat is the main staple and is harvested by all of the zone’s residents in June and July/ Poor households consume wheat produced from dekhani and/or their own fields for 4-5 months and must purchase the remainder of their needs. The better-off, who typically own and cultivate larger tracks of land can harvest 8 to 9 months of wheat, purchasing in the months preceding the harvest. Additionally, most households own livestock and consume meat throughout the year, and dairy products from March to August. The better-off typically consume more of these than do the poor.


Poor

Agriculture labor

Grain and oilseed production


Better-off

Grain and oilseed agriculture

Livestock husbandry

Handicraft trade


Poor

Wheat/maize: 7mths purchase, 5mths dekhani


Better-off

Wheat/maize: 9mths own produce, 3mths purchase


Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Agricultural labor Crop sales Income is largely earned through the agricultural sector, though Handicraft Handicraft sources and their relative importance vary for wealth groups. Though

production trade crops are primarily produced for household consumption the poor sell a and wool Livestock sales portion in July and August to cover urgent food and non-food needs. spinning For the most part poor households earn the greater part of their cash

Crop sales as agricultural laborers for better-off households, providing agricultural labor. Labor migration during the winter season to Iran, Pakistan, Mazar-e-Sharif or distant provinces is also common. Handicraft production, mostly carpets, and wool spinning serves as a supplementary source of cash. Carpets and other handicrafts are sold to local traders, mostly better-off households, who transport and sell them at larger provincial or regional markets.

The market is accessible throughout the year without limitation. From the local district market, traders transport the commodities to Jawzjan, Mazar-e-Sharif or Kabul markets. Crops are typically sold after the harvest whereas livestock are mostly sold from October until February. Rice and potatoes are imported from the Kunduz area via the Jawzjan and Mazar-e-Sharif market and sold locally.

Main Markets

Mazar-e-Sharif

Sheberghan the capital of Jawazjan

Shocks and Hazards

Floods

Insufficient rains

Crop pests

Livestock disease

Land erosion


Agricultural land erosion

Increase in fuel cost


55

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat (1) w w h Lp lp pl pl Wheat (2) lp lp pl w w h H lp

Maize/sesame lp pl w w h

Milk production Livestock sales Butter sales Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Hazards Floods Food prices Insufficient rain Erosion



56

Livelihood Zone 24: East-Central Vineyard, Cereal and Horticulture


This zone is at risk of food insecurity in a bad year.

This medium altitude mixed agriculture zone covers large parts of Kabul, Kapisa, Parwan and Lowgar Provinces. Most of the agricultural land is under irrigation and relies on the use of improved seeds and fertilizers. Water for irrigation is sourced from snow melt, wells and springs and the use of tractors is common across all wealth groups. Tractor rental which equals about 600 Afghanis per hour covers one jerib.

Livelihoods in this zone are distinguished by grape production and surplus grain production. Wheat is cultivated twice annually and other crops such as barley, pulses and vegetables are also produced and sold.

Almost all household staple food comes from own crop production or through grain received through the dekhani system.

Crop production and sales are the main income source for the majority of households. Local agricultural labor is the primary revenue source for the zone’s poor offering paid labor opportunities for most of the year. Few laborers travel to Pakistan and Iran in search of labor since there is a high demand for labor locally. Livestock sales are an important source of revenue for many households in the zone/ The zone’s residents and central highlands supply the demand for meat in Kabul. Dairy products are also in demand by Kabul’s urban consumers and are sold from April until December. Income from the production and sale of handicrafts is important to all wealth groups. Carpet weaving and wool spinning is performed by the poorer sector of the population whereas the trading of handicrafts is done by the better-off. Most of the goods are brought to the main market in Kabul to be sold.

The zone’s proximity to Kabul offers unfettered market access year-round and significant trade benefits. Most of the commodities for sale travel from the local market to Kabul and are then distributed nationally or internationally. Wheat and rice are purchased as household food reserves decrease. Wheat


Poor

Agriculture & construction labor

Livestock keeping


Better-off

Agriculture

Livestock keeping

Trade


Poor

Wheat: 6mths dekhani, 6mths own produce



Better-off

Wheat: 12mths own produce


Barley: 10mths own produce


Key Income Sources

Poor

Labor

Livestock sales


Better-off

Crop sales

Livestock sales

Trading

Main Markets

Charikar

Pol Alam

Kabul

Khos

Shocks and Hazards

Crop pest/ diseases is either imported from Kazakhstan or Pakistan before it

Insufficient rainfall reaches the Kabul market for regional distribution. Rice follows

Floods a similar route though it is mostly imported from Pakistan. Key Early Warning Indicators

Decrease in daily wage

Decrease in fruit prices

Food price spikes

Climate performance

Flooding during March-August


57

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat (1) lp pl h h Wheat (2) h lp pl Potato lp pl h h

Barley h lp pl

Vegetables lp pl pl w w h

Beans lp pl h

Milk production Livestock sales Livestock migrat. Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Hazards Floods Insufficient rain Hailstorms Crop disease Animal disease


Livelihood Zone 24: East-Central Vineyard, Cereal and Horticulture

58

Livelihood Zone 25: East-Central Orchard and Agriculture


This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in bad year.

This zone includes most of the districts in eastern Wardak Province and Paghman District in Kabul Province. Agroecologically, this zone is similar to Zone 24 but there are some distinct differences, primarily in the types of crops cultivated and the amount of time spent on production, which is greater in Zone 25.


Poor Better-off

Agriculture labor Agriculture

Livestock Livestock husbandry The fruits produced in this area are exported to Iran, husbandry Pakistan, and the Gulf States in addition to Kabul. The river

provides water for Irrigation and is dependent on rainfall and the amount of snowfall that accumulates during the winter. The use of tractors is not as common and most of the poorer households use their own or rented oxen to plough.

Crops are produced for consumption and sale and are in high demand by Kabul’s urban population/ In addition to stone fruit, apples and apricots, wheat, vegetables and pulses are produced once annually. Even though the poor typically cannot produce enough food to be self-sufficient they opt to sell a portion of their harvest. As a result, the poor rely on the market to meet most of their annual food needs and eat their own production for roughly three months of the year.

Migratory work during the agricultural off-season (October – March) is another distinctive characteristic of Zone 25 is the degree to which the rural population migrates for work during. Many go to the urban centers of Kabul or Ghazni for construction labor opportunities while other travel as far as Pakistan and Iran.


Poor

Wheat/potatoes: 9mths purchase, 3mths own produce


Better-off

Wheat: 2mths purchase, 10mths own produce

Potatoes: 5mths own produce, 7mths purchase


Key Income Sources

Poor

Labor

Livestock sales

Crop sales

Better-off

Crop sales

Livestock sales

Main Markets

Kabul

Ghazni

Shocks and Hazards


Floods

Crop pest/ diseases


Decrease in apple price

Decrease in potato price

Food price spike


59

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat (1) lp pl w h h Wheat (2) w h lp pl Potato lp pl w h

Vegetables w h lp pl

Apricot/Apple h h

Milk production Livestock sales Wheat purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Off farm labor Petty trade Hazards Floods Hailstorms



60

Livelihood Zone 26: East-Central Mountainous Agro-Pastoral


This zone is at risk of food insecurity in a normal year.

The zone is situated in the high altitude mountain districts of Parwan, Pansher, Kapisa, Wardak, Bamyan and Ghazni Provinces. The landscape is covered with low lying bushes and grassland pastures intermingled with farmland. Snowfall begins in November and continues through February. Land preparation is primarily done with oxen-pulled plows, though some better-off households have tractors.

Both livestock and agriculture play integral roles in the zone’s economy serving as primary and secondary sources of food and income. Wheat, pulses and vegetables are cultivated on small, moderately fertile plots utilizing irrigation from rivers and springs. Fruits like apples, apricots and nuts such as almonds and walnuts are the main crops harvested for sale. Vegetables and pulses are also sold.

Temporary labor migration during the agricultural off-season is common. Kabul, Pakistan or Iran are the common destinations. This is largely due to small land sizes of the majority, and the level of production, there are limited local labor opportunities.

Market access is limited from November to February due to impassible roads. Most of the crops are sold before the onset of the snow which prevents transport to the main provincial markets and even Kabul. Livestock is also sold before the winter months for two main reasons; 1) as income earning options are limited during the winter, households sell their sheep and goats to prepare for lean times 2) to preserve animal fodder. Households sell and slaughter their animals before winter to ensure sufficient amounts of feed for the remaining herd during the lean winter months.


Poor

Agriculture labor

Livestock husbandry

Better-off

Agriculture

Livestock husbandry


Poor



Beans: 5mths purchase


Better-off



Beans: 12mths own produce



Key Income Sources

Poor

Labor

Crop sales

Livestock sales

Better-off

Crop sales

Livestock sales

Trade

Main Markets

Kabul

Siagerd

Bamyan

Ghazni

Shocks and Hazards


Floods

Crop pest/ diseases

Animal diseases

Hail storms


Increase in transportation cost

Food price spikes

Poor potato harvest

Flooding: March-August


61

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat (1) w h h lp pl Wheat (2) lp pl h h Potato lp pl w h

Beans lp pl h

Vegetables (1) lp pl h

Vegetables (2) lp pl w h

Milk production Livestock sales Livestock migrat. Wool/skins Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Kindlebush sales Wild foods Hazards Floods Insufficient rain Animal disease Crop disease Hailstorms


Livelihood Zone 26: East-Central Mountainous Agro-Pastoral

62

Livelihood Zone 27: South-Central Mountain Wheat, Dried Fruit and Livestock


This zone is at risk of food insecurity in a normal year

The landscape in this mountainous zone is dominated by grassland pastures intermingled with trees, bushes, wild food plants and agricultural land. The zone covers most of Daykundi and Uruzgan, the northern fringes of Zabul and several districts in western and central Ghazni Provinces. Most of the settlements are spread out across the zone, near the irrigated areas. The medium-sized plots cultivated by the majority are tilled in spring using a pair of oxen. Karez irrigation systems are used to produce: wheat, barley, maize and vegetables.

Most households also own small orchards producing almonds and fruits. The latter are mostly sold dried. Like other areas in the country households allocate a portion of their fields to growing barley and maize for livestock fodder. These grains are harvested in the autumn before the onset of winter when pastures are limited.

Livestock keeping is a key source of income and food for all wealth groups. Vast pasturelands alongside irrigated crops serve this activity well. Most households have sheep and goats however better-off households also own cattle. Small stock serve as an important sources of food (milk, krut, and sometimes meat) but more importantly a source of cash, through the sale of dairy products, wools and animals.


Poor

Crop production

Livestock keeping

Labor

Better-off

Crop production

Livestock keeping

Trade


Poor

Wheat: 7mths purchase, 5mths own produce or dekhani

Maize: 2mths own produce or dekhani


Better-off





Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Labor Livestock & product Labor opportunities within the zone are few therefore most Livestock product sales households migrate to Hirat, Kabul, Iran and Pakistan to look for

sales Crop sales seasonal work. Credit Trade

Market access is limited due to long distances from rural areas to local markets, poor road networks, insecurity and land mines and excessive snow. Fruits and nuts are sold to traders at the farm gate then transported to provincial then regional markets. Livestock are sold before the onset of the winter at weekly livestock markets then transported to Kandarhar, Hirat, Nili, Qalat to be sold for slaughter.

Main Markets

Malistan

Jaghuri

Nili

Kabul

Shocks and Hazards

Floods




Food price spikes

Term of trade between almond and wheat

Livestock diseases

Prepositioning of food prior the winter


,

63

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Peak snow Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h h lp pl Maize lp pl w h Barley lp pl pl w h

Vegetables lp pl w h h h h

Apricot h h

Apple h h

Almond h h

Milk production Livestock sales Wool sales Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Petty trade Hazards Floods Frost Animal disease Crop disease


Livelihood Zone 27: South-Central Mountain Wheat, Dried Fruit and Livestock

64

Livelihood Zone 28: Southeastern Zabul Rainfed Cereals and Orchard


This zone is considered at risk of food insecurity in a bad year as it has a tendency to be affected by drought.

This small, flat, bush-land zone covers parts of Zabul, northern Kandarhar, and Nawa district of Ghazni. Households in this zone depend on the 400-500 mm of rainfall it receives annually for crop production. A minority of the population has access to irrigation. The amount of land under irrigation compared to the rainfed areas is not significant. Plots are relatively large in this zone and most households use tractors to till their land. Poor households use tractors on a credit basis, paying the owners in grain or in cash.

Staple grain and cash crop production are the main sources of food and income in the zone. Wheat is the main crop produced followed by maize and vegetables. Orchard fruits such as apricot, peaches and almonds are the main cash crop of the zone.

The majority of households keep some livestock for food and sale, mostly sheep and goats but some cattle. Animals are sold throughout the year but sales peak from September to November. Livestock products such as milk, yogurt, cheese and krut are sold from April to August. Sheep and goats are taken to the weekly livestock market in Qalat where they are purchase by traders who take them to Kandarhar. From there they are taken to Nimroz and smuggled into Iran.

Market access in the zone is constrained due to poor road


Poor

Crop production

Livestock keeping

Labor

Better-off

Crop production

Livestock keeping


Poor

Wheat:6mths own produce, 6mths dekhani




Better-off

Wheat:9mths own produce, 3mths purchase




Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Labor Crop sales conditions, inadequate transportation and insecurity. The Crop sales Livestock and product majority of poor households buy, or trade or barter goods for

Livestock product sales staple food from the village kiosks. Some may go to the larger

sales Self employment market at Qalat or cross the border into Pakistan to Quatar market. Fruit and almonds are bought by traders at the farm-Main Markets

Qalat gate then transported to markets outside the zone.

Kandarhar There are limited labor opportunities in this zone therefore Quatar (Pakistan) most households send one member to travel to Pakistan and

Iran once crops are harvested. Shocks and Hazards


Insecurity

Animal diseases


Poor term of trade between almond and wheat

Food price spikes

Poor rainfaill


,

h

65

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h h lp pl Maize lp pl h Vegetables lp pl w h h h

Almonds h h

Grapes h h h

Apricot h h h

Milk production Livestock sales Wool sales Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Petty trade Hazards Floods Hailstorm Animal disease Crop disease


Livelihood Zone 28: Southeastern Zabul Rainfed Cereals and Orchard

66

Livelihood Zone 29: Helmand Intensive Irrigated Wheat and Cash Crop


This zone is considered at risk of food in security zone during times of conflict.

This mostly flat zone includes the districts in Helmand Province that hug the Helmand river. Livelihoods are heavily dependent on irrigated agriculture producing surplus quantities of wheat, in addition to maize, pulses, vegetables and poppy. Agricultural production is intense, with the majority of households using from improved seeds, fertilizers and tractors.

Food and income comes largely through own production crops, or through working for in-kind or cash payment on farms. Most of the labor opportunities are found locally though some household members travel to Iran or Pakistan. There are two types of labor opportunities available for the poor. The first is Dekhani labor on better-off households’ wheat fields. Under this arrangement the poor households earn ½ of the wheat harvest in exchange for working on the better-off’s land/ This accounts for a major source of food as well as income since they sell a portion of the harvest for cash. Poppy labor is paid in cash. Poor households work on the poppy fields and earn cash which is used to buy food and nonfood essentials.

Market access is good as most of the roads are passable


Poor

Labor

Crop production

Livestock keeping

Better-off

Crop production

Livestock keeping


Poor

Wheat: 5mths own purchase, 7mths in-kind

Maize: 2mths in-kind


Better-off





Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off

Crop sales Crop sales throughout the year and trucks and traders pass through the

Livestock product Livestock & product zone regularly. Most of the surplus wheat is taken from the

sales sales

Self employment

village farm via donkey, horse or tractor and sold at the local district market. From there it is transported by local or regional traders to the larger markets at Lashkargah, Kandarhar or Main Markets

Lashkargah Hirat. Poppy is sold at the farmgate and smuggled from the zone into Iran via Hirat or south through the desert.

Kandarhar

Hirat The conflict between Taliban and International and National security forces imposes a threat to food security, despite the fact that this is a surplus producing area. Access to markets, fields and potentially increased displacement could push more households toward food insecurity.

Shocks and Hazards


Crop pest and diseases


Conflict

Decrease in crop prices

Agriculture inputs price spikes

Increased conflict or displacement


h

h h

67

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Lean season Key livelihood activities Wheat h h lp pl Maize lp pl pl h h Vegetables h h Poppy h lp pl Barley h h lp pl Milk production Livestock sales Livestock mig. Wheat purchase Rice purchase Other opportunities Local farm labor Labor migration Trade Hazards Flood Insufficient rains Insecurity Animal diseases Crop diseases Hailstorms Food prices


Livelihood Zone 29: Helmand Intensive Irrigated Wheat and Cash Crop

68

Annex One: Provinces and Districts by Livelihood Zone

Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Mixed Farming and Forest Province District Comments

Nangarhar Pachier Agam Shared with LHZ 4

Paktya Laja Ahmad

Paktya Khail

Paktya Sayed Karam

Paktya Shawak

Paktya Zadran

Paktya Ali Khail (Jaji)

Paktya Gardiz Shared with LHZ 7

Paktya Ahmad Abad Shared with LHZ 7

Paktika Barmal Shared with LHZ 3

Nangarhar Deh Bala Shared with LHZ 4

Nangarhar Shirzad Shared with LHZ 4

Paktika Gayan

Nangarhar Khogayani Shared with LHZ 4

Nangarhar Acheen Shared with LHZ 4

Khost Spira

Khost Shamal

Logar Azra

Paktika Nika

Nangarhar Nazyan

Paktika Ziruk

Nangarhar Hesarak

Livelihood Zone 2: Eastern Agro-Pastoral and Forest Province District Comments

Laghman Alishing Shared with LHZ 5

Nuristan Kamdesh

Kunar Ghaziabad

Laghman Alingar Shared with LHZ 5

Laghman Daulatshahi

Nuristan Nurgaram

Nuristan Wama

Kunar Chapa Dara

Nuristan Du Ab

Kunar Dara-I-Pech Shared with LHZ 5

Kunar Wata Pur Shared with LHZ 5

Nuristan Waygal

Kunar Marawara Shared with LHZ 5

Nuristan Parun

Livelihood Zone 3: Southeastern High-Migration, Forest-Product and Livestock Province District Comments

Paktika Urgun

Paktika Sar Hawza

Paktika Omna

69


Province District Comments

Paktika Dila

Paktika Barmal Shared with LHZ 1

Paktika Waza Khwa

Paktika Turwo

Paktika Wor Mayi

Paktika Sarobi

Paktika Gomal


Nangarhar Rodat

Khost Khost(Matun) Shared with LHZ 5

Nangarhar Shirzad Shared with LHZ 1

Khost Jaji Maidan

Khost Tere Zayi Shared with LHZ 5

Khost Qalandar

Nangarhar Surkh Rod

Nangarhar Lal Por Shared with LHZ 6

Nangarhar Kot

Paktya Jani Khail

Nangarhar Chaparhar

Paktya Dand Patan

Nangarhar Acheen Shared with LHZ 1

Khost Sabri Shared with LHZ 5

Paktya Chamkani

Nangarhar Shinwar

Nangarhar Khogayani Shared with LHZ 1

Nangarhar Goshta Shared with LHZ 6

Khost Gurbuz Shared with LHZ 5

Nangarhar Deh Bala Shared with LHZ 1

Khost Tani Shared with LHZ 5

Nangarhar Muhmand Dara Shared with LHZ 6

Nangarhar Pachier Agam Shared with LHZ 1

Livelihood Zone 5: Eastern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture Province District Comments

Nangarhar Bati Kot

Khost Tani Shared with LHZ 4

Kunar Khas Kunar Shared with LHZ 6

Laghman Mihtarlam

Nangarhar Jalalabad

Nangarhar Bihsud

Khost Sabri Shared with LHZ 4

Nangarhar Kama

Khost Mosa Khail

Kunar Dara-I-Pech

Laghman Alingar

70

Livelihood Zone 6: Eastern Cross Border Trade and Labor


Laghman Qarghayi

Khost Nadir Shah Kot

Kunar Narang

Nangarhar Kuz Kunar

Kunar Nurgal

Khost Mando Zayi

Khost Gurbuz Shared with LHZ 4

Laghman Alishing Shared with LHZ 2

Kunar Marawara Shared with LHZ 2

Kunar Wata Pur

Khost Bak

Khost Tere Zayi Shared with LHZ 4

Khost Khost(Matun) Shared with LHZ 4

Kunar Asadabad


Nangarhar Lal Por Shared with LHZ 4

Kunar Sarkani

Kunar Dangam

Kunar Bar Kunar

Kunar Nari

Nangarhar Dur Baba

Kunar Khas Kunar Shared with LHZ 5

Nangarhar Goshta Shared with LHZ 4

Nangarhar Muhmand Dara Shared with LHZ 4

Livelihood Zone 7: Eastern Deep-Well Irrigated Agriculture Province District Comments

Paktya Zurmat

Paktika Jani Khel

Paktika Zarghun Shahr

Paktya Gardiz Shared with LHZ 1

Paktika Mata Khan

Paktika Yosuf Khel

Paktya Ahmad Abad Shared with LHZ 1

Paktika Sharan

Paktika Yahya Khel

Livelihood Zone 8: Kabul and Logar Irrigated Province District Comments

Logar Puli Alam Shared with LHZ 24

Logar Mohammad Agha Shared with LHZ 24

Kabul Khaki Jabbar Shared with LHZ 24

Logar Kharwar

Logar Baraki Barak

71



Logar Khoshi

Kabul Chahar Asyab

Kabul Musayi

Kabul Surobi

Kabul Bagrami

Kabul Kabul


Kandahar Spin Boldak Shared with LHZ 16 and LHZ 10

Ghazni Andar

Ghazni Dih Yak

Ghazni Zana Khan

Zabul Arghandab

Ghazni Khwaja Umari

Ghazni Gelan

Kandahar Arghistan Shared with LHZ 28

Ghazni Wali Muhammadi Shahid

Kandahar Panjwayi

Kandahar Daman Shared with LHZ 10

Kandahar Kandahar

Kandahar Arghandab

Kandahar Maywand

Kandahar Zhari

Zabul Mizan

Zabul Tarnak Wa Jaldak

Zabul Qalat

Ghazni Ghazni

Ghazni Giro

Zabul Shahjoy

Ghazni Ab Band

Ghazni Muqur

Livelihood Zone 10: Southern Semi-Arid Pastoral Province District Comments

Nimroz Chahar Burjak

Nimroz Chakhansur Shared with LHZ 16 and LHZ 14

Nimroz Khash Rod Shared with LHZ 14

Kandahar Daman Shared with LHZ 9

Kandahar Registan


Hilmand Garmser Shared with LHZ 29

Hilmand Nad Ali Shared with LHZ 29

Hilmand Dishu Shared with LHZ 29

Kandahar Shorabak

Hilmand Reg(Khanshin) Shared with LHZ 29

Kandahar Shah Wali Kot

72



Kandahar Khakrez

Kandahar Nesh

Kandahar Miya Nishin

Kandahar Ghorak


Kandahar Shah Wali Kot

Kandahar Khakrez

Kandahar Nesh

Kandahar Miya Nishin

Kandahar Ghorak

Livelihood Zone 12: South-Central Mixed Farming Province District Comments

Farah Gulistan Shared with LHZ 15

Farah Pur Chaman Shared with LHZ 15

Hilmand Washer

Hilmand Baghran

Hilmand Musa Qala

Hilmand Naw Zad

Hilmand Kajaki

Nimroz Dilaram

Livelihood Zone 13: Western Intensive Irrigated Agriculture Province District Comments

Hirat Kohsan Shared with LHZ 16

Hirat Ghoryan

Hirat Zanda Jan

Hirat Guzara

Hirat Karukh

Hirat Pashtun Zarghun

Hirat Koshki Kohna Shared with LHZ 20

Hirat Koshk Shared with LHZ 16 and LHZ 20

Hirat HIrat

Hirat Obe

Hirat Chishti Sharif

Hirat Injil

Hirat Gulran

Livelihood Zone 14: Western Semi-Arid Agro-Pastoral Province District Comments

Farah Qala Ka Shared with LHZ 16

Nimroz Khash Rod Shared with LHZ 10

Farah Anar Dara Shared with LHZ 16

73



Farah Shib Koh

Farah Farah

Farah Lash Wa Juwayn

Farah Pusht Rod


Hirat Farsi Shared with LHZ 15

Hirat Adraskan

Hirat Shindand

Farah Bakwa

Farah Bala Buluk

Farah Khaki Safed


Ghor Pasaband

Ghor Chaghcharan Shared with LHZ 20

Ghor Tulak Shared with LHZ 17

Farah Pur Chaman Shared with LHZ 12

Ghor Shahrak

Ghor Du Layna

Ghor Saghar

Farah Gulistan Shared with LHZ 12

Ghor Dawlat Yar

Ghor Taywara

Ghor Sarjangal

Livelihood Zone 16: Western and Southern Cross-Border Trade and Labor Province District Comments


Nimroz Zaranj

Farah Qala Ka Shared with LHZ 14

Farah Anar Dara



Hirat Kohsan Shared with LHZ 13

Livelihood Zone 17: Northeastern Highland Agro-Pastoral Province District Comments

Nuristan Mandol

Badakhshan Raghistan

Nuristan Bargi Matal

Badakhshan Kuf Ab

Takhar Warsaj

Badakhshan Shahada

Badakhshan Arghanj Khaw

Baghlan Khost Wa Firing

74



Badakhshan Yawan

Badakhshan Kohistan

Badakhshan Tashkan

Badakhshan Kuran Wa Munjan

Nuristan Parun

Badakhshan Ishkashiem

Badakhshan Zebak

Badakhshan Darwaz

Ghor Tulak Shared with LHZ 15

Badakhshan Shighnan

Baghlan Guzargahi Nur

Baghlan Farang Wa Gharu

Badakhshan Khwahan

Badakhshan Shaki

Badakhshan Tagab (Kishmi Bala)

Badakhshan Darwazbala

Badakhshan Yamgan (Girwan)

Badakhshan Wakhan


Takhar Rustaq

Badakhshan Argo

Badakhshan Darayim

Badakhshan Yaftal Sufla

Takhar Chah Ab

Badakhshan Kishim

Takhar Ishkamish

Badakhshan Warduj

Badakhshan Shahri Buzurg

Badakhshan Jurm

Takhar Kalfagan

Takhar Taluqan

Takhar Hazar Sumuch

Takhar Baharak

Badakhshan Baharak

Takhar Farkhar

Takhar Namak Ab

Takhar Chal

Badakhshan Fayzabad

Badakhshan Khash

Takhar Bangi

Livelihood Zone 19: Kunduz-Baghlan High Cereal Production Province District Comments

Takhar Khwaja Ghar

Takhar Dashti Qala

75



Takhar Yangi Qala

Baghlan Dushi

Baghlan Baghlani Jadid

Baghlan Puli Khumri

Baghlan Nahrin

Baghlan Andarab

Baghlan Dih Salah

Baghlan Khinjan

Takhar Darqad

Baghlan Burka

Baghlan Khwaja Hijran (Jilga Nahrin)

Baghlan Puli Hisar

Kunduz Khanabad

Kunduz Aliabad

Kunduz Chahar Dara

Kunduz Kunduz

Kunduz Dashte Archi

Kunduz Imam Sahib

Kunduz Qalay-I- Zal

Baghlan Dahana-I- Ghuri

Nimroz Kang

Takhar Khwaja Bahawuddin


Faryab Qaysar Shared with LHZ 22

Balkh Zari

Hirat Koshki Kohna Shared with LHZ 13 and LHZ 16

Samangan Dara-I-Sufi Bala

Faryab Kohistan

Balkh Kishindih

Badghis Jawand

Sari Pul Sangcharak Shared with LHZ 21

Badghis Ab Kamari

Sari Pul Kohistanat Shared with LHZ 21

Bamyan Yakawlang

Badghis Bala Murghab

Badghis Ghormach

Badghis Qala-I- Naw

Faryab Pashtun Kot Shared with LHZ 22

Badghis Muqur

Balkh Sholgara Shared with LHZ 21

Balkh Chahar Kint Shared with LHZ 21

Samangan Ruyi Du Ab

Badghis Qadis

Ghor Charsada

Sari Pul Gosfandi


76



Ghor Chaghcharan Shared with LHZ 15

Sari Pul Balkhab


Balkh Chahar Kint Shared with LHZ 20

Sari Pul Sayyad

Sari Pul Sari Pul

Samangan Dara-I-Sufi Payin

Faryab Shirin Tagab Shared with LHZ 22

Faryab Dawlatabad Shared with LHZ 22

Samangan Feroz Nakhchir

Samangan Khuram Wa Sarbagh

Samangan Aybak

Samangan Hazrati Sultan

Faryab Pashtun Kot Shared with LHZ 22 and LHZ 20

Jawzjan Qush Tepa

Faryab Khwaja Sabz Posh Shared with LHZ 22

Faryab Bilchiragh

Balkh Sholgara Shared with LHZ 20

Balkh Marmul

Sari Pul Sangcharak Shared with LHZ 20

Sari Pul Kohistanat Shared with LHZ 20

Balkh Chimtal Shared with LHZ 22

Jawzjan Darzab

Sari Pul Sozma Qala

Faryab Gurziwan Shared with LHZ 20

Faryab Almar Shared with LHZ 22

Balkh Chahar Kint

Sari Pul Sayyad

Livelihood Zone 22: Northern Intensive Irrigated Agriculture Province District Comments

Jawzjan Khwaja Du Koh Shared with LHZ 20

Balkh Mazari Sharif

Faryab Shirin Tagab Shared with LHZ 21

Faryab Maymana

Jawzjan Fayzabad

Jawzjan Mangajek

Balkh Dihdadi

Balkh Balkh

Balkh Nahri Shahi

Jawzjan Shibirghan

Balkh Chimtal Shared with 21

Jawzjan Khaniqa

Jawzjan Aqcha

Balkh Chahar Bolak

77



Faryab Qurghan

Faryab Qaramqol

Jawzjan Mardyan

Faryab Andkhoy

Balkh Dawlatabad

Faryab Qaysar Shared with LHZ 20

Faryab Khani Chahar Bagh

Balkh Khulm

Faryab Almar Shared with LHZ 21

Faryab Dawlatabad Shared with LHZ 21

Faryab Khwaja Sabz Posh Shared with LHZ 21

Faryab Pashtun Kot Shared with LHZ 20


Jawzjan Qarqin Shared with LHZ 20

Balkh Shortepa

Balkh Kaldar Shared with LHZ 21

Balkh Sharak Hairatan

Jawzjan Kham Ab

Livelihood Zone 24: East-Central Vineyard, Cereal and Horticulture Province District Comments

Kabul Khaki Jabbar Shared with LHZ 8

Parwan Jabalussaraj

Kapisa Hisa-i-Duwumi Kohistan

Kabul Dih Sabz

Logar Charkh

Kabul Qarabagh

Parwan Sia Gird ( Ghorbund) Shared with LHZ 26

Parwan Chaharikar

Parwan Sayd Khel

Parwan Bagram

Parwan Kohi Safi

Parwan Shinwari Shared with LHZ 26

Kabul Istalif

Kabul Farza

Parwan Salang Shared with LHZ 26

Logar Puli Alam Shared with LHZ 8

Kapisa Mahmudi Raqi

Kabul Kalakan

Kabul Shakardara

Kapisa Nijrab Shared with LHZ 26

Kabul Guldara

Logar Mohammad Agha Shared with LHZ 8

Kapisa Koh Band

Kapisa Hisa-i-Awali Kohistan

78



Kabul Mir Bacha Kot


Maydan Wardak Jalrez

Maydan Wardak Maydan Shahr

Maydan Wardak Chaki Wardak Shared with LHZ 26

Maydan Wardak Saydabad

Maydan Wardak Day Mirdad Shared with LHZ 26

Kabul Paghman

Maydan Wardak Nirkh

Livelihood Zone 26: East-Central Mountainous Agro-Pastoral Province District Comments

Bamyan Yakawlang

Parwan Surkhi Parsa

Kabul Dih Sabz

Maydan Wardak Hisa-I- Awali Bihsud

Parwan Sia Gird ( Ghorbund) Shared with LHZ 24

Parwan Shekh Ali

Maydan Wardak Day Mirdad Shared with LHZ 25

Ghazni Malistan

Kapisa Nijrab Shared with LHZ 24

Ghazni Nawur

Parwan Shinwari

Panjsher Bazarak

Panjsher Khenj (Hese- Awal)

Panjsher Paryan

Panjsher Dara

Kapisa Tagab

Maydan Wardak Jaghatu

Bamyan Sayghan

Maydan Wardak Chaki Wardak Shared with LHZ 25

Baghlan Tala Wa Barfak

Maydan Wardak Markazi Bihsud

Bamyan Waras

Bamyan Panjab

Bamyan Shibar

Bamyan Bamyan

Bamyan Kahmard

Parwan Salang Shared with LHZ 24

Panjsher Shutul

Panjsher Unaba

Panjsher Rukha

Kapisa Alasay

79

Livelihood Zone 27: South-Central Mountain Wheat, Dried Fruit and Livestock Province District Comments

Zabul Kakar

Uruzgan Dihrawud

Uruzgan Shahidi Hassas

Uruzgan Tirin Kot

Uruzgan Chora Shared with LHZ 24

Uruzgan Khas Uruzgan

Ghazni Ajristan Shared with LHZ 25

Ghazni Jaghuri

Ghazni Qarabagh Shared with LHZ 24

Ghazni Bahrami Shahid (Jaghatu)

Ghazni Waghaz

Zabul Daychopan

Daykundi Gizab

Ghazni Nawa

Daykundi Shahristan

Daykundi Miramor

Daykundi Kajran

Daykundi Gaiti

Daykundi Khadir Shared with LHZ 25

Daykundi Sangi Takht

Daykundi Ishtarlay

Daykundi Nili

Ghazni Rashidan

Livelihood Zone 28: Southeastern Zabul Rainfed Cereals and Orchard Province District Comments

Zabul Shamulzayi

Zabul Naw Bahar

Zabul Shinkay

Kandahar Arghistan Shared with LHZ 9

Kandahar Maruf

Livelihood Zone 29: Helmand Intensive Irrigated Wheat and Cash Crop Province District Comments

Helmand Dishu Shared with LHZ 10

Helmand Reg(Khanshin) Shared with LHZ 10

Helmand Garmser Shared with LHZ 10

Helmand Nawa-I- Barak Zayi

Helmand Nahri Sarraj

Helmand Lashkar Gah

Helmand Sangin

Helmand Nad Ali Shared with LHZ 10

80

Annex Two: Workshop Participant List

Name Khan Alam Nazifa Nataqi Hedayatullah Shukrullah Zarmina Rasuli Nazibullah Neazi Ahmad Yasser Razawy Abdul Rasool Abdul Habib Mr.Kamgar Abdul Jamil Syed Masood Mahrabuddin Abdul Baseer Sattar Parvaiz Mohammad Zia Saleem Khan Asadullah Abdul Allah Abdul Hadi

Mohammad Wasim Said Ahmad Abdul Ahmad Mir Gh Rabi

Mohmmad Latif

Marzia Popal

Ghulam Hassan Simin Khan Abdul Qadeer Chaman Milati Mohammad Ayoub Said Rahmatullah Mohammad Rafi Baryali Lal Mohammad Abdullah Said Shah Habibi Amanullah Khdri Gulzaman Naib

Abdul Wasi

Abdul Ghafar Timor Shah

Organization FAO FAO MADERA Action Aid Action Aid GTZ FEWS NET FEWS NET Afghan Aid PIN MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL PRRD

PRRD PRRD PRRD MRRD

MRRD

FAO

MADERA ADA MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MRRD MRRD MRRD

MRRD

MRRD MRRD

Position Provincial Officer Food Security Officer Team Leader Agriculture Project Coordinator Project Officer Programme Assistant Field Monitor Field Monitor Senior Manager Project Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Development Affairs Manager Social Affairs Staff Social Affairs Staff PRRD Director Food Assistance Monitoring Manager Survey & Assessment of Emergency Response National Food Security and Livelihood Officer Team Leader - Forestry Project Officer PHDP Extension Worker Extension Worker Extension Worker Extension Worker Extension Worker Extension Worker Extension Worker Extension Worker Development Manager Development Manager Development & Social Affairs Manager Development & Social Affairs Staff Development Staff Social Affairs Staff

Province

Balkh Jawzjan Badakshan Kunduz Samangan Saripul Faryab Baghlan Balkh Takhar Kabul

Kapisa Parwan Wardak Kabul

Kabul

Kabul

Wardak Zabul Panjshir Ghazni Bamyan Daykundi Logar Parwan Wardak Kabul Uruzgan Nimroz Ghor

Farah

Helmand Hirat

81

Name Zahir Ansari Khalid Wadan Haji Samar Gul Gul Wali Abdul Waheed Atiqullah Khan Abdul Hadi Abdul Gafar Mohammad Akbar Rahimullah Wali Khan Amanullah Khan Amin Khan Shamsullah Abdul Salam

Organization MRRD FAO FEWS NET FEWS NET Afghan Aid MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MAIL MRRD

Position Social Affairs Staff NPM Field Monitor Field Monitor Senior Agriculturalist Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Worker Extension Manager Extension Manager Extension Worker Extension Manager Extension Manager Social Affairs Staff

Province Daykundi Kandahar Helmand Hirat Ghor Kandahar

Bagdhis Ghor Bagdhis

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