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Humanitarian Situation
Analysis SheetsMontes de María
2004 - 2007
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Bruno Moro Resident Humanitarian Coordinator
Raul Rosende Head of Office
Gianni Morelli Senior Field Coordinator
Helena Mazarro North – West Area Coordinator
Texts, systematization and Data Analysis Diana Roa Castro Information and Analysis Officer
Cartography Jeffrey Villaveces Cartography Officer
This document and the information contained therein may be reproduced totally or partially by any means, whether mechanical, electronic, magnetic, photocopy or another, as long as the source is mentioned.
Bogota, Colombia, April 2008 © Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations - OCHA
Armed ConfrontationsJanuary 2004- December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Human Rights and IHL Observatory, of the Vicepresidency of Colombia | Military Armed Forces
SYNOPSIS 2004 - 2007
Number of armed confrontations 111
Number of affected municipalities 14
Average of armed confrontations per affected municipality 7,9
average of armed confrontations per month during the period 2,3
Armed ConfrontationsJanuary 2004- December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Human Rights and IHL Observatory, of the Vicepresidency of Colombia | Military Armed Forces
Fourteen of the 16 municipalities that make up the region of Montes de Maria, have been affected by the occurrence of 111 armed confrontations in its territory.
According to the Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law of the Vice Presidency of Colombia, the region accounts for 3,7% of total war events developed between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2007.
The municipalities of Ovejas and Carmen de Bolívar, side to side of the border between the departments of Sucre and Bolivar, concentrated 45,5% of the armed contacts in the region. Both municipalities are the most affected due to this events.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
OVEJAS
EL CARMEN DE BOLÍVAR
SAN JUAN NEPOMUCENO
SAN JACINTO
SAN ONOFRE
LOS PALMITOS
EL GUAMO
ZAMBRANO
MARÍA LA BAJA
TOLÚ VIEJO
COLOSO
CÓRDOBA
CHALÁN
PALMITO
2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL
Ambushes4%
Attacks to military infrastructure
1%
Combats95%
Armed ConfrontationsJanuary 2004- December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Human Rights and IHL Observatory, of the Vicepresidency of Colombia | Military Armed Forces
FARC79%
ELN6%
ERP6%
New Armed Groups9%
The armed forces have participated in 83 armed confrontations . The Army has taken part in 29 events, while the Navy, through the First Infantry Brigade, has faced illegal armed groups in 82 opportunities.
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - FARC, is the most active illegal armed group in the region, with active participation in at least 90 events. FARC is followed by the New Armed Groups that have emerged in the region, which have participated in no less than 9 combats. The National Liberation Army - ELN, clashed with the Navy in 6 opportunities and the People's Revolutionary Army - ERP participated in 6 armed confrontations.
Armed ConfrontationsJanuary 2004- December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Human Rights and IHL Observatory, of the Vicepresidency of Colombia | Military Armed Forces
The region of Montes de Maria presents an stable trend with regard to the development of military actions. However, it is important to mention that there has been an increase of 10 armed attacks between 2006 and 2007. Thirty-six percent of the armed confrontations developed during the period between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2007 took place within the last year.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2004 2005 2006 2007
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2004 2005 2006 2007
SYNOPSIS 2004 - 2007
Number of new victims 135
Number of affected municipalities 7
Average of new victims per affected municipality 19,3
Average of new victims per month during the period 2,8
LANDMINES AND UXOJanuary 2004 - December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Integral Mine Action Presidential Program
LANDMINES AND UXOJanuary 2004 - December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Integral Mine Action Presidential Program
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
EL CARMEN DE BOLÍVAR
ZAMBRANO
SAN JACINTO
SAN JUAN NEPOMUCENO
OVEJAS
EL GUAMO
CÓRDOBA
2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL
Seven of the 16 municipalities of Montes de Maria region have been affected by the occurrence of no less than 135 accidents generated by the presence of landmines and/or unexploded ordnance – UXO. According to the Integral Mine Action Presidential Program, the Montes de María region concentrates 3,4% of the total amount of accidents occurred between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2007.
The municipality of Carmen de Bolívar is the most affected one, with 82 recorded accidents.
Civil21%
Military79%
LANDMINES AND UXOJanuary 2004 - December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Integral Mine Action Presidential Program
Civilian adults78%
Children22%
Twenty-nine of the 135 victims of the Montes de Maria were civilians, all of them men. Carmen de Bolívar is the municipality with a highest rate of civilian victims, with 16 civilians injured between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2007.
Seven out of the 29 civilian victims were boys between 4 and 15 years old. Children have reported that their accidents took place while they were helping their families in agricultural activities. All of children’s accidents occurred in the municipalities of El Carmen de Bolívar and Ovejas.
LANDMINES AND UXOJanuary 2004 - December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Integral Mine Action Presidential Program
0
5
10
15
20
25
2004 2005 2006 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2004 2005 2006 2007
2005 was the year with the highest level of accidents, recording an increment of 83% between this year and 2004. However, although the global rate of accidents has decreased in 2006 and 2007, the amount of civilian victims remains the in the same level (between 6 and 9 civilian victims per year).
HomicidiesJanuary 2004 - December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Human Rights and IHL Observatory, of the Vicepresidency of Colombia
SYNOPSIS 2004 - 2007
Number of homicides 429
Number of affected municipalities 15
Average of homicides per affected municipalities 28,6
Average of homicides per month during the period 8,9
HomicidiesJanuary 2004 - December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Human Rights and IHL Observatory, of the Vicepresidency of Colombia
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
SAN ONOFRE
SINCELEJO
OVEJAS
EL CARMEN DE BOLÍVAR
TOLÚ VIEJO
COLOSO
SAN JUAN NEPOMUCENO
MARÍA LA BAJA
SAN JACINTO
EL GUAMO
LOS PALMITOS
CHALÁN
MORROA
PALMITO
ZAMBRANO
2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL
The Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law from the Vicepresidency of Colombia recorded 429 homicides between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2007. Homicides have taken place in 15 of the 16 municipalities of the region, being San Onofre, Sincelejo and Ovejas the most affected ones.
The recent discovery of common graves in the municipality of San Onofre is considered to be the main reason for the high level of homicides.
HomicidiesJanuary 2004 - December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Human Rights and IHL Observatory, of the Vicepresidency of Colombia
Unknown27%
Men62%
Women11%
Adults70%
Children3%
Unknown27%
At least 48 women were killed between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2008. According to the source, more than 50% of the female victims were members of victims’ movements, and 7 were tortured before being killed.
No less than 13 children between 2 and 17 years – old were killed in the municipalities of El Carmen de Bolívar, Ovejas, Zambrano and Sincelejo.
Given the high volume of victims found in common graves during the second semester of 2005, the identity and age of 27% of them remains unknown.
HomicidiesJanuary 2004 - December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Human Rights and IHL Observatory, of the Vicepresidency of Colombia
05
1015
2025
3035
4045
50
2004 2005 2006 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2004 2005 2006 2007
The discovery of 14 common graves in the municipality of San Onofre during the second semester of 2005 makes this the most critical period. However, the month of February 2007 is the most affected one, considering all assassinations recorded for this period.
The Observatory has registered the homicide of 30 former members of the demobilized Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia. Together with the department of Cordoba, the Montes de María region is the area were more ex-combatants were killed during the reporting period.
Communities at RiskJanuary 2004 – December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Early Warning System – People Ombudsperson’s Office
SYNOPSIS 2004 - 2007
Number of Warnings 32
Number of affected municipalities 10
Average of warnings per affected municipalities 3,2
Communities at RiskJanuary 2004 – December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Early Warning System – People Ombudsperson’s Office
FARC43%
ELN6%
New Armed Groups32%
Public Forces6%
ERP13%According to the Early Warning System form the People
Ombudsperson’s Office, communities of 10 municipalities of the Montes de María Region experienced risks to the survival and effective exercise of rights of civilian population.
The Early Warning System alerted risks in 32 opportunities, being the communities of Zambrano, Córdoba, Carmen de Bolívar and Ovejas de most affected ones. Keeping with the global trend, FARC is the armed group that presumably generates more risks to civilians. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that the reconfiguration of new armed groups has increased the levels of risk to special communities, such as the victims' movements, the human rights defenders, and women.
The Revolutionary People’s Army – ERP, a guerrilla that was presumably demobilized during the second quarter of 2007, generated risk to peasants and cattle raisers of the municipalities of El Carmen de Bolívar, Zambrano and Ovejas.
Communities at RiskJanuary 2004 – December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Early Warning System – People Ombudsperson’s Office Stigmatization of
civilians; 0,31
Reconfiguration of Illegal Armed Groups; 0,25
Control of social and authority spaces;
0,19
Armed confrontations in populated areas;
0,11
Concealment and/or destruction of
evidence; 0,14
The Early Warning System identified 5 variables that contribute to structure of risk scenarios. The stigmatization of civilians as collaborators or even members of illegal armed groups is perceived as the most dangerous conduct, generating forced displacement, homicides, threats and forced disappearance
The Early Warning System has recurrently alerted of the risk generated by new armed groups in their purpose of concealing or even destroying evidence of crimes against humanity. In this sense, the homicide of members of victims’ movements and human rights defenders, the forced disappearance of community leaders and leaders of displaced population, evidence the concretion of de described risk scenarios.
The development of armed confrontations between armed groups in populated areas is also a matter of concern.
Finally, the will to control social and authority spaces has generated extortions, threats, homicides and displacement of public servants, community leaders and candidates to public positions.
Methodological note: To measure the weight of each variable in the configuration of risk scenarios, we identified the variables from each of the reports / risk notes and proceeded to count the number of times they appear. Later the total number of times each variable was mentioned was divided by the general total to assign weight to each of the variables in relation to each other.
Communities at RiskJanuary 2004 – December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Early Warning System – People Ombudsperson’s Office
Human Rights defenders
Women's organizations
Victims'organizations
Community leaders
Social organizations
Leaders of displaced population
Public servants
Demobilized population
Marginalized populationTraders
Peasants
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ZAMBRANO
CÓRDOBA
EL CARMEN DE BOLÍVAR
OVEJAS
CHALÁN
EL GUAMO
MARÍA LA BAJA
SAN JACINTO
SAN JUAN NEPOMUCENO
SAN ONOFRE
2005 2006 2007 TOTAL
Members of victims’ organizations and leaders of displaced population have been identified as the most at risk groups in the Montes de María region.
Special mention needs to be made about demobilized population, which has also been identified as a group with high levels of risk. The alerts in this sense are highlighted with the evidence of 30 homicides in the region.
Methodological note: For the calculation of risk levels related to the population, events mentioned in each of the reports / risk notes and the number of times they were mentioned were considered, along with the municipalities in which there were risk reports for specific populations. The x-axis represents the number of municipalities and the size and colour of the circle, the number of times risk was mentioned.
Forced DisplacementJanuary 2004 – December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation
No. Of displaced persons 47803No. of affected municipalities 16Average of displaced persons per affected municipality 2988Average of displaced persons per month during the period 996
SYNOPSIS 2004 - 2007
Forced DisplacementJanuary 2004 – December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
EL CARMEN DE BOLÍVAR
SAN ONOFRE
OVEJAS
MARÍA LA BAJA
SAN JUAN NEPOMUCENO
SAN JACINTO
COLOSÓ
TOLÚ VIEJO
CÓRDOBA
SINCELEJO
ZAMBRANO
MORROA
LOS PALMITOS
CHALÁN
EL GUAMO
PALMITO
2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL
The Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation – Acción Social, has recorded the displacement of 47803 persons between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2007. All 16 municipalities of Montes de María are considered to have the double condition of expellers and receptors of displaced population. El Carmen de Bolivar is the most affected municipality regarding expulsion of population.
Keeping with the national trend, 42% of the victims of displacement were women, 19% were children under 18 years – old and 39% were men.
According to Accion Social, among the most common reasons cited by displaced persons for their migration are the recurrence and intensity of armed confrontations in populated areas, forced recruitment by illegal armed actors, individual and collective threats and homicides of community leaders.
Forced DisplacementJanuary 2004 – December 2007OCHA | UN | Colombia
Source: Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2004 2005 2006 2007
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
2004 2005 2006 2007
While there was an evident low level of forced displacements during 2004 and 2005, there is an increase of more than 1200% between 2005 and 2006. The trend remains equal for the first months of 2006 and, while there is a decrease of 45% between 2006 and 2007, the levels of forced displacement between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2007 are the highest in the past 10 years.