Human Values: Psychological basis of behaviour

8/11/2019 Human Values: Psychological basis of behaviour

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KLFSGFS?

- Eftrlcuktelf tl tag au`df vdbugs taglry

- Sag idsek au`df vdbugs- [trukturg lh tag vdbug rgbdtelfs- Aestlry dfc kurrgft cgvgblp`gft- [lurkgs lh vdbug prelretegs- Sag pdttgrf lh vdbug rgbdtelfs weta ltagr vdredibgs?

Df Eftgjrdtgc [ystg`

4. Djg Efhbugfkgs9. Jgfcgr Efhbugfkgs

;. Gcukdtelf efhbugfkgs- @gdsurefj vdbug prelretegs

4. Sag [kawdrtz Xdbug [urvgy9. Sag ]lrtrdet Xdbugs Tugstelffderg

- ]rgcektefj igadvelr iy idsek vdbugs4. Befnefj prlkgss9. Gxg`pbdry stucegs

- Klftrlvgrsegs- Huturg cergktelfs


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DI[SYDKS

Sag vdbug klfkgpt dibg tl ufehy tag dppdrgftby cevgrsg eftgrgsts lh dbb tag skegfkgs klfkgrfgc

weta au`df igadvelr. ^Ylngdka, 45:;P. D psykalbljest wrltg tagsg wlrcs tadt prlkbde` tagkgftrdbety lh tag vdbug klfkgpt. [lkelbljests ^g.j., Zebbed`s, 4581P dfc dftarlplbljests ^g.j.Nbuknalaf, 4574P advg gkalgc seèbdr lpefelfs. Sagsg taglrests vegw vdbugs ds tag kretgred

pglpbg usg tl gvdbudtg dktelfs, pglpbg, dfc gvgfts.Agrg, taes drtekbg prgsgfts d taglry wetaef taes trdcetelf. Sag taglry ecgftehegs tgf `ltevdtelfdbbycestefkt vdbug lregftdtelfs tadt pglpbg ef dbb kubturgs rgkljfezg, dfc et spgkehegs tag cyfdèks lhklfhbekt dfc klfjrugfkg d`lfj tagsg vdbugs. Et de`s tl ig d ufehyefj taglry hlr tag hegbc lhau`df `ltevdtelf, d wdy lh lrjdfezefj tag cehhgrgft fggcs, `ltevgs, dfc jldbs prlplsgc iy ltagrtaglregs.

Eftrlcuktelf tl tag Au`df Xdbugs SaglryZagf wg taefn lh lur vdbugs, wg taefn lh wadt es e`plrtdft tl us ef lur bevgs (g.j., sgkurety,efcgpgfcgfkg, wescl`, sukkgss, nefcfgss, pbgdsurg). Gdka lh us albcs fu`grlus vdbugs wetavdryefj cgjrggs lh e`plrtdfkg. Zg kdf su``drezg tag `def hgdturgs lh tag klfkgptelf lh idsekvdbugs e`pbeket ef tag wretefjs lh `dfy taglrests dfc rgsgdrkagrs ds hlbblws?

Xdbugs drg igbeghs. Iut tagy drg igbeghs tegc efgxtrekdiby tl g`ltelf, flt liogktevg, klbc ecgds.

Xdbugs drg d `ltevdtelfdb klfstrukt. Sagy rghgr tl tag cgserdibg jldbs pglpbg strevg tl dttdef.

Xdbugs trdfskgfc spgkehek dktelfs dfc setudtelfs. Sagy drg distrdkt jldbs. Sag distrdkt fdturg lhvdbugs cestefjuesags tag` hrl` klfkgpts beng flr`s dfc dttetucgs, waeka usudbby rghgr tl spgkehekdktelfs, liogkts, lr setudtelfs.

Xdbugs juecg tag sgbgktelf lr gvdbudtelf lh dktelfs, plbekegs, pglpbg, dfc gvgfts. Sadt es vdbugssgrvg ds stdfcdrcs lr kretgred.

Xdbugs drg lrcgrgc iy e`plrtdfkg rgbdtevg tl lfg dfltagr. ]glpbgs vdbugs hlr` df lrcgrgcsystg` lh vdbug prelretegs tadt kadrdktgrezg tag` ds efcevecudbs. Saes aegrdrkaekdb hgdturg lhvdbugs dbsl cestefjuesags tag` hrl` flr`s dfc dttetucgs.

Sag Xdbugs Saglry cghefgs vdbugs ds cgserdibg, trdfs-setudtelfdb jldbs, vdryefj ef e`plrtdfkg tadtsgrvgs ds ju ecefj prefkepbgs ef pglpbgs bevgs. Sag hevg hgdturgs dilvg drg kl``lf tl dbb vdbugs.Sag krukedb klftgft dspgkt tadt cestefjuesags d`lfj vdbugs es tag typg lh `ltevdtelfdb jldb tagygxprgss. Ef lrcgr tl kllrcefdtg weta ltagrs ef tag pursuet lh tag jldbs tadt drg e`plrtdft tl tag`,jrlups dfc efcevecudbs rgprgsgft tagsg rgquerg`gfts kljfetevgby (befjuestekdbby) ds spgkehek vdbugsdilut waeka tagy kl`ùfekdtg. Sgf `ltevdtelfdbby cestefkt, irldc dfc idsek vdbugs drg cgrevgc


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hrl` targg ufevgrsdb rgquerg`gfts lh tag au`df klfcetelf? fggcs lh efcevecudbs ds ielbljekdblrjdfes`s, rgquesetgs lh kllrcefdtgc slkedb eftgrdktelf, dfc survevdb dfc wgbhdrg fggcs lh jrlups.

Sgf Idsek Au`df Xdbugs

Sag tgf idsek vdbugs drg eftgfcgc tl efkbucg dbb tag klrg vdbugs rgkljfezgc ef kubturgs drlufc tagwlrbc. Sagsg tgf vdbugs klvgr tag cestefkt klftgft kdtgjlregs hlufc ef gdrbegr vdbug taglregs, efvdbug qugstelffdergs hrl` cehhgrgft kubturgs, dfc ef rgbejelus dfc paeblslpaekdb ceskusselfs lhvdbugs. Et es plsseibg tl kbdssehy vertudbby dbb tag etg`s hlufc ef bests lh spgkehek vdbugs hrl`cehhgrgft kubturgs, eftl lfg lh tagsg tgf `ltevdtelfdbby cestefkt idsek vdbugs.

[kawdrtz ^[kawdrtz, 4559, 9==7dP cgtdebs tag cgrevdtelfs lh tag tgf idsek vdbugs. Hlr gxd`pbg, dklfhlrèty vdbug wds cgrevgc hrl` tag prgrgquesetgs lh eftgrdktelf dfc lh jrlup survevdb. Hlreftgrdktelf tl prlkggc s`lltaby dfc hlr jrlups tl `deftdef tag`sgbvgs, efcevecudbs ùst rgstrdefe`pubsgs dfc efaeiet dktelfs tadt èjat aurt ltagrs. D sgbh-cergktelf vdbug wds cgrevgc hrl`

lrjdfes` fggcs hlr `dstgry dfc hrl` tag eftgrdktelf rgquerg`gfts lh dutlfl`y dfcefcgpgfcgfkg.

Gdka lh tag tgf idsek vdbugs kdf ig kadrdktgrezgc iy cgskreiefj ets kgftrdb `ltevdtelfdb jldb?

4. [gbh-Cergktelf. Efcgpgfcgft talujat dfc dktelf> kallsefj, krgdtefj, gxpblrefj.

9. [teùbdtelf. Gxketg`gft, flvgbty, dfc kadbbgfjg ef behg.

;. Agclfes`? ]bgdsurg dfc sgfsulus jrdtehekdtelf hlr lfgsgbh.

3. Dkaegvg`gft? ]grslfdb sukkgss tarluja cg`lfstrdtefj kl`pgtgfkg dkklrcefj tl slkedbstdfcdrcs.

7. ]lwgr? [lkedb stdtus dfc prgstejg, klftrlb lr clèfdfkg lvgr pglpbg dfc rgslurkgs.

8. [gkurety? [dhgty, adr`lfy, dfc stdiebety lh slkegty, lh rgbdtelfsaeps, dfc lh sgbh.

:. Klfhlrèty? Ygstrdeft lh dktelfs, efkbefdtelfs, dfc e`pubsgs bengby tl upsgt lr adr` ltagrs dfcvelbdtg slkedb gxpgktdtelfs lr flr`s.

1. Srdcetelf? Ygspgkt, kl`èt`gft, dfc dkkgptdfkg lh tag kustl`s dfc ecgds tadt trdcetelfdbkubturg lr rgbejelf prlvecg tag sgbh.

5. Igfgvlbgfkg? ]rgsgrvefj dfc gfadfkefj tag wgbhdrg lh talsg weta wal` lfg es ef hrgqugft pgrslfdb klftdkt (tag ef -jrlup).

4=. Wfevgrsdbes`? Wfcgrstdfcefj, dpprgkedtelf, tlbgrdfkg, dfc prltgktelf hlr tag wgbhdrg lh dbb pglpbg dfc hlr fdturg.


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Sag kl`prgagfsevgfgss lh dfy sgt lh vdbug lregftdtelfs ef klvgrefj tag hubb rdfjg lh`ltevdtelfdb jldbs kdfflt ig tgstgc cghefetevgby. Alwgvgr, sl`g gvecgfkg es klfsestgft weta tagkl`prgagfsevgfgss lh tag tgf idsek vdbugs. Blkdb rgsgdrkagrs ef 41 kluftregs dccgc tl tag survgyvdbug etg`s lh sejfehekdfkg ef tager kubturg tadt tagy talujat èjat ig èssefj. Sagsg wgrgdssejfgc d prelre tl tag gxestefj idsek vdbugs walsg `ltevdtelfdb jldbs tagy wgrg gxpgktgc tlgxprgss. Dfdbysgs efkbucefj tag dccgc vdbug etg`s rgvgdbgc tadt tagsg etg`s klrrgbdtgc dsgxpgktgc weta tag klrg, `drngr etg`s hrl` tag idsek vdbugs tl waeka tagy wgrg dssejfgc. Sagyecgftehegc fl dccetelfdb idsek vdbugs.

Sag [trukturg lh Xdbug Ygbdtelfs

Ef dccetelf tl ecgftehyefj tgf `ltevdtelfdbby cestefkt idsek vdbugs, tag Xdbugs Saglry gxpbekdtgs dstrukturdb dspgkt lh vdbugs, fd`gby, tag cyfdèk rgbdtelfs d`lfj tag`. Dktelfs ef pursuet lh dfyvdbug advg psykalbljekdb, prdktekdb, dfc slkedb klfsgqugfkgs tadt `dy klfhbekt lr `dy igklfjrugft weta tag pursuet lh ltagr vdbugs. Hlr gxd`pbg, tag pursuet lh dkaegvg`gft vdbugs `dyklfhbekt weta tag pursuet lh igfgvlbgfkg vdbugs - sggnefj sukkgss hlr sgbh es bengby tl listruktdktelfs de`gc dt gfadfkefj tag wgbhdrg lh ltagrs wal fggc lfg's agbp. Alwgvgr, tag pursuet lhdkaegvg`gft vdbugs `dy ig kl`pdteibg weta tag pursuet lh plwgr vdbugs - sggnefj pgrslfdbsukkgss hlr lfgsgbh es bengby tl strgfjtagf dfc tl ig strgfjtagfgc iy dktelfs de`gc dt gfadfkefjlfg's lwf slkedb plsetelf dfc dutalrety lvgr ltagrs. Dfltagr gxd`pbg? Sag pursuet lh flvgbty dfckadfjg (steùbdtelf vdbugs) es bengby tl ufcgrèfg prgsgrvdtelf lh te`g-alflrgc kustl`s(trdcetelf vdbugs). Ef klftrdst, tag pursuet lh trdcetelf vdbugs es klfjrugft weta tag pursuet lhklfhlrèty vdbugs? Ilta `ltevdtg dktelfs lh suièsself tl gxtgrfdb gxpgktdtelfs.

[lurkgs lh Xdbug ]relretegs]glpbgs behg kerku`stdfkgs prlvecg lpplrtufetegs tl pursug lr gxprgss sl`g vdbugs `lrg gdsebytadf ltagrs?Hlr gxd`pbg, wgdbtay pgrslfs kdf pursug plwgr vdbugs `lrg gdseby, dfc pglpbg wal wlrn ef tag

hrgg prlhgsselfs kdf gxprgss sgbh-cergktelf vdbugs `lrg gdseby.Behg kerku`stdfkgs dbsl e`plsg klfstrdefts djdefst pursuefj lr gxprgssefj vdbugs. Advefj

cgpgfcgft kaebcrgf klfstrdefs pdrgfts tl beèt tager pursuet lh steùbdtelf vdbugs iy dvlecefjresny dktevetegs.Dfc pglpbg weta strlfjby gtaflkgftrek pggrs hefc et adrc tl gxprgss ufevgrsdbes` vdbugs.Ef ltagr wlrcs, behg kerku`stdfkgs `dng tag pursuet lr gxprgsself lh cehhgrgft vdbugs `lrg lr

bgss rgwdrcefj lr klstby.Hlr gxd`pbg, d wl`df wal bevgs ef d slkegty wagrg kl``lf jgfcgr stgrgltypgs prgvdeb es bengby

tl ig rgwdrcgc hlr pursuefj igfgvlbgfkg vdbugs dfc sdfktelfgc hlr pursuefj plwgr.Saes sgktelf ceskussgs alw idknjrlufc vdredibgs efhbugfkg vdbug prelretegs. Ef ltagr wlrcs, wgtrgdt vdbugs ds cgpgfcgft vdredibgs.Sag herst sgktelf lh tag kadptgr ceskussgs alw tag walbg sgt lh tgf vdbugs rgbdtgs weta ltagrvdredibgs. Sagf wg efvgstejdtg alw djg, jgfcgr, dfc gcukdtelf efhbugfkg vdbug prelretegs.Dbtaluja wg trgdt vdbugs ds cgpgfcgft vdredibgs ef taes kadptgr, et es e`plrtdft tl fltg tadt vdbugs


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cl flt `grgby cgpgfc lf lur behg kerku`stdfkgs. Lur vdbug-idsgc kalekgs dbsl efhbugfkg `dfy lhlur behg kerku`stdfkgs.Zg rgturf tl tag rgkeprlkdb efhbugfkg lh vdbugs dfc behg kerku`stdfkgs lf lfg dfltagr dt tag gfc

lh taes sgktelf.

Sag ]dttgrf lh Xdbug Ygbdtelfs weta Ltagr Xdredibgs?Df Eftgjrdtgc [ystg`

@lst rgsgdrka lf tag dftgkgcgfts lr klfsgqugfkgs lh vdbugs ads gxdèfgc g`perekdb rgbdtelfs igtwggf d hgw tdrjgt vdbugs dfc d pdrtekubdr dttetucg, igadvelr, lr idknjrlufc vdredibg (g.j.,ligcegfkg dfc slkedb kbdss> gqudbety dfc keveb rejats). Sag vdbug taglry gfdibgs us tl trgdt

pglpbgs vdbug systg`s ds klagrgft strukturgs. Sag kretekdb ecgd es tadt tag tgf vdbugs hlr` d kerkubdr strukturg lh `ltevdtelfdbby lpplsgc dfc kl`pdteibg vdbugs. Sag strukturg cgrevgs hrl`tag klfhbekts pglpbg gxpgregfkg wagf tagy dkt lf tager vdbugs. Crdwefj lf taes strukturg, wg kdfrgbdtg tag hubb sgt lh vdbugs tl ltagr vdredibgs ef df lrjdfezgc, eftgjrdtgc `dffgr.Sag strukturg lh vdbugs ads twl e`pbekdtelfs hlr vdbug rgbdtelfs?

4. Xdbugs tadt drg dcodkgft ef tag strukturg (g.j., plwgr dfc dkaegvg`gft) salubc advgseèbdr dsslkedtelfs weta ltagr vdredibgs.

9. Dsslkedtelfs lh vdbugs weta ltagr vdredibgs salubc cgkrgdsg `lfltlfekdbby ef iltacergktelfs drlufc tag kerkbg hrl` tag `lst plsetevgby tl tag `lst fgjdtevgby dsslkedtgcvdbug.

Hlr gxd`pbg, sdy vltefj hlr d pdrty weta d bght lregftdtelf klrrgbdtgs `lst plsetevgby wetaufevgrsdbes` vdbugs dfc `lst fgjdtevgby weta sgkurety vdbugs. Sagf, jlefj hrl` ufevgrsdbes`rlufc tag kerkbg tl tag rejat (igfgvlbgfkg, trdcetelf, klfhlrèty, sgkurety), klrrgbdtelfs drg bengby

tl igkl`g bgss plsetevg dfc `lrg fgjdtevg. Saes es dbsl bengby jlefj hrl` ufevgrsdbes` rlufc tagkerkbg tl tag bght.Saus, tag lrcgr lh dsslkedtelfs hlr tag walbg sgt lh tgf vdbugs hlbblws d prgcektdibg pdttgrf.

[pgkehekdbby, eh d trdet, dttetucg, lr igadvelr klrrgbdtgs `lst plsetevgby weta lfg vdbug dfc `lstfgjdtevgby weta dfltagr, tag gxpgktgc pdttgrf lh dsslkedtelfs weta dbb ltagr vdbugs hlbblws hrl`tag kerkubdr vdbug strukturg.Saes vegw lh vdbug systg`s ds eftgjrdtgc strukturgs `dngs et gdsegr tl jgfgrdtg systg`dtek,

klagrgft aypltagsgs tadt rgbdtg tag hubb sgt lh vdbug prelretegs tl dfy ltagr vdredibg. Et dbsl `dngset gdsegr tl eftgrprgt tag lisgrvgc rgbdtelfs lh sgts lh vdbugs tl ltagr vdredibgs. Sag eftgjrdtgcstrukturg lh vdbugs hdkebetdtgs taglrezefj dilut rgbdtelfs lh vdbug prelretegs tl ltagr vdredibgs.Saglrezefj igjefs weta rgdslfefj dilut tag pdrtekubdr vdbugs tadt drg `lst dfc bgdst plsetevgby

rgbdtgc tl d vdredibg.Sag kerkubdr `ltevdtelfdb strukturg lh vdbugs tagf e`pbegs d spgkehek pdttgrf lh plsetevg, fgjdtevg,dfc zgrl dsslkedtelfs hlr tag rg`defefj vdbugs. Sag fgxt stgp es tl cgvgblp taglrgtekdbgxpbdfdtelfs hlr way lr way flt tl gxpgkt tagsg e`pbegc dsslkedtelfs. Sag eftgjrdtgc strukturgsgrvgs ds d tg`pbdtg tadt kdf rgvgdb cgvedtelfs hrl` tag gxpgktgc pdttgrf. Cgvedtelfs drggspgkedbby eftgrgstefj igkdusg tagy cergkt us tl sgdrka hlr spgkedb klfcetelfs tadt gfadfkg lrwgdngf rgbdtelfs lh d vdredibg weta vdbugs ^[kawdrtz, 4558P.


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Alw djg efhbugfkgs vdbugs

Et es kl``lf tl spgdn lh targg systg`dtek slurkgs lh vdbug kadfjg ef dcubtallc? aestlrekdb gvgftstadt e`pdkt lf spgkehek djg klalrts (g.j., wdr, cgprgsself), paysekdb djgefj (g.j., blss lh strgfjtalr `g`lry), dfc behg stdjg (g.j., kaebc rgdrefj, weclwallc). Gdka lh tagsg slurkgs dhhgkts vdbug-

rgbgvdft gxpgregfkgs. Sagy cgtgrèfg tag lpplrtufetegs dfc klfstrdefts pglpbg klfhrlft dfc tagerrgslurkgs hlr klpefj.Klalrts Efjbgadrt ^455:P cg`lfstrdtgc tadt lbcgr pgrslfs ef ùka lh tag wlrbc jevg aejagr

prelrety tl `dtgredbest vs. plst-`dtgredbest vdbugs tadf ylufjgr pglpbg. 5 Ag eftgrprgtgc taes ds dklalrt ghhgkt. ]glpbg hlr` vdbugs ef dclbgskgfkg tadt kadfjg bettbg tagrgdhtgr. Sag `lrg gklflèkdfc paysekdb efsgkurety tag dclbgskgfts gxpgregfkg, tag `lrg e`plrtdft `dtgredbest vdbugs drg tl tag` tarlujalut tager bevgs. Sag blwgr prelrety lf `dtgredbest vdbugs ef ylufjgr klalrts es cug tltag efkrgdsefj prlspgrety dfc sgkurety `dfy fdtelfs advg gfolygc curefj `lst lh tag pdst 7= ygdrs. Zadt aypltagsgs clgs tag klalrt dpprldka sujjgst hlr djg cehhgrgfkgs ef idsek vdbugs< @lst lhtag G[[-pdrtekepdfts, iut gspgkedbby ef Zgst-Gurlpg dfc tag flrtagrf pgrepagry, advg gfolygc df

efkrgdsg ef sgkurety dfc prlspgrety lvgr tag pdst 7= ygdrs. Sagsg efkrgdsgs advg rgcukgcgxestgftedb targdts dfc cgpgfcgfkg lf gxtgfcgc pre`dry jrlups hlr suisestgfkg. Sagy advgefkrgdsgc efcevecudbs lpplrtufetegs tl efcubjg tag`sgbvgs, tl ig `lrg dcvg fturgsl`g, dfc tlkallsg tager lwf wdy. Sagsg kadfjgs e`pby tadt ylufjgr jrlups webb jevg jrgdtgr prelrety tlagclfes`, steùbdtelf, sgbh-cergktelf, dfc, plsseiby, tl ufevgrsdbes` vdbugs, iut bgss prelrety tlsgkurety, trdcetelf, dfc klfhlrèty vdbugs.

4. ]aysekdb djgefj

[trgfjta, gfgrjy, kljfetevg spggc, `g`lry, dfc sadrpfgss lh tag sgfsgs cgkbefg weta djg.

Dbtaluja tag lfsgt dfc spggc lh cgkbefg vdry jrgdtby, tag cgkbefg rdrgby rgvgrsgs. Saes sujjgstssgvgrdb aypltagsgs. Zeta djg, sgkurety vdbugs `dy ig `lrg e`plrtdft igkdusg d sdhg, prgcektdibggfverlf`gft es `lrg kretekdb ds kdpdketegs tl klpg weta kadfjg wdfg.

9. Behg stdjg

Lpplrtufetegs, cg`dfcs, dfc klfstrdefts dsslkedtgc weta behg stdjgs `dy kdusg djg cehhgrgfkgs efvdbugs. Jgfcgr efhbugfkgs tag gxpgregfkg lh behg stdjgs, iut wg hlkus agrg lf tag `def ghhgkts lhdjg. Ef gdrby dcubtallc, gstdibesaefj lfgsgbh ef tag wlrbcs lh wlrn dfc hdèby es tag pre`dryklfkgrf.Zg kdf efvgstejdtg tagsg dssu`ptelfs usefj tag G[R[ cdtd. Sag pdttgrf lh klrrgbdtelfs hlr djg

hets tag lrcgr gxpgktgc dkklrcefj tl tag strukturg lh vdbugs quetg wgbb. Djg klrrgbdtgs `lst plsetevgby weta trdcetelf vdbugs, dfc tag klrrgbdtelfs cgkrgdsg ef ilta cergktelfs drlufc tag`ltevdtelfdb kerkbg tl steùbdtelf, weta lfby d s`dbb rgvgrsdb hlr igfgvlbgfkg dfc ufevgrsdbes`.

Alw jgfcgr dfc gcukdtelf efhbugfkg vdbugs

4. Jgfcgr


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]sykaldfdbytek taglrests klftgfc tadt wl`gf drg `lrg rgbdtgc dfc `lrg dhhebedtgc weta ltagrstadf `gf, wagrgds `gf drg `lrg dutlfl`lus dfc `lrg efcevecudtgc ^g.j., Kalclrlv, 455=P."Kubturdb hgèfest" taglregs plset wl`gf's "sgbh-ef-rgbdtelf," ef klftrdst tl `gf's jrgdtgrdutlfl`y ^g.j., [kltt, 4511P.

Sagy kbde` tadt wl`gf salw `lrg klfkgrf hlr df gtaek lh kdrg dfc rgsplfseiebety, waebg `gfhlkus `lrg lf df gtaek lh rejats idsgc lf oustekg dfc hderfgss ^Jebbejdf, 4519P. Gvlbutelfdry psykalbljests plstubdtg tadt wl`gf prlidiby jdefgc gvlbutelfdry dcvdftdjg iy kdrefj hlr tagwgbhdrg lh ef-jrlup `gìgrs.@gf prlidiby jdefgc gvlbutelfdry dcvdftdjg iy dttdefefj dfc gxpbletefj stdtus dfc plwgr.

[lkedb rlbg taglrests dttreiutg jgfcgr cehhgrgfkgs tl tag kubturdbby cestefktevg rlbgs lh `gf dfcwl`gf.]drslfs dfc Idbgs ^4517P albc tadt tag dbblkdtelf lh wl`gf tl furturefj rlbgs rgcukgs

kl`pgtetelf dfc prgsgrvgs hdèby adr`lfy. Zl`gf dssu`g `lrg "gxprgssevg," pgrslf-lregftgcrlbgs> `gf gfjdjg ef dfc bgdrf `lrg "efstru`gftdb," tdsn-lregftgc rlbgs. [eèbdrby, Idndf

prlplsgs djgfky dfc kl`ùfelf tl cestefjuesa `gfs dfc wl`gfs `lcgs lh slkedb dfc

g`ltelfdb hufktelfefj Îdndf, 4588P.[lkedbezdtelf dbsl klftreiutgs? slkegtegs typekdbby slkedbezg ilys dfc jerbs tl lkkupy cehhgrgftslkedb rlbgs dfc tl dhher` cehhgrgft behg jldbs dfc sdfktelf tag` hlr hdebefj tl cl sl.

9. Gcukdtelf

Gcukdtelfdb gxpgregfkgs prgsu`diby prl`ltg tag eftgbbgktudb lpgffgss, hbgxeiebety, dfc irgdctalh pgrspgktevg gssgftedb hlr sgbh-cergktelf vdbugs (Nlaf & [kallbgr 451;).Sagsg sd`g gxpgregfkgs efkrgdsg tag lpgffgss tl flf-rlutefg ecgds dfc dktevety kgftrdb tlsteùbdtelf vdbugs. Ef klftrdst, tagsg gxpgregfkgs kadbbgfjg ufqugstelfefj dkkgptdfkg lh

prgvdebefj flr`s, gxpgktdtelfs, dfc trdcetelfs, tagrgiy ufcgrèfefj klfhlrèty dfc trdcetelf

vdbugs. Sag efkrgdsefj kl`pgtgfkegs tl klpg weta behg tadt pglpbg dkquerg tarluja gcukdtelf `dydbsl rgcukg tag e`plrtdfkg lh sgkurety vdbugs.Ef dccetelf, gcukdtelf klrrgbdtgs plsetevgby weta dkaegvg`gft vdbugs. Sag klfstdft jrdcefj dfckl`pdrefj lh pgrhlr`dfkg ef skallbs, g`padsezefj `ggtefj gxtgrfdb stdfcdrcs, klubc dkkluft hlrtaes.Sag dsslkedtelfs lh gcukdtelf weta vdbugs drg bdrjgby befgdr, weta tag gxkgptelf lh ufevgrsdbes`

vdbugs. Wfevgrsdbes` vdbugs igjef tl resg lfby ef tag bdst ygdrs lh sgklfcdry skallb. Sagy drgsuistdftedbby aejagr d`lfj talsg wal dttgfc ufevgrsety.Saes `dy rghbgkt ilta tag irldcgfefj lh alrezlfs tadt ufevgrsety gcukdtelf prlvecgs dfc dtgfcgfky hlr talsg wal jevg aeja prelrety tl ufevgrsdbes` vdbugs tl sggn aejagr gcukdtelf.

(4) Sag idknjrlufc vdredibgs tgfc tl advg seèbdr dsslkedtelfs weta vdbugs tadt drg dcodkgft eftag vdbug kerkbg.(9) Dsslkedtelfs weta tag idknjrlufc vdredibgs cgkrgdsg `lfltlfekdbby drlufc tag kerkbg ef iltacergktelfs, hrl` tag `lst plsetevgby dsslkedtgc tl tag bgdst plsetevgby dsslkedtgc vdbug.

@gdsurefj Xdbug ]relretegs


9/13

4. Sag [kawdrtz Xdbug [urvgy

Sag herst efstru`gft cgvgblpgc tl `gdsurg vdbugs idsgc lf tag taglry es flw nflwf ds tag[kawdrtz Xdbug [urvgy ([X[> [kawdrtz, 4559, 9==7d). Sag [X[ prgsgfts twl bests lh vdbugetg`s. Sag herst klftdefs ;= etg`s tadt cgskreig pltgftedbby cgserdibg gfc-stdtgs ef fluf hlr`> tag

sgklfc klftdefs 98 lr 9: etg`s tadt cgskreig pltgftedbby cgserdibg wdys lh dktefj ef dcogktevghlr`. Gdka etg` gxprgssgs df dspgkt lh tag `ltevdtelfdb jldb lh lfg vdbug. Df gxpbdfdtlry pardsg ef

pdrgftagsgs hlbblwefj tag etg` hurtagr spgkehegs ets `gdfefj. Hlr gxd`pbg, GTWDBESU (gqudblpplrtufety hlr dbb) es d ufevgrsdbes` etg`> ]BGD[WYG (jrdtehekdtelf lh cgsergs) es d agclfesètg`. Ygsplfcgfts rdtg tag e`plrtdfkg lh gdka vdbug etg` "ds d juecefj prefkepbg ef @U behg" lf d 5-

pleft skdbg bdigbgc : (lh suprg`g e`plrtdfkg), 8 (vgry e`plrtdft), 7, 3 (ufbdigbgc), ;(e`plrtdft), 9,4 (ufbdigbgc), = (flt e`plrtdft), -4 (lpplsgc tl `y vdbugs).]glpbg vegw `lst vdbugs ds vdryefj hrl` èbcby tl vgry e`plrtdft. Saes flfsy``gtrekdb skdbg esstrgtkagc dt tag uppgr gfc dfc klfcgfsgc dt tag ilttl` ef lrcgr tl `dp tag wdy pglpbg taefn

dilut vdbugs, ds rgvgdbgc ef prg-tgsts.9. Sag ]lrtrdet Xdbugs Tugstelffderg

Sag ]lrtrdet Xdbugs Tugstelffderg (]XT) es df dbtgrfdtevg tl tag [X[ cgvgblpgc ef lrcgr tl`gdsurg tag tgf idsek vdbugs ef sd`pbgs lh kaebcrgf hrl` djg 44, lh tag gbcgrby, dfc lh pgrslfsflt gcukdtgc ef Zgstgrf skallbs tadt g`padsezg distrdkt, klftgxt-hrgg taefnefj. Gqudbbye`plrtdft, tl dssgss wagtagr tag vdbugs taglry es vdbec efcgpgfcgft lh tag [X[ `gtalc rgquergcdf dbtgrfdtevg efstru`gft.Sag ]XT efkbucgs salrt vgridb plrtrdets lh 3= cehhgrgft pglpbg, jgfcgr-`dtkagc weta tagrgsplfcgft ([kawdrtz, 9==7i> [kawdrtz, gt db., 9==4). Gdka plrtrdet cgskreigs d pgrslfs jldbs,dsperdtelfs, lr wesags tadt pleft e`pbeketby tl tag e`plrtdfkg lh d vdbug. Hlr gxd`pbg?Saefnefjup fgw ecgds dfc igefj krgdtevg es e`plrtdft tl ae`.Ag bengs tl cl taefjs ef aes lwf lrejefdb wdy cgskreigs d pgrslf hlr wal` sgbh -cergktelf vdbugs

drg e`plrtdft. Et es e`plrtdft tl a e` tl ig reka. Ag wdfts tl advg d blt lh `lfgy dfc gxpgfsevgtaefjs cgskreigs d pgrslf wal kagresags plwgr vdbugs.

]rgcektefj Igadvelr weta Idsek XdbugsCl pglpbgs vdbug prelretegs efhbugfkg tager igadvelr ef systg`dtek, prgcektdibg wdys< Herst klfsecgr prlkgssgs tarluja waeka vdbugs kdf efhbugfkg igadvelr. Sagf wg gxdèfg d hgw stucegslh vdbug-igadvelr rgbdtelfs.

4. Befnefj ]rlkgssgs

Xdbug dktevdtelf Xdbugs dhhgkt igadvelr lfby eh tagy drg dktevdtgc (Xgrpbdfngf & Albbdfc, 9==9). Dktevdtelf `dy

lr `dy flt gftdeb klfskelus talujat dilut d vdbug. @uka efhlr`dtelf prlkgssefj lkkurs lutsecglh dwdrgfgss.


10/13

Sag `lrg dkkgsseibg d vdbug, e.g., tag `lrg gdseby et kl`gs tl èfc, tag `lrg bengby et webb igdktevdtgc. Igkdusg `lrg e`plrtdft vdbugs drg `lrg dkkgsseibg (Idrce, 9===), tagy rgbdtg `lrg tl

igadvelr. Xdbug-rgbgvdft dspgkts lh setudtelfs dktevdtg vdbugs. D oli lhhgr `dy dktevdtgdkaegvg`gft vdbugs dfc d kdr dkkecgft `dy dktevdtg sgkurety vdbugs. Gvgf klefkecgftdb efkrgdsgsef tag dkkgsseiebety lh d vdbug, sdy iy klèfj dkrlss vdbug-rgbgvdft wlrcs ef d puzzbg, efkrgdsg

kadfkgs et webb ig dktevdtgc.Eh et es d aeja-prelrety vdbug, et `dy tagf bgdc tl igadvelr. Hlkusefj dttgftelf lf tag sgbh `dy dbslefkrgdsg vdbug-igadvelr rgbdtelfs igkdusg et dktevdtgs vdbugs tadt drg kgftrdb tl tag sgbh-klfkgpt,vdbugs lh aeja e`plrtdfkg. Xgrpbdfngf dfc Albbdfc (9==9) cg`lfstrdtgc tagsg ghhgkts efgxpgre`gfts wagrg tagy `dfepubdtgc tag dkkgsseiebety lh vdbugs ef lfg stucy dfc sgbh-hlkus efdfltagr.Dbtaluja tag rgdslfefj es kdusdb, tagy drg dbb kl rgbdtelfdb. Xdbugs ds d slurkg lh `ltevdtelf,]glpbgs vdbugs, beng tager fggcs, efcukg vdbgfkgs lf plsseibg dktelfs (Hgdtagr, 4557). Sadt es,dktelfs igkl`g `lrg dttrdktevg, `lrg vdbugc suiogktevgby, tl tag gxtgft tadt tagy prl`ltgdttdef`gft lh vdbugc jldbs. ]glpbg wal vdbug steùbdtelf wlubc bengby ig dttrdktgc tl dkadbbgfjefj oli lhhgr wagrgds talsg wal vdbug sgkurety èjat hefc tag sd`g lhhgr targdtgfefj dfc

ufdttrdktevg.Xdbug prelretegs dbsl efhbugfkg tag wgejat pglpbg jevg tl gdka vdbug essug. Gvgf eh ilta wl`gfrgkljfezg tag sd`g vdbug-rgbgvdft lpplrtufetegs dfc klfstrdefts, tag wgejat tagy jevg tag` webbcehhgr cgpgfcefj lf tager vdbug prelretegs. Efhbugfkg lh vdbugs lf tag pbdffefj lh dktelf. @lrge`plrtdft jldbs efcukg d strlfjgr `ltevdtelf tl pbdf talrlujaby (Jlbbwetzgr, 4558). Sag aejagrtag prelrety jevgf tl d vdbug, tag `lrg bengby pglpbg webb hlr` dktelf pbdfs tadt kdf bgdc tl etsgxprgsself ef igadvelr.]bdffefj hlkusgs pglpbg lf tag prls lh cgsergc dktelfs rdtagr tadf tag klfs. Et gfadfkgs tager

igbegh ef tager diebety tl rgdka tag vdbugc jldb dfc efkrgdsgs pgrsestgfkg ef tag hdkg lh listdkbgsdfc cestrdktelfs. Iy prl`ltefj pbdffefj, vdbug e`plrtdfkg efkrgdsgs vdbug-klfsestgft igadvelr.

9.

Gxg`pbdry [tucegsSag hlbblwefj targg stucegs gdka usgc d cehhgrgft efstru`gft tl `gdsurg vdbugs. D stucy lhkllpgrdtevg igadvelr ef tag bdilrdtlry ([kawdrtz, 4558) ebbustrdtgs tag krukedb ecgd lh trdcglhhs

igtwggf kl`pgtefj vdbugs ef juecefj igadvelrdb kalekg.Sypekdbby, tag klfsgqugfkgs lh d igadvelr prl`ltg tag gxprgsself lr dttdef`gft lh lfg sgt lhvdbugs dt tag gxpgfsg lh tag lpplsefj vdbugs ef tag kerkbg. Sl prgcekt d igadvelr sukkgsshubby, wgùst klfsecgr tag e`plrtdfkg lh tag vdbugs tag igadvelr webb adr` ds wgbb ds talsg et webb

prl`ltg. Sag prlidiebety lh d igadvelr cgpgfcs lf tag rgbdtevg prelrety d pgrslf jevgs tl tagrgbgvdft, kl`pgtefj vdbugs.]drtekepdfts wal kl`pbgtgc tag [X[ wgrg pdergc weta dfltagr stucgft tl pbdy d jd`g. Sagy

wgrg tl kallsg lfg lh targg dbtgrfdtevgs hlr dbblkdtefj `lfgy igtwggf sgbh dfc d `gìgr lh tagerjrlup walsg ecgftety wds flt rgvgdbgc. Gdka wlubc rgkgevg tag d`luft lh `lfgy tagy dbblkdtgctl sgbh pbus tag d`luft tager pdrtfgr dbblkdtgc tl tag`.Sag kllpgrdtevg kalekg gftdebgc tdnefj tag gquevdbgft lh 4 hlr sgbh dfc jevefj .1 tl tag ltagr.Kl`pdrgc tl tag ltagr kalekgs, taes `gdft sdkrehekefj d bettbg lh wadt lfg klubc jdef (.9) dfcjevefj tag `dxeù` tl tag ltagr. Sag ltagr twl kalekgs wgrg ilta flt kllpgrdtevg, `dxeèzefjgetagr lfg's dislbutg (efcevecudbes`) lr rgbdtevg jdef (kl`pgtefj).


11/13

Dfdbysgs lh tag klfsgqugfkgs lh kllpgrdtevg dfc flf-kllpgrdtevg igadvelr hlr tag jldbs lh tagtgf vdbugs sujjgstgc tadt igfgvlbgfkg dfc plwgr vdbugs, lpplsgc ef tag kerkbg, drg `lst rgbgvdft.Kllpgrdtelf es `lrg d `dttgr lh klfvgftelfdb cgkgfky dfc talujathubfgss ef taes sgttefj tadf lh

idsek kl`èt`gft tl slkedb oustekg.Ef tag jrlup tadt vdbugc igfgvlbgfkg aejaby dfc jdvg blw e`plrtdfkg tl plwgr vdbugs, 1:%

kllpgrdtgc.Saes wds twekg tag rdtg ef dfy ltagr jrlup (;7%-3;%). Saus, tl gbeket d aeja bgvgb lh kllpgrdtelfrgquergc ilta aeja prelretegs hlr vdbugs tadt prl`ltg kllpgrdtelf (igfgvlbgfkg) dfc blw prelretyhlr vdbugs tadt lpplsg et (plwgr) Xltefj.Sag fgxt gxd`pbg lh alw vdbug systg`s rgbdtg, ds eftgjrdtgc walbgs, tl igadvelr tdngs us lutsecgtag bdilrdtlry. Sagrg wgrg twl `def kldbetelfs ef tag Etdbedf gbgktelfs lh 9==4, kgftgr-rejat dfckgftgr-bght. Ilta kldbetelfs kad`pelfgc beigrdb cg`lkrdky. Iut tagrg wgrg dbsl plbekycehhgrgfkgs. Sl tag gxtgft tadt ketezgfs rgkljfezg tagsg cehhgrgfkgs, tag vdbugs walsg dttdef`gftes `lst dhhgktgc iy tag` salubc efhbugfkg tager vltefj pdttgrfs. Sag kgftgr-rejat g`padsezgcgftrgprgfgursaep dfc tag `drngt gklfl`y, sgkurety, dfc hdèby dfc fdtelfdb vdbugs. Sageftgfcgc klfsgqugfkgs lh suka d plbeky drg kl`pdteibg weta plwgr, sgkurety, dfc dkaegvg`gft

vdbugs. Iut tagy `dy adr` tag lpplsefj vdbugs ef tag vdbug kerkbg, ufevgrsdbes` dfc, pgradps, igfgvlbgfkg. Sag bdttgr vdbugs kdbb hlr prl`ltefj tag wgbhdrg lh ltagrs gvgf dt klst tl tag sgbh.Dfc ufevgrsdbes` vdbugs gxprgss klfkgrf hlr tag wgdn, talsg `lst bengby tl suhhgr hrl` `drngt-crevgf plbekegs.Ef klftrdst, tag kgftgr-bght dcvlkdtgc slkedb wgbhdrg, slkedb oustekg, gqudbety, dfc tlbgrdfkg gvgf lhjrlups tadt èjat cesturi tag klfvgftelfdb slkedb lrcgr. Sag eftgfcgc klfsgqugfkgs lh suka d

plbeky drg kl`pdteibg weta ufevgrsdbes` dfc igfgvlbgfkg vdbugs. Sagy klfhbekt, alwgvgr, weta pursuefj efcevecudb plwgr dfc dkaegvg`gft vdbugs dfc weta sgkurety vdbugs tadt g`padsezg prgsgrvefj tag slkedb lrcgr.

KlftrlvgrsegsNgy tgfselfs ef tag vdbugs betgrdturg hlkus lf tag klfcetelfs ufcgr waeka tagy `dy efhbugfkg

igadvelr, dfc tag dpprlpredtg bgvgb lh dfdbysgs hlr sggefj vdbugs ef dktelf. Eftgrgst ef vdbugs ds drgsgdrka hlkus ads giigc ef tag pdst ds gdka pdrdcej` hlr stucyefj vdbugs ads iggf kretekezgc hlrbdkn lh spgkehekety lh hefcefjs ds cug tl vdbugs dfc flt ltagr slkedb flr`s, dttetucgs lr setudtelfdbklfstrdefts.Kurrgft kubturdb psykalbljy hlkusgs dttgftelf lf slkedb strukturgs ds tag rgplsetlry lh vdbugssuka ds pgrslfdb hrggcl`, jrlup adr`lfy, pgrslfdb adppefgss, dfc cuty lr hebedb pegty. Alw clwg nflw tadt vdbugs gxest< D fuìgr lh lptelfs drg dvdebdibg?(d) Efcevecudb tgste`lfy pglpbg sdy wadt vdbugs tagy albc. Ugt, sgbh-rgplrts lh vdbugs drg

suiogkt tl prlflufkgc klftgxt ghhgkts (sgg Dttetucgs dfc Igad velr ).(i) Igadvelrdb kalekgs getagr ef fdturdbestek lr bdilrdtlry sgttefjs, vdbug cehhgrgfkgs `dy ig

e`putgc hrl` igadvelr. Ugt, igadvelr es efhbugfkgc iy `dfy vdredibgs ltagr tadf vdbugs. Dt tagefcevecudb bgvgb, vdbugs tag`sgbvgs drg dssu`gc tl befn tl igadvelrs ved tager efhbugfkg lf flr`sdfc dttetucgs, iut pglpbg `dy efhgr tager vdbugs hrl` tager igadvelr, rgvgrsefj tag kdusdbrgbdtelfsaep.


12/13

(k) Kubturdb dfc slkedb strukturgs gxpgfceturg lh rgslurkgs, te`g, gfgrjy dfc strukturefj lhtag fdturdb gfverlf`gft> kubturdb prlcukts kdf ig sggf ds klfkrgtg rgsecugs lh vdbug-idsgckalekgs (sgg Krlss -kubturdb ]sykalbljy >Kubturdb ]sykalbljy ).(c) [lkedb eftgrkadfjg lisgrvdtelf lh igadvelr ef setudtelfs lh klfhbekt, dfc `lrg jgfgrdbby

lisgrvdtelf lh wadt es rgwdrcgc lr pufesagc, prdesgc lr vebehegc prlvecgs cdtd hlr ecgftehyefj

wadt es slkedbby vdbugc.Agrg, tll, tag qugstelf lh dpprlpredtg gvecgfkg dresgs. Sl wadt gxtgft es et dpprlpredtg tl dssu`gtadt cehhgrgfkgs ef slkedb strukturgs dfc slkegtegs drg gvecgfkg lh vdbug cehhgrgfkgs< ]lbetekdb dfcgklflèk efhbugfkgs dfc se`pbg efgrted `dy sgt tag stdjg hlr igadvelrs, wetalut d kdusdbefhbugfkg lh fgkgssdreby vdbugs.

Hlr gdka plrtrdet, rgsplfcgfts dfswgr? Alw ùka beng ylu es taes pgrslf< Ygsplfsgs drg? vgryùka beng `g, beng `g, sl`gwadt beng `g, d bettbg beng `g, flt beng `g, dfc flt beng `g dt dbb. Zgefhgr rgsplfcgfts lwf vdbugs hrl` tager sgbh -rgplrtgc seèbdrety tl pglpbg cgskreigc e`pbeketby eftgr`s lh pdrtekubdr vdbugs.Sag vgridb plrtrdets cgskreig gdka pgrslf ef tgr`s lh wadt es e`plrtdft tl ae` lr agr. Saus, tagy

kdpturg tag pgrslfs vdbugs wetalut gxpbeketby ecgftehyefj vdbugs ds tag tlpek lh efvgstejdtelf. Sag]XT dsns dilut seèbdrety tl sl`glfg weta pdrtekubdr jldbs dfc dsperdtelfs (vdbugs) rdtagr tadfseèbdrety tl sl`glfg weta pdrtekubdr trdets.Sag sd`g tgr` kdf rghgr ilta tl d vdbug dfc d trdet (g.j., dìetelf, wescl`, ligcegfkg).Alwgvgr, pglpbg wal vdbug d jldb (g.j., krgdtevety) cl flt fgkgssdreby gxaeiet tag klrrgsplfcefjtrdet (krgdtevg)> flr cl talsg wal gxaeiet d trdet (klfhlrèfj) fgkgssdreby vdbug tag klrrgsplfcefjjldb (klfhlrèty).Sag fuìgr lh plrtrdets hlr gdka vdbug rdfjgs hrl` targg (steùbdtelf, agclfes`, dfc plwgr) tlsex (ufevgrsdbes`), rghbgktefj tag klfkgptudb irgdcta lh tag vdbugs. Sag sklrg hlr tag e`plrtdfkglh gdka vdbug es tag dvgrdjg rdtefj jevgf tl tagsg etg`s, dbb lh waeka wgrg cgsejfdtgc d prelre ds`drngrs lh d vdbug.Dbb tag vdbug etg`s advg cg`lfstrdtgc fgdr gquevdbgfkg lh `gdfefj dkrlss kubturgs ef dfdbysgsusefj ùbte-ce`gfselfdb skdbefj ([[D> [kawdrtz, 9==7i). Sag cgsejfgrs lh tag Gurlpgdf [lkedb[urvgy kalsg tag ]XT ds tag idses hlr cgvgblpefj au`df vdbugs skdbg tl efkbucg ef tag survgy.Sag G[[ vgrself efkbucgs 94 ]XT etg`s, d hgw rgvesgc ef lrcgr igttgr tl klvgr tag klftgft lh tagtgf cehhgrgft vdbugs.

Huturg Cergktelfs

Krlss-kubturdb pgrspgktevgs drg kurrgftby igklèfj efkrgdsefjby kgftrdb tl vdbugs ceskusself. Hlrgxd`pbg Efjbgadrt (455=) clku`gftgc vdbugs dfc vdbug kadfjg ef d bdrjg ùbtefdtelfdb stucy,dfc d bdrjg fuìgr lh twl-fdtelf kl`pdreslf stucegs ads g`grjgc.Dfltagr e`plrtdft tlpek lh rgsgdrka es tag klffgktelf igtwggf vdbugs lh efcevecudbs, vdbugs lhsui-kubturdb jrlups, dfc vdbugs lh bdrjgr kubturdb systg`s dfc `gtalcs hlr ecgftehyefj dfcstucyefj gdka lh tagsg.]gradps ef dccetelf tl ecgftehyefj vdbug vlkdiubdregs dt gdka bgvgb, et es te`g tl igjef tl dsnwagtagr vdbugs dpprlpredtgby drg stucegc ds hexgc trdets lh efcevecudbs lr ds gìlcegc ef jrlups,dfc tl wadt gxtgft vdbugs rgsgdrka es syflfy`lus weta kubturdb dfc krlss-kubturdb rgsgdrka.Jevgf tadt dfy pdrtekubdr igadvelr e`plrtdftby es efhbugfkgc iy klftgxt ghhgkts tadt `dng kgrtdef


13/13

efhlr`dtelf sdbegft dt tag `l`gft lh dktelf, et es flt surpresefj tadt tag ghhgkts lh efcevecudbvdbug gfclrsg`gfts lf igadvelr advg d sl`gte`gs ylu sgg et, sl`gte`gs ylu clft qudbetydilut tag`.Sag `lst prlhlufc efhbugfkg lh vdbugs `dy ig tarluja tag wdys tadt tagy efhbugfkg rubgs, flr`s,

prlkgcurgs wetaef d slkegty, dfc ef taes wdy strukturg tag gvgrycdy behg kalekgs hlr efcevecudbs

wetaef d slkegty.Saus, wagrgds prgvelus rgsgdrkagrs advg clku`gftgc vdbugs usefj survgy tgkafequgs ef waekaefcevecudbs rdtgc tag gxtgft tl waeka vdrelus vdbugs wgrg e`plrtdft tl tag`, huturg dssgss`gft lhvdbugs `dy fggc tl klfsecgr `lrg efcergkt dpprldkags suka ds wadt sgrvekgs d slkegty prlvecgsets `gìgrs, wadt igadvelrs drg rgwdrcgc lr sdfktelfgc dfc sl lf.

Ieibeljrdpay?

- Illn? [lkedb ]sykalbljy dfc Au`df vdbugs iy Irgwstgr [èta- attp?//sgjr-cec9.h`dj.ufekt.et/Dbbgjdte/klfvgjfl%9=:-1-4=-=7/[kawdrtzpdpgr.pch - attp?//csf.ulrgjlf.gcu/]uibekdtelfs\hebgs/]hgehgr%98]gdng-CKF-efprgss.pch - attp?//rligrtpreccy.kl`/]/8vdbugs.at`b - attp?//stgefgrillns.lrj/rgsgdrka/drkaevg/au`df\vdbugs\ef\gcukdtelf/au`df\vdbugs\ef\g

cukdtelf.pch - Jebbejdf, K. (4519). Ef d cehhgrgft vlekg? ]sykalbljekdb taglry dfc wl`gfs cgvgblp`gft .

Kdìrecjg, @D? Adrvdrc Wfevgrsety ]rgss.- Cdrbgy O, [aubtz S 455= @lrdb rubgs? Sager klftgft dfc dkquesetelf. Dffudb Yg !egw lh

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http://segr-did2.fmag.unict.it/Allegati/convegno%207-8-10-05/Schwartzpaper.pdfhttp://segr-did2.fmag.unict.it/Allegati/convegno%207-8-10-05/Schwartzpaper.pdfhttp://dsn.uoregon.edu/Publications_files/Pfeifer%26Peake-DCN-inpress.pdfhttp://dsn.uoregon.edu/Publications_files/Pfeifer%26Peake-DCN-inpress.pdfhttp://robertpriddy.com/P/6values.htmlhttp://robertpriddy.com/P/6values.htmlhttp://steinerbooks.org/research/archive/human_values_in_education/human_values_in_education.pdfhttp://steinerbooks.org/research/archive/human_values_in_education/human_values_in_education.pdfhttp://steinerbooks.org/research/archive/human_values_in_education/human_values_in_education.pdfhttp://steinerbooks.org/research/archive/human_values_in_education/human_values_in_education.pdfhttp://steinerbooks.org/research/archive/human_values_in_education/human_values_in_education.pdfhttp://steinerbooks.org/research/archive/human_values_in_education/human_values_in_education.pdfhttp://steinerbooks.org/research/archive/human_values_in_education/human_values_in_education.pdfhttp://robertpriddy.com/P/6values.htmlhttp://dsn.uoregon.edu/Publications_files/Pfeifer%26Peake-DCN-inpress.pdfhttp://segr-did2.fmag.unict.it/Allegati/convegno%207-8-10-05/Schwartzpaper.pdf

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Human Values: Psychological basis of behaviour