Human Systems Integration (HSI)

Program

INCOSE Space Coast Chapter

Dr. Fran Greene forColonel Larry Kimm

AF Human Systems Integration OfficeOffice of the Vice Chief of Staff

7 Feb 08

Fly – Fight – Win

Headquarters U.S. Air Force

Overview

• What is Human Systems Integration? – and what it is not

• Policy overview for HSI

• Link with SE and INCOSE

• HSI for the Air Force

• Examples of HSI impact

• Air Force Human Systems Integration Office– Structure and accomplishments

Human Systems Integration

• Human factors?

• Human factors engineering?

• Human engineering?

• Applied behavioral psychology?

• Does Human Factors = Human Systems Integration..........?

HSI is more than Human Factors

Plugging hair dryer into hotel receptacle

Where is the fuel door in that rental car?

At last! – a visual!

Work Methods? FL DoT? More forklifts!

Three Mile Island?

Beer tap handles mounted atop similar-looking knobs in control room of a nuclear power plant to help operators distinguish between them.

[Original photograph by Joseph L. Seminara, scanned from Norman [1988, page 95]

Maybe not so much common sense in design, but in adaptation to bad design!

What is HSI?

• Human Systems Integration: interdisciplinary technical and management processes for integrating human considerations within and across all system elements; an) essential enabler to systems engineering

practice (INCOSE, 2007

– Integrates nine human-centered domains: manpower, personnel, environment, training, safety, human factors engineering, occupational health, survivability and habitability – single voice for the HUMAN

The Voice for the Human - HSI

Identify System Design Considerations

System DesignConsiderations

Human Factors( and Ergonomics)

Survivability

Habitability

OccupationalHealth

Safety

Environment

Manpower

Political, Social &

Tech feasibility

Functionality(performance)

Producibility

Suitability

Disposability

EconomicFeasibility

Manufacture

Flexibility(growth potential)

Personnel Training

Maintainability

Quality

Reliability

Source: Blanchard & Fabrycky, Systems Engineering and Analysis, 2006, pp. 35

We shape our buildings; thereafter, our buildings shape us. -- Winston Churchill

Supportability

What HSI Is...........

• HSI is part of the system engineering process• Total Ownership costs must be Measure of

Effectiveness in system trade-off studies vs. Acquisition costs [KPP – Lifecycle costs]

• Sub-systems must be designed with HSI before integrating the system

• Company/agency must be organized to implement systems engineering

• Tradition/Culture is an impediment to implementing HSI – culture change needed

The Resurgence of Systems Engineering within the Department of Defense

• Cascades to Industry

• Is Recognized by INCOSE

• Creates a need for more SE – affects education and training of tomorrow’s Systems Engineers

• DoD is eager to develop Systems Engineers

• HSI executes within existing processes of Systems Engineering

• We need your support and help – Industry and Students

Systems Engineering Revitalization

• Wynne policy memo, 2004, “...all programs responding to a capabilities or requirements document, regardless of acquisition category, shall apply a robust systems engineering approach that balances total system performance and total ownership costs within the family-of-systems, system-of-systems context.”

Systems Engineering and Acquisition

• Codifies SE revitalization – DoDI 5000.2• Defense Acquisition Guide – Chapter 4, Best

practices for “applied” SE • New career field within DoD – Program Systems

Engineer – 1 Oct 07• Defense Acquisition University – courses to

certify the PSE career field

New AFPD 63/20-1 -Acquisition and Sustainment Life Cycle Management

• Paragraph 4.14 Acquisition and sustainment activities shall apply Systems Engineering processes and practices throughout the life cycle, from the definition of concepts to meet user needs to disposal. Systems Engineering will be used to conceive, evolve, verify, deploy, monitor, support, and sustain the performance of fielded products and systems against achievable requirements developed in response to validated capability needs.

New AFPD 63/20-1 -Acquisition and Sustainment Life Cycle Management (cont)

• 4.14.....Systems Engineering will provide for reliable, flexible, timely, and cost-effective support throughout the life cycle. Systems Engineering processes shall be used to continuously monitor, review, and assess systems, subsystems, and end items. All weapon systems and non-services programs shall have an approved Systems Engineering Plan (SEP) that is maintained and updated for the life of the system.

HSI and Systems Engineering

• We execute WITHIN Systems Engineering – DoDI 5000.2, Enclosure 7, Human Systems Integration: – “The PM shall have a comprehensive plan for HSI in

place early in the acquisition process ...ensure that the system is built to accommodate the characteristics of the user population that will operate, maintain, and support the system...

HSI in INCOSE Handbook

• References to Human Systems Integration are throughout the new Version 3.1

• CSEP studying reveals all the links to Human in the latest Handbook

• Added to Specialty Engineering – Chapter 9, Appendix M and throughout other chapters

Current HSI Status: Policy

DoDD 5000.1 “The Program Manager shall apply human systems

integration to optimize total system performance (hardware, software, and human), operational effectiveness, and suitability, survivability, safety, and affordability.”

DoDI 5000.2 “The purpose of the SDD phase is to … implement

human systems integration (HSI)….” “The Program Manager shall have a comprehensive

plan for HSI in place early in the acquisition process to optimize total system performance, minimize total ownership costs, and ensure that the system is built to accommodate the characteristics of the user …”

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Current HSI Status: Policy Overview

• Defense Acquisition Guide, Ver. 1.5, 2005

– Chapter 4 – Systems Engineering

– Chapter 6 – Human Systems Integration

Human Systems Integration:"Why do HSI?"

Human Related Costs

Sustainment

ConceptRefinement

TechnologyDevelopment

SystemDevelopment

And Demonstration

Production andDeployment

Operations andSupport

Pre-Systems Acquisition Systems Acquisition

A B C IOC FOC

Human Systems Integration Activity

Hardware Hardware &&

Software Software CostsCosts

Human Related Costs Usually ~ 67%

of Total Ownership Costs

Human Related Costs Usually ~ 67%

of Total Ownership Costs

Human Related Costs

1955-present

1978-present

Human Systems Integration:When to do HSI?

CO

ST

ProcurementOps / Support

R&D / T&E

65 %

33 %

Decisions made here...

... and determine mission capability here

FY98 FY02 FY06 FY10 FY14 FY24 FY32 FY40 FY48

Early Decisions Drive Total Ownership CostEarly Decisions Drive Total Ownership CostTIME

lock in 80-90%of costs here...

Life cycle cost profile for DDG-51* - Navy

Good....and not so good – HSI examples

• Air Force has not had HSI program implemented to verify, trace or compute value added

• Retrospective views of HSI – put on your HSI glasses to peer into some Air Force aviation programs ......

• Soon you’ll be convinced HSI is ubiquitous

Human Systems Integration:HSI in Acquisitions

F-22 Raptor Conducted Maintenance

AFSC structure studies Proposed ACC

maintenance restructure Training Issues

Appropriate AFSCs Integrated Training

MPT analyses offered three options for specialties:

15, 10, or 7 Max cost savings: 10

Source: AF submission to 2007 HASC Report

Early HSI analyses cut total manpower and personnel requirements

Human Systems Integration:C-17 Refueling and Manpower

• C-17 Globemaster– Fueling station design

change reduced manpower required from three to one

• Early HSI analyses decreased cost by making the job easier and the people more effective

Domains AffectedManpower, Personnel, Training

Human FactorsSafety

Human Systems Integration:B-2 Maintenance Manpower

• B-2 Spirit– "Maytag Repairman" Syndrome

• Low utilization of manpower• Task analysis / job structuring -

appropriate?

– Initial B-2 manpower force template identical to B-52

• Low utilization rates = technicians "unemployed"

– Not cost effective or efficient• Maintaining proficiency very difficult

• Early HSI analyses not done, could raise utilization rates and cut total manpower

Domains AffectedManpowerPersonnelTraining

Human Systems Integration:Real World Consumer Example

Cellular Telephone Requirements?

Phone calls Camera Email Texting Web access

Measures of effectiveness Time Accuracy Key strokes

• Tradeoffs - features vs. cost• Requirements

• adult vs. teenager vs. college student

• Speed of texting, ease of entering data, speech recognition, speed dial, camera, internet access•Metrics – size, weight, access, size of keys, ring tones, etc. or

INCOSE Top Messages

• HSI is implemented in systems engineering – we need your help!

• INCOSE Working group ~ 140 participants– 2007 NM meeting - Accomplishments– 2007 June International Meeting– Jan 2008 NM meeting

• Integrate Practices, Integrate Practitioners, Learn, Inform, Document, Develop repository, Educate, Socialize

INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 3.1, Aug 07

HSI in INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 3.1August 2007

• Working group submitted verbiage for HSI at INCOSE meeting, Jun 2007; Accepted and published, Aug 2007

• HSI found:– 4.3.5, Requirements Analysis Process; – 4.4.5, Architectural Design Process; – 4.5.5, Implementation Process; – 4.6, Integration Process; – 4.8, Implementation Process; – 8.10, Verification

HSI in INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 3.1August 2007

• Handbook Paragraph 9.4, Human Systems Integration (Specialty Engineering Activities)

• Appendix G.1 – HSI shall be part of Systems Engineering Plan– “... The approach and methods used to define

the performance and functional requirements for the following areas of SE and Specialty Engineering should also be documented.......Human Systems Integration...”

Appendix M – 11 pages Human Systems Integration

HSI in Systems Engineering

• HSI Working / Interest Group Formed – INCOSE – INCOSE Vision 2020 recommended HSI involvement– AF Center for Systems Engineering took team

leadership– INCOSE Handbook section published Aug 2007– HSI learning seminar hosted by INCOSE, June 2007 – Another seminar occurred at 2008 annual workshop– Integrating the Human in Every System - April 2008

INSIGHT

2009 INCOSE International Symposium

Continued Work with SE

• SE and HSI – how do we work together?• Education and Training – thoughts on SE

curriculum– Baseline study underway– Masters degrees in HSI?, Need for

Certification?

• INCOSE WMA chapter meeting on HSI • This briefing to INCOSE Space Coast

• CSEP Certification – two staff members

Our AFHSI Office

VisionVisionIntegrate Air Force people and technology for total systems performance

MissionMissionSupport the Human Weapons System by ensuring all AF warfighting

systems are designed, built, operated, and sustained in a manner that optimizes human performance at every warfighter level

Human Systems Integration: Vision and Mission

AF HSI OfficeAF HSI Office

AF HSI OfficeUSAF

Human Systems Integration:Program Objectives

Integrate HSI into functional domains

Institutionalize HSI as the way of doing

business

Sustain through collaboration with OSD, sister

services, industry and academia

Improve our processes through feedback and

lessons learned

AFHSI – Office Structure and Accomplishments

• Policy and Guidance – our charter, given need for oversight of the HSI program in the Air Force (Air Staff responsibility)

• Research, Development, Test, and Engineering – professionals must have a toolkit

• Education and Training – recruit, train, retain

• Implementation and Execution – boots on the ground, making HSI a reality

AFHSIO Pillars and Activity

• Policy and Guidance– AFPD 63/20-1, Acquisition and Sustainment Life

Cycle Management in final coordination– Draft AFI 63-XXXX, Human Systems Integration

• Initial draft complete and under review• Send for formal coordination in April 2008

– AFI 99-103, Capabilities Based Test and Evaluation and AF Operational Test and Evaluation Guidebook under review for HSI updates

AFHSIO Pillars and Activity

• Research, Development, Test, and Engineering– Industry SE and HSI Tool Analysis– DoD laboratory technology analysis– NASA and DoD standards reviews– Functional needs analysis to define HSI

requirements for tools– MAJCOM test center and Logistics Center

project looking at tools and processes– INCOSE and NDIA collaboration– HSI communication tools—Wiki and website

AFHSIO Pillars and Activity

• Education and Training– Baseline study underway

• HSI in courses or be added – Systems Engineering and Human Factors degree programs – Jun 2008

– Workshop with thought leaders – Jul/Aug 08– KSAs for HSI Professionals– Career path for HSI Professionals– Training continuum– Pipeline within academia/service academies– Issue of CERTIFICATION– Working with INCOSE on ABET* accreditation

*Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

AFHSIO Pillars and Activity

• Implementation and Execution– Formed Field level working group for HSI

– AF HSI Integrated Product Team and Board of Advisors named

– Leading Tri-Service HSI Working Group

– Building Joint Strategy with Field Units

– Futures Study underway – Potomac Institute

– AF HSI Primer available at this meeting upon request

– Air Staff briefed / trained

– Three HSI workshops planned and funded

– AF HSI report in Joint report to OSD & HASC

– Systems Engineering Plans being written for AF programs

AF Human Systems Integration Top 5 Issues

• Economics

• Education and Training

• Future Concepts – Integration in SE

• Common Terminology

• Tools and Methodologies

What does HSI mean outside DoD?

• Industry/Government partnerships• HSI certification, if implemented, may affect you

– we need your input and issues• Systems Engineering Education and Training

issues, both for degree programs and courses in HSI– We all need professionals – GS, Military, Contractors

–we will all work together– We have to recruit, train and educate HSI

professionals

• HSI makes sense for all products!

Putting it All Together“Integration is Key” Multiple Players 1 Voice

Manpower

Training

Personnel Human Factors EngrOccupational Health

Survivability Safety HabitabilityEnvironment

Engineering

Human System Integration (HSI)Human System Integration (HSI)

Sy

ste

ms SYSTEMSYSTEMS

MISSIONSSOFTWARESOFTWARE

HARDWARE

Total Force Integration

HUMANSHUMANS

Lean Processes

•Usability•Suitability•Sustainability•Survivability•Safety•Affordability

•Lethality•Reliability•Availability•Maintainability•Supportability•Interoperability

Summary

• HSI is in Policy – flow down to all levels within DoD and Industry – you will DO HSI

• FY08 NDAA language means accountability at high level

• HSI is more than just human factors engineering – HUMAN voice

• HSI certification is possible requirement

• We have many challenges and need your participation and support

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AF Human Systems Integration

Human Systems Integration

HSI Team:Col Larry KimmLt Col Alvis HeadenLt Col Valerie MartindaleMaj Scott NemmersMr Larry CarrDr Fran GreeneMs Gretchen LizzaMs Stephanie SimperMr Jeff Sventek

Contact:

Larry.Kimm@pentagon.af.milFrances.Greene.ctr@pentagon.af.mil

Dr Rick Drawbaugh, Principal