Human Structure and Function I

Dr. Diane M. Gilmore

LSE 415 Phone: 680-8083 mgilmore@astate.edu www.clt.astate.edu/mgilmor

e

Office hours:

Monday and Wednesday 3 -5 p.m. Thursday 2:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m. And by appointment

Textbook

Medical Physiology 2nd or 3rd edition Rodney A. Rhodes, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

Laboratory Manual - Human Anatomy and Physiology 8th or 9th Cat edition with PhysioEx by Marieb

Course Objectives:

Foundation Medical terminology Metabolism Organization of the body Cell structure Tissues Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular and

Nervous Systems

Classroom Etiquette:

Turn off pagers and cell phones especially during exams!

No tobacco use of any kind

Be considerate of others:

Take out what you bring in.

Talk to me, NOT your neighbor!

Do not ask for grades over the phone or internet.

Academic Integrity

Use Professional ethics NO:

Plagiarism Cheating Allowing others to copy from you

Penalties can be severe !!

Attendance is important !

All material covered in class is fair game for exams!

Inclement weather Disability services Make ups Schedule – read your

syllabus !!!

Other:

Exams :4 exams worth 100 pointsMultiple choice, diagrams, fill-in and essay questions

Comprehensive final ExamA = 450 – 50 pointsB = 400 – 449 pointsC = 350 – 399 pointsD = 300 – 349 pointsF less than 300 points

• Organization of the body and how it functions• Begin to understand the complexities of the

human body and see how all body systems work together

• Biochemistry, cells, tissues, and the integumentary, skeletal, muscular and nervous systems.

You will learn a new language, made up of reusable and interchangeable parts.

Gluconeogenesis

Gluco – sugar - glucose

Neo - new

Genesis - to make, produce or generate

The production of new glucose moleculesfrom other, non-sugar, substances.

Glucosuria

Gluco – sugar (glucose)

Uria - urine

An abnormal amount of sugar in the urine

Hematuria

Uria - urine

Hemato - blood

Blood in the urine

Hematoma means:

A) To produce excess urine

B) A clotting disorder where the patient continues to bleed

C) A swelling caused by the growth of new cells

D) A swelling caused by blood

Anatomy is the study of the STRUCTURES of the body, and the relationship among structures.

This is the WHAT and WHERE of the body.

The word itself means “to cut up.”

Types of anatomy

• Gross anatomy– Regional anatomy – Systemic anatomy– Surface, developmental, clinical and surgical

anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy– Cytology– histology

Physiology is the study of how the body Functions.

The “how” is often on a chemical level.

Anatomy and Physiology are closely integrated, both theoretically and practically

All specific functions are performed by specific structures.

organismorgan system

organstissues

cells – smallest living thingorganelles

moleculesAtoms (elements)

Homeostasis is maintaining a fairly constantinternal environment in spite of a changingexternal environment.

All body systems attempt to maintain homeostasis.

What can upset homeostasis?

Feedback loops:

1. Control center

2. Receptors that monitor changes

3. Effectors receive information from the control center and produce a response

Negative feedback reverses changes

Positive feedback brings a process to completion

Disease is a homeostatic imbalance.

Symptoms are subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.

Signs are objective changes which can beobserved or measured.

• We can divide the body into two portions:– Axial portion– Appendicular portion

Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes:

Visceral (guts) refers to the membraneclosest to the organs.

Parietal refers to the membrane that linesthe body walls.

The pleura surround the lungs

The pericardium surrounds the heart

The peritoneum surrounds the abdominalorgans

Directional Terms:

Superior (cephalic or cranial) – toward the head, upper, or above. Inferior (caudal) – toward the feet, under or

below Anterior (ventral) – front, or in front ofPosterior (dorsal) – back or in back of Medial (mesial) – toward the midline of the body Lateral – toward the side of the body or away

from the midline

Intermediate – between two structures

Ipsilateral – on the same side of the body

Contralateral – on the opposite side of the body

Proximal – toward the trunk of the body or the point of origin of a body part.

Distal – away from the trunk of the body or thepoint of origin of a body part.

Superficial – toward the surface of the body

Deep – away from the body surface

Body Planes and Sections

• Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body or organs