Human Skeletal Remains

8/10/2019 Human Skeletal Remains

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/human-skeletal-remains 1/66

!"#$% '()*)+$* ,)#$-%'

$% -%+,./"0+-.% +. 1.,)%'-0 $%+!,.2.*.34

5-**-$# $6 0.78 #6/6

1.,)%'-0 2$+!.*.3-'+9%)",.2$+!.*.3-'+

!"#$%&$' )*+ ),-,

./"0 12"3"4&356"7 $"8&501 &$" 9:%07+ ;/"4/"$ <:8=3"4" :$ 50<:8=3"4"+ 4/"$"

">&850&45:0 1/:%37 =$:<""7 50 & 1<5"045?5< 14"=;51" 9&1/5:0+ 4/" =%$=:1" :9 ;/5</ 51

4: &77$"11 & 0%8#"$ :9 2"' =:5041@ A/"1" 2"' =:5041 &$" &1 9:33:;1B C$" 4/" $"8&501

/%8&0D ./&4 &$" 4/" 1">+ $&<"+ &07 &E" &4 4/" 458" :9 7"&4/+ &07 14&4%$"D C$" 4/"$"

&0' 751450E%51/50E </&$&<4"$5145<1 "54/"$ :9 &0 &0&4:85< &0:8&3' :$ =&4/:3:E'+ E5F50E

$51" 4: %05G%" &0&4:85< 9"&4%$"1D H1 4/"$" "F57"0<" :9 & <&%1" :9 7"&4/D

$,) +!) ,)#$-%' !"#$%

H4 E:"1 ;54/:%4 1&'50E 4/&4 &33 =&4/:3:E5141 1/:%37 #" &#3" 4: 57"0459' & /%8&0 12%33@

I:;"F"$+ ;54/ 4/51 "><"=45:0+ 57"045?5<&45:0 :9 :4/"$ #:0"1 :9 4/" 12"3"4:0 &1 4:

;/"4/"$ 4/"' &$" /%8&0 :$ :9 & 1="<5"1 :9 &058&3 <&0 #" G%54" 759?5<%34@ A/51 51

"1="<5&33' 4$%" ;/"0 4/" $"8&501 <:01514 :9 & 9"; 9$&E8"041 :9 3:0E #:0"+ ;/5</ 51

7%" 4: 4/" 9&<4 4/&4 4/" 4%#%3&$ =:$45:01 :9 3:0E #:0"1 &$" F"$' 15853&$ 50 8&88&31@

J:01"G%"043'+ %03"11 :0" 51 &#1:3%4"3' <"$4&50 :9 4/"5$ 57"045?5<&45:0+ 54 51 #"14 4:



)

3"&F" 4/" 57"045?5<&45:0 :9 9$&E8"041 &1 ;"33 &1 50<:8=3"4" 12"3"4&3 $"8&501 4: 4/"

&04/$:=:3:E514@

A/" &#5354' 4: =$:="$3' 57"0459' 12"3"4&3 $"8&501 51 E$"&43' 9&<5354&4"7 59 ':% /&F" &

$"&1:0&#3" 20:;3"7E" :9 4/" &0&4:8' :9 4/" /%8&0 12"3"4:0@ A: 4/&4 "07 H &8 E:50E

4: $"F5"; 1:8" :9 4/" 9%07&8"04&3 =:5041 :9 /%8&0 &0&4:8'@

+!) '("**

A/" 12%33 4"</05<&33' 50<3%7"1 4/" 8&075#3"@ H9 ':% 3"&F" :%4 4/" 8&075#3"+ 4/"

$"1%3450E &0&4:85< 14$%<4%$" 51 $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" <$&05%8K /:;"F"$+ 4/"1" 4;: 4"$81

&$" %1"7 504"$</&0E"&#3'@

A/" 12%33 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/" 9%15:0 :9 =3&4"1 :9 #:0" ;54/ 1:8" :9 4/"1" =3&4"1

<:04&5050E <&F545"1@ A/" 9%15:0 :9 4/"1" =3&4"1 :9 #:0" <$"&4"1 & 3&$E" <&F54'+ 4/"

<$&05&3 <&F54' :4/"$;51" $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" <$&05&3 F&%34@ A/" <$&05&3 <&F54' 51

#:%07"7 1%="$5:$3' #' 4/" <&3F&$5%8 &07 509"$5:$3' #' 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33@

A/" <&3F&$5%8 L4:= :9 ':%$ /"&7 <:F"$"7 #' 1<&3=M 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/" 9%15:0 :9 4/"

9$:04&3 #:0"1 :9 ;/5</ 4/"$" &$" 4;:+ =&$5"4&3 #:0"1 :9 ;/5</ 4/"$" &$" 4;:+

4"8=:$&3 #:0"1 :9 ;/5</ 4/"$" &$" 4;:+ &07 4/" 1G%&8:1&3 =:$45:0 :9 4/" :<<5=54&3

#:0"@

N&$3' 50 7"F"3:=8"04 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0" <:015141 :9 4;: =3&4"1 1"=&$&4"7 #' 4/"

8"4:=5< 1%4%$"+ ;/5</ 9%1"1 #"4;""0 O &07 P 8:04/1 :9 &E"@ A/" 9%15:0 :9 4/"

"4/8:57 #:0"+ 1=/"0:57 #:0"+ &07 =:$45:01 :9 4/" :<<5=54&3+ 9$:04&3+ =&$5"4&3 &07

4"8=:$&3 #:0"1 9:$8 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33@ A/" =:5041 :9 9%15:0 :9 4/"1" =3&4"1 :9



O

#:0" &$" <&33"7 1%4%$"1@ C1 &0 ">&8=3"+ 4/" 1%4%$" #"4;""0 4/" 9$:04&3 &07 =&$5"4&3

#:0"1 51 $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" <:$:0&3 1%4%$"K 4/&4 #"4;""0 4/" =&$5"4&3 #:0"1 &07 4/"

:<<5=54&3 #:0" 51 $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" 3&8#7:57 1%4%$"+ "4<@

./"0 ':% 3::2 &4 4/" 12%33 9$:8 4/" 9$:04 54 1/:;1 & 0%8#"$ :9 <&F545"1B 4;: :$#541+

;/5</ <:04&50 4/" "'"1 &07 "'" 8%1<3"1+ 4/" 0&1&3 =&11&E"1+ ;/5</ #"E50 ">4"$0&33'

;54/ 4/" ">4"$0&3 0&1&3 &="$4%$"1 &07 4/" 8:%4/+ ;/5</ 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/" =&3&4"+ 4/"

8&075#3"+ &07 4/" 8%1<3"1+ 50 4/" 35F50E+ 4/&4 "0<3:1" 4/" 8&075#3"@ Q0 "&</ 157" :9

4/" 12%33 &$" 4;: :="050E1 ;54/50 4/" 4"8=:$&3 #:0"1 <&33"7 4/" ">4"$0&3 &%754:$'8"&4%1 L"&$ /:3"1M@

A/" 12%33 $"141 :0 4:= :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80+ 1="<5?5<&33' 4/" ?5$14 <"$F5<&3 F"$4"#$&

L4/" &43&1M+ $:4&450E :0 4/" &43&1 #' 8"&01 :9 4;: 9&<"41+ 4/" :<<5=54&3 <:07'3"1@ A/"

:<<5=54&3 <:07'3"1 &$" 3:<&4"7 :0 4/" %07"$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" #:$7"$1 :9 4/" 9:$&8"0

8&E0%8@ A/" 8:F"8"04 :9 4/" 12%33 $"3&45F" 4: 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80 51 0:4 :03'



R

9&<5354&4"7 #' 4/" &$45<%3&$ 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/" :<<5=54&3 <:07'3"1 #%4 &31: 4/" 0"<2

8%1<%3&4%$"@ S&$4 :9 4/" 0"<2 8%1<%3&4%$" 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/" 0%</&3 8%1<3"1 4/&4 35"

&4 4/" #&<2 :9 4/" 0"<2+ 501"$450E :04: 4/" #&<2 :9 4/" 12%33+ 1="<5?5<&33' 4/" 1%="$5:$

0%</&3 350"+ 4/" 857=:504 :9 ;/5</ 51 <&33"7 4/" 505:0@ C0:4/"$ ">4"$0&3 &0&4:85<

3&078&$2 :9 4/" 12%33 51 & 7:;0;&$7 =$:T"<45:0 :9 #:0" #"/507 4/" "&$ /:3"1

L">4"$0&3 &%754:$' 8"&4%1M <&33"7 4/" 8&14:57 =$:<"11"1@

./"0 ':% $"8:F" 4/" <&3F&$5%8 &07 4/" #$&50 &07 3::2 :04: 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33

':% ;533 0:4" 54 51 5$$"E%3&$ &07 /&1 8&0' :="050E1+ ;/5</ &$" $"9"$$"7 4: &1

9:$&8"0@ A/"1" 9:$&8"0+ :9 ;/5</ 4/"$" &$" -,+ &$" 9:$ 4/" =&11&E" :9 0"$F"1 &07

#3::7 F"11"31@ A/" 3&$E"14 :9 4/"1" 9:$&850& 51 4/" 9:$&8"0 8&E0%8+ ;/5</

=$:F57"1 9:$ <:88%05<&45:0 #"4;""0 4/" <:04"041 :9 4/" =:14"$5:$ <$&05&3 9:11& &07

4/" F"$4"#$&3 <&0&3@ A/" 9:$&8"0 8&E0%8 &33:;1 9:$ 4/" =&11&E" :9 & =:$45:0 :9 4/"

#$&5014"8+ 4/" 8"7%33& :#3:0E&4&+ 4: ">54 4/" <$&05&3 F&%34 &07 T:50 4/" <"$F5<&3

=:$45:0 :9 4/" 1=50&3 <:$7@ H0 &77545:0 4: 4/" =&11&E" :9 4/" 8"7%33& 54 &31: &33:;1

=&11&E" :9 4/" 1=50&3 &<<"11:$' 0"$F"1+ F"$4"#$&3 &$4"$5"1+ 4/" &04"$5:$ &07 =:14"$5:$



U

1=50&3 &$4"$5"1+ 4/" 8"8#$&0& 4"<4:$5& &07 4/" &3&$ 35E&8"041@ H0 <:04$&751450<45:0

4: 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33+ 4/" <&3F&$5%8 /&1 4;: 9:$&8"0+ 4/" =&$5"4&3 9:$&8"0+ :0" :0

"&</ 157"+ ;/5</ &33:;1 =&11&E" :9 4/" =&$5"4&3 "8511&$' F"50+ ;/5</ &0&4:8:1"1

;54/ 4/" 1%="$5:$ 1&E544&3 150%1 &07 1:8"458"1 & 18&33 #$&0</ :9 4/" :<<5=54&3 &$4"$'@

A/51 9:$&8"0 51 3:<&4"7 50 4/" =:14"$5:$ =&$4 :9 "&</ =&$5"4&3 #:0" <3:1" 4: 4/"

1&E544&3 1%4%$"@

A/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33 51 75F57"7 504: =&5$1 :9 <:0<&F" 7"=$"115:01 <&33"7 9:11&"+ 4/"

&04"$5:$ &07 85773" 9:11&" &07 & 3&$E" 7""= <:0<&F54' 9:$850E 4/" =:14"$5:$ &1="<4

:9 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33@ A/51 3&$E" 7""= <:0<&F54'+ ;/5</ 35"1 4: "54/"$ 157" :9 4/"



*

9:$&8"0 8&E0%8 &07 #"/507 54+ 51 4/" =:14"$5:$ <$&05&3 9:11&+ ;/5</ /:371 4/"

<"$"#"33%8 &07 #$&5014"8@ A/" $::9 :9 4/" =:14"$5:$ 9:11& 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/"

4"04:$5%8 <"$"#"335@ C04"$5:$ 4: 4/51 &$" =&5$"7 9:11&"+ :0" :0 "54/"$ 157" <&33"7 4/"

85773" <$&05&3 9:11&"+ 50+ ;/5</ 4/" 4"8=:$&3 3:#"1 $"14@ C04"$5:$ 4: 4/" 85773"

<$&05&3 9:11&" &$" 4/" &04"$5:$ <$&05&3 9:11&"+ 4/" ?3::$ :9 ;/5</ 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/"

:$#54&3 =3&4"1 :9 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0"+ ;/5</ 9:$8 4/" $::91 :9 4/" :$#541@ V"1450E :0 4/"

1%$9&<" :9 4/" :$#54&3 =3&4"1 &$" 4/" 9$:04&3 3:#"1@ H88"75&4"3' #"4;""0 4/" :$#54&3

=3&4"1 51 & #:0" ="$9:$&4"7 #' 8&0' 18&33 /:3"1+ <&33"7 4/" <$5#59:$8 =3&4"@ S&1150E

4/$:%E/ 4/"1" /:3"1 &$" #$&0</"1 :9 4/" :39&<4:$' 0"$F"+ ;/5</ &$51"1 9$:8 :39&<4:$'

$"<"=4:$ 0"%$:01+ 3:<&4"7 50 4/" :39&<4:$' 8%<:1& :9 4/" %=="$ =&$41 :9 4/" 0&1&3

<&F54'@

A/"

Q$#541

A/" 4;: :$#541 <:04&50 0:4 :03' 4/" "'"#&331+ #%4 &31: 4/" 8%1<3"1 4: 8:F" 4/"

"'"#&33 &07 & <:0157"$&#3" &8:%04 :9 9&4+ ;/5</ 50 &<4%&354' 9:$81 & 18::4/ 1%$9&<"



W

9:$ 4/" "'"#&33 4: 4%$0 :0@ A/"$" 51 &0 :="050E :0 4/" 8"75&3 1%$9&<" :9 "&</ :$#54

L4/&4 1%$9&<" &7T&<"04 4: 4/" 0&1&3 =&11&E"1M 4: &33:; 9:$ =&11&E" :9 4/" 3&<$58&3

7%<4+ ;/5</ 7$&501 4/" 0:$8&3 ?3:; :9 4"&$1 9$:8 4/" &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" "'"

7:;0 4: 4/" ?3::$ :9 4/" 0&1&3 =&11&E"1@

A/" X&1&3 S&11&E"1

A/" =&3&450" =$:<"11 :9 4/" 8&>533& 9:$81 4/" ?3::$ :9 4/" 0&1&3 =&11&E"1 50 541

&04"$5:$ 4/$""Y9:%$4/1 &07 #' 4/" /:$56:04&3 =:$45:0 :9 4/" =&3&450" #:0" 50 541

=:14"$5:$ :0"Y9:%$4/@ A/" 8"75&3 ;&33 :9 4/" 0&1&3 <&F54'+ 4/" 1"=4%8 51 =&$43' #:0'

&07 =&$43' <&$453&E50:%1@ A/" %=="$ =&$4 :9 4/" #:0' 1"=4%8 51 9:$8"7 </5"?3' #' 4/"

="$="075<%3&$ =3&4" :9 4/" "4/8:57 &07 135E/43' #' 4/" <$"14 :9 4/" 1=/"0:57 #"/507@A/" F:8"$ &07 4/" 0&1&3 <$"141 :9 4/" 8&>533& &07 =&3&450" #:0"1 <:8=:1" 4/" 3:;"$

=&$4@ A/" 1"=4&3 <&$453&E" 35"1 &04"$:Y509"$5:$3' &07 ?541 504: 4/" E&= #"4;""0 4/"

75F"$E50E #:$7"$1 :9 4/" #:0"1 L0&1&3 #:0"1 &04"$5:$3'+ "4/8:57 =:14"$5:$3'+ &07 4/"

F:8"$ &07 4/" =&3&450" =$:<"11"1 :9 4/" 8&>533& 509"$5:$3'M@



Z

A/" 3&4"$&3 ;&33 :9 4/" 0&1&3 <&F54' <:015141 :9 4/$"" =$:T"<45:01+ 4/" 1%="$5:$+ 85773"+

&07 509"$5:$ <:0</&"@ A/" 1%="$5:$ &07 85773" &$" =$:<"11"1 :9 4/" "4/8:57 #:0"+

;/"$"&1 4/" 509"$5:$ <:0</& 51 & 1"=&$&4" #:0" :9 4/" 12%33@ [:8" /:;"F"$+ #"35"F"

4/" 509"$5:$ <:0</& &$51" 9$:8 4/" 8&>533&$' #:0"+ =$:T"<450E /:$56:04&33' 504: 4/"

0&1&3 <&F54'@ A/" <:0</&"+ &38:14 $"&</50E 4/" 0&1&3 1"=4%8+ 1%#75F57" "&</ <&F54'

504: & 1"$5"1 :9 E$::F"Y352" =&11&E";&'1+ 4/" 8"&4%1"1@ A/" 8"&4%1"1 &$"

7"15E0&4"7 #' 4/" <:0</&" &#:F" 4/"8K 4/%1+ 4/" 1%="$5:$ 8"&4%1 51 509"$5:$ 4: 4/"

1%="$5:$ <:0</&+ &07 4/" 85773" &07 509"$5:$ 8"&4%1"1 &$" #"3:; 4/" 85773" &07

509"$5:$ <:0</&"@

A/" [50%1"1

Q0 "54/"$ 157" :9 4/" 0&1&3 =&11&E"1+ &07 #"3:; 4/" :$#541 &07 &#:F" 4/" %=="$

8:3&$ 4""4/ &$" 4/50Y;&33"7 &5$Y?533"7 1=&<"1+ 4/" 8&>533&$' 150%1"1K 4/"1"



P

<:88%05<&4" ;54/ 4/" 0&1&3 =&11&E"1@ A/"$" &$" 4;: &5$Y?533"7 1=&<"1 &7T&<"04 4:

4/" 0&1&3 =&11&E"1+ 4/" "4/8:57 &07 9$:04&3 150%1"1@

A/" "4/8:57 150%1"1 35" #"4;""0 4/" %=="$ =&$41 :9 4/" 0&1&3 <&F545"1 &07 4/" :$#541@

A/"' <:01514 :9 4/$"" =&$41 &04"$5:$+ 85773"+ &07 =:14"$5:$ &33 :9 ;/5</ 7$&50 504: 4/"

0:1"@

A/" 9$:04&3 150%1"1 &$" 3:<&4"7 #"/507 4/" 1%="$<535&$' &$</"1 L3"F"3 :9 "'"#$:;1M+

&$" &#1"04 &4 #5$4/+ 9&5$3' ;"33 7"F"3:="7 #"4;""0 4/" 1"F"04/ &07 "5E/4/ '"&$1+

$"&</50E 9%33 156" &94"$ =%#"$4'@ C==$:>58&4"3' U\ :9 =":=3" 7: 0:4 /&F" & 9$:04&3

150%1@ A/" 9$:04&3 150%1"1 7$&50 504: 4/" 0:1"@

A/" ]:%4/ J&F54'

A/" #&1&3 =:$45:0 51 0"&$3' ?533"7 #' 4/" 4:0E%"@ A/" /&$7 &07 1:94 =&3&4" 9:$81 541

$::9@ A/" =&3&450" =$:<"11 :9 4/" 8&>533& &07 4/" /:$56:04&3 =3&4" :9 4/" =&3&450"

#:0" 9:$8 4/" /&$7 =&3&4"@ A/" =/&$'0> 9:$81 4/" =:14"$5:$ &1="<4 ;54/ 4/"

=:14"$5:$Y509"$5:$ &1="<4 9:$8"7 #' 4/" "=5E3:4451@ A/" 8&075#3" 9:$81 4/" :%4"$

509"$5:$ 8&$E50@ A/" <:07'3"1 :9 4/" 8&075#3" &$45<%3&4" 50 4/" E3"0:57 9:11& :9 4/"

4"8=:$&3 #:0"+ ;/5</ 51 588"75&4"3' &04"$5:$ 4: 4/" ">4"$0&3 &%754:$' 8"&4%1@



-,

A/" 5075F57%&3 F&$5&45:0 50 4/" 8&075#3" 51 1: E$"&4 4/&4 54 51 F5$4%&33' 58=:115#3" 4:

?54 &0' #%4 4/" =$:="$ 8&075#3" 4: & 12%33 &07 /&F" 4/" 4""4/ :<<3%7"@ ^%14 #"/507 4/"

3&14 %=="$ 8:3&$ 4""4/ &$" 4;: 4/50 3&850&" :9 #:0"+ 4/" =4"$'E:57 =3&4"1+ ;/5</

9:$8 & 14$%4Y352" 9%0<45:0 $"509:$<50E 4/" <:00"<45:0 #"4;""0 4/" 9&<" &07 4/"

<$&05&3 F&%34@ A/" 1'3:57 =$:<"11 51 & 4/50 1=52"Y352" 1"E8"04 :9 #:0" T%14 #"3:; 4/"

">4"$0&3 &%754:$' 8"&4%1+ ;/5</ E5F"1 :$5E50 4: 1"F"$&3 8%1<3"1 &07 35E&8"041

<:0<"$0"7 ;54/ 4/" 9%0<45:0 :9 4/" 4:0E%"+ &07 1;&33:;50EK 54 F&$5"1 50 3"0E4/ 9$:8 &

9"; 853358"4"$1 4: & 9"; <"0458"4"$1@

A/"

["=&$&4" _:0"1 :9 4/" [2%33

`5";"7 9$:8 &#:F" 4/" <:04:%$ :9 4/" <$&05&3 F&%34 F&$5"1 E$"&43'+ #%4 51 %1%&33' &

8:75?5"7 :F&3 ;54/ 541 E$"&4"14 ;574/ 3'50E 0"&$"$ 4/" :<<5=54&3 =:3"@ !:%$ #:0"1

<:01454%4" 4/51 F5"; &07 &$45<%3&4" 4/$:%E/ 4/$"" ;"33Y7"?50"7 1%4%$"1@ A/" <:$:0&3

1%4%$" $%01 50 & 4$&01F"$1" 75$"<45:0 &07 75F57"1 4/" 9$:04&3 9$:8 4/" =&$5"4&3 #:0"1@



--

H09"$5:$3' 4/" <:$:0&3 1%4%$"1 8""4 &4 4/" T%0<45:0 #"4;""0 4/" E$"&4"$ ;50E :9 4/"

1=/"0:57 #:0" &07 4/" 1G%&8:1&3 =:$45:0 :9 4/" 4"8=:$&3 #:0" &4 & =:504 <&33"7 4/"

=4"$5:0@ A/" 9$:04&3 #:0"1 4'=5<&33' <:01514 :9 & 150E3" =3&4" :9 #:0"+ 4/" 1G%&8:1&3

=:$45:0 :9 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0"+ &34/:%E/ 50 1:8" &7%341 54 51 75F57"7 504: 4;: /&3F"1 #'

4/" 8"4:=5< 1%4%$"+ ;/5</ %1%&33' <3:1"1 #' 15> '"&$1 :9 &E"+ 5@"@ 54 51 :#354"$&4"7 :$ 54

<&00:4 #" 1""0@ A/" =&$5"4&3 #:0"1 &$" 1"=&$&4"7 #' 4/" 1&E544&3 1%4%$"+ ;/5</ "071

50 4/" 3&8#7:57 1%4%$"+ ;/5</ 1"=&$&4"1 4/" =&$5"4&3 #:0"1 9$:8 4/" :<<5=54&3 #:0"@

A/"1" 4/$"" 1%4%$"1 9:$8 4;: 3&078&$21@ _$"E8& 51 4/" =:504 :9 T%0<4%$" :9 4/"

<:$:0&3 &07 1&E544&3 1%4%$"1 &07 3&8#7& 51 4/" =:504 :9 T%0<4%$" :9 4/" 1&E544&3 &07

3&8#7:57 1%4%$"@ H0 4/" 509&04+ 4/" &04"$5:$ 9:04&0"31 :<<%=5"1 4/" 1=&<" 4/&4 ;"33

#"<:8" #$"E8&+ 4'=5<&33' <3:150E &$:%07 -Z 8:04/1 &94"$ #5$4/@ A/" =:14"$5:$

9:04&0"3 :<<%=5"1 4/" 1=&<" 4/&4 ;533 #"<:8" 3&8#7&+ 4'=5<&33' <3:150E &$:%07 ) 4: O

8:04/1 :9 &E"@

A/" =&$5"4&3 #:0"1 &$" 4/" :03' #:0"1 :9 4/" <&3F&$5%8 4/&4 7: 0:4 4%$0 %07"$ 4:

9:$8 =&$4 :9 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33@ C31:+ 4/" =&$5"4&3 #:0"1 4'=5<&33' ;533 /&F" &

9:$&8"0 4/&4 ="$9:$&4"1 4/" =&$5"4&3 #:0" 0"&$ 4/" 1&E544&3 1%4%$" &#:%4 O@U <8



-)

&04"$5:$ 4: 3&8#7&@ H4 4$&018541 & 18&33 "8511&$' F"50 9$:8 4/" 1%="$5:$ 1&E544&3

150%1@ a:% ;533 &31: 0:4" 4/&4 4/" 1%4%$" 350" #"4;""0 4/" =&$5"4&3 &07 4"8=:$&3

#:0"1 51 /5E/"$ :0 4/" :%4157" 4/&0 50157"+ 5075<&450E &0 :F"$3&= :9 4/" 4;: #:0"1@

A/51 1%4%$" 51 <&33"7 4/" 1G%&8:1&3 1%4%$"@



-O

N>&85050E 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33 ':% ;533 0:4" &==$:>58&4"3' :0" 50</ 9:$;&$7 :9 4/"

9:$&8"0 8&E0%8+ 4/" :<<5=54&3 #:0" T:501 4/" <"04"$ =:$45:0 :9 4/" 1=/"0:57+

9:$850E 4/" #&15Y:<<5=54&3 1%4%$" L1=/"0:Y:<<5=54&3 1'0</:07$:151M@ A/51 1%4%$"

#"E501 4: <3:1"+ 9%1"+ &4 &#:%4 050"4""0 '"&$1 :9 &E" &07 51 :#354"$&4"7 #' 4;"04'Y?5F"@

./"0 ':% ">&850" 4/" 8&T:$ 1%4%$"1 1%</ &1 4/" 3&8#7:57&3+ 1&E544&3+ "4<+ ':% ;533

:94"0 ?507 18&33 513&071 :9 #:0" <:8=3"4"3' 1%$$:%07"7 #' 1%4%$"@ A/"1" &$" 4"$8"7

.:$85&0 #:0"1+ &07 &$" /5E/3' F&$5&#3"@ [:8"458"1 3&8#7& ;533 <:04&50 & 3&$E"

.:$85&0 #:0" $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" H0<& #:0"+ 7%" 4: 541 $"3&45F"3' /5E/ 9$"G%"0<' :9

:<<%$$"0<" 50 S"$%F5&0 8%885"1@

H0 E"0"$&3 4/" 1%4%$"1 4/&4 1"=&$&4" 4;: #:0"1 :9 4/" 12%33 $"<"5F" 4/"5$ 0&8" 9$:8

"&</ :9 4/" #:0"1@ !:$ ">&8=3"+ 4/" 1%4%$" #"4;""0 4/" 1=/"0:57 &07 4"8=:$&3

#:0"1 51 <&33"7 4/" 1=/"0:Y4"8=:$&3 L1=/"0:Y1G%&8:1&3+ ;54/ 4/" 1G%&8:1&3

=:$45:0 :9 4/" 0&8" $"9"$$50E 4: 4/" 1G%&8:1&3 =:$45:0 :9 4/" 4"8=:$&3 #:0"M@ A/"



-R

1G%&8:1&3 1%4%$"+ ;/5</ 1"=&$&4"1 4/" =&$5"4&3 &07 1G%&8:1&3 =:$45:0 :9 4/"

4"8=:$&3 #:0"+ 7:"1 1/:; 4;: 8:75?5<&45:01 50 4/51 0&850E 1</"8"@ C4 4/" =:504

;/"$" 4/" 1G%&8:1&3 1%4%$" 51 3:<&4"7 &#:F" 4/" 8&14:57 54 $%01 F5$4%&33' 14$&5E/4

#&<2 9:$850E 4/" =&$5"4:Y8&14:57 1%4%$"@ !:33:;50E 4/51 54 4%$01 &07 $%01 14$&5E/4

7:;0;&$7 9:$850E 4/" :<<5=54:Y8&14:57 1%4%$"@

C4 4/51 =:504 ;" /&F" 751<%11"7 4/$"" #:0"1+ ;/5</ 9:$8 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33+ 4/"

:<<5=54&3+ 4"8=:$&3 &07 1=/"0:57 #:0"1@ A/"1" #:0"1 <:33"<45F"3' 9:$8 4/" 85773"

&07 =:14"$5:$ <$&05&3 9:11&"@ N>&850&45:0 :9 4/" 1=/"0:57 #:0" 1/:;1 54 4: #" 352" &

#%44"$?3' ;54/ 4/" 3&$E" ;50E1 4$&<"&#3" :0 4/" :%4157" :9 4/" 12%33 &1 54 9:$81 =&$4 :9

4/" <$&05&3 F&%34@ H0 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33+ &4 4/" <"04"$ :9 4/" 1=/"0:57+ 51 & 7""=

/:33:;+ ;/5</ $"1"8#3"1 4/" <&043" :9 & 1&773"+ <&33"7 4/" 1"33& 4%$<5<& LA%$251/

1&773"M+ ;/5</ /:371 4/" =54%54&$' E3&07@

.54/50 4/" &04"$5:$ =:$45:0 :9 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33+ &$" 4/" &04"$5:$ <$&05&3 9:11&"@

A/" :$#54&3 =&$41 :9 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0"1+ "4/8:57 &07 1=/"0:57 #:0"1 9:$8 4/51 =:$45:0:9 4/" #&1" :9 4/" 12%33@

_:0"1 :9 4/" !&<"

A/" =$58&$' #:0"1 :9 4/" 9&<" &$" 4/" 8&075#3"+ 8&>533&+ 9$:04&3 #:0"1+ 0&1&3 #:0"1+

&07 6'E:8&@



-U

_:0"1 :9 4/" !&<"

A/" =$58&$' #:0"1 :9 4/" 9&<" &$" 4/" 8&075#3"+ 8&>533&+ 9$:04&3 #:0"1+ 0&1&3 #:0"1+

&07 6'E:8&@

A/" 6'E:8& 9:$81 4/" =$:850"0<" :9 4/" </""21 &07 ">4"071 9$:8 4/" 4"8=:$&3

#:0"1 3&4"$&33'+ ;/"$" 54 9:$81 4/" 4"8=:$:6'E:8&45< 1%4%$"+ 4: 4/" 8&>533&@ H4 &31:

9:$81 4/" 157"1 &07 ?3::$ :9 4/" :$#541@

C04"$5:$3' 54 9:$81 4/" 6'E:8&45< &$</ 9$:8 ;/5</ 4/" 8&11"4"$ 8%1<3" 51 &44&</"7@

A/" 8&11"4"$ 8%1<3" 51 $"1=:015#3" 9:$ <3:150E 4/" 8&075#3" 9:$ 8&145<&45:0 &07

1=""</@ Q0 541 3&4"$&3 1%$9&<"+ 4/" 6'E:8&45< #:0" /&1 4/$"" =$:<"11"1@ H09"$5:$3'+ &

<:0<&F" =$:<"11 =$:T"<41 8"75&33' 4: &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" 6'E:8&45< =$:<"11 :9 4/"

8&>533&+ 9:$850E 4/" 3&4"$&3 =:$45:0 :9 4/" 509$&:$#54&3 $58@ A/51 <:0<&F54' =$:T"<41

1%="$5:$3' 4: 9:$8 4/" 9$:04&3 =$:<"11 4/&4 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0"@

S:14"$5:$3'+ & 4"8=:$&3 =$:<"11 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 6'E:8&45< :9 4/" 4"8=:$&3 #:0"



-*

4: 9:$8 4/" 6'E:8&45< &$</@ Q0 4/" 8"75&3 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 6'E:8& 51 & 18::4/ :$#54&3

=3&4" 4/&4 9:$81 4/" 3&4"$&3 ?3::$ &07 3&4"$&3 ;&33 :9 4/" :$#54@ H4 &$45<%3&4"1

=:14"$5:$3' ;54/ 4/" E$"&4"$ ;50E :9 4/" 1=/"0:57 #:0"@

A/" 9$:04&3 #:0" 9:$81 4/" &04"$5:$ =:$45:0 :9 4/" <$&05%8+ <:04&501 4/" 9$:04&3

150%1"1+ &07 9:$81 4/" $::9 :9 4/" "4/8:57 150%1"1+ 0:1"+ &07 :$#54@

C04"$5:$3'+ 4/" ">4"$0&3 1%$9&<" 51 <:0F"> 1%="$5:$3'+ &07 54 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/"

=&$5"4&3 #:0"1 =:14"$5:$3' &07 4/" E$"&4"$ ;50E :9 4/" 1=/"0:57 =:14"$:509"$5:$3'@

A/" &04"$5:$ <:0F"> 1%$9&<" 4/5<2"01 509"$5:$3' 4: 9:$8 4/" 1%=$&:$#54&3 $581@ ^%14

&#:F" 4/" 1%=$&:$#54&3 $581 &$" 4/5<2"0"7 &$</"1 4"$8"7 4/" 1%="$<535&$' &$</"1@

A/"5$ 857350" %05:01 9:$8 & 7"=$"115:0 <&33"7 4/" E3&#"33&@ H09"$:3&4"$&33'+ 4/"

1%=$&:$#54&3 $57E" 9:$81 4/" 6'E:8&45< =$:<"11 4/&4 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 9$:04&3

=$:<"11 :9 4/" 6'E:8&45< #:0"@ A/" 509"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0" 9:$81 4/"

<:0<&F" 1%$9&<" :9 4/" :$#54&3 $::9 &07 4/" &04"$5:0&1&3 $::9@

A/" :$#54&3 1%$9&<" &$45<%3&4"1 =:14"$5:$3' ;54/ 4/" E$"&4"$ &07 3"11"$ ;50E1 :9 4/"

1=/"0:57 #:0"+ &07 3&4"$&33' ;54/ 4/" 6'E:8&@ Q0 4/" &04"$:3&4"$&3 :$#54&3 1%$9&<" 51



-W

& =::$3' 7"F"3:="7 7"=$"115:0 9:$ 4/" 3&<$58&3 E3&07@ Q0 4/" 8"75&3 :$#54&3 1%$9&<"

51 & 18&33 8:%07 ;/"$" 4/" <&$453&E50:%1 4$:</3"& :9 4/" 1%="$5:$ :#35G%" 8%1<3"

&44&</"1@ C04"$5:$3'+ #"4;""0 4/" :$#54&3 1%$9&<"1+ 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0" &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/

4/" &04"$5:$ =:$45:01 :9 4/" 0&1&3 #:0"1 &07 9$:04&3 =$:<"11"1 :9 4/" 8&>533&@ C 18&33

F"$45<&3 857350" =3&4"+ 4"$8"7 4/" 0&1&3 1=50" :9 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0"+ <:04$5#%4"1 4: 4/"

0&1&3 1"=4%8@

A/" ?3::$ :9 4/" 504"$0&3 1%$9&<" 9:$81 4/" ?3::$ :9 4/" &04"$5:$ <$&05&3 9:11&@ H4 /&1 &

857350" 7"/51<"0<" 4"$8"7 4/" "4/8:57 0:4</ 4/&4 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" "4/8:57

#:0"@ C04"$5:$ 4: 4/" "4/8:57 0:4</ 51 &0 %=;&$7 13:=50E $57E" <&33"7 4/" 9$:04&3

<$"14+ ;/5</ 9:$81 & E$::F" 9:$ 4/" 1%="$5:$ 1&E544&3 15%81@ C4 4/" &04"$5:$

&$45<%3&45:0 #"4;""0 4/" 9$:04&3 <$"14 &07 4/" <$5#$59:$8 =3&4" :9 4/" "4/8:57 #:0"

51 & 18&33 9:$&8"0 <&33"7 4/" 9:$&8"0 <&"<%8+ ;/5</ %1%&33' 4$&018541 &0 "8511&$'

F"50 9$:8 4/" $::9 :9 4/" 0&1&3 <&F54' 4: 4/" 1%="$5:$ 1&E544&3 150%1@

A/" 9$:04&3 150%1 #"E501 4: 9:$8 &94"$ 4/" &E" :9 O@U '"&$1@ H4 51 3:<&4"7 50 4/"

&04"$5:$ 857350" #"4;""0 4/" 1%=$&:$#54&3 $581@ H0 &7%341+ 4/" &F"$&E" 758"015:01

$"&</ )@R 88 /5E/+ )@P <8 4: "54/"$ 157" 9$:8 4/" 857350"+ &07 ) <8 50 4/"

&04"$:=:14"$5:$ 758"015:0@

A/" 8&075#3" 51 & bY1/&="7 #:0"@ H4 51 4/" :03' 8:#53" #:0" :9 4/" 9&<5&3 12"3"4:0+

&07+ 150<" 54 /:%1"1 4/" 3:;"$ 4""4/+ 541 8:45:0 51 "11"045&3 9:$ 8&145<&45:0@ C4 #5$4/

4/" 8&075#3" <:01514 :9 4;: /&3F"1 4/&4 &$" %054"7 #' & ?5#$:%1 1'8=/'151 8"045@

A/51 4;: /&3F"1 4'=5<&33' 9%1" 7%$50E 4/" '"&$1 :0" 4/$:%E/ 4/$""+ &34/:%E/+ 8:14

1/:; 9%15:0 #' 4/" "07 :9 4/" ?5$14 '"&$@ A/"$" 8&' #" 1"=&$&45:0 0"&$ 4/" &3F":3&$

8&$E50 504: 4/" 1"<:07 '"&$@ H4 51 4/" 3&$E"14+ 14$:0E"14 &07 3:;"14 #:0" 50 4/" 9&<"@

H4 <:015141 :9 & /:$56:04&3 <%$F"7 #:7' 4/&4 51 <:0F"> 9:$;&$7 ;54/ 4;: #$:&7 $&85

4/&4 &1<"07 50 & =:14"$:1%="$5:$ 75$"<45:0 =:14"$5:$ 4: 4/" #:7' :0 "&</

/"858&075#3"@ A/" 8&075#%3&$ &0E3" 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/" 504"$1"<45:0 :9 4/" 509"$5:$

$58 :9 4/" #:7' &07 4/" =:14"$5:$ $58 :9 4/" &1<"0750E $&8%1@ A/" 1%="$5:$ =:$45:0

:9 4/" $&8%1 #59%$<&4"1 504: &0 &04"$5:$ <:$:0:57 =$:<"11 &07 & =:14"$5:$ <:07'3&$

=$:<"11@ A/" <:0<&F54' #"4;""0 4/" ) =$:<"11"1 51 <&33"7 4/" 8&075#%3&$ 0:4</@ A/"

<:$:0:57 51 4/" 154" :9 &44&</8"04 :9 4/" 4"8=:$&351 8%1<3"@ H09"$5:$3'+ 4/" <:07'3&$



-Z

=$:<"11 /&1 & 0&$$:; 0"<2 4/&4 ;57"01 4: & E3:#%3&$ /"&7 4/&4 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/"

E3"0:57 9:11& :9 4/" 4"8=:$&3 #:0" 9:$850E 4/" 4"8=:$:8&075#%3&$ T:504@

Q0 4/" 8"75&3 1%$9&<" :9 4/" $&8%1+ T%14 &#:F" 4/" &0E3" 51 4/" 8&075#%3&$ 9:$&8"0+

;/"$" 4/" 0"$F" 1%==3' 4: 4/" 3:;"$ 4""4/ "04"$1 4/" 8&075#3" 4: $%0 9:$;&$7 #"3:;

4/" 0"$F" $::41@ A/" 4$5E"850&3 0"$F" L?594/ <$&05&3 0"$F"M 1%==35"1 #:4/ 4/" %=="$

&07 3:;"$ 7"04545:0@ A:;&$7 4/" 9$:04 :9 4/" 8&075#3"+ #"3:; 4/" =:1545:0 :9 4/"

<&050" &07 541 ?5$14 =$"8:3&$ 51 4/" 8"04&3 9:$&8"0+ ;/5</ &33:;1 9:$ "04$&0<" :9

#3::7 F"11"31@

A/" 8&075#3" /:%1"1 4/" 3:;"$ 7"04545:0+ ;/5</ 50 &7%341 <:015141 :9 ) <"04$&3 &07 )

3&4"$&3 50<51:$1+ ) <&050"1+ ) ?5$14 &07 ) 1"<:07 =$"8:3&$1+ &07 O 1"41 :9 8:3&$1@

A/" =:504 :9 4/" </50 51 <&33"7 4/" 8"04&3 =$:4%#"$&0<"@

A/" 8&>533& <:04&501 4/" %=="$ 7"04545:0+ 9:$81 4/" $::9 :9 4/" :$&3 <&F54'+ 9:$81 4/"

?3::$ :9 &07 <:04$5#%4"1 4: 4/" 3&4"$&3 ;&33 &07 $::9 :9 4/" 0&1&3 <&F54'+ /:%1"1 4/"

8&>533&$' 150%1+ &07 <:04$5#%4"1 4: 4/" 509"$5:$ $58 &07 ?3::$ :9 4/" :$#54@ A;:

8&>533&$' #:0"1 &$" T:50"7 50 4/" 857350" 4: 9:$8 4/" 85773" 4/5$7 :9 4/" 9&<"@



-P

H0 4/" 857350" :9 4/" &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 8&>533& 51 9:%07 & =$:850"0<" <&33"7 4/"

&04"$5:$ 0&1&3 1=50" ;54/ & 3&4"$&3 <:0<&F" $58+ <&33"7 4/" 0&1&3 0:4</ 4/&4 9:$81 4/"

?3::$ :9 4/" =5$59:$8 &="$4%$"@ H09"$5:$3'+ 4/" &3F":3&$ =$:<"11 :9 4/" 8&>533& /:%1"1

4/" 4""4/+ 50<3%750E ) <"04$&3 50<51:$1+ ) 3&4"$&3 50<51:$1+ <&050"1+ ) =$"8:3&$1+ &07 O

1"41 :9 8:3&$1 50 &7%341@ A/" 4::4/ $::41 9:$8 F"$45<&3 ;&F"352" "850"0<"1 50 4/"

&04"$5:$ 9&<" :9 4/" 8&>533&K 4/" <&050" $::4 51 4/" 8:14 =$:850"04+ 9:$850E 4/"

<&050" "850"0<"+ 50 4/" &04"$5:$ 9&<" :9 4/" 8&>533&@

[%="$5:$3'+ 4/" 8&>533&$' #:0" 51 4/5<2"0"7 50 &0 509"$5:$ <:0<&F54' 4/&4 9:$81 4/"

509$&:$#54&3 $58@ C==$:>58&4"3' U 4: W 88 509"$5:$ 4: 4/" $58 3&'1 4/" 509$&:$#54&3

9:$&8"0+ ;/5</ 4$&018541 4/" 509$&:$#54&3 0"$F" &07 F"11"31@ A/" 509$&:$#54&3 $58">4"071 8"75&33' &07 %=;&$7 4: 9:$8 4/" 9$:04&3 =$:<"11 :9 4/" 8&>533&@ A/" 9$:04&3

=$:<"11 &$45<%3&4"1 1%="$5:$3' ;54/ 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0"+ 8"75&33' ;54/ 4/" 0&1&3 #:0"+

&07 =:14"$5:$3' ;54/ 4/" 3&<$58&3 #:0"

c&4"$&33' 4/" 8&>533& 9:$81 4/" 6'E:8&45< =$:<"11+ ;/5</ &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/"

6'E:8& 4: 9:$8 4/" 3&4"$&3 =:$45:0 :9 4/" 509"$5:$ :$#54&3 $58@ S:14"$5:$3' 4/" 8&>533&



),

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" =&3&450" #:0"+ &07 8"75&33' ;54/ 4/" "4/8:57+ 3&<$58&3+ &07 4/"

509"$5:$ <:0</&@

A/" 1%="$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 8&>533& 9:$81 4/" 8"75&3 ?3::$ :9 4/" :$#54@ S:14"$5:$3'+

4/" 9$"" "7E" 9:$81 4/" &04"$5:$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" 509"$5:$ :$#54&3 ?511%$"@ ]"75&33'+ 4/"

:$#54&3 1%$9&<" &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" "4/8:57 #:0" &07 3&<$58&3 #:0"@ _"/507 4/"

9$:04&3 =$:<"11 :9 4/" 8&>533& &07 541 &04"$5:$ 3&<$58&3 <$"14 51 4/" 0&1:3&<$58&3

E$::F"@ c&4"$&33'+ 4/" :$#54&3 1%$9&<" &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" :$#54&3 1%$9&<" :9 4/"

6'E:8&@ Q0 541 509"$5:$ 1%$9&<"+ 4/" 8&>533& /&1 & /:$56:04&3 =&3&450" =$:<"11 4/&4

9:$81 4/" #%32 :9 4/" /&$7 =&3&4"@ A/" =&3&450" =$:<"11"1 :9 #:4/ 8&>533&" &$45<%3&4"

;54/ "&</ :4/"$ 50 4/" 857350" &07 ;54/ 4/" /:$56:04&3 =3&4" :9 4/" =&3&450" #:0"

=:14"$5:$3'@ C04"$5:$3' 50 4/" 857350" &$45<%3&45:0 :9 #:4/ =&3&450" =$:<"11"1 51 4/"

50<515F" <&0&3+ ;/5</ 4$&018541 4/" 0&1:=&3&450" 0"$F" &07 #$&0</"1 :9 4/" E$"&4"$

=&3&450" F"11"31@

A/" =&5$"7 0&1&3 #:0"1 9:$8 4/" &04"$:1%="$5:$ #:0' $::9 :9 4/" 0&1&3 <&F54'@ A/"'

&$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" 0&1&3 =$:<"11 :9 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0" 1%="$5:$3'+ 4/" 9$:04&3 =$:<"11 :9

4/" 8&>533&$' #:0" 3&4"$&33' &07 ;54/ :0" &0:4/"$ 8"75&33'@ A/" 509"$5:$ #:$7"$ 51

9$"" &07 9:$81 4/" 1%="$5:$ 8&$E50 :9 4/" =5$59:$8 &="$4%$"@



)-

A/" Q$#541



))

A/" #:0"1 9:$850E 4/" $::9 &$" 8&503' 4/" :$#54&3 =3&4" :9 4/" 9$:04&3 #:0"+ ;54/ 4/"

3"11"$ ;50E :9 4/" 1=/"0:57 9:$850E 4/" 8:14 =:14"$5:$ =&$4@ A/" #:0"1 9:$850E 4/"

3&4"$&3 ;&33 &$" 4/" :$#54&3 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/" E$"&4"$ ;50E :9 4/" 1=/"0:57 #:0" &07 4/"

6'E:8&45< #:0"@ A/" ?3::$ :9 4/" :$#54 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/" :$#54&3 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/"

8&>533& &07 6'E:8&45< #:0"+ ;54/ 4/" :$#54&3 =$:<"11 :9 4/" =&3&450" #:0" 50 4/"

8:14 =:14"$5:$ =&$4@ A/" 8"75&3 ;&33 :9 4/" :$#54 51 9:$8"7 #' 4/" 3&<$58&3 #:0"+ 4/"

:$#54&3 =3&4" :9 4/" 8&>533&+ ;54/ & 18&33 =&$4 :9 4/" #:7' :9 4/" 1=/"0:57 9:$850E 4/"

8:14 =:14"$5:$ =&$4@

*:;<=:>?@ A; BCD '?EFF

." /&F" &3$"&7' 8"045:0"7 1:8" 3&078&$21 :9 4/" 12%33+ _$"E8& &07 H05:0@ A/"$"

&$" 8&0' 8:$" ':% ;533 #" %150E ;/"0 &11"1150E & /%8&0 12%33@ A/" 9:33:;50E 51 &

=&$45&3 3514 :9 4/"1" 3&078&$21@

Q0 4/" ]&075#3"

d0&4/5:0B 857=:504 :0 4/" 3:;"$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" 8&075#3"@

d:05:0B 8:14 3&4"$&3 =:504 :0 4/" &0E3" 8&7" #' 4/" _:7' &07 C1<"0750E V&8%1

H09$&7"04&3"B =:504 :0 8&075#%3&$ &3F":3&$ 8&$E50 #"4;""0 4/" 8"75&3 50<51:$1@



)O

S:E:05:0B 8:14 &04"$5:$ =:504 :0 </50 50 857350" L0:4 4: #" <:09%1"7 ;54/

d0&4/5:0M

b=="$ !&<5&3 [2"3"4:0

S$:14/5:0B 8:14 &04"$5:$ =:504 :0 4/" %=="$ &3F":3&$ =$:<"11@

X&1:1=50&3"B & =:504 50 ][S L857 1&E544&3 =3&0"M :0 & 350" #"4;""0 #:4/ 0&$5&3"K

%1%&33' &4 #&1" :9 4/" 0&1&3 1=50"@

X&15:0B 857=:504 :9 4/" 1%4%$"1 :9 4/" 9$:04&3 &07 0&1&3 #:0"1@

e&<$':0B 8""450E =:504 :9 4/" 9$:04&3+ 8&>533&$' &07 3&<$58&3 #:0"1@

A/" `&%34 :9 4/" [2%33

d3&#"33&B 8:14 =$:850"04 =:504 50 ][S #"4;""0 4/" #$:;$57E"1@

_$"E8&B 8""450E =3&<" :9 4/" <:$:0&3 &07 1&E544&3 1%4%$"1@

"̀$4">B /5E/"14 =:504 :0 4/" 12%33 ;/"0 =3&<"7 50 !$&029:$4 S3&0"@

c&8#7&B =:504 ;/"$" 1&E544&3 &07 3&8#7:57&3 1%4%$"1 8""4@



)R

H05:0B =:504 50 ][S :9 4/" 1%="$5:$ 0%</&3 350"@

Q=514/:<$&05:0B $"&$8:14 =:504 :0 12%33 ;/"$"F"$ 9:%07@

S:$5:0B =:504 :0 %=="$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" ">4"$0&3 &%754:$' 8"&4%1@

C14"$5:0B =:504 ;/"$" 4/" 4"8=:$&3+ =&$5"4&3 &07 :<<5=54&3 #:0"1 8""4@

_&1" :9 [2%33

Q=514/5:0B 857=:504 :9 =:14"$5:$ 8&$E50 :9 4/" 9:$&8"0 8&E0%8@

_&15:0B 857=:504 :0 4/" &04"$5:$ 8&$E50 :9 4/" 9:$&8"0 8&E0%8@

[4&=/'35:0B =:504 :0 & 350" 4&0E"045&3 4: 4/" =:14"$5:$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" =&3&4" ;/"$" 54

<$:11"1 4/" 504"$=&3&450" 1%4%$"@

Q$&3"B 857=:504 :9 & 350" 4&0E"045&3 4: 4/" =:14"$5:$ 8&$E501 :9 4/" 1:<2"41 :9 4/"

%=="$ 8"75&3 50<51:$1@

N07:8:3&$"B 8:14 8"75&3 =:504 :0 500"$ 8&$E50 :9 1:<2"4 :9 1"<:07 %=="$ 8:3&$@

GA;D@ AH BCD ID>BDJ>:F 0AFE=;8 ,KJ@8 'BD>;E= :;< ':L>E=

A/" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80 51 <:8=:1"7 :9 OO #:0"1 &$$&0E"7 50 U 1"<45:01B <"$F5<&3 LW

#:0"1M+ 4/:$&<5< L4;"3F" #:0"1M+ 3%8#&$ LU #:0"1M+ 1&<$%8 L%1%&33' & 9%15:0 :9 U

#:0"1M+ &07 <:<<'> L%1%&33' & 9%15:0 :9 9:%$ #:0"1M@

./"0 3::250E &4 4/" <:8=3"4" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80 ':% ;533 0:4" 54 9:$81 1"F"$&3

<%$F&4%$"1B & <:0<&F54' 50 4/" 0"<2 $"E5:0+ & <:0F">54' 50 4/" 4/:$&<5< $"E5:0+ &

<:0<&F54' 50 4/" 3%8#"$ $"E5:0 &07 & <:0F"> <%$F" 9:$8"7 #' 4/" 1&<$%8 &07 <:<<'>@



)U

A/" 4'=5<&3 F"$4"#$& 51 <:8=:1"7 :9 4;: =&$41+ 4/" &04"$5:$3' =3&<"7 #:7' &07 4/"



)*

=:14"$5:$ F"$4"#$&3 &$</+ ;/5</ "0<3:1"1 4/" F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0@ A/" =:14"$5:$

F"$4"#$&3 &$</ 51 9:$8"7 :9 4;: ="75<3"1 &07 4;: 3&850&+ 9$:8 ;/5</ &$51" 9:%$

&$45<%3&$ =$:<"11"1+ 4;: 4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11"1+ &07 :0" 1=50:%1 =$:<"11@

A/" <'3507$:57 F"$4"#$&3 #:7' F&$5"1 50 156"+ 1/&=" &07 =$:=:$45:01 50 7599"$"04

$"E5:01 :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80+ ;54/ 4/" F"$4"#$&3 #:7' :9 "&</ F"$4"#$&"

50<$"&150E 50 156" &1 ':% E: 7:;0 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80@ _"4;""0 "&</ :9 4/"

F"$4"#$&"+ #"E50050E ;54/ J) &07 ">4"0750E 4: 4/" 1&<$%8 &$" 751<Y352" 14$%<4%$"1+

;/5</ &33:; 9:$ &$45<%3&45:0 #"4;""0 4/" F"$4"#$&"+ $"9"$$"7 4: &1 504"$F"$4"#$&3

751<1@ A/" F"$4"#$&" &07 504"$F"$4"#$&3 751<1 &$" /"37 50 =3&<" #' 4;: 35E&8"041+

&04"$5:$ &07 =:14"$5:$ 3:0E54%750&3 35E&8"041@ A/" &04"$5:$ 3:0E54%750&3 35E&8"04

$%01 7:;0 4/" &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 1=50"+ 4$&F"$150E &33 :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3 #:75"1

&07 504"$F"$4"#$&3 751<1@ A/" =:14"$5:$ 3:0E54%750&3 35E&8"04 51 3:<&4"7 ;54/50 4/"'

F"$4"#$&3 <&0&3+ ">4"0750E &3:0E 4/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/" #:75"1 :9 4/"



)W

F"$4"#$&"+ 9$:8 4/" #:7' :9 4/" &>51 LJ)M ;/"$" 54 51 <:0450%:%1 ;54/ 4/" 8"8#$&0&

4"<4:$5&+ 4: 4/" 1&<$%8@

C04"$5:$3' 4/" F"$4"#$&3 #:75"1 1/:; & <"=/&3:<&%7&3 50<$"&1" 50 4/"5$ ;574/ 9$:8

4/" &>51 4: 4/" 4/5$7 3%8#&$ F"$4"#$&@ A/51 50<$"&1" 50 ;574/ 51 7%" 4: 4/" 50<$"&1" 50

3:&7Y#"&$50E 9%0<45:0@ C34/:%E/+ 4/"$" 51 1:8" F&$5&45:0 50 4/" ;574/ :9 c R f U

F"$4"#$&3 #:75"1+ 9$:8 4/&4 =:504 4: 4/" <:<<'E"&3 &="> 4/"$" 51 & =$:850"04 7"<$"&1"

50 ;574/ :9 4/" F"$4"#$&@

N>4"0750E =:14"$5:$Y3&4"$&33' 9$:8 4/" =:14"$5:$Y3&4"$&3 1%$9&<" :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3 #:7'

&$" 4/" ="75<3"1+ ;/5</ &$" 1/:$4+ 4/5<2 $:%07"7 =$:T"<45:01+ ;/5</ 9:$8 & =:$45:0 :9

4/" 504"$F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0@ A/"' <:00"<4 4/" #:7' :9 4/" F"$4"#$& 4: 4/" &$</ #'

9%150E ;54/ 4/" 3&850&@ J:0<&F545"1 &#:F" &07 #"3:; 4/" ="75<3"1 9:$8 4/"

504"$F"$4"#$&3 9:$&850& ;/"0 4/" F"$4"#$&" &$45<%3&4" ;54/ :0" &0:4/"$@ A/"

504"$F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0 &33:; 9:$ =&11&E" :9 4/" 1=50&3 0"$F" $::4+ 7:$1&3 $::4

E&0E35:0+ 4/" 1=50&3 &$4"$'+ <:88%05<&450E F"501 #"4;""0 4/" 504"$0&3 &07 ">4"$0&3

=3">%1"1+ $"<%$$"04 8"050E"&3 0"$F"1+ &07 4$&019:$&850&3 35E&8"041@ A/" <"$F5<&3

F"$4"#$&" /&F" 4;: 7599"$"04 F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0&K 4/" =&5$"7 4$&01F"$1" 9:$&8"0&

&07 4/" F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0+ ;/53" 4/" 4/:$&<5< &07 3%8#&$ /&F" :03' :0"+ 4/"

F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0@ A/" 4$&01F"$1" 9:$&8"0& &33:; 9:$ =&11&E" :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3

&$4"$' &07 F"50 &07 4/" F"$4"#$&3 0"$F" =3">%1@

C4 4/" =:504 :9 T%0<4%$" :9 4/" ="75<3"1 &07 3&850& &$" &$45<%3&$ =$:<"11"1+ 4;: :9

;/5</ &$" 1%="$5:$ &07 4;: 509"$5:$@ A/"1" &$45<%3&$ =$:<"11"1 1"$F" &1 =:5041 :9

&$45<%3&45:0 #"4;""0 &7T&<"04 F"$4"#$&" &07 4/%1 &33:; 9:$ 8:F"8"04 #"4;""0 4/"

&7T:5050E F"$4"#$&"@ A/"' &31: <:04$5#%4" 4: 4/" =:14"$5:$ #:%07&$5"1 :9 4/"

504"$F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0&@

S$:T"<450E 3&4"$&33' 9$:8 4/" ="75<%3:3&850&$ T%0<45:01 &$" 1"E8"041 :9 #:0"+ 4/"

4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11"1+ ;/5</ 1"$F" &1 =:5041 :9 &44&</8"04 9:$ 8%1<3"1 &07

35E&8"041+ "1="<5&33' 4/:1" <:0<"$0"7 ;54/ $:4&45:0 &07 3&4"$&3 ?3">5:0@ A/"$" 51

<:0157"$&#3" &0&4:85< $"E5:0&3 F&$5&45:0 50 4/" 14$%<4%$" &07 3"0E4/ :9 4/"

4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11"1@ H0 4/" <"$F5<&3 $"E5:0+ 4/" 4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11 :9 4/" &43&1 51

3:0E &07 #$:&7+ ;/5</ &33:;1 4/" $:4&4:$ 8%1<3"1 :9 4/" /"&7 &07 0"<2 8&>58%8

8"</&05<&3 3"F"$&E"@ A/" #$"&74/ F&$5"1 35443" 9$:8 4/" 1"<:07 4/$:%E/ 4/" 15>4/



)Z

<"$F5<&3 F"$4"#$&"+ #%4 50<$"&1"1 50 4/" 1"F"04/@ H0 4/" 4/:$&<5< F"$4"#$&"+ 4/" ?5$14 51

;57"14K 4/"$"&94"$ 4/" #$"&74/ 7"<$"&1"1 4: 4/" -)!"@ A/" 4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11"1

#"<:8" #$:&7"$ 50 4/" %=="$ 4/$"" 3%8#&$ F"$4"#$&"+ &07 7585051/ 50 4/" R!" &07 U!"@

A/" 4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11 :9 4/" U!" 3%8#&$ F"$4"#$& 51 4/" 8:14 8&115F" 9:$ 54 &33:;1

9:$ 9:$<" 4$&0185115:0 4: 4/" ="3F51 4/$:%E/ 4/" 53:3%8#&$ 35E&8"041@ A/" 4/:$&<5<

4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11"1 &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" $5#1@

A/" 3&850&" ">4"07 =:14"$5:$ 8"75&33' ;/"$" 4/"' 9%1" 50 4/" 857350" 4: 9:$8 4/"

7:$1&3 1=50"@ A/51 9%15:0 &31: 9:$81 4/" =:14"$5:$ <:8=:0"04 :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3

9:$&8"0 L<&0&3M@ A/"1" 1=50:%1 =$:<"11"1 L7:$1&3 1=50"M =$:T"<4 =:14"$5:$3' &1 ;"33

&1 509"$5:$3'@ A/"' F&$' <:0157"$&#3' 50 156"+ 1/&=" &07 75$"<45:0@ A/" 7:$1&3 1=50"

1"$F"1 &1 =:5041 :9 &44&</8"04 9:$ 8%1<3"1+ ;/5</ <:04$:3 =:14%$" &07 &<45F"

8:F"8"041 L?3">5:0g">4"015:0+ 3&4"$&3 ?3">5:0 &07 $:4&45:0M :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80@

A/"$" 51 1:8" 1">%&3 758:$=/518 50 4/" F"$4"#$&"+ ;54/ 9"8&3" F"$4"#$&3 #:75"1

/&F50E & 3:;"$ $&45: :9 ;574/ 4: 7"=4/@

A/" F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0 L<&0&3M ">4"071 9$:8 4/" 9:$&8"0 8&E0%8 4: 4/" 1&<$&3

/5&4%1 L4/" 3&850&" :9 4/" U!" 1&<$&3 F"$4"#$&+ &07 1:8"458"1 4/:1" :9 4/" 9:%$4/+ 9&53

4: 8""4 #"/507+ 4/%1 9:$850E 4/" 1&<$&3 /5&4%1 50 4/" =:14"$5:$ ;&33 :9 4/" 1&<$&3

<&0&3M@ H0 4/" <"$F5<&3 &07 3%8#&$ $"E5:01+ ;/5</ &33:; 9:$ 1%#14&045F" 8:#5354'+ 4/"

F"$4"#$&3 <&0&3 51 3&$E" &07 4$5&0E%3&$@ I:;"F"$+ 50 4/" 4/:$&<5< $"E5:0+ ;/5</ 7:"1

0:4 /&F" 4/" 7"E$"" :9 8:#5354' :9 4/" <"$F5<&3 &07 3%8#&$ $"E5:01+ 54 51 18&33 &07

<5$<%3&$@ A/" 7599"$"0<"1 50 156" :9 4/" <&0&3 <:50<57" ;54/ 4/" 156" :9 4/" 1=50&3 <:$7+

;/5</ 51 ;57"14 50 4/" <"$F5<&3 &07 3%8#&$ $"E5:01@ A/" F"$4"#$&3 <&0&3 7"<$"&1"1 50

156" E$&7%&33' #"4;""0 c- f cU ;54/ E$"&4"$ $"3&45F" ;574/ 50 9"8&3"1@

+CD 0D>MKL:F ID>BDJ>:D

A/" 4'=5<&3 <"$F5<&3 F"$4"#$&" /&F" & 18&33 $"3&45F"3' #$:&7 F"$4"#$&3 #:7'@ A/"

1/:$4 ="75<3"1 =$:T"<4 =:14"$:3&4"$&3+ ;/"$"&1 4/" 3:0E"$ 3&850&" =$:T"<4

=:14"$:8"75&33'+ 4/%1 9:$850E & 4$5&0E%3&$ F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0+ ;/5</ 51 3&$E" "0:%E/

4: &<<:88:7&4" 4/" <"$F5<&3 "03&$E"8"04 :9 4/" 1=50&3 <:$7@ A/" 7:$1&3 1=50" 51

1/:$4 &07 #5?57@ .54/50 4/" 4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11 51 4/" 9:$&8"0 4$&01F"$1%8

L4$&01F"$1" 9:$&8"0M+ ;/5</ &1 /&1 #""0 =$"F5:%13' 751<%11"7+ &33:;1 9:$ =&11&E" :9

4/" F"$4"#$&3 &$4"$' &07 F"50 &1 ;"33 &1 4/" =3">%1 :9 1'8=&4/"45< 0"$F"1 50 "&</ :9



)P

4/" <"$F5<&3 F"$4"#$&" ;54/ 4/" "><"=45:0 :9 4/" 1"F"04/+ ;/5</ 3&<21 4/" F"$4"#$&3

&$4"$'@

A/" F"$4"#$&3 #:7' /&1 & <:0F"> &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<"@ I" 751< 8&$E50 E5F"1 &44&</8"04

4: 4/" &04"$5:$ 3:0E54%750&3 35E&8"04@ A/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" 51 ?3&4 :$ 85058&33'

<:0<&F" ;54/ 541 751< 8&$E50 E5F50E &44&</8"04 4: 4/" =:14"$5:$ 3:0E54%750&3

35E&8"04@ ./&4 51 58=:$4&04 4: 2""= 50 8507 51 4/" 751<&3 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/" <"$F5<&3

F"$4"#$&" &$" 1: 1/&="7 50 :$7"$ 4: $"14$5<4 #:4/ 3&4"$&3 &07 &04"$:=:14"$5:$ E35750E

8:F"8"041 7%$50E &$45<%3&45:0@ A/" <"04$&3 &$"& :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3 #:7' /&1 1"F"$&3

F&1<%3&$ 9:$&850&+ 4;: :9 ;/5</ &$" G%54" 3&$E"@ A/"1" &$" 4/" #&15F"$4"#$&3

9:$&850&+ ;/5</ 4$&018541 #&15F"$4"#$&3 F"501 4: 4/" &04"$5:$ 504"$0&3 F"$4"#$&3

F"501@

A/" ?5$14 &07 1"<:07 <"$F5<&3 F"$4"#$&" &$" G%54" %05G%"@ A/" ?5$14 51 $"9"$$"7 4: &1

4/" &43&1 &07 ;/&4 51 %05G%" &#:%4 4/51 51 4/&4 54 /&1 0: F"$4"#$&3 #:7'@ H0 &<4%&354'+

;/&4 ;:%37 /&F" #""0 541 F"$4"#$&3 #:7' #"<&8" & =&$4 :9 4/" 1"<:07 <"$F5<&3

F"$4"#$&+ 4/" &>51+ 4: 9:$8 4/" :7:04:57 =$:<"11 :$ 7"01 L4::4/M@ A/51 &$$&0E"8"04

&33:;1 9:$ E$"&4"$ 9$""7:8 50 $:4&450E 4/" /"&7 9$:8 157" 4: 157"+ &07 %= &07 7:;0@

C31:+ 4/" &$45<%3&450E 1%$9&<"1+ :$ 9&<"41+ :0 4/" 1%="$5:$ &07 509"$5:$ 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/"&43&1 &$" 2570"'Y1/&="7+ ="$854450E 4/" $:<250E 8:45:0 :9 4/" 12%33@



O,

+CD +CA>:LKL ID>BDJ>:

A/"1" &$" 4/" 8:14 4'=5<&3 F"$4"#$&" &07 8:14 "&153' $"<:E056"7@ A/"' &$" &31: 4/"

$5#Y#"&$50E F"$4"#$&"+ ;/5</ 8&059"14 #' &33 :9 4/" 4/:$&<5< F"$4"#$&3 #:75"1

751=3&'50E 3&4"$&3 <:14&3 9&<"41 &07 &33 #%4 4/" 3:;"14 4;: :$ 4/$"" 4$&01F"$1"

=$:<"11"1 &31: /&F" 9&<"41@ A/" 9&<"41 &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" /"&7 :9 4/" $5#

L<:14:<&=54%3&$ 9&<"4g4$&01F"$1" <:14&3 9&<"4M &07 541 4%#"$<3" L<:14:4%#"$<%3&$

9&<"4g1%="$5:$ <:14&3 9&<"4M $"1="<45F"3'@ h""= 50 8507 4/&4 4/" 9&<"41 :9 A- &$"

15853&$ 4: 4/:1" :9 4/" <"$F5<&3 F"$4"#$&"@ A/" ?5$14 &07 0504/ 4: -)!" F"$4"#$&" /&F"

&4'=5<&3 9"&4%$"1@

A/" #:7' 51 4'=5<&33' & ;&14"7 <'3507"$ "><"=4 ;/"$" 4/" F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0

"0<$:&</"1+K 4/" 4$&01F"$1" &07 &04"$:=:14"$5:$ 758"015:01 &$" &38:14 "G%&3@ A/"

&$45<%3&450E 1%$9&<"1 9:$ T:5050E F"$4"#$& 4: F"$4"#$& &$" ?3&4 &07 F"$45<&3K 4/"

1%="$5:$ 9&<"4 9&<"1 =:14"$5:$3'+ 4/" 509"$5:$ 9&<"41 9&<" &04"$5:$3'@ A/" 3&4"$&3

8&$E501 :9 4/" #:7' /&F" 9&<"41 9:$ &$45<%3&450E ;54/ 4/" /"&7 :9 & $5#@ [:8" &$"

7"85Y9&<"41+ /&39 :0 :0" #:7' &07 /&39 :0 4/" #:7' #"3:;@ A/" 3&14 4/:$&<5< F"$4"#$&

L-)!"M 51 $"<:E056"7 #' & </&0E" 50 4/" 509"$5:$ &$45<%3&450E 9&<"4+ ;/5</ 5014"&7 :9

#"50E ?3&4 51 <%$F"7 &1 &$" 4/" 9&<"4 :9 4/" 3%8#&$ F"$4"#$&"@



O-

+CD *E=J:> ID>BDJ>:D

A/" 3%8#&$ F"$4"#$&" &$" 0:4"7 9:$ 4/"5$ 3&$E" 156" &07 &#1"0<" :9 <:14&3 9&<"41 &07

4$&01F"$1" 9:$&850&@ A/"5$ 3&$E" 156" 51 50 2""=50E ;54/ 4/" &8:%04 :9 ;"5E/4 4/"'

8%14 1%==:$4@ A/" F"$4"#$&3 #:7' 51 ;57"$ 4$&01F"$1"3'@ A/" F"$4"#$&3 9:$&8"0 51

4$5&0E%3&$+ 3&$E"$ 4/&0 4/" 4/:$&<5<+ #%4 18&33"$ 4/&0 4/" <"$F5<&3@

A/" F"$4"#$&3 <&0&3 ">4"071 9$:8 4/" 9:$&8"0 8&E0%8 4: 4/" 1&<$&3 /5&4%1+ &07

9:33:;1 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <%$F"1@ H0 4/" <"$F5<&3 &07 3%8#&$ $"E5:01+ ;/5</ ">/5#54 9$""

8:#5354'+ 54 51 3&$E" &07 4$5&0E%3&$ &1 /&1 #""0 =:504"7 :%4+ #%4 50 4/" 4/:$&<5< $"E5:0+

;/"$" 8:F"8"04 51 3"11+ 54 51 18&33 &07 <5$<%3&$@ A/"1" 7599"$"0<"1 &$" 8&4</"7 #'

F&$5&45:01 50 4/" 75&8"4"$ :9 4/" 1=50&3 <:$7 &07 541 "03&$E"8"041@ H0 4/" 3%8#&$

$"E5:0+ 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <&0&3 7"<$"&1"1 E$&7%&33' 50 156" #"4;""0 c- &07 cU+ ;54/ &

E$"&4"$ $"3&45F" ;574/ 50 4/" 9"8&3"@

A/" 1=50:%1 =$:<"11"1 &$" 3&$E"+ ?3&44"0"7 9$:8 157"Y4:Y157"+ &07 ">4"07 14$&5E/4

#&<2@ A/" 1%="$5:$ &07 509"$5:$ &$45<%3&450E 9&<"41 &$" <%$F"7 4: 9:$8 & 14$:0E"$



O)

%05:0 ;54/ 4/"5$ <:%04"$=&$41 :9 4/" F"$4"#$&" &#:F" &07 #"3:;@ A/" 4$&01F"$1"

=$:<"11"1 &$" 4/50 &07 3:0E+ "><"=4 :0 4/" 8:$" 1%#14&045&3 ?594/ =&5$@

A/" ?594/ 3%8#&$ F"$4"#$& /&1 & 8&115F" 4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11+ ;/5</ 51 <:0450%:%1

;54/ 4/" ;/:3" :9 4/" ="75<3" &07 "0<$:&</50E :0 4/" #:7'@ A/" #:7' 51 %1%&33' 4/"

3&$E"14 &07 8&$2"73' 7""="$ &04"$5:$3'+ 1: <:04$5#%450E 4: 4/" 3%8#:1&<$&3 &0E3"@

+CD ':L>E=

A/" 1&<$%8 51 & 3&$E"+ 4$5&0E%3&$ 9%15:0 %1%&33' :9 ?5F" F"$4"#$&"+ 1:8"458"1 15>+

9:$850E 4/" =:14"$5:$Y1%="$5:$ ;&33 :9 4/" ="3F5< <&F54'+ ;"7E"7 #"4;""0 4/" 4;: /5=

#:0"1 L500:850&4"1M@ H4 51 #3%04"7 &4 4/" <&%7&3 "07 L8:14 509"$5:$ "07M+ ;/"$" 54

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" <:<<'> &07 &4 541 1%="$5:$ "07 54 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" ;57" #&1"

:9 4/" ?594/ 3%8#&$ F"$4"#$& 9:$850E 4/" 3%8#:1&<$&3 &0E3"@ A/" 1&<$%8 51 <%$F"7

3:0E54%750&33'+ 4/" 7:$1&3 1%$9&<" 51 <:0F">+ &07 4/" ="3F5< 1%$9&<" 51 <:0<&F"+ 4/%1

50<$"&150E 4/" ="3F5< <&=&<54'@ A/" <%$F&4%$" 51 E$"&4"$ 50 8&3"1+ #"50E 8:$" 14$&5E/4

50 9"8&3"1@

c&4"$&33'+ 4/"$" &$" 4;: &%$5<%3&$ L"&$Y1/&="7M 1%$9&<"1 9:$ &$45<%3&45:0 ;54/ 4/"

500:850&4"1@ A/" 0%8#"$ :9 =&5$"7 9:$&850& 4"331 ':% /:; 8&0' F"$4"#$&" /&F"

9%1"7 4: 9:$8 4/" 1&<$%8K 59 9:%$ =&5$1+ 4/&0 ?5F" F"$4"#$&" /&F" 9%1"7 4: 9:$8 4/"



OO

1&<$%8K 59 ?5F" 9:$&850&+ 4/"0 15> F"$4"#$&" ;"$" 50F:3F"7 50 541 9:$8&45:0@ C4 458"1+

4/" U!" 3%8#&$ ;533 9%1" "54/"$ <:8=3"4"3' :$ 50<:8=3"4"3' ;54/ 4/" 1%="$5:$ 1&<$&3

1"E8"04@

H09"$5:$3'+ 4/" <:<<'E"&3 #:0"1 :9 9:%$ 4: ?5F" 1"E8"041 ;533+ &4 458"1+ &31: 9%1" ;54/

4/" 1&<$%8@

!%0<45:0&33'+ 4/" ;"5E/4 :9 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80 51 4$&018544"7 7:;0 4: 4/" 3&14

3%8#&$ F"$4"#$&+ 4/"0 :0 4: 4/" 1&<$%8+ 4/"0 4/" 500:850&4"1 &07 ?50&33' 4: 4/"

9"8%$1@

0ALLNO

A/" <:<<'> 51 & 18&33 4$5&0E%3&$ #:0"+ %1%&33' <:0151450E :9 9:%$ 9%1"7 $%758"04&$'

F"$4"#$&"+ &34/:%E/ 4/" 0%8#"$ F&$5"1 9$:8 4/$"" 4: ?5F" ;54/ 4/" ?5$14 1:8"458"1

#"50E 1"=&$&4"@ A/" #:0" 51 75$"<4"7 7:;0;&$71 &07 F"04$&33' 9$:8 4/" 1&<$&3 &=">@

H4 51 &44&</"7 4: 4/" 1&<$%8 #' & ?5#$:<&$453&E"0:%1 T:504+ 4/" 1&<$:<:<<'E"&3

1'8=/'151@

A/" <:<<'> 51 4/" $"80&04 :9 & F"145E5&3 4&53@ !%0<45:0&33' 54 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/"

&44&</8"04 :9 F&$5:%1 8%1<3"1+ 4"07:01 &07 35E&8"041 &1 ;"33 &1 1"$F50E &1 =&$4 :9



OR

4/" ;"5E/4Y#"&$50E 4$5=:7 14$%<4%$"+ ;/5</ &<41 &1 & 1%==:$4 9:$ 4/" 154450E ="$1:0@

./"0 & ="$1:0 1541 3"&050E 9:$;&$7+ 4/" 51</5&3 4%#"$:1545"1 &07 509"$5:$ $&85 :9 4/"

51</5%8 4&2" 8:14 :9 4/" ;"5E/4+ #%4 &1 4/" 154450E ="$1:0 3"&01 #&<2;&$7+ 8:$"

;"5E/4 51 4$&019"$$"7 4: 4/" <:<<'>@

+CD 'BD>;E=

A/" 14"$0%8 51 <:8=:1"7 :9 4/$"" 1"E8"041B 1%="$5:$3' 4/" 8&0%#$5%8+ 4/"

504"$8"75&4" #:7' &07 509"$5:$3' 4/" <&$453&E50:%1 4&#+ 4/" >5=/:57 =$:<"11@ C4 #5$4/

4/" 14"$0%8 51 <:8=:1"7 :9 ?5F" 1"=&$&4" #:0"1+ 4/" %=="$8:14 :9 ;/5</ 51 <&33"7

4/" 8&0%#$5%8+ 4/" 3:;"$ 9:%$ :9 ;/5</ 9$:8 4/" #:7'@ ["E8"041 4/$"" &07 9:%$ :9



OU

4/" #:7' 9%1" #"4;""0 R &07 Z '"&$1+ 1"E8"041 :0" &07 4;: 9%1" #"4;""0 Z &07 )U

'"&$1+ #' ;/5</ 458" 4/" #:7' 51 :0" =5"<"@ A/" 8&0%#$5%8 9%1"1 ;54/ 4/" #:7' i50

:37 &E"@j

A/" 4:4&3 3"0E4/ :9 4/" 14"$0%8 51 &==$:>58&4"3' -W <8 50 8&3"1 &07 3"11 50 9"8&3"1@

A/" $&45: #"4;""0 4/" 3"0E4/1 :9 4/" 8&0%#$5%8 4: 4/" 3"0E4/ :9 4/" #:7' 7599"$1

#"4;""0 4/" 1">"1@ H0 8&3"1 4/" 8&0%#$5%8B#:7' 3"0E4/ $&45: 51 RPB-,, LRP :$

#"3:;M &07 50 9"8&3"1 54 51 U)B-,, LU) :$ &#:F"M@ A/" 14"$0%8 8&' <:0450%" 4: E$:;

#"':07 4/" 4/5$7 7"<&7" &07 =:115#3' 4/$:%E/:%4 359"@

H41 &0&4:85< =:1545:0 51 1%</ 4/&4 54 13:="1 7:;0 &07 135E/43' 9:$;&$71+ #"50E <:0F">

50 9$:04 &07 <:0<&F" #"/507@ A/"$" &$" 0:4</"1+ 3&4"$&33' =3&<"7+ 4/&4 &<4 &1

&$45<%3&450E 9&<"41 9:$ 4/" <3&F5<3" L:0 4/" 8&0%#$5%8M &07 4/" ?5$14 1"F"0 $5#1 L:0

4/" 8&0%#$5%8 &07 4/" #:7'M@ A/" 8&0%#$5%8 51 3:<&4"7 &4 4/" 3"F"3 ;54/ 4/" 4/5$7

&07 9:%$4/ 4/:$&<5< F"$4"#$&"@ A/" #:7' 51 &4 4/" 3"F"3 :9 4/" ?594/ 4: 0504/ 4/:$&<5<

F"$4"#$&"@ A/" >'=/:57 =$:<"11 &0&4:85<&33' 51 3:<&4"7 50 4/" "=5E&14$5%8@

A/"$" &$" 4;: <:88:0 &0&4:85< F&$5&45:01 :9 4/" 14"$0%8+ S"<4%1 "><&F&4%8 &07

<&$50&4%8@ S"<4%1 "><&F&4%8 :<<%$1 50 &#:%4 - 50 U,, 35F" #5$4/1@ H4 1/:;1 &

7"=$"115:0 :9 4/" 14"$0%8 &07 &7T&<"04 <:14&3 <&$453&E"1 E5F50E 4/" </"14 & 9%00"3Y

1/&="7 </"14@ A/51 51 :94"0 &11:<5&4"7 ;54/ 7:$1&3 3:$7:151@ [:8" &31: 7"F"3:=

1<:35:151@ A/" 8&T:$54' :9 &99"<4"7 5075F57%&31 1/:; 15E01 :9 4/" &#0:$8&354' 50 4/"

?5$14 -) 8:04/1 :9 359"@ C34/:%E/+ 541 "45:3:E' 51 %020:;0+ 54 <&0 #" &11:<5&4"7 ;54/

]&$9&0k1 1'07$:8"@

S"<4%1 <&$05&4%8 51 &0 &04"$5:$ =$:T"<45:0 :9 4/" 14"$0%8+ :94"0 $"9"$$"7 4: &1

=5E":0 #$"&14 L</"14M@ H4 4'=5<&33' 51 =$"1"04 50 "&$3' </537/::7+ =$:E$"11"1 7%$50E

&7:3"1<"0<" &07 4/"0 $"8&501 4/" 1&8" 9$:8 &E" -Z 4/$:%E/:%4 &7%34/::7@

+CD ,KJ@

A/"$" &$" -) =&5$1 :9 $5#1+ 1"F"0 =&5$1 :9 ;/5</ &$45<%3&4" 75$"<43' 4: 4/" 14"$0%8

4/$:%E/ 4/"5$ <&$453&E"1+ /"0<" 4/"' &$" $"9"$$"7 4: &1 l4$%"k $5#1@ A/" :4/"$ ?5F" =&5$1

&$" $"9"$$"7 4: &1 l9&31"k $5#1 50 4/&4 4/"' "54/"$ 7: 0:4 &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" 14"$0%8

75$"<43' :$ 0:4 &4 &33@ V5#1 Z+ P &07 -, &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" 14"$0%8 4/$:%E/ 4/"

<&$453&E" :9 4/" 1"F"04/ $5#@ V5#1 -- &07 -) 7: 0:4 &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" 14"$0%8 :$



O*

&0' :4/"$ #:0"@ A/"5$ "071 $"8&50 9$"" <:F"$"7 #' <&$453&E"K /"0<" 4/"' &$" 4"$8"7

l?3:&450E $5#1k@

C33 $5#1 &$" &44&</"7 50 4/" #&<2 4: 4/" 4/:$&<5< F"$4"#$&"@ A/" 1=&<"1 #"4;""0 4/"

$5#1 &$" 20:;0 &1 504"$<:14&3 1=&<"1K 4/"' <:04&50 4/" 504"$<:14&3 8%1<3"1+ 0"$F"1+

&07 &$4"$5"1@

C4 4/" =:14"$5:$ "07 :9 "&</ $5# 51 & 1;"3350E <&33"7 4/" /"&7@ A/" /"&7 51 1"=&$&4"7

9$:8 &0:4/"$ 1;"3350E 4/" 4%#"$:154'+ #' & 1/:$4 0"<2@ [:8" :9 4/" /"&71 ;533 1/:;

4;: 9&<"41 9:$ &$45<%3&450E ;54/ 4/" 7"85Y9&<"41 :0 4/" #:75"1 :9 4/" 4/:$&<5<

F"$4"#$&"@ A/" 3:;"$ &07 3&$E"$ 9&<"4 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" #:7' :9 4/" <:$$"1=:0750E

F"$4"#$&+ 541 <$"141 &44&</50E 4: 4/" 504"$F"$4"#$&3 751< &#:F" 54@ A/" 4%#"$:154' /&1 &

9&<"4 9:$ &$45<%3&450E ;54/ 4/" 9&<"4 &4 4/" "07 :9 4/" 4$&01F"$1" =$:<"11 :0 4/"

F"$4"#$&"@



OW

A/" /%8&0 $5# <:015141 :9 * =&$41B A/" /"&7+ &1 5075<&4"7 &#:F"+ 51 &4 4/" =:14"$5:$

"07 :9 4/" $5#+ ;/5</ 8"&01 54 51 <3:1"14 4: 4/" F"$4"#$&3 <:3%80K 4/" <:14:F"$4"#$&3

T:5041 &$" 4/" &$45<%3&45:01 4/&4 <:00"<4 4/" /"&71 :9 4/" $5#1 4: 4/" 4/:$&<5<

F"$4"#$&"K 4/" 0"<2 51 4/" ?3&44"0"7 =:$45:0 ;/5</ ">4"071 3&4"$&3;&$7 9$:8 4/"

/"&7K 4/" 4%#"$<3" 51 &0 "850"0<" :0 4/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<"K 4/" &0E3" 51 4/" #"0750E

=&$4 &07 4/" <:14&3 E$::F" 51 & E$::F" #"4;""0 4/" $57E" :9 4/" 504"$0&3 1%$9&<" :9

4/" $5# &07 4/" 509"$5:$ #:$7"$@

A/"$" &$" 9:%$ =&5$1 :9 &4'=5<&3 $5#1B A/" ?5$14 $5# 51 & ;57" 1/&94 4/&4 51 0"&$3'

/:$56:04&3 &07 /&1 4/" 1/&$="14 <%$F" :9 4/" 1"F"0 4$%" $5#1@ H41 /"&7 /&1 & 150E3"

9&<"4 4: &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" ?5$14 4/:$&<5< F"$4"#$&@ H4 &31: /&1 4;: E$::F"1 9:$ 4/"

1%#<3&F5&0 F"11"31L&$4"$' &07 F"50MK 4/" 1"<:07 $5# 51 4/500"$+ 3"11 <%$F"7+ &07

3:0E"$ 4/&0 4/" ?5$14 $5#@ H4 /&1 4;: 9&<"41 4: &$45<%3&4" ;54/ A) &07 A-+ &07 &

4%#"$<3" 9:$ 8%1<3"1 4: &44&</ 4:K 4/" --!" &07 -)!" $5#1 /&F" :03' :0" 9&<"4 :0 4/"5$

/"&7K 4/"' &$" 1/:$4 ;54/ 0: 0"<21 :$ 4%#"$<3"1@ A/"5$ =:504"7 &04"$5:$ "071

4"$850&4" ;54/ <&$453&E" 50 4/" &#7:850&3 ;&33@ A/" -)!" $5# 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/"



OZ

&44&</8"04 :9 0%8"$:%1 8%1<3"1 &07 35E&8"041@ A/" &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<" 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/"

&44&</8"04 :9 4/" 504"$0&3 504"$<:14&3 8%1<3"+ <:14:4$&01F"$1" 35E&8"04+ 75&=/$&E8+

=3"%$&3 $"?3"<45:0 &07 4/" G%&7$&4%1 3%8#:$5%8@ A/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" 1"$F"1 9:$

4/" &44&</8"04 :9 4/" 3&451158%1 7:$15+ ">4"$0&3 :#35G%"+ 1"$$&4%1 =:14"$5:$ 509"$5:$+

">4"$0&3 504"$<:14&3 8%1<3" 3"F&4:$ <:14&" &07 "$"<4:$ 1=50&"@

`&$5&45:01 50 4/" 0%8#"$ :9 $5#1 7: :<<%$@ C#:%4 - 50 ),, =":=3" /&F" &0 &77545:0&3

<"$F5<&3 $5# ;54/ & 9"8&3" =$"7:850&0<"@ H04$&4/:$&<5< 1%="$0%8"$&$' $5#1 &$"

">4$"8"3' $&$"@

e51450E%51/50E 4/" $5E/4 $5#1 9$:8 4/" 3"94 <&0 #" &<<:8=351/"7 #' 0:450E & 0%8#"$

:9 &0&4:85< 9"&4%$"1@ A/" ?5$14 $5# 51 #$:&7 &07 ?3&4+ ;/5</ 751450E%51/"1 54 9$:8 4/"

:4/"$ $5#1@ A/" 1%="$5:$ 1%$9&<" /&1 4;: E$::F"1+ :0" <&$$5"1 4/" 1%#<3&F5&0 &$4"$'

&07 4/" :4/"$+ 4/" 1%#<3&F5&0 F"50@ .54/ 4/" /"&7 4: $"&$+ &07 4/" 4:= 1%$9&<" $"&753'

57"045?5&#3"+ 4/" $5E/4 &07 3"94 -#! $5#1 &$" "&153' 7"4"$850"7@

A/" $"8&5050E $5#1 &$" &31: "&153' 57"045?5"7@ I:37 4/" $5# ;54/ 4/" /"&7 4: 4/" $"&$K

$"8"8#"$50E 4/" $5#1 <%$F" :%4;&$7 &07 7:;0;&$7@ a:% ;533 &31: 0:4" 4/" 1%="$5:$

#:$7"$ 51 $:%07"7+ ;/53" 4/" 509"$5:$ #:$7"$ 51 1/&$=@

+CD GA;D@ AH BCD "PPD> *K=J8 'L:PEF:8 :;< 0F:MKLFD

'L:PEF:

A/" 1<&=%3& 51 =&$4 :9 4/" %=="$ 358# #:0"1 $&4/"$ 4/&0 4/" 4:$1:@ H41 <:00"<45:0

;54/ 4/" 4$%02 51 5075$"<4@ A/51 <:00"<45:0 51 4/$:%E/ 4/" &<$:85:0 =$:<"11+ ;/5</

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 3&4"$&3 "07 :9 4/" <3&F5<3"+ 4/" 8"75&3 "07 :9 ;/5</ &$45<%3&4"1

;54/ 4/" 14"$0%8@ c&4"$&33' 54 <:00"<41 ;54/ 4/" /%8"$%1 L&$8 #:0"M@

H4 51 & 3&$E"+ ?3&4 4$5&0E%3&$ #:0"+ ;/5</ 35"1 :0 4/" =:14"$:3&4"$&3 &1="<4 :9 4/" </"14

;&33+ <:F"$50E =&$41 :9 4/" 1"<:07 4: 1"F"04/ $5#1@ C4 4/" 4:= :9 4/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<"

:9 4/" 1<&=%3& 51 & 1/"39Y352" #:0" <&33"7 4/" 1=50"@ A/" 1=50" 50<$"&1"1 50 8&11 &1 54

E:"1 9$:8 8"75&3 4: 3&4"$&3@ C4 51 8:14 3&4"$&3 =:504 51 4/" &<$:85:0 =$:<"11@ A/"

1=50" 75F57"1 4/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" 504: 4;: %0"G%&3 =&$41K 4/" =:$45:0 &#:F" 4/"

1=50" 51 <&33"7 4/" 1%=$&1=50:%1 9:11&+ ;/5</ 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/" &44&</8"04 :9 4/"

1%=$&1=50&4%1 8%1<3"+ &07 4/&4 #"3:; 4/" 509$&1=50:%1 9:11&+ ;/5</ 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/"

&44&</8"04 :9 4/" 509$&1=50&4%1 8%1<3"@ A/" %=="$ =&$4 :9 4/" 9:11& <:04&501 &

4$&01F"$1" 7"=$"115:0+ ;/"$" 4/" #:0" &=="&$1 4: #" #"04 :0 541"39 &3:0E & 350" 4/&4



OP

51 &4 $5E/4 &0E3"1 4: &07 =&1150E 4/$:%E/ 4/" <"04"$ :9 4/" E3"0:57 <&F54'+ ;/5</

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" /%8"$%1+ 9:$850E &0 &0E3"+ <&33"7 4/" 1%#1<&=%3&$ &0E3"@ e%" 4:

4/" &$</ 9:$8&45:0 :9 4/" 1%#1<&=%3&$ &0E3" 54 E5F"1 &77"7 14$"0E4/ 4: 4/" #:7'+

;/53" 4/" 1%8854 :9 4/" &$</ 1%==:$41 4/" 1=50" &07 &<$:85&0@

A/" /"&7 :9 4/" 1<&=%3& <:04&501 4/" 135E/43' <:0<&F"+ 1/&33:; E3"0:57 9:11& 9:$

&$45<%3&45:0 ;54/ 4/" /"&7 :9 4/" /%8"$%1@ N>4"0750E %=;&$7 &07 9:$;&$7 9$:8 4/"

9:11& 51 4/" <:$&<:57 =$:<"11@ !%0<45:0&33' 4/" <:$&<:57 &07 &<$:85:0 9:$8 &

=$:4"<45F" &$</ :F"$ 4/" /"&7 :9 4/" /%8"$%1 =$"F"0450E %=;&$7 7513:<&45:0@

A/" &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<" /&1 & #$:&7 <:0<&F54' <&33"7 4/" 1%#1<&=%3&$ 9:11&+ ;/5</

1"$F"1 9:$ 4/" &44&</8"04 :9 4/" 1%#1<&=%3&$51@

e%" 4: 4/" 4$5&0E%3&$ 1/&=" :9 4/" 1<&=%3& 54 9:$81 4/$"" &0E3"1@ A/" &="> &4 4/"

#&1" 51 4"$8"7+ 4/" 509"$5:$ &0E3"+ 4/" %=="$ 8"75&3 <:$0"$ 4/" 8"75&3 :$ 504"$5:$

&0E3"+ 4/" 3&4"$&3 &0E3" 51 T%14 %07"$ 4/" E3"0:57 9:11&@

A/" 1<&=%3& /&1 4/$"" #:$7"$1B 4/" 1%="$5:$ #:$7"$ 51 4/" 1/:$4"14 &07 4/500"14K 54 51

<:0<&F"+ ">4"0750E 9$:8 4/" 8"75&3 &0E3" 4: 4/" #&1" :9 4/" <:$&<:57 =$:<"11+ ':%



R,

;533 0:4" & 0:4</ 50 4/" 1%="$5:$ #:$7"$+ ;/5</ 51 E"0"$&33' 7""="$ 50 8&3"1 4/&0

9"8&3"1K 4/" &>533&$' #:$7"$ L3&4"$&3M 51 4/" 4/5<2"14 :9 4/" 4/$""@ H4 #"E501 &#:F" 4/"

3:;"$ 8&$E50 :9 4/" E3"0:57 <&F54'+ &07 50<350"1 :#35G%"3' 7:;0;&$7 &07 #&<2;&$7

4: 4/" 509"$5:$ &0E3"K 4/" F"$4"#$&3 #:$7"$ L8"75&3M 51 4/" 3:0E"14 :9 4/" 4/$""+ &07

">4"071 9$:8 4/" 8"75&3 4: 4/" 509"$5:$ &0E3"@

+CD 0F:MKLFD

C34/:%E/ 4/" <3&F5<3" 51 & 1/:$4 #:0"+ 54 51 &<4%&33' <3&115?5"7 &1 & 3:0E #:0" 4/&4 51

/:$56:04&33' =:1545:0"7 4:;&$7 4/" 4:= :9 4/" 1/:%37"$g$::4 :9 4/" 0"<2+ 3:<&4"7

75$"<43' &#:F" 4/" ?5$14 $5#@ NF"0 4/:%E/ 54 51 <3&115?5"7 &1 & 3:0E #:0"+ 4/" <3&F5<3"

/&1 0: 8"7%33&$' L#:0" 8&$$:;M <&F54'+ 352" 4/" :4/"$ 3:0E #:0"1@ H4 51 <:8=:1"7 :9

1=:0E' L<&0<"33:%1M #:0" ;54/ & 1/"33 :9 <:8=&<4 #:0"@ H0 &<4%&354' 54 51 & 7"$8&3

#:0" 7"$5F"7 9$:8 "3"8"041 :$5E50&33' &44&</"7 4: 4/" 12%33@

e"$8&3 #:0" 51 & #:0" 7"$5F"7 9$:8 504$&8"8#$&0:%1 :115?5<&45:0K :4/"$ ">&8=3"1

:9 #:0" 7"$5F"7 9$:8 504$&8"8#$&0:%1 :115?5<&45:0 &$" 4/" #:0"1 :9 4/" <&3F&$5%8

&07 T&;@

A/" <3&F5<3" 8&2"1 %= =&$4 :9 4/" 1/:%37"$ E5$73"@ A/" 0&8" i<3&F5<3"+j ;/5</ 8"&01

ic5443" h"'j <:8"1 9$:8 4/" 9&<4 4/&4 ;/"0 4/" 1/:%37"$ 51 &#7%<4"7+ 4/" <3&F5<3"

$:4&4"1 &3:0E 541 &>51+ T%14 &1 & 2"' $:4&4"1 &3:0E 541 &>51 ;/"0 4%$0"7@ ]"75&33' 54

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" <3&F5<%3&$ 0:4</ :9 4/" 8&0%#$5%8 14"$05 &07 4/" ?5$14 <:14&3

<&$453&E" L?5$14 $5#M@ A/" 3&4"$&3 "07 51 $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" &<$:85&3 "07+ ;/5</

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 8"75&3 157" :9 4/" &<$:85&0 &4 4/" &<$:85:<3&F5<%3&$ T:504@

A/" <3&F5<3" 9:$81 & 135E/4 [Y<%$F"+ ;54/ 541 8"75&3 "07 #"50E $:%07"7 &07 541 3&4"$&3

"07 #"50E ?3&44"0"7@

A/" 9"8&3" <3&F5<3" 51 1/:$4"$+ 4/500"$+ 3"11 <%$F"7 &07 18::4/"$+ &07 541 &<$:85&3

"07 51 <&$$5"7 3:;"$ 4/&0 4/" 14"$0&3 "07 50 <:8=&$51:0 ;54/ 4/" 8&3"@ H0 8&3"1 4/"

&<$:85&3 "07 51 :0 3"F"3 ;54/+ :$ 135E/43' /5E/"$ 4/&0+ 4/" 14"$0&3 "07 ;/"0 4/" &$8 51

/&0E50E 7:;0@ ]571/&94 <5$<%89"$"0<" 51 4/" 8:14 $"35&#3" 150E3" 5075<&45:0 :9 1">+

&34/:%E/ & <:8#50&45:0 :9 4/51 8"&1%$"8"04 ;54/ ;"5E/4 &07 3"0E4/ '5"371 & #"44"$

$"1%34@ H0 4/:1" ;/: 7: 8&0%&3 3&#:$+ 4/" <3&F5<3" 51 4/5<2"$+ &07 541 $57E"1 9:$

8%1<%3&$ &44&</8"04 &$" =$:850"04@



R-

A/" <3&F5<3" /&1 4/$"" 9%07&8"04&3 9%0<45:01B H4 1"$F"1 &1 & $5E57 1%==:$4 9$:8

;/5</ 4/" 1<&=%3& &07 4/" %=="$ ">4$"854' &$" 1%1="07"7@ A/51 &33:;1 9:$ 4/" %=="$

">4$"854' 4: 14&' <3"&$ :9 4/" 3&4"$&3 ;&33 :9 4/" 4/:$&> E5F50E 4/" %=="$ ">4$"854' &

8&>58%8 $&0E" :9 8:45:0K 54 <:F"$1 4/" <"$F5<:&>533&$' <&0&3 L=&11&E";&' #"4;""0

4/" 0"<2 &07 &$8M+ 4/$:%E/ ;/5</ 1"F"$&3 58=:$4&04 14$%<4%$"1 =&11K 54 4$&018541

=/'15<&3 58=&<41 9$:8 4/" %=="$ 358# 4: 4/" &>5&3 12"3"4:0@

A/"$" &$" 1:8" 504"$"1450E =:5041 4: $"8"8#"$ <:0<"$050E 4/" <3&F5<3"@ H4 51 4/" ?5$14#:0" 4: #"E50 4/" =$:<"11 :9 :115?5<&45:0+ ;/5</ 51 4/" 7"=:1545:0 :9 850"$&31 :04: &

=$"9:$8"7 8&4$5> 7%$50E 4/" 7"F"3:=8"04 :9 4/" "8#$':+ 7%$50E 4/" U !" &07 *!"

;""21 :9 E"14&45:0@ H4 51 &31: :0" :9 4/" 3&14 #:0"1 4: ?5051/ :115?5<&45:0+ 7:50E 1:

&$:%07 )- 4: )U '"&$1 :9 &E"@ A/" <3&F5<3" <&0 &31: #" %1"9%3 9:$ &E50E ':%0E &7%341



R)

#&1"7 :0 "=5=/'1"&3 %05:0 :9 4/" 8"75&3 &07 3&4"$&3 "071@ C34/:%E/ 54 51 1&57 4/&4 4/"

<3&F5<3" 9:$81 #' 504$&8"8#$&0:%1 :115?5<&45:0+ 54 51 0:4 "><3%15F"@

H4 51 $"3&45F"3' 158=3" 4: 4"33 4/" $5E/4 9$:8 4/" 3"94 <3&F5<3"1@ A/" 8"75&3 "07

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 14"$0%8 &07 ?5$14 $5# &07 51 1/&="7 1:8";/&4 352" 4/" /"&7 :9 &

<3%#@ A/" 3&4"$&3 "07 51 ?3&44"0"7+ 1%="$5:$3' 509"$5:$3'+ &07 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/"

&<$:85&0 =$:<"11 :9 4/" 1<&=%3&@ X:4" 4/&4 ;/"$" 4/" <3&F5<3" =&11"1 :F"$ 4/"

<:$&<:57 =$:<"11 :9 4/" 1<&=%3& 4/"$" 51 & $:%E/"0"7 &$"&+ ;/5</ 51 <&33"7 & 4%#"$<3"+

:0 541 509"$5:$ 1%$9&<"@ A/51 <:$&<:57 4%#"$<3" L;/5</ 51 541 0&8"M 51 &31: =:14"$5:$3'

=3&<"7 :0 4/" 509"$5:$ 1%$9&<"@ I:37 4/" <3&F5<3" 1: 4/&4 4/" <:$&<:57 4%#"$<3" 51

7:;0 &07 4: 4/" $"&$@ X:; =3&<" 54 50 ':%$ #:7'+ $"8"8#"$50E 4/&4 4/" 3&4"$&3 &1="<4

=:5041 &;&' 9$:8 4/" #:7'@

+CD !E=D>E@

A/" /%8"$%1 51 4/" 3:0E"14 &07 3&$E"14 #:0" 50 4/" %=="$ 358# &07 51 4'=5<&3 9:$ &

3:0E #:0" 50 4/&4 54 /&1 &0 ">=&07"7 =$:>58&3 &07 7514&3 "07 &1 <:8=&$"7 4: 4/"

1/&94@



RO

A/" $:%07"7 /"&7 :<<%=5"1 4/" =$:>58&3 &07 8"75&3 =&$4 :9 4/" %=="$ "07 :9 4/"

#:0" &07 51 4/" /%8"$%1k1 8:14 <:01=5<%:%1 9"&4%$"@ H4 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" E3"0:57

9:11& :9 4/" 1<&=%3& &1 & #&33Y&07Y1:<2"4 T:504+ #%4 %0352" 4/&4 :9 4/" 9"8%$ &07

&<"4&#%3%8+ & F"$' 9$"" T:504 ="$854450E ">4$"8"3' 9$"" 8:F8"04 :9 4/" &$8 &07

1/:%37"$+ <:01"G%"043' 54 51 "&153' 7513:<&4"7@

]:$" 3&4"$&33' :0 4/" =$:>58&3 "07 &$" 4/" 3"11"$ 4%#"$:154'+ 9&<50E 9:$;&$7+ &07 4/"

E$"&4"$ 4%#"$:154' :0 4/" 3&4"$&3 157"@ A/"1" 4;: 4%#"$:1545"1 &$" 3:<&4"7 :0 4/"

&04"$5:$ &1="<4 :9 4/" /%8"$%1@ A/" 3"11"$ 4%#"$:154' 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/" &44&</8"04 :9

4/" 1%#1<&=%3&$51 &07 4/" E$"&4"$ 9:$ &44&</8"041 :9 4/" 1%=$&1=50&4%1 L%=="$

8:14M+ 509$&1=50&4%1 L85773"M &07 4"$"1 850:$ L3:;"14+ 3:<&4"7 :0 4/" =:14"$5:$

1%$9&<"M@ A/"$" 51 & 7""= E$::F" #"4;""0 4/" 4;: <&33"7 4/" #5<5=54&3 E$::F"

L504"$4%#"$<%3&$ 1%3<%1M+ ;/5</ <:04&501 4/" 3:0E 4"07:0 :9 4/" #5<"=1@

C==$:>58&4"3' /&39;&' 7:;0 4/" 1/&94 51 & $&51"7 $%E:154' <&33"7 4/" 7"34:57

4%#"$:154'+ ;/5</ 51 9:$ 4/" 501"$45:0 :9 4/" 7"34:57 8%1<3"@

A/" 7514&3 "07 :9 4/" /%8"$%1 /&1 4;: 58=:$4&04 T:504 1%$9&<"1+ 4/" <:07'3"1+ ;/5</

&$" &<4%&33' <:0450%:%1@ A/" 8"75&3 =&$4 :9 4/" <:8#50"7 1%$9&<" 51 4/" 4$:</3"&+ :$

8"75&3 <:07'3"+ ;54/ ;/5</ 4/" %30& &$45<%3&4"1@ A/" %30& 8:F"1 :0 4/" 4$:</3"& 50 &

/50E"7 9&1/5:0@ A/" 3&4"$&3 <:07'3"+ :$ <&=54%3%8+ 9&<5354&4"1 $:4&45:0 :9 4/" $&75%1

$"E&$73"11 :9 /:; 8%</ :$ 35443" 4/" "3#:; 51 #"04@ A/"$" &$" 4;: 9:11&" T%14 &#:F"

4/" <:07'3"1@ A/" <:$:0:57 9:11& :0 4/" &04"$5:$ &1="<4 &<<"=41 4/" <:$:0:57

=$:<"11 :9 4/" %30&+ &07 4/" $&75&3 9:11& 4/" =$:>58&3 "07 :9 4/" $&75%1@ A/"

=:14"$5:$ &1="<4 :9 4/" <:07'3"1 :9 4/" /%8"$%1 1/:;1 & 7""= 9:11&+ 4/" :3"<$&0:0

9:11&+ ;/5</ &<<:88:7&4"1 4/" :3"<$&0:0 =$:<"11 :9 4/" =$:>58&3 "07 :9 4/" %30&@

Q0 :<<&15:0 ':% 8&' 1"" /:3"1 50 4/" 9:11&+ ;/5</ <&0 #" 7%" 4: /'="$">4"015:0 :9

4/" "3#:;@ A/"1" /:3"1 &$" 8:$" :94"0 1""0 50 9"8&3"1@ _:4/ <:07'3"1 ;533 /&F"

"=5<:07'3"1+ 4/" 8"75&3 #"50E 4/" 3&$E"$@ A/51 9"&4%$" 1/:%37 /"3= ':% 50 :$5"0450E

4/" /%8"$%1 &1 4: $5E/4 :$ 3"94@

A/" 3:;"$ &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 8"75&3 "=5<:07'3" 1"$F"1 &1 &0 &44&</8"04 9:$ 4/"

?3">:$ 8%1<3"1@ A/" %30& 0"$F" =&11"1 &<$:11 4/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 8"75&3

"=5<:07'3"@ A/" 3&4"$&3 &07 &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/" 3&4"$&3 "=5<:07'3" 1"$F" &1 &

=:504 9:$ &44&</8"04 :9 4/" 1%="$?5<5&3 ">4"01:$ 8%1<3"1 :9 4/" 9:$"&$8@ C 18&33 &$"&



RR

:0 541 =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" E5F"1 :$5E50 4: 4/" &0<:0"%1 8%1<3"+ ;/5</ 51 #"35"F"7 4: #" &

<:0450%&45:0 :9 4/" 4$5<"=1 #$&</55 8%1<3"@ A/51 8%1<3" &11514 50 ">4"015:0 :9 4/"

"3#:;+ 54 &31: =$"F"041 4/" "3#:; T:504 #"50E =50</"7 50 4/" :3"<$&0:0 9:11& 7%$50E

">4"015:0 :9 4/" "3#:;@

+CD "F;: :;< ,:<KE@

A/" %30& 51 8"75&3 4: 4/" $&75%1 50 4/" 1%=50&4"7 9:$"&$8@ C4 541 =$:>58&3 "07 54 51

1/&="7 352" & /::2 ;54/ 4/" <:0<&F54' :9 4/" /::2 75$"<4"7 9:$;&$7@ Q0 4/" 3&4"$&3

1%$9&<" 51 & 1/&$= 504"$:11":%1 <$"14+ ;/5</ 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/" &44&</8"04 :9 4/"

504"$:11":%1 8"8#$&0"@ A/" 504"$:11"5:%1 8"8#$&0" 1"$F"1 &1 & 1:%$<" :9 8%1<3"

&44&</8"04@ A/" #:0" 7585051/"1 =$:E$"115F"3' 50 8&11 &1 54 =$:<""71 7514&33'@ C4 541



RU

7514&3 "07 54 ">=&071 504: & 18&33 $:%07"7 /"&7 &07 14'3:57 =$:<"11@ X:4" 4/"

&$45<%3&450E 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 3&4"$&3 &1="<4 :9 4/" /"&7 :9 4/" %30&@ A/51 1%$9&<" ="$8541

4/" =$:>58&3 "07 :9 4/" $&75%1 4: $:4&4"@ A/" %30& 50 &<4%&354' 4&2"1 0: 75$"<4 =&$4 50

4/" ;$514 T:504@

A/" $&75%1 51 4/" 3&4"$&3 #:0" :9 4/" 9:$"&$8@ H4 /&1 ">=&07"7 =$:>58&3 &07 7514&3

"071@ A/" =$:>58&3 "07 <:015141 :9 4/" /"&7+ 0"<2 &07 4%#"$:154'@ A/" 4%#"$:154' 51

3:<&4"7 &#:%4 &0 50</ 7:;0 &07 51 & $&51"7 :F&3+ $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" #5<"=1 4%#"$:154'+

;/5</ 1"$F"1 &1 4/" =:504 :9 &44&</8"04 :9 4/" #5<"=1 8%1<3"@ A/51 4%#"$:154' 51 :0

4/" &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" $&75%1 &07 51 135E/43' 8"75&3@ C3:0E 541 8"75&3 #:$7"$ 51 &

1/&$= <$"14+ ;/5</ 1"$F"1 &1 4/" &44&</8"04 9:$ 4/" 504"$:11":%1 8"8#$&0"@ e514&33'

4/" $&75%1 51 8:$" 8&115F" 4/&0 4/" %30&+ "0750E 50 & 3&$E" <:0<&F" &$45<%3&$ 1%$9&<"+

;/5</ &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" =$:>58&3 $:; :9 <&$=&3 L;$514M #:0"1@ H41 8:14 7514&3

=$:T"<45:0 51 4/" 14'3:57 =$:<"11@

+CD !:;<



R*

A/" /&07 <:015141 :9 4/" <&$=%1+ 8"4&<&$=%1 &07 4/" =/&3&0E"1@ A/"$" &$" & 4:4&3 :9

"5E/4 18&33 <&$=&3 #:0"1 &$$&0E"7 50 4;: =&$&33"3 $:;1+ ;/5</ 9:$8 4/" ;$514+ 9:%$ 50

4/" =$:>58&3 &07 9:%$ 50 4/" 7514&3@ c::250E &4 4/" ;$514 9$:8 4/" =&38&$ 1%$9&<" &07

=$:<""750E 9$:8 4/" $&75&3 L3&4"$&3M 157" 4: 4/" %30& L8"75&3M 157" 51 4/" =$:>58&3

$:;+ ;/5</ 51 <:8=:1"7 :9 4/" 1<&=/:57+ 3%0&4"+ 4$5G%"4$%8 &07 =5159:$8@

S$:<""750E 50 4/" 1&8" 9&1/5:0+ 4/" 7514&3 $:; 51 <:8=:1"7 :9 4/" 4$&="65%8+

4$&="6:57+ <&=54&4" &07 /&8&4"@ A/" 1<&=/:57+ 3%0&4" &07 4$5G%"4$%8 9:$8 &0 &$</+

;54/ 4/" =$:>58&3 1%$9&<" #"50E <:0F">+ &$45<%3&450E ;54/ 4/" $&75%1 &07 4/"

&$45<%3&$ 751< :9 4/" 7514&3 $&75:Y%30&$ T:504@ A/" <:0<&F54' :9 4/" &$</ &$45<%3&4"1

;54/ 4/" <&=54&4" &07 /&8&4"@ A/" =5159:$8 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" =&38&$ 1%$9&<" :9

4/" 4$5G%"4$%8 &07 0:4 ;54/ 4/" 7514&3 "07 :9 4/" $&75%1@

c::250E &4 4/" =&38"$ L&04"$5:$M 1%$9&<" :9 4/" ;$514 ':% ;533 0:4" 4/" 4"07:01 :9 4/"

8%1<3"1+ ;/5</ 35" 50 4/" 9:$"&$8 &07 &$" $"1=:015#3" 9:$ ?3">5:0 :9 4/" ?50E"$1@ A/"

">4"01:$ 4"07:01 35" :0 4/" #&<2 :9 4/" ;$514@ A/" 8&T:$54' :9 4/" 8:F"8"041 :9 4/"

/&07 ;54/ 4/" "><"=45:0 9:$ :==:1545:0 :9 4/" 4/%8# &$" #$:%E/4 &#:%4 #' 8%1<3"1+

;/5</ 35" 50 4/" 9:$"&$8+ 1:8" :$5E50&450E &1 /5E/ &1 4/" "=5<:07'3"1 :9 4/" /%8"$%1@

A/"$" &$" ?5F" 8"4&<&$=&3 #:0"1+ ;/5</ &$" 8505&4%$" 3:0E #:0"1 50 4/&4 4/"' <:01514

:9 & 7514&3 /"&7+ 1/&94 &07 ">=&07"7 #:0"@ A/" $:%07"7 /"&7 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/"

=$:>58&3 =/&3&0E"1@ A/" 8"4&<&$=&3 /"&71 =$:7%<"1 4/" 20%<23"1@ A/" 8"4&<&$=&3

#&1"1 &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" 7514&3 <&$=&3 $:; &07 ;54/ "&</ :4/"$+ "><"=4 4/" -#! &07

1"<:07@ A/" 8"4&<&$=&31 50<$"&1" 50 4/5<20"11 9$:8 ` 4: H L35443" ?50E"$ 4: 4/%8#M@

A/" 3"0E4/ :9 4/" 8"4&<&$=&31 50<$"&1"1 9$:8 ` 4: HH+ ;54/ H L4/" 4/%8#M #"50E 4/"

1/:$4"14@ H0 <:04$&141 4: 4/" 8"4&4&$1&31 :9 4/" 9::4+ 4/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/"

8"4&<&$=&31 &$" #$:&7 50 75&8"4"$+ 4/:1" :9 4/" 8"4&4&$1&31 &$" 0&$$:;"$ L#%4 9:$

4/&4 :9 4/" #5E 4:"+ HM

A/"$" &$" -R =/&3&0E"1+ 4/$"" 50 "&</ ?50E"$ &07 4;: 50 4/" 4/%8#@ N&</ /&1 & /"&7+

1/&94 &07 =$:>58&3 #&1"@ A/" 1/&94 4&="$1 7514&33'+ 541 7:$1&3 1%$9&<" #"50E

4$&01F"$1"3' <:0F">@ A/" =&38&$ 1%$9&<" 51 4$&01F"$1"3' ?3&4+ #%4 E"043' <:0<&F"

&04"$5:$3' 50 541 3:0E &>51@ A/" #&1"1 :9 4/" =$:>58&3 =/&3&0E"1 <&$$' <:0<&F"+ :F&3

9&<"41+ &7&=4"7 4: 4/" 8"4&<&$=&3 /"&71@ A/" #&1"1 :9 4/" 85773" =/&3&0E"1 /&F"

4;: <:0<&F" 9&<"41 1"=&$&4"7 #' & 18::4/ $57E"+ <:09:$850E 4: 4/" /"&71 :9 4/"



RW

=$:>58&3 =/&3&0E"1@ A/" #&1"1 :9 4/" 7514&3 =/&3&0E"1 &$" &7&=4"7 4: 4/" /"&71 :9

4/" 85773" =/&3&0E"1@ A/" /"&71 :9 4/" 7514&3 =/&3&0E"1 &$" 0:0Y&$45<%3&$ &07 /&F"

& $:%E/+ <$"1<"04$5< =&38&$ 4%#"$:154' 4: ;/5</ 4/" =%3=1 :9 4/" ?50E"$45=1 &$"

&44&</"7@ H0 <:04$&14 4: 4/" =/&3&0E"1 :9 4/" 9::4 4/:1" :9 4/" /&07 &$" ?3&4 :0 4/"

=&38&$ 1%$9&<"+ &07 $:%07"7 :0 4/" =:14"$5:$ L7:$1&3M 1%$9&<"@

GA;D@ AH BCD *AQD> *K=J8 -;;A=K;:BD8 :;< 2:BDFF:

A/" 500:850&4" L/5= #:0"M 51 & 3&$E"+ ?3&44"0"7+ 5$$"E%3&$3' 1/&="7 #:0" <:014$5<4"7

50 4/" <"04"$ &07 ">=&07"7 &#:F" &07 #"3:;@ H0 &<4%&354' 4/"$" &$" 4;: /5=#:0"1+

$5E/4 &07 3"94 ;54/ "&</ <:8=:1"7 :9 4/$"" 1"=&$&4" #:0"1+ 4/" 535%8+ 51</5%8 &07

=%#5< #:0"@ A/" /5=#:0"1 &$" <:00"<4"7 4: "&</ :4/"$ &04"$5:$3' &4 4/" =%#5<

1'8=/'151+ &07 =:14"$5:$3' 4: 4/" 1&<$%8 &4 4/" 1&<$:535&< T:5041 4: 9:$8 4/" ="3F5<

$50E@ A/" ="3F5< $50E 51 & #&150Y1/&="7 $50E :9 #:0"1+ ;/5</ <:00"<4 4/" F"$4"#$&3

<:3%80 4: 4/" 9"8%$1@

A/" 3&4"$&3 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 500:850&4" /&1 & 7""=+ <%=Y1/&="7 &<"4&#%3%8+ ;/5</

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 9"8:$&3 /"&7@ C04"$5:$ &07 509"$5:$ 4: 4/" &<"4&#%3%8 51 & 3&$E"+

:F&3 4: 4$5&0E%3&$ 1=&<" 9:$8"7 #' 4/" 51</5%8 &07 =%#51 <&33"7 4/" :#4%$&4:$



RZ

9:$&8"0@ C#:F" 4/" &<"4&#%35%8 51 4/" 535%8+ ;/5</ ;57"01 &1 54 E:"1 1%="$5:$+

9:$850E & #$:&7 =3&4" ;54/ 4/" <:0?5E%$&45:0 :9 & ;50E+ ;/5</ 1%="$5:$3' 4"$850&4"1

50 & <%$F"&3 <$"14@

A/"1" 4/$"" #:0"1 &33 8""4 50 4/" &<"4&#%3%8 9:$850E $:%E/3' & a 1/&="7 350"@ A/"

3&$E"14 :9 4/"1" 4/$"" #:0"1 51 4/" 535%8+ ;/5</ 51 1%="$5:$ 4: 4/" &<"4&#%3%8@ A/"

0">4 3&$E"14 51 4/" 51</5%8+ ;/5</ 51 =:14"$5:$3' =3&<"7@ A/" 3&14 51 4/" =%#51+ ;/5</

51 &04"$5:$3' =3&<"7 &07 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 541 57"045<&3 4;50 &4 4/" 1'8=/'151@ b= %0453

3&4" </537/::7 4/"1" #:0"1 &$" T:50"7 4:E"4/"$ #' <&$453&E"+ 9%150E 50 &7%341@

A/" =$58&$' 9%0<45:0 :9 4/" #:0"1 :9 4/" ="3F51 51 4: 1%==:$4 4/" ;"5E/4 :9 4/" %=="$

#:7' ;/"0 154450E :$ 14&0750E@ H4 51 &31: 7"15E0"7 4: 4$&019"$ 4/" ;"5E/4 9$:8 4/"

&>5&3 12"3"4:0 4: 4/" 3:;"$ &=="075<%3&$ 12"3"4:0 ;/"0 14&0750E :$ ;&3250E@ c&143'+

54 =$:F57"1 9:$ 4/" &44&</8"04 :9 8%1<3"1 50F:3F"7 50 8:F"8"04 &07 =:14%$"@

A/" #:0"1 :9 4/" ="3F51 &31: 1"$F" 4: =$:4"<4 4/" ="3F5< &07 &#7:850:="3F5< F51<"$&+

4/" %$50&$' #3&77"$ &07 504"$0&3 $"=$:7%<45F" :$E&01 &1 ;"33 &1 =$:F5750E 9:$ 4/"

&44&</8"04 9:$ 4/" ">4"$0&3 $"=$:7%<45F" :$E&01 &07 &11:<5&4"7 8%1<3"1@

A/" 4"$8 ="3F51 $"9"$1 4: 4/" &#:F"Y751<%11"7 #:0' ="3F51+ 4/" 1&<$%8 &07 <:<<'>+

4/" 3&44"$ 4;: :9 ;/5</ /&F" &3$"&7' #""0 751<%11"7@ C0&4:85<&33'+ 4/" ="3F51 51 4/&4

=&$4 :9 4/" 4$%02+ ;/5</ 51 509"$5:$ =:14"$5:$ L#"3:; &07 #"/507M 4: 4/" &#7:8"0 &07

1"$F"1 &1 4/" 4$&01545:0 &$"& #"4;""0 4/" 4$%02 &07 4/" 3:;"$ 358#1@

a:% ;533 &31: 1"" $"9"$"0<" 8&7" 4: 4/" 4"$8 i="3F5< <&F54'@j A/" ="3F5< <&F54' 51 4/"

1=&<" "0<3:1"7 #' 4/" #:0' ="3F51+ ;/5</ 51 1%#75F57"7 504: 4/" i9&31"j &07 i4$%"j

="3F51@ A/" i9&31"j ="3F51 <:015141 :9 4/" 509"$5:$ =&$4 :9 4/" &#7:850&3 <&F54'@ H4 51

1"=&$&4"7 9$:8 4/" i4$%"j ="3F51 #' 4/" 53":Y="<450"&3 350"@ A/" 53":Y="<450"&3 350"

<:8=$51"1 & 350" ">4"0750E 9$:8 4/" &04"$5:$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" ?5$14 1&<$&3 1"E8"04+

&<$:11 4/" 504"$0&3 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 535%8 L;/"$" 54 51 20:;0 &1 4/" &$<%&4" 350"M+

588"75&4"3' 509"$5:$ 4: 4/" 535&< 9:11& &07 535&<%1 8%1<3"+ &07 4/"0 :0 4: & $57E" :0

4/" 1%="$5:$ $&8%1 :9 4/" =%#5< #:0" ;/"$" 54 51 $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" ="<450"&3 350"@

A/&4 ;/5</ 51 &#:F" 4/51 350" 9:$81 & F"$' 50<:8=3"4" ?3::$ 4: 4/" &#7:850&3 <&F54'@

A/" 350" 541"39 <:01454%4"1 4/" "04$&0<" 4: 4/" i4$%"j ="3F51@ A/" i4$%"j ="3F51 51

#:$7"$"7 #"4;""0 4/" 1%# =%#5< &0E3" :$ =%#5< &$</+ 4/" H1</5& 4%#"$:1545"1 &07 4/"

<:<<'>@



RP

A/" =$50<5=3" 7599"$"0<"1 #"4;""0 4/" 8&3" &07 9"8&3" 4$%" &07 9&31" ="3F51 &$" &1

9:33:;1B

-@ A/" 9"8&3" ="3F51 51 3&$E"$ &07 #$:&7"$ 4/&0 4/" 8&3" ="3F51+ ;/5</ 51 4&33"$+

0&$$:;"$+ &07 8:$" <:8=&<4@

)@ A/" 9"8&3" 503"4 51 3&$E"$ &07 :F&3 50 1/&="+ ;/53" 4/" 8&3" 1&<$&3 =$:8:04:$'

=$:T"<41 9%$4/"$ L5@"@ 4/" 8&3" 503"4 51 8:$" /"&$4Y1/&="7M@

O@ A/" 157"1 :9 4/" 8&3" ="3F51 <:0F"$E" 9$:8 4/" 503"4 4: 4/" :%43"4+ ;/"$"&1 4/"

157"1 :9 4/" 9"8&3" ="3F51 &$" ;57"$ &=&$4@

R@ A/" &0E3" #"4;""0 4/" 509"$5:$ =%#5< $&85 51 &<%4" LW,°M 50 4/" 8&3"+ #%4 ;57"

LP, m -,,°M 50 4/" 9"8&3"@ A/%1+ 4/" &0E3" 51 <&33"7 4/" 1%#=%#5< &0E3" 50 8"0

&07 =%#5< &$</ 50 ;:8"0@ C31:+ 4/" #:0"1 9:$850E 4/" &0E3"g&$</ &$" 8:$"

<:0<&F" 50 9"8&3"1 #%4 14$&5E/4 50 8&3"1@

U@ A/" 7514&0<" #"4;""0 4/" H1</5&3 #:0"1 51 18&33 50 8&3"1+ 8&250E 4/" :%43"4

0&$$:;+ #%4 3&$E" 50 9"8&3"1+ ;/: /&F" & $"3&45F"3' 3&$E" :%43"4@ A/" 51</5&3

1=50"1 &07 4%#"$:1545"1 &$" /"&F5"$ &07 =$:T"<4 9&$4/"$ 504: 4/" ="3F5< <&F54'

50 8&3"1@ A/" E$"&4"$ 1<5&45< 0:4</ 51 ;57"$ 50 9"8&3"1@

*@ A/" 535&< <$"141 &$" /5E/"$ &07 8:$" =$:0:%0<"7 50 8&3"1+ 8&250E 4/" 8&3"

9&31" ="3F51 7""="$ &07 0&$$:;"$ 4/&0 50 9"8&3"1@

W@ A/" 8&3" 1&<$%8 51 3:0E+ 0&$$:;+ 14$&5E/4"$+ &07 /&1 & =$:0:%0<"7 1&<$&3

=$:8:04:$'@ A/" 9"8&3" 1&<$%8 51 1/:$4"$+ ;57"$K 8:$" <%$F"7 =:14"$5:$3'+

&07 /&1 & 3"11 =$:0:%0<"7 =$:8:04:$'@

Z@ A/" &<"4&#%3& &$" ;57"$ &=&$4 50 9"8&3"1 4/&0 50 8&3"1@ H0 8&3"1+ 4/"

&<"4&#%3%8 9&<"1 8:$" 3&4"$&33'+ ;/53" 54 9&<"1 8:$" &04"$5:$3' 50 9"8&3"1@

./&4 4/51 8"&01 =$&E8&45<&33' 51 4/&4 ;/"0 8"0 ;&32 4/" 3"E <&0 8:F"

9:$;&$71 &07 #&<2;&$71 50 & 150E3" =3&0"@ H0 ;:8"0+ 4/" 3"E 8%14 1;50E

9:$;&$7 &07 50;&$7+ 9$:8 ;/"$" 4/" =5F:450E /"&7 :9 4/" 9"8%$ 8:F"1 4/"3"E #&<2 50 &0:4/"$ =3&0"@ A/51 </&0E" 50 4/" &0E3" :9 4/" 9"8:$&3 /"&7 E5F"1

4/" 9"8&3" E&54 </&$&<4"$5145< 1;50E50E :9 4/" /5=1@

A/"$" &$" & 9"; &0&4:85< 3&078&$21+ ;/5</ 0""7 4: #" 0:4"7@ A/"1" 3&078&$21 &$"

/"3=9%3 50 751450E%51/50E 4/" 9$:04 :9 4/" ="3F5< #:0"1 9$:8 4/" $"&$@ N>&850&45:0 :9

4/" 535%8 =:14"$5:$3' 1/:;1 4/" &%$5<%3&$ 1%$9&<" 9:$ &$45<%3&45:0 ;54/ 4/" 1&<$%8@



U,

^%14 #"3:; 51 & 7""= 50<%$F"+ 4/" E$"&4"$ 1<5&45< 0:4</@ J:0450%50E &3:0E :0 4/"

=:14"$5:$ $58 :9 4/" 500:850&4" ':% ;533 0:4" 4/" 51</5&3 1=50"+ ;/5</ :F"$3::2

&0:4/"$+ 8:$" E"043" 50<%$F"+ 4/" 3"11"$ 1<5&45< 0:4</@ J:0450%50E :0 4/" =:14"$5:$

#:$7"$ ':% 4/"0 <:8" 4: 4/" 8&115F" 51</5&3 4%#"$:154'@ A/" 51</5&3 4%#"$:154'

<&$$5"1 ':% 4: 4/" 509"$5:$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" 500:850&4"@ A/" 3:;"$ #:$7"$ 51 <:8=:1"7

:9 4/" $&85 :9 4/" 51</5%8 &07 4/" =%#51@ A/" $&85 :9 4/" 51</5%8 &07 =%#51 8""4

&07 9%1" 857;&'@ C#:F" 4/51 9%15:0 =:504 51 & 3&$E" 1=&<" <&33"7 4/" :#4%$&4:$

9:$&8"0+ 8:14 :9 ;/5</ 51 <3:1"7 #' & 8"8#$&0"@ A/" :#4%$&4:$ 9:$&8"0 51 3&$E"

&07 :F&3 50 8&3"1+ #%4 18&33"$ &07 0"&$3' 4$5&0E%3&$ 50 9"8&3"1@ J:0450%50E 8"75&33'

;" &$" 0:; &4 4/" =%#5< 1'8=/'151@ ." <:0450%" &<$:11 4/" =%#5< 1'8=/'151 4: 4/"

1%="$5:$ =%#5< $&8%1 &07 4/"0 :04: 4/" :==:154" 535%8@

+CD 1D=E>

A/" 9"8%$ 51 4/" 3:0E"14 &07 14$:0E"14 #:0" 50 4/" #:7'@ H41 3"0E4/ 51 &11:<5&4"7

;54/ & 14$5750E E&54+ 541 14$"0E4/ ;54/ 4/" ;"5E/4 &07 8%1<%3&$ 9:$<"1 54 51 $"G%5$"7 4:

;54/14&07@ A/" /"&7 9&<"1 &04"$:1%="$:8"75&33' &07 /&1 &0 &$45<%3&$ 1%$9&<" 4/&4 51



U-

135E/43' 8:$" 4/&0 /&39 :9 & 1=/"$" &07 ?541 7""=3' 504: 4/" &<"4&#%3%8+ ;/5</

="$8541 9:$ 4$&019"$ :9 ;"5E/4 9$:8 #:0" 4: #:0" ;54/:%4 %07%" 14$&50 :0 4/"

35E&8"041@ _"0"&4/ 4/" 9"8:$&3 /"&7 51 4/" 9"8:$&3 0"<2+ ;/5</ <:00"<41 4/" /"&7

4: 4/" 9"8:$&3 1/&94 &4 &0 &0E3" :9 &==$:>58&4"3' -OU°@ A/51 &0E3" /"3=1 9&<5354&4"

8:F"8"04 &4 4/" /5= T:504+ "0&#350E 4/" 358# 4: 1;50E <3"&$@ A/" 0"<2 51 &31: 3&4"$&33'

$:4&4"7 ;54/ $"1="<4 4: 4/" 1/&94 L&0E3" :9 &04"F"$15:0M 1:8" -, 4: -U°@ X:4 :03'

7:"1 4/" &0E3" &4 ;/5</ 4/" 1/&94 &07 0"<2 8""4 F&$'+ #%4 1: 4:: 7:"1 4/" &0E3"

;/5</ 4/" 0"<2 :9 4/" 9"8%$ 9:$81 ;54/ 4/" /:$56:04&3@ A/51 51 4/" &0E3" :9 4:$15:0+

;/5</ 1/:;1 1:8" $&<5&3 7599"$"0<"1@ A/" 0"<2Y1/&94 &0E3" 51 ;57"14 &4 #5$4/ &07

7585051/"1 E$&7%&33' %0453 &7:3"1<"0<"K 54 51 18&33"$ 50 9"8&3"1@



U)

A/" 9"8:$&3 0"<2 51 &==$:>58&4"3' U <8 3:0E+ 0&$$:;"14 50 541 857Y=&$4 &07 ;57"14

3&4"$&33'@ A/" 0"<2 &31: =$:F57"1 & 3"F"$ 9:$ 4/" &<45:0 :9 4/" 8%1<3"1 &<450E &#:%4

4/" /5= T:504@

C4 4/" T%0<45:0 :9 4/" 0"<2 ;54/ 4/" 1/&94+ =:14"$:1%="$5:$ $"E5:0 51 & 3&$E"+

G%&7$&0E%3&$ =$:T"<45:0+ ;/5</ =$:T"<41 1%="$:8"75&33'+ $"9"$$"7 4: &1 4/" E$"&4"$

4$:</&04"$@ C 35443" 3:;"$ 7:;0 &07 1:8";/&4 8"75&3 51 &0:4/"$ =$:T"<45:0 <&33"7

4/" 3"11"$ 4$:</&04"$@ C31:+ &4 4/" =:504 :$ T%0<4%$" :9 4/" &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/"

0"<2 ;54/ 4/" 1/&94 51 & =$:850"04 $57E"+ <&33"7 4/" 504"$4$:</&04"$5< 350"@ A/51 350"

">4"071 9$:8 & 4%#"$<3" :0 4/" %=="$ =&$4 :9 4/" &04"$5:$ &1="<4 :9 4/" E$"&4"$

4$:</&04"$ 4: & =:504 :0 4/" 3:;"$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" 0"<2+ &04"$5:$ 4: 4/" 3"11"$

4$:</&04"$@ A/51 350" 51 4/" 3&4"$&3 35854 :9 4/" /5= T:504 <&=1%3" &04"$5:$3'@ C4 4/"

T%0<45:0 :9 4/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 0"<2 ;54/ 4/" 1/&94 51 & 18::4/ &07

=$:850"04 $57E" <&33"7 4/" 504"$4$:</&04"$5< <$"14@ H4 ">4"071 9$:8 4/"

=:14"$:1%="$5:$ &0E3" :9 4/" E$"&4"$ 4$:</&04"$ 4: 4/" 3"11"$ 4$:</&04"$@

A/" 1/&94 :9 4/" 9"8%$ /&1 & 18::4/ &04"$5:$ <%$F&4%$" &07 =:14"$5:$3'+ & $57E"+ 4/"

350"& &1="$&@ A/" 350"& &1="$& E5F"1 &44&</8"041 4: 4/" &77%<4:$ 3:0E%1+

504"$8%1<%3&$ 1"=4& &07 4/" 1/:$4 /"&7 :9 4/" #5<"=1 9"8:$51@

A/" 7514&3 "07 :9 4/" 9"8%$ /&1 & 150E3" $&4/"$ <:8=3"> T:504 1%$9&<"@ !$:8 #"/507

&07 #"3:;+ 4/" 1%$9&<" &=="&$1 &1 4;: <:07'3"1 1"=&$&4"7 #' & 7""= 504"$<:07'3"$

9:11&@ H4 51 4/"1" <:07'3"1+ ;/5</ E357" :0 4/" 1%="$5:$ 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/" 45#5& &1 4/"

20"" 51 ?3">"7@ !$:8 4/" 9$:04 ':% <&0 1"" 4/" <"04$&33' =3&<"7 =&4"33&$ 1%$9&<" 9:$

&$45<%3&45:0 ;54/ 4/" =&4"33&@

a:% ;533 &31: 0:4" 4/&4 4/" 4;: <:07'3"1 &=="&$ 4: 75F"$E"K :0" 51 &38:14 50 350" ;54/

4/" 1/&94 &07 4/" :4/"$ &0E3"1 &;&'@ H9 ':% $"8"8#"$ 4/&4 4/" 75F"$E"04 <:07'3" 51

&3;&'1 8"75&3+ 4/"0 ':% ;533 &3;&'1 #" &#3" 4: 4"33 4/" $5E/4 9$:8 4/" 3"94 9"8%$@

C0:4/"$ 504"$"1450E =:504 4: $"8"8#"$ 51 9:$ 4/" =&5$"7 #:0"1 :9 4/" #:7'+ &0'

75F"$E50E 8&11"1 :9 #:0" 7: 1: 8"75&33'@

+CD +KJK:

A/" 45#5& 35"1 8"75&3 4: 4/" ?5#%3& &07 51 4/" 0">4 3:0E"14 #:0" 50 4/" #:7' &94"$ 4/"

9"8%$@ H41 1/&94 51 4$5&0E%3&$ ;54/ ">=&07"7 "071K & 14$:0E 8"75&3 8&33":3%1 =$:T"<41

7514&33' 9$:8 4/" 18&33"$ 7514&3 "07@ A/" &04"$5:$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" 1/&94 51 1/&$= &07



UO

<%$F"1 8"75&33' 4:;&$71 4/" 8"75&3 8&33":3%1@ A:E"4/"$ ;54/ 4/" 8"75&3 &07 3&4"$&3

#:$7"$1 54 7"?50"1 4/" 4/$"" 1%$9&<"1 :9 4/" #:0"@ A/" ">&<4 1/&=" &07 :$5"04&45:0 :9

4/"1" 1%$9&<"1 1/:; 5075F57%&3 &07 $&<5&3 F&$5&45:01@

A/" =$:>58&3 "07 /&1 8"75&3 &07 3&4"$&3 <:07'3"1+ ;/5</ &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 4;:

<:07'3"1 :9 4/" 9"8%$@ H0 &77545:0 4: 4/" <:07'3"1+ 4/" =$:>58&3 "07 &31: /&1 &0

504"$<:07'3&$ &$"& &07 4/" 45#5&3 4%#"$:154'@ A/" 45#5&3 4%#"$:154' 51 3:<&4"7 :0 4/"

45#5&k1 &04"$5:$ 1%$9&<"+ 7514&3 4: 4/" 8"75&3 <:07'3"@ H4 51 57"045?5"7 &1 & #:0'

=$:850"0<" T%14 #"3:; 4/" =&4"33&@ H4 1"$F"1 &1 &0 &44&</8"04 =:504 9:$ 4/" =&4"33&$

35E&8"04@

Q0 4/" %07"$157" :9 4/" 3&4"$&3 <:07'3" ':% ;533 ?507 & ?3&4 &38:14 $:%07 &$45<%3&450E

1%$9&<"+ ;/5</ &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" /"&7 :9 4/" ?5#%3&@ A/" ?5#%3& 51 3:<&4"7 3&4"$&3 4:



UR

4/" 45#5&@ A/" &0E3" :9 50<350&45:0 :9 4/" 1%="$5:$ 45#5&Y?5#%3&$ T:504 F&$5"1 #"4;""0

5075F57%&31+ &07 8&' #" /:$56:04&3 :$ :#35G%"@

Q0 4/" 3&4"$&3 &1="<4 :9 4/" =$:>58&3 "07 :9 4/" 45#5&+ T%14 #"3:; 4/" 20"" T:504+ 51

d"$7'k1 4%#"$<3"+ ;/5</ 51 4/" 501"$45:0 =:504 9:$ 4/" 535:45#5&3 #&07@ A/" 535:45#5&3

#&07 $%01 7:;0 4/" :%4157" =&$4 :9 4/" 4/5E/@ A/" ="$:0"&3 0"$F" &31: $%01 <3:1" 4:

d"$7'k1 4%#"$<3"@

A/" :4/"$ 4%#"$<3"1 :9 4/" 45#5& 50<3%7" 4/" 8"75&3 &07 3&4"$&3 504"$<:07'3&$

4%#"$<3"1@ A/"1" 4%#"$<3"1 <:01454%4" =$:4$%15:01 :0 4/" 8"75&3 &07 3&4"$&3 <:07'3"1

$"1="<45F"3'@

A/" 1/&94 :9 4/" 45#5& /&1 4/$"" L<$"141M #:$7"$1+ ;/5</ /&F" #""0 =$"F5:%13' 0:4"7@

A/" &04"$5:$ <$"14 51 4/" 8:14 =$:850"04+ #"E50050E &#:F" 4/" 4%#"$:154' &07 "0750E

#"3:; &4 4/" &04"$5:$ 8&$E50 :9 4/" 8"75&3 8&33":3%1@ H4 51 =$:850"04 50 4/" 1%="$5:$

4;:Y4/5$71+ #%4 18::4/ &07 $:%07"7 50 541 509"$5:$ 4/5$7+ 1"$F50E &1 & 154" :9

&44&</8"04 :9 4/" 7""= 9&1<5& :9 4/" 3"E@ A/" 8"75&3 <$"14 #"E501 :0 4/" =:14"$5:$

&1="<4 :9 4/" 8"75&3 <:07'3" &07 "071 &4 4/" =:14"$5:$ #:$7"$ :9 4/" 8"75&3

8&33":3%1@ H41 1%="$5:$ =:$45:0 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/" &44&</8"04 :9 4/" 45#5&3 <:33&4"$&3

35E&8"04 :9 4/" 20""YT:504 &07 501"$45:0 4: 1:8" ?5#"$1 :9 4/" =:=354"%1 8%1<3"K 9$:8

541 85773" 4/5$7 1:8" ?5#"$1 :9 4/" 1:3"%1 &07 ?3">:$75E54:$%8 3:0E%1 4&2" :$5E50@

A/" 504"$:11":%1 <$"14 51 4/50 &07 =$:850"04 <:88"0<50E &#:F" 50 9$:04 :9 4/"

?5#%3&$ &$45<%3&$ 9&<"4+ &07 #59%$<&4"1 #"3:;+ 4: 9:$8 4/" #:%07&$5"1 :9 & 4$5&0E%3&$

$"E5:0+ ;/5</ 1"$F"1 9:$ 4/" &44&</8"04 :9 4/" 504"$:11":%1 35E&8"04 <:00"<450E 4/"

45#5& &07 ?5#%3&@

A/" 7514&3 "07 :9 4/" 45#5&+ ;/"0 <:8=&$"7 4: 4/" =$:>58&3 "07+ 51 3&4"$&33' $:4&4"7+

;/5</ 51 $"9"$$"7 4: &1 45#5&3 4:$15:0@ A/51 4:$15:0 #"E501 4: 7"F"3:= 50 %4"$: &07

=$:E$"11"1 4/$:%E/:%4 </537/::7 &07 &7:3"1<"0<" 4533 12"3"4&3 8&4%$54' 51 &44&50"7@

A5#5&3 4:$15:0 51 &==$:>58&4"3' O,° 50 ;/54"1 &07 C15&0 =:=%3&45:0+ #%4 51

15E05?5<&043' E$"&4"$ 50 =":=3" :9 C9$5<&0 :$5E50@ [:8" :9 4/" 9"8:$&3 0"<2

&04"F"$15:0 1""0 50 4/" 0";#:$0 8&' ="$1514 50 &7%34 9"8&3"1B 4/51 <&%1"1 4/"

9"8:$&3 1/&94 &07 20"" 4: #" 504"$0&33' $:4&4"7 E5F50E $51" 4: 4/" 45#5& 7"F"3:=50E &

<:8="01&4:$' ">4"$0&3 $:4&45:0 4: <:%04"$&<4 4/" 4"07"0<' :9 4/" 9""4 4: 4%$0

50;&$71@



UU

Q0 4/" 8"75&3 157" :9 4/" 7514&3 "07 51 & 7:;0;&$7 =$:T"<45:0 <&33"7 4/" 8"75&3

8&33":3%1@ A/" 509"$5:$ 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 45#5& 51 & <:0<&F" &$45<%3&$ 1%$9&<"+ ;/5</

&$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 4&3%1@

+CD 1KJEF:

A/" ?5#%3& 51 4/" 13"07"$"14 3:0E #:0" :9 4/" #:7'K 54 51 0:4 & ;"5E/4 #"&$50E #:0"+ &1

51 4/" 45#5&@ C4 & =:504 50 458" 54 ;&1 & 3&$E" #:0" :9 4/" 1&8" 156" &1 4/" 45#5&+ &1 50

4/" &8=/5#5&01@ I:;"F"$+ 54 /&1 #"<:8" =$:E$"115F"3' 18&33"$ &1 4/" "F:3%45:0&$'

=$:<"11 =$:<""7"7 :0 4: 4/" $"=453"1 &07 4/" 8&88&31@ H4 51 <:8=:1"7 :9 & =$:>58&3

/"&7+ & 0&$$:; 0"<2+ & 3:0E 1/&94 &07 & 7514&3 3&4"$&3 8&33":3%1@

A/" /"&7 /&1 & 9&<"4+ ;/5</ 9&<"1 8"75&33'+ 9:$850E &0 &$45<%3&45:0 ;54/ 4/" 45#5&+

&07 & 14'3:57 =$:<"11+ ;/5</ =$:T"<41 3&4"$&3 4: 4/" 9&<"4@ A: 7"4"$850" ;/"4/"$ ':%

&$" 7"&350E ;54/ 4/" 3"94 :$ $5E/4 ?5#%3& 158=3' /:37 4/" #:0" 1: 4/" 9&<"4 9&<"1

8"75&33' &07 4:;&$71 ':%+ 4/" 14'3:57 =$:<"11 ;533 #" :0 4/" 157" 54 51 50 4/" #:7'@

A/" 7514&3 "07 51 F"$' 751450<45F"@ A/" "045$" 7514&3 "07 51 4/" 3&4"$&3 8&33":3%1+

;/5</ 51 4/" :4/"$ /50E" :9 4/" &023" T:504 L:==:154" 4: 4/" /50E" 9:$8"7 #' 4/"

8"75&3 8&33":3%1M@ A/" 3&4"$&3 8&33":3%1 1541 8:$" 50 350" ;54/ 4/" 1/&94 :9 4/" #:0"@

a:% ;533 1"" & 18::4/ &$45<%3&450E 1%$9&<" 4/&4 4&2"1 %= 9$:8 :0"Y/&39 4: 4;:Y4/5$71

:9 4/" 8"75&3 1%$9&<" :9 4/" 7514&3 "07@ A/" =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" /&1 & #$:&7 E$::F"

;54/ & =$:850"04 3&4"$&3 #:$7"$@ A/" 8"75&3 1%$9&<" /&1 & 4$5&0E%3&$ &$45<%3&$ 9&<"4+

;/5</ &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" 3&4"$&3 4&3&$ 1%$9&<"@ _"/507 4/51 9&<"4 51 4/" 8&33":3&$

9:11& 50 ;/5</ 4/" =:14"$5:$ 45#5:Y?5#%3&$ 35E&8"04 &07 4/" =:14"$5:$ 4&3:?5#%3&$

35E&8"04 &$" &44&</"7@

A: :$5"04 4/" #:0"+ &94"$ 7"4"$85050E 4/" =$:>58&3 9$:8 4/" 7514&3 "07+ /:37 4/" #:0"

1: 4/&4 4/" &$45<%3&450E 1%$9&<" 51 4: 4/" 9$:04 ;54/ 4/" E$::F" #"/507@

+CD 2:BDFF:



U*

A/" =&4"33& 51 4/" 3&$E"14 1"1&8:57 #:0" &07 51 "8#"77"7 50 4/" 4"07:0 :9 4/"

G%&7$5<"=1 9"8:$51+ &04"$5:$ 4: 4/" 7514&3 9"8%$ L9"8:$&3 <:07'3"1M@ H4 51 ?3&4+ 7514&33'

4&="$"7+ =$:>58&33' <%$F"7+ &07 /&1 &0 &04"$5:$ L58&E" :0 4/" 3"94M &07 =:14"$5:$

1%$9&<" L58&E" :0 4/" $5E/4M+ 4/$"" #:$7"$1 &07 &0 &=">+ ;/5</ 51 4/" 7514&3 "07 :9

4/" #:0"@

C 1"1&8:57 #:0" 51 & #:0" "8#"77"7 50 & 4"07:0@ ["1&8:57 #:0"1 &$" 9:%07 50

3:<&45:01 ;/"$" & 4"07:0 =&11"1 :F"$ & T:504+ 1%</ &1 4/" /&07+ 20"" :$ 9::4@

!%0<45:0&33'+ 4/"' &<4 4: =$:4"<4 4/" 4"07:0 &07 4: 50<$"&1" 541 8"</&05<&3 "99"<4@

A/" =$"1"0<" :9 4/" 1"1&8:57 #:0" /:371 4/" 4"07:0 135E/43' 9&$4/"$ &;&' 9$:8 4/"

<"04"$ :9 4/" T:504 &07 4/%1 50<$"&1"1 541 8:8"04 &$8 L4:$G%"M@ ["1&8:57 #:0"1

&31: =$"F"04 4/" 4"07:0 9$:8 ?3&44"050E 504: 4/" T:504 &1 4"015:0 50<$"&1"1 &07

4/"$"9:$" &31: 8&504&50 & 8:$" <:01514"04 8:8"04 &$8 4/$:%E/ & F&$5"4' :9 =:115#3"

4"07:0 3:&71@ A/51 7599"$1 9$:8 8"051<5+ ;/5</ &$" 8&7" :9 <&$453&E" &07 $&4/"$ &<4

4: 751="$1" 4/" ;"5E/4 :9 4/" #:7' :0 T:5041 &07 $"7%<" 9$5<45:0 7%$50E 8:F"8"04@

["1&8:7 #:0"1 &$" 9:%07 4/$:%E/:%4 4/" #:7' 50 &77545:0 4: 4/" =&4"33& 50<3%750EB

A;: 1"1&8:57 #:0"1 50 4/" 7514&3 =:$45:01 :9 4/" ?5$14 8"4&<&$=&3 #:0"@ A/"

=5159:$8 :9 4/" ;$514 51 &31: & 1"1&8:57 #:0"@ H0 4/" 9::4+ 4/" ?5$14 8"4&4&$1&3 #:0"

/&1 4;: 1"1&8:57 #:0"1 &4 541 <:00"<45:0 4: 4/" #5E 4:"@

C1 14&4"7+ 4/" =&4"33& 51 4$5&0E%3&$ 50 1/&=" ;54/ 4/" &="> =:50450E 7:;0@ A/"

&04"$5:$ 1%$9&<" 51 8&$2"7 #' 14$5&45:01 $%0050E 3:0E54%750&33'@ A/" =:14"$5:$

1%$9&<" 51 4/" :0" 4/&4 &$45<%3&4"1 ;54/ 4/" <:07'3"1 :9 4/" 45#5&@ C 14$:0E3' 8&$2"7

$57E" 4/&4 51 12";"7 4: 4/" 8"75&3 157" 1"=&$&4"1 4/" 4;: 9&<"41+ 8"75&3 &07 3&4"$&3@

A/%1+ ':% /&F" 3&$E" 3&4"$&3 &$45<%3&450E 9&<"4 &07 & 18&33"$ 8"75&3 9&<"4@ A: 4"33 $5E/4

9$:8 3"94+ /:37 4/" =&4"33& 50 ':%$ /&07+ &="> 7:;0+ &07 =:14"$5:$ 1%$9&<" 4:;&$71

':%@ A/" 3&$E"$ &$45<%3&450E 1%$9&<" 51 3&4"$&3+ /"0<" 4/" 157" 54 4&2"1 50 4/" #:7'@

+CD 1AAB

A/" 9::4 51 <:8=:1"7 :9 1"F"0 4&$1&3 #:0"1+ ?5F" 8"4&4&$1&3 #:0"1+ 9:%$4""0

=/&3&0E"1 &07 4;: 1"1&8:57 #:0"1@ A/" 4&$1&3 #:0"1 &$" 8%</ 3&$E"$ 4/&0 4/"

<&$=&3+ 4:E"4/"$ ;54/ 4/" 8"4&4&$1&31+ 9:$8 &0 &0&4:85< 14$%<4%$"+ ;/5</ &34/:%E/

/&1 35854"7 ?3">5#5354'+ /&1 E$"&4 $5E5754' &07 $"1%34&04 14$"0E4/@



UW

A/" 4&$1&31 9:$8 & /50E" T:504 ;54/ 4/" 7514&3 "07 :9 4/" 45#5& &07 ?5#%3&+ ;54/ :03' 4/"

4&3%1 &<4%&33' 8&250E <:04&<4@ A/" 4&$1&31 :<<%=' 4/" =$:>58&3 /&39 :9 4/" 9::4@

C34/:%E/+ 4/" 4&$1&31 &07 <&$=&31 &$" /:8:3:E:%1+ 4/" 4&$1&31 &$" 3&$E"$+ $"?3"<450E

4/"5$ $:3" 50 1%==:$450E &07 7514$5#%450E #:7' ;"5E/4@ C1 51 4$%" ;54/ 4/" <&$=&3#:0"1+ 4/" 4&$1&3 #:0"1 &$" &$$&0E"7 50 =$:>58&3 &07 7514&3 $:;1+ #%4 8"75&33' 4/"$"

51 &0 &77545:0&3 150E3" 504"$8"75&4" 4&$1&3 "3"8"04+ 4/" 0&F5<%3&$+ ;/5</ 51

504"$=:1"7 #"4;""0 4/" 4;: $:;1@ A/" =$:>58&3 $:; 51 8&7" %= :9 4/" 4&3%1 &07

<&3<&0":%1+ ;54/ 4/" 4&3%1 #"50E 8"75&3 4: 4/" <&3<&0":%1@ A/" 7514&3 $:; <:04&501+

9$:8 8"75&3 4: 3&4"$&3+ 4/" 8"75&3+ 504"$8"75&4" &07 3&4"$&3 <%0"59:$81 &07 4/"

<%#:57@ J:33"<45F"3' 4/"1" #:0"1 751=3&' &0 &$</"7 4$&01F"$1" &35E08"04 4/&4 51

7:$1&33' <:0F">@

c::250E &4 4/" 1:3" :9 4/" 9::4 4/"$" 51 & <:0157"$&#3" <:0<&F54' #"4;""0 4/"

4%#"$:154' :9 4/" <&3<&0":%1 #"/507 &07 4/" 7514&3 "071 :9 4/" 8"4&4&$1&31 50 9$:04@

H0 359"+ 4/51 <:0<&F54' 51 ?533"7 ;54/ 8%1<3"1@ A/%1+ 59 4/" &#:F" 7:$1&3 &$</ 51

;"&2"0"7+ 4/51 ;533 <&%1" 4/" ;"5E/4 :9 4/" #:7' 4: <:8" 4: $"14 :0 4/" 8%1<3"1

;54/50 4/" <:0<&F54'+ E5F50E $51" 4: 751<:89:$4@



UZ

A/" &$45<%3&45:0 #"4;""0 4/" 4&$1&3k1 &07 8"4&4&$1&31 51 F"$' ?5$8@ A/" 8"4&4&$1&31

&$" #:%07 4:E"4/"$ #' 14$:0E 35E&8"041@

A/" ?5F" 8"4&4&$1&31 35" 50 4/" 7514&3 /&39 :9 4/" 9::4 &07 <:00"<4 4/" 4&$1&31 &07

=/&3&0E"1@ c52" 4/" 8"4&<&$=&31+ 4/"' &$" 8505&4%$" 3:0E #:0"1+ &07 /&F" & 1/&94+

=$:>58&3 #&1" &07 7514&3 /"&7@ N><"=4 9:$ 4/" ?5$14 &07 ?594/+ 4/" 1/&941 &$" 3:0E &07

13"07"$+ 3:0E54%750&33' <:0F"> 7:$1&33'+ &07 <:0<&F" :0 4/"5$ =3&04&$ &1="<41@ A/"$"

#&1"1 &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" 7514&3 4&$1&3 $:; &07 ;54/ &7T&<"04 8"4&4&$1&3 #&1"1@ A/"

/"&71 &$45<%3&4" ;54/ 4/" =$:>58&3 =/&3&0E"1+ "&</ #' & <:0F"> 1%$9&<" 4/&4 =&11"1

9&$4/"$ :0 4: 541 =3&04&$ &1="<4+ ;/"$" 54 "071 :0 4/" 1%88541 :9 4;: "850"0<"1@

Q0 :<<&15:0+ &0 :1 504"$8"4&4&$1"%8 51 "0<:%04"$"7 #"4;""0 4/" 8"75&3 <%0"59:$8

&07 4/" #&1"1 :9 4/" ?5$14 &07 1"<:07 8"4&4&$1&3 #:0"1 &07 $"=$"1"041 & $&$"

&<<"11:$' #:0" 50 4/51 $"E5:0@

A/" ?5$14 8"4&4&$1&3 :$ #5E 4:" /&1 4/" 1/:$4"14+ 4/5<2"14 &07 8:14 8&115F" #:0" :9

4/" ?5F"@ A/" 8"4&4&$1&31 50<$"&1" 50 3"0E4/ E:50E 9$:8 ` 4: HH@

C1 50 4/" /&07+ &33 #%4 4/" #5E 4:"+ /&F" 4/$"" =/&3&0E"1+ 4/" #5E 4:" /&1 4;:@ Q0

:<<&15:0 4/"$" &$" :03' 4;: =/&3&0E"1 50 4/" 35443" 4:" &07+ $&$"3'+ 4/51 51 4/" <&1"

;54/ 4/" :4/"$ 3"11"$ 4:"1@ A/" =/&3&0E"1 50 4/" 4:"1 &$" 1/:$4"$ 4/&0 4/:1" 50 4/"

/&07 ;54/ 4/"5$ 1/&941+ "1="<5&33' 4/:1" :9 4/" =$:>58&3 1"4+ #"50E <:8=$"11"7 9$:8

157" 4: 157"+ 4/%1 :0 <$:11Y1"<45:0 4/"' /&F" & $:%07"7 &=="&$&0<" 50 <:04$&14 4: 4/"

=/&3&0E"1 :9 4/" ?50E"$1@ A/" 7514&3 =/&3&0E"1 $"1"8#3" 4/:1" :9 4/" ?50E"$1+ #%4 &$"

18&33"$ &07 ?3&44"$@ N&</ /&1 & #$:&7 #&1" 9:$ &$45<%3&45:0 ;54/ & 85773" =/&3&0> &07

&0 ">=&07"7 7514&3 "07@ C $:%E/ 4%#"$:154' :0 4/" =3&04"$ 1%$9&<" 1%==:$41 4/" =%3=

:9 4/" 4:"+ &07 =$:F57"1 & ;"5E/4Y#"&$50E &$"&@

+CD +DDBC

A::4/ 7"F"3:=8"04g"$%=45:0 51 :0" :9 4/" 8:14 $"35"7 %=:0 8"4/:71 9:$ &E"

7"4"$850&45:0 :9 T%F"053" 12"3"4&3 $"8&501@

." /&F" 4;: E"0"$&45:01 :9 4""4/B 4/" 7"<57%:%1 L=$58&$'M 7"04545:0 &07 4/"

="$8&0"04 L1"<:07&$'M 7"04545:0@ A/" ?5$14 7"<57%:%1 4""4/ "$%=4 504: 4/" 8:%4/ &4

&#:%4 * 8:04/1 &94"$ #5$4/ &07 &33 :9 4/" 7"<57%:%1 4""4/ &$" "$%=4"7 #' O '"&$1 :9

&E"@ A/" ?5$14 ="$8&0"04 8:3&$ "$%=41 &4 :$ &$:%07 * '"&$1+ &07 4/"0 4/" 7"<57%:%1

4""4/ &$" ">9:35&4"7 :0" #' :0" 4: #" $"=3&<"7 #' 4/"5$ ="$8&0"04 1%<<"11:$1@ C



UP

<:8=3"4" ="$8&0"04 7"04545:0 51 =$"1"04 ;/"0 4/" 4/5$7 8:3&$1 "$%=4 &4 :$ &$:%07

4/" &E" :9 -Z 4: )- '"&$1@ H0 4/" <:8=3"4" 7"<57%:%1 7"04545:0 4/"$" &$" ), 4""4/+

?5F" 50 "&</ T&; G%&7$&04 L4;: %=="$ &07 4;: 3:;"$ "&</ ;54/ & $5E/4 &07 3"94M@ H0





*-

3&4"$&3 50<51:$@ A/" 4::4/ 588"75&4"3' =:14"$:3&4"$&3 4: 4/" 3&4"$&3 50<51:$ 51 4/"

<&050"@ A/" =$"8:3&$1 &07 8:3&$1 &$" &31: 7"1<$5#"7 #&1"7 :0 4/"5$ $"3&45:01/5= 4:

4/" 857350"@ A/%1+ 4/" ?5$14 =$"8:3&$ 51 4/&4 ;/5</ 51 <3:1"1 4: 4/" 857350" &07 51 &31:

&7T&<"04 4: 4/" <&050"@ A/" 1"<:07 =$"8:3&$ 51 588"75&4"3' &7T&<"04 4: 4/" ?5$14

=$"8:3&$@ c52";51"+ 4/" 8:3&$+ ;/5</ 51 <3:1"1 4: 4/" 857350" &07 &7T&<"04 4: 4/"

1"<:07 =$"8:3&$ 51 4/" ?5$14 8:3&$@ A/" 8:3&$ 588"75&4"3' #"/507 4/51 51 4/" 1"<:07

8:3&$ &07 4/&4 ;/5</ 51 #"/507 4/" 1"<:07 51 4/" 4/5$7 8:3&$@

A: 158=359' 4/" ">&850&45:0 =$:<"11 4/" 7"04545:0 51 $"=$"1"04"7 #' & 0%8"$5<&3

1'14"8+ =%4450E 4/" %=="$ ) G%&7$&041 &07 3:;"$ ) G%&7$&041 50 4;: 350"1+ &1B

)B-B)BO)B-B)BO

:$ 8:$" <:88:03' &1 )B-B)BO@ A/51 51 4/" =&44"$0 :9 8&0 &07 4/" /5E/"$ &="1 &07

4/" Q37 .:$37 ]:02"'1@ H0 4/" X"; .:$37 ]:02"'1 54 51B )B-BOBO 7%" 4: 4/" 9&<4 4/"'

/&F" 4/$"" =$"8:3&$1@

A/" &#:F" =&44"$0 9:$ 8&0 51 4/" &7%34 :0"@ A/" =&44"$0 9:$ & #&#' 1"4 L7"<57%:%1M 51

)B-B)@ A/51 51 #"<&%1" 4/"$" &$" 0: =$"8:3&$1 &07 &3;&'1 4;: 8:3&$1@

A/" e"15E0 &07 !%0<45:0 :9 4/" A""4/

A/" H0<51:$1B A/"1" &$" E"0"$&33' </51"3Y1/&="7 &07 7"15E0"7 9:$ <%4450E@ H0 1:8"

$&<"1+ 0:4&#3' C8"$5<&0 H075&01 &07 C15&01+ 4/" 3&4"$&3 8&$E501 &$" #%534 %= 8&250E

4/"8 i1/:F"3Y1/&="7+j "1="<5&33' 4/" %=="$ 50<51:$1@ A/" %=="$ 50<51:$1 &$" 50

E"0"$&3 ;57"$ 4/&0 4/" 3:;"$@

A/" J&050"1B A/"1" &$" 1/&="7 &1 & =:504"7 <%1=+ 7"15E0"7 9:$ 4"&$50E@ H9 4/"

50<51:$1 &$" i1/:F"3Y1/&="7+j 4/" <&050"1 ;533 &31: #" i1/:F"3Y1/&="7@j A/" $::41 :9

4/"1" 4""4/ &$" 4'=5<&33' 3:0E &07 4&="$50E+ #"50E 4/" 3:0E"14 :9 &33 4/" $::41+

/:;"F"$+ 4/51 51 0:4 0"<"11&$53' &3;&'1 4/" <&1"@

A/" S$"8:3&$1B A/"1" &$" :94"0 $"9"$$"7 4: &1 #5<%1=571 7%" 4: 4/" 9&<4 4/"5$ <$:;0

/&1 4;: <%1=1@ C1 ;54/ 4/" 8:3&$1+ 4/"1" 8%345=3" <%1=1 &$" 7"15E0"7 9:$ E$50750E :9

9::7 8&4"$5&3 &1 &0 &57 50 75E"145:0@

A/" ]:3&$1B A/"1" 4""4/ /&F" ?3&44"0"7 <%1=1+ ;/5</ &$" %1"7 9:$ E$50750E@ A/"

%=="$ 8:3&$1 &$" E"0"$&33' 18&33"$ 4/&0 4/" 3:;"$ &07 E"0"$&33' /&F" 4/$"" :$ 9:%$



*)

<%1=1K 59 4/$""+ 4/"0 4;: &$" :0 4/" #%<<&3 L</""2M 157" &07 :0 4/" 350E%&3 L4:0E%"M

157"@

C0&4:85< [4$%<4%$" :9 A""4/

C33 /%8&0 4""4/ 751=3&' 4/$"" ;"33Y7"?50"7 14$%<4%$"1B

-@ A/" <$:;0+ 4/" =&$4 :9 4/" 4::4/ &#:F" 4/" E%8 350"@

)@ A/" 0"<2+ & 135E/43' <:014$5<4"7 =:$45:0 :9 4/" 4::4/ #"3:; 4/" <$:;0@

O@ A/" $::4+ 4/" $"14 :9 4/" 4::4/ #"3:; 4/" 0"<2 &07 "0<3:1"7 50 4/" 4::4/

1:<2"4@

!$:8 &0 &04/$:=:3:E5<&3 &07 =&3":04:3:E5<&3 L=&3":04:3:E' 51 4/" 14%7' :9

=$"/514:$5< 359" 50<3%750E :$E&05181k "F:3%45:0 &07 504"$&<45:01 ;54/ "&</ :4/"$ &07

4/"5$ "0F5$:08"041M 14&07=:504 4""4/ &$" :9 "0:$8:%1 58=:$4&0<" 9:$ 4/"' $"1514

7"<&' 4/" 3:0E"14 7%" 4: 4/"5$ </"85<&3 <:8=:1545:0@

A/" 4""4/ &$" <:8=:1"7 :9B

-@ N0&8"3+ /&$7 1/500' 8&4"$5&3+ ;/5</ <:F"$1 4/" <$:;0 <:8=:1"7 :9

/'7$:>'&=&454"+ ;/5</ 51 & <$'14&3350" <&3<5%8 =/:1=/&4"@

)@ J"8"04%8+ & 3&'"$ :9 4:%E/+ '"33:;51/+ #:0"Y352" 4511%" 4/&4 <:F"$1 4/" $::4 :9

& 4::4/@ H4 /"3=1 /:37 4/" 4::4/ 50 4/" 1:<2"4@



*O

O@ e"0450+ 4/" 504"$8"75&4" 4::4/ 3&'"$+ ;/5</ 1%$$:%071 4/" =%3= <&F54' &07 51

588"75&4"3' 504"$0&3 4: 4/" "0&8"3@ [4$%<4%$&33' 54 51 /&$7"$ 4/&0 #:0"@

R@ S%3= <&F54'+ 4/51 51 4/" 1:94 <"04"$ :9 4/" 4::4/@ H4 <:04&501 #3::7 F"11"31 &07

0"$F"1@

A/" $::41 :9 4/" 50<51:$1 &07 <&050"1 &$" 150E3"+ $:%07"7+ &07 4&="$50E+ :94"0 <%$F"7

&4 4/" "071@ C1 =$"F5:%13' 0:4"7 4/" $::4 :9 4/" <&050" 51 4'=5<&33' <:0157"$&#3'

3:0E"$ &07 14:%4"$ 4/&0 4/:1" :9 4/" 50<51:$1@ A/51 51 & 3"94:F"$ 9$:8 :%$

"F:3%45:0&$' =&14 ;/"0 4/" <&050" ;&1 3:0E"$ &07 0""7"7 4: #"@

A/" $::41 :9 4/" =$"8:3&$1 &$" ;57"$ &07 4"07 4: #" E$::F"7 50 & ;&'+ ;/5</ 1%EE"14

& 4"07"0<' 4: #" 75F57"7 504: & 350E%&3 &07 #%<<&3 $::4@

A/" $::41 :9 4/" 8:3&$1 &$" G%54" 751450<4 &1 #"4;""0 %=="$ &07 3:;"$@ A/" $::41 :9

4/" 3:;"$ 8:3&$1 &$" 7:%#3"+ /&F50E &0 &04"$5:$ &07 =:14"$5:$ <:8=:0"04+ "&</

E"0"$&33' E$::F"7 352" 4/" $::4 :9 & =$"8:3&$@ A/" O$% 8:3&$ E"0"$&33' /&1 & 9%1"7

$::4+ ;/5</ 51 135E/43' <%$F"7@ A/" $::41 :9 4/" %=="$ 8:3&$1 &$" 4/$""B 4;: :0 4/"

#%<<&3 157" &07 :0" :0 4/" 3&#5&3 157" L157" 4:;&$7 4/" 35=1M@ A/" $::41 :9 4/" )&%

8:3&$ &$" E"0"$&33' 3"11 1=$"&7 4/&0 4/" -#! + &07 4/" O$% 8:3&$ :94"0 /&1 & 150E3"+

8&115F" 9%1"7 $::4@ A/"$" &$" 5075F57%&3 F&$5&45:01 :0 4/&4 1</"8"K 150E3" 3::1"

8:3&$1 <&0 #" 759?5<%34 4: 57"0459'@

C34/:%E/ H /&F" 8&7" $"9"$"0<" 4: 1:8" :9 4/" 7"1<$5=45F" 4"$81 4: 7"1<$5#" 4/"

1%$9&<"1 :9 4/" 4::4/ H ;:%37 352" 4: 7"350"&4" &33 :9 4/"8B

-@ _%<<&3B 157" :9 4/" 4::4/ 4:;&$71 4/" </""2@ A/51 51 %1"7 ;54/ 4/" =$"8:3&$1

&07 8:3&$1@

)@ c&#5&3B 157" :9 4/" 4::4/ 4:;&$7 4/" 35=1@ A/51 51 %1"7 ;54/ 4/" 50<51:$1 &07

<&050"1@

O@ c50E%&3B 157" :9 4/" 4::4/ 4:;&$7 4/" 4:0E%"@

R@ Q<<3%1&3B #5450E 1%$9&<" :9 & 4::4/@

U@ ]"15&3B 1%$9&<" :9 & 4::4/ 4/&4 35"1 &E&5014 &0 &7T:5050E 4::4/ 9&<50E 4/"

8"75&3 350"

*@ e514&3B 1%$9&<" :9 & 4::4/ 4/&4 35"1 &E&5014 &0 &7T:5050E 4::4/ 9&<50E &;&' 9$:8

4/" 857350" :$ 59 ':% ;533+ 9&<50E =:14"$5:$@



*R

A/" 57"045?5<&45:0 :9 3::1"+ 150E3" 4""4/ &1 4: %=="$ :$ 3:;"$+ $5E/4 :$ 3"94 157" 51 #"14

3"94 4: 4/" &04/$:=:3:E514 :$ 7"04514@ C =:504 4/&4 0""71 4: #" $"8"8#"$"7 51 4/&4

8%345 $::4"7 4""4/ &$" 8:$" 352"3' 4: $"8&50 50 4/" &3F":3&$ =$:<"11 :9 12"3"4:056"7

$"8&501 ;/"$" &1 150E3" $::4"7 4""4/ &$" =$:0" 4: 9&3350E :%4 =:148:$4"8 &1 4/"

="$5:7:04&3 35E&8"041 7"<:8=:1"@

`&$5&45:01 50 A::4/ ]:$=/:3:E'

J%1= =&44"$01 <&0 F&$'+ "1="<5&33' :0 4/" 8:3&$1@ !5F" <%1=1 &$" E"0"$&33' 1""0 :0

4/" 3:;"$ L8&075#%3&$M 8:3&$1@

J&$&#"335k1 <%1= 51 & 4%#"$<3" 3:<&4"7 :0 4/" &04"$5:$ =:$45:0 :9 4/" 350E%&3 1%$9&<" :9

4/" %=="$ L8&>533&$'M 8:3&$1@ H4 51 4'=5<&33' 1""0 &4 4/" 8"1:=&3&4&3 350" &0E3" :9 4/"

8&>533&$' ?5$14 8:3&$1K 54 #"<:8"1 =$:E$"115F"3' 3"11 352"3' :0 4/" 1"<:07+ &07 4/5$7

8:3&$1@ A/51 <%1= 51 "045$"3' &#1"04 50 1:8" 5075F57%&31 &07 =$"1"04 50 :4/"$1 50 &

F&$5"4' :9 9:$81@ d":$E J&$&#"335+ 4/" <:%$4 7"04514 :9 4/" C%14$5&0 N8="$:$ !$&06+

?5$14 7"1<$5#"7 4/51 <%1= 50 -ZR)@ J&$&#"335k1 <%1= 51 8:$" <:88:0 &8:0E

N%$:="&01 LWU 4: ZU\ :9 5075F57%&31M+ &07 $&$" &8:0E 4/:1" :9 4/" S&<5?5< H13&071

LOU 4: R,\M@ A/51 <%1= 51 &31: 1""0 50 7:E1 &07 <&41@



*U

C =$:4:14'357 51 &0 ">4$& <%1= 4/&4 :<<%$1 :0 4/" &04"$5:$ &1="<4 :9 4/" #%<<&3 1%$9&<"

:9 4/" 3:;"$ L8&075#%3&$M 8:3&$1@ e&/3#"$E ?5$14 =$:=:1"7 4/51 4"$8 50 & 1"$5"1 :9

=%#35<&45:01 50 -PRU+ -PRP+ &07 -PU,@ C34/:%E/ 54 51 0:4 <:88:03' 1""0 50 8:7"$0

=:=%3&45:01+ e&/3#"$E $"=:$4"7 54 4: /&F" & /5E/ 9$"G%"0<' 50 S58& H075&01@ [%6%25

&07 [&2&5 L-PURM &31: 9:%07 54 4: :<<%$ 9&5$3' 9$"G%"043' 50 4/" 8&075#%3&$ 8:3&$1 :9

4/" ^&=&0"1"@

A&%$:7:04518 51 & <:07545:0 9:%07 50 8:3&$1 ;/"$" 4/" =%3= <&F54' &07 #:7' :9 4/"

4::4/ &$" "03&$E"7 &07 4/" $::41 $"7%<"7 4: & 150E3" $::4@ A/51 ;&1 <:88:03' 1""0

50 "&$3' 8&0 LX"&07"$4/&31M &07 51 1""0 :<<&15:0&33' 50 8:7"$0 =:=%3&45:01+ 1%</ &1

4/:1" ;54/ h350"9"34"$k1 1'07$:8" Lnna 1'07$:8"+ 4/%1 54 51 & <:07545:0 50 ;/5</

8&3"1 /&F" &0 ">4$& n 1"> </$:8:1:8"M@ A/51 <:07545:0 <&0 50F:3F" "54/"$ & 150E3"8:3&$ :$ 8%345=3" 8:3&$1@

S"EY1/&="7 4""4/ &$" 4/:1" 4""4/ ;/:1" 157"1 <:0F"$E" :$ 4&="$ 4:E"4/"$ 50<51&33'@

A/"1" :<<%$ 8:14 <:88:03' &4 4/" O$% 8:3&$ &07 3&4"$&3 50<51:$ 154"+ ;/"$"

<:0E"054&3 &#1"0<" :9 4/"1" 4""4/ 51 8:$" <:88:0@ X:4" 50 4/" =5<4%$" #"3:; 4/"

$5E/4 3&4"$&3 50<51:$k1 ="EY1/&="7 &=="&$&0<"@



C#0:$8&33' 1/&="7 4""4/ :<<%$ &1 4/" $"1%34 :9 & 0%8#"$ :9 <:07545:01 1:8" :9

;/5</ &$"B J:0E"054&3 1'=/5351+ J"$"#$&3 =&31'+ N<4:7"$8&3 7'1=3&15&+ &0/57$:45<+

H0<:0450"045& =5E8"045 &</$:85&01+ J3"57:<$&05&3 7'1:14:151+ N/3"$1Ye&03:1

1'07$:8" &07 N3351YF&0 J$"F"57 1'07$:8"@

N>4$& $::41+ ="$1514"04 7"<57%:%1 4""4/+ 1%="$0%8"$&$' 4""4/+ &#1"04 $::41+ &31:

:<<%$@

Documents

Human Skeletal Remains