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Human Security – concepts and challenges in Turkey and the
western Balkans hCa , Istanbul 19th February, 2013
Mary Martin
What do we mean by ‘human security’?2 ways of looking at it
1. WHO?
• People – humanising security
HOW ? • Means are as important as goals ; human
security as an approach as well as an end state
WHAT? • The importance of everyday life; interconnected threats; justice
– --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Freedom from Fear, Freedom from Want, and Right to Dignity
– Focus on what kind of humans as well as what kind of harms
‘
The European Union and HS
• Barcelona Report + a Human Security Doctrine – which capabilities?
• Madrid Report – how to deploy capabilities?• External relations, but internal dilemmas• Post Lisbon Treaty – what role for HS?– In the Neighbourhood– To complement national security and defence– As a domestic policy? Greece, the Balkans?
A framework: 5 principles
1. Primacy of human rights– Which rights – positive and negative – how are they threatened?– Who should defend them ?– Rule of law , not rule of war/corruption – Focus on individual need not macro indicators
2. Legitimate political authority
• Aim is credible and trust-worthy institutions – make people feel safe
• Focus on creating space for life as usual• Not necessarily re-creating the state• Local and regional governance • Accountability• External assistance must also be scrutinised
3. Bottom-up approach
• Sustainable – outsiders can only help not deliver
• Requires local knowledge, representation participation and accountability mechanisms
• Real empowerment versus token capacity building
• Increased roles for women• Attention to youth , minorities
4. Effective multilateralism
• Commitment to work with others • Commitment to rules/norms • Should build not erode legitimacy• Synthesis and inter-operability versus
duplication and rivalry• End to ‘stove-pipe’ mentality
5. Regional focus
• Focus on wider connections of conflicts• Existing dialogue emphasises ‘states’• How to engage the neighbourhood • Not just as source of threat but also
opportunity eg justice, economic initiatives
Policy implications
• Stability or sustainability?• Rule of law • Security @individual level = empowerment• Justice, inclusion• a strong civil society - accountability• Macro economic measures- GDP/currencies• Plus ....Issues of crime, jobs, micro credit
‘GOOD’ POLICIES
• Granular Leading to
• Organic
• Opportunity
• Dignity
The challenges of a human security approach
addressing complexity – Grey areas – Coping mechanisms
and survival strategies – heroic or harmful?
– Presence of ambiguous and contradictory markers of human security
– Radical shifts in perceptions
– Dialogues to manage complexity?
clashes between principles:
- the need for trade-offs : eg human rights versus bottom up , universal norms vs particularist cultures
-legitimating political
authority : who decides?
-
Choices should be deliberative and transparent
The state and HS
• Complementary or competitive?• The paradox of HS – challenges the state but
also needs to collaborate with it• Who should deliver HS?• Can the state be co-opted ?• Re-aligning priorities and powers
Other challenges
• Coping with messy outcomes
– Undesirable and unintended consequences
– No neat edges – systematic not systemic
– Ownership of process and results
– Balance between universal templates and local translation
• Technical assistance or political intervention?
– HS is deeply political– Outcomes are important
as well as process – How to avoid the ‘Twin
Peaks’– No added value – HS as a technology of
governance/biopolitics
Lessons (not learned) fromthe Balkans experience
• Legitimacy →De jure AND de facto
• Legacy → integrated, sustainable programmes; including the private sector
• Coherence →Making multilateralism effective – stakeholder identification and engagementAgreement on objectives
approaches
narratives • Timeframes →
benchmarking evaluation, accountabilityContinuous assessment
HS Challenges in the region
– Different levels and types of vulnerability
– Managing the transition• Question of capacity
or will?– Legacy: Security
services; arms– Crime and porous
borders
• _________ ____ ____________ __________ __ __________
• ____ ______• ___ ___ ______________ • _________ ___________• _____ ______ ____ • ____ _______ _________
– Unemployment, and creating legitimate occupations
– Reshaping the social safety net and the political contract
– An inclusive society– The affective dimension
– hope, optimism, managing expectations
Some ideas for thematic research
• A regional security sector reform programme along HS lines?
• Access to justice • Involve and stimulate the private sector
– HS can also apply to business
• What kind of civil society ? – Citizen networks– Dialogue and grass roots representation
• Exploiting new technologies – countering marginalisation
Doing HS – research methods
• Good research is research conducted with people rather than on people
• changing the perspective of the researcher to achieve
• a different ethical position• a different kind of knowledge• unleash social, political processes of change
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
• PR/PAR = attempts to address power imbalances + oppressive social structures–Between researcher and subject –Between outside observer and inside
actor–Between priveleged and
underpriveleged/powerful and powerless
Power of the researcher:– Select who has knowledge– Which type of knowledge to include– Ask questions – Interpret data Risks to communities?
• PR -Values the researched community as a vital part of the research project and its members as experts of their experiences [ Grant, Nelson, Mitchell]
• ‘The role of PR is to enable people to empower themselves through the construction of their own knowledge in a process of action or reflection or conscientisation’ [Freire]
Doing research as though people matter
• What harms? Which humans?• What’s wrong with surveys?• Need to address power imbalances• A dialogic approach– Open ended conversations– 2 level translation
• Multidirectional security markers