Human rights

HUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS

HUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS

EMBRACES THIS FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMEMBRACES THIS FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM THE RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY, SECURITY OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY, SECURITY OF

PERSON’S PROPERTY & EQUAL PROTECTION PERSON’S PROPERTY & EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWOF THE LAW

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: CHOOSE HIS OWN OCCUPATION/ RELIGIONCHOOSE HIS OWN OCCUPATION/ RELIGION RUN FOR POLITICAL POSITIONRUN FOR POLITICAL POSITION TO VOTE TO VOTE ASSOCIATE WITH OTHER PEOPLEASSOCIATE WITH OTHER PEOPLE RIGHT TO THE PRODUCT OF HIS OWN LABOR GUARANTEED BY RIGHT TO THE PRODUCT OF HIS OWN LABOR GUARANTEED BY

THE “BILL OF RIGHTS” & THOSE EMBODIED IN THE UNIVERSAL THE “BILL OF RIGHTS” & THOSE EMBODIED IN THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSDECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

HUMAN RIGHTS

IS THERE A TRADITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES?

YES, EVEN BEFORE THE ADVENT OF WESTERN INFLUENCES, WE HAVE A TRADITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AS TYPIFIED IN THE CODE OF KALANTIAO WHERE RIGHT & OBLIGATION DUTIES & PRIVILEGES OF SOCIAL GROUPS ARE DEFINED.

EXAMPLES:

1. TILLERS OF THE LAND HAD CERTAIN RIGHT TO THE PRODUCT OF HIS LABOR.

2. THE INDIVIDUAL HAD THE RECOGNIZED RIGHTS ON FOREST PRODUCT IN ACCORDANCE WITH ABILITY & STRENGHT.

3. CHIEF HAD THE RIGHT TO PROTECT THE LIVES OF HIS FOLLOWERS.

4. THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY.

5. THE CUSTOM & TRADITION OF THE LOCALITY.

HUMAN RIGHTS

WHAT IS THE AFP’s POSITION ON HUMAN RIGHTS?

THE AFP SUBSCRIBES WITH ABIDING CONCERN FOR & ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY OBSERVING THE FF BASIC RULES:

A. NORMAL BEHAVIOR OF A DISCIPLINED SOLDIER.

B. OBSERVE HUMAN RIGHTS REGULATIONS & ARTICLES.

C. UNNECESSARY SEQUESTRATION OF PROPERTY INVOLVEMENT.

D. INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE DURING MILITARY OPERATIONS.

““It is believed that many of our It is believed that many of our disgruntled countrymen generally engage disgruntled countrymen generally engage in lawless activities and eventually join in lawless activities and eventually join dissident groups when their rights as dissident groups when their rights as human beings are violated”. human beings are violated”.

The cycle of rebellion and violent The cycle of rebellion and violent expression of descent will never end if expression of descent will never end if in the conflict environment, the in the conflict environment, the government troops and law enforcers government troops and law enforcers do not respect the rights of the peopledo not respect the rights of the people. .

A. ACHIEVING HUMAN RIGHTS A. ACHIEVING HUMAN RIGHTS GOALSGOALS

Following are the means that countries in Following are the means that countries in the international community commonly the international community commonly adopt to promote the observance of adopt to promote the observance of human rights in their countries: human rights in their countries:

1. Setting the examples. 1. Setting the examples. A country that advocates the observance of A country that advocates the observance of

human rights believes that its own human human rights believes that its own human rights record will serve as an example for rights record will serve as an example for other countries to follow. other countries to follow.

2. Diplomatic Initiatives2. Diplomatic Initiatives. .

Diplomatic representatives from different Diplomatic representatives from different countries wherever they meet often address countries wherever they meet often address and discuss important human rights concerns and discuss important human rights concerns during private meetings. during private meetings.

3. Providing Asylum to Political Refugees3. Providing Asylum to Political Refugees. . Most countries have immigration laws that allow Most countries have immigration laws that allow

person who are fleeing their homelands due to person who are fleeing their homelands due to persecution in the account of their cultural, persecution in the account of their cultural, religious and political beliefs. As a general rule, religious and political beliefs. As a general rule, any foreign national who flees his country, will not any foreign national who flees his country, will not be granted asylum. He may however be granted be granted asylum. He may however be granted a temporary refuge if his life or safety is in a temporary refuge if his life or safety is in immediate danger. Those, however who request immediate danger. Those, however who request for political asylum on a base in a foreign territory for political asylum on a base in a foreign territory or on a ship on the high seas (international or on a ship on the high seas (international waters) will not be turned over said refugees to waters) will not be turned over said refugees to another country without the approval of the another country without the approval of the government exercising sovereignty over such government exercising sovereignty over such territory or vessel. territory or vessel.

4. Pressure of World Opinion4. Pressure of World Opinion. . When the means of diplomacy and example fail When the means of diplomacy and example fail

to work, the government officials of concerned to work, the government officials of concerned countries may issue public statements against a countries may issue public statements against a particular country that refuses to observe and particular country that refuses to observe and implement Human Rights and the provisions of implement Human Rights and the provisions of the International Law. the International Law.

5. Suspension of Foreign Assistance5. Suspension of Foreign Assistance. .

Countries that provide humanitarian assistance Countries that provide humanitarian assistance for development and economic relief for less for development and economic relief for less developed countries, may withhold aid when the developed countries, may withhold aid when the recipient country continuously violate Human recipient country continuously violate Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. Rights and International Humanitarian Law.

6. Implementation of Economic Sanctions. 6. Implementation of Economic Sanctions. Countries that are unsatisfied with the consistently Countries that are unsatisfied with the consistently

appalling record human right violations of a particular appalling record human right violations of a particular country may reduce or terminate economic relations with country may reduce or terminate economic relations with that country. that country.

7. Actions of United Nations and Regional 7. Actions of United Nations and Regional

OrganizationOrganization. . The United Nations and other regional organizations all The United Nations and other regional organizations all

over the world may resort to concerted actions to put over the world may resort to concerted actions to put political and economic pressure on countries that commit political and economic pressure on countries that commit human rights abuses. The United Nations follow a formal human rights abuses. The United Nations follow a formal process of acting on and investigating reported human process of acting on and investigating reported human right violations in its member countries. Although the right violations in its member countries. Although the adoption of persuasive measures is the primary tool, the adoption of persuasive measures is the primary tool, the U.N. can vote to impose severe economic sanctions U.N. can vote to impose severe economic sanctions against human rights violator country. against human rights violator country.

B. HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED. B. HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED.

Following are the basic human rights of a Following are the basic human rights of a suspect or the accused, which should be suspect or the accused, which should be recognized during custodial investigation recognized during custodial investigation

and conduct of tactical interrogation: and conduct of tactical interrogation:

1. Rights of Person Prior to Investigation. 1. Rights of Person Prior to Investigation. Known as the Known as the “Miranda Doctrine” “Miranda Doctrine” as laid as laid

down by the U.S Supreme Court, the accused down by the U.S Supreme Court, the accused has the right to be warned prior to any has the right to be warned prior to any questioning that: questioning that:

a. He has the right to remain a. He has the right to remain silent and make self-incriminating silent and make self-incriminating statements. statements.

b. Anything that he says can be b. Anything that he says can be used against him in a court of law. used against him in a court of law.

c. He has the right to presence c. He has the right to presence of any attorney, and that if he cannot of any attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed afford an attorney, one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so for him prior to any questioning if he so desires. desires.

2. Rights of Person Under Investigation2. Rights of Person Under Investigation. . The following are the rights of the accused while undergoing The following are the rights of the accused while undergoing

investigation as embodied in Article III-Bill of Rights and other investigation as embodied in Article III-Bill of Rights and other sections of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: sections of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:

a. Under Article III-Bill of Rights a. Under Article III-Bill of Rights 1) Right to remain silent and not to answer 1) Right to remain silent and not to answer

any questions that may incriminate him. any questions that may incriminate him. 2) Right to counsel or a lawyer of his choice 2) Right to counsel or a lawyer of his choice

to present and whom he can consult during investigation. to present and whom he can consult during investigation. 3) Right against torture or any form of mental 3) Right against torture or any form of mental

or physical punishment. or physical punishment. 4) Right against secret detention. 4) Right against secret detention. b. Under Section 11 b. Under Section 11 1) Free access to the courts and quasi-1) Free access to the courts and quasi-

judicial bodies. judicial bodies. 2) Adequate legal assistance shall not be 2) Adequate legal assistance shall not be

denied to the accused by reason of poverty. denied to the accused by reason of poverty.

c. Under Section 12 c. Under Section 12 1) The right to be informed of his rights to 1) The right to be informed of his rights to

remain silent and to have a competent and independent counsel remain silent and to have a competent and independent counsel preferably of his choice. If he cannot afford, he must be provided preferably of his choice. If he cannot afford, he must be provided one. This right cannot be waived except in writing and in the one. This right cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of a counsel. presence of a counsel.

2) No torture, force, threat or any other means 2) No torture, force, threat or any other means of intimidation may be used against the accused. The use of of intimidation may be used against the accused. The use of secret place of detention, solitary confinement or declaring the secret place of detention, solitary confinement or declaring the accused “incommunicado” and other similar forms of detention are accused “incommunicado” and other similar forms of detention are prohibited. prohibited.

3) Any confession or admission of guilt obtained 3) Any confession or admission of guilt obtained in violation of the above-mentioned rights of the accused shall be in violation of the above-mentioned rights of the accused shall be inadmissible evidence against him.inadmissible evidence against him.

4) The Law provides penal and legal sanctions 4) The Law provides penal and legal sanctions for violations of these rights as guaranteed by the Constitution, as for violations of these rights as guaranteed by the Constitution, as well as compensation for the rehabilitation of victims of torture and well as compensation for the rehabilitation of victims of torture and similar practices. Also excessive bail shall not be imposed. similar practices. Also excessive bail shall not be imposed.

d. Under Section 18 d. Under Section 18 1) No person shall be detained solely be reason of his political beliefs 1) No person shall be detained solely be reason of his political beliefs

and aspirations. and aspirations. 2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a 2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a

punishment for a crime wherein the accused has been convicted in a duly punishment for a crime wherein the accused has been convicted in a duly constituted court. constituted court.

e. Under Section 19 e. Under Section 19 1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, 1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel,

degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes. imposed, unless for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes.

2) The employment of a physical, psychological, or 2) The employment of a physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or the use of substandard or degrading punishment against any prisoner or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law. law.

f. Under Section 22 f. Under Section 22 1) No person shall be put twice in jeopardy of 1) No person shall be put twice in jeopardy of

punishment (to be accused more than once) for the same offense. punishment (to be accused more than once) for the same offense. 2) If a person is convicted or acquitted under either of 2) If a person is convicted or acquitted under either of

the law or ordinance he was accused of violating, he may not be prosecuted the law or ordinance he was accused of violating, he may not be prosecuted again for the same act. again for the same act.

Rights of the Accused During TrialRights of the Accused During Trial

. Following are the rights that an accused person is entitled to . Following are the rights that an accused person is entitled to during the course of trial listed in the Rules of Court and as during the course of trial listed in the Rules of Court and as guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution: guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution:

a. To be presumed innocent until the contrary (his guilt) a. To be presumed innocent until the contrary (his guilt)

is proved beyond doubt during the trial. is proved beyond doubt during the trial. b. To be informed of the nature and cause of the b. To be informed of the nature and cause of the

accusations against him. accusations against him. c. To be present and defend in person and by a counsel c. To be present and defend in person and by a counsel

at every stage of the proceedings, from the arraignment to the at every stage of the proceedings, from the arraignment to the promulgation of the judgment. The accused may however waive his promulgation of the judgment. The accused may however waive his presence if specifically ordered by the court for purposes of presence if specifically ordered by the court for purposes of identification. The absence of the accused without justifiable cause identification. The absence of the accused without justifiable cause wherein he had been duly notified, shall be considered a waiver of wherein he had been duly notified, shall be considered a waiver of his rights to be present. Also when he escaped from custody, he his rights to be present. Also when he escaped from custody, he shall also be deemed to have waived his rights to be present in all shall also be deemed to have waived his rights to be present in all the subsequent trial dates until custody is regained. the subsequent trial dates until custody is regained.

d. Upon motion, the accused may d. Upon motion, the accused may be followed to defend himself in person when be followed to defend himself in person when it sufficiently appears to the court that he can it sufficiently appears to the court that he can properly protect his rights without the properly protect his rights without the assistance of counsel. assistance of counsel.

e. To confront and cross-examine e. To confront and cross-examine the witness against him during the trial. the witness against him during the trial.

f. To have appropriate court orders f. To have appropriate court orders be issued to compel the attendance of be issued to compel the attendance of witnesses and ensure the production of witnesses and ensure the production of important evidences in his behalf. important evidences in his behalf.

g. To have a speedy, impartial and g. To have a speedy, impartial and public trial. public trial.

C. COMMISSION ON HUMAN C. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTSRIGHTS

. The Presidential Commission on Human . The Presidential Commission on Human Rights was established during the Rights was established during the administration of President Corazon administration of President Corazon Aquino and it was after the approval of the Aquino and it was after the approval of the 1987 Constitution that the body was 1987 Constitution that the body was renamed the Commission on Human renamed the Commission on Human Rights.Rights.

1. Functions1. Functions The following are the functions of the The following are the functions of the

Commission on Human Rights:Commission on Human Rights: a. Contrary to some misconceptions that the a. Contrary to some misconceptions that the

Commission on Human Rights is an anti-military and a pro-Commission on Human Rights is an anti-military and a pro-insurgents organization, the Commission in truth is an insurgents organization, the Commission in truth is an independent, disinterested body, which is mandated to independent, disinterested body, which is mandated to investigate on its own or upon complaint all forms of human investigate on its own or upon complaint all forms of human rights violations and monitor the Philippine Government’s rights violations and monitor the Philippine Government’s compliance with the country’s obligation under the compliance with the country’s obligation under the international treaty on human rights.international treaty on human rights.

b. The Commission of Human Rights b. The Commission of Human Rights

functions as a homogenous organization composed of civic-functions as a homogenous organization composed of civic-oriented groups who advocates and monitors the protection of oriented groups who advocates and monitors the protection of human rights I the country. human rights I the country.

1. Functions1. Functions

c. The CHR basically serves as an c. The CHR basically serves as an independent fact-finding body and does independent fact-finding body and does not have the power to prosecute. After an not have the power to prosecute. After an investigation, the CHR may only investigation, the CHR may only recommend to courts or to the concerned recommend to courts or to the concerned agencies the filing of appropriate charges agencies the filing of appropriate charges against the suspected respondents. Thus, against the suspected respondents. Thus, the CHR has no power to prosecute and the CHR has no power to prosecute and send the accused to prison. send the accused to prison.

2. Jurisdiction2. Jurisdiction . The following are the nature of human . The following are the nature of human

rights violations that are within the jurisdiction of rights violations that are within the jurisdiction of the Commission on Human Rights to investigate the Commission on Human Rights to investigate for purpose of prosecution: for purpose of prosecution:

a. Rights of detainees or prisoners a. Rights of detainees or prisoners

against physical, psychological and degrading against physical, psychological and degrading punishment resulting to the commission of crimes punishment resulting to the commission of crimes against persons. against persons.

b. Right to a fair and public trial as b. Right to a fair and public trial as recognized under the Philippine Constitution, recognized under the Philippine Constitution, applicable laws and other statutes. applicable laws and other statutes.

2. Jurisdiction2. Jurisdiction

c. Constitutional guarantees c. Constitutional guarantees provided against the use of torture, force, provided against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or other means violence, threat, intimidation or other means that vitiate the free will of any person and that vitiate the free will of any person and force him to do anything or sign any force him to do anything or sign any document against his will. document against his will.

d. Right to life without due d. Right to life without due process of law, where its commission is process of law, where its commission is tantamount to summary execution or tantamount to summary execution or extrajudicial execution. extrajudicial execution.

2. Jurisdiction2. Jurisdiction e. Right to select one’s place of abode and e. Right to select one’s place of abode and

of changing one’s residence within the limits provided by law, of changing one’s residence within the limits provided by law, except upon lawful order of the court. except upon lawful order of the court.

These violations may include the acts of population control These violations may include the acts of population control such as “such as “hamletinghamleting”, forced eviction and illegal demolition.”, forced eviction and illegal demolition.

f. Rights of persons to secure their houses, f. Rights of persons to secure their houses,

papers and belongings against unreasonable and arbitrary papers and belongings against unreasonable and arbitrary searches and seizures. searches and seizures.

g. Rights of person arrested, detained or g. Rights of person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation as well as the duties of arresting, under custodial investigation as well as the duties of arresting, detaining and investigating officers. detaining and investigating officers.

2. Jurisdiction2. Jurisdiction

h. Right of the people to h. Right of the people to peaceably assemble and petition the peaceably assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. government for redress of grievances.

i. Right of the people to freely i. Right of the people to freely exercise and enjoy their religious profession exercise and enjoy their religious profession and worship, without discrimination. This and worship, without discrimination. This includes such offenses as desecration of includes such offenses as desecration of places of worship and other acts that are places of worship and other acts that are notoriously offensive to the feelings of the notoriously offensive to the feelings of the faithful. faithful.

HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS SAFEGUARDSSAFEGUARDS

The following are practical suggestions The following are practical suggestions that will promote the observance of human that will promote the observance of human rights by AFP personnel during military rights by AFP personnel during military operations.operations.

1. While in Combat. Here are 1. While in Combat. Here are some guides that you may follow as a some guides that you may follow as a commander of a unit in the operational commander of a unit in the operational areas but not directly engaged in combat.areas but not directly engaged in combat.


a. Internalizing the Values of Human a. Internalizing the Values of Human Rights. Rights. Develop a strong and effective military values’ Develop a strong and effective military values’

education among your men. Discuss with them education among your men. Discuss with them your own beliefs, attitudes and values your own beliefs, attitudes and values regarding observance of human rights in order regarding observance of human rights in order that they will know exactly were you stand. that they will know exactly were you stand. Make them internalize the value of observing Make them internalize the value of observing human rights by including instructions on human rights by including instructions on Human Rights in your Troop Information and Human Rights in your Troop Information and Education (TI&E) Program. Most human rights Education (TI&E) Program. Most human rights violations are results of ignorance of the law.violations are results of ignorance of the law.


b. Conduct of Legal Arrests and b. Conduct of Legal Arrests and Searches. Searches. As a general rule, law enforcers many only As a general rule, law enforcers many only

conduct arrests and searches only after they conduct arrests and searches only after they have legally secured arrest and search have legally secured arrest and search warrants from a judge. However, arrest and warrants from a judge. However, arrest and searches may also be performed without searches may also be performed without warrants if the following conditions exist: warrants if the following conditions exist:

1) When in the presence of 1) When in the presence of arresting officer, the When in the presence of the arresting officer, the When in the presence of the officer, the son to be arrested has committed, is officer, the son to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an actually committing, or is attempting to commit an offense. offense.

2) When an offense has in fact 2) When an offense has in fact been committed and the arresting person has a been committed and the arresting person has a reasonable ground to believe that the person to be reasonable ground to believe that the person to be arrested has in fact committed it. arrested has in fact committed it.

3) When the person to be arrested 3) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is serving final establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his case is judgment or temporarily confined while his case is pending, or when he escaped while being transferred pending, or when he escaped while being transferred from one place of confinement to another. from one place of confinement to another.

c. Non-Employment of Children as c. Non-Employment of Children as Combatants. Never allow any person below 18 years old Combatants. Never allow any person below 18 years old take part in any armed conflict. Children should never be take part in any armed conflict. Children should never be recruited or employed by government forces to perform or recruited or employed by government forces to perform or engage in any activity that has direct connection with armed engage in any activity that has direct connection with armed conflict, either as combatants, guides, couriers, or in any conflict, either as combatants, guides, couriers, or in any similar capacity where they may be identified as active similar capacity where they may be identified as active members of an organized group. members of an organized group.

d. Good Relationship with Media and Human d. Good Relationship with Media and Human

Rights Groups. Communicate and establish good Rights Groups. Communicate and establish good relationship with the media, human rights groups and relationship with the media, human rights groups and members of non government organizations (NGO’s) members of non government organizations (NGO’s) advocating the protection of human rights. Unwholesome advocating the protection of human rights. Unwholesome relations with these groups and improper handling of relations with these groups and improper handling of situations involving them may spawn more serious problems situations involving them may spawn more serious problems for your unit in the future. for your unit in the future.

e. Non-Identification with Dubious e. Non-Identification with Dubious Personalities. Avoid being identified with influential Personalities. Avoid being identified with influential and controversial personalities in your area of and controversial personalities in your area of operation. While it is always advisable for operation. While it is always advisable for commanders to try to establish good relations with all commanders to try to establish good relations with all the members of the community for this may cause the members of the community for this may cause criticisms that you are protecting certain interest criticisms that you are protecting certain interest groups in favor of the masses. groups in favor of the masses.

f. Absolutely no Drinking. Never allow f. Absolutely no Drinking. Never allow

your men to drink any alcoholic beverages while in your men to drink any alcoholic beverages while in the operational areas. The discipline of soldiers who the operational areas. The discipline of soldiers who do not know how to handle stress tend to deteriorate do not know how to handle stress tend to deteriorate and may cause behavioral problems. To avoid this, and may cause behavioral problems. To avoid this, never tolerate drinking within your camp. Enforce never tolerate drinking within your camp. Enforce this prohibition through your NCOs. this prohibition through your NCOs.

During Combat OperationsDuring Combat Operations . Here are some recommended pointers that one . Here are some recommended pointers that one

may follow when engaged in actual combat for the may follow when engaged in actual combat for the protection of human rights: protection of human rights:

a. Always established the proper authority a. Always established the proper authority

in initiating combat operationsin initiating combat operations. . Ensure that all combat operations are covered by Ensure that all combat operations are covered by

appropriate Operation Order that set the responsibility appropriate Operation Order that set the responsibility to commander of all participating units at all levels of to commander of all participating units at all levels of command. Even in the conduct of minor combat command. Even in the conduct of minor combat operations as when sending out patrols, a radio operations as when sending out patrols, a radio message or a simple written directive from higher message or a simple written directive from higher headquarters may be necessary. headquarters may be necessary.

During Combat OperationsDuring Combat Operations b. As Commander, find time to speak to your men b. As Commander, find time to speak to your men

before sending them outbefore sending them out. . Re-iterate to them your unequivocal stand that they should Re-iterate to them your unequivocal stand that they should

observe human rights and that you will never tolerate any observe human rights and that you will never tolerate any violations. Impress on their minds that although their commander violations. Impress on their minds that although their commander is responsible for the accomplishment of the mission, all of them is responsible for the accomplishment of the mission, all of them will be held responsible for their individual behavior during the will be held responsible for their individual behavior during the operation. operation.

c. As Commander, do not treat civilians in the c. As Commander, do not treat civilians in the operational populace as insurgents or suspects. operational populace as insurgents or suspects. Demand that your men will do the same. When you convene Demand that your men will do the same. When you convene

with civilians, try to be casual, polite and cheerful, otherwise you with civilians, try to be casual, polite and cheerful, otherwise you would be misinterpreted to be harassing or interrogating them. would be misinterpreted to be harassing or interrogating them. The civilian would normally volunteer information if they star The civilian would normally volunteer information if they star feeling comfortable with the soldiers. feeling comfortable with the soldiers.

During Combat OperationsDuring Combat Operations e. Do no use civilians from villages as e. Do no use civilians from villages as

guides.guides. If you have problems in finding directions, avoid using If you have problems in finding directions, avoid using

civilians, particularly children, women or the elderly as civilians, particularly children, women or the elderly as guides. Use Baranggay Officials or “tanods” instead, guides. Use Baranggay Officials or “tanods” instead, if they are available. if they are available.

f. Do not prohibit, interrupt or disband f. Do not prohibit, interrupt or disband

peaceful meeting in the community. peaceful meeting in the community. It is the people’s exercise of peaceful assembly and It is the people’s exercise of peaceful assembly and

no one should be hindered to attend such lawful no one should be hindered to attend such lawful meetings. meetings.

During Combat OperationsDuring Combat Operations g. Do not block the entry of food, health g. Do not block the entry of food, health

and other support services to civilian and other support services to civilian communities as a way of defeating the communities as a way of defeating the insurgentsinsurgents. . The civilian populace will protest any form of The civilian populace will protest any form of

control over the resources that are intended for control over the resources that are intended for their community. However, government forces their community. However, government forces may prevent or limit the entry of service workers may prevent or limit the entry of service workers and the delivery of goods into an area affected by and the delivery of goods into an area affected by the armed conflict if this ill interfere directly with the armed conflict if this ill interfere directly with the ongoing combat operations, or will endanger the ongoing combat operations, or will endanger the lives and safety of the service workers or the lives and safety of the service workers or those delivering the goods. those delivering the goods.

During Combat OperationsDuring Combat Operations h. Do not disrupt or dislocate the source h. Do not disrupt or dislocate the source

of livelihood of the members of the of livelihood of the members of the community. community. The areas involved in an armed conflict should be The areas involved in an armed conflict should be

carefully identified and residents of those areas carefully identified and residents of those areas that are not directly affected should be allowed to that are not directly affected should be allowed to go on with their normal lives in order that their go on with their normal lives in order that their source of livelihood will not be affected. source of livelihood will not be affected. Operating units should avoid damaging crops and Operating units should avoid damaging crops and properties of civilians along the way. When the properties of civilians along the way. When the operation is over and peace has been restored, operation is over and peace has been restored, recommend to your higher headquarters for the recommend to your higher headquarters for the restitution of the damaged properties and crops. restitution of the damaged properties and crops.

During Combat EngagementsDuring Combat Engagements Following are important measures, which you could take as a Following are important measures, which you could take as a

leader of a unit engaged in combat operations:leader of a unit engaged in combat operations: a. Know exactly what your military objectives are and a. Know exactly what your military objectives are and

know how to distinguish them from purely civilian objects and know how to distinguish them from purely civilian objects and residential areas. residential areas. The best way to distinguish civilian communities from military The best way to distinguish civilian communities from military

objectives is by using good judgment, common sense and your objectives is by using good judgment, common sense and your conscience.conscience.

b. Whenever possible, double-check and re-verify the b. Whenever possible, double-check and re-verify the target you are about to attack. target you are about to attack. Sometimes due to confusion of combat and the nervousness of Sometimes due to confusion of combat and the nervousness of

the men, some civilians may be mistaken as insurgents. You can the men, some civilians may be mistaken as insurgents. You can prevent this to happen by being very deliberate in your planning prevent this to happen by being very deliberate in your planning and by directing your men to be very discriminating on the and by directing your men to be very discriminating on the targets they will fire upon.targets they will fire upon.

c. Take control of your emotions and maintain your c. Take control of your emotions and maintain your sense of reason even in the heat of battle. sense of reason even in the heat of battle. As a Combat Leader, you can save many innocent lives if you As a Combat Leader, you can save many innocent lives if you

maintain your stability under pressure and keep your good maintain your stability under pressure and keep your good judgment, If you have reasons to believe that the orders of your judgment, If you have reasons to believe that the orders of your senior commander have already crossed beyond the limits legal senior commander have already crossed beyond the limits legal and moral orders, be courageous enough to express you’re your and moral orders, be courageous enough to express you’re your dissenting opinion.dissenting opinion.

d. When you believe that your senior commander has d. When you believe that your senior commander has given you a vague order, such as “You already know what to given you a vague order, such as “You already know what to do” directly confront him in the presence of some witnesses do” directly confront him in the presence of some witnesses and ask exactly what he meantand ask exactly what he meant. . You may ask, “Do you mean Sir, that we must now attack this You may ask, “Do you mean Sir, that we must now attack this

village regardless whether the enemy is here or not and burn it?” village regardless whether the enemy is here or not and burn it?” Normally a commander who attempts to hide behind Normally a commander who attempts to hide behind irresponsible commands will recover his senses and your having irresponsible commands will recover his senses and your having returned the responsibility to him will make him reconsider his returned the responsibility to him will make him reconsider his vague order.vague order.

e. Do not use excessive force much more than e. Do not use excessive force much more than necessary to achieve your military objectivenecessary to achieve your military objective. . Avoid doing an “Avoid doing an “overkilloverkill” of the enemy. This will not only ” of the enemy. This will not only

result to big wastage of ammunition but will also result to big wastage of ammunition but will also unnecessary imperil innocent civilians that may be caught unnecessary imperil innocent civilians that may be caught in the crossfire.in the crossfire.

f. Ensure that your men do not kill enemy f. Ensure that your men do not kill enemy

combatants who have surrendered, those who are combatants who have surrendered, those who are wounded and who could no longer fight. wounded and who could no longer fight. An enemy still weilding his firearms and who refuses to An enemy still weilding his firearms and who refuses to

surrender is considered legitimate target for neutralization. surrender is considered legitimate target for neutralization. However, an enemy combatant who drops their weapon, However, an enemy combatant who drops their weapon, raise his hand or a white cloth in gesture of surrender, can raise his hand or a white cloth in gesture of surrender, can no longer be shot. Killing such defenseless enemy is no longer be shot. Killing such defenseless enemy is tantamount to “ tantamount to “ murdermurder”. ”.

After Combat EngagementAfter Combat Engagement Consider following these pointers Consider following these pointers

immediately after the combat engagement in order immediately after the combat engagement in order that you and your men will not be vulnerable to that you and your men will not be vulnerable to complaints that my be filed against you by insurgent complaints that my be filed against you by insurgent sympathizers:sympathizers:

a. Immediately render an initial after a. Immediately render an initial after encounter report to your higher headquarters.encounter report to your higher headquarters. At least try to give your senior commander a partial At least try to give your senior commander a partial

report in a continuing operation or when complete report in a continuing operation or when complete results are not yet available. Provide them with results are not yet available. Provide them with operational updates whenever necessary. Early operational updates whenever necessary. Early reporting of operational accomplishment may later reporting of operational accomplishment may later serve as proof that an operation is legally being serve as proof that an operation is legally being conducted and that a legitimate encounter did happen.conducted and that a legitimate encounter did happen.

After Combat EngagementAfter Combat Engagement

b. Whenever possible try to document b. Whenever possible try to document the aftermath of the operation in pictures and the aftermath of the operation in pictures and video footages. video footages. Try to get in video or tapes the testimonies of Try to get in video or tapes the testimonies of

local officials and other civilians who personally local officials and other civilians who personally witnesses the operation. Such messages from witnesses the operation. Such messages from cooperative civilians maybe used as evidence cooperative civilians maybe used as evidence against human rights violation cases that may be against human rights violation cases that may be filed against you unit in the future. They may also filed against you unit in the future. They may also be used as valuable materials for media releases be used as valuable materials for media releases to show good rapport with the civilian populace.to show good rapport with the civilian populace.


c. Immediately bring the result of the c. Immediately bring the result of the operation to the attention of the Barangay operation to the attention of the Barangay Officials and the other civilian leaders in Officials and the other civilian leaders in the where the encounter happened. the where the encounter happened. They are considered as the authorities in the They are considered as the authorities in the

village, and by involving them in reporting the village, and by involving them in reporting the encounter, they become neutral source of encounter, they become neutral source of information that would strengthen your information that would strengthen your defense in case there will be problems later.defense in case there will be problems later.


d. Try to get some formal statements d. Try to get some formal statements in print or video of Barangay Officials and in print or video of Barangay Officials and other disintegrated persons regarding the other disintegrated persons regarding the legitimacy of the encounter. legitimacy of the encounter. If possible, encourage the local officials to If possible, encourage the local officials to

make a formal resolution concerning the make a formal resolution concerning the incident.incident.


e. Secure all the available pieces of e. Secure all the available pieces of evidence that you may have gathered after evidence that you may have gathered after the encounter. the encounter. This may include the firearms captured from This may include the firearms captured from

the enemy, spent ammunition, subversive the enemy, spent ammunition, subversive documents, photographs, letters, diaries and documents, photographs, letters, diaries and packs of personal belongings. You may need packs of personal belongings. You may need them to conclusively establish that indeed the them to conclusively establish that indeed the encounter was legitimately and actually encounter was legitimately and actually happened.happened.


f. Report to the local officials and the f. Report to the local officials and the police authorities the circumstances of the police authorities the circumstances of the death or wounding of the enemies.death or wounding of the enemies. In coordination with the law enforcers in the In coordination with the law enforcers in the

area of encounter, pursue the identification of area of encounter, pursue the identification of the dead enemy or civilians that may have the dead enemy or civilians that may have been caught in the crossfire. Civilian crossfire been caught in the crossfire. Civilian crossfire victims are entitled burial assistance from the victims are entitled burial assistance from the government. government.


g. Bring the bodies of the dead enemies g. Bring the bodies of the dead enemies to the police or the nearest local officials. to the police or the nearest local officials. Demand a receipt pr an acknowledgment in writing Demand a receipt pr an acknowledgment in writing

that your unit has turned overt to them the said that your unit has turned overt to them the said remains. Coordinate with them for the identification remains. Coordinate with them for the identification of the dead enemies. Upon identification, inform of the dead enemies. Upon identification, inform the nearest of kin through the local police forces. the nearest of kin through the local police forces. Respect the desire of the family of the deceased Respect the desire of the family of the deceased on what they intend to do with the remains. on what they intend to do with the remains.

After Combat engagementAfter Combat engagement

h. Give immediate medical attention h. Give immediate medical attention to the wounded.to the wounded. As the commander of the government forces As the commander of the government forces

in the are, it is your responsibility to ensure in the are, it is your responsibility to ensure the immediate treatment of the wounded the immediate treatment of the wounded enemy and the civilian crossfire victims. Make enemy and the civilian crossfire victims. Make sure that the local Barangay Officials assist sure that the local Barangay Officials assist you in caring for the wounded and in bringing you in caring for the wounded and in bringing them to the nearest hospital or medical clinic. them to the nearest hospital or medical clinic.

After Combat engagementAfter Combat engagement

i. Whenever possible, conduct massive i. Whenever possible, conduct massive civil-military and psychological operations at civil-military and psychological operations at the area where the encounter happened to the area where the encounter happened to neutralize whatever influences the enemy neutralize whatever influences the enemy have over the populace.have over the populace. The conduct of CMO and PSYOPS in this area The conduct of CMO and PSYOPS in this area

may be in the form of civic and humanitarian may be in the form of civic and humanitarian activities and the performance of community activities and the performance of community assistance projects that would enhance the good assistance projects that would enhance the good working relationship between civilians and the working relationship between civilians and the military forces in the area. military forces in the area.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSOF HUMAN RIGHTS

ARTICLE 1ARTICLE 1

ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE BORN FREE ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE BORN FREE & EQUAL IN DIGNITY & RIGHTS. THEY & EQUAL IN DIGNITY & RIGHTS. THEY ARE ENDOWED W/ REASON & ARE ENDOWED W/ REASON & CONSCIENCE AND SHOULD BE GOOD CONSCIENCE AND SHOULD BE GOOD TOWARDS ONE ANOTHER IN THE TOWARDS ONE ANOTHER IN THE SPIRIT OF BROTHERHOODSPIRIT OF BROTHERHOOD..

ARTICLE 2ARTICLE 2

EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO ALL EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO ALL RIGHTS & FREEDOM SETFORTH IN RIGHTS & FREEDOM SETFORTH IN THIS DECLARATION, WITHOUT THIS DECLARATION, WITHOUT DISTINCTION OF ANY KIND, SUCH AS DISTINCTION OF ANY KIND, SUCH AS RACE, COLOR, SEX, LANGUAGE, RACE, COLOR, SEX, LANGUAGE, RELIGION, POLITICAL OR OTHER RELIGION, POLITICAL OR OTHER STATUS.STATUS.

ARTICLE 3ARTICLE 3

EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO LIFE, EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY AND SECURITY OF PERSONLIBERTY AND SECURITY OF PERSON

ARTICLE 4ARTICLE 4

NO ONE SHALL BE HELD IN SLAVERY NO ONE SHALL BE HELD IN SLAVERY OR SERVITUDE. SLAVERY AND SLAVE OR SERVITUDE. SLAVERY AND SLAVE TRADE SHALL BE PROHIBITED IN ALL TRADE SHALL BE PROHIBITED IN ALL THEIR FORMSTHEIR FORMS

ARTICLE 5ARTICLE 5

NO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TO NO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TO TORTURE OR CRUELTY, ONE WORD TORTURE OR CRUELTY, ONE WORD AND DEGRADING TREATMENT OR AND DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT

ARTICLE 6ARTICLE 6

EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO RECOGNIZE EVERYWHERE AS A RECOGNIZE EVERYWHERE AS A PERSON BEFORE THE LAWPERSON BEFORE THE LAW

ARTICLE 7ARTICLE 7

ALL ARE EQUAL BEFORE THE LAW & ALL ARE EQUAL BEFORE THE LAW & ARE ENTITLED WITHOUT ANY ARE ENTITLED WITHOUT ANY DISCRIMINATION TO EQUAL DISCRIMINATION TO EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW. ALL ARE PROTECTION OF THE LAW. ALL ARE ENTITLED TO EQUAL PROTECTION ENTITLED TO EQUAL PROTECTION AGAINST ANY DISCRIMINATION AND AGAINST ANY DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLATION OF THIS DECLARATION VIOLATION OF THIS DECLARATION AND AGAINST ANY INCITEMENT TO AND AGAINST ANY INCITEMENT TO SUCH DISCRIMINATION.SUCH DISCRIMINATION.

ARTICLE 8ARTICLE 8

EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO AN EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO AN EFFECTIVE REMEDY BY THE EFFECTIVE REMEDY BY THE COMPETENT NATIONAL TRIBUNALS COMPETENT NATIONAL TRIBUNALS FOR ACTS VIOLATING THE FOR ACTS VIOLATING THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS GRANTED TO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS GRANTED TO HIM BY THE CONSTITUTION OR BY HIM BY THE CONSTITUTION OR BY THE LAWTHE LAW

ARTICLE 9ARTICLE 9

NO ONE SHAL BE SUBJECTED TO NO ONE SHAL BE SUBJECTED TO ARBITRARY ARREST, DETENTION OR ARBITRARY ARREST, DETENTION OR EXILEEXILE

ARTICLE 10ARTICLE 10

EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO FULL EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO FULL EQUALITY TO AFFAIR IN PUBLIC EQUALITY TO AFFAIR IN PUBLIC HEARING BY AN INDEPENDENT & HEARING BY AN INDEPENDENT & IMPARTIAL TRIBUNAL, IN THE IMPARTIAL TRIBUNAL, IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE RIGHTS AND DETERMINATION OF THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS AND OF ANY CRIMINAL OBLIGATIONS AND OF ANY CRIMINAL CHARGE AGAINST HIMCHARGE AGAINST HIM


EVERYONE WHO IS CHARGE WITH A EVERYONE WHO IS CHARGE WITH A PENAL OFFENSE HAS THE RIGHT TO PENAL OFFENSE HAS THE RIGHT TO PRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN PRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY ACCORDING TO LAW IN A GUILTY ACCORDING TO LAW IN A PUBLIC TRIAL AT WHICH HE HAD ALL PUBLIC TRIAL AT WHICH HE HAD ALL GUARANTEES NECESSARY FOR HIS GUARANTEES NECESSARY FOR HIS DEFENSEDEFENSE

ARTICLE 11 CONT..ARTICLE 11 CONT..

NO ONE SHALL BE HELD GUILTY OF NO ONE SHALL BE HELD GUILTY OF ANY OFFENSE ON AN ACCOUNT OF ANY OFFENSE ON AN ACCOUNT OF ANY ACT OR OMISSION WHICH DID ANY ACT OR OMISSION WHICH DID NOT CONSTITUTE A PENAL OFFENSE NOT CONSTITUTE A PENAL OFFENSE UNDER NATIONAL OR UNDER NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL LAW AT THE TIME INTERNATIONAL LAW AT THE TIME WHEN IT WAS COMMITTEDWHEN IT WAS COMMITTED


NO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED NO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED INTERFERENCE WITH HIS PRIVACY, INTERFERENCE WITH HIS PRIVACY, HOME OR CORRESPONDENCE, NOR HOME OR CORRESPONDENCE, NOR TO ATTACK UPON/HIS HONOR. TO ATTACK UPON/HIS HONOR. EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THE EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THE PROTECTION OF THE LAW AGAINST PROTECTION OF THE LAW AGAINST SUCH INTERFERENCE OR ATTACKSSUCH INTERFERENCE OR ATTACKS


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND INDEPENDENCE WITHIN THE INDEPENDENCE WITHIN THE HOLDERS OF EACH STATE. HOLDERS OF EACH STATE. EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO LEAVE EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO LEAVE THE COUNTRY, INCLUDING HIS OWN, THE COUNTRY, INCLUDING HIS OWN, AND RETURN TO HIS COUNTRYAND RETURN TO HIS COUNTRY


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO SEEK EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO SEEK ENJOYMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES ENJOYMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES ASYLUM FOR PERSECUTIONASYLUM FOR PERSECUTION


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO A EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO A NATIONALITYNATIONALITY

NO ONE SHALL BE ARBITRARY NO ONE SHALL BE ARBITRARY DEPRIVED HIS NATIONALITY NOR DEPRIVED HIS NATIONALITY NOR DENIED THE RIGHT TO CHANGE DENIED THE RIGHT TO CHANGE NATIONALITYNATIONALITY


MEN AND WOMEN OF FULL AGE; MEN AND WOMEN OF FULL AGE; WITHOUT ANY LIMITATION DUE TO WITHOUT ANY LIMITATION DUE TO RACE, NATIONALITY, OR RELIGION RACE, NATIONALITY, OR RELIGION HAVE THE RIGHT TO MARRY AND HAVE THE RIGHT TO MARRY AND HAVE FAMILY. THEY ARE ENTITLED HAVE FAMILY. THEY ARE ENTITLED TO EQUAL RIGHTS AS TO MARRIAGE TO EQUAL RIGHTS AS TO MARRIAGE AND ITS DISSOLUTIONAND ITS DISSOLUTION


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO OWN EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO OWN PROPERTY ALONE AS WELL AS IN PROPERTY ALONE AS WELL AS IN ASSOCIATION WITH OTHERSASSOCIATION WITH OTHERS

NO ONE SHALL ARBITRARY NO ONE SHALL ARBITRARY DEPRIVED OF HIS PROPERTYDEPRIVED OF HIS PROPERTY


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF THOUGHT, CONSCIENCE AND OF THOUGHT, CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION; THIS RIGHT INCLUDES RELIGION; THIS RIGHT INCLUDES FREEDOM TO CHANGE HIS RELIGION OR FREEDOM TO CHANGE HIS RELIGION OR BELIEF AND FREEDOM, EITHER ALONE OR BELIEF AND FREEDOM, EITHER ALONE OR IN COMMUNITY WITH OTHERS IN PUBLIC IN COMMUNITY WITH OTHERS IN PUBLIC OR PRIVATE, TO MANIFEST HIS RELIGION OR PRIVATE, TO MANIFEST HIS RELIGION OR BELIEF IN TEACHING, PRACTICE, OR BELIEF IN TEACHING, PRACTICE, WORSHIP AND OBSERVANCEWORSHIP AND OBSERVANCE


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT OF EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT OF OPINION. EXPOSING THIS RIGHT OPINION. EXPOSING THIS RIGHT INCLUDES FREEDOM TO HOLD INCLUDES FREEDOM TO HOLD OPINIONS WITHOUT INTERFERENCE OPINIONS WITHOUT INTERFERENCE AND TO SEEK. RECEIVE AND IMPART AND TO SEEK. RECEIVE AND IMPART INFORMATION AND IDEAS THROUGH INFORMATION AND IDEAS THROUGH ANY MEDIA AND REGARDLESS OF ANY MEDIA AND REGARDLESS OF FRONTIERSFRONTIERS


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF PEACEFULLY FREEDOM OF PEACEFULLY ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATEASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATE

ARTICLE 21ARTICLE 21 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO TAKE PART IN THE EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO TAKE PART IN THE

GOVERNMENT OF HIS OWN COUNTRY, DIRECTLY GOVERNMENT OF HIS OWN COUNTRY, DIRECTLY OR THROUGH FREELY REPRESENTATIVEOR THROUGH FREELY REPRESENTATIVE

EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EQUAL PROCESS EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EQUAL PROCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE IN HIS COUNTRYTO PUBLIC SERVICE IN HIS COUNTRY

THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE SHALL BE THE BASIS THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE SHALL BE THE BASIS OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT, THIS OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT, THIS WILL BE EXPRESSED IN PERIOD AND GENUINE WILL BE EXPRESSED IN PERIOD AND GENUINE SELECTIONS WHICH SHALL BE HELD BY SECRET SELECTIONS WHICH SHALL BE HELD BY SECRET VOTE OR BY EQUIVALENT FREE VOTING VOTE OR BY EQUIVALENT FREE VOTING PROCEDURESPROCEDURES


EVERYONE AS THE MEMBER OF SOCIETY EVERYONE AS THE MEMBER OF SOCIETY AND IS ENTITLED TO REALIZATIONS, AND IS ENTITLED TO REALIZATIONS, THROUGH NATIONAL EFFORT AND THROUGH NATIONAL EFFORT AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ORGANIZATIONS ACCORDANCE WITH THE ORGANIZATIONS AND RESOURCES OF EACH STATE, OF THE AND RESOURCES OF EACH STATE, OF THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS INDISPENSABLE FOR HIS DIGNITY RIGHTS INDISPENSABLE FOR HIS DIGNITY AND IN THE FREE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS AND IN THE FREE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

ARTICLE 23ARTICLE 23 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO WORK, TO FREE EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO WORK, TO FREE

CHOICE OF EMPLOYMENT, TO JUST PAY FAVORABLE CHOICE OF EMPLOYMENT, TO JUST PAY FAVORABLE CONDITIONS OF WORK AND PROTECTION AGAINST CONDITIONS OF WORK AND PROTECTION AGAINST UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT

EVERYONE WITHOUT ANY DISCRIMINATION HAS THE EVERYONE WITHOUT ANY DISCRIMINATION HAS THE RIGHT TO EQUAL PAY OR EQUAL WORKRIGHT TO EQUAL PAY OR EQUAL WORK

EVERYONE WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO JUST EVERYONE WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO JUST FAVORABLE RENUMERATION ENSURING HIMSELF FAVORABLE RENUMERATION ENSURING HIMSELF AND HIS FAMILY AN EXISTENCE WORTHY OF HUMAN AND HIS FAMILY AN EXISTENCE WORTHY OF HUMAN DIGNITY, AND SUPPLEMENTED, IF NECESSARY, BY DIGNITY, AND SUPPLEMENTED, IF NECESSARY, BY OTHER MEANS OF SOCIAL PROTECTIONOTHER MEANS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION

EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FORM TRADE AND TO EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FORM TRADE AND TO JOIN TRADE UNIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HIS JOIN TRADE UNIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HIS INTERESTINTEREST


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO REST EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO REST AND LEISURE, INCLUDING AND LEISURE, INCLUDING REASONABLE LIMITATION OF REASONABLE LIMITATION OF WORKING HOURS AND PERIODIC WORKING HOURS AND PERIODIC HOLIDAYS WITH PAYHOLIDAYS WITH PAY

ARTICLE 25ARTICLE 25 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO A STANDARD OF EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO A STANDARD OF

LIVING ADEQUATE FOR THE HEALTH AND WELL LIVING ADEQUATE FOR THE HEALTH AND WELL BEING OF HIMSELF AND OF HIS FAMILY, BEING OF HIMSELF AND OF HIS FAMILY, INCLUDING FOODS, CLOTHING, HOUSING AND INCLUDING FOODS, CLOTHING, HOUSING AND MEDICAL CARE AND NECESSARY SOCIAL MEDICAL CARE AND NECESSARY SOCIAL SERVICE, AND THE RIGHT TO SECURITY IN THE SERVICE, AND THE RIGHT TO SECURITY IN THE EVENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT, SICKNESS, EVENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT, SICKNESS, DISABILITY, WODIWED, OLD AGE, OR OTHER LACK DISABILITY, WODIWED, OLD AGE, OR OTHER LACK OF LIVELIHOOD IN CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND HIS OF LIVELIHOOD IN CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND HIS CONTROLCONTROL

MOTHERHOOD AND CHILDHOOD ARE INTITLED TO MOTHERHOOD AND CHILDHOOD ARE INTITLED TO SPECIAL CARE ASSISTANCE. ALL CHILDREN SPECIAL CARE ASSISTANCE. ALL CHILDREN WHETHER BORN IN OR OUT OF WEDLOCK SHALL WHETHER BORN IN OR OUT OF WEDLOCK SHALL ENJOY SAME PROTECTIONENJOY SAME PROTECTION


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EDUCATIONEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION EDUCATION SHALL BE DIRECTED TO THE EDUCATION SHALL BE DIRECTED TO THE

FULL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN FULL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN PERSONALITY AND TO STRENGTHENING PERSONALITY AND TO STRENGTHENING THE RESPECT TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RESPECT TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM.FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM.

PARENTS HAS THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE THE PARENTS HAS THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE THE KIND OF EDUCATION THAT SHALL BE KIND OF EDUCATION THAT SHALL BE GIVEN TO THEIR CHILDRENGIVEN TO THEIR CHILDREN


EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF PARTICIPATE IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE COMMUNITY, TO ENJOY THE ACTS, TO THE COMMUNITY, TO ENJOY THE ACTS, TO SHARE SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT AND ITS SHARE SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT AND ITS BENEFITSBENEFITS

EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THE EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THE PROTECTION OMITTED OF MORAL AND PROTECTION OMITTED OF MORAL AND MATERIAL INTEREST RESULTING FROM MATERIAL INTEREST RESULTING FROM ANY SCIENTIFIC, LITERARY OR ARTISTIC ANY SCIENTIFIC, LITERARY OR ARTISTIC PRODUCTION OF WHICH HE IS THE PRODUCTION OF WHICH HE IS THE AUTHORAUTHOR


EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO SOCIAL EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO SOCIAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER IN AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER IN WHICH THE RIGHTS, FREEDOM WHICH THE RIGHTS, FREEDOM SETFORTH IN THIS DECLARATION SETFORTH IN THIS DECLARATION CAN BE FULLY REALIZEDCAN BE FULLY REALIZED

ARTICLE 29ARTICLE 29 EVERYONE HAS A DUTY TO THE COMMUNITY IN EVERYONE HAS A DUTY TO THE COMMUNITY IN

WHICH ALONE THE FREE AND FULL WHICH ALONE THE FREE AND FULL DEVELOPMENT OF HIS PERSONALITY IS DEVELOPMENT OF HIS PERSONALITY IS POSSIBLE.POSSIBLE.

IN THE EXERCISE OF HIS RIGHTS AND FREEDOM, IN THE EXERCISE OF HIS RIGHTS AND FREEDOM, EVERYONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TO SUCH EVERYONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TO SUCH LIMITATIONS AS ARE DETERMINED BY LAW, LIMITATIONS AS ARE DETERMINED BY LAW, SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF SECURING DUE SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF SECURING DUE RECOGNITION AND RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS RECOGNITION AND RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOM OF OTHERS AND OMIT MEETING AND FREEDOM OF OTHERS AND OMIT MEETING THE JUST REQUIREMENTS OF MORALITY, PUBLIC THE JUST REQUIREMENTS OF MORALITY, PUBLIC ORDER AND GENERAL WELFARE.ORDER AND GENERAL WELFARE.


NOTHING IN THIS DECLARATION NOTHING IN THIS DECLARATION MAYBE INTERRUPTED AS MAYBE INTERRUPTED AS EMPLOYING FOR ANY STATE, GROUP EMPLOYING FOR ANY STATE, GROUP OR PERSONS ANY RIGHT TO ENGAGE OR PERSONS ANY RIGHT TO ENGAGE IN ANY OF THE RIGHTS AND IN ANY OF THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOM SETFORTH HEREINFREEDOM SETFORTH HEREIN

MARAMING SALAMAT POMARAMING SALAMAT PO

ENJOY YOUR RIGHTS BUT RESPECT ENJOY YOUR RIGHTS BUT RESPECT THE RIGHTS OF OTHERSTHE RIGHTS OF OTHERS

EMBRACE YOUR FREEDOMEMBRACE YOUR FREEDOM

Documents

Human rights