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8/6/2019 Human Resource Management Ppp
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Human ResourceHuman Resource
ManagementManagement Job design and different ways of Job design and different ways of
working working
8/6/2019 Human Resource Management Ppp
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Job design Job design
�� R ecent theories indicateR ecent theories indicate
that workers arethat workers are
motivated by factorsmotivated by factors
other than financial ones.other than financial ones.
�� This creates the need for This creates the need for
jobs to be designed (orjobs to be designed (or
rere--designed) todesigned) to
incorporate these factorsincorporate these factors
8/6/2019 Human Resource Management Ppp
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Job Design Job Design ² ² Principles to ConsiderPrinciples to Consider
It is suggested that the following principles beIt is suggested that the following principles be
taken into account when designing any incentivetaken into account when designing any incentive
scheme:scheme:�� Principle of closurePrinciple of closure
�� Control and monitoring of tasksControl and monitoring of tasks
�� Task variety Task variety �� Self Self--regulationregulation
�� Interaction and coInteraction and co--operationoperation
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Job Design Job Design ² ² Principles to ConsiderPrinciples to Consider
Principle of closurePrinciple of closure
�� The job has all the tasks The job has all the tasks
necessary to completenecessary to complete
the product or process.the product or process.
�� This helps to give the This helps to give the
work meaning work meaning
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Job Design Job Design ² ² Principles to ConsiderPrinciples to Consider
Control and monitoringControl and monitoring
of tasksof tasks
�� The worker takes The worker takes
responsibility for a task responsibility for a task
themselves without thethemselves without the
interference frominterference from
superiors.superiors.
�� Maslow·s ¶self Maslow·s ¶self--esteem·esteem·
need?need?
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Job Design Job Design ² ² Principles to ConsiderPrinciples to Consider
Task variety Task variety
�� The tasks need to be The tasks need to be
varied in order to varied in order to
maintain motivationmaintain motivation
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Job Design Job Design ² ² Principles to ConsiderPrinciples to Consider
Self Self--regulationregulation
�� Employees need to beEmployees need to be
empowered to haveempowered to have
control over their work control over their work
methods and proceduresmethods and procedures
and therefore work in aand therefore work in a
way that suits them way that suits them
�� Maslow·s ¶self Maslow·s ¶self--esteem·,esteem·,
¶self actualisation· needs?¶self actualisation· needs?
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Job Design Job Design ² ² Principles to ConsiderPrinciples to Consider
Interaction and coInteraction and co--
operationoperation
�� The job should give the The job should give the
opportunity for socialopportunity for social
interaction and being interaction and being
able to work in groupsable to work in groups
�� Maslow·s ¶Love and
Maslow·s ¶Love andbelonging· needs?belonging· needs?
8/6/2019 Human Resource Management Ppp
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Methods of Job ReMethods of Job Re--designdesign
The following methods of job design might help to The following methods of job design might help toachieve the five principles:achieve the five principles:
�� DelegationDelegation
�� EmpowermentEmpowerment�� Job enlargement Job enlargement
�� Job enrichment Job enrichment
�� Job rotation Job rotation
�� Tele Tele--working working
�� Flexible working Flexible working
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Methods of Job ReMethods of Job Re--designdesign
DelegationDelegation
�� W hen managers pass W hen managers pass
some of their authority some of their authority
down the hierarchy todown the hierarchy to
their subordinatestheir subordinates
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Methods of Job ReMethods of Job Re--designdesign
EmpowermentEmpowerment
�� W orkers are given a W orkers are given a
degree of power overdegree of power over
their work, so allowing their work, so allowing
them to decide forthem to decide for
themselves the best way themselves the best way to approach a problem.to approach a problem.
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Methods of Job ReMethods of Job Re--designdesign
Job enlargement Job enlargement
�� The number of tasks The number of tasks
involved in performing ainvolved in performing a
certain job is increased.certain job is increased.
This increases the multi This increases the multi--
skill capabilities of theskill capabilities of the workers. workers.
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Methods of Job ReMethods of Job Re--designdesign
Job enrichment Job enrichment
�� Employees are givenEmployees are given
more responsibilities andmore responsibilities and
the opportunity to usethe opportunity to use
their initiative.their initiative.
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Methods of Job ReMethods of Job Re--designdesign
Job rotation Job rotation
�� Employees are allowedEmployees are allowed
to perform a number of to perform a number of
different tasks in turn,different tasks in turn,
increasing the variety of increasing the variety of
their job.their job.
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Methods of Job ReMethods of Job Re--designdesign
Tele Tele--working working
�� W orkers are able to work W orkers are able to work
a proportion of theira proportion of their
time from home (ortime from home (or
other remote location).other remote location).
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Methods of Job ReMethods of Job Re--designdesign
Flexible workingFlexible working
�� W orkers are able to work in a manner that suits W orkers are able to work in a manner that suitsthem. This may mean flexible hours or patternsthem. This may mean flexible hours or patterns
throughout the year in order to fit around thethroughout the year in order to fit around the
needs of the worker.needs of the worker.
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Flexible WorkforcesFlexible Workforces
Flexible workforces are becoming more popular asFlexible workforces are becoming more popular as
they allow firms to adapt their human resourcethey allow firms to adapt their human resourcesupply to meetsupply to meet fluctuations in demandfluctuations in demand and try and try
toto maintain their competitive advantagemaintain their competitive advantage inin
the face of external changes.the face of external changes.
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Flexible WorkforcesFlexible Workforces
Flexible workforces have been achieved through:Flexible workforces have been achieved through:
�� Increasing self Increasing self--employmentemployment
�� R eduction in full time employmentR eduction in full time employment�� PartPart--time working time working
�� ContractorsContractors
�� Temporary employment Temporary employment
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Flexible WorkforcesFlexible Workforces -- Advantages Advantages
�� Helps firms meetHelps firms meet
fluctuations in demandfluctuations in demand
�� Useful for covering staff Useful for covering staff
absencesabsences
�� R educes wage costsR educes wage costs
�� Enables a quick responseEnables a quick response
to changing to changing circumstancescircumstances
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Flexible WorkforcesFlexible Workforces -- DisadvantagesDisadvantages
�� R educed effectiveness of R educed effectiveness of
communicationcommunication
�� Difficult to build teamsDifficult to build teams
�� Difficult to developDifficult to develop
empowermentempowerment
�� Security problemsSecurity problems
�� Increased staff turnover?Increased staff turnover?
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
Employee commitment and participation can beEmployee commitment and participation can beimproved through:improved through:
�� Quality circlesQuality circles
�� W orks councils W orks councils
�� Employee share optionsEmployee share options
�� W ork groups Team working W ork groups Team working
�� More open communicationMore open communication
�� Softer leadership stylesSofter leadership styles
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
Quality CirclesQuality Circles
�� Groups of workers meetGroups of workers meet
to try and identify waysto try and identify ways
of improving the quality of improving the quality
of the product.of the product.
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
Works councils Works councils
�� A forum within the A forum within the
business where workersbusiness where workers
and management a canand management a canmeet regularly to discussmeet regularly to discuss
issues relating toissues relating to
company policy andcompany policy and
strategy.strategy.
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
Employee share optionsEmployee share options
�� Employees are givenEmployees are given
shares to give themshares to give them
direct financial interest indirect financial interest in
the company andthe company and
encourage them to work encourage them to work
together to increase thetogether to increase the
value of their investment. value of their investment.
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
Work groups Work groups
�� Teams of employees are Teams of employees are
given a higher degree of given a higher degree of
control over the work control over the work
they do day they do day--toto--day.day.
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
Team working Team working
�� Production is carried outProduction is carried out
by teams of workersby teams of workers
rather than using therather than using thetraditional assembly linetraditional assembly line
approach (division of approach (division of
labour). Teams of labour). Teams of
workers follow the workers follow theproduct carrying out aproduct carrying out a
range of tasks.range of tasks.
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
More openMore open
communicationcommunication
�� Opening upOpening up
communication channelscommunication channelsto help employees have ato help employees have a
better awareness of better awareness of
company policy andcompany policy and
strategy.strategy.
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
Softer leadership stylesSofter leadership styles
�� Moving away fromMoving away from
autocraticautocratic leadershipsleaderships
styles towards morestyles towards more
democraticdemocratic oror laissezlaissez--
fairefaire styles of leadershipstyles of leadership
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Employee Commitment andEmployee Commitment and
ParticipationParticipation
If successful theseIf successful these
strategies should:strategies should:
�� Improve motivationImprove motivation
�� Improve attendanceImprove attendance
�� Increase productivity Increase productivity
�� Increase profitability Increase profitability